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text:
Home The Washington Diplomat Abdullah Stresses Importance of Inclusivity in Fragile Afghan-Taliban Peace Talks
The Washington Diplomat
Abdullah Stresses Importance of Inclusivity in Fragile Afghan-Taliban Peace Talks
By Cami Mondeaux
President Trump joins Afghan President Ashraf Ghani last November during a surprise visit to U.S. military personnel at Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan. After the U.S. signed a peace deal with the Taliban in February, Trump said he would pull U.S. troops out of Afghanistan within 12 to 14 months, lending further urgency for the Afghan government to engage in intra-Afghan talks with the Taliban and find a political settlement to the war. (Official White House Photograph by Shealah Craighead)
After 19 years of fighting, peace talks between Afghan leaders and the Taliban are finally set to begin. Previous attempts to find a political settlement to end the U.S.-led war have gone nowhere, but with President Trump making an all-out push to get U.S. troops out of Afghanistan, his administration forged a deal with the Taliban earlier this year that paved the way for intra-Afghan talks to begin.
Yet with violence continuing unabated, it remains to be seen if the talks will be derailed before they even get off the ground.
Abdullah Abdullah, the Afghan government's point person for the talks, says he is clear-eyed about the challenges ahead but that the negotiating teams are well-prepared to strike a deal.
Speaking virtually to the U.S. Institute of Peace, he said the two sides have reached the "threshold of a unique opportunity for peace."
"This is a process with many variables and layers," Abdullah said during the briefing on June 24. "This is why it is not — and cannot be — a one-man or one-faction endeavor. It requires political engagement, consultation, coordination and action."
He noted that the Afghan team "will be diverse and represent all walks of life" — including women, young people and minorities. The talks are also expected to include representatives from roughly 20 countries, predominantly in the Middle East, along with the U.S. and Russia.
U.S. special envoy Zalmay Khalizad, left, and Taliban representative Abdul Ghani Baradar, right, sign a peace agreement between the U.S. and the Taliban in Qatar on Feb. 29. That deal paved the way for intra-Afghan talks to begin.
(Photo by: State Department Photo by Ron Przysucha)
"Chairman Abdullah struck a good note on the need for inclusivity and compromise to end the decades-long war," said Scott Worden, USIP's director for Afghanistan. "Not only do women need to be included, but representatives from across the political spectrum, including the Taliban. He made effective points about wars not ending when only one side compromises."
Abdullah's own appointment as chairman of the newly established High Council for National Reconciliation was a compromise between him and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani after the two rivals fought over the results of the 2019 presidential elections, with both claiming victory (a repeat of the same spat the two had during the 2014 elections).
The decision to strike a power-sharing deal in May paved the way for intra-Afghan talks to begin, but another major hurdle quickly emerged when Ghani refused to immediately agree to a prisoner swap that was stipulated in the deal that Trump forged — without Kabul's input. The agreement to release "up to" 5,000 Taliban prisoners held by the government and 1,000 government prisoners held by the Taliban was intended to build confidence, but Ghani was reluctant to give up so much leverage before talks began.
Eventually, though, Ghani moved ahead with the prisoner release, removing a major hurdle. Abdullah said the government has released three-quarters of the prisoners on the Taliban's list.
But perhaps the biggest obstacle to peace is the ongoing violence.
On July 22, several Afghan government helicopters bombed a village compound where people had been hosting a welcome-home celebration for freed Taliban prisoners. Unconfirmed reports indicate that as many as 45 people, insurgents and civilians, may have been killed or wounded. Afghanistan's Defense Ministry said it would investigate the airstrikes but denied that any civilians were killed.
Zalmay Khalilzad, Trump's envoy for U.S.-Taliban negotiations, condemned the airstrike in a tweet, but he also condemned ongoing attacks by the Taliban.
The group reportedly killed 291 Afghan security personnel in June, accounting for the "deadliest week" the country has seen in the last 19 years, according to Javid Faisal, spokesman for the Afghan National Security Council.
Abdullah Abdullah, chairman of the newly established High Council for National Reconciliation, is seen during the 2017 Halifax International Security Forum. During a recent online briefing for the U.S. Institute of Peace, he said that the Afghan government and the Taliban are "far apart" on their vision for what a future government will look like.
(By Halifax International Security Forum – 2017 Halifax International Security Forum, CC BY-SA 2.0)
Faisal confirmed on Twitter that the Taliban carried out 422 attacks in 32 provinces that resulted in the 291 deaths and an additional 550 wounded. The Taliban denied the government figures. Instead, the militant group claimed it had carried out some attacks, but all in self-defense.
"Where does it get us if the current level of violence continues in the same way it is?" Abdullah said, urging Afghanistan's international partners to help the government in its efforts to curb the violence. "If we are to solve this issue permanently, forever, and reach a peaceful settlement, we all need to take steps that shows and proves we are serious."
But the Taliban have stuck to their promise not to attack American forces as part of the deal they inked with the U.S. on Feb. 29. As a result, the U.S. troop withdrawal has continued and on July 20, Khalilzad tweeted that America's troop presence in Afghanistan had been cut from 12,000 to 8,600 and that five bases had been shuttered. Trump has also said he wants all U.S. troops home before the election in November — roughly three months earlier than originally negotiated — leading to fears that the president will remove troops regardless of conditions on the ground.
The deal between the White House and the Taliban also states that intra-Afghan talks must start — not be concluded — for the withdrawal to happen, compounding fears that the Taliban will simply wait out the clock and then try to seize power once the Americans leave.
But Abdullah sought to allay these fears, pointing out that the U.S.-deal is conditions-based, and one condition is that Afghanistan not become a terrorist base for groups such as al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. He also noted that it would be a "great mistake" for the Taliban to drag out negotiations.
But Abdullah conceded that even if peace talks move forward, there won't be an immediate agreement. Both sides, he said, need to compromise, requiring a phased-in approach.
"No peace processes can succeed with one side making compromises," Abdullah said. "If there are compromises, it has to be on both sides."
Moreover, he said Afghans will not sacrifice their hard-fought democratic gains for the sake of a deal — and the two sides are "far apart" on their vision for what a future government will look like.
The Afghan government wants "a sovereign, democratic and united republic," Abdullah said, while the Taliban want the country to become an Islamic emirate.
"It's not like the difference between nine and 10. On certain issues, we are far apart," he said.
Despite the setbacks, Abdullah said the collective desire of Afghans who "yearn and deserve to live in peace" will help push the talks along.
To accomplish a permanent peace, though, Abdullah said leaders of the talks must bring in minority voices — including women and victims of violence — to ensure compromises benefit the entire region.
"A key challenge will be to keep the process inclusive, representative and focused … always seeking solutions and compromises at each step leading to realistic outcomes that all Afghans can own," Abdullah said.
"The character of the opportunity for starting a peace process is historically unique," he added. "It's not perfect nor will it be an easy exercise. We need to be realistic about our means, the deep divides, the anger and hurt that needs healing, the political roadblocks, the opportunistic and the spoiler behaviors, as well as expectations and shared interests."
Cami Mondeaux is an editorial intern for The Washington Diplomat.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Getting undefined is not a function Using coffeescript to call out to Stripe and getting undefined is not a function on this line: $.StripeJS.stripeResponseHandler($form)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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thredUP review: I love that they are picky about what they accept because those are the sort of items I want to buy at an affordable cost.
I love ThredUp! Since I discovered them in March, I have ordered 5 times. I returned one item that was not as I expected and received a prompt refund. I have been delighted with all my other purchases. I have purchased children's clothing as well as women's items. I've probably sent 25 inquiries to Customer Service with questions or inquiry on potential payout for items that didn't register on their payout calculator. Except for one time, I have always received exceptionally prompt, courteous customer service. One email had a slow reply. I love that they are picky about what they accept because those are the sort of items I want to buy at an affordable cost. I think ThredUp is trying to be very transparent in their business practices. They have a huge nationwide selection of new or like new clothing and you can shop from your home. They tell you what you might expect to receive from your Clean Out Bag with their Payout Calculator. They pay for you to ship your clothing to them, and pay their staff to pick the cream of the crop so you can buy super items at a nice price. They seem to constantly try to improve and have now started a VIP program with nice perks for loyal customers. I've sent 3 Cleanout Bags in and have been pleased with the payout I have received. ThredUp certainly matches my needs and I appreciate their constant striving to become even better!
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text:
Isolated Renal Zygomycosis Caused by Syncephalastrum Species in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report
A 39-year-old male presented with left flank pain, intermittent high-grade fever, and passage of whitish flakes in the urine for the last 6 months. Urine culture was sterile. Fluffy whitish material, suggestive of fungal elements, was discovered during cystoscopy and ureteroscopy. On direct microscopy, this material showed fungal hyphae that were suggestive of Zygomycosis. The material was identified as Syncephalastrum species on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) culture media. The patient was managed by endoscopic removal of the fungus and antifungal medication. He was doing well at the 1, 3, and 6-month follow-up evaluations. Renal Zygomycosis caused by Syncephalastrum species in an immunocompetent host is extremely rare and can be managed successfully by endoscopic removal and antifungal medication.
KEYWORDS: Renal Zygomycosis; Syncephalastrum species; Immunocompetent host.
CORRESPONDENCE: Suresh Kumar, MS, MCh, Resident, IPGMER & SSKM Hospital, 601, Doctor PG Hostel, 242, AJC Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020 India ().
CITATION: UroToday Int J . 2010 Aug;3(4). doi:10.3834/uij.1944-5784.2010.08.03
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS: DTPA, diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid; RGP, retrograde pyelography.
Zygomycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that rarely occurs in healthy individuals. The exact route of pathogen entry is unknown, but it is undoubtedly exogenous. Possible sources of the infections include adhesive dressings, air conditioning filter units, food, and cutaneous trauma. The pathogenesis of renal mucormycosis is not clear, although hematogenous dissemination and a lower urinary tract infection have been suggested. Isolated organ involvement is extremely rare.
Only few cases of isolated renal involvement have been reported. The authors report an unusual case of renal Zygomycosis caused by Syncephalastrum spp in a patient with no predisposing factors. No previously published reports of this condition were found.
A 39-year-old male presented with left flank pain for the last 6 months. Pain was intermittent and dull aching. There was a history of severe pain in the suprapubic area before passage of urine. The pain was relieved after urination. The patient had been passing whitish flakes in the urine. He also had intermittent high-grade fever with chills and rigor. There was no history suggestive of crystalluria or extramarital contact.
Physical examination was unremarkable. Urine analysis revealed 3-4 pus cells, and the urine culture was sterile. A peripheral smear for the malaria parasite was negative. Hemogram and blood biochemical reports were normal. Ultrasonography of the kidney, ureter, and bladder region showed only left proximal hydroureteronephrosis. Intravenous urography showed only a poorly visualized left kidney with hydronephrotic change. A diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) renal scan showed that the left kidney was hydronephrotic with poor perfusion and an obstructive pattern with no significant diuretic washout. The differential function was 22.58% on the left side.
Retrograde pyelography (RGP) was planned. However, fluffy whitish material was discovered during cystoscopy, which was removed by cystoscopic bladder wash. Ureteroscopy revealed similar whitish flakes in the upper ureter that were also removed and sent for microscopy and culture. The RGP was abandoned.
The whitish material showed sparsely spaced fungal hyphae on direct microscopy, morphologically suggestive of Zygomycetes (Figure 1). The material was identified as Syncephalastrum species on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) culture media (Figure 2). It showed broad, sparsely spaced hyphae with irregular side walls and obtuse branching. It also showed 2 fruiting-like bodies with zygospore formation.
Postoperatively, the patient was empirically put on intravenous fluconazole. The authors received the direct microscopy report suggestive of Zygomycetes 24 hours after surgery. The patient was then put on amphotericin-B. However, he had an acute, severe reaction to the drug so it was stopped prematurely. In concert with internal medicine colleagues, the patient was again put on intravenous fluconazole; the patient responded to this treatment. Thereafter, he was put on oral fluconazole for 14 days.
Follow-up examinations were completed at 1, 3, and 6 months. The patient was asympatomatic and an intravenous urogram (IVU) showed improvement in renal function. At the 6-month evaluation, the DTPA renal scan showed that the left kidney was mildly hydronephrotic with moderate perfusion and no obstruction; differential function was 37.6%.
Zygomycosis is an uncommon fungal infection of the order Mucorales. It is most commonly caused by an organism belonging to the genus Rhizopus. Other genera include Absidia, Mucor, Apophysomyces, and Saksenaea vasiformis [1]. Most cases of Zygomycosis are known to occur in individuals with a predisposing factor such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes mellitus, or drug abuse; transplant recipients are also at risk [2-5]. It is not known whether Zygomycosis can present with minimal constitutional symptoms in a healthy individual. It is also not known whether a course of amphotericin-B after endoscopic removal of fungal bezoars would be sufficient treatment in a healthy patient.
Renal involvement in disseminated mucormycosis occurs in up to 19% of cases [6]. Isolated renal Zygomycosis is extremely rare, particularly in healthy individuals [7,8]. Only a few cases caused by various species have been reported. This is first known case of renal Zygomycosis caused by Syncephalastrum species.
Syncephalastrum is a saprophytic organism that has been isolated from environmental sources. It has been found in soil in India, the Southern United States, Panama, and Israel. Whether or not this fungus actually causes disease in humans has been a topic of debate. A case report of a cutaneous Syncephalastrum of the finger is the only detailed case published in the literature [9]. Definitive diagnosis of the disease due to Syncephalastrum requires demonstration of Zygomycete fungal elements in a tissue section or other clinical specimen and diagnostic culture findings, as in the present case. This fungus probably has a low pathogenic potential in a competent host. The ability of Syncephalastrum to grow at or above 37oC may be important in its ability to cause human disease.
Successful therapy for invasive zygomycete infection usually involves a combined approach consisting of early diagnosis, correction of the underlying predisposing condition, aggressive surgical debridement, and early systemic amphotericin therapy. In contrast, Syncephalastrum spp (which has a low pathogenic potential in a healthy person) can be successfully treated by aggressive surgical debridement or endoscopic removal. Further studies are needed to know the first-line antifungal against Syncephalastrum. It is not known whether amphotericin-B or fluconazole is equally effective against this genus.
Raghavan R, Date A. Bhaktaviziam A. Fungal and nocardial infections of the kidney. Histopathology . 1987;11(1):9-20.
Davila RM, Moser SA, Grosso LE. Renal mucormycosis: a case report and review of the literature. J Urol . 1991;145(6):1242-1244.
Flood HD, O'Brien AM, Kelly DG. Isolated renal mucormycosis. Postgrad Med J . 1985;61(712):175-176.
Langston C, Roberts DA, Porter GA, Bennett WM. Renal phycomycosis. J Urol . 1973;109(6):941-944.
Low AI, Tulloch AG, England EJ. Phycomycosis of the kidney associated with a transient immune defect and treated with clotrimazole. J Urol . 1974;111(6):732-734.
Chakrabarti A, Das A, Sharma A, et al. Ten years' experience in zygomycosis at a tertiary care centre in India. J Infect . 2001;42(4):261-266.
Pickles R, Long G, Murugasu R. Isolated renal mucormycosis. Med J Aust . 1994;160(8):514-516.
Rogenes V, Vick S, Pulitzer DR. Isolated renal mucormycosis. Infect Urol. 1998;113:78-83.
Kamalam A, Thambiah AS. Cutaneous infection by Syncephalastrum. Sabouraudia . 1980;18(1):19-20.


What was Jon Stewart's rally in Washington all about?
Tens of thousands have turned out to the rally held by US television comedians Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert in Washington DC, but what was it all about?
Officially, it was the the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear.
But to the casual observer it seemed a lot like a rally to restore the balance after Fox News host Glenn Beck's Restoring Honor rally in August.
Many of those who packed into the eastern end of the National Mall, the opposite side to that occupied by Beck's rally, were adamant that the day was not about supporting any particular political grouping.
Tony P, from Maryland, had a banner that identified himself as Republican.
But he said: "This is about moderation, and less about right and left. There is too much hyperbole and not enough sanity."
Dressed in the kind of mock-Victorian outfit favoured by so-called "steampunks", Justin Cameron, from Washington DC, said: "We are big fans of civility."
"People are mean," his companion Caitlin Phillips intoned.
Rahul Kamath, from New York and wearing a jacket and hat adorned with dollar bills, said he was there to support "political moderation".
Where Beck asked people not to bring placards in August, this time there was no such injunction and there was a profusion of them, usually with an effort at humour to try to match that of the hosts.
Some were pithy like the one that said "Ruly Mob", or the one that satirised the controversial Westboro Baptist Church with "God Hates Flags".
Another played on the famous comments of Franklin Roosevelt - at the time of his inauguration - with the line: "We have nothing to fear but fear itself and spiders".
Beck's rally, despite the large numbers of Tea Party members in attendance, tried to avoid being seen as a Republican event. And similar efforts were made to avoid Stewart's rally appearing like a Democrat event.
But there was the occasional banner supporting President Obama. And there were plenty attacking the Tea Party. A mock presidential ticket of "Palin, Voldemort, 2012" left little doubt about its bearer's leanings.
Much derision was reserved for Fox News - a regular target for Stewart's satire on the Daily Show - by those at the rally.
One banner said: "We're Moms - Life is Insane Enough Without Fox News." Another claimed: "Fox keeps fear alive."
"It's nice to let foreigners know we aren't all like Glenn Beck," said rally attender Rachel Stock, from Ohio.
Perhaps the most popular political cause in evidence could hardly be said to be either Republican or Democrat.
Supporters of the legalisation of cannabis - looking forward to California's vote on a step towards that in Proposition 19 on Tuesday - were everywhere.
It being the night before Halloween there were scores of costumes.
The main emphasis in the signage was a series of attempts to be humorous, while at the same time emphasising the value of calmness.
It seemed clear that turnout was at the top end of what was expected and thousands at the side of the Mall found themselves struggling to see or hear what was going on on the distant stage.
What was going on was effectively a mixture of a stand-up comedy gig and a one-day rock festival featuring Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Bennett, Sheryl Crow and others.
Stephen Colbert - who does his show as a mock-conservative pundit - arrived on stage in a pod a la Chile miners.
And both bantered in between the musical interludes, Colbert "promoting fear", Stewart "promoting sanity".
Stewart then asked for a chance to say something serious at the end of the rally.
And he reflected the slightly nebulous political tone of the event, when he said: "Even if none of us are really quite sure why we are here, some of you may have seen today as a call for action."
Pleading for understanding, he said: "We live in hard times not end times." The comment prompted a loud cheer.
Much of his message was against the sensationalism and divisiveness of both the media and politicians generally.
"If we amplify everything, we hear nothing," he said.
"We hear every damned day about how fragile our community is - on the brink of catastrophe. We work together to get things done every damn day."
The latter comment prompted the loudest cheer of a day.


text:
La Ulster Volunteers («Voluntarios del Ulster») fue una milicia unionista fundada en 1912 para bloquear el autogobierno nacional (o Home Rule) para Irlanda, que entonces era parte del Reino Unido. Los Voluntarios del Úlster tenían su base en la provincia norteña del Úlster. Muchos protestantes del Úlster temían ser gobernados por un parlamento de mayoría católica en Dublín y perder su supremacía local y sus fuertes vínculos con Gran Bretaña. En 1913, las milicias se organizaron en la Fuerza de Voluntarios del Ulster (UVF) y se comprometieron a resistir cualquier intento del Gobierno británico de "imponer" la autonomía en el Úlster. Más tarde ese año, los nacionalistas irlandeses formaron una milicia rival, los Voluntarios Irlandeses, para salvaguardar el Gobierno Autónomo. En abril de 1914, el UVF hizo llegar al Úlster, mediante contrabando, 25.000 fusiles. La Crisis de la Autonomía se detuvo con el estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial en agosto de 1914. Muchos miembros de la UVF se alistaron con la 36ª División del Ejército Británico (Úlster) y fueron a luchar en el Frente occidental.

Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el gobierno británico decidió establecer dos regiones autónomas en Irlanda: Irlanda del Norte (compuesta por seis condados de Úlster que en su conjunto tenían una mayoría protestante/unionista) e Irlanda del Sur. Sin embargo, en 1919 la Guerra de Independencia de Irlanda estaba en pleno apogeo y el Ejército Republicano Irlandés (IRA), el ejército de la autoproclamada República de Irlanda, estaba lanzando ataques contra las fuerzas británicas en Irlanda. Como respuesta a estos ataques, el UVF fue revivido. Sin embargo, este avivamiento no tuvo éxito y el UVF fue absorbido por la Ulster Special Constabulary o Policía Especial del Úlster (USC), la fuerza de policía de reserva del Gobierno de Irlanda del Norte.

Un grupo paramilitar unionista autodenominado Fuerza Voluntaria del Úlster se formó en 1966. Afirma ser un descendiente directo de la organización anterior y utiliza el mismo logotipo, pero no hay vínculos organizativos entre los dos.

Historia

Antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial
En 1912, el Partido Parlamentario Irlandés (IPP), un partido nacionalista irlandés que buscaba la devolución (Home Rule) para Irlanda, mantuvo el equilibrio de poder en el Parlamento del Reino Unido. En abril de 1912, el primer ministro H. H. Asquith presentó el tercer proyecto de ley de autonomía. Los proyectos anteriores de Home Rule habían caído, el primero rechazado por la Cámara de los Comunes, el segundo por el poder de veto de la Cámara de los Lores dominada por los Tory, sin embargo, desde la crisis provocada por el rechazo de los Lores al "Presupuesto Popular" de 1909 y la aprobación posterior de la Ley del Parlamento, la Cámara de los Lores había visto disminuir sus poderes para bloquear la legislación, por lo que se podía esperar que este proyecto de ley se convirtiera (eventualmente) en ley. La Home Rule era popular en toda Irlanda, aparte del noreste del Úlster. Mientras que los católicos eran la mayoría en la mayor parte de Irlanda, los protestantes eran la mayoría en el Úlster y en Gran Bretaña. Muchos protestantes del Úlster temían ser gobernados por un parlamento dominado por católicos en Dublín y perder su supremacía local y sus fuertes vínculos con Gran Bretaña.

Las dos figuras clave en la creación de los Voluntarios del Úlster fueron Edward Carson (líder de la Alianza Irlandesa Sindicalista) y James Craig, apoyado sub rosa por figuras como Henry Wilson, Director de Operaciones Militares en la Oficina de Guerra Británica. A comienzos de 1912, destacados sindicalistas y miembros de la Orden de Orange (una fraternidad protestante) comenzaron a formar pequeñas milicias locales y a desfilar. El 9 de abril, Carson y Bonar Law, líder del Partido Conservador y Unionista, revisaron 100 000 columnas de Voluntarios del Úlster. El 28 de septiembre, 218 206 hombres firmaron el Pacto del Úlster, y prometieron usar "todos los medios que se consideren necesarios para vencer a la conspiración actual para establecer un Parlamento Autónomo en Irlanda", con el apoyo de 234 046 mujeres.

El 13 de enero de 1913, la Úlster Volunteer Force (UVF) fue establecida formalmente por el Ulster Unionist Council. El reclutamiento debía limitarse a 100 000 hombres de entre 17 y 65 años que habían firmado el Pacto, bajo el mando del Teniente General Sir George Richardson KCB. William Gibson fue el primer comandante del 3.° Regimiento Este de Belfast de los Voluntarios del Úlster.

Los unionistas del Úlster disfrutaron del apoyo incondicional del Partido Conservador británico, incluso cuando amenazaban con una rebelión contra el gobierno británico. El 23 de septiembre de 1913, los 500 delegados del Consejo Unionista del Úlster se reunieron para discutir los aspectos prácticos de la creación de un gobierno provisional para el Úlster, en caso de que se aplicara la Home Rule. El 25 de noviembre de 1913, en parte en respuesta a la formación del UVF, los nacionalistas irlandeses formaron los Voluntarios Irlandeses, una milicia cuyo papel era salvaguardar el Home Rule.

En marzo de 1914, el comandante en jefe del ejército británico en Irlanda recibió la orden de trasladar tropas al Úlster para proteger los depósitos de armas del UVF. Sin embargo, 57 de los 70 oficiales en la sede del Ejército en Irlanda decidieron renunciar en lugar de hacer cumplir la autonomía o asumir el UVF. El mes siguiente, el UVF contrabandeó 20 000 rifles alemanes con tres millones de cartuchos de munición al puerto de Larne. Esto se hizo conocido como «el rodaje de armas de Larne».

Los Voluntarios de Úlster fueron una continuación de lo que se ha descrito como la "tradición de voluntariado protestante en Irlanda", que desde 1666 abarca las diversas milicias protestantes irlandesas fundadas para defender a Irlanda de las amenazas extranjeras. Las referencias a las milicias más prominentes, los Voluntarios irlandeses, se hicieron con frecuencia, y también hubo intentos de vincular las actividades de los dos.

Primera Guerra Mundial

El tercer proyecto de ley de autonomía finalmente se aprobó a pesar de las objeciones de la Cámara de los Lores, cuyo poder de veto había sido abolido en virtud de la Ley del Parlamento de 1911. Mientras Carson esperaba que se excluyera todo el Úlster, consideró que se podía presentar un buen caso para los seis condados del Úlster con unionistas, o solo leves nacionalistas, que eran mayoría. Sin embargo, en agosto de 1914, la cuestión de la autonomía fue suspendida temporalmente por el estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial y la participación de Irlanda en ella. Muchos hombres del UVF se alistaron en el ejército británico, principalmente con la 36.ª división (del Úlster) del "Nuevo Ejército". Otros se unieron a los regimientos irlandeses de las divisiones 10.ª y 16.ª (irlandesas) del Reino Unido. En el verano de 1916, solo quedaban las divisiones del Úlster y la 16.ª, pues la 10.ª se fusionó en las dos siguientes derrotas severas en la Batalla de Gallipoli. Ambas divisiones restantes sufrieron duras bajas en julio de 1916 durante la Batalla del Somme y fueron aniquiladas en gran parte en 1918 durante la Ofensiva de Primavera alemana.

Aunque muchos oficiales del UVF se unieron para unirse al ejército británico durante la guerra, los dirigentes unionistas querían preservar el UVF como una fuerza viable, conscientes de que el tema del gobierno autónomo y la partición serían revisados cuando terminara la guerra. También había temores de una incursión naval alemana en el Úlster y gran parte de la UVF fue refundida como una fuerza de defensa local.

La Primera Guerra Mundial terminó en noviembre de 1918. El 1 de mayo de 1919, el UVF fue desmovilizado cuando Richardson se retiró como su Oficial General al mando. En las últimas órdenes de Richardson al UVF, declaró:Las condiciones existentes requieren la desmovilización de los Voluntarios de Ulster. La fuerza se organizó para proteger los intereses de la Provincia del Ulster, en un momento en que los problemas se veían amenazados. El éxito de la organización habla por sí mismo, como una página de la historia, en los registros del Ulster que nunca se desvanecerá.

Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial
En las elecciones generales de diciembre de 1918, el Sinn Féin —partido republicano irlandés que buscaba la independencia total para Irlanda— obtuvo una abrumadora mayoría de los escaños en Irlanda. Sus miembros se negaron a tomar sus asientos en el Parlamento británico y en su lugar establecieron su propio parlamento y declararon la independencia de Irlanda. Los Voluntarios Irlandeses se convirtieron en el Ejército Republicano Irlandés (IRA), el ejército de la autoproclamada República de Irlanda. Comenzó la Guerra de la Independencia de Irlanda, librada entre el IRA y las fuerzas del Reino Unido (que incluía al ejército británico y la Royal Irish Constabulary, RIC). La Ley de Gobierno de Irlanda de 1920 preveía dos parlamentos de autonomía: uno para Irlanda del Norte y otro para Irlanda del Sur. El Parlamento de Irlanda del Norte, dominado por los unionistas, optó por seguir siendo parte del Reino Unido.

Como respuesta a los ataques del IRA dentro del Úlster, el Consejo Unionista del Úlster (UUC) revivió oficialmente el UVF el 25 de junio de 1920. Muchos unionistas sintieron que el RIC, siendo mayormente católico, no protegería adecuadamente las áreas unionistas. A principios de julio, el UUC designó al Teniente Coronel Wilfrid Spender como Oficial al mando de la UVF. Al mismo tiempo, se publicaron anuncios en los periódicos unionistas pidiendo a todos los exmiembros del UVF que se presentaran para el servicio. Sin embargo, esta convocatoria tuvo un éxito limitado; por ejemplo, cada batallón de Belfast atrajo a poco más de 100 hombres cada uno y se quedaron en su mayoría desarmados. El resurgimiento del UVF también se encontró con poco respaldo de unionistas en Gran Bretaña.

Durante el conflicto, los leales establecieron pequeños "grupos de vigilancia" independientes en muchas partes del Úlster. La mayoría de estos grupos patrullarían sus áreas e informarían cualquier cosa adversa a la policía (el RIC). Algunos de ellos, sin embargo, estaban armados con rifles del UVF desde 1914. También había una serie de pequeños grupos paramilitares leales, el más notable de los cuales era la Guardia Imperial del Úlster, que puede haber sobrepasado al UVF en términos de membresía. El historiador Peter Hart escribió lo siguiente sobre estos grupos:También ocasionalmente atacados [por el IRA] fueron los protestantes del Ulster que vieron la campaña de la guerrilla republicana como una invasión de su territorio, donde formaron la mayoría. Los activistas leales respondieron formando grupos de vigilantes, que pronto adquirieron el estatus oficial como parte de la Policía Especial del Ulster. Estos hombres encabezaron la ola de violencia anticatólica que comenzó en julio de 1920 y continuó durante dos años. Esta embestida fue parte de una contrarrevolución unionista del Ulster, cuyos hombres armados operaban casi exclusivamente como limpiadores étnicos y vengadores.

El lento reclutamiento para el UVF y su fracaso en detener las actividades del IRA en el Úlster llevaron a James Craig a pedir la formación de una nueva policía especial. En octubre de 1920, se estableció la Ulster Special Constabulary o Policía Especial del Úlster (USC). Esta fue una fuerza de la policía de reserva armada cuyo papel principal, durante 1920-1922, fue reforzar el RIC y luchar contra el IRA. Spender alentó a los miembros de UVF a unirse a él. Muchos lo hicieron, aunque la USC no absorbió a la mayor parte de los UVF (y otros grupos paramilitares leales) hasta principios de 1922. Craig esperaba "neutralizar" a los paramilitares leales al inscribirlos en la División C de la USC, una medida que fue respaldada por el gobierno británico. El historiador Michael Hopkinson escribió que el USC "ascendió a un UVF aprobado oficialmente". La USC era casi totalmente protestante y los católicos y los nacionalistas irlandeses desconfiaban mucho de ellos. Después de los ataques del IRA, sus miembros a veces llevaron a cabo asesinatos por venganza y represalias contra civiles católicos durante el conflicto.

En su libro Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force 1910–22, Timothy Bowman dio lo siguiente como su último pensamiento sobre el UVF durante este período:Es cuestionable la medida en que el UVF realmente se reformó en 1920. Posiblemente el UVF propiamente dicho ascendió a poco más de tres mil hombres en este período y es notable que el UVF nunca tuvo una disolución formal... posiblemente para que no se llamase la atención sobre la medida en que la formación de 1920-22 fue una sombra tan pálida de la de 1913-14.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Proclamation by the UVF in the Larne Times newspaper, January 1914 here.
 Hart, Peter, The IRA and its Enemies: Violence in the Community of Cork, 1912-1923
 Hopkinson, M, Green against Green
 Hopkinson, M, Irish Revolution
 Montgomery Hyde, H.  Carson.  Constable, London 1974. .
 Details on UVF links to the 36th Ulster Division which fought at the Somme here.
 Fisk, Robert In time of War: Ireland, Ulster, and the price of neutrality 1939 - 1945 (Gill & Macmillan) 1983 .

Política de Irlanda del Norte
Conflicto angloirlandés
Organizaciones lealistas en Irlanda del Norte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home All News Research New Study Unveils Humans Use Forward Thinking to Exploit Social Controllability
New Study Unveils Humans Use Forward Thinking to Exploit Social Controllability
Their findings have been published in the November 2021 issue of eLife.
Nov 26, 2021JooHyeon Heo Public Relations Team
A research team, affiliated with UNIST recently published a study that looked at how people exploit the controllability of their social environment. To understand how a sense of control over others may influence the brain's decision-making processes, the research team tested the ability of healthy human subjects to play strategic games, such as bargaining.
Published in the November 2021 issue of eLife, this study has been carried out by Professor Dongil Chung in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at UNIST, in collaboration with Professor Xiaosi Gu and Dr. Soojung Na at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.
In this study, research team found that people used forward thinking when trying to influence others, for the first time. Their findings also showed that forward thinking happened regardless of whether the subjects could actually influence others and appeared to be driven by neural activity in a well-known decision-making center of the brain.
Several previous studies have shown that the controllability of our social environment has a profound impact on our behavior and mental health. Nevertheless, neurocomputational mechanisms underlying social controllability remain elusive, noted the research team.
To investigate further, 48 participants were recruited. These participants performed a task where their current choices either did (Controllable), or did not (Uncontrollable), influence partners' future proposals. Computational modeling revealed that people engaged a mental model of forward thinking to estimate social controllability in both Controllable and Uncontrollable conditions. They played different versions of the ultimatum game, a well-known bargaining exercise in which the subjects were asked to split $20 with an opposing team. Initial offers always started at $5. In one, "controllable," version of the game the rules were predictable. If the subject accepted the $5 then the next offer would be one or two dollars lower. Conversely, a rejection of the $5 led to raising the subsequent offer by the same amounts. For the second, "uncontrollable," version of the game, a subject's initial decision had no effect on the following offers. Instead they were chosen randomly and were thus unpredictable. Each subject played 40 rounds, alternating between the two different versions.
Their findings showed that there were differences between how the subjects responded to the games, which suggested that they perceived and exploited the advantages posed by the predictable version. Most notably, they received higher offers, took longer to decide, and felt a greater sense of control when playing the predictable version.
The participants reported a sense of control during the unpredictable game that was much higher—around 40 percent—than reality, which was zero chance of control. Moreover, in one subset of experiments, the subjects played the games against a computer instead of teams. Here the participants felt about 60 percent in control of the game regardless of which version they played and despite the fact that they received higher offers in the predictable version.
Nonetheless, computational modeling experiments suggested that in every situation tested—predictable vs unpredictable and team vs computer—the subjects consistently used forward thinking to play the game. In other words, a computer algorithm which tested out whether a subject would think two, three, or four steps ahead before deciding on an offer recreated the initial results better than one that assumed the subjects just reacted or thought only one step ahead.
These findings were strengthened by the results of an online version of the initial experiments that was played by 1,342 participants. Again, the results showed that the predictable version of the game produced higher offers and a greater sense of control then the unpredictable one even though the simulation suggested that forward thinking was used for both.
Finally, the results of the brain scans suggested that these choices were being driven by neural activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a decision-making center known to be involved in forward thinking. For instance, the two-step forward thinking computer simulation helped explain the changes in this area of the brain better than other simulations or when applied to other brain regions.
Journal Reference
Na, S., Chung, D, et al., "Humans Use Forward Thinking to Exploit Social Controllability," eLife, (2021).
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text:
Calls made to improve council's response rate
Out of 24,324 calls made to Aberdeenshire Council's Contact Centre in October last year, some 10,000 went unanswered.
Ken Duncan
Published: 11:49 Friday 11 January 2019
An Aberdeenshire councillor has called for the speedy introduction of a scheduled new phone system to tackle the volume of unanswered queries to the local authority.
East Garioch Lib-Dem Fergus Hood made the appeal after it was revealed that out of 24,324 calls made to Aberdeenshire Council's Contact Centre in October last year, some 10,000 went unanswered.
While he accepted that the handling of 14,000 queries with an average waiting time of between four and six minutes was good, he stressed it was not good enough.
For the period April to October, 63,899 calls from 161,189 made went unanswered – representing a 39% fail rate.
The details emerged at a meeting of the council's Business Services committee which agreed to the development of a scrutiny programme over the coming year which will begin with a review of its Customer Services network.
Informal workshops will aim to be inclusive in relation to involving both internal and external stakeholders who can contribute to the various areas and services in question.
During duscussions, Cllr Hood said: "In terms of the Contact Centre they do an excellent job, however they could be better supported by the upgrade in the telephone system in relation to the number of unanswered calls."
He said anything the council can do as part of the planned upgrade system to reduce the number of unaswered calls would be "very much welcomed by residents".
And he added: "Whilst I acknowledge that the average wait time is four to six minutes, that relates to the calls that were answered.
"However there's another issue here about the calls that are not answered and that's the plea I am making when the phone system is upgraded we should be answering more calls either automicatically or by some other means."
Councillors agreed that the Contact Centre needed to be fit for purpose to provide the best possible service to clients.
Ellon councillor Isobel Davidson said: "We need to make sure the centre is well staffed and funded because there is nothing more frustrating than having been kept waiting on the phone for a long time and then giving up without an answer."
Meanwhile, the committee heard that the council is predicting an increase of around 1,000 customers this year visiting Service Points across the Shire.
Service Points currently operate in six offices at Peterhead, Banff, Turriff, Ellon, Huntly and Inverurie.
From 75,777 customers using the facilities in 2015, that number has risen to 112,590 between January and October last year.
Commenting on the service, Councillor Norman Smith, chair of the Buchan Area Committee, said: "We've had a Service Point at Buchan House since it was set up and I was sceptical initially saying this might be a bit of a nuisance, but I've been totally proved wrong.
"When you go into Buchan House now there are people using this service and being supported so I would say that is defintely the way forward."


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I am building a concert sized uke and I am debating how long of a fretboard to use. Do you think that sound quality will be improved by using a shorter fretboard?
I have noticed online that a lot of ukuleles have long fretboards that go all the way to the soundhole. It seems to me like that would muffle sound because the soundboard would be more rigid and not free to vibrate like it needs to.
I rarely play beyond the 12th fret, and I am considering going with a shorter fretboard that doesn't 'smoother' the soundboard. I am considering 14, 13, or even 12 frets. 12 might look kind of stubby, but I am curious to see what it would do to sound. At the end of the day, that is my primary interest. I wish that I had the time and resources to do some experimenting.
That is difficult to say. It may sound a little louder and better. It may sound a little louder and not as good or you might not be able to tell any difference at all. We did have a master builder here on the forum who cantilevered his fingerboards at the body.on some of his instruments, So he obviously believed it helpful with his design. I would put it pretty far down on the list of things that need to be done correctly to make a fine instrument.
Finger boards that stop at the body look weird to me- except on renaissance instruments where for some reason it looks super cool.
Thank you both for your input. Like Beau says, I would suspect that the majority of sound comes from the space between the bridge and the soundhole. I feel like some grad student needs to do some serious research on this... or maybe someone already has. For the meantime, I will give 14 frets a shot and keep you all posted. Thanks.
If that is the case, wouldn't you want to have the bridge in the center of the lower bout to maximize the surface area surrounding the bridge? That is what is driving my theory of centering the bridge in the middle of the lower bout. Of course, that assumes that sound will travel circularly from the bridge, but in reality the grain in the wood will effect sound distribution as well. Seems like a reasonable theory. I am going to give it a shot, unless anyone can argue why not and offer a better alternative. If you have one I would love to hear it. Thanks.
I actually dont credit the space between the bridge and the sound hole to add much to the sound, that is, compared with the space to the left, right and behind the bridge- thats the sweet area :)If I understand correctly you are suggesting that the sweet spot is the most effective area for collecting sound vibrations in the lower bout. The upper bout would then be used as a broadcaster of sound through the sound hole(s). There would be a sweetspot(ub) and independent geometry associated with soundhole positioning. Is that correct?
If I understand correctly you are suggesting that the sweet spot is the most effective area for collecting sound vibrations in the lower bout. The upper bout would then be used as a broadcaster of sound through the sound hole(s). There would be a sweetspot(ub) and independent geometry associated with soundhole positioning. Is that correct?
I am not an expert, but my theory is that based on a given body design, there should be an ideal bridge position in the lower bout, which I would assume is the center of the lower bout. My theory is that since it is the widest part it would distribute the sound energy the best. I also would imagine that there is an ideal soundhole size and position where the sound energy escapes.
I have limited experience, and a 9th grade physics background, but it seems intuitive to me that it would work this way. Due to one of the previous comments about the sound being driven through the strings at the bottom part of the bridge, I think that this would be the ideal spot.
Their tenor's bridge is slightly closer to the soundhole, but they have compensated by connecting at the 13th fret so that the bridge isn't too far out of the sweet spot. I bet if the truth were known they would prefer to connect at the 12th fret on their tenors to center the bridge better, but everyone who owns a tenor want 14 frets to body, and I would imagine they have compromised to meet that demand.
But after ten or twelve my scattergun attempts began to converge. After thirty I thought I had it down. Now after seventy-five I'm almost sure I might be on to something.
My advice would be, choose a size (as in tenor, concert or soprano), make it a shape you like, join the neck to the body at the 13th fret. Then build several ukes. They will be different from one another even if the basic measurements are the same.
Building ukes or anything, without a boss hanging around, is rewarding in itself. I think the research you do and the knowledge you gather with your hands and ears quickly outshines the knowledge you assemble online.
I hope this post doesn't come across as "shut the hell up and build already". That's not exactly what I mean.


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Esplá is a Spanish surname. It may refer to
Carlos Esplá (1895–1971), Spanish Republican politician and journalist.
Óscar Esplá (1886–1976), Spanish composer


Colchester United's Brennan Dickenson insists that it is time "to dig in" and "to keep believing in ourselves" ahead of the final five fixtures of the season.
The U's suffered a big blow, in terms of their play-off hopes, when slumping to a 2-0 home defeat to Oldham Athletic on Saturday, their third home loss on the trot.
As a result, John McGreal's men have slipped to two points and two places adrift of the League Two play-off zone, and that gap will be extended to four points if seventh-placed Exeter win at relegation-haunted Macclesfield tonight.
"We just have to dig in and do what we can," explained Dickenson.
"We have got to believe in ourselves, everyone of us, from the players right through the rest of the back-room staff, and especially the fans – we want them to keep believing in us.
"We keep bouncing back, and now we have got to do that again.
"We need the fans to stick behind us as much as possible. It's frustrating for them, but it's also frustrating for us," added left-sided specialist Dickenson.
On a personal level as well, it has been a frustrating last few weeks for Dickenson, who has largely been employed as a substitute rather than getting a chance in the starting line-up.
The 26-year-old was introduced as a 71st minute substitute against Oldham, and made a favourable impact as the U's tried in vain to mount a late rally.
"I hope to get more game-time. I just have to keep working hard, keep my head down and do all the right things," said Dickenson.
"If the manager (McGreal) decides to pick me, then I think I am ready for the task. We will just have to wait and see.
"The start wasn't great (against Oldham), to go 2-0 down so quickly, but the boys came out well in the second half and, when the subs came on, I feel they did really well.
"You could see that we put a lot of effort into the second half, but unfortunately it just wasn't our day. You get those days sometimes when chances just don't fall for you. As well as that, it's also about us not being clinical enough in the final third.
"We have to try and take some positives, and push onto next week," added Dickenson.
The U's are way at fourth-placed Bury this Saturday.


text:
Bosch worldwide
Suchbegriff anwenden
11.01.2021 Press release #Smart Home
Sustainable "like a Bosch": Smart, climate-friendly solutions for health, home, industry, and mobility
Caroline Schulke >
Caroline Schulke
Spokesperson automated mobility, assistance and safety systems, brake and steering systems
Caroline.Schulke@de.bosch.com
Download Business card
Dr. Michael Bolle,
member of the board of management
of Robert Bosch GmbH,
and Mike Mansuetti,
president of Bosch in North America,
for broadcast at the Consumer Electronics Show
Good morning – or depending on where you are – good afternoon or good evening, ladies and gentlemen.
Welcome to this world-first digital Bosch press conference at CES. Even though nothing can replace face-to-face interaction, and the excitement of seeing innovations first hand, we absolutely believe that everyone's health and safety comes first. As such, we're very pleased that the CTA was able to realize an alternative format for us all to come together virtually and share information about all the latest developments in the world of technology.
Every year, thousands of people come together at CES and discuss how technology can improve our lives. Over the past few months, however, we've had the truth of this demonstrated in unprecedented ways. A few decades ago, a pandemic such as the one we're experiencing would have meant the total breakdown of our social and working lives. Today, we can at least talk and laugh with our loved ones via screens, even if we can't see them in person. And thanks to the technology that makes remote working possible, hundreds of millions of people have seen little to no drop in their productivity.
From our perspective, this only confirms what we've known all along. At Bosch, using technology to improve people's lives is at the core of our strategic imperative "Invented for life." Today, we'd like to give you some examples of how we're harnessing the power of cutting-edge technologies like AI and connectivity to help us overcome some of the biggest challenges of our time – in particular, those involving our own health and the health of our planet.
Climate change remains our biggest threat – and top priority
Living through a global health crisis this past year, we've had the chance to reflect on the broader meaning of "Invented for life." If anything, focusing on the global existential threat from the pandemic has strengthened our resolve to play our part in tackling the even greater existential threat facing us all: climate change. In many ways, both challenges require colossal effort and collaboration to change the course. This is why we see it as particularly important that we continue to lead by example and push forward with our comprehensive sustainability efforts – even in the face of the current economic uncertainty. After all, while climate action costs money, doing nothing will cost even more.
Ladies and gentlemen, eighteen months ago, we announced our intention to make all Bosch locations carbon neutral by the end of 2020. We kept our promise and were the first global industrial enterprise to achieve this: according to internal calculations, we are now climate-neutral. This means that our 400 locations worldwide no longer leave a carbon footprint, and we expect to soon have confirmation in the form of an independent auditor's report. As a validation of our achievement, we just received word that we've been included on the prestigious "A" list published by the Carbon Disclosure Project, a non-profit organization that ranks the environmental impact of companies and cities worldwide.
To make this success possible, we've applied four strategies: increasing energy efficiency, expanding the production of renewable energy, procuring more green electricity, and offsetting unavoidable CO₂ emissions. In fact, no other industrial company has made a voluntary commitment to carbon neutrality that can compare with ours in terms of scope and time frame. But we also didn't conjure this commitment out of thin air. It's a logical consequence of our long-term strategy at Bosch.
Now that we've met our carbon neutrality goal, we're not slowing down. In fact, we're shifting our focus to an even bigger challenge: the emissions of our entire value chain – from the goods we purchase to the disposal of the products we sell, across all of our business areas. The emissions from these upstream and downstream sources are 100 times greater than the emissions of our locations at the time we announced our carbon-neutrality target. By 2030, our goal is to reduce these emissions along our entire value chain by 15 percent. This is not a number we came up with on our own. We agreed to this goal with the Science-Based Targets initiative, an international partnership set up to facilitate swift climate action in the private sector. We are the first automotive supplier to join this effort with a defined target.
Think of it like a multiplier effect: the more people along our value chain we get on board, the more impact we can have.
If you were with us two years ago, you might remember that we launched our acclaimed "Like a Bosch" campaign right here at CES. Well, we're doing it again! The newest installment in the series calls on everyone to "live sustainable like a Bosch" and join us in fighting climate change.
Sustainability anchored in product portfolio
As we show in the campaign, our products themselves are a major focus of our sustainability efforts. On the consumer side, they help people reduce their environmental footprint. Our state-of-the-art heating systems, for example, can help individual households save 2.5 tons of CO₂ annually in Germany alone. And, our dishwashers equipped with Zeolith technology offer an energy savings of up to 20 percent. Our washing machines help people to save water. Our durable power tools feature intelligent power management technology that increases their lifespans – and helps people reduce electronic waste.
And in our core mobility business, our wide variety of solutions and services help people reduce their carbon footprint. Here, we're working toward a vision of mobility products that, when employed, can have no negative impact on the global climate and urban air quality. To pursue our vision, we're developing a full range of powertrain solutions – from combustion engines to battery-electric powertrains to fuel cells, powering everything from e-bikes to trucks.
For more than ten years, our eBike Systems division has been setting new standards with high quality drive systems, consisting of drive units, batteries, and smart control panels for electric bicycles. The latest generation of our Nyon control panel, for example, offers on-board navigation, fitness tracking, digital locking, and topography-based range estimates – and is a CES 2021 Innovation Award honoree.
When it comes to vehicle-based e-mobility, we have a more broad-based portfolio than any other company. Early on, we started applying our knowledge – and a great deal of financial resources – to help
e-mobility achieve a breakthrough. Last year alone, Bosch invested more than 600 million dollars (500 million euros) in electromobility. Our electrical powertrain components are featured in more than 1.5 million vehicles around the world. From powertrains to steering systems to brakes, we have all the building blocks for electrification in our portfolio.
AIoT as complementary driver of strategy
Alongside climate action, another major pillar of our strategy at Bosch is driving forward advances in AIoT – where AI meets the internet of things. In fact, these two strategic paths are strongly intertwined, with AIoT and data often holding the technological key to enabling greater sustainability. This is the case, for example, with our cloud-based Energy Platform, which optimizes equipment and processes in manufacturing operations. It uses intelligent algorithms to help predict energy consumption, avoid peak loads, and correct deviations in typical patterns of consumption. This helps reduce CO₂ emissions in factories; for example, Bosch's lead plant for Industry 4.0 in Homburg, Germany, cut its emissions by some 10 percent within two years. The solution is already in use at more than 100 Bosch locations worldwide, including for example in Charleston, South Carolina, and is also being marketed to other companies.
And we're not the only ones to have uncovered the link between technology and sustainability. According to a recent study conducted in Germany, comprehensive digitalization in the mobility, manufacturing, and building technology segments could help the country get nearly halfway to the emissions targets it pledged as part of the Paris Agreement (source: Accenture). Another study identified digital solutions as indispensable enablers in meeting all 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (source: Econsense). This comes as no surprise to us: we're so convinced of the beneficial potential of AI and connectivity, we aim to be a leading AIoT company in every domain we operate.
In the case of AI in particular, we're pursuing development along a path we call "industrial AI." For many other tech companies, artificial intelligence is primarily about creating models of human behavior, focusing especially on purchasing preferences. Our approach, by contrast, focuses on the world of objects and their interaction with their environment. Whether in an automotive emergency braking assistant or when identifying faulty parts in production – in these cases, artificial intelligence is not telling machines what people are doing, but explaining the physical world to machines. In this way, we can enable intelligent behavior and optimize the way they work. We want to harness the potential of artificial intelligence to improve people's lives. To help us stay true to this aim, we've created an AI code of ethics for our development and application of AI, especially in cases of doubt and dilemma. Ultimately, though, we will only be able to tap its full potential if we can convince people of the benefits of AI – and above all build trust in the technology.
AIoT for health and home applications
Nowhere are these benefits as obvious as in the domains of health and well-being. Here, the combined challenges of the pandemic and climate change have offered us another opportunity to demonstrate how literally we take our strategic imperative "Invented for life." In recent months, that has meant a focus on developing and producing technological solutions for the fight against the virus.
The solution we're most proud of in this regard is our rapid test for coronavirus. Using our mobile Vivalytic medical analysis device, we developed the PCR test in six short weeks and launched it in March of last year. Offering an initial time-to-result of two and half hours, we have since shaved this down to less than 30 minutes for positive samples. We also adapted the test cartridges to accommodate up to five samples simultaneously, thus boosting capacities considerably. The tests are currently in use in a variety of settings from nursing homes to doctors' offices. We're currently ramping up production with the aim of increasing our testing capacity to three million this year.
As for how it harnesses AIoT, this connected device gets software updates via our Vivasuite cloud platform – all it needs is an internet connection. That means when we reduce turnaround time for our Covid tests, devices deployed in the field are also automatically updated with the optimized procedure.
Our new open security camera solution from our Security and Safety Things startup addresses a very different kind of pandemic-related need. This camera ecosystem – which is another 2021 CES Innovation Award honoree – allows cameras of different manufacturers to be equipped with customized applications. Among these is an AI-based one which enables, for instance, customer numbers in retail spaces to be automatically detected and limited in accordance with local Covid regulations, or the presence of facial coverings to be verified.
For private households, we've developed a smart solution in the form of an innovative air-quality sensor. Along with conventional indicators including temperature, humidity, and air purity, this new sensor can also measure the amount of exhaled air and aerosols present in a room. Based on these readings, it can alert you when ventilation is needed, as both can be a risk factor in Covid transmission. This new sensor is being built into two of our existing smart-home products: our Twinguard intelligent smoke detector and our Spexor mobile alarm device.
Although we're currently devoting a lot of resources to Covid, it's certainly not the only disease we're using technology to fight. For instance, we've just developed a new mobile anemia screening solution, which is also a 2021 CES Innovation Award honoree. Our hemoglobin monitor is a compact, non-invasive, point-of-care solution powered with machine learning algorithms. Delivering results within 30 seconds, it offers a fast and reliable method of diagnosing and monitoring anemia, which is responsible for a million annual deaths worldwide.
Of course, health is about more than just treating and preventing disease. With this in mind, we're premiering a new AI-enabled sensor for devices that many of us use to help keep ourselves in optimum form: wearable fitness trackers. Bosch Sensortec has developed a revolutionary self-learning motion sensor that adds artificial intelligence to portable devices. Among other things, it enables them to recognize and record any type of fitness activity that is based on repetitive, cyclical patterns. And thanks to the use of edge AI, where AI runs on the sensor itself, not only are latency and power consumption minimized, but user data remains fully private, since it doesn't need a cloud connection or tethered smartphone to work.
Building expertise and exploring new horizons in AIoT
In our quest for AIoT leadership we're not only focusing on technology, however, but also on people. Remember the AI training initiative at Bosch I announced last year? We're now well on our way to training 20,000 of our associates in the principles of AI. And as a member of the CTA Apprenticeship Coalition, we recently launched an apprentice model focused on software engineering, or as we call it, our IoT apprenticeship, in the United States. The goals of this 12 month program are simple. First, we recruit talented non-engineers with transferable skills. Then, we train them in system architecture, design, and coding. And ultimately, we hope to employ these apprentices once their program is complete. Our IoT apprenticeship model is the manifestation of a "build" strategy for talent that helps us meet our software engineering needs in a very challenging recruiting environment.
Our first cohort of IoT apprentices includes a former chef, a shop technician, and a personal banking manager. It's fascinating to hear what motivated them to make such a career change – some want to gain real-world technological experience. And some are looking for a chance to work on interesting projects. This team is engaged and ready to learn, and we are equally excited to see them embark on their IoT journey.
Speaking of updates, here's one on our most far-out application of AI – quite literally! Last year I told you how NASA planned to install our SoundSee AI-based sensor system on the International Space Station, where it would perform deep audio analytics. I'm happy to say our system is indeed orbiting far above us. And, we're collaborating with NASA on another AI-based application for space.
This time, our technology is going to the moon as part of NASA's Tipping Point program. In partnership with Astrobotic, WiBotic, and the University of Washington, we're going to be researching and developing technology for intelligent autonomous navigation and the wireless charging of small robots on the lunar surface. These shoebox-sized robots – called CubeRovers – will be equipped and trained to navigate the moon's harsh, unpredictable conditions and get themselves to a docking station in an environment where GPS is not an option. Our researchers in Pittsburgh and Silicon Valley will be contributing their expertise in AI-driven intelligent data analytics and wireless connectivity solutions, with a goal of having the system demonstration-ready by mid-2023.
But back to Earth, and to the benefits AIoT technologies can deliver closer to home. In the mobility domain, they're already demonstrating how they can help make getting from A to B more climate-friendly. Solutions for connected and automated driving can help eliminate gridlock and ensure smooth traffic flows in cities, which significantly reduces both consumption and emissions.
The same is true for parking, particularly in urban centers. Here, we've been continuing to refine our automated valet parking solution – and have now debuted this technology in the U.S. Last year, we teamed up with Ford and the real-estate developer Bedrock to demonstrate fully automated parking in Detroit. It was the first U.S. infrastructure-based solution for automated valet parking inside a parking garage. In Germany, Bosch is working with partners to provide the world's first commercial automated valet parking service at an airport parking garage.
The AIoT is also enabling us to achieve sustainability gains via mobility-based services. Take electric-vehicle batteries, for example. To help maximize their lifespan and prevent premature aging, Bosch has developed a suite of "battery in the cloud" services that help to substantially improve batteries' performance and extend their service life. Smart software functions in the cloud continually analyze the battery status and take appropriate action to prevent or slow down cell aging. This can reduce the wear and tear on the battery by as much as 20 percent which means replacement less often – and a better environmental profile.
The combination of electrified and automated driving – with personalized and connected services – is causing increasing demand for automotive software and electronics. Where a car included roughly 10 million lines of software code in 2010, the software of today's non-automated vehicles already runs to 100 million lines of code. Tomorrow's automated cars will require up to 500 million. At the same time, electronics engineering is becoming rapidly more complex, in line with more sophisticated vehicle functions.
In order for us to capitalize on our long-standing expertise in both of these domains, we are now pooling our software and automotive electronics expertise from the areas of driver assistance, automated driving, car multimedia, powertrain, and body electronics in a new division called Cross-Domain Computing Solutions, which started operation just ten days ago.
This division is home to 17,000 Bosch associates around the world, nearly half of whom are software engineers. In setting it up, we intend to master and reduce complexity in future vehicles through cross-domain software and electronics solutions. In particular, we're focusing on powerful vehicle computers, which will take over from the multitude of individual control units used today. Our goal is to get new vehicle functions on the road significantly faster in the future, make cars more intelligent, and provide drivers with tangible benefits.
Sustainability and competitiveness are two sides of same coin
As all these examples show, Bosch is investing heavily – in promising technologies, in our workforce, and in our operations. We're doing this to ensure our competitiveness in a world where climate change and a global pandemic are accelerating transformation and change. Our investments underscore the deep commitment we have to our role in creating a sustainable world for future generations, as well as our commitment to the future of our business. And in fact, we see no conflict between these: in our view, sustainability and profitability are two sides of the same coin.
First, pursuing sustainability is obliging us to pursue energy efficiency, which in turn is driving cost efficiency. Second, it's enabling us to gain independence from rising energy prices. Third, it's opening up new markets as we strive to satisfy growing demand for eco-friendly products. Fourth, it's unlocking innovative potential as we are forced to think outside the box to develop climate-friendly solutions.
And last but not least, new business opportunities for us are emerging from these new green technologies and in the form of carbon-neutrality consulting and services. To this end, we've established our new Bosch Climate Solutions subsidiary, which provides an advisory service for other companies to help them become climate neutral. Our aim here is to pass on the knowledge and experience we've gained from achieving carbon neutrality and from projects we've successfully carried out worldwide.
Ladies and gentlemen, at Bosch we firmly believe that technological innovation, business success, and climate action are not mutually exclusive. But more than that, we believe that all three are interdependent: only companies that pursue sustainability today will be successful tomorrow, and only by harnessing the potential of technology will we succeed in combating climate change and challenges like Covid-19. This belief is the bedrock of our corporate strategy – and it's the motivation behind our extensive portfolio of products, services, and business models that are true to our strategic imperative "Invented for life" in every possible sense of the term.
Thank you for joining us today. And please, stay safe and healthy.
The Bosch Group is a leading global supplier of technology and services. It employs roughly 400,000 associates worldwide (as of December 31, 2019). The company generated sales of 77.7 billion euros in 2019. Its operations are divided into four business sectors: Mobility Solutions, Industrial Technology, Consumer Goods, and Energy and Building Technology. As a leading IoT provider, Bosch offers innovative solutions for smart homes, Industry 4.0, and connected mobility. Bosch is pursuing a vision of mobility that is sustainable, safe, and exciting. It uses its expertise in sensor technology, software, and services, as well as its own IoT cloud, to offer its customers connected, cross-domain solutions from a single source. The Bosch Group's strategic objective is to facilitate connected living with products and solutions that either contain artificial intelligence (AI) or have been developed or manufactured with its help. Bosch improves quality of life worldwide with products and services that are innovative and spark enthusiasm. In short, Bosch creates technology that is "Invented for life." The Bosch Group comprises Robert Bosch GmbH and its roughly 440 subsidiary and regional companies in 60 countries. Including sales and service partners, Bosch's global manufacturing, engineering, and sales network covers nearly every country in the world. The basis for the company's future growth is its innovative strength. Bosch employs some 72,600 associates in research and development at 126 locations across the globe, as well as roughly 30,000 software engineers.
The company was set up in Stuttgart in 1886 by Robert Bosch (1861-1942) as "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering." The special ownership structure of Robert Bosch GmbH guarantees the entrepreneurial freedom of the Bosch Group, making it possible for the company to plan over the long term and to undertake significant upfront investments in the safeguarding of its future. Ninety-four percent of the share capital of Robert Bosch GmbH is held by Robert Bosch Stiftung GmbH, a charitable foundation. The remaining shares are held by the Bosch family, by a corporation owned by the family, and by Robert Bosch GmbH. The majority of voting rights are held by Robert Bosch Industrietreuhand KG, an industrial trust. The entrepreneurial ownership functions are carried out by the trust.
Additional information is available online at www.bosch.com, www.iot.bosch.com, www.bosch-press.com, www.twitter.com/BoschPresse.
Is used in:
Automated mobility
Electrified mobility
CES 2021: Bosch puts its faith in AI and connectivity – for the protection of pe ...
Stationary fuel cell: Bosch plans to start full-scale production in 2024
Bosch puts first 5G campus network into operation
Bosch in Germany


text:
> Short biography
> Family background, youth and studies
> Entry into the Political Affairs Directorate (Directorate I) of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1968–1969)
> At the Luxembourg Embassy in Bonn (1969–1972)
> The Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Communities in 1972
> At the Protocol and Administrative Affairs Directorate of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1972–1976)
> In the Luxembourg Permanent Representation to the European Communities (1976–1979)
> At the Economic Relations and Cooperation Directorate of the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1979–1983)
> Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the United Nations in New York (1983–1984)
> Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the European Communities in Brussels (1984–1991)
> The IGC on Political Union in 1991
> General Secretary in the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (1991–1993)
> Ambassador in London for the United Kingdom, Ireland and Iceland (1993–2002)
> The preparation of the Westendorp Report in 1995
> Ambassador in Brussels for Belgium and Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to NATO (2003–2005)
> Ambassador in Washington for the United States, Canada and Mexico (2005–2008)
> Luxembourg's development and prospects in the European Union
Interview with Joseph Weyland (Sanem, 19 February 2010) — Excerpt: The work of the Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union during the Luxembourg Presidency
In this interview excerpt, Joseph Weyland, Permanent Representative to the European Communities from 1984 to 1991 and Chairman of the Group of Personal Representatives of the Foreign Ministers of the European Communities from 1 January to 30 June 1991, shares his memories of the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Maastricht under the Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Union from January to June 1991. He describes the work and the working method of the Group of Personal Representatives, emphasising the assistance of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities and particularly its Legal Service. Finally, he discusses the European Commission's proposals and the differences of opinion between the Commission and the Luxembourg Presidency.
Interview with Joseph Weyland (Sanem, 19 February 2010) — Excerpt: From the Luxembourg non-paper to the draft Treaty on European Union
In this interview excerpt, Joseph Weyland, Permanent Representative to the European Communities from 1984 to 1991 and Chairman of the Group of Personal Representatives of the Foreign Ministers of the European Communities from 1 January to 30 June 1991, discusses the reactions to the submission on 17 April 1991 of the Luxembourg non-paper, a series of draft treaty articles with a view to the establishment of a political union. He also describes the continuation of the work of the Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union under the Luxembourg Presidency with the submission on 18 June 1991 of a reworked treaty text entitled 'Draft Treaty on European Union' in the run-up to the Luxembourg European Council on 28 and 29 June 1991.
Interview with Joseph Weyland (Sanem, 19 February 2010) — Excerpt: the 'Black Monday' of the Dutch Presidency
In this interview excerpt, Joseph Weyland, Permanent Representative to the European Communities from 1984 to 1991 and Member of the Group of Personal Representatives of the Foreign Ministers of the European Communities during the 1991 Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union, discusses the initiative taken by the Dutch Presidency of the Council of the European Communities to submit an alternative version, on 30 September 1991, to the draft submitted by the Luxembourg Presidency. The rejection of this proposal was seen as the 'Black Monday' of the 1991 Dutch Presidency.
Interview with Joseph Weyland (Sanem, 19 February 2010) — Excerpt: The three-pillar structure of the 1991 Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union
In this interview excerpt, Joseph Weyland, Permanent Representative to the European Communities from 1984 to 1991 and Chairman of the Group of Personal Representatives of the Foreign Ministers of the European Communities from 1 January to 30 June 1991, recalls the origins of the new institutional architecture agreed on at the 1991 Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union. This structure is generally represented as a Greek temple with three pillars: the supranational Community pillar and the second and third pillars which are intergovernmental in nature.


text:
Q: Evaluating code at runtime in Java
Possible Duplicate:
Is there a java equivalent of the python eval function?

There is a String, something like String str = "if a[0]=1 & a[1]=2". How to use this string in a real IF THEN expression? E.g.:
for (Integer[] a : myNumbers) {
   if a[0]=1 & a[1]=2 {  // Here I'd like to use the expression from str
      //...
   }
}

A: Java isn't a scripting language that supports dynamic evaluation (although it does support script execution). I would challenge you to check to see if what you're attempting to do is being done in the right way within Java.
There are two common ways you can approach this, listed below. However they have a significant performance impact when it comes to the runtime of your application.

Script Execution
You could fire up a ScriptEngine, build a ScriptContext, execute the fragment in Javascript or some other language, and then read the result of the evaluation.

*

*http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/J2SE/Desktop/scripting/

Parsing
You could build a lexical parser that analyses the string and converts that into the operations you want to perform. In Java I would recommend you look at JFlex.

*

*http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-1997/jw-01-indepth.html

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis

*http://jflex.de/

A: I don't think you can do what you're asking.
Also your java doesn't seem to make much sense. Something like this would make more sense:
for (Integer a : myNumbers) {
   if (a.equals(Integer.valueOf(1))){
      //...
   }
}

You can however say:
if("hello".equals("world")){
    //...
}

And you can build a string:
String str = "if "+a[0]+"=1 & "+a[1]+"=2"

And you can put that together and say:
String str = "if "+a[0]+"=1 & "+a[1]+"=2"
if(str.equals("if 1=1 & 2=2")){
    //...
}

But I think you're probably just trying to do something the wrong way


text:
Q: Is it possible to link a shared static library built in VS2019 with a VS2010 project? I need a regex library that can return submatches for a project that has to be built on VS 2010. By submatches, I mean for this regex: "(\w+):(\d+)" applied to this input string "deer:1234", the match state is true and I want to retrieve the contents of the two submatches -- "deer" and "1234".  Visual Studio 2010 does not have regex so I tried building Google RE2 in Visual Studio 2019 as a shared static library and then making a simple interface (see below) to provide me with the bare minimum functionality that I needed.  It obviously builds fine in Visual Studio 2019, but when I copy over the re2.lib and the header shown below and try to compile it into my 2010 project, I get this error:
error LNK2038: mismatch detected for '_MSC_VER': value '1900' doesn't match value '1600'
Note that my interface below does not use any C++ standard library.  It's just a simple class with character array inputs.  I was thinking that if I compile the re2.lib as a shared statically-linked library and then link it with my 2010 project, it should work. But after spending almost 2 days trying to get this to work, I'm open to other solutions.  Will my approach work or if not can anyone recommend a good regex library that compiles in Visual Studio 2010?
class RE2;

class __declspec(dllexport) BasicRegex {
public:
    BasicRegex(const char* str);
    ~BasicRegex();

    bool fullMatch(const char* str, char**& submatches, int numsubmatches);
    bool fullMatch(const char* str);
    bool partialMatch(const char* str, char**& submatches, int numsubmatches);
    bool partialMatch(const char* str);

private:
    RE2* gre2;
};

A: Unfortunately, the short answer is no, at least not with older versions of Visual C++, as documented below:
C++ Binary Compatibility between Visual Studio 2015 and Visual Studio 2019
The Great C Runtime (CRT) Refactoring
Sincerely,

A: The message is result of trying to link export  .lib created in  VS2010 with code in VS2019. Since VS2012 it's no longer supported.
Possible solutions to use the .dll are:

*

*Recompile .dll or export .lib using new compiler.

*Load library dynamically.

The former needs source availability and the latter requires that all dependent libraries  were present also may pose problem of finding name for imported functions.