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Locquirec   est une commune française du département du Finistère, en région Bretagne.

Ses habitants sont appelés les Locquirécois.

Géographie

Situation

Locquirec est une petite station balnéaire bretonne sur la Manche, située à la limite du Finistère et des Côtes-d'Armor. La commune est située sur une presqu'île qui s'étire dans la Baie de Lannion. La vue de la pointe de Locquirec offre un panorama sur toute la partie ouest de la côte de granit rose, de l'île Milliau à Plestin-les-Grèves, en passant par Trébeurden, Saint-Michel-en-Grève et Tréduder.

Le bourg est formé autour de l'église et du port de plaisance. La commune de Locquirec abrite plusieurs plages : celle du port, au centre du village, Pors Ar Villec, les Sables Blancs, le Moulin de la Rive, la plage du Fond de la Baie. Quelle que soit la direction du vent, on est assuré de trouver une plage à l'abri. La plage du port est très prisée grâce à son exposition au sud-est rare en Bretagne nord. La commune possède aussi des falaises assez élevées, pouvant atteindre une cinquantaine de mètres, formant des pointes (Pointe du Château, Pointe du Corbeau, Pointe au nord-est du Moulin de la Rive) ; le finage communal culminant à  au sud du hameau du Varcq.

Le bourg de Locquirec est longtemps resté peu important : ainsi en 1886, le bourg ne compte que 232 habitants agglomérés au chef-lieu, le reste de la population communale, forte en tout de  cette année-là, étant dispersé dans le reste du finage communal.

La baie de Locquirec est formée par l'embouchure du fleuve côtier le Douron, qui sépare les deux départements du Finistère et des Côtes d'Armor, Locquirec étant sur sa rive gauche et Plestin-les-Grèves sur sa rive droite.

Le quartier de Lézingard (presque séparé du reste de la commune par la partie orientale de Guimaëc) est une ancienne frairie qui dépendait de la paroisse de Lanmeur sous l'Ancien Régime est désormais rattachée à la commune de Locquirec, ainsi que la plage du Moulin de la Rive.

Le port de Locquirec, de dimension modeste, est un port de plaisance bien abrité des vents d'ouest en raison de sa position face à l'est et de son môle, construit en 1868 qui le protège des vents du nord. C'est un port d'échouage offrant  morts. Ce fut autrefois un port de pêche.

Cadre géologique

Située à l'ouest du plateau du Trégor, Locquirec est localisée dans la partie médiane du domaine nord armoricain, unité géologique du Massif armoricain qui est le résultat de trois chaînes de montagnes successives. Le site géologique de Locquirec se situe plus précisément dans un bassin briovérien au sud-ouest du batholite du Trégor, pluton qui fait partie d'un ensemble plus vaste, le batholite mancellien.

L'histoire géologique du plateau du Trégor est marquée par le cycle icartien (de ca. -2 200 Ma à -1 800 Ma) dont la géodynamique est mal connue, et le cycle cadomien (entre 750 et 540 Ma) qui se traduit par la surrection de la chaîne cadomienne qui devait culminer à environ  et regroupait à cette époque (avant l'ouverture de l'océan Atlantique) des terrains du Canada oriental, d'Angleterre, d'Irlande, d'Espagne et de Bohême. Cette ceinture cadomienne se suit à travers le Nord du Massif armoricain depuis le Trégor (baie de Morlaix) jusqu'au Cotentin. À une collision continentale succède une période de subduction de l'océan celtique vers le sud-est, sous la microplaque Armorica appartenant alors au supercontinent Gondwana. Des failles de direction N40°-N50°enregistrent un raccourcissement oblique, orienté environ NNE-SSW. Cette tectonique régionale entraîne un métamorphisme à haute température et basse pression. À la fin du Précambrien supérieur, les sédiments briovériens issus de l'érosion rapide de la chaîne cadomienne et constitués de dépôts volcano-sédimentaires sont ainsi fortement déformés, plissés, formant essentiellement des schistes et des gneiss. Les grands traits de l'évolution géologique du territoire sont alors fixés. L'altération a également transformé les roches métasédimentaires en formations argilo-sableuses. Enfin, au Plio-quaternaire, les roches du substratum sont localement recouvertes par des dépôts récents issus de l'action du vent (lœss, limons sur les coteaux).

La région est ainsi formée d'un plateau constitué de la formation de Locquirec, longues bandes redressées à la verticale, orientées toujours 50° NE, qui se décompose en trois unités à caractère volcanoclastique plus ou moins marqué : tufs kératophyriques, grès volcano-clastiques, siltites et argilites. Ces roches résultent de la subduction d'un domaine océanique vers le sud-est sous la marge nord du Gondwana, entraînant un métamorphisme à haute température et basse pression (subduction engendrant un bassin intra-arc ou une zone de chevauchement, les deux hypothèses restant débattues).

Pétrographiquement, la « pierre de Locquirec » est une roche volcano-sédimentaire correspondant à des tuffites chloriteuses grossières qui donnent des lauzes, pierres naguère très recherchées mais désormais uniquement utilisées en matériau de récupération. L'orthogneiss monzogranitique du Moulin-de-la-Rive donne des affleurements le long de la falaise côtière et sur l'estran marin depuis la grève de Poul Rodou jusqu'à la pointe du Corbeau. Témoins de la chaîne icartienne, ces gneiss mylonitisés constituent un soubassement sur lequel se dépose la formation volcano-sédimentaire briovérienne de Locquirec.

Touristiquement, les principaux aspects de la géologie dans cette région peuvent être abordés au cours de balades naturalistes et géologiques qui permettent d'observer sur un espace réduit du territoire, des roches d'âge et de nature différents, témoins de phénomènes géologiques d'ampleur (magmatisme, tectogenèse, métamorphisme, érosion…).

La « Pierre de Locquirec »

La « Pierre de Locquirec », extraite à flanc de falaise ou sur l'estran dans plusieurs sites littoraux, de la Pointe du Corbeau à l'ouest aux falaises longeant la plage de Traon ar Valin au sud-est, en passant par la Pointe du Château, est formée de dépôts sédimentaires briovériens mêlés à des produits volcaniques sous-marins, qui ont un pris un aspect schisteux en raison de leur enfouissement à grande profondeur sous l'action des fortes pressions. Cette roche a été redressée lors de divers plissements et forme l'ossature de la presqu'île de Locquirec, mais on en connaît des gisements de Lanmeur jusqu'à Tréguier.

Exploitée dès l'âge du bronze pour fabriquer des caveaux, elle a fait l'objet d'une exploitation intensive du  au début du  (en 1866, trente-trois carriers, ou perrayeurs, sont recensés); prisée pour ses qualités fonctionnelles et esthétiques (elle se débite en dalles régulières assez épaisses ; de grain fin, elle peut avoir une teinte bleuâtre, grise ou verdâtre et est parsemée de feldspath blanchâtres en forme de grains de riz et de feuillets de micas), elle était exportée par bateau et utilisée comme moellons, par exemple pour la construction du môle du port de Locquirec, comme pavage, dalles de sépulture, la construction de manoirs, la couverture de monuments religieux jusque dans la région du Mont-Saint-Michel, la dernière utilisation étant la construction de la nouvelle abbaye de Landévennec au début de la décennie 1960.

Climat
Le climat qui caractérise la commune est qualifié, en 2010, de « climat océanique franc », selon la typologie des climats de la France qui compte alors huit grands types de climats en métropole. En 2020, la commune ressort du type « climat océanique » dans la classification établie par Météo-France, qui ne compte désormais, en première approche, que cinq grands types de climats en métropole. Ce type de climat se traduit par des températures douces et une pluviométrie relativement abondante (en liaison avec les perturbations venant de l'Atlantique), répartie tout au long de l'année avec un léger maximum d'octobre à février.

Les paramètres climatiques qui ont permis d'établir la typologie de 2010 comportent six variables pour les températures et huit pour les précipitations, dont les valeurs correspondent à la normale 1971-2000. Les sept principales variables caractérisant la commune sont présentées dans l'encadré ci-après.

Avec le changement climatique, ces variables ont évolué. Une étude réalisée en 2014 par la Direction générale de l'Énergie et du Climat complétée par des études régionales prévoit en effet que la  température moyenne devrait croître et la pluviométrie moyenne baisser, avec toutefois de fortes variations régionales. Ces changements peuvent être constatés sur la station météorologique de Météo-France la plus proche, « Lanmeur », sur la commune de Lanmeur, mise en service en 1982 et qui se trouve à  à vol d'oiseau, où la température moyenne annuelle est de  et la hauteur de précipitations de  pour la période 1981-2010.
Sur la station météorologique historique la plus proche, « Landivisiau », sur la commune de Saint-Servais, mise en service en 1966 et à , la température moyenne annuelle évolue de  pour la période 1971-2000, à  pour 1981-2010, puis à  pour 1991-2020.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Locquirec est une commune rurale, car elle fait partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.
Elle appartient à l'unité urbaine de Plestin-les-Grèves, une agglomération inter-départementale regroupant  et  en 2017, dont elle est une commune de la banlieue.
La commune est en outre hors attraction des villes.

La commune, bordée par la Manche, est également une commune littorale au sens de la loi du , dite loi littoral. Des dispositions spécifiques d'urbanisme s'y appliquent dès lors afin de préserver les espaces naturels, les sites, les paysages et l'équilibre écologique du littoral, comme par exemple le principe d'inconstructibilité, en dehors des espaces urbanisés, sur la bande littorale des , ou plus si le plan local d'urbanisme le prévoit.

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (54,4 % en 2018), néanmoins en diminution par rapport à 1990 (56,9 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
zones agricoles hétérogènes (44,2 %), zones urbanisées (33,6 %), terres arables (9,1 %), milieux à végétation arbustive et/ou herbacée (6,6 %), forêts (4,3 %), prairies (1,1 %), zones humides côtières (1,1 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Toponymie

Le nom de la localité est attesté sous les formes Loquirec en 1444, Locquirec en 1455.

Le nom breton de la commune est Lokireg. Le nom vient du mot breton lok qui veut dire « lieu saint ou ermitage » et de Saint Guirec, ou de saint Kirec, Kirio ou Guévroc, né au Pays de Galles. Il mourut près de Landerneau, vers l'an 547 et son corps fut inhumé au monastère de Land-Guévroc, à l'endroit même où est aujourd'hui l'église paroissiale de Locquirec.

Histoire

Étymologie et origines
Saint Guirec (ou saint Kirecq) aurait été l'un des 70 « meilleurs et plus vertueux religieux » (il aurait reçu l'habit de religieux dans le monastère de saint Tugdual au Pays de Galles) à avoir accompagné saint Tugdual dans sa traversée de la Manche lorsqu'il vint des Îles Britanniques en Armorique. La légende dit qu'il aurait débarqué sur la plage de Saint-Guirec en Ploumanac'h. Il aurait vécu quelque temps au monastère de Tréguier près de saint Tugdual et ce dernier l'aurait envoyé, accompagné de quatorze religieux, fonder un nouveau monastère près de la ville de Kerfeunteun (actuellement Lanmeur). Saint Guirec aurait été bien accueilli par les habitants de Kerfeunteun (Lanmeur), mais « désireux de la retraitte et solitude, ne voulut bastir dans la ville ni ès ses fauxbourgs, mais plus haut que le port (aujourd'huy le havre de Toullarriki), à une lieue de la ville sur une longe de terre qui avançoit en la mer, à l'embouchure de la rivière de Menou, où est encore à présent l'église tréviale de Loc-Kirecq, autrefois nommé le monastère de Land-Guevroc ». Saint Guirec serait resté six ans à la tête de ce monastère, puis aurait fait élire un autre abbé à sa place pour se rendre dans la paroisse de Ploudaniel, « où il s'arresta en une petite vallée fort sombre, située au pied d'une époisse forest, lequel lieu fut depuis de son nom appelé Traoun-Guevroc, c'est-à-dire le "val de Guevroc", où il édifia premièrement une petite chapelle de rameaux d'arbres, et auprès une petite chambrette, et demeura en ce lieu deux ans entiers, vivant dans une admirable abstinence et solitude ». Il y aurait reçu la visite de saint Pol, lequel, après avoir du insister vivement, aurait réussi à le faire venir près de lui en la ville d'Occismor (Saint-Pol-de-Léon), en faisant le grand vicaire de son diocèse.

Selon la légende, saint Jacques aurait débarqué à Locquirec, ce qui expliquerait pourquoi il est devenu le patron de la paroisse, remplaçant saint Guirec :

D'autres versions de cette légende font débarquer saint Jacques à Sarzeau, ou encore sur la Vilaine, entre Fégréac et Rieux. Dans la réalité, la substitution de Kirek ou Guirec, saint breton qui était le patron initial de la paroisse par saint Jacques date du  après le pillage des Normands .

Préhistoire

Deux squelettes datant probablement de l'âge de la pierre polie ont été trouvés à Locquirec en 1928.

Des traces d'un habitat dunaire protohistorique ont été découverts au sommet de la dune bordant la grève du Moulin de la Rive en 1955 ; on y trouve des traces de foyers, des charbons, des débris de nourriture et d'abondants tessons de poteries variées, notamment des vases et des écuelles, qui permettent de dater cet habitat de l'époque de La Tène III, qui correspond à la dernière phase de l'indépendance gauloise en Armorique, juste avant la conquête romaine.

Antiquité

Des débris de vases en terre, de poteries, de tuiles, des vestiges de peintures remontant à l'époque gallo-romaine furent trouvés en 1877 par un agriculteur dans un champ contigu aux dunes adossées à la falaise qui forme l'entrée du port de Toul-an-Héry.

Des urnes contenant des cendres et des monnaies romaines ont été trouvées à la pointe de Beg-ar-Chastel (Pointe du Château) et une sépulture contenant deux squelettes, des armes et des monnaies, près du bourg.

Moyen Âge

Thomas Holland (1er comte de Kent), connu aussi sous le nom de Thomas de Houlland, mort en 1360, fut aussi seigneur de Warch [Le Varcq] en Locquirec.

Pendant la majeure partie du Moyen Âge, Locquirec dépendit directement du Duc de Bretagne, qui y disposait des droits de basse, moyenne et haute justice. D'autres juridictions seigneuriales locales existaient toutefois : celles de Kerangouez (manoir de Toul an Héry), de la châtellenie de Kerael et du prieuré du bourg (qui appartenait aux Hospitaliers de l' ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, ainsi que celles de seigneurs voisins de Locquirec comme celles de Boiséon à Lézingard ou de Kerhallon sur le Varcq.

Les Hospitaliers

Locquirec était une trève de Lanmeur enclavée dans l'évêché de Tréguier, faisait partie du doyenné de Lanmeur relevant de l'évêché de Dol et était sous le vocable de saint Jacques. La trève de Locquirec dépendait de la commanderie des Hospitaliers de l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem du Palacret en Bégard : « Les commandeurs étaient à Locquirec seigneurs, patrons et fondateurs, y ayant tout ferme, droit, banc, enfeu, accoudoir et escabeau. Ils n'y étaient cependant tenus à aucun service, cette église étant desservie et entretenue par les offrandes qui tombent en icelle. L'église était magnifiquement ornée, ayant quatre cloches et tout ce qui est nécessaire au culte. On y voyait en honneur les statues de saint Jean, patron de l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem et de saint Kirec, patron du lieu. Dans le cimetière était un reliquaire et une croix de pierre avec un crucifix au pied duquel sont en bosse les armes de l'Ordre. À 50 pas du cimetière, le même écusson était gravé sur un autre beau calvaire de granite avec grand nombre de figures et de statues de saints. En reconnaissance du patronage de leur église, les fabriciens devaient seulement deux deniers monnaie de rente au commandeur du Palacret ».

Époque moderne

La seigneurie de Kerael-Kergariou disposait au  des droits de basse, moyenne et haute justice : elle appartint longtemps à la famille de Kergariou, avant de passer aux mains de la famille du Parc.

Un jugement de l'Amirauté de Morlaix en date du  autorise Alexis-René de Coëtmen à construire un moulin et à tenir un bac assurant le passage du bras de mer [en fait l'estuaire du Douron] de Toulanhéry (Toul-an-Héry).

Au  existait à Locquirec une confrérie dite « confrérie du Saint-Sacrement » dont les comptes sont connus pour les périodes 1769-1770 et 1784-1785.

Révolution française et Premier Empire

La loi du  fait de Locquirec (écrit Loquirec) une succursale de Guimaëc (écrit Guymec).

Le , des bateaux français dont la canonnière Protectrice, qui escortait un convoi de navires marchands, et la flûte Salamandre, pourchassés par deux navires anglais, se réfugièrent dans le port de Locquirec où ils furent attaqués dans l'après-midi, la canonnade durant trois heures.

Le

Deux chapelles sont signalées à Locquirec en 1808 : la chapelle gothique de Notre-Dame de Lingouez (qui dépendait sous l'Ancien Régime de la seigneurie de Kergadiou et était dédiée à saint Miliau), et celle de Saint-Ingard, à Lézingard.

Deux frères Lérece, originaires de Locquirec, condamnés à mort pour parricide par la cour d'assises du Finistère, furent guillotinés le  à Morlaix ; c'était un samedi, jour de marché, « et comme à l'ordinaire, les paysans surtout se pressaient à ce triste spectacle ».

Un soldat originaire de Locquirec, Oliver Le Guiader, a été blessé au bras pendant la guerre de Crimée.

Les épidémies de choléra

Deux épidémies de choléra firent  en 1832 et 20 autres en 1854 à Locquirec.

La traversée de l'estuaire du Douron

C'est dans la décennie 1870 que la construction d'un pont sur le Douron à Toul-an-Héry fut demandée, mais ce pont n'était pas encore construit en 1902 puisque cette année-là le Conseil général des Côtes-du-Nord demande encore à celui du Finistère de participer à l'entretien du bac de Toul-an-Héry reliant les communes de Plestin et Locquirec, assuré alors par le sieur Rolland, de Locquirec. Une légende raconte que si le batelier était absent, il suffisait de s'asseoir sur une pierre et d'invoquer saint Vouga, on était alors transporté instantanément sur l'autre rive. Franchir l'estuaire du Douron en bateau n'était pas sans risques : ainsi le , un instituteur de Locquirec, Hervé Prigent, se noya en face de Toul-an-Héry alors qu'il cherchait à atteindre Plestin avec sa femme. À la suite d'un coup de vent, l'embarcation à chaviré. Sa femme étant en difficulté, l'instituteur de 23 ans vint à son secours avant de s'enfoncer dans l'eau. Le passage à gué du Douron était la seule solution à marée basse lorsque le bac ne pouvait naviguer, mais ce n'était pas non plus sans danger : ainsi le  un homme se noya, emporté par le flot, alors qu'il tentait de passer à gué. Ce n'est qu'en 1936 que le pont fut construit.

En  une grande quantité de débris fut trouvée sur la côte, entre Plougasnou et Locquirec, laissant supposer qu'un navire s'était perdu corps et biens. Aucun débris retrouvés n'a pu faire identifier le nom du bateau et aucun cadavre ne fut trouvé ; seule une boîte contenait de lettres adressées au capitaine Lemingre, de l'Île d'Arz.

La participation au pardon de Saint-Jean-du-Doigt

Gustave Toudouze, dans son roman Reine en sabots (1813) écrit, décrivant le pardon de Saint-Jean-du-Doigt : « Et sur la mer s'avançait un groupe de barques pavoisées et fleuries venant de Locquirec, toutes bruyantes et débordant d'une allégresse dont les échos se répercutaient au loin dans les flots ».

La récolte du goémon

La récolte du goémon à Locquirec est ainsi décrite en 1852 : « la coupe se fait (...) depuis la première quinzaine de février jusqu'au  mai, parce que (...) on répand le goémon, aussitôt coupé, sur le sol où on 'enfouira plus tard : il faut hâter la récolte, afin que le goémon soit sec avant les ensemencements de mars et avril. À Locquirec, tous les habitants, sans distinction d'âge, prennent leur part du goémon coupé ; les chefs de famille peuvent prendre autant d'aides qu'ils veulent ». En 1895, le maire de Locquirec prit un arrêté fixant du  au  la coupe du goémon, sauf les dimanches ; le préfet du Finistère demanda au maire de modifier cet arrêté, ce qui provoqua l'indignation du journal La Croix.

L'essor de la station balnéaire

Des régates sont organisées régulièrement dès la décennie 1870. Le Petit Journal écrit en 1874 : « Il se prépare, pour le  prochain, au fond de la Bretagne, dans une des plus modestes stations balnéaires, à Locquirec (...), des régates qui sont appelées à un grand retentissement. La presse parisienne, celle des deux départements du Finistère et des Côtes-du-Nord, doivent y envoyer des représentants. On n'aura jamais vu de joutes aussi brillantes sur la côte bretonne ». Le journal Le Rappel indique en 1877 : « Les régates de Locquirec-Plestin (Finistère), organisées sous le patronage du yacht-club, auront lieu le . Un navire de l'État sera envoyé à Locquirec en cette occasion ». Un article de 1906 indique que « les Russes pullulent (...) : à Locquirec, ils sont quatre-vingt (...) répartis dans les hôtels et les villas, où ils chantent, dansent, baragouinent et ahurissent les indigènes ». La station attire aussi des intellectuels comme le romancier Pierre Zaccone qui possède une villa surnommée le château de Locquirec et des artistes comme le peintre italien Gennaro Béfani qui peint plusieurs œuvres représentant Locquirec exposées au Salon des artistes français de 1910, dont Sortie d'église à Locquirec, ou encore le peintre Léon Henri Ruffe.

Pierre Zaccone décrit ainsi Locquirec qu'il qualifie de « pauvre petit bourg de Bretagne » en 1866 :

Un marin de Locquirec, Jean-Marie Lozach, fut l'une des six victimes du naufrage du torpilleur 102 survenu le  en baie de Saint-Nazaire.

Le

Le , le dundee Jeanne, dont l'armateur était Mahé, de Plestin, qui venait juste de quitter le port de Toul-an-Héry avec un chargement d'avoine, fut drossé à la côte sur des rochers de Locquirec et totalement démoli par les vagues ; l'équipage parvint à se sauver.

La misère des pêcheurs au début du  siècle

La crise de la pêche toucha, qui sévit dans tous les ports bretons aux alentours de 1903 concerna aussi Locquirec.

Les querelles liées à la laïcité

Le , le journal L'Avenir de Rennes, sous le titre L'Amende du curé, raconte que « le curé de Locquirec a trouvé un excellent moyen d'augmenter ses revenus : pendant les offices, le bedeau, armé d'un long bâton, surveille les fidèles, et le premier qui bronche, c'est-à-dire qui prononce une parole ou tourne la tête, reçoit un coup sur l'épaule. Ce coup signifie : un sou d'amende à M. le Recteur. La récidive se paie deux sous, la troisième infraction quinze centimes ». Le curé de Locquirec, M. Le Borgne, appuyé par le maire, démentit cette information et porta plainte pour diffamation. Selon le journal La Croix, la réalité était différente, c'était la tradition de la « quenouille », un bâton fleuri et entouré de rubans tricolores avec lequel le fabricien, les dimanches et jours de fête, à l'issue du prône de la messe paroissiale, après la quête, allait saluer une personne de son choix, invitée par ce geste, mais non obligée, à offrir au fabricien le dimanche suivant, son offrande consistant en écheveaux de fil ou en quelques pièces de monnaie.

En 1901, le maire de Locquirec, René Mauduit du Plessix, qualifié par le journal L'Aurore de « réactionnaire acharné », « assidu de l'église », parvint à faire condamner à quatre mois de prison ferme un marin de 58 ans, ancien douanier, Michel-Pierre Le Gall, libre-penseur, pour faux témoignage.

Le premier accident d'automobile connu à Locquirec
Le premier accident d'automobile connu dans la commune, survenu le , est ainsi décrit par le journal Le Rappel : « Un accident est survenu au tournant du Moulin-de-la-Rive près de Locquirec (...) ». L'accident fit quatre blessés graves.

La même année 1907, Jean Henry, de Locquirec, capitaine au long cours, commandait le trois-mâts Bretagne : par exemple le journal L'Ouest-Éclair du  indique que ce navire termine un chargement à Newcastle upon Tyne et s'apprête à partir pour San Francisco.

La Première Guerre mondiale

Le monument aux morts de Locquirec porte les noms de 46 soldats et marins morts pour la France pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Parmi eux, deux au moins (Étienne Braouézec, Pierre Lavalou) ont été tués en Belgique à la fin de l'année 1914 lors de la Course à la mer ; un ( (Pierre Cadiou) est mort de maladie au Maroc; huit au moins sont des marins disparus en mer ; la plupart des autres sont des soldats décédés sur le sol français (parmi eux Olivier Derrien fut décoré de la Médaille militaire et de la Croix de guerre.

Le , les cadavres de deux marins « nègres » [c'est le vocabulaire utilisé à l'époque] sont trouvés à bord d'une baleinière portant le nom de Liverpool en baie de Locquirec. Ils furent inhumés au cimetière de Plestin-les-Grèves.

L'Entre-deux-guerres
Bien que modeste, le port de pêche de Locquirec a alors une activité non négligeable. Par exemple le , le journal L'Ouest-Éclair écrit : « À Locquirec, les araignées de mer sont toujours prises en quantité et constituent toujours une sorte de fléau qui remplace les pieuvres pour les dégâts apportés aux filets. Les dormeurs ramassés sont toujours aussi superbes et comme on n'en avait pas vu depuis longtemps ». Le même journal écrit le  : « Les ormeaux, les moules, les berniques sont récoltés en grand nombre à Locquirec (...) ». Le  le même journal écrit :

Le , une barque de pêche, Le Toupic, fit naufrage à Locquirec : le marin à bord se noya sous les yeux de ses proches et l'accident fit indirectement un autre mort, un témoin impuissant décédant d'une crise cardiaque. En , la goélette Tramontane, partie de Lannion pour Brest, s'échoue sur un rocher dans la baie de Locquirec : l'équipage fut sain et sauf, mais le navire fut perdu.

Locquirec était alors une station balnéaire assez fréquentée, organisant par exemple chaque année des régates. Locquirec possédait alors des hôtels : par exemple l'hôtel des Bains ou encore l'hôtel des Sables Blancs : ce dernier est mis en vente en 1926 et est présenté comme une "affaire d'or" par l'annonce immobilière.

Un artiste-peintre originaire de Saint-Jean-du-Doigt, Édouard Bizi Ferré (1891-1972), peint entre les deux guerres mondiales des tableaux de la région de Locquirec et expose à Paris, faisant l'objet d'articles élogieux. Le journal L'Ouest-Éclair par exemple en parle en ces termes, à l'occasion d'une exposition que le peintre a organisé à Paris : « Voici Locquirec, dans une très belle toile qui montre toute la presqu'île, où les maisons s'évrillent comme un vol de mouette, les anses et leurs sables, et au loin les côtes de Saint-Michel, si grandioses dans leur nudité. Voici encore l'église de Locquirec, son port à marée basse, Saint-Jean-du-Doigt, Guimaëc et sa chapelle du Christ, etc. ».

La construction d'un pont sur le Douron, entre Toul-an-Héry et Locquirec, réclamée depuis un siècle par les populations intéressées, fut enfin décidée en 1930.

Le , la goélette Petite-Janine, de Paimpol, qui venait de quitter le port de Lannion avec un chargement de blé dénaturé, heurta une roche des Triagoz et coula à pic au bout de 20 minutes. Ses cinq hommes d'équipage purent se réfugier dans leur canot de sauvetage et parvinrent à gagner Locquirec à la rame.

La Seconde Guerre mondiale
Dans la nuit du 8 au , avant même le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale donc, des armes et du matériel de propagande nazie venant d'Allemagne sont débarqués clandestinement à bord d'un dundee, le Gwalarn, en baie de Locquirec au profit d'autonomistes bretons.

Le monument aux morts de Locquirec porte les noms de 29 personnes mortes pour la France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Parmi elles, six (Marcel Delort, Jean Le Scour, René Masson, Yves Page, Hyacinthe Postic, Jean Prigent) sont des marins disparus en mer ; un (Robert Grassy) est tué le  à Mers el-Kébir (Algérie), un (François Briand) est mort en  en Belgique. François Seité, sous-lieutenant FFL, a été mortellement blessé le  à Belfort ; Cadet de la France libre et Compagnon de la Libération, il est titulaire de la Croix de guerre avec palme et de la Médaille de la Résistance avec rosette.

.

L'après-Seconde Guerre mondiale

Un soldat de Locquirec, Robert Cudennec, a été tué pendant la guerre d'Indochine. Par ailleurs, trois soldats originaires de Locquirec (J. Briand, G. Guéguen, Y. Le Goff) sont décédés dans des Théâtres d'opérations extérieures (sans autre précision).

Jumelages

Politique et administration

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Démographie

Évolution démographique

Commentaire : La population de Locquirec a évolué en dents de scie ces deux derniers siècles : la commune a connu un premier maximum démographique en 1846, atteignant cette année-là , après avoir gagné 411 habitants depuis 1793, date du premier recensement ( % en 53 ans). La population stagne, puis décline ensuite jusqu'en 1921, la commune n'ayant plus à cette date que 920 habitants (- 26,0 % en 75 ans). Elle augmente à nouveau pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, atteignant presque son niveau de population de 1846, avant de connaître un nouveau déclin démographique jusqu'en 1968, année où la commune n'a plus que 965 habitants, à peine plus que lors du minimum démographique de 1921. Depuis, la commune connaît une forte augmentation démographique, gagnant 472 habitants entre 1968 et 2008 (+ 48,9 % en 40 ans), atteignant son maximum démographique cette année-là avec , avant de connaître toutefois un léger tassement en 2012.

La population de Locquirec est âgée : les 60 ans et plus représentent en 2012 45,1 % de la population totale ; les 75 ans et plus représentent à eux seuls 17 % de la population totale à cette date, soit plus que les 0 à 14 ans qui ne formaient que 13,2 % de la population totale. Cela est dû à sa situation littorale, la commune attirant de nombreux retraités. Le statut de station balnéaire explique aussi que les résidences secondaires (853 en 2012, soit 51,8 % du parc immobilier total) y soient plus nombreuses que les résidences principales. Le vieillissement explique que la commune a constamment depuis au moins 1968 un solde naturel constamment négatif (oscillant entre - 0,5 % et - 1,3 % l'an selon les périodes intercensitaires), le taux de mortalité (18,1 pour mille entre 2007 et 2012) étant toujours nettement supérieur au taux de natalité (6,9 pour mille entre 2007 et 2012). Par contre, l'attractivité littorale explique que la commune a au moins depuis 1968 une immigration nette, son solde migratoire étant constamment positif, oscillant entre + 0,8 % et + 2,8 % l'an selon les périodes.

En 2015, la commune ne possède plus qu'un seul hôtel (le « Grand Hôtel des Bains », un « quatre étoiles » disposant de 36 chambres), mais possède trois terrains de camping disposant d'une capacité totale de 447 emplacements.

Évolution du rang démographique

En 2016, Locquirec était la  commune du département en population avec ses  (territoire en vigueur au ), derrière Landudec ( avec ) et devant Plougourvest ( avec ).

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments
 L'église Saint-Jacques (), dont la voûte du chœur et des transepts est polychromée, est classée au titre des Monuments historiques par arrêté du .

 Le cimetière attenant à l'église est classé au titre des Monuments historiques par décret du .
 Le manoir de l'Île-Blanche ().
 Le Grand Hôtel des Bains, qui accueillit en 1977 le tournage du film, L'Hôtel de la plage, film de Michel Lang, avec entre autres Guy Marchand.

Romans dont l'action se déroule à Locquirec
 Alexandre de Lavergne (1808-1879), La Circassienne, 1856.
 Pierre Maël, La roche qui tue, 1858 ; Le drame de Rosmeur (1897) ; Mademoiseille Pompon (1903).
 Pierre Zaccone, Mémoires d'un commissaire de police, 1879.
 Charles Mérouvel, Un lys au ruisseau : vices du jour, 1899.
 Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle, Histoires maritimes, 1884.
 Michel Courat, Ça meurt sec à Locquirec, Bargain, 2008

Tableaux
 Léopold Beau (né le  à Morlaix) : Vue de Locquirec, 1834.
 Yan Dargent : Bords de mer, à Locquirec (1857).

Personnalités liées à la commune
 L'académicien Michel Mohrt (1914-2011), né à Morlaix, y possédait une maison de vacances, où il séjournait régulièrement.
 François Seité (1923-1944), né à Locquirec, officier des Forces françaises libres, Compagnon de la Libération.
 Léon Fleuriot, historien et linguiste, spécialiste des langues celtiques (1923-1987), né à Morlaix et qui y possédait une maison de vacances, y est enterré.
 L'historien Jean-Christophe Cassard (1951-2013) y est enterré. Né à La Rochelle, originaire de la région de Locquirec par sa mère, il y habitait.
 Le musicien Pierre Sangra, né en 1959 à Fontenay-sous-Bois, y possède une maison de famille où il réside régulièrement.
 L'auteur-compositeur-interprète Thomas Fersen, né à Paris en 1963, y réside.
 Le chanteur et musicien Jean-Pierre Riou, né à Morlaix en 1963, leader du groupe Red Cardell, y réside.
 Le chanteur et musicien Léopold Riou, né à Lannion en 1996, guitariste du groupe Matmatah, y réside.

Héraldique

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Morlaix Communauté
 Vedettes de l'île de Batz
 Île-de-Batz

Liens externes

Commune dans le Finistère
Station balnéaire en France
Paroisse ou trève dans l'évêché de Dol
Commune abritant une commanderie de l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem en France
Unité urbaine de Plestin-les-Grèves


I missed all the excitement at my house the other day. That's what I get for sleeping in. Oscar and Della Street cornered a chameleon. Their hunting instincts kicked in but they're out of practice. When Dr. A realized it was a lizard and not a palmetto bug, she spared its life.


Do you know that humans are not the only ones developing cancer? Even wild animals suffer from the disease. But the primary reasons for this are human activities, says a study.
Mathieu Giraudeau and Tuul Sepp, two post doctoral researchers at the School of Life Sciences in Arizona State University, and Kevin McGraw, professor at ASU believe that humans are altering environment in a manner that causes cancer in the wild animal population.
They say that since human activities are likely to increase cancer rate in wild animals, there is an urgent need for more research into this topic. "We are changing the environment to be more suitable for ourselves and these changes are impacting many species negatively on many different levels, including the probability of developing cancer," said Sepp.
Giraudeau and Sepp were supported by a team of international researchers. They examined many previous scientific studies that showed how human activities were affecting animals. Such instances include chemical and physical pollution in oceans and waterways, accidental release of radiation into the atmosphere from nuclear plants and the accumulation of micro plastics in both land and water based environments. Apart from these, exposure to pesticides and herbicides on farmlands, artificial light pollution, loss of genetic diversity and animals eating human food are also known to have caused health issues in animals.
"We recently published several theoretical papers on this topic, but this time, we wanted to highlight the fact that our species can strongly influence the prevalence of cancer in many other species of our planet," said Giraudeau. The study calls humans an oncogenic species for altering the environment in a manner that is causing cancer in other wild species.
While giving examples, Tuul Sepp said wild species are now more in contact with humans than ever before and this increases their closeness to anthropogenic food sources. Another example the researcher gave was that those wild animals living close to cities and roads can develop cancer as light at night can cause hormonal changes and may lead to cancer.
He also gives example of birds, their hormones that are linked to cancer in humans are affected by light at night. Therefore, the next step should be to study if it also affects their probability of developing tumours.
Meanwhile, the researchers highlight that it is not an easy subject to study mainly due to the difficulty of detecting and measuring oncogenic processes in wild populations.
The study gives the example of alteration of the microbiome community of wild animals due to anthropogenic effects. For instance, birds due to urbanisation, pesticides exposure in honeybees, climate change in lizards and habitat fragmentation in African primate. Although there are multiple factors that are linked to these changes, change in diet is one of the main causes.
These researchers are trying to develop some biomarks to study this issue. They would be measuring cancer prevalence in human-impacted environments and at the same time in more preserved areas for the same species. If it is proved that human are in fact the primary cause of cancer in wild animals, then there is a huge probability that many species are at more risk than we know. "To me, the saddest thing is that we already know what to do. We should not destroy the habitats of wild animals, pollute the environment, and feed wild animals human food. The fact that everybody already knows what to do, but we are not doing it, makes it seem even more hopeless," said Sepp.
The researcher concludes by saying that there might still be hope in education. So there is a hope that future policy makers or decision makers will be more considerate and aware about the anthropogenic effects on the environment.


The oil bears are gaining leverage over the bulls as confidence in the stability of crude prices continues to wane.
Oil prices traded above $50 per barrel for most of the first quarter, falling back into the $40s in March, although it quickly rebounded back above $50 in April.
The high level of OPEC compliance has surprised skeptical market analysts who predicted plenty of cheating, so the cuts of 1.2 million barrels per day from OPEC, plus smaller cuts from a slightly less compliant non-OPEC group, have put the market on a course towards balancing, albeit at a painfully slow pace. Global inventories have begun declining even if U.S. stocks are still at exceptionally high levels. An extension of the OPEC deal would put the icing on the cake, taking the market back to normal levels in the second half of the year, as the IEA recently predicted.
But the bears are not done yet, becoming more emboldened in recent weeks as WTI and Brent sank back to one-month lows.
The rig count continues to climb, adding another 9 rigs in the last week of April, putting the oil rig count just shy of 700, or up 120 percent from its low point a year ago. Aside from just a handful of exceptions, the rig count has grown almost entirely uninterrupted, week after week, for the past 12 months, even during bouts of lower prices. Lower breakeven prices have allowed shale drillers to confidently hike their spending plans even if oil prices fail to rally any further.
Predictably, that has led to a sharp resurgence in U.S. oil production. The most recent estimate from the EIA puts total U.S. production at 9.265 million barrels per day, up 700,000 bpd from September 2016. Some of those additions came from long-planned offshore projects that came online in recent months, so it has not come entirely from U.S. shale. But that suggests even stronger production gains could be forthcoming, since the shale industry is only now getting going. Estimates vary, but by and large, there is a consensus that U.S. shale will add hundreds of thousands of additional barrels per day to the market this year.
Then there are unexpected gains from elsewhere around the world. Libya, in particular, is one country to watch. The North African OPEC member's production has whipsawed up and down by attacks on key export terminals, which have forced the closure of some very large oil fields. Libyan production stood at 700,000 bpd earlier this year, but dropped to just 490,000 bpd over the past month, helping to tighten the global market and push up prices. But output is back up to 700,000 bpd, according to the latest reports, taking away one of the few bullish trends in the market. More ominously, Libya is aiming to ratchet up production to as much as 1.2 mb/d by the end of the year. That goal could prove to be fanciful, but it highlights the fact that Libya could be as much of an upside risk as a downside one.
The return of bearishness is borne out by the latest trading trends in the futures market. Hedge funds and other money managers continue to pare back their bets on crude futures, reducing net-long positions for the third week in a row. According to CFTC data, cited by Bloomberg, major investors cut their bullish bets by 21 percent at the end of April. The selloff indicates a belief among oil traders that oil prices had "gone up too much compared to the fundamentals. The shale oil production trend is definitely bullish, which is bearish for prices," Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, said in a Bloomberg interview.
Speculative movements in the futures market don't dictate everything, but they are good indicators of market sentiment. The recent net-long reduction suggests that investor confidence is on the wane. "You started the year with longs. They're giving up on the trade to a certain point," Tariq Zahir, commodity fund manager at Tyche Capital Advisors LLC, told Bloomberg.


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Posted byCuriousWriter Nov 14, 2021 Posted inFiction, Olive
The space in which Olive Whinging found herself shortly after the judge had announced her sentence was a small room painted bright pink with little butterflies and bunnies and kittens with cute, cheerful faces painted here and there. One window looked out onto a beautiful back garden filled with large, colourful flowers. Inside the room, a miniature plastic table sat in one corner with miniature plastic chairs made for very small children alongside it, and on the table stood an abacus, a number of cuddly toys (several of which looked as though they had been through a very rough time), some pieces of coloured sugar paper and a tin box of different-sized broken wax crayons. Blue plastic chairs, the sort with holes in the backs which can be found in school classrooms, sat randomly around the edge of the room, and on the bright walls there were many, many drawings which had obviously been drawn with the paper and crayons. They showed childish, dumpy figures, supposedly meant to resemble human beings, with stick arms and legs and round heads. In around half of the drawings, the 'people' were standing alone in some vast empty space or surrounded by figures with exaggeratedly angry expressions whilst the central figure cried rivers of tears the size of footballs onto the floor. Above these drawings, there was a laminated notice, decorated with Clipart drawings of flowers, saying 'Before'. Next to these pictures there was the other half of the drawings. Again, there were more figures, and very often they were holding hands or being embraced by other, taller figures. Their smiles were so large that they covered almost the entire circumferences of the heads. These pictures had the flowery caption 'After' written above them. On what little space was left on the walls were large, colourful posters saying things like 'You are special!' and 'Smile: You're good enough!' and 'Be happy to be you!'
Olive was sitting in one of the school chairs opposite a middle-aged woman with long, blonde, greasy hair, a sugar-pink cardigan with more smiley bunny heads embroidered all over it, and a long, flowery skirt. Olive had been watching this woman's face for a very long time, but so far she had not seen her enormous smile even vaguely droop, and even though Olive hadn't said anything yet, the woman continually scribbled notes in messy, round letters into a pink polka-dot notepad. This made Olive uneasy. She felt as though she couldn't even breathe without this woman coming to some kind of strange assumption to do with Olive's mental state.
It had been suggested to Olive that she should address this woman, who was a councillor, very simply as 'Summer', though there were a number of other, much more inventive names building up inside Olive's head, though she decided that she wasn't going to use any of them just yet.
"So, Olive!" Summer said brightly, scribbling something down in her notepad (Olive couldn't see what she had written very well, but it seemed to look a little like, 'Sits and stares with disgusted expression – Mentally subnormal?'). "Tell me a little about yourself."
Olive blinked. "What do you mean?" she asked, raising one eyebrow.
Summer wrote down 'Definitely mentally subnormal'. "What I'm trying to do, Olive, is to assess what sort of person you are before we try and figure out precisely what it is that's going on with your life at the moment. It'll make my eventual conclusion much easier to reach. So, could you sum yourself up in three words for me?"
Oh! Olive thought. Now she understood! "Olive Juliet Whinging," she said promptly, wondering why Summer needed to know her full name in order to evaluate her condition. What a stupid exercise this was. But then, she hadn't expected many signs of basic intelligence from someone like this.
Summer paused for a moment, looking focused, as though trying to work something out. "Very good," she said eventually, writing down 'Reluctance to talk about self – Obviously very low self-esteem' into her notepad. "Could you tell me a little about your childhood, perhaps? Though I don't want you to feel pressured; feel free to stop any time you feel you need to. Don't be ashamed if you feel too upset or overwhelmed to continue."
Olive stared at her before speaking – why would she get upset talking about her childhood? "I got evacuated to the country when I was four," she said lazily, leaning back in her chair, deciding to make it very clear to Summer that she was not the kind of idiot who got upset just by talking about her childhood. "We stayed with this pair of nutters called the Baxters. I got expelled from school after two years for improving the Christmas play. Every so often the Waterss and their revolting daughter Lucy came to visit. Oh, Lord…Lucy…Lucy was basically the reason that Mrs. Baxter hated me. There wasn't anything wrong with me personally. I can't help it if some idiotic child decides that she'll pick on me."
"Ah! And has the memory of this Lucy had a troubling effect on you?" Summer asked, sounding excited as she wrote down, 'Evacuation, dislike of adoptive family, expulsion, perhaps bullied – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?'
"Well…I suppose," Olive said, frowning as she noticed how excited Summer seemed to be about this. It was almost as though she thought she knew everything that had happened. "I mean, she is trying to steal Raymond away as well…"
"Ah! So Lucy has reappeared?" Summer cried, hurriedly writing, 'Tormented by childhood memories'. Olive became even more confused; she had barely explained everything about Lucy yet. "Do you think that it may be her who induced you to stalk the Calzones?"
"I don't know!" Olive snapped. Summer was talking about Lucy as though she knew precisely who she was, even though she didn't. And what was this rubbish about her stalking the Calzones? "I didn't stalk the Calzones, anyway; I was just being persistent. That's the thing that gets you what you want in life: persistence! If I didn't stalk them they'd probably go away forever. In fact, they were, seeing as Raymond got that job in Timbuktu! Wouldn't anyone else do the same?"
"Ah! Now I see!" said Summer, writing, 'Has to stalk family in case they disappear – Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?' "But back to this Lucy – Olive, are you sure that this dreadful Lucy figure of yours is real? She's not just a demon from your past coming back to haunt you and prevent you from following the life you want to lead? Is she the reason you've been doing all of these things? You do sound very scared of her!"
Wow, Olive thought. Summer honestly did think that she was completely and utterly bonkers. "Of course she's a real person!" Olive said incredulously. "Why would I make up a stupid little dwarf like Lucy? Actually make her up? Haven't I got enough trouble in my life what with my children betraying me on all sides?"
"Right…so you're angry at Ethel, that's for sure," Summer said slowly, skimming through her notes and annotating them in certain places. "But you have another child, don't you? A son?"
"Yeah, I've got a son called James," Olive muttered crossly, staring at her nails. This was getting very, very annoying. She couldn't possibly imagine what on earth James had to do with any of this. He hadn't been fulfilling his role in the Team very well at all recently, and she barely ever saw him.
"A son called James," Summer said. "And why are you angry at James?"
Olive rolled her eyes. Where to start? "Well, all James seems interested in is going off to some stupid university somewhere rather than helping his mother. But then, he has always been a very selfish child."
"Oh, yes," Summer said, writing, 'Jealous of son for being more intelligent and having higher prospects'. "No one is blaming you for anything, Olive."
"I should ruddy well hope not," Olive muttered. Honestly, this woman was an idiot. All she did was either spout complete rubbish or state the obvious!
A very long time later, after Summer had asked another bunch of stupid, personal questions, Olive had examined her nails until they couldn't be examined anymore and had been supposedly diagnosed with every psychological condition known to man, Summer thoughtfully lowered her dotty notepad and looked at Olive full in the face.
"Olive," Summer began very gently. "It seems to me that you feel threatened by your daughter. You're clearly jealous that she has a much more stable family environment than you, so you feel that you have to get back at her by pretending to love her husband and want to steal him away. And I suppose that you're also trying to hurt Frederick by doing this, in revenge for his failure to satisfy your emotional needs, and due to everything that's currently going on all of the needs of your son and friends go ignored and under-valued, which is the reason why you feel so annoyed at all of them all the time. Judging from what you've been telling me about Mary, Hetty, Edith and Alice, your friends clearly do not have much intellectual capacity and so maybe don't think much about what they're doing when you get cross with them. Am I right?"
What on earth was Summer talking about? "No!" she said right away. "Well, apart from the part about my friends not having much intellectual capacity; that's true. But the rest of it is all wrong!"
Summer scarcely blinked. "Which part of that was wrong?" she asked interestedly.
"All of it, apart from that little bit!" Olive said. "I do want to steal Raymond away, but not because I'm trying to get back at anyone, though I'd really love to…and Fred doesn't care about me liking Raymond; he knew what he was in for when we got married! And although my friends, apart from maybe Alice on a good day, are really stupid, I'm often pretty sure that they do things to annoy me on purpose. They're selfish, you see. Everyone's selfishness is the problem!"
"Hmmm," said Summer carefully, writing down 'Denial' in her notepad. "Olive, I know that sometimes the world can seem like a big, scary place, and that it seems as though everyone is trying deliberately to be horrible to you, but I hope you can try and remember that there are some people – me, for example – who are truly on your side. What you need to do is reward the people who are close to you. Praise them when they get something right, or even when they just try!"
Olive stared at Summer. Reward the people who were close to her. Summer had just said that she was on Olive's side; was she angling for a present or something? Olive wasn't about to get Summer a gift for just sitting there and spouting nonsense. She didn't consider Summer to be on her side, anyway.
Olive tried hard to picture this woman as a member of the Team. Summer would probably be just as useless as Edith or James or Augustus and Adolphus; she certainly seemed to be one of those people who never did anything right.
At that moment, there was a sharp buzzing noise. Olive glanced over at Summer's desk in the corner, and saw that the noise originated from a small buzzer in the shape of a very pink pig.
"That's out session up," Summer said, still using her sad, sympathetic voice. "This is has been a very good first session, Olive. I really do look forward to talking to you again next week. I think you're clearly a very caring human being who seems to have lost the way somewhere in her life, but we'll soon put that right, and before you know it, you'll be back on your feet again!"
Suddenly, Summer held out her arms, and Olive swiftly turned round and headed for the door so she wouldn't have to hug her. She wasn't in the mood for pitying weird hippies like Summer. She had more important things to do, like lying on her bed and crying…
When Olive got home to Mary's house that afternoon, she was surprised to find that Edith was the only person in the house – no one else seemed to be willing to speak to Olive at the moment; her general mood was even worse than usual since the court hearing. Even more surprisingly, Olive noticed that Edith actually appeared to be writing, in English rather than gobbledegook, on a piece of paper. And, absolutely stunningly, Olive could read the handwriting and saw that much of what was being written was spelt correctly. Aside from a forlorn number four which seemed to have taken the place of the letter 'a' as well as one semi-quaver where a semi-colon should be, it was almost perfect.
Olive decided to reserve her praise until she'd figured out what exactly was going on. For Edith to be making an effort to write legibly and accurately, something big had to be happening. "Edith, why are you writing?" Olive demanded.
"Oh, I'm sorry!" Edith squeaked. "I didn't mean to borrow your silver pen. It was just the nearest one I found! The paper isn't special, too, is it? Actually it's the back of one of those funny things Mary sometimes gives to the pizza man."
Olive turned over the piece of paper that Edith had been writing on and saw that it was a cheque. The front side had already been written all over. She shrugged. "No big deal," she said. "No, what I mean is, why are you actually writing? You never write!"
"Oh, I know, I get loads of horrid ink stains all over my hands," Edith explained. "Plus, I can never get my head around this weird grammar stuff. The spelling's okay because I've got my old pocket dictionary, but how are you meant to decide where to put all of the strange symbols, like the little tadpole thing?"
"You mean a comma?"
"Yeah, a comma! And that thing with the two dots…"
"Oh…the thing Alice uses a lot when she makes lists…a colon?"
"Yes! It's all stupid, isn't it? How are we meant to be able to write properly if only weird people like Alice can understand the English language? Do all the high-up people at the top think we're all completely thick or something?"
Olive decided not to give this an answer; she didn't want to hurt Edith's feelings. "Edith, would you just please tell me why and what you're writing?"
"Sure. I'm making a plan!"
Silence. Olive was struggling for what to say. Summer had told her to reward and praise her friends' efforts to help her, but then Summer didn't understand how mind-blowingly infuriating her friends could be. "You're making a plan?" said Olive incredulously, smirking. "Since when have you made plans? Since when have you even attempted to make plans good enough to even be acknowledged as plans? Even Alice's are useless at the moment."
"Oh, this is a really good plan!" Edith cried defensively. "I've been thinking it right from when you left for the counselling this morning and everyone else ran away to the Barmy Duck. I told Alice I was making a plan and she ignored me and told me not to be ridiculous, and then I told Mary and Hetty and Fred and the others. Mary said she'd listen to it later when she was drunk enough, Hetty told me I was stupid, so I'm not talking to her ever again, and Fred said that it was a wonderful idea and that he'd be happy to put his full support behind whatever it was."
"He was just pitying you," said Olive, rolling her eyes. She felt like Summer; she was stating the obvious! "Couldn't you have made Alice come up with another plan? She's still pretty keen about the Team, isn't she?"
"Oh, yes, but she said she had to go with the others to make sure that they didn't get up to anything at the pub," Edith explained. "She was shouting orders to them and stuff, just like she used to do before the court case, but I'm not sure that anyone was really listening to her…"
"Typical useless Alice," Olive muttered.
Edith appeared not to have heard her. "Would you like me to explain my plan?" she squealed excitedly.
"No, I don't think I'd be able to contain my joy," Olive muttered sarcastically, trudging over to the drinks cabinet in Mary's living room. She found that it was locked, so she headed out of the door towards the stairs leading down to the cellar. "I'm going to get the crowbar, Edith. Carry on making your plans if you must, but don't disturb me with them. You ought to know I'm going through a very rough time; that was one of the few things Summer was right about…"
"Who's Summer?" Edith asked brightly, but Olive had already disappeared into the dark mystery of the cellar, and either hadn't heard her or was pretending not to have heard so she didn't have to answer.
Edith turned back to her plan. The sheet from Mary's cheque book was so filled up with tiny lines and lines of Edith's best handwriting that anyone would have thought it was a piece of one of James's novels. But it wasn't a piece of one of James's novels. Edith was confident that she had come up with a fool-proof plan. And, remarkably, she'd been able to predict that Olive wouldn't be as hopeful about this plan as Edith would otherwise hope she'd be.
Edith understood that Olive was fairly contemptuous of plans these days, since all of Alice' had failed, and she hadn't exactly expected any support from the Team, either. But things were about to look up. Edith grinned, and she suddenly stood up and took the piece of paper over to the computer, with the intention of typing up her marvellous plan so that it wouldn't get lost.
Everything was going to be all right after all. And everything was going to be all right after all because Edith had recently remembered something Olive had told her long ago about the advantages of having rich, intelligent, charming friends.
Published by CuriousWriter
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Islandiana, Blog at WordPress.com.


It's time to start your learning journey. No matter where you are in the world, you can study with International Compliance Training for a globally-recognised qualification that truly means something to employers.
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text:
package com.github.gquintana.beepbeep.sql;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

public class DriverSqlConnectionProviderTest {
    @Test
    public void testCreate() {
        // When
        DriverSqlConnectionProvider connectionProvider = DriverSqlConnectionProvider.create("jdbc:h2:mem:test", "sa", null);
        // Then
        assertThat(connectionProvider.getDriverClass()).isEqualTo(org.h2.Driver.class);
        assertThat(connectionProvider.getUsername()).isEqualTo("sa");

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Petrol makes the world go around. Well not quite, but it certainly makes your cars work! Driving our cars is pretty much a national hobby and so the price of petrol and other aspects of car fuel are certainly of great interest. We have developed a great interactive map where you can zoom in to anywhere in the UK and have a look at the price of petrol on the forecourts. Mind you it needs you the public to fill in the pricing information to make it a useful tool!
We also look at historical trends on the price of petrol, how it has changed over the last few years and which retailers offer the cheapest fuels. We also have had a look at how the price of petrol is affected by the price of oil (something that is in the news pretty much every day at the moment).
"The site is not working! It does not recognise any address, even London!!"
"Rather than prices for LPG (which only a small proportion of cars use, and is not so widely available anyway) why not show the price of Super Unleaded fuels instead? I\\\'d have thought the price for Shell V-power and the like would be much more useful to motorists than LPG"
"What about prices for premium fuel eg BP Ultimate or Shell V Power?"
"London is too expensive as compared to pakistan oil prices. we love love pakistan and we live in pakistan."
"What a bout LPG for heating?"
"You mention historic petrol prices. Where can I find this please? "
"It would be helpful to know just how much tax is on each litre or gallon sold"
"sorry the prices are updated in realtime, but the caption isn't. will look at changing it!"
"Looking at your petrol price page today (4/4/2008), it quotes UK average fuel prices "as of 26/10/2007" - surely a bit out of date! regards, Ron."


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new and/or existing Projects manufactured in the Architectural Terra Cotta Façade Division.
and other sales and/or related duties.
physical Terra Cotta samples. Three (3) years minimum experience in AutoCAD is desired.
Experience with Autodesk Inventor is desired but not required.
Project Schedules: Responsible for the creation, analysis, implementation, and maintenance of Project schedules.
Change Orders: Prepares and issues estimates for Change Orders for in-house review, approval, and signature.
project required for preparation of cost proposals.
information, Photographs, facsimiles, Electronic Data Files, Change Orders, and etcetera.
the project specifications required to prepare accurate cost proposals, contract amendments, and/or change orders.
change orders, revisions, amendments, changes in scope.
Intercommunications: Interface with Sales and Drafting, and Production on a daily basis.
Safety: Comply with all company and OSHA safety rules and regulations for in plant and on project site.
from Division requirements within Gladding McBean.
(5) years in Estimating and Scheduling of construction related work projects.
High School diploma or equivalent accredited certification of completion.
take off's. In addition, a minimum of five (5) years of scheduling experience in construction related projects.
Experience in construction sales or contracting sales is a plus.
Communications: Excellent verbal and written English skills.
reviewing skills with emphasis in recognizing detailed information within the plans to identify project scope.
information within the contract documents.
and/or Production. Project Costing and inventory control experience is a plus.
estimates in the event it is required by Contract or Project.
daily basis to successfully perform the essential functions of this job.
office environment. However, there are opportunities where the following could be encountered.
mobility requirements for each Project.
This file has been shared by a user of PDF Archive. Document ID: 00116931.


text:
Philippines PH
Basic Industrial Process
PROSAFE RS Maintenance
ExaQuantum Explorer
ExaQuantum Administration
PLC Fundamentals with FA-M3
VPOP Centum VP Operation and Monitoring
VPEG Centum VP Engineering
VPEG-B Centum VP Batch Engineering
Industrial Process Measurement & Control
Registration Form PH
Process Instrumentation Selection Tool
Highly Reliable Production Solution Using Yokogawa Automation and Safety Systems with FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus Technology
Company: PTT Exploration and Production Plc.
Background of This Project
PTTEP, Thailand
With the Arthit project, PTT Exploration and Production Plc. (PTTEP) has for the first time engaged in every stage of developing a new gas field, from exploration to production. For this project, PTTEP built the Arthit Central Processing Platform, one of the largest of its type in Asia and the first ever in Thailand to be moved into position using the floatover method. It is located in the Navamindra Petroleum Area, which is in the Gulf of Thailand about 230 km off the coast of Songkhla Province. At this location, the water depth is approximately 80 meters. In the first project phase, six wellhead platforms have been connected to the central processing platform. Ultimately, 50 wellhead platforms will be constructed.
Production Overview
Natural gas exported to PTT Riser Platform via a 42 inch, 200 km subsea pipeline
Daily contractual quantity of 330 MMSCFD
Maximum daily quantity of 363 MMSCFD
Stabilized condensate exported to Bongkot FSO2 via an 8 inch, 30 km subsea pipeline
Production rate: 15,000 to 20,000 BPD
About PTTEP
PTTEP is the first and only Thai-operated petroleum exploration and production (E&P) company. In line with a cabinet resolution calling for a flexible E&P entity that would provide maximum benefit to Thailand, it was established on June 20 in 1985 by the Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT). Its mission is to explore for, develop, and produce petroleum from onshore and offshore sources in Thailand and other countries.
The Challenges and the Benefits
A key challenge in this project was the tight schedule during the detail engineering and procurement stage. Yokogawa succeeded in delivering its systems on time and without compromise in quality.With an automation system comprised of the Yokogawa CENTUM CS 3000 Production Control System (DCS) and the ProSafe-RS Safety Instrumented System (SIS), this is the first offshore platform in Thailand that is designed to make full use of FOUNDATION fieldbus technology.
CENTUM CS 3000
During the pre-commissioning work for the FOUNDATION fieldbus instruments, the challenge was integrating the CENTUM CS 3000 system with instruments from other vendors. With the great vendor support provided by the Yokogawa service team, all devices were successfully connected and full integration was achieved.
This platform also had many new operators who required training on an operator training system (OTS). An OmegaLand simulator provided by Yokogawa helped control room operators quickly come up to speed in running platform processes.
Thanks to Yokogawa's highly reliable systems and products, a safe working environment has been achieved for the 120 operators, engineers, maintenance staff, and other personnel stationed on this platform.
The Arthit Central Processing Platform
"A lot of modification and fine tuning of the automation system occurred during startup, but this was not difficult for Yokogawa. The system has a lot of capability and flexibility. With great support from Yokogawa Thailand, the DCS and SIS on the Arthit platform have met our requirements. During startup and commissioning of the platform, we never had problems caused by the Yokogawa system." Theeraporn Kongwilai, Instrument Engineer.
<System Details>
CENTUM CS 3000 R3 (DCS)
ProSafe-RS (SIS)
OmegaLand (OTS)
Plant Resource Manager (PRM)
System Configuration:
HIS x 5, ENG x 2 (DCS), SENG x 2 (SIS), PRM x 1, FCS x 4
Conventional type I/O: 1104 (HART I/O: 368)
50 FOUNDATION fieldbus segments
Plant Resource Manager (PRM) is a key platform for the Yokogawa Asset Excellence initiative which aims to improve operations and maintenance and maximize the reliability and availability of plant assets by achieving greater predictability.
SIS (Up to SIL 3) ProSafe-RS
The ProSafe-RS is a Safety Instrumented System that is certified by the German certification organization (TÜV) to meet Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 3 specified in IEC 61508. It has been used in over 2,400 projects, ranging from large scale integrated process automation projects to stand-alone solutions.
Distributed Control System (DCS)
Our distributed control system (DCS) enables automation and control of industrial processes and enhanced business performance. Over 10,000 plants entrust Yokogawa DCS to deliver their production goals.
Contact a Yokogawa Expert to learn how we can help you solve your challenges.
Copyright © 2004-2019 Yokogawa Philippines Inc.


text:
Etsy's tight knit community shares its craft with Queen's
My experience as a tool at a craft fair
Mikayla Wronko
Types of handmade crafts and objects available on Etsy.ca.
Giulia Bertelli via Unsplash
On Saturday, Etsy vendors transformed a normally hollow Grant Hall into a cozy, eclectic marketplace.
There was no shortage of pastel, wool or wood aesthetic to be found among the artisan products presented by people from all over Kingston. Craft bracelets made from stone, knitted goods, glassware; every sort of trinket or knickknack you didn't know you wanted was there for sale.
This vintage handmade look is a trademark of Etsy.com, an e-commerce site where craft makers sell their goods.
The pop-up market was organized by the Canadian division of Etsy to bring online Etsy stores to an actual venue. For its third annual event, Etsy sellers brought their online stores to marketplaces in 34 Canadian cities, all on one day.
At Grant Hall, different sellers organized by Kingston's local Etsy team, Fat Goose Craft Collective, came out to display their crafts.
When I arrived, I did a quick lap of the layout to see if anything notable stood out. Rookie mistake — an Etsy pop-up market can be a sensory overload if you're not careful.
I looked right — there's a table covered entirely with knitted baby-sized footwear. Tiny wool shoes that came in every colour imaginable were all squished to fit on the table's surface. My feet are too big for those, I thought. I looked left — I see the most quilts I've ever seen in one place. Each pattern on a quilt tile was louder than the next, decorated with outrageous and clashing colours.
I initially tried to avoid eye contact with the sellers so I wouldn't feel guilty about not wanting to buy anything. Only on my second lap did I notice a beautiful stand of decorative canoe paddles that stood out amongst all the booths vying for attention.
I walked over and met Veronica Llyod, who creates the products as part of her business, Sable Dog. Lloyd was kind and coy about her creations and was patient walking me through her craft.
She buys locally-sourced paddles, she explained to me, and uses acrylic paint and polyurethane stain to create one-of-a-kind designs. They could be used for actual canoeing as well as décor purposes.
The paddles were stout and shiny, with a matte finish on the patterns of colours Lloyd added. The corner they stood in immediately gave that part of Grant Hall a woodsy cabin-feel.
Lloyd joked to me that the one time she tried to carve her own paddle, it looked like a baseball bat. I told her my craftsmanship doesn't go beyond making a stick figure, so not to feel bad about herself.
I continued to make my way through the fair and stopped at the Hook & Knot Studios booth, a display of thick, chunky, pastel-coloured wool hats and scarves that reminded me of how cozy autumn could be. These hats looked like they could fit about any sized head. Chelsea Sheldrick-Luciani — Hook & Knot Studios' creator — runs the Etsy store as a side job of being a speech therapist.
I asked her how Hook & Knot Studios came to be and Sheldrick-Luciani told me that knitting was something she has always done and figured she could sell the extras of what she made.
I sheepishly asked Sheldrick-Luciani if she accepted credit card, only to be taken aback when she said it wouldn't be a problem. Sheldrick-Luciani showed me her Square Reader – a white card reader that plugs into a phone's headphone jack. I was struck by another example of the modern craftsman's marketplace evolving with the times.
While I didn't buy anything at the fair that day, it was one of those moments when I encountered a community that exists beyond the Queen's bubble in Kingston.
Despite not having any marketable craft-making skills (and bracelet making from summer camp doesn't count), Etsy connected me, a student in the mainstream, to people and products spilling out of their niche.
Crafted luxuries


text:
USA: 1-631-356-5138 Email: info@lifeasible.com
Plant Pathogen Detection
Plant Hormone Detection
Food Safety and Nutrient Detection
Agrobacterium Competent Cells
Analytical Reference Standards and Controls
Phytochemical Compounds
Plant Genetic Engineering
Plant Genetic Transformation
Animal Vaccine
Animal Metabolomics Analysis
Antimicrobial Peptides as Feed Additives
Feed Testing
Optical Microscopy Platform
Electron Microscopy Platform
Elemental Analysis Platform
Thermal Analysis Platform
What Makes Multi-colored Corn?
Home / Blog / What Makes Multi-colored Corn?
The Yield of New Genetically Modified Corn Increased by 10%
How Microorganisms Help Tomato "Conquer" Saline Land Unveiled
Cellular Suicide May Be Key to Brain Health and Food Security
New Channel Enhances Plant Carbon and Water Use Efficiency
Revealing Short-Chain Fatty Acids Triggering Plant Immune Responses to Bacteria
Prevent Children from Food Allergies, Start with Baby Food
From Farm to Forest: The Road Ahead of the Genetically Modified Tree
New Study Increases Biomass of Transgenic Tobacco by Approximately 40%
FDA Approves First Heterologous Skin Transplant Test: Skin Cells from Genetically Modified Pigs
Services & Products of Interest: *
What Makes Multi-colored Corn? Inquiry
Did you notice that some of the corn you bought from the market was yellow and some were like a big face with purple and white corn kernels in the middle?
In fact, this is the nature of corn. There are a lot of very active transposons in maize genes, they are like a "small brush", jumping to a certain gene, and will erase the original "color" there. Therefore, a part of the color change of grain was caused by the transposon movement.
Transposons change not only maize kernel color, but also almost all traits such as plant height, resistance, and yield. This unique genetic attribute has attracted the interest of scientists. For breeding needs, we should not only suppress the phenotypic instability caused by transposon skipping but also use the skipping of transposons to breed elite varieties.
Recently, the team of Zhao Han, a researcher at the Institute of Germplasm Resources of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in China, and Professor Song Rentao of China Agricultural University, and Shanghai University have collaborated for 7 years to create the world's largest maize transposon insertion repository and provide important genetic resources for global maize genome research. The relevant research report has been published recently in Plant Physiology.
The Perplexity of Maize Seed Color Change
In daily life, we can often see some colorful corn. In the eyes of ordinary people, this is not a big deal, because there is no difference in taste.
But half a century ago, American scientist Barbara McClintock was confused. Through persistent research, she eventually discovered a "jumping gene," or transposon. She also won the Nobel Prize for her pioneering research on transposons.
A transposon is a mobile piece of DNA on a chromosome that can jump from one location to another. Transposons are widespread in living organisms, but maize has the most transposons, accounting for more than 50% of DNA molecules. These transposition-capable genetic elements can trigger genome rearrangements and increase genetic diversity in maize varieties. According to Zhou Ling, an associate researcher at the Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology of the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, when a transposon jumps to a site within or adjacent to a functional gene, it can cause the loss of function controlled by the gene.
Because the hopping of transposons determines maize traits, researchers hope to obtain more optimized varieties by controlling the hopping of transposons.
In 1978, scientists discovered a new transposon system, the Mu transposon family. This is by far the most transpositional active as well as the most mutagenic transposable element found in plants. Generally, the traits affected by transposon skipping are not obvious, but when Mu transposon skips to a certain gene, it can cause the loss of gene function, resulting in a large number of mutant phenotypes and the formation of significantly altered traits.
In the study of gene function, mutants are the most direct and effective material. The creation of Mu transposon insertion mutant library provides abundant genetic resources for maize researchers. Therefore, foreign scholars began to cross with other maize inbred lines with Mu transposon donor material many years ago to select mutant individuals from insertional mutagenesis populations and form insertional mutant libraries.
The Mutant Bank has been opened to maize researchers worldwide
The construction of a large gene mutant library has become one of the important methods to create maize germplasm, obtain mutant genes, isolate and clone important functional genes, and then carry out functional genomics research. It can be said that who has a large pool of gene mutants can be at the forefront of related research.
"In the past, when domestic scholars studied a certain maize character, they needed to apply for mutant resources from the Uniform Mu insertion database constructed in USA. The cumbersome application procedures and unguaranteed quality are not conducive to the research and development in relevant fields in China." Zhou Ling said.
Since 2012, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences and China Agricultural University have been working together to construct a mutant library of Mu mutants. The principle of mutant library construction is to use the Mu active line and the control sample, the B73 inbred line, to cross and use transposon tag isolation technology combined with the second generation of high-throughput sequencing technology to map the Mu transposon in the material, so as to form a large number of mutant material." Zhou Ling told the reporters.
Through years of hybrid planting, they sequenced more than 20,000 samples one by one, screened out 2581 plants of maize with significant genetic traits, and included them in the gene mutant library.
After seven years of effort, the current mutant gene pool has been fruitful. They obtained about 97,000 heritable insertion sites in 2,581 mutant accessions by Mu tag enrichment and high-throughput sequencing technology, combined with bioinformatic analysis, and large scale validation of the heritability of insertion sites, which is twice that of UniformMu, a US insertion database. Of these, 66,565 loci were high-quality heritable insertions, and the insertions covered 20,244 (45.7%) genes in maize, of which 13,425 genes had two or more insertions. Compared with the homogeneous gene pool in the United States, the coverage is wider and more traits are available for study, which has a profound impact on future maize germplasm optimization.
"Our gene mutant library is still being complemented with the ultimate goal of generating more than 4,000 mutant accessions with more heritable insertion sites." According to Zhou Ling, the insertion site of this mutant library has been open to global maize researchers to share.
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Rustic Butler is a 4 star graded guest house offering White River accommodation in 5 guest rooms.
Rustic Butler is perfectly situated in a residential area of White River, close to the Kruger National Park, Blyde River Canyon and the warm waters of Maputo, yet at the same time are very close to the lively city of Nelspruit.
All our rooms are equipped with a TV, fridge, tea / coffee facility, rusks and biscuits, fresh milk and water, bath robes, ceiling fan and heater.
Our rooms are private, comfortably furnished and luxuriously equipped, each in its own unique style. The ensuite bathrooms have a shower only.
Our luxury room has a lovely king-size bed,a fantastic bathroom with a his-and-her shower and a big corner bath. It is the perfect setting for a honeymoon couple. A romantic bath is provided for those guests who would like a bit of extra pampering! Bathroom robes, candles and champagne are supplied for a perfect evening.
This unit is ideal for a guest wishing to stay slightly longer. This two-room unit has a lounge with a sleeper coach (big enough for one adult), and TV. The bedroom has twin beds, a full bathroom, kitchenette, braai area and private stoep.
The safety of our guests is extremely important to us. We have a well-lit parking area, remote-controlled gates and alarm systems in the rooms. The premises are surrounded by an electric fence and a signal to an armed security company. We have a facility in house for your valuables.
All the rooms lead out onto a wooden deck / stoep area where you can relax and listen to our resident birds. We serve breakfast at your convenience and leisure, either in our dining room, on the deck or, if you prefer, in your room. We also offer dinner on request.
White River is peaceful and cool in the summer and pleasantly warm in the winter. We invite you to come and stay with us to experience this fantastic little place in the sun.
Self catering unit - This unit is ideal for a guest wishing to stay slightly longer. This two-room unit has a lounge with a sleeper coach (big enough for one adult), and TV. The bedroom has twin beds, a full bathroom, kitchenette, braai area and private stoep.
Bed and breakfast units - The rooms are private, comfortably furnished and luxuriously equipped, each in its own unique style. The ensuite bathrooms have a shower only. All our rooms are equipped with a TV, fridge, tea / coffee facility, rusks and biscuits, fresh milk and water, bath robes, ceiling fan and heater.
Annelize is so warm and welcoming, The place is beautiful and very neat, Awesome breakfast.......Everything is perfect.
Wow - what a lovely place - the hostess and host are extremely warm and welcoming. Sjerrie waiting as a welcoming drink, Lovely dinner, clean crisp room, good quality linen, excellent breakfast!! Definately worth the money - thank you Annelize and Daniel.


text:
Meet the Defense Industry's Favorite Committee
These 48 members of Congress got four times more defense industry cash than other members of Armed Services committees.
By ALEXANDER COHEN
Alexander Cohen is a national security reporter at The Center for Public Integrity, one of the country's oldest and largest nonpartisan, nonprofit investigative news organizations.?
Congress has approved a defense policy bill that the president has signed each of the past six years. But this year, it's struggling. The House and Senate disagree on some key provisions, including the financing and direction of individual military programs within an overall budget exceeding $600 billion.
As a result, the resolution of the disputes in the next few weeks will fall to a relatively small group in Washington—just 48 lawmakers. And it's a group is remarkably beholden to the private defense companies whose profits depend on their decisions.
The lawmakers sit on a joint House-Senate conference committee, whose deliberations—but not its decisions—are secret. It's tasked with forging a version of the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal 2016 that both chambers can approve. And, according to an analysis by the Center for Public Integrity, those lawmakers from 2003 through 2014 got four times as much defense industry contributions for their elections and leadership committees as members of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees who were not appointed as conferees.
Over this period, the 48 conferees received a total of $20.6 million in inflation-adjontrusted dollars from the political action committees affiliated with the top 75 defense contractors and from their employees, according to the Center's analysis, an average of $430,049 apiece. The 41 members of the Armed Services committees who weren't appointed conferees received roughly $5.2 million in the same period, an average of $126,465 apiece.
The large contractors who donated included Lockheed Martin, Boeing, General Dynamics, Raytheon, Northrop Grumman and Booz Allen Hamilton.
One reason they got more is that the conferees tend to be more senior lawmakers, and academic studies show that lawmakers tend to attract more contributions from the industries whose fate they influence as their seniority increases.
The 32 House members appointed as conferees include 27 Republicans and Democrats drawn from the most senior of that chamber's 63 Armed Services members. The nine Republican Senate conferees include the seven most senior of the 14 GOP Armed Services members. Only among the Senate Democrats on the conference panel is there a mostly even split by seniority, with three of the most junior members serving alongside four of the top ranking Democrats.
In several studies of the committee system, Randall Kroszner at the University of Chicago and Thomas Stratmann at George Mason University concluded that as lawmakers gain committee seniority they are more likely to receive higher contributions from corporate-financed political action committees and to receive more frequent contributions from the same donors. Other studies have shown that members who give more of their campaign funds back to their parties are more likely to secure coveted committee assignments.
On the House side, more than half of those named to the conference committee have served on Armed Services for at least a decade. That includes the chairman and a leader the conference committee, Rep. Mac Thornberry (R-Texas), who collected a total of $933,415 from the largest 75 contractors, according to the Center's analysis. That made him the highest overall recipient of contractor contributions among all of the 89 members of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees.
Taking money from the industry that lawmakers help oversee is not a partisan issue on the House Armed Services Committee. The ranking Democrat, Rep. Adam Smith of Washington state has collected $857,726. Other conferees include Republican subcommittee chairmen Reps. Mike Rogers of Alabama ($764,323); Rob Wittman ($649,969) and Randy Forbes ($618,184), both of Virginia; and ranking Democratic subcommittee members Reps. Joe Courtney of Connecticut ($632,151) and Jim Langevin of Rhode Island ($618,084).
The conferees from Senate Armed Services include the panel's chairman, Republican Sen. John McCain of Arizona ($694,508) and its ranking Democrat, Sen. Jack Reed of Rhode Island ($788,351). Among the other Senate conferees are all 10 of the subcommittee chairmen and ranking members, including Democratic Sen. Bill Nelson of Florida ($884,968), the second-highest overall recipient of contractor funds after Thornberry, and Sen. Roger Wicker (R-Miss.) ($811,111).
Also on the conference committee, although not a subcommittee chairman, is Sen. Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.) ($808,789). Inhofe, the former ranking member on Armed Services, could have contested McCain for the chairmanship when the Republicans regained control of the Senate, but opted instead to chair the Environment and Public Works Committee.
Members of the conference committee are slated to hold their deliberations behind closed doors, as they usually do, so it will be hard for outsiders to see which lawmakers might carry water for their donors. And the timing and locations for those meetings is a mystery as well. "Meetings happen in a variety of locations," Thornberry's spokesman, Claude Chafin, told the Center.
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Asked about the schedule, he said, "The conference meetings are closed. We do not release a public schedule of meetings."
During the drafting stage, the House Armed Services Committee held its deliberations in public, while the Senate committee worked behind closed doors. That prompted a protest from the Project on Government Oversight, a nonprofit watchdog group, which argued that—with more than half a trillion dollars at stake and national security policies dependent on the vote—American taxpayers deserved to see how the bill was crafted.
"I don't want to say that just because something is held behind closed doors there's impropriety," said POGO Public Policy Associate Elizabeth Hempowicz. "But why not hold it in open session?"
And how much might campaign contributions influence their decisions?
McCain is eager to move the bill out of conference yet this month, before the long summer recess, which begins in early August. But President Barack Obama has threatened to veto the legislation for adding $38 billion to the Overseas Contingency Operations war account, in order skirt mandatory spending caps and fund basic military operations.
While the annual National Defense Authorization Act sets key defense policies and budget ceilings, actually spending is set in the defense appropriations bills. Democrats, in sync with the administration, have vowed to block those bills if they use the wartime account while continuing to cap domestic spending.
The Center calculated campaign contributions in 2014 dollars from the top 75 defense contractors, as ranked in fiscal 2013, using campaign data compiled by the Center for Responsive Politics as well as data from the Federal Election Commission.
National Defense Authorization Act


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