text:
Timeline: Wars and Revolutions
Years: c. 545 BCE - 1866 Subject: History, Military History
The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city
The Athenian general Cimon wins a spectacular victory over the Persians at the mouth of the Eurymedon River, in southwest Turkey
Go to Cīmon (c.510–c.450 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.)
Forces of the Delian League assist the Egyptians in a successful revolt against their Persian rulers
The Greeks suffer a major reverse when their fleet is trapped on the Nile and destroyed by the Persians
Hannibal suffers his first decisive defeat by a Roman army, at an unidentified site in north Africa called Zama
Go to Zama, battle of in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.)
Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims
Go to Urban II, Bl (c.1035–99) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade
Go to Peter the Hermit (d. 1115) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
The German crusade begins with a massacre of Jews in many of the region's cities
Go to Jews, Christian attitudes to in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
After a siege of seven months, the city of Antioch falls to the knights of the first crusade
Go to Antioch in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants
Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The crusaders now rule the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa
The Knights of St John of Jerusalem become an established order under papal protection
The Knights Templar are founded, to protect pilgrims from the Muslims on the journey to Jerusalem
The city of Edessa is captured by Zangi, a Mameluke general, in the first setback for the crusaders in the Middle East
Go to Mameluke in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
A bishop in the crusader territories of the Middle East has news of a fabulously wealthy Christian king, Prester John
Go to Prester John in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
By the time Louis VII and Conrad III reach the Holy Land they have lost more than half their joint armies to Muslim attacks
Louis VII and Conrad III do grave harm to the Latin Kingdom by a feeble attack that merely alienates the previously friendly city of Damascus
Saladin destroys the Christian army of the Latin kingdom in a battle below the Horns of Hattin
Go to Hattin, battle of (1187) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.)
Saladin captures various Crusader fortresses and walled cities, including Acre
Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.)
Saladin takes Jerusalem and treats the Christian inhabitants with a consideration unusual for the time
Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river
Go to Frederick I (c.1122–90) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members
The Teutonic Knights are founded to run a hospital in Acre, in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem
St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity
Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims
Go to Frederick II (1712–86) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
In the space of a few months the Muslims take the last four crusader castles, Tyre, Sidon, Acre and finally Beirut
The new Mameluke dynasty in Egypt begins a systematic campaign to drive the Crusaders out of the Middle East
The Knights Templars withdraw from the island of Arwad, the last foothold of the crusaders in the Middle East
Rivalry between factions of the French royal family results in the murder in Paris of the king's brother, Louis duke of Orléans, and the onset of civil war
Henry V succeeds his father, Henry IV, as king of England
Go to Henry V (b. 16 Sept. 1387) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.)
Henry V captures the French stronghold of Harfleur - where, in Shakespeare, he urges his dear friends 'once more unto the breach'
Henry V wins a victory on St Crispin's day at Agincourt, against a much larger and more heavily armed French force
After a six-month siege Henry V makes a triumphal entry into Rouen, the city of his Norman ancestors
John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, is murdered by the Armagnac faction in the presence of the dauphin - escalating France's civil war
Go to Aal, Johannes (c.1500–1551) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.)
The treaty of Troyes, between the English and the Burgundian faction, grants Henry V the status of heir to the French throne
Go to Troyes, treaty of (1420) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
Henry V marries Catherine, daughter of the French king and sister of the rightful heir to the kingdom, the dauphin, who is on the opposing side
The dauphin proclaims himself Charles VII of France, but with Paris in the hands of his enemies he is known as the king of Bourges
Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Henry VI, son of Henry V and Catherine of France, is king of England and theoretically king of France before his first birthday
Go to Henry VI (b. 6 Dec. 1421) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.)
A peasant girl, Joan of Arc, hears the voices of saints urging her to relieve the siege of Orléans
Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
Joan of Arc wins her way into the presence of Charles VII at Chinon and persuades him, eventually, to trust her
Joan of Arc leads French forces in the successful relief of Orléans
Joan of Arc stands nearby while Charles VII is anointed at Reims, then kneels before him and for the first time calls him her king
Joan of Arc is captured in a skirmish with the Burgundians, who subsequently hand her over to the English
Joan of Arc, tried by the Inquisition on behalf of the English in Rouen, is burned at the stake as a relapsed heretic
Go to Inquisition in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Charles VII enters Paris, marking conclusively the end of the French civil war
The French bring two small cannon on to the battlefield at Formigny, where they have a significant effect in achieving the French victory
Go to Formigny, Battle of (15 April 1450) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The French win a convincing victory at Castillon, recovering the last stronghold (except Calais) held by the English in France
Go to Castillon, battle of (1453) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
Charles VII's full recovery of Aquitaine and Normandy effectively brings to an end the Hundred Years' War
Edward IV, landing at Calais with a large army, is bought off at Picquigny with a bribe - ending his attempt to revive the Hundred Years' War
Go to Edward IV (1442–83) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The English parliament attempts to clip the wings of the new king, Charles I, by placing an annual limit on his power to raise taxes
Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Charles I frustrates the English parliament's restrictions by raising taxes without summoning parliament for renewed approval
The English parliament's Petition of Right emphasizes the right of the citizen to be protected from royal tyranny
Go to Petition of Right (1628) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Charles I dismisses his parliament in Westminster, and fails to summon another in the following eleven years
Charles I demands ship money to increase his revenue, albeit in the absence of its conventional justification - a crisis of national defence
John Hampden refuses to pay ship money to Charles I, beginning a campaign that gradually wins wide support
Go to Hampden, John (1594–1643) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Charles I and his archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempt to impose the full Anglican hierarchy on presbyterian Scotland
A National Covenant, first signed in an Edinburgh churchyard, commits the Covenanters to oppose Charles I's reforms of the Church of Scotland
Go to Covenanters in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)
Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops
The finances of the English king, Charles I, are in crisis, with his agents able to collect each year only a fraction of his demands
Covenanters seize control of Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, launching the conflict with England known as the Bishops' War
In need of funds for the Bishops' War in Scotland, Charles I summons parliament to Westminster
Parliament denies Charles I's request for funds and is dismissed after three weeks (the Short Parliament)
Go to Short Parliament (May 1640) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
Charles I's financial crisis causes him to summon another parliament to Westminster (the Long Parliament, not dissolved until 1660)
Go to Long Parliament (1640–60) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The new parliament immediately impeaches Charles I's two closest advisers, the earl of Strafford and archbishop William Laud
Cavalier is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of the royal cause
Go to cavalier in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
Roundhead is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of parliament
Go to Roundhead noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
Under pressure from parliament, Charles I signs the death warrant of his most powerful supporter, the earl of Strafford
Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against his conduct of the realm
Go to Grand Remonstrance (1641) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Charles I comes in person to the House of Commons, but fails in his attempt to arrest the Five Members whom he accuses of treason
Go to five members (1642) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
Charles I leaves London and heads for the north of England, where his support is the strongest
Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I, travels to Holland, taking with her the English crown jewels
Go to Henrietta Maria in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
Parliament sends Charles I a list of political demands, the Nineteen Propositions, which it would be impossible for him to accept
Go to Nineteen Propositions in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
Charles I, at Nottingham, raises the royal standard - signalling that he considers himself at war
Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Charles I leads his army into action at Edgehill - the first, but inconclusive, battle in the English Civil War
Charles I marches to within a few miles of Westminster (to Turnham Green), but withdraws without engaging the enemy
Charles I withdraws to Oxford, where he establishes his court for the rest of the war
In the first decisive battle of the English Civil War the king's nephew, Rupert of the Rhine, is heavily defeated at Marston Moor
Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell form England's first professional army, calling it the New Model Army
Go to New Model Army in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
The royalist forces, again under the command of Rupert of the Rhine, suffer another major defeat at Naseby
With a parliamentary army surrounding royalist Oxford, Charles I escapes in disguise and heads north
Charles I puts himself in the hands of a Scottish army, opposed at the time to the English parliament
The Scottish army holding Charles I makes peace with parliament, and hands the king to parliamentary commissioners
Charles I is held at his palace of Hampton Court, as a prisoner of Cromwell and parliament
Charles I comes to a secret arrangement with a group of Covenanters in Scotland, winning their support
Scottish Covenanters invade England in support of the English king, Charles I, in his struggle against parliament
Parliamentary forces defeat the Scottish invaders and suppress other new outbreaks of royalist support
Colonel Thomas Pride denies entrance to the House of Commons to about 140 opponents of Cromwell's policies
Go to Pride's Purge in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
Cromwell persuades the House of Commons, purged now of all opposition, that it is treason for a king to wage war against parliament
Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Charles I, brought to trial before 135 commissioners in Westminster Hall, refuses to recognise the court's validity
After a trial lasting a week in Westminster Hall, Charles I is convicted of treason for fighting a war against parliament
Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall
Charles II, in the Hague, inherits the English and Scottish thrones of his executed father, Charles I
Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Parliament in London abolishes the monarchy in England, as 'unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous'
Go to Rump Parliament in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Parliament chooses Oliver Cromwell to chair the new English Commonwealth's council of state
Charles II returns to Scotland and is crowned king of Scots in the traditional manner at Scone
Charles II is defeated by Cromwell at Worcester and escapes in disguise to France
Cromwell is appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth for life, under legislation entitled the Instrument of Government
Cromwell dies after naming his son Richard to succeed him in the office of Lord Protector
Go to Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The ineffective Richard Cromwell goes into voluntary retirement, an event linked to the strong possibility of a military coup
General George Monck marches south from Scotland to London, to intervene in England's unresolved political crisis
Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Monck, reaching London, dissolves the Long Parliament and convenes a new one
Monck persuades Charles II to sign, at Breda in Holland, a declaration of policies to heal the wounds of the Civil War
The new Convention Parliament in Westminster invites Charles II to return as king
Go to Convention Parliaments in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
Charles II lands at Dover and is given a warm welcome in London four days later
The Act of Indemnity, pardoning all offences since 1637 except those of the regicides, is given the royal assent
Go to Indemnity and Oblivion, Act of (1660) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
The body of Oliver Cromwell is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn
A French official travels down the Ohio valley, placing markers to claim it for France
Go to New France in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Robert Clive prevails over the French after holding out during the seven-week siege of Arcot in southern India
Go to Clive, Robert (1725–74) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
The French seize or evict every English-speaking trader in the region of the upper Ohio
George Washington undertakes a difficult and ineffectual journey to persuade the French to withdraw from the Ohio valley
Go to Washington, George (1732–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Benjamin Franklin's chopped-up snake, urging union of the colonies with the caption 'Join or Die', is the first American political cartoon
Go to Franklin, Benjamin (1706–90) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
George Washington kills ten French troops at Fort Duquesne, in the first violent clash of the French and Indian war
Go to French and Indian War (1754–1763) in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Benjamin Franklin proposes to the Albany Congress that the colonies should unite to form a colonial government
Go to Albany Congress (1754) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The British colonies negotiate with the Iroquois at the Albany Congress, in the face of the French threat in the Ohio valley
A British force under Edward Braddock lands in America to provide support against the French in the Ohio valley
The first Conestoga wagons are acquired by George Washington for an expedition through the Alleghenies
Go to covered wagon noun in New Oxford American Dictionary (3 ed.)
The army led by Edward Braddock and George Washington is ambushed at Fort Duquesne and Braddock is killed
Go to Braddock, Edward (1695–1755) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.)
The French in America, under the marquis of Montcalm, begin two highly successful years of campaigning against the British
Wolfe defeats Montcalm and captures Quebec, but both commanders die in the engagement
Go to Quebec, battle of (1759) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.)
In the treaty of Paris France cedes to Britain all its territory north of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi river, except the district of New Orleans
Go to Paris, Treaty of (1763) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
In the treaty of Paris, Spain cedes Florida to Britain, completing British possession of the entire east coast of north America
Britain passes the Sugar Act, levying duty on sugar, wine and textiles imported into America
Go to Sugar Acts in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Britain passes the Stamp Act, taxing legal documents and newspapers in the American colonies
Go to Stamp Act (1765) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
American campaigners against the Stamp Act organize themselves as the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts and New York
Go to Sons of Liberty in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Britain repeals the Stamp Act, in a major reversal of policy achieved by resistance in the American colonies
The British Chancellor, Charles Townshend, passes a series of acts taxing all glass, lead, paint, paper and tea imported into the American colonies
Go to Townshend Acts (1767) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
A border incident at Balta, in the southern Ukraine, sparks a war between Russia and Turkey that will last six years
Go to Russo-Ottoman Wars in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.)
British troops fire into an unruly crowd in Boston, Massachusetts, killing five
Go to Boston Massacre (1770) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.)
In response to American protests, the British government removes the Townshend duties on all commodities with the exception of tea
Some fifty colonists, disguised as Indians, tip a valuable cargo of tea into Boston harbour as a protest against British tax
Go to Boston Tea Party (1773) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.)
As a retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, the British parliament closes Boston's port with the first of its Coercive Acts
Go to Coercive Acts (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Britain's new Coercive (or Intolerable) Acts include the requirement that Massachusetts citizens give board and lodging to British troops
In the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, ending the recent Russo-Turkish war, the Ottoman empire cedes the Crimea to Russia
The treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji grants Russia special rights in relation to the Christian Holy Places under Ottoman control
Delegates from twelve American colonies meet in Philadelphia and agree not to import any goods from Britain
Go to Continental Congress (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Patrick Henry makes a stirring declaration – 'Give me liberty or give me death' – to the Virginia Assembly
Go to Henry, Patrick (1736–99) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
General Gage sends a detachment of British troops to seize weapons held by American Patriots at Concord
Go to Gage, Thomas (1721–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Paul Revere is one of the US riders taking an urgent warning to Concord, but he is captured on the journey
Go to Revere, Paul (1735–1818) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.)
The first shot of the American Revolution is fired in a skirmish between redcoats and militiamen at Lexington, on the road to Concord
Go to Lexington and Concord, Battle of (19 April 1775) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Delegates from the states reassemble in Philadelphia, with hostilities against the British already under way in Massachusetts
Delegates in Philadelphia select George Washington as commander-in-chief of the colonial army
At Bunker Hill, overlooking Boston from the north, the American militiamen prove their worth against British professional soldiers
Go to Bunker Hill, battle of (1775) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
Delegates to the Continental Congress make a final bid for peace, sending the Olive Branch Petition to George III
Go to Olive Branch Petition in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Britain declares the colonies to be in a state of rebellion, and sets up a naval blockade of the American coastline
Go to American Revolution in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Yankee Doodle is the most popular song with the patriot troops in the American Revolution
Go to Yankee Doodle in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
George Washington raises on Prospect Hill a new American flag, the British red ensign on a ground of thirteen stripes – one for each colony
In Common Sense, an anonymous pamphlet, English immigrant Thomas Paine is the first to argue that the American colonies should be independent
Go to Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
George Washington drives the British garrison from Boston, and moves south to protect New York
The revolutionary convention of Virginia votes for independence from Britain, and instructs its delegates in Philadelphia to propose this motion
Virginia's motion for independence from Britain is passed at the Continental Congress of the colonies with no opposing vote
Thomas Jefferson's text for the Declaration of Independence is accepted by the Congress in Philadelphia
Go to Declaration of Independence in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
John Hancock is the first delegate to sign the Declaration of Independence, formally written out on a large sheet of parchment
Go to Hancock, John (1737–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
George Washington, driven from New York by the British, retreats towards Philadelphia
George Washington defeats the British at Trenton at a psychologically important moment in the course of the war
Go to Trenton, battle of (1776) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.)
Congress adopts a new flag for independent America – the stars and stripes
George Washington, heavily defeated in a battle at Brandywine, is forced to relinquish Philadelphia to the British
The American general Horatio Gates captures the army of General Burgoyne near Saratoga
The US Congress agrees the final version of the Articles of Confederation, defining the terms on which states join the Union
Go to Articles of Confederation (1781) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Benjamin Franklin persuades the French to sign a Treaty of Alliance, committing France to the US cause
France, joining the American colonies in their fight against Britain, sends a large fleet across the Atlantic
The American naval hero John Paul Jones makes successful raids around the coasts of Britain
Go to Jones, John Paul (1747–1792) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.)
The British rapidly abandon Philadelphia on news of the expected arrival of a French fleet
The British adopt a new policy in the south, landing in Georgia and capturing much of South Carolina
Francis Hopkinson's popular ballad The Battle of the Kegs describes an ingenious American threat to the British navy
Go to Battle of the Kegs, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.)
U.S.S. Bonhomme Richard, commanded by John Paul Jones, fights H.M.S. Serapis near England's Flamborough Head
The capture of British go-between John André yields proof that US general Benedict Arnold is in the pay of the British
Go to Arnold, Benedict (1741–1801) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.)
British army officer John André is executed in New York as a spy
Go to André, John in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Maryland, ratifies the Articles of Confederation (the last state to do so), completing 'the Confederation of the United States'
The Bank of North America is established by the Continental Congress to lend money to the fledgling Revolutionary government
US poet Philip Freneau describes in The British Prison Ship the horrors of his experiences as a prisoner
Go to Freneau, Philip Morin (1752–1832) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.)
The British general Charles Cornwallis, isolated at Yorktown, is forced to surrender in the final engagement of the Revolutionary War
Go to Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquis Cornwallis (1738–1805) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
Some 40,000 Loyalists flee from British America to the previously French colonies, in particular Nova Scotia
In the Treaty of Paris, negotiated by Adams, Franklin and Jay, the British government recognizes US independence
Go to Paris, Treaty of (1783) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.)
The French queen Marie Antoinette is wrongly implicated in a scandal involving a diamond necklace
Go to Marie Antoinette (1755–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The French finance minister, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, is dismissed when his proposed reforms meet aristocratic opposition
Go to French Revolution (1789) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Delegates meeting in Philadelphia agree a final draft for a US constitution, to be submitted to the states for ratification
Go to Constitution of the United States in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The Federalist Papers, in support of the Constitution and mainly written by Alexander Hamilton, begin appearing in New York
Go to Hamilton, Alexander in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
The constitution of the United States is ratified by the states, but it is immediately agreed that amendments will be desirable
The ministers of Louis XVI reluctantly announce that the estates general will meet in 1789, for the first time since 1614
Go to estates general in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.)
George Washington, unanimously elected first president of the United States, is inaugurated on Wall Street in New York
A pamphlet published in France by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès asks a challenging question, What is the Third Estate?
Go to Siéyès, Emmanuel‐Joseph, abbé (1748–1836) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.)
A left-wing political club begins to meet in a Jacobin convent in Paris, thus becoming known as the Jacobins
Go to Jacobin Club in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Delegates of the Third Estate swear an oath in a tennis court at Versailles, pledging themselves not to disperse until France has a constitution
Go to Tennis Court Oath in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
An excited Paris mob liberates the seven prisoners held in the forbidding fortress of the Bastille
Go to Bastille in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Parisians force their way into the palace at Versailles and insist on Louis XVI and his royal family accompanying them back to Paris
Go to Louis XVI (1754–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
French doctor Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposes a decapitation machine as a more humane form of capital punishment
Go to guillotine in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Anglo-Irish politician Edmund Burke publishes Reflections on the Revolution in France, a blistering attack on recent events across the Channel
Go to Burke, Edmund (1729–97) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee from Paris to the border but are captured at Varennes
Stationed at Valence, Napoleon becomes president of the local Jacobin club and makes radical speeches against the nobility and clergy
Go to Jacobin in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.)
Thomas Paine publishes the first part of The Rights of Man, his reply to Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France
Go to Rights of Man, The in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
France declares war on the Austrian emperor, an event that plunges Europe into more than 20 years of conflict
Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
In a first demonstration of the guillotine, a highwayman is beheaded in a Paris square
Go to guillotine in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
A French officer, Rouget de Lisle, writes a stirring anthem for France, soon to be known as the Marseillaise
Go to Marseillaise, La in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.)
Thomas Paine moves hurriedly to France, to escape a charge of treason in England for opinions expressed in his Rights of Man
A French revolutionary army defeats the Austrians and Prussians at Valmy, and thus saves Paris from attack
Go to Valmy, Battle of (1792) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
After their success at Valmy, French republican armies overrun much of the Austrian Netherlands
During four September days, thugs are encouraged to massacre some 1400 aristocrats and priests held in Paris prisons
Go to Septembermorde in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.)
The National Convention abolishes royalty in France and establishes the first republic
Louis XVI is guillotined after a majority of just one in the national Convention has voted for death without delay
Britain joins other European nations in war against France, mainly in naval engagements in the West Indies and Atlantic
Go to Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Rebellion breaks out in the Vendée and a peasant army marches against republican Paris
Go to Vendée revolt (1793–4) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.)
25-year-old Charlotte Corday gains access to prominent republican Jean-Paul Marat and stabs him in his bath
France becomes the first nation to attempt national conscription, calling up bachelors between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five
Go to levée en masse (23 August 1793) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.)
The French Convention adopts imaginative names for the months in their new republican calendar
The Terror begins in republican France, with executions rising to more than 3000 in December
Go to the Terror in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.)
English revolutionary Thomas Paine spends nearly a year in a French prison after opposing the execution of Louis XVI
Go to Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Napoleon's soldiers capture Toulon and his artillery fire forces the Anglo-Spanish fleet to withdraw from the harbour
Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Robespierre and St Just succeed in sending Danton and his faction to the guillotine in April
French chemist Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is guillotined for having been involved with tax collection in the ancien régime
Go to Lavoisier, Antoine‐Laurent de (1743–94) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.)
Robespierre and his faction go to the guillotine in July, in the final bloodletting of the Terror
The Netherlands, forced by invasion into the French camp, is transformed into the Batavian republic
Go to Batavian Republic in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The 26-year-old Napoleon Bonaparte comes to public attention for his part in saving the Convention in Paris from an assault by rebels
Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
With the Dutch entering the war on the side of the French, Britain seizes their valuable Cape colony in South Africa
Go to Cape Colony in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.)
Napoleon marries Josephine de Beauharnais, widow of Alexandre de Beauharnais, guillotined in 1794
Go to Joséphine (1763–1814) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
After two rapid victories in north Italy, Napoleon marches on Turin and the king of Sardinia asks for an armistice
Go to Napoleonic Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
In the armistice of Cherasco the king of Sardinia cedes to France his territories of Savoy and Nice
Napoleon Bonaparte takes command of the French army of Italy, with astonishingly successful results
Napoleon creates in northern Italy the Cisalpine Republic, formed from occupied territores including the papal states of Bologna and Ferrara
Go to Repubblica Cisalpina in The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature (1 ed.)
Irish nationalist Wolfe Tone sails from France to invade Ireland with a force of 14,000 French soldiers
Go to Tone, Wolfe (1763–98) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
Napoleon marches against Vienna and is only two days from the city when the emperor requests an armistice
In Venice Napoleon deposes the last of the doges and sets up a provisional democracy
On 18 Fructidor (September 4) Napoleon organizes, from a distance, a coup d'étât in Paris on behalf of three of the Directors
Napoleon achieves the peace of Campo Formio, by which Austria cedes the Austrian Netherlands and northern Italy to France
By the Treaty of Campo Formio the free republic of Venice, created by Napoleon, is handed over to Austrian rule
Napoleon, with distinguished scientists in his fleet, sails to invade Egypt
Napoleon's campaign in Egypt begins well with the Battle of the Pyramids, a victory over an Egyptian army
Go to Pyramids, Battle of the (21 July 1798) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Irish nationalist Wolfe Tone, convicted of treason for his failed invasion, cuts his throat to cheat the British gallows
Disaster strikes the French in Egypt when Nelson finds their fleet in Aboukir Bay and destroys it in the Battle of the Nile
Go to Nile, battle of the (1798) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
Napoleon, in Syria, orders 3000 captured defenders of Jaffa to be killed by bayonet or drowning to save ammunition
Napoleon abandons his army in Egypt and returns hastily to Paris at a time of great political opportunity
Napoleon contrives a military coup that ends the Directory and gives him sweeping powers as First Consul
Napoleon takes a French army through the Alps before the snows have cleared, and defeats the Austrians at Marengo
Go to Marengo, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
Horatio Nelson puts his telescope to his blind eye when the signal is given to withdraw from Copenhagen harbour
Go to Nelson, Admiral Horatio (1758–1805) [Hist.] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.)
The treaty agreed at Amiens between France and Britain brings a welcome lull after ten years of warfare in Europe
Go to Amiens, treaty of (1802) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
The peace of Amiens comes to an abrupt end when Britain declares war again on France
Napoleon assembles an invasion fleet against Britain, where Martello towers are hastily built in preparation
Go to Martello towers in The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History (2 ed.)
Napoleon crowns himself emperor of the French in a magnificent ceremony in Notre Dame
Napoleon has himself crowned king of Italy in the cathedral in Milan
Horatio Nelson dies on the deck of the Victory after winning the battle of Trafalgar
Go to Nelson, Horatio, Viscount Nelson, Duke of Bronte (1758–1805) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Napoleon enters Vienna and then defeats an Austrian and Russian army at Austerlitz
Go to Austerlitz, Battle of (1805) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The British recapture the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch
Go to Cape of Good Hope in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
Napoleon imposes his Continental System, designed to strangle Britain's trade
Go to Continental System in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
To counteract Napoleon's Continental System, Britain passes orders in council penalizing any vessel trading into French-held ports
Napoleon and the Russian tsar Alexander I meet on a raft at Tilsit and set about carving up Europe
Go to Tilsit, Treaties of (7) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Napoleon launches an invasion of Portugal, increasing the likelihood of a Peninsular War
Go to Peninsular War (1808–14) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
The Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil on the approach of a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot
Go to John VI (1769–1826) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
A French army under Joachim Murat advances on Madrid, causing the Spanish royal family to flee
Go to Murat, Joachim (c. 1767–1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Napoleon transfers his brother Joseph Bonaparte from the throne of Naples to that of Spain
Go to Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Napoleon gives the throne of Naples, vacated by his brother Joseph, to Joachim Murat
The French capture of Madrid provokes a British response and the resulting Peninsular War
Go to Peninsular War (1808–14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
A British army under Arthur Wellesley (later duke of Wellington) defeats the French at Vimeiro, near Lisbon
Go to Vimeiro, battle of (1808) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
British commander Arthur Wellesley builds the lines of Torres Vedras, to defend the promontory leading south to Lisbon
Go to Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (1769–1852) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII
Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Napoleon, in response to his excommunication, has pope Pius VII arrested and kept in captivity in northern Italy and then France
Napoleon enters Vienna and defeats the Austrians in a battle at nearby Wagram
Go to Wagram, Battle of (1809) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
John Moore dies at Corunna but his army escapes from Spain and gets back to England
Go to Corunna, battle of (1809) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
The Spanish Cortes flees from the renewed French invasion and establishes itself in Cadiz
Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
A French marshal, Jean Bernadotte, is offered the position of crown prince and heir to the Swedish throne
Go to Charles XIV (1763–1844) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Napoleon launches an attack on his ally, the Russian tsar Alexander I, with an army of more than 600,000 men
Go to Alexander I (1777–1825) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The Russian army under Marshal Kutuzov confronts the advancing French at Borodino, and though defeated makes a successful withdrawal
Go to Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich, Prince of Smolensk (1745–1813) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
After victory at Borodino, Napoleon enters Moscow to find the city abandoned and burning
Go to Borodino, Battle of (7 September 1812) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Napoleon begins the retreat from Moscow, in arctic conditions and harried by guerrilla attacks
Go to Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Napoleon arrives back in Paris ahead of the remains of his army, after losing half a million men in the Russian campaign
The king of Prussia, Frederick William III, changes sides and declares war on France
Go to Frederick William III (1770–1840) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Wellington defeats Napoleon's brother Joseph at Vitoria, and captures his valuable baggage train
Go to Vitoria, Battle of (21 June 1813) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
In a treaty with Russia and Prussia at Reichenbach, Austria agrees to declare war on France
Wellington crosses the Bidassoa river in the north of Spain, bringing an enemy army on to French soil for the first time in twenty years
Go to Wellington, 1st Duke of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
The allies inflict a heavy defeat on Napoleon at Leipzig, in the so-called Battle of the Nations
Go to Leipzig, Battle of in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The Russian emperor and the Prussian king take a salute in the Champs Elysées after the allies capture Paris
Napoleon abdicates at Fontainebleau and the French senate invites Louis XVIII to return to reclaim his throne
Go to Louis XVIII (1755–1824) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Ferdinand VII, restored to Spain, imposes a reactionary regime and persecutes his liberal opponents
Go to Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Napoleon goes into exile on the island of Elba, which he immediately treats as a miniature state in need of improvement
Go to Elba in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
The crowned heads of Europe and their representatives gather in Vienna to tidy up the post-Napoleonic continent
Go to Vienna, Congress of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
Napoleon slips away from Elba with a fleet of small vessels and lands on the coast of France
Napoleon reaches Paris, already accompanied by an enthusiastic regiment that has joined him on his journey north
Go to Hundred Days (1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The English and Prussian generals Wellington and Blücher defeat Napoleon in a closely fought battle at Waterloo
Go to Waterloo, Battle of (1815) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The first news of the victory at Waterloo is given to the British government by a private citizen, Nathan Mayer Rothschild
Go to Rothschild in Brewer's Dictionary of London Phrase & Fable (1 ed.)
The rulers of Russia, Prussia and Austria form a Holy Alliance to preserve their concept of a Christian Europe
Go to Holy Alliance (1815) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The congress of Vienna leaves the Cape of Good Hope in British hands
Go to Vienna, Congress of (1814–15) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Napoleon is sent to a more secure place of exile, the rocky Atlantic island of St Helena
Go to St Helena in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
The Eastern Question, concerning Turkey's ability to control its vast empire, becomes a persistent nineteenth-century theme
Go to Eastern Question in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
The Straits Convention, agreed between the European powers and Turkey, is a concerted attempt to prop up the Ottoman empire
Go to Ottoman Empire in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
The Russian tsar, Nicholas I, calls Turkey 'the sick man of Europe'
Go to Nicholas I (1796–1855) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
France demands that Turkey should end Russia's exclusive control of the Christian Holy Places in the Ottoman empire
Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Russia insists that her exclusive rights over the Holy Places are enshrined in the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji
In a worsening diplomatic crisis, Russia puts her Black Sea fleet in a state of alert at Sebastopol
France and Britain despatch their fleets to the Dardanelles, in readiness to go through the Straits to the Black Sea
Russia occupies two Ottoman principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, on the west coast of the Black Sea
In the expectation of British and French support, the Ottoman sultan declares war on Russia - launching the Crimean War
British and French warships move up through the Straits and enter the Black Sea in support of Turkey
Britain and France enter the war between Turkey and Russia, on the Turkish side
A London editor decides to send a reporter, William Howard Russell ('Russell of The Times'), to the Crimean front
Go to Mr Russell of The Times in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.)
British and French troops land at Sebastopol, to besiege the port, and win a limited victory over the Russians at the river Alma
Florence Nightingale, responding to reports of horrors in the Crimea, sets sail with a party of twenty-eight nurses
Go to Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
An inconclusive battle at Balaklava includes the Charge of the Light Brigade, with British cavalry recklessly led towards Russian guns
Go to Charge of the Light Brigade (1854) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
An inconclusive engagement at Inkerman means that the allies in the Crimea have to dig in for the winter besieging Sebastopol
Go to Inkerman, battle of (1854) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
Jamaican-born nurse Mary Seacole sets up her own 'British Hotel' in the Crimea to provide food and nursing for soldiers in need
Go to Black British literature in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.)
Roger Fenton travels out from England to the Crimea – the world's first war photographer
Go to Fenton, Roger (1819–69) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
English artist William Simpson sends sketches from the Crimea which achieve rapid circulation in Britain as tinted lithographs
Go to lithograph in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.)
After a siege of nearly a year the Russians abandon Sebastopol, but the Turkish alliance is too exhausted to pursue the conflict
Go to Sebastopol in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
The treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War, limiting Russia's special powers in relation to Turkey
Go to Paris, treaty of (1856) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.)
Lincoln becomes the Republican presidential candidate, benefiting from a Democratic party split on the issue of slavery
Go to Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Republican contender Abraham Lincoln is elected US president with only 39% of the popular vote and no electoral votes in eleven southern states
South Carolina becomes the first southern state to secede from the Union in response to Lincoln's election
Go to South Carolina in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.)
Seven southern states, meeting in Montgomery, Alabama, agree to form the Confederate States of America
Go to Confederate States of America in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The seven members of the newly formed Confederacy elect Jefferson Davis as their provisional president
Go to Davis, Jefferson (1808–89) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Richmond, the state capital of Virginia, becomes the capital of the Southern Confederacy
Shots are fired against the Federal military garrison in Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbour, launching the American Civil War
Go to Fort Sumter in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
Mathew Brady sends teams of photographers to the various battle fronts to ensure a thorough photographic record of the American Civil War
Go to Brady, Mathew B. (1823–96) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The first battle of the American Civil War, fought near Manassas and the Bull Run Creek, is a clear Confederate victory
Go to American Civil War (1861–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
The Monitor and the Merrimack fight all morning off the Virginia coast, in history's first clash between ironclad ships
Go to Merrimack in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.)
Julia Ward Howe publishes The Battle Hymn of the Republic, inspired by a visit to Union troops in the American Civil War
Go to "Battle Hymn of the Republic, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.)
A two-day engagement at Shiloh is the first Civil War battle to bring massive casualties, with more than 23,000 dead, wounded or missing
Go to Shiloh, Battle of (1862) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.)
In a surprise raid, Union forces sail up the Mississippi estuary to capture New Orleans
Go to New Orleans, Siege of (1862) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.)
George B. McClellan brings a Union army within a few miles of Richmond, but withdraws after the Seven Days Battle against Robert E. Lee
Go to Seven Days' Battle in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee defeat a Union army in the second battle of Bull Run or Manassas
Go to Bull Run, Second Battle of in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
The Federal victory at Antietam comes at a cost of more than 22,000 casualties in a single day
Go to Antietam, Battle of in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Mobs of women destroy shops in Richmond, Virginia, in protest at food prices inflated by the war
Go to Civil War, American (1861–65) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The three-day Battle of Gettysburg, inconclusive but more damaging to the Confederates, brings casualties on both sides of more than 50,000
Go to Gettysburg, Battle of (1–3 July 1863) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
After a six-week siege the city of Vicksburg surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant, bringing the entire Mississippi under Union control
Go to Vicksburg Campaign (November 1862–July 1863) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Four days of riots in New York greet Lincoln's new conscription or draft laws, with exemptions for the rich
Go to Draft Riots, Civil War. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.)
President Lincoln, in honouring the Union dead at Gettysburg, captures in three minutes the essence of American democracy
Go to Gettysburg Address in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.)
Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman become Lincoln's two leading generals in the final thrust of the Civil War
Go to Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820–91) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
Grant moves south in a hard-fought campaign to pin down Lee's Confederate army at Petersburg, near Richmond
Go to Wilderness to Petersburg Campaign in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
The Federal government confiscates the Arlington estate of Confederate general Robert E. Lee and turns it into a war cemetery
Go to Arlington National Cemetery in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
William Tecumseh Sherman captures Atlanta, the first important southern city to fall into Union hands
Go to Atlanta Campaign in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
President Lincoln is re-elected for a second term, thanks largely to recent Union successes on the Civil War battlefields
Go to Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)
William T. Sherman reaches the coast and captures Savannah, after his violently destructive 'march to the sea'
Go to March to the Sea, Sherman's in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
The Confederate government abandons Richmond, and Lee begins a retreat to the west
Go to Petersburg to Richmond Campaign in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Lincoln visits the Confederate capital at Richmond and is greeted by a jubilant crowd of freed black slaves
Lee surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox Court House, and is offered conciliatory terms
Go to Appomattox Court House in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
On a visit to a Washington theatre, Lincoln is assassinated in his box by John Wilkes Booth
Go to Booth, John Wilkes in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
Vice-president Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, becomes president on the death of Republican Abraham Lincoln
Go to Johnson, Andrew (1808–75) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The southern states pass new Black Codes, designed to limit the freedom granted to African-Americans by the victorious north
Go to Black Codes (1865–66) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)
The Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution prohibits slavery or any 'involuntary servitude' in the USA
Go to Thirteenth Amendment in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.)
The first branch of the Ku Klux Klan is founded at Pulaski, in Tennessee, on Christmas Eve
Go to Ku Klux Klan in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.)
A Civil Rights Act is passed by the US Congress, guaranteeing the legal rights of African-Americans
Go to Civil Rights Act in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.)
The Fourteenth Amendment to the US constitution (not ratified till 1868) assures equal rights as citizens to all born or naturalized in the USA
Go to Fourteenth Amendment in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.)


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text:
Inside Out returns with online season of music, spoken word and literature
Ian Westhead January 12, 2021	No Comments Inside Out
Following the success of the Southbank Centre's online autumn multi-arts series, Inside Out, the Southbank Centre this week announced details of a second online season of music, spoken word and literature taking place from 24 January – 28 March 2021.
"We're bringing in the new year with a series of virtual events to lift the spirits, induce gales of laughter and make us see the world anew. Featuring some of the brightest and funniest literary talents around, beloved personalities and bold artists with extraordinary stories to tell, this is a programme that promises to replenish our sense of wonder." – Ted Hodgkinson, Head of Literature & Spoken Word at the Southbank Centre
Seven virtual literature and spoken word events will feature.
The season, which includes rising talents of literature and familiar names from pop culture, is bookended with two celebrations of poetry. The T.S. Eliot Prize (24 Jan) hosted by Ian McMillan opens the programme and the Southbank Centre's resident poetry and music night Out-Spoken (28 Mar) return to close the season with a stellar line-up.
"While 2020 was undoubtedly a horrific year for our industry, we did see unprecedented demand for music streaming and on-demand gigs, showing – more than ever – just how much the UK's cultural scene means to its people." – Bengi Ünsal, Head of Contemporary Music at the Southbank Centre
Ethan Hawke discusses and reads from his latest work in an exclusive virtual event (8 Feb). American debut novelist Raven Leilani is in conversation with British author Diana Evans about her debut work (25 Feb), while poet and cultural critic Hanif Abdurraqib introduces his new book of essays on Black performance in a special broadcast event (25 Mar).
And from the world of pop culture, Fearne Cotton speaks frankly about finding her voice (4 Feb), and lead singer of rock band Skunk Anansie, Skin (4 Mar) celebrates her memoir ahead of her appearance at Grace Jones' Meltdown festival at the Southbank Centre in June.
"To kick things off, we host the much-anticipated global stream from The Cinematic Orchestra; undoubtedly one of the most influential British bands of the last 20 years, they'll treat audiences to exclusive new music from their forthcoming album." – Bengi Ünsal, Head of Contemporary Music at the Southbank Centre
The globally-loved British band, The Cinematic Orchestra makes its much-anticipated Royal Festival Hall debut to perform exclusive new music from its upcoming album (29 Jan). Elsewhere, one of the country's most exciting new prospects, Black Country, New Road play the Southbank Centre for the first time, presenting music from their debut album (6 March).
Finally, the London Contemporary Orchestra returns for a night of new music, including specially-commissioned orchestral versions of 2020 electronic masterpieces by Kelly Lee Owens and Duval Timothy, both of which will be world premieres (19 March). All three events will be streamed globally on DICE, exclusively for the Southbank Centre.
Inside Out will be streamed online from 24 January – 28 March 2021.
"Opening and closing with poetry – from the exceptional T.S. Eliot Prize shortlist to a stellar digital edition Out-Spoken respectively – we're bookending the series with electrifying performances to get the year off to a scintillating start." – Ted Hodgkinson, Head of Literature & Spoken Word at the Southbank Centre
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Social Posts is a powerful tool for analyzing social content. Learn to find top content, high-engagement days/hours, hashtags, more.
The Social Posts report in Rival IQ displays information for all posts filtered by social channel, tag, and the date range selected in the top settings bar. In this section you can search through posts, make competitive comparisons and review performance metrics.
Filter the page to only your data by using the tag filter and selecting Only Focus Company (e.g., Glassybaby in the screenshot below). After selecting the tag, all of the data on the screen reflects just your company's activity and engagement.
You can quickly view your most engaging posts in "Top Landscape Posts" panel and your most engaging hashtags in the "Hashtags" panel.
Using the tag filter for your company only, use the "Post Channel", "Post Types", and "Post Times" panels to understand which social channel, post type, and post time receives the most engagement. It could be different from the channel, type, or time you're currently using!
If you're more into video, here's our own Cat Martinez breaking it down for you a little bit more.


According to a figure released in a recent survey, by the end of the year 2016, there will be a cumulative travel app download rate of 44 billion. Highlighting the importance of these popular and essential technological travel aids.
To keep up with international trends and meet consumer demands, a fun, informative and FREE app has been developed for the Cape West Coast and is an essential download for those wishing to explore this beautiful part of South Africa.
West Coast Way's 101+ Points Of Interest app is available as part of an internationally recognised travel app called Tourism Radio City Guides, and showcases over 101 fantastic things to see and do on the West Coast – perfect for anyone who is travelling up the West Coast and wants to ensure that they get the most out of their travel experience.
Once downloaded to your smartphone, iPad or tablet this free app will not require any further data usage for downloads but users must keep the GPS functionality on their device activated so that the app can navigate from the users' location.
This exciting new app provides important travel-related information for the West Coast like where to camp, sightseeing spots, heritage sites and places to eat, accommodation availability, etc.
"The app is used primarily by on-the-move travellers as a GPS-aware audio travel guide that provides relevant information based on their current location. It is however also used for holiday planning and general travel exploration, and the favourite and sharing functionality of the app caters for this, allowing users to favourite the points they would like to visit, and share info with their friends and families," says Lerm.
Users will be able to 'plug in' their smartphone or device into their car radio, or listen from the handset as the app highlights lots of interesting things that you can see and do in the Cape West Coast Biodiversity Corridor and surrounds.
Click here to download the Tourism Radio app and select the "South Africa|West Coast Way" guide to explore 101+ things to do and see in the Cape West Coast.
The new West Coast Way app is available for free download from Google Play store, Windows Phone store and the Apple iTunes store and will showcase places such as the Blaauwberg Nature Reserve, Melkbosstrand, the Koeberg Nature Reserve, Silwerstroomstrand, the Witzand Aquifer Nature Reserve, Mamre, the Groote Post Winery, Darling, The West Coast National Park, Yzerfontein, !Khwa ttu, and the Thali Thali Game Lodge – to name but a fraction of the 101 places and attractions that are included on this comprehensive new app.
For more information on West Coast Way, as well as the marketing packages available visit www.westcoastway.co.za or call West Coast Way on 0861 321 777. Connect with West Coast Way on Facebook and twitter at WestCoastWaySA.
West Coast Way, headed by Carmen Lerm, is an initiative which actively markets and showcases the West Coast Biodiversity Corridor, thereby increasing visitor numbers and improving economic growth for locals. West Coast Way is Your Gateway to the Vibrant Cape West Coast, which offers plentiful heritage and adventure tourism locations and activities – two of the fastest growing sectors in the travel industry.
The West Coast Biodiversity Corridor stretches from Blaauwberg to Saldanha and borders the Darling Heuwels along the scenic R27 highway. West Coast Way has developed two circular tour routes within the corridor that are being proactively marketed in an ongoing, planned and staged campaign that is generating focused interest on the attractions found along these routes. These routes are the Culture Route and the Foodie Route.


text:
Vertikale Suchmaschinen konzentrieren sich auf bestimmte Themengebiete wie Sport, Gesundheit oder Finanzen bzw. auf spezielle Zielgruppen wie z. B. Stellensuchende, Kinder und Jugendliche, Kunstliebhaber und Wissenschaftler.

Vertikale Suchmaschinen betrachten im Unterschied zu allgemeinen Suchmaschinen nur einen Teilbereich des World Wide Web und erstellen einen Index von Webdokumenten, die mit dem betrachteten Themengebiet korrespondieren. Vertikale Suchmaschinen basieren oft auf derselben Technologie wie Universal-Suchmaschinen, z. B. Apache Lucene. Die Benutzerschnittstelle kann aber komplexer sein, etwa um eine Eingrenzung der Ergebnismenge durch Facettenklassifikation (auch bekannt als "Drilldown") zu erlauben.

In der Studie Vertical Search BtoB Report 2009 von dem Marktforschungsunternehmen Econsultancy gaben die Befragten als Hauptvorteil von vertikalen Suchmaschinen an, relevante Informationen schnell zu finden. Rund zwei Drittel der Befragten sahen folgende Aspekte als bedeutendste Vorteile von vertikalen Suchmaschinen: schneller gewünschte Informationen finden (67 %), die Top-Ergebnisse sind relevanter (65 %), die Fokussierung auf spezielle Geschäftsinteressen und Arbeitsabläufe (64 %).

Einzelnachweise

Suchmaschine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Team BT | Print Edition: July 8, 2012
Walk into the cool environs of Rural Development Minister Jairam Ramesh's office and you will be treated to soothing Carnatic music wafting from a fist-size speaker attached to his laptop. In the austere office, decorated with cane furniture, with stacks of books arranged neatly on a glasstop desk, the minister sits hunched, with his palms covering his face. "It's been a long morning," he says.
It has, in fact, been a long summer of discontent for the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) at the Centre, which witnessed unprecedented confusion over the last two years, hurting the economy.
FROM THE MAGAZINE:Govt inaction behind poor growth indicators
Ramesh is in charge of one of the high-spending ministries, which administers flagship schemes such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS).
In New Delhi's political circles, he is rumoured to be on the long list of politicians in the running to become finance minister in the event the incumbent, Pranab Mukherjee, moves to Rashtrapti Bhavan, whose lawns he so covets.
Ramesh would like to see a rejigging of expenditure, reducing the gargantuan subsidy bill of Rs 2,16,297 crore - 2.44 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP) - and allocating resources towards roads, ports, railways, power and rural development.
The subsidy on diesel makes the minister fume the most. Between December 2011 and May this year, the price of the Indian basket of crude has fluctuated between $95.56 and $123.61 a barrel. Still, diesel prices in that period stayed unchanged as the UPA failed to free the prices of this fuel - from narrow political interests.
Expenditure re-jigging is a political exercise, that's why successive governments have not been able to do it"
Rural Development Minister
The political failure of the UPA leadership has also played a part in the economy losing steam to log a growth rate of 6.5 per cent in 2011/12, the slowest in nine years.
Every other macroeconomic indicator of importance has also tumbled. In 2011/12, industrial output collapsed to 2.8 per cent from the previous year's 8.2 per cent. Headline inflation has remained sticky in the seven to eight per cent range over the last four months.
The expanding fiscal deficit has been partly responsible for inflation remaining elevated. In 2011/12, the fiscal deficit was 5.76 per cent of GDP, almost 1.16 percentage points more than the government's original target of 4.6 per cent.
The rupee has depreciated sharply - 25.3 per cent between May 31, 2011 and the corresponding period in 2012 - against the dollar. The combined impact of all these factors showed up in the current account deficit, which was a record 3.9 per cent of GDP in 2011/12.
"Expenditure re-jigging is a political exercise, that's why successive governments have not been able to do it," says Ramesh, explaining why expenditure on subsidies cannot be easily transferred to growth-inducing spending on infrastructure.
PERSPECTIVE:Should Coal India rescue power sector at the cost of investors?
This inability to drive a political consensus has held back major reforms, particularly the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which aims to create a common market in India. Its introduction requires the Centre and states to reach a historic agreement on taxation rights.
Bihar's Finance Minister, Sushil Kumar Modi, who heads the states' grouping on GST negotiations, says the UPA has been inflexible in tackling the concerns states have with the GST bill.
"There is a trust deficit regarding compensation. The central government has promised that states will be compensated for the reduction of central sales tax from four to two per cent and their ultimate phase-out. But it has not yet fully compensated the states for 2010/11. The states want a categorical assurance."
The flux over GST is only indicative of a deeper problem of lack of credible leadership.
"[The government's] basic problem is diarchy," says Subramanian Swamy, National President, Janata Party, referring to the popular perception that the working of the government is influenced as much by 10, Janpath, as 7, Race Course Road, the respective homes of Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in New Delhi.
Oodhal Prasad Khushwaha (right) a farmer from Madola block in Lalitpur district, UP
Farm Ills
Sitting on the verandah of his new house, built on a part of his two acres or so of land, Oodhal Prasad Khushwaha says: "The spelling is O-od-h-a-l." The 55-year-old has studied till the eighth standard and could surprise a visitor with his use of English. Along with his three sons, he grows wheat and cereals, bakes bricks, and also does manual labour to eke out a living. Life has been tough for him, but a good harvest this year has made things better. "We grew 18 quintals of wheat," says the resident of the Madola block in Uttar Pradesh's Lalitpur district, in the Bundelkhand region, among the country's poorest.
Though the good monsoon played its role, water from the Rajghat canal in Datia and the Jamni canal in Lalitpur played a part. "The canal has changed our lives," says Atmaram Dange, 54. The feeder canal to his Kamad village has been brimming over for five years.
Jhansi and Tikamgarh, in the same region, tell a different tale. The poverty and lack of development on this stretch of National Highway 39 has to be seen to be believed. "State governments over the years have failed Bundelkhand," says N. C. Saxena , National Advisory Council member. Saxena headed a rural development ministry panel that said at least 50 per cent of the country's populace was poor That seems to be an understatement in many of the places BT visited. There are entire villages devoid of the basic needs of life, such as Khisnibujurg village in Jhansi, where drinking water is scarce and basic healthcare non-existent. Khisnibujurg may seem better off by the time you reach Lakhanjar, about 150 km away.
There are electric poles with cables connected as one criss-crosses the jungle, with deer and fox making sudden appearances. But there is no electricity running through the cables. Markets are miles away and the residents depend on the forest for fuel. The agricultural land provides just enough to keep body and soul together. It is a place frozen in time.
Extending the reach of the irrigation canals may change the landscape of many areas. Bundelkhand has had irrigation projects coming up since the end of the 19th century. However, a government official says the rocky and hilly terrain makes it difficult to expand the canal system.
All you see in terms of industrial activity is some stone crushing units in Paratpura and Lakshmanpura. Other than that, the area is totally dependent on farming. Without a lasting solution to the agricultural woes, all other progress on the macro-economic front may fall flat.
The few instances of prosperity in Bundelkhand are proof that government welfare schemes and projects, if implemented well, can rein in poverty. Experts, however, feel that much needs to be done, including bringing about a change in mindset. In November 2009, the Centre approved a special package of Rs 7,266 crore for drought relief and integrated development of the region. This targets developing 1.1 million hectares of land through irrigation development.
To ease the load on agriculture, job generation has to come from other sectors as well. "Much employment can be created by developing the tourism potential of this area," says Arun Singh, a Jhansi-based hotelier.
For more go to www.businesstoday.in/bundelkhand-economy
No longer is it just Indian politicians and analysts identifying diarchy as the root cause of India's rapidly unravelling growth story. In a report on June 8, global credit rating agency Standard & Poor's said the Congress party's inability to convince the Bharatiya Janata Party and other opposition parties to support its reforms had been downplayed.
"Moreover, paramount political power rests with the leader of the Congress party, Sonia Gandhi, who holds no Cabinet position, while the government is led by an unelected prime minister, Manmohan Singh, who lacks a political base of his own; the previous BJP-led coalition government managed to gain the consent of enough opposition parties to implement economic reforms during 1998-2004."
A world away from S&P'S headquarters in Water Street, New York City, Mahadev Bhimrao Shinde, an illiterate farmer in western Maharashtra's Sangli district, is unlikely to use the word diarchy, or the phrase policy paralysis, in this lifetime. But mention the word government and his hackles are up.
"I have no expectations from them," he says, throwing his hands up in despair. The continuing drought here has pushed Shinde to contemplate the sale of his only productive assets: two cows and a goat.
There is a (Centre-State) trust deficit regarding compensation. The states want a categorical assurance"
Head of the empowered committee of state finance ministers on GST
Way back in 2008, the state government declared Sangli as an area facing a drought-like situation. That has made no difference to the situation on the ground. Of the Rs 2,700 crore demanded by the state government for drought relief this year, the Centre has sanctioned Rs 588 crore.
There is no progress on the plan to bring water here from the close-by Krishna river. There is no one to advise farmers to grow crops that need less water, and no one to show them how to conserve soil.
EDITOR'S TAKE:Why India needs to get its act together, quickly
Unsurprisingly, the state's food grain production fell 23 per cent in 2011/12, and its agricultural output shrank 9.1 per cent. GDP growth has fallen to 8.5 per cent from 11.3 per cent a year ago. And you thought Maharashtra was one of the country's richest, most developed, and most modern states.
The New Inspirations
It is not all gloom and doom out there. Dig deeper and there is enough to dispel the gloom, most of it in hitherto forgotten states, which could not be spoken of in the same breath as Maharashtra. These states are showing how good governance can often be the bedrock of good economics.
Chhattisgarh, in popular imagination, especially in the imagination of the people in the metros, is a state in the throes of numerous conflicts. Raipur, the capital, was a nondescript town when the state was created on November 1, 2000. It has since sprouted wide roads, half a dozen malls, and an IIM.
SPECIAL:Raman effect
On a recent Sunday afternoon in an upscale restaurant downtown, the couple at a far table could just as well be in South Delhi or South Mumbai. Dressed in blue denims and black shirts, they could not have been out of college yet. At lunch, they paid more attention to each other than to the food or to those around them. Afterwards, they left in a white Hyundai Verna with dark windows.
Parshuram Khot is hopeful his brinjal crop will do better than his turmeric harvest
Sangli Surprise
Parshuram Khot, 31, sits in a corner of his 10-acre plot of land, fiddling with his mobile as he keeps a keen eye on daily wage earners at work in his field. Khot wears shorts and a colourful baniyan inside a colourful shirt. But attire is not the only thing that marks him apart from the turban-dhoti wearing farmers in Pimpalwadi village, in western Maharashtra's Sangli district.
Sangli is known for its water-guzzling cash crops such as turmeric, sugarcane, grapes, and pomegranate. But Khot is the only one in his village to take to turmeric. He did it three years ago, despite his father's warnings. Today, Khot avoids a discussion on crops with his father. Turmeric prices have fallen from a high of Rs 20,000 per quintal in 2010 to Rs 4,500 per quintal.
Khot plans to hold on to his harvest for two to three years. "I don't think other farmers are as strong as me." He is sure half of the other turmeric farmers will stop growing the crop, which will push prices up. Not many can do that. Most will have to sell for whatever price they get, and get sucked into poverty. "This will have an impact on disposable income and demand in the rural economy," says Kiran Kulkarni, who runs an NGO in the area supporting self help groups.
The plight of the farmers represents the state of affairs in Maharashtra, a state that makes the highest contribution - 14.5 per cent - to the country's GDP. Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, at 8.3 per cent each, are a distant second. Sangli, 350 km from Mumbai, with a population of 2.8 million, epitomises many aspects of the Indian economy. Unlike China, India is a consumption-driven economy. In Sangli, the consumption is driven by farm income as 55 per cent of its population lives in the rural areas. The urban population lives mainly on trading and salaries. In the post-2008 period, the rural economy remained unaffected because of better prices for agricultural commodities. Small town folk were also buffered from the squeeze on city dwellers, who were neckdeep in debt.
Today, the rural economy is no longer recession-proof. At the main Shivaji Mande market in Sangli city, the streets are not deserted, but neither are they packed. "Demand has fallen in the last 18 months. My business in terms of value is increasing, but the volumes are not much," says Vijay Ladda, who owns a Sony showroom. Apart from the big brands - Honda to McDonald's to Raymonds - Sangli city is host to swanky showrooms of furniture and bathroom fittings. Randeep More, owner of a bath fittings showroom on the Sangli-Miraj Road, says growth is still high because of the sluggish Pune real estate market - there has been a gradual shift by builders as well as customers to the Sangli area, which is emerging as a new centre for industrial activity.
There are over two dozen sugar factories here. The district is, despite Khot's troubles, the turmeric capital of India. Of late, wine producers have been making Sangli their home because of large grape plantations here. Popat Chavan, a consultant, says the region enjoys strong winds and a few wind energy players such as Suzlon have already invested here. Some of these activities are keeping the Sangli realty market buoyant.
For more go to www.businesstoday.in/sangli-economy
About 20 minutes away, in the industrial belt of Urla, it is a different world. This is where the road, its upper surface missing, is lined with small industrial units that churn out steel rods. You do not see denims; what you see is half-naked children playing with strange contraptions for toys. In front of houses that would require you to bend at the waist before entering, women wash utensils by the roadside in brackish water.
Another 20 minutes away is Siltara, big brother to Urla. The units here are large, owned by the big names in the area: Sarda Energy, Hira Group, Vandana Global, among others. Some produce more than 650 tonnes of steel a day. They also pollute more. The roads are good, so there is much less dust than in Urla, but the air is thick with smoke and fly ash. Asthma is said to be rampant.
To be fair, this is the kind of conflict Jharkhand may have liked to have. Created 14 days after Chhattisgarh, it has the same dominant features: mineral riches, a large tribal population, land-locked geography, and a Naxal insurgency.
Jharkhand is way behind Chhattisgarh on most economic par a meters . For instance , Chhattisgarh's per capita income in 2004/05 was a mere Rs 49 more than Jharkhand's. By the end of the last financial year, Chhattisgarh had widened the gap to Rs 6,733. That is a direct outcome of the divergent paths the two states' economies have followed.
An upcoming housing project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh's capital
In 2004/05, Jharkhand's GDP was Rs 11,896 crore - or 25 per cent more than Chhattisgarh's. By the end of the last financial year, Chhattisgarh was ahead by Rs 4,553 crore, or 5.5 per cent. In fact, Chhattisgarh has been the state with the second fastest growing GDP for the last two years - after Bihar, and not counting the quasi state of Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry Experts say this has a lot to do with the political environment in the two states. In less than a dozen years, Jharkhand's Chief Minister has changed no less than seven times, with two spells of President's rule in between. Chhattisgarh has seen just one change. Its second Chief Minister, Raman Singh, has been leading a BJP government since December 2003.
The political continuity has had a happy by-product in coherent and concerted policy. Early on, Singh decided that he would not allow mere trading of Chhattisgarh's rich mineral deposits, mainly iron ore, coal and bauxite. He says he compelled public sector mining giant National Mineral Development Corporation to set up a steel manufacturing plant at Nagarnar, 35 kilometres from Jagdalpur, in the heart of the Naxal belt. "I said how long will you keep exporting ore to China, Japan and Korea? That is a crime. Why do we abuse East India Company? Some people in that meeting would have felt bad, but if all the ore is taken away what will be left for our future?"
To set the environment right, Singh has done many other things to improve the environment. As the industrial policy rolled on, he focused on agriculture and allied businesses. The interest rate on agricultural loans was brought down from 14 per cent to one per cent. Farmers get up to 7,500 units of free power and the state spends Rs 1,30,000 on installation of each tube well. The state's public distribution system, along with Gujarat's, was touted by an entity no less than the Supreme Court last year as the model every state should follow.
Sivakasi's matchbox industry is struggling
Hope Sinks
The climate in Sivakasi, in Tamil Nadu's Virudhunagar district, is hot and dry. Rains are rare. Out of this discomfort has arisen the country's most dense concentration of units making firecrackers and matchboxes. Over 4,500 small-scale match units and 400-odd fireworks manufacturers here produce 70 per cent of the country's output. They export as well.Of late, these units have been feeling the heat from a slowing economy.
"To a large extent it is sentiment that drives the demand for fireworks. If people are happy and confident they loosen their purse strings," says R. Sukumar, Managing Director, Sri Krishna Pyro Exports, before adding: "Demand from the cities has crashed 30 per cent this year." This could not have come at a more inopportune time for Sukumar and his fellow manufacturers. Exports have dried up with the Chinese, as in so many other items, stealing a march.
Sukumar, whose products sell all over the country under the Krishna brand, says his raw material and labour costs have increased sharply in the last two years, and so have interest costs. "We are surviving because we have been in this business for 35 years. But players who have come recently are under severe stress and many factories are up for sale." There is also a shift in demand from noise-making 'bombs' to aerial and colourful fireworks, and this calls for investment.
The region's small-scale sector, which operates on wafer-thin margins, has been hit by power cuts in excess of eight hours a day imposed by the Tamil Nadu government. Forced to run generators for most of the day, entrepreneurs' costs have spiralled. "I am incurring losses," says S. Raman, who runs a cement bag manufacturing unit in the area.
For more go to www.businesstoday.in/virudhunagar-economy
No wonder its agriculture and allied sectors grew more than six per cent last financial year. The conflicts, however, remain. The operator of a fleet of taxis says he cannot think of getting into the recesses of Bastar after sundown. Every other month, a Shaheed Saptah (martyrs' week) or a Jan Pituri Saptah (revolutionary week) by the Maoists brings everything to a standstill.
The instance of Bundelkhand is even more unique than the conflict in Chhattisgarh. Spread over 13 districts and straddling two states, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, this area, despite being host to the diamond mines of Panna, has been a pocket of abject poverty.
In Khisnibujurg village, Jhansi, for instance, the fight is for drinking water and basic healthcare. "We have not had drinking water for three days," says Gangubhai Dulat, who is in her sixties. The borewell is running dry and belches water occasionally; the well inside the village is completely desiccated. Fortunately, a public well half a kilometre away still has water. "If that well also dries up, the entire village will have to migrate," says Jagadish Prasad.
Yet, of late, a few silver linings have emerged here, as seen in Kamad village in Madhya Pradesh's Datia district. Good irrigation facilities provided by canals such as the Rajghat canal in Datia and Jamni canal in Lalitpur have coloured the fields green. "The Rajghat canal has changed our lives," says Atmaram Dange, 54. The feeder canal to his Kamad village has been flowing for five years. "Our wheat harvest has gone up eight times in the last eight years. This year it has increased by 20 per cent," he says.
Along with the harvest, the standard of living has also risen. Nirbal Ahirwar, 50, of Shehadpur village in Lalitpur, has a direct-tohome dish jutting out of his roof. "We hope to buy a tractor next year," says his 25-year-old son, Harinarayan.
It is not just water that has changed the lives here. There is also MGNREGS, which, strangely, the UPA is not talking about as much as it used to. But those in Bundelkhand are in love with it. "The Rs 10,000 earned through the scheme can make a huge difference to poor households," says Yogesh Kumar, who runs an NGO in the area.
MGNREGS'S impact is, in fact, felt far and wide. Sivakasi, a town in Tamil Nadu's Virudhunagar district, is the country's primary supplier of fireworks and matchboxes. S.M. Antony Bharati, Joint Secretary with South India Match Manufacturers Association, says no one wants to work in a matchbox unit today. "We cannot match the wages paid by MGNREGS. We often send our vans as far as 60 km to bring in workers." Bharati's company, Annarathna, has imported machines from South Korea to reduce its need for labour.
A.V. Kalyanavenkatrama Raja, who makes and sells jaggery from his picturesque 20-acre farm in Ullar village, has been waiting for more than a week to get labour to harvest his sugarcane crop. "I have finally got hold of people from another district to harvest my crop," he says.
Nirbal Ahirwar (centre) of Shahdadpur village in Bundelkhand has benefited from MGNREGS
Of course, the big picture is important. Most people are clear on what is needed to fix the fisc: FDI in retail and aviation, pension reforms, introduction of GST, among other measures. The government needs to be serious about meeting targets announced on road construction, railways, and coal production. "Apart from fiscal stimulus, the government really needs to meet its targets. That will induce confidence," says Ajit Ranade, Chief Economist with Aditya Birla Group.
Adds C. Rangarajan, who heads the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council: "We need to think of innovative ways to solve the problem. Certain proposals have been made in the case of the LPG subsidy, to shield lower income groups."
For Planning Commission Member Saumitra Chowdhuri, "It's a question of which direction you are headed. There is a right path and a wrong path. So far, the government hasn't decided, but at some point it will have to take a decision." One of those paths could lead to Raipur, another to Sangli. The government needs to tread carefully.
Anand Adhikari In Sangli, N. Madhavan In Virudhunagar, Sebastian P.T. In Bundelkhand, Shweta Punj in New Delhi, Suveen K. Sinha in Chhattisgarh
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You may recall in September of last year when the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench declared portions of the province's Personal Information Protection Act to be unconstitutional (See: Alberta court declares portions of provincial privacy law unconstitutional). As expected, the case was appealed and the Court of Appeal has just recently handed down its decision. In United Food and Commercial Workers, Local 401 v Alberta (Attorney General), 2012 ABCA 130, the Court of Appeal upheld the decision of the Court of Queen's Bench.
The Court of Queen's Bench had found that the exception in the Act for journalistic collection was too narrowly drafted, as it required that the collection of personal information be for journalistic purposes and for no other purposes. This was an unreasonable restriction; if the collection were, in part, for journalistic purposes, then the Act should not restrict or regulate it. The Court of Appeal, in contrast, concluded that the purposes were not really journalistic, but were nevertheless constitutionally protected freedom of expression.
 The Act contains no general exemption for forms of expression that are constitutionally protected. To the extent that the exemptions in the Act are not sufficient to permit the type of collection and use of information engaged in by the union, its constitutionality should be analyzed directly, not indirectly through an artificial screen of journalistic purposes. Whether the restrictions on the union's expression are demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society should not be based on the premise that a journalistic purpose was involved. The issue is whether it is justifiable to restrain expression in support of labour relations and collective bargaining activities such as existed here.
 In summary, it is not helpful to analyze this situation as "journalism". Not every piece of information posted on the Internet qualifies. If the union wished to publish information about the activities on the picket line in a newspaper or on television, that would likely qualify as journalism. But that need not be decided here, because that is not what the complaints were about.
Education of union members, and providing information to other unions is expressive at its core.
Dissuading people from crossing the picket line, enhancing morale of the strikers, deterring violence and threats, and achieving a favourable end to the strike are all legitimate purposes supported by the right to free expression. Persuading people to think or act in a certain way is a direct purpose of free expression.
 The union has established a prima facie breach of its s. 2 Charter rights. Are the provisions of the Act demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society? Is the Adjudicator's decision unreasonable because its effect on the union's expressive rights is disproportional? To paraphrase Doré at para. 66, the appellant must demonstrate that the Adjudicator's decision gave due regard to the importance of the expressive rights at issue, both in light of the union's right to expression and the public's interest in open discussion.
The result is that the Court declared the application of the Act to the union's constitutionally protected activities was unconstitutional.
This case will almost undoubtedly be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. Stay tuned.
It's also notable that the decision contains the following observation, quoted above but worth restating: "There is no exemption allowing organizations to reasonably use personal information that is reasonably required in the legitimate operation of their businesses." This statement was not necessary for the determination of the case under appeal, but potentially has significant consequences for the future.
I didn't see any mention in the decision about the freedom of expression rights of the line-crossers. Just as picketing is a form of expression, so is crossing the line. By videotaping, the unions are clearly trying to intimidate the line-crossers and infringing on their freedom of expression.


Abstract: E-government systems pass through stages until they reach the highest potential of providing customers with full online interaction with their governments, thus enabling them to obtain government information and services from a single point of access. The transactional stage of e-government is one of the most important to the implementation of an e-government system as it represents the highest level of interaction within organisations and between customers and government organisations. Due to the importance of the transactional stage of the e-government system and its positive impact, not only on making the delivery of external services quicker, but also on increasing the efficiency of internal government processes, government organisations might seek to reach this stage. However, in order to reach the transactional stage of e-government, government organisations face various challenges; these challenges could be political, technical, economic, social or organisational. In fact, there appears to be an absence of theoretical models for the technical and organisational challenges facing transactional e-government systems. Furthermore, there is a lack of studies focusing on identification of the importance, categorisation and presentation of strategies for overcoming technical and organisational challenges. Therefore, this paper will try to fill the information gap based on empirical case studies of two government organisations. This paper will propose the conceptual model, identify the importance, categorisation and presentation of the strategies for overcoming technical and organisational challenges facing a transactional e-government system.
Keywords: technical challenges; organisational challenges; transactional e-government; electronic government; government information; government services; government organisations; Dubai.


The global configuration file is a repository of properties that can be used by any configurable component in the system. The global configuration file can be used to assign a property to multiple parser topologies. For example, every message from every sensor is validated against global configuration rules. The global configuration file can also be used to assign properties to enrichments and the profiler which each use a single topology. For example, you can use the global configuration to configure the enrichment topology's writer batching settings.
The following is an index of the global configuration properties and their associated Apache Ambari properties if they are managed by Ambari.
Any property that is managed by Ambari should only be modified via Ambari. Otherwise, when you restart a service, Ambari might overwrite your updates.