A company that owns enough stock in another company to control its operations. That is, the holding company can appoint the board of directors, set policies, and generally operate as the sole owner of another company, even if it does not actually own 100% of the stock. Some holding companies do not have operations of their own; that is, they exist simply to own and control other companies. In the United States, if a holding company owns at least 80% of the stock in another company, dividends paid to that holding company are not taxed. See also: Double Taxation.
A type of parent company that exists primarily to exercise control over other firms. The control is exercised through ownership of a majority of the controlled firm's shares. Earnings of the holding company are derived from earnings of the controlled firms, which pay dividends on the shares. Compare subsidiary. See also operating unit.
By acquiring enough voting stock in another company, a holding company, also called a parent company, can exert control over the way the target company is run without actually owning it outright.
The advantages of this approach, provided that the holding company owns at least 80% of the voting shares, are that it receives tax-free dividends if the subsidiary prospers and can write off some of the operating losses if the subsidiary falters.
Because of its shareholder status, however, the holding company is insulated to some extent from the target company's liabilities.
a JOINT-STOCK COMPANY that controls another company or companies. Ownership may be complete (100%) or partial (ownership of 50%+ of the voting shares in the company). Such ownership confers powers to control the policies of SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES.The holding company will report the accounting results of these subsidiary companies as part of the accounting results for the group of companies. In addition, the holding company may own between 20% and 50% of the voting shares of an ASSOCIATED COMPANY, which will continue to produce its own annual accounts and retain a degree of independence, though subject to the influence of the holding company.
Holding companies are most frequently used as a means of achieving diversified or conglomerate growth, with the firm operating separate companies in different lines of production activity, but with each company subject to varying degrees of centralized control by the parent company. See CONSOLIDATED ACCOUNTS, HFORM. DIVERSIFICATION.
a company that controls another company or companies. Ownership may be complete (100%) or partial (ownership of 51%+ of the voting shares in the company). Such ownership confers powers to control the policies of subsidiary companies. The holding company will report the accounting results of these subsidiary companies as part of the accounting results for the group of companies.
Holding companies are most frequently used as a means of achieving diversified or conglomerate growth, with the firm operating separate companies in different lines of production activity but with each company subject to varying degrees of centralized control by the 'parent company'. See DIVERSIFICATION.
A company that owns or controls another company.
For Liberty Mutual Group, forming a mutual holding company was also the right choice.
Thus, Honbarrier should support a position that a holding company can be in the business of investing, even investing in the stock of its operating subsidiary.
The holding company gave Principal the ability to "unstack" its subsidiaries.
The directors, executive officers, and certain other members of management and employees of San Juan Financial Holding Company are participants in the solicitation of proxies in favor of the merger from the shareholders of San Juan Financial Holding Company.
B) The date on which the company becomes a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act.
The company filed on August 12, 2004 a Certificate of Dissolution with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to formally extinguish Comdisco Holding Company, Inc.
For example, in determining whether an activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity, the agencies must consider whether the proposed activity is necessary or appropriate to allow a financial holding company to compete effectively with any company seeking to provide financial services in the United States, efficiently deliver financial information and services through the use of technological means, or offer customers any available or emerging technological means for using financial services.
An ownership interest, whether majority or minority, in a real estate holding company, can be worth significantly less than the FMV of the underlying assets.
McKee, President and Chief Executive Officer of Citizens Holding Company said, "This decision was made as a part of our ongoing efforts to maximize shareholder value and improve our Company's visibility to investors.
Vineyard National Bancorp (NASDAQGS:VNBC) (the "company") announced today that the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ("FRB") has approved the company's request to change its designation from a bank holding company to a financial holding company.


Travel-generated employment increased by 33,500 jobs in January, the largest monthly gain since February 2016.
Within travel, job gains occurred mainly in the leisure and hospitality industry, including the amusements/gambling/recreation industry, food services/drinking places industry, and the lodging industry. Employment in the airline industry continued to grow, as well.


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This Week in Donald Trump's Conflicts of Interest: A golf course in Dubai and so much more!
Trump continues to risk violating the emoluments clause — and push for policies that will profit himself
By Matthew Rozsa
January 7, 2017 4:30PM (UTC)
(Reuters/Lucas Jackson/Shutterstock/Salon)
This has been an interesting week when it comes to exploring Donald Trump's multiple conflicts of interest. Let's dive in!
Donald Trump has a golf course opening in Dubai less than a month after his inauguration
Trump's first golf course in the Arab world is going to open in Dubai in February, as The Week reported on Tuesday. Located in a development owned by DAMAC Properties, a real estate company based in Dubai, the course would be dependent on the government of the United Arab Emirates for services including electricity, water and transportation access. Unless Trump totally divests himself from this business enterprise, any profit he makes off of the course could very well violate the emoluments clause of the Constitution, which prohibits public officials from accepting gifts or payments from foreign governments without Congress's permission.
Trump's legislative policies will make him really rich
A number of Trump's economic policies would personally benefit the president-elect's wallet. His elimination of regulations on Wall Street and other big businesses would naturally strengthen his vast business empire, and while it isn't unusual for Republican presidents with business connections to support economic programs that will benefit their various enterprises, the very reason why they've divested from them while in office is to at least maintain the appearance of not personally profiting from their policies. Similarly, his tax reform agenda is clearly skewed to benefit the rich. For instance, Trump promises to repeal the estate tax, which only applies to a fraction of the 1 percent — but which, if Trump's repeated self-valuation of $10 billion is accurate, would allow him to save roughly $4 billion.
Then again, his proposals fit the Republican party line.
Some of Trump's own supporters are getting worried about his conflicts of interest
The sheer volume of the president-elect's conflicts of interest is so mind-boggling that Republicans -- including former New Jersey Gov. Christine Todd Whitman, former Rep. Mickey Edwards of Oklahoma (who had chaired the House Republican Policy Committee), former Minnesota Gov. Arne Carlson, political consultant John Pudner, and Peter Schweizer of the Government Accountability Institute -- have signed a letter urging the president-elect to sell his businesses.
"Respectfully, you cannot serve the country as president and also own a world-wide business enterprise, without seriously damaging the presidency," the letter stated.
It remains to be seen whether or not Trump will do that.
Matthew Rozsa
Matthew Rozsa is a staff writer for Salon. He holds an MA in History from Rutgers University-Newark and is ABD in his PhD program in History at Lehigh University. His work has appeared in Mic, Quartz and MSNBC.
MORE FROM Matthew Rozsa
Donald Trump Dubai Estate Tax Golf Course

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A guide providing local, business and tourist information. Includes information for the surrounding areas.
Provides a Portal for the local community and small businesses in and around the area.
Providers of bridal car hire, corporate travel and chauffeur driven transfer services in the Central Scotland (Glasgow, Stirling, Edinburgh, Prestick) area. Located in Blanefield.


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Portishead's Geoff Barrow Shares "99 Red Balloons" Cover
Geoff Barrow is known to most for his work with Portishead, though the British musician has done film work and delivered a couple of incarnations of his side-project BEAK>, as well. He also founded a label called Invada Records back in 2001, and now he's revealed a mysterious new project on it.
Following Portishead's take on an ABBA track, Barrow has shared a cover of Nena's Cold War anthem "99 Red Balloons." It arrives accredited to the Invada Allstars — whose lineup is being kept anonymous — and musician and journalist Anika. It was recorded at Invada Studios in Bristol, UK, and is available now.
The song is being released as a means of raising awareness about the Stop Trident protest taking place in London on February 27. Give it a listen below.
99 Red Balloons by Invada Allstars Feat. Anika
More Geoff Barrow
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Geoff Barrow
Portishead's Geoff Barrow Remixes Arcade Fire's "Creature Comforts"
With all of the ironic videos and publicity stunts, it was easy to forget that Arcade Fire actually released a new album called Everything N...
Anika Announces Covers-Heavy Self-Titled EP
It's been two years since Anika dropped her "No One's There" / "Yang Yang" single, but the Berlin-based electro artist has announced her ret...
Anika Reveals New Single, North American Tour
Last fall, Bristol-via-Berlin dub artist Anika teamed up with Portishead's Geoff Barrow for her self-titled debut album. Now, she's returnin...
Anika Teams Up with Portishead's Geoff Barrow for Debut Album
When Bristol-via-Berlin performer Anika met Portishead's Geoff Barrow through a mutual friend, it changed her life almost instantly. Bonding...


Elmer Peter "Stick" Kromer, 94, of Huron, formerly of Finch Street, Sandusky, where he had lived for over 60 years. passed away peacefully late Tuesday afternoon, March 19, 2019, in the Stein Hospice Care Center, Sandusky, with family at his side, after a lengthy illness.
Born on September 12, 1924, in Sandusky, OH the son of Louis and Lavina (Rader) Kromer. Prior to graduating from high school, Elmer enlisted in to the U.S. Army having served honorably from 1942-1945, as a Sergeant and Chief Radar Operator with the 115th Coast Artillery Battalion (Anti-Aircraft Division) during W.W. II, he had seen action in Normandy, Northern France, the Rhineland, Ardennes (Germany), England and Central Europe. He participated in the invasion at Omaha Beach and the Battle of the Bulge and was a recipient of the EAME Theatre Service Medal with 5 Bronze Stars. Years later, Elmer and his wife, Mary, were able to visit Omaha Beach and other World War II sites on a European tour in September 2011.
Following his honorable discharge from the military, Elmer completed his schooling and was recognized as a member of the Class of 1942 from St. Mary's High School, he later went on and attended the Sandusky Business School. Elmer had a long career as a Corporate Secretary of Lake Erie Canning Company and Office Manager at Brohl & Appell, in Sandusky, before retiring.
Elmer enjoyed working on remodeling projects at his Finch Street home, where he and Mary lived for 62 years, and was always on call as the family handyman. He was skilled in woodworking and carpentry, he loved gardening and spending time outdoors. His other hobbies were golfing and bowling on the Cameo sponsored team with the same group of friends for over 50 years.
Elmer was a longtime member of St. Mary's Catholic Church and he had served on the SMH Athletic Board for many years, he was also a member of the Knights of Columbus Council # 546 where he had served as financial secretary of the Council.
Elmer is survived by his wife, of nearly 70 years, Mary Margaret (Butts) Kromer, who lovingly cared for him until his death. They were married in St. Mary's Church on September 3, 1949. He is also survived by four daughters, Kathleen (Bill) Murphy, Plymouth, MA; Marleen (Gary) Stuhlfauth, Columbus; Cynthia Ann (Joe) Carey, Dayton; Patricia (Sam) Rimboch, Huron; and son, Timothy (Nancy) Jones, Oshkosh, WI; grandchildren, Kristen (Justin) Gennari, Megen (Patrick) Kania, Jude (Brittany) Kromer; Alison and Dan Murphy, Jeremy (Katie) and Nathan Stuhlfauth, Clarissa, Maggie, Alex, and Matt Carey; Marcus (Dorry) and Sarah Rimboch; Alexis Jones (Brady) Calmes, Anna and Collin Jones; great grandchildren, Jencyn Gennari, Cuper and Macie Kania, Avery and Reed Rimboch, and Eleanor Calmes; and a daughter-in-law, Kim (Koch) Kromer of Sandusky.
Visitation will be held on Saturday morning, March 23, 2019, from 8:30 am until time of the Mass of Christian Burial at 10 am at Sts. Peter and Paul Catholic Church, 510 Columbus Avenue, Sandusky. Fr. Monte Hoyles officiating. Burial will be in Calvary Cemetery, Sandusky. Military honors will be conducted by the American Legion Post # 83 Color Guard.
The family suggests that memorial contributions may be made in his memory to St. Mary's Catholic Church, 429 Central Avenue, Sandusky, OH 44870; Stein Hospice Service, Inc., 1200 Sycamore Line, Sandusky, OH 44870 or to Back To the Wild, P. O. Box 423, 4504 Bardshar Road, Castalia, OH 44824.
Your memories and words of comfort may be shared with Elmer's family at davidfkoch.com.


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10 of the Most Random Things to Go Ridiculously Viral
A look back on the odd memes that mesmerized and confused us all
filo / Getty Images
Elise Moreau
Elise Moreau is a writer that has covered social media, texting, messaging, and streaming for Lifewire. Her work has appeared on Techvibes, SlashGear, Lifehack and others.
You probably already know that internet memes aren't really supposed to make very much sense, but there are a select few that just seem too random to matter all that much. Incredibly, most of these random and seemingly pointless memes are among the biggest the internet has seen.
These memes have profoundly shocked us, confused the living daylights out of us and made us actually laugh out loud. According to University of Colorado psychology professor Peter McGraw, something is only funny when we perceive it to be a benign violation of what's expected of reality, and given the nature of internet memes, this seems like a totally logical explanation for why we can never really quite put into words why we instinctively find them to be so funny.
Let's take a look back on a few of the most memorable and gloriously pointless memes that once graced the screens of our computers and mobile devices. Love them or hate them, these definitely made internet history.
In 2015, an image post of a dress was uploaded to Tumblr, asking users to identify what color it was. As you might recall, this went viral within a matter of hours and almost everyone on social media was either posting "black and blue," or "white and gold." It turned into a huge debate that nobody seemed to be able to settle.
Countless blogs took the viral post and worldwide debate as inspiration to try and explain the science of light and color. Later, after what was perhaps the largest and most pointless online argument of all time, the actual dress pictured in the post was revealed to be black and blue.
Alex from Target
If you needed proof that teenaged girls are perhaps the most powerful demographic on the World Wide Web, look no further than the "Alex from Target" story. This kid who went from nobody to instant fame was interviewed by The New York Times and appeared on Ellen shortly after he burst onto the scene.
Alex was nothing but a good looking teen boy cashier at Target doing his job and it only took one candid photo of him posted on Twitter to send every teen girl into a lovestruck, social sharing frenzy. Once people figured out who he really was and found his Twitter profile, he gained nearly a quarter of a million followers in just about a day.
Damn Daniel
Continuing on with the lovestruck teenaged girls who are very active on social media and can't resist a charming teenaged boy, the "Damn Daniel" meme was something of a similar phenomenon. It was nothing but a collection of Twitter and Snapchat videos of a high schooler repeatedly and dramatically complimenting his friend's fashion choices — especially his shoes.
For whatever reason, people absolutely loved this. The initial Twitter post garnered over 100,000 retweets and nearly 150,000. Like the Tumblr user behind The Dress and Alex from Target, the Damn Daniel kids eventually earned themselves a guest appearance on Ellen as well.
Chewbacca Mom
Another ridiculous meme that went viral was a video of a mother from Texas who filmed herself in her car laughing half to death as she tried on her new Chewbacca mask that she bought for herself. Within a few days of posting it to Facebook, it became the most viewed video of all time on the social platform with 145 million views and 3.2 million shares, according to Know Your Meme.
Candace Payne, the woman behind the mask, reportedly made over $500,000 after the video went viral. In the case of this particular meme, laughter really is contagious.
The IKEA Monkey
Who could resist talking about a monkey wearing a shearling coat who was mysteriously found roaming around an IKEA store parking lot in the dead of winter? Once a few people who spotted the lost monkey started tweeting photos of him scurrying around in his coat, the media caught on and started reporting on it.
The IKEA Monkey — appropriately named Darwin — became an instant worldwide hit and the inspiration for countless meme variations. After a lengthy court battle, Darwin was never given back to his original owner due to ownership issues. He now resides in a primate sanctuary.
Given the popularity of Netflix these days, it was only a matter of time before it would likely serve as the inspiration for a huge and ridiculous meme. Today, the popular phrase "Netflix and chill" takes on a whole new meaning and doesn't really have anything to do with watching something interesting on Netflix while chilling out on the couch.
The internet collectively came to the conclusion that "Netflix and chill" is almost always used as code for casually inviting someone over to try and, ahem, get into their pants. You can find this phrase mentioned everywhere on social media along with images and GIFs that capture some of the hilariously exaggerated interpretations.
Who would've thought that a simple photo of a side-eyed Shiba Inus sitting comfortably with his front paws crossed could go so viral? It was back in 2013 when everyone became obsessed with writing nonsensical words in colorful comic sans font to reflect this dog's simple and limited thought process.
You can find variations of this particular Shiba Inus photo marked with words like "wow" and "much [adjective]." At the height of the cryptocurrency trend, Doge became the inspiration for a cryptocurrency of its own, called "Dogecoin."
Flappy Bird was a mobile game for the iOS platform that users described as both ridiculously bad and ridiculously addicting. Gamers everywhere became obsessed with the simple, retro app that was basically impossible to beat. Before long, an Android version was released and shortly afterward the game took the top spots for the most downloaded app on both Google Play and the iTunes App Store.
The developer of the game, Dong Nguyen, made a ton of money off the viral success of Flappy Bird but claimed that it "ruined his simple life" and decided to take the game offline. As you could imagine, lots of other developers tried to ride the viral trend that Flappy Bird caught wind of by developing their own Flappy Bird-inspired clones.
Horse_ebooks
Horse_ebooks was a Twitter account that was thought to be a spam bot scraping text from various different ebook sources and auto-posting them in totally random, broken sentences to Twitter. The cryptic and often hilarious tweets helped the account gain over 120,000 followers. Its best tweets easily received thousands of retweets and favorites.
In 2013, the account was revealed to have been an art project by a BuzzFeed staff member. After the last three final tweets were posted by @Horse_ebooks about the true identity and purpose behind it, the account never tweeted again.
Charlie Bit Me
An oldie but still a goodie, this innocent home video of a baby (Charlie) biting his older brother's finger is one of those viral videos that you tend to either think is adorably funny or just plain boring. The original video, which was first uploaded to YouTube in 2007, now has a whopping 862 million views.
Harry, Charlie's older brother, describes the pain he's feeling in an adorable British accent as his finger is bitten. The video is less than a minute long and it's one of the most memorable viral videos in all of internet history. Perhaps that could've worked in 2007 when YouTube was still new, but these days, it's a lot more difficult to get your home videos to get that kind of attention.
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A few weekends ago I was invited to give a talk to the Boston University Global Apps Initiative, a student run group that works to publish apps that benefit nonprofits. These BU students, numbering in the hundreds over the years, learn to work in teams and build collaboratively. It's an awesome organization and a great mission, and they've published six apps since starting in 2012.
I've had a small brush with the Pats before. Way back in 2007, when I was at Quattro Wireless, I was part of the team that built the mobile websites for the NFL and the Patriots. As part of that work, we traveled to Patriots Place to meet with their digital team and witnessed some of the prep the Patriots organization does in the midst of a football season. As we walked through Patriots Place, an open door revealed a daily planning meeting with representatives of all aspects of the organization: security, vending, parking, media, etc., each running through a fast update on their area of focus. Talk about a cross functional team running an efficient standup!
Perhaps the best way to start the analogy is to compare the goals of the two organizations: the New England Patriots (or whatever your worse local team may be – just so you don't feel excluded) and your Agile Software Team. The Pats' goals are simple: put their team in the best position to win, week after week, in a variety of circumstances and against a variety of opponents for the entirety of a season. Sure, there are other goals along the way, like representing the team well to the media, keeping players healthy, game planning successfully – but the primary goal is to win. Every week. For 19 weeks.
Now look at the Agile Software Team. Reading the Agile Manifesto and the underlying Agile Principles, the goals are equally simple: deliver working software that meets customer needs, week after week, in a variety of circumstances for the entirety of a software project. This is the Agile Software Team's notion of winning.
Being agile is all about teamwork. It's about cross functional teams who must work together daily to be successful. The highest priority is to satisfy the customer through continuous delivery of software that meets their needs. And when changes in requirements come, they're welcomed, just like how the Patriots welcome a changing opponent each and every week. It's about communication and collaboration and trust that your teammates are going to fulfill their commitments. "Do your job," Belichick commands, and if everyone on the software team does their job, the team becomes incredibly productive, powerful, and can maintain that productive pace consistently over the course of a software season, and beyond. Agile is a team sport, built around motivated individuals.
It's instructive to look at how the Patriots prepare week after week, for games that usually take place on Sundays, but also Thursdays and Mondays. Likewise, the Agile Software Team must be as flexible and deliver when the customer needs it, not when it's convenient. Your bye week is Christmas. Get back to work.
So how do the Pats prepare? You might think a typical week starts the moment the previous game ends, but it actually starts well before that as the coaches look at opponents in the coming weeks. Likewise, you need a great product manager to be looking well beyond the current week's build to help prepare for what's ahead.
Then the week begins. Sunday is wrapup and media. Monday is weights, team meetings, unit meetings (e.g., special teams or linebackers), followed by a practice and walk-through. There's a lot of film work, reviewing issues from the last game, pointing out problems to fix, all while healing and recovering from the previous game. To me, this seems like our team's Sprint Retrospective to a T. We review what worked, what went wrong, and plan ahead for the week.
Tuesday is typically a player off-day while the coaches get the game plan in place. You might call this Sprint Planning. That game plan is delivered on Wednesday, when the players review more film, walk through the formations and play, and really being to practice. The sprint is in full swing! And the heavy lifting happens Thursday and Friday: weights, therapy, film, practice, and the ever-present media sessions. Here's a thought: those media sessions are analogous to marketing, which every Agile team should be fully aware of and eager to support, whether for the external market or for your direct customer.
Saturday may be a travel day, or if it's a home game, a day with a light schedule and team dinners. We're prepping for the build! And then it's game day on Sunday!
The Agile Software Team organizes their week's work in a really similar way. Monday is release day (just in case there's a little more left to do over the weekend), and then the routine starts again. They follow up a release with a sprint retrospective, ideally on the same day but sometimes on Tuesday, which also has a sprint planning session. The sprint kicks off and team does their thing: grooming sessions continually, writing lots of code, code reviews on checkins, daily standups for status, weekly status meetings with the clients, and of course – don't forget the media sessions (aka, marketing). By Friday they have a great feeling for what's going to make it into the release. Not everything always does, but the Agile Software Team strives to communicate frequently with the clients to adjust based on their feedback.
Belichick's own description of the process is neatly captured here, and it's a fascinating read. His job starts with game day and works backward so that his team is always properly prepared to play, be it a Thursday night game or on Sunday. Belichick stresses the need for routine and the need to know where in the weekly preparation schedule you are. It's a great analogy for app developers: if you live and breath Agile, you'll know where you are relative to release day, and your team should be geared up to run a very routine routine. Monday is release day. Work backwards and make it happen.
By the way I'm not by far the first person to use the sports teams metaphor for startups and technology. Go read @eshares amazing post on how to run a company like a sports team – it makes that point brilliantly. But in my talk I focused specifically on the agile software development process. And the Patriots. Go Pats!


Kitchen Island Lighting Pinterest. There are multitude alternatives that you can check out to provide your kitchen area a glossy and intense makeover. You can decide for the basic concepts pointed out here if you are the no-frills style and do not desire to go over the top with the island lighting fixtures. Determine the whole size of the isle in your kitchen area. Separate the overall length by the number of light fixtures you desire.


That dude needs to get that bulge checked. Oh how I've missed my cool ranch doritos but have to be back at it to burn all the celebration food from last night too Why Winnie the Pooh is popping up on your social media feeds Entertainment News. Just make sure you throw in a Bench Body underwear or a pair of OJ denims for good measure. AirAsia to launch Clark-Seoul flights Business.
There will be debates on the matter of who is the better underwear model in town between these two actors, active in showbiz.
With his good looks, the La Salle Green Archer marched confident wearing only a pair of black briefs, to the delight of many women in the audience. The password reset link has been sent to your email: Otherwise, people would have missed out on an awesome show. Close-up photos from the show that makes us feel guilty about cheeseburgers! Trust that my trainer and I are doing everything in a controlled and healthy fashion and we both have a big surprise for you all next year: The show did not allow entry to those under 18 years old. There was Kim Chiustanding tall on impossibly high heels.


Chemical peel procedures use a chemical solution to remove damaged outer layers of skin and reveal the smoother, clearer skin beneath.
The appearance of the skin is an immediate messenger that tells about our age, health tiredness through problems like facial lines, uneven pigmentation blemishes and acne scarring.
Chemical peels have been designed to try and address some of these problems by removing the outer layer of the skin which allows for the subsequent healing to improve the appearance.
During the chemical peel consultation, it is important to have a general overview of your health, previous skin treatments and allergic reactions.
The characteristics of the skin in terms of colour and oiliness are an important decision factor.
In the case of an AHA peel, the skin may sting and feel somewhat irritated and red. These symptoms subside quickly and usually return to work is within 24 hours.
For the TCA peel, application of local anaesthetic for 30 to 45 minutes prior to treatment can help make the procedure more comfortable.
In the case of an AHA peel, mild redness, soreness, dryness of the skin are not usually significant enough to stop you from working or socialising.
This makes the treatment of a lot easier to incorporate in a busy lifestyle. Systematic use of sunblock is recommended.
In the case of TCA peels the risks are described as pain, skin scarring, decreased pigmentation, increased pigmentation, insufficient correction, herpes eruptions.


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In Search of Truth
A bit of an abandoned archive of thought
standard language
Communicating Thoughts and Thinking About Communication; The Duality of Reason
Posted by jwdonner
(Author's note: this piece was originally prepared as an essay for a philosophical conference, and so was so tailored to be as general as possible. The application to men's rights should be obvious and I encourage readers to comment on various points raised in the essay as they apply specifically to men's rights. There should be plenty of points of departure.)
The objective of philosophy, in the broadest and most fundamental sense, is concerned with thinking. But this begs the obvious question – what is thinking? One professor at the University of Utah asked his students this simple question with varying results:
I recently asked some college honor students to define thinking. After pondering the question, a student majoring in sociology said, "It consists of reflecting on some idea or insight and exploring its logical connections and implications for making sense out of something." In response to the same question, an English major responded: "It's the ability to write a convincing argument in support of a particular point of view." According to a premedical student majoring in biology, "Thinking is the ability to use information for analyzing data in order to solve some problem." A philosophy major said without hesitation, "It's a critical openness to new ideas as one explores their logical foundations." And a student whose major is undecided said "It's what I'm trying to do in response to your darn question." (Geersteen, 2003)
It seems that a precise definition eludes consensus; indeed, as American writer and television producer J. Michael Straczynski once famously remarked, "The quality of our thoughts is bordered on all sides by our facility with language" (Lewis, 2009). The purpose of this essay is to more closely examine the link between language and thought, and put forth the foundation for an argument that asserts that language is, more or less, thought, as well as consider the implications of that idea.
2. Evolution of Language
In his work, Evolutionary Biology of Language, Martin A. Nowak goes to great lengths to establish a logical model that tracks the way in which a simple system of symbols could have evolved into modern language. His model involves quite a bit of advanced logic and mathematical concepts (which are beyond the scope of this essay), but the basic idea is that language evolved from a rigid system of limited symbols whereby one object had one symbol to the more modern system which allows for (perhaps) unlimited expression of ideas and events. Another expert who has also tracked the evolution of language remarks on the character of modern language systems: "Present-day human languages can be readily deployed to talk about events, objects, people and places far removed in space and time from the act of speaking, and the signs used to talk about such displaced referents have no detectable physical similarity to the referents themselves" (Urban, 2002).
Nowak (2000) incorporates arguments about evolution in his analysis of language: "Evolution relies on the transfer of information from one generation to the next. For billions of years this process was limited to the transfer of genetic information. Language facilitates the transfer of non-genetic information and thus leads to a new mode of evolution." Essentially, he asserts that language has evolutionary advantages, and thus more effective (or "fit") systems of languages would be the ones that get passed down from our ancestors, while less "fit" systems would become extinct. How do systems become more or less fit? It has to do with how many symbols and how many definitions there are in a system:
In other words, adding the possibility of describing more and more objects (or concepts) to the repertoire of a language cannot increase the maximum amount of information transfer beyond a certain limit. If, in addition, we assume that objects have different values, then we find that the maximum fitness is usually achieved by limiting the repertoire of the language to a small number of objects. Increasing the repertoire of the language can reduce fitness. Hence natural selection will prefer communication systems with limited repertoires.
He goes on to assert that "successful communication increases the survival probability or performance during life history and hence enhances the expected number of offspring. Thus, language is of adaptive value and contributes to biological fitness."
If languages which retain fewer concepts ("reduced repertoires") have increased biological fitness and evolutionary advantage, how did modern language come to be so complex and accommodate so much ambiguity and confusion? Nowak (2000) offers his thoughts in his conclusion (emphasis my own):
Efficient and unambiguous communication together with easy learnability of the language is rewarded in terms of pay-off and fitness. While we think that these are absolutely fundamental and necessary assumptions for much of language evolution, we also note the seemingly unnecessary complexity of current languages. Certainly, systems designed by evolution are often not optimized from an engineering perspective. Moreover, it seems likely that at times evolutionary forces were at work to make things more ambiguous and harder to learn, such that only a few selected listeners could understand the message. If a good language performance enhances the reputation of the group, we can also imagine an arms race towards increased and unnecessary complexity. Such a process can drive the numbers of words and rules beyond what would be best for efficient information exchange. This should be the subject of papers to come. (Nowak, 2000)
Here Nowak admits to one of the most fundamental problems with language – the way in which it can be ideologized. Before I tackle that idea, which deals with large social systems, let us first examine more mundane dangers associated with misunderstandings of language.
3. Language Assumptions
"Everyone who reads this paper knows of the order of 50,000 words of his primary language. These words are stored in the 'mental lexicon' together with one or several meanings, and some information about how they relate to other words and how they fit into sentences" (Nowak, 2000). Language is a fundamental fact of human existence, but it is also one that is taken for granted. As the quote above illustrates, we all have a sort of mental dictionary we tote around, and during communication, it is all too natural to assume that the definition we have in mind for a word we use when we are speaking matches the definition that our listener has in mind for the same word. Often times, conflicts that arise as a result of this are minimal, but other times they can have important consequences. Imagine a scenario where a friendly girl tosses around the phrase "I love you" in the most trivial of ways, utilizing the phrase as a sort of goodbye, which seems so common these days. (Her interpretation of the word love is casual and can be supported by more than one of the many definitions found in any number of dictionaries – the dictionary.com website has no less than 14 definitions for love.) In a communication moment with someone who thinks of the word love as having more gravitas, she is bound to create a miscommunication – the person to whom she is speaking will receive an entirely different message than the one she intends. This could result in disappointment for her listener, such as in the case of her listener being a man who was infatuated with her. Twist the scenario a bit, and imagine she did mean the more serious interpretation of love, whereas her male listener assumed she meant a more casual one, and now she is prone to feel the negative impacts of communication loss.
Recall Nowak's (2000) idea of language fitness, first visited above: "…The fitness contribution of a language can be formulated as the probability that two individuals know the correct word for a given event summed over all events and weighted with the rate of occurrence of these events." Essentially, a language is more "fit" if the chances of the speaker and listener having the same definition for a word (love in the previous example) are high. It follows that the higher the number of disparate definitions for the same word there are in a given language, the less fit that language becomes. English seems especially rife with words that have numerous and disparate meanings, and it is no exaggeration to say that a 15-page paper could be written on this subject alone. I implore you to consider the use of words such as "socialist, "communist,""harassment," "equality,""family values," "oppression," or nearly any other politically charged word in the public sphere, with the idea that the person speaking the word could be talking about something entirely different from the person listening to the word, even though they are both considering the same word. Since this essay is concerned only with impelling contemplation, the previous analyses should suffice as a primer on this particular point.
However, definitions of words are not the only assumptions we make regarding language. The literature establishes that the average person is both ignorant and arrogant when it comes to language, a rather dangerous combination:
In matters of language history, structure, function, and standardization, the average individual is, for the most part, simultaneously uninformed and highly opinionated. When asked directly about language use, most people will draw a very solid basic distinction of 'standard' (proper, correct) English vs. everything else. (Lippi-Green, 1994)
That we posit the existence of something called language can itself be considered an assumption, which, furthermore, has an impact on how human societies are organized:
Beliefs about what is or is not a real language, and underlying these beliefs, the notion that there are distinctly identifiable languages that can be isolated, named, and counted, enter into strategies of social domination. Such beliefs…have contributed to profound decisions about, for example, the civility or even the humanity of subjects of colonial domination. They also qualify or disqualify speech varieties from certain institutional uses and their speakers from access to domains of privilege. (Woolard, & Schieffelin, 1994)
More examples of how language has a tangible impact on our lives will be discussed later. We hold other assumptions about language that are of paramount philosophical importance. Indeed, how we think about language may impact perceptions as fundamental as how we define ourselves: "Language socialization studies have demonstrated connections among folk theories of language acquisition, linguistic practices, and key cultural ideas about personhood" (Woolard, & Schieffelin, 1994). Moreover, thoughts regarding language (especially in the Western nations, like the United States) underpin assumptions regarding the nature of reality: "In the vernacular belief system of Western culture, language standards are not recognized as human artifacts, but are naturalized by metaphors such as that of the free market" (Woolard, & Schieffelin, 1994). This stands in stark contrast to a more reasoned and self-examined perspective, informed by a more comprehensive understanding of language, its functions, and its evolution:
Deconstructive rhetorical analysis is based on the premise that all claims to transcendent truths are radically undercut by the fact that they are made within a given language and culture which impose limits on the thought and perception of individuals making the claim. We do not have unmediated access to a truth; rather, our view of the world is a function of a set of culturally constructed assumptions which shape our perception of the truth…Deconstructive critics also assert, though, that rhetoric is always open to multiple interpretations which are themselves a function of the interpreters' own beliefs and values. Any deconstructive reading is offered as one among many possible interpretations." (Blanton, McLaughlin, & Moorman, 1994)
A key point here is that not only is language ineffective for establishing perfectly objective observations of reality form the perspective of the speaker, it also depends upon the interpretations of the listener. Thus, miscommunication can result either from poorly phrased speaking or from various deficiencies in the listener. For example, while a speaker's poor accent can increase the odds of communication loss, a listener's desire to understand the speaker is perhaps even more important:
…Accent…is most likely to pose a barrier to effective communication when two elements are lacking. The first is a basic level is communicative competence on the part of the speaker…. The second element, even more important but far more difficult to assess, is the listener's good will. Without the goodwill, the speaker's…degree of communicative competence is irrelevant. Prejudiced listeners cannot hear what a person has to say, because accent, as a mirror of social identity and a litmus test for exclusion, is more important." (Lippi-Green, 1994)
The assumptions of language we take for granted can be exploited through the imposition of language ideologies.
4. Language Ideologies
The phrase "language ideology" is defined by different authors in different ways, but for the purpose of this essay I provide the following: "The definition [of language ideology] used here is: a bias toward an abstracted, idealized, homogenous spoken language which is imposed from above, and which takes as its model the written language. The most salient feature is the goal of suppression of variation of all kinds" (Lippi-Green, 1994). In other words, a language ideology seeks to impose a standard of language upon as many potential speakers as possible (for example, within a nation as in a national language, though certain social groups may exclude others on the basis of 'official' languages).
Considering that language can be crucial to how one defines one's place in the world (as examined in the article Language and Borders), such totalitarian impositions have observable consequences:
The phrase "language and borders" suggests that language differences signify categories of person defined by ethnic or national origin and that these categories are opposed to each other. People act in ways that are taken as "having" a language, which is equated to "belonging" to an origin group. Borders emerge in specific contexts as a metonymy of person, language, and origin category. This metonymy can be fleeting or quite rigid and in varying degrees politicized. (Urciuoli, 1995)
Stated more simply, the language a person speaks comes to fully define that person in the perception of others. Ideas like ethnicity and nationality could be deconstructed as nothing more than a difference in language. Urciuoli (1995) goes on further to say, "What does exist, in any society, is the fact of linguistic variation from which people deploy language forms in acts of identity. From such acts, people's sense of community, group, and language emerge in specific places and times." This need not be interpreted only with regards to nations – think also of subcultures, such as internet gaming communities, the military, or any other culture which has a language unto itself.
Due to length considerations, this essay cannot fully examine the ways in which various parts of language have important implications. The literature points out that accents play a key role in the way a listener perceives a speaker: "…Prosidics and accents…are key in the perception of ethnic and race boundaries that thread their way through ordinary situations and that have real-world consequences for people's social options" (Urciuoli, 1995). Additionally, notions regarding systems of writing and literacy are fueled by cultural factors: "Anthropological studies of literacy…recognized belatedly that it is not an autonomous, neutral technology, but rather is culturally organized, ideologically grounded, and historically contingent, shaped by political, social, and economic forces" (Woolard, & Schieffelin, 1994). I would now like to take the time to examine the counterargument that language is not the only way to think, that surely there must be some other way of thinking.
5. Alternative Models of Thinking
The most common split in cognition theories is that humans are capable of thinking verbally and mathematically, and that these two modes of thinking are distinct from each other. Such a worldview is evident in the organization of the SAT exam, for example, which is split between math and verbal components. Nowak (2000) seems to hint that language is not the only mode of thinking when he writes, "Our language performance relies on precisely coordinated interactions of various parts of our neural and other anatomy, and we are amazingly good at it. We can all speak without thinking. In contrast, we cannot perform basic mathematic operations without concentration."
Let us examine mathematical thinking more closely. At first glance, the literature is convincing in establishing mathematical thinking as distinct from thinking through language:
Most schools assume that teaching mathematics compulsorily and over a number of years they are providing the conditions through which pupils will develop their mathematical thinking. This assumption, usually unchallenged, rests on a view of mathematics as a logically developed discipline, together with the expectation that the logic will spill over and be absorbed by the pupils into all aspects of their lives as they pursue a study of the content of mathematics, for example, in learning number, geometry, trigonometry, or algebra. Experience, however, tells a very different story…Certainly an inordinate amount of time in schools is spent teaching mathematical content and techniques while the process, the means through which mathematics is derived, receives little attention….Exploring process is not very profitable when teachers do not understand the kinds of thinking from which process springs. (Burton, 1984)
In summary, mathematical thinking is a different process for thinking, and one assumes it would be distinct in nature from thinking through language. However, once the literature is read more deeply, apparent distinctions evaporate (emphasis the author's own): "The process is initiated by encountering an element with enough surprise or curiosity to impel exploration of it by manipulating… Although the sense of what is happening is vague, further manipulating is required until the sense can be expressed is anarticulation" (Burton, 1984). Expressing an articulation? Isn't that the precise point of language? Yet wait, there's more (emphasis my own):
Pupils need tools to help them structure their responses so that they can build their reflective powers. Further, they need encouragement tocapture their feelings at the moment of expression. Consequently, students of all ages have been encouraged to develop the use of particular words that reflect their responses as they tackle questions…The key to recognizing and using mathematical thinking lies in creating an atmosphere that builds confidence to question, challenge, and reflect.(Burton, 1984)
I assert that mathematics is just another type of language which is also based on symbols (generally, numbers instead of words), and that, in fact, all human thinking is symbolic in nature. There is a school of thought which asserts truth through symbolic logic, and it is worth examining at this juncture.
6. Symbolic Logic
What is symbolic logic? Aside from a rule system that has useful applications in computer programing and math, for instance, I assert it is nothing more than another language. In any event, one proponent describes it as follows (emphasis my own):
…Symbolic logic, is, in its broadest sense, a new science which studies through use of efficient symbols the nature and properties of all nonnumerical relations, seeking precise meanings and necessary conclusions. As an applied science, it holds immense promise. For example, it may give us an unambiguous language for political, economic, and social fields, which will conveniently reflect the structure of these fields and make discussion and analysis easy. (Berkeley, 1942)
Symbolic logic seeks "precise meanings" and supplies us an "unambiguous language…" It should be clear at this point that it is nothing more than another language (and thus owes no higher claim to The Truth than any other language), but, the following quote about one of symbolic language's chief powers may help shed some more light on the situation (emphasis my own): "We observe first that symbolic logic can define certain ideas which neither mathematics nor the dictionary can possibly define; for example, symbolic logic can define number." (Berkeley, 1942) There again, symbolic logic is concerned with defining things (and it is even said later in the article that symbolic language competes with dictionaries); how can one not conclude it is just another language?
For those unfamiliar, symbolic language did indeed take off as a philosophical idea and has had many practical and important impacts. However, as mentioned before, it is no more a path to conceptualizing The Truth or reality as any other path. It is still a language, though a refined one, and still subject to the pitfalls of language (emphasis author's own):
As we noted earlier, no language, as the product of a given culture and history, can claim to have unmediated access to the real. Making such a simple assertion implies a kind of cultural arrogance, forgetful as it is of the multiplicity of languages and of the linguistic reality that each provides a variety of ways to structure the real. Language is a mediational tool which enables the construction of cultural reality. Such terms as real,authentic, and genuine, especially when they are repeated without much critical self-awareness, give the impression that successful language use provides access to The Truth itself." (Blanton, McLaughlin, & Moorman, 1994)
Symbolic logic was not without critics, however.
One author wrote a multifaceted rebuttal based on logical arguments, though a full treatment of those arguments is beyond the scope of this essay. Of more relevance is the following analysis, which rejects the idea that the definitions of things should be fixed, or, in other words, that language ideologies should be enforced (emphasis author's own):
But Formal Logic has perversely chosen to build on the fiction that the meaning of terms is (or ought to be) fixed, and to talk about propositions rather than judgments. So the proposition becomes a helpless formula, totally incapable of reproducing the features of living thought. It has acquired its meanings from past uses; but these do not protect it against 'willful modifications' at the hands of masters of language like Humpty Dumpty, who make words mean what they please…Is not the whole history of philosophy one long illustration of philosophic audacity in manipulating language, and does not experience show that philosophers frequently get away with their arbitrary modifications of 'the' meaning of words and 'propositions?' I can not admit, therefore, that…symbolic logic [is] in any way relevant to the procedures of our actual thinking. (Schiller, 1932)
An important implication of this argument is that words/ideas/what-have-you are defined by past uses, but this provides no protection from those who would manipulate definitions for their own advancement. Thus the Jew in Nazi Germany, for instance, can suddenly become the scapegoat for an entire nation's woes. There are many examples of this but unfortunately little room for a detailed analysis; I am sure the reader can think of his or her own examples of how words have been manipulated to mean entirely different things, for good and for ill. The take away point from this section is that a more accurate conceptualization of human thinking is thus: all human thinking is symbolic – and language can be thought of as nothing more than a system of symbols created for the purposes of communication. Therefore, symbolic logic is 'just' another language, like English or mathematics.
7. Practical, or Less Abstract Implications
So far, many of the examples mentioned in this paper have been of an abstract nature. Here, I hope to provide a brief look at some real-world, practical implications to the understanding of language I have outlined above. Geersteen (2003) outlines why it is important to think more clearly:
What makes higher-level thinking so important? To begin with, we live in a world of unprecedented change and expansion in information. New information continues to multiply as old information becomes obsolete…Constant and accelerating shifts in information mean that all members of society need greater skill in assessing and evaluating knowledge.
An understanding of language ideologies may yield answers to significant and challenging contemporary problems, including (but certainly not limited to) those outlined in the quote below:
Many populations around the world, in multifarious ways, posit fundamental linkages among such apparently diverse cultural categories as language, spelling, grammar, nation, gender, simplicity, intentionality, authenticity, knowledge, development, power, and tradition. But our professional attention has only begun to turn to understanding when and how those links are forged – whether by participants or their expert analysts – and what their consequences might be for linguistic and social life. A wealth of public problems hinge on language ideology. Examples from the headlines of United States newspapers include bilingual policy and the official English movement; questions about free speech and harassment; the meaning of multiculturalism in schools and texts; the exclusion of jurors who might rely on their own native-speaker understanding of non-English testimony; and the question of journalists' responsibilities and the truthful representation of direct speech. Coming to grips with such public issues means coming to grips with the nature and working of language ideology. (Woolard, & Schieffelin, 1994)
Indeed, an understanding of language ideologies may be critical to achieving true intellectual freedom. As was quoted in Nowak (2000)'s work above, it is not unfeasible to imagine that certain people/groups/interests have a vested interest in an "arms race" towards ever increasing complexity and ambiguity. As his work demonstrates, this is more than just a social justice issue if the fitness of our language continues to deteriorate and we can no longer efficiently and effectively communicate with one another, we will be at an evolutionary disadvantage. How much danger we are in is up for debate, but it certainly warrants consideration.
We should be wary of ideological interpretations of language: "Important sociolinguistic changes can be set off by ideological interpretation of language use, although because they derive only from a larger social dialectic, such changes are likely to take an unintended direction, as in the historical case of the second person pronoun shift in English." (Woolard, & Schieffelin, 1994)
One example I would point out would be the "politically correct" movement, which seeks to define what is and is not acceptable for conversation and even intellectual debate. Such ideas are dangerous because they limit the amount of discourse in society and in the academy, and, further, can allow for certain ideologies to propagate unopposed and without critical evaluation. The whole idea of freedom of speech, after all, is to protect the ideas that we do not like to hear; the ideas that we enjoy hearing need no protection, and yet, if we do not listen to ideas we do not like, we may not be able to see the ways that the ideas we do like potentially poison our thinking (and in turn, our society and world).
Figurative speech is often employed for ideological purposes. This essay cannot hope to examine every use of figurative speech possible, but will provide one example related to the "whole language" movement in education to illustrate the point (emphasis author's own):
We mean the term rhetoric to refer to the effort to persuade or argue forcefully for a position. More specifically, following a tradition that goes back to antiquity, we use it to refer to…figures of speech….An example…is the use of the word ownership to describe the relationship that the movement wants to foster between student writers and the texts they produce. In this context the word ownership is being used figuratively. It does not refer literally to an act of economic possession; rather, it uses that act as an analogy for the idea that writers can have control over and feel pride in what they write. The use of the word ownership in this metaphorical or figurative way serves as a rallying cry for teachers. The intense control that the word implies is a goal that teachers can strive for, a value that they can share. Thus the use of this figure attempts to persuade the uninitiated and to produce group solidarity. It serves the rhetoric of the movement. (Blanton, McLaughlin, & Moorman, 1994)
Figurative language can be evaluated critically to reveal the deepest assumptions of its users, however:
We argue, though, that the figurative language of a text does more than persuade. Read critically, it also reveals the deepest assumptions that underlie the text's arguments. All arguments proceed from a set of assumptions held by the persons making the arguments. These assumptions are what can be taken for granted, the unquestioned 'truths' that underlie the explicit claims evident in the text. (Blanton, McLaughlin, & Moorman, 1994)
A wise philosophy professor I had the good fortune of studying under once told our class that philosophy was the business of questioning assumptions. If that is the case, we should always be on the lookout for figurative language, and seek to evaluate the assumptions that lie lurking below powerful rhetorical language.
We are left then with the simple-seeming question posed at the beginning of this paper: what is thinking, and what is the proper way to go about thinking? The answer is likewise simple: thinking and the proper way to go about are entirely up to the thinker to define. Some may deride this idea as infantile and naive; but I believe a full appreciation of the implications of this idea reveal it to be as liberating a philosophy as can be conceived – it permits true freedom of thought. As Kierkegaard once remarked: "The thing is to find a truth which is true for me, to find an idea for which I can live and die." The extent to which we can conceptualize of thinking as correct applies only so far as a thinker can effectively communicate with another through whichever language facilitates the most clarity between the two – be it English, algebra, symbolic logic, or some soon-to-be invented language. Cognizance of the communication medium and respect for differing abilities among speakers/listeners to comprehend messages encoded in that medium are paramount to understanding and commonality. Indeed, "A…crucial concept is that the burden of communication is shared, on every level, by both participants…" (Lippi-Green, 1994). Perhaps, one day, humans will evolve an entirely new system to replace symbolic thinking/language, but until that day we are compelled to live with what we have. A rigorous review and critical evaluation of the mediums we choose to communicate in, and all the associated implications, seems likely to reduce unnecessary conflict and to, dare I say, promote peace.
Geersteen, HR. (2003). Rethinking thinking about higher-level thinking.Teaching Sociology, 31(1), 1-19.
Lewis, JJ. (2009). Wisdom quotes. Retrieved from http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_wisdom.html
Urban, G. (2002). Metasignaling and language origins. American Anthropologist, 104(1), 233-246.
Nowak, MA. (2000). Evolutionary biology of language. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 355(1403), 1615-1622.
Lippi-Green, R. (1994). Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts. Language in Society, 23(2), 163-198.
Woolard, KA., & Schieffelin, BB. (1994). Language ideology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23, 55-82.
Blanton, W., McLaughlin, T., & Moorman, G. (1994). The Rhetoric of whole language. Reading Research Quarterly, 29(4), 308-329.
Urciuoli, B. (1995). Language and borders. Annual Review of Anthropolgy, 24, 525-546.
Burton, L. (1984). Mathematical thinking: the struggle for meaning. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 15(1), 35-49.
Berkeley, EC. (1942). Conditions affecting the application of symbolic logic.The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 7(4), 160-168.
Schiller, FCS. (1932). The Principles of symbolic logic. The Journal of Philosophy, 29(20), 550-552.
Tagged as: language, language evolution, language ideologies, Philosophy, standard language
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Tagged language evolution, language ideologies, standard language
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text:
Серебря́нский го́рный кедро́вник — ботанический памятник природы в городском округе Карпинск, Свердловская область, Россия.

Серебрянский горный кедровник расположен на восточном склоне горы Серебрянский Камень, в бассейне реки 2-й Серебрянки, на высоте 800—850 м. Возраст кедровых деревьев составляет 330—380 лет. Площадь памятника природы составляет 709 га.

Постановлением Правительства Свердловской области от 17 января 2001 года № 41-ПП ботанический памятник природы включён в перечень особо охраняемых природных территорий Свердловской области. Этим же правовым актом охрана территории объекта возложена на Карпинское лесничество.

Примечания

Городской округ Карпинск
Памятники природы Свердловской области
Ботанические памятники природы
Сосна

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
import * as Yargs from 'yargs';
import chalk from 'chalk';
import { YangUtils } from './helpers/yang-utils';
import { YangNewCommand } from './commands/yang-new.command';
import { YangGenericCommand } from './commands/yang-generic.command';
import { YangHelpCommand } from './commands/yang-help.command';

export class Main
{
  public static main()
  {
    console.log(`< ${chalk.blue('YANG')} ${chalk.yellow(Main.version)} >`);

    Yargs
      .command(['help'], 'Get help',
        YangHelpCommand.yargs,
        (args) => YangUtils.runCommand(new YangHelpCommand(), args)
      )

      .command(['new [name]'], 'Scaffold a new application',
        YangNewCommand.yargs,
        (args) => YangUtils.runCommand(new YangNewCommand(), args)
      )

      .command('$0 <schematic>', 'Run another yang-schematics',
        YangGenericCommand.yargs,
        (args) => YangUtils.runCommand(new YangGenericCommand(), args)
      )

      .demandCommand(1, 'You need one command before moving on')
      .help(false)
      .argv;
  }

  static get version(): string {
    return YangUtils.PKG.version;
  }
}

Main.main();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Specialist Data Management and Quantitative Analysis based in Wroclaw, Poland, is a member of the Report Response and Measurement team in ERI Operations. Report Response supports internal clients who rely on our risk aggregation database capabilities, and is part of ERI Operations' expanding global presence strategy. The role will provides more in-depth support on more complicated requests of users and stakeholders (Internal Clients) on issues questions and tasks related to customer support.
IC5 Leads the development of statistical, financial and/or econometric models for analyzing asset performance, client reference data, securities data, derivative pricing, risk exposure or other sophisticated concepts.
Provides analytical and project leadership for assigned area. Independently conducts advanced, complex statistical and quantitative analyses for assigned area.
Collaborates with management to develop and implement the techniques and methodologies to be used for each type of activity/analysis.
Leads data modeling and quantitative analysis projects and serves as resource to less experienced colleagues.
Uses technology tools to conduct analyses.
Applies techniques such as SQL and querying and macro development to extract data for populating models.
As an advanced user, may do some light programming or system configuration in order set up sophisticated models or algorithms.
Works with management to evaluate and select the most appropriate technologies.
Has a deep understanding of the relevant processes and products in assigned area and which analyses, methodologies and approaches best support assessment of performance, risk, or valuation.
Leads complex projects in support of new or evolving processes/products or for initiatives with cross-functional or enterprise-wide impact.
Interprets findings, prepares standard and ad-hoc reports and delivers results to management and/or other leaders.
Provides recommendations for addressing observed outcomes.
Translates complex technical concepts and analyses to non-technical audiences.
Reviews accuracy of reports and calculations performed by less experienced colleagues.
No formal supervisory responsibility but may provide work oversight for to more junior analysts and provide input into their performance assessments.
Impact of work is felt beyond immediate team and contributes to the achievement of functional goals.
Bachelors degree or the equivalent combination of education and experience.
Advanced degree in quantitative analysis preferred.
Experience in quantitative finance and technology preferred.
Experience with system enhancement, design and testing.
Ability to design effective data visualizations in reports and dashboards that identify trends.


text:
Fallen Officer Memorial Walk
15.4 mile walk across the 3 counties
In May 2018, Somervell County Sheriff Office employees, Captain Mike Gilbert and Property / Records Clerk Katy Linnabery, shared an idea to honor fallen Game Warden Teyran "Ty" Patterson by walking across the County of Somervell. On May 30, 2007, during the recovery operation of a drowning victim, Game Warden Patterson lost his life while saving the life of a fellow Game Warden in Somervell County. Our sole goal was to ensure Ty was remembered in our community. Several people, including SCSO employees and fellow Game Wardens, made the 13.1 mile walk from the Hood County line, through Somervell County and ending at the Bosque County line.
This year, Somervell County Sheriff Alan West is reaching out to the Sheriff Offices in Hood and Johnson Counties to join the walk. Hood County has lost 3 Officers in the line of duty: Jailer James Truitt in 1886, Deputy Larry Miller in 1992, and Sgt. Lance McLean in 2013. Johnson County has lost 2 Officers in the line of duty: Deputy George Robinson Jr. in 1971 and Deputy Clifton Taylor in 2011.
Sheriff West invites all Officers, First Responders, Military Veterans, and any Citizens to walk with us this year to honor these men who have made the ultimate sacrifice. The route has changed and it's a little bit longer (15.4 miles) and starts at the Hood County line, walking through Somervell County and ending at the Johnson County line.
The walk is planned to start at North FM 56 and end on East Hwy. 67. The Somervell County LEC, located at 750 East Gibbs Blvd. , will serve as a designated rest area for those who need it. We will have a support staff and plan to begin our walk on Saturday April 27, 2019 at 7 a.m. Please join us and help spread the word.
"Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." John 15:13


text:
Bella Center Station er en højbanestation på den københavnske Metros linje M1. Stationen ligger ved Ørestads Boulevard lidt syd for Vejlands Allé i København. Stationen er navngivet efter udstillings- og kongrescentret Bella Center, som ligger umiddelbart vest for metro-stationen.

Bella Center Station blev åbnet den 19. oktober 2002 og ligger i takstzone 3.

I 2012 var passagertalet pr. dag i gennemsnit 2.900 personer .

Antal rejsende
Ifølge Ørestadsselskabet var udviklingen i antallet af dagligt afrejsende:

Noter

Ørestad
Stationer på Københavns Metro Linje M1


text:
Meet Joe Black
On the eve of his 65th birthday media mogul Bill Parish (Academy Award winner Anthony Hopkins) gets the chance to cut a deal with Death: the Grim Reaper (Academy Award nominee Brad Pitt) will postpone Parish's death in exchange for a tour of life and the world. Taking on human form as Joe Black, Death's plan hits a snag when he falls for Parish's daughter. A stunning remake of the 1934 film "Death Takes a Holiday," Academy Award winning director Martin Brest spins this magical tale of romance and fantasy with a superb cast, including Academy Award winner Marcia Gay Hardenmore
On the eve of his 65th birthday media mogul Bill Parish (Academy ...More
Starring: Brad PittAnthony HopkinsClaire Forlani
Director: Martin Brest
PG-13FantasyDramaRomanceScience FictionMovie1998
On the eve of his 65th birthday media mogul Bill Parish (Academy Award winner Anthony Hopkins) gets the chance to cut a deal with Death: the Grim Reaper (Academy Award nominee Brad Pitt) will postpone Parish's death in exchange for a tour of life and the world. Taking on human form as Joe Black, Death's plan hits a snag when he falls for Parish's daughter. A stunning remake of the 1934 film "Death Takes a Holiday," Academy Award winning director Martin Brest spins this magical tale of romance and fantasy with a superb cast, including Academy Award winner Marcia Gay Harden
Starring: Brad PittAnthony HopkinsClaire ForlaniJake WeberMarcia Gay Harden
The Age of InnocencePG • Drama • Movie (1993)
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AwakeningsPG-13 • Drama, Medical • Movie (1990)
Don JonR • Comedy, Drama • Movie (2013)
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Ever After: A Cinderella StoryPG-13 • Romance • Movie (1998)
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Start watching Meet Joe Black


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Is it carbs, fats, calories, or genes in dieting? Try quality food in moderation
Rigorous, reliable research on diet and nutrition is not common, so it's worth paying close attention to the results of an $8-million, year-long study conducted at Stanford University with more than 600 test subjects. Its recommendations are filled — in a good way — with common sense and moderation.
The New York Times reported of the study, funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Nutrition Group and others, that its findings will help debunk some long-held notions about dieting — and some diet fads. Here's the core of the newly published work's key findings, according to the newspaper:
[P]eople who cut back on added sugar, refined grains and highly processed foods while concentrating on eating plenty of vegetables and whole foods — without worrying about counting calories or limiting portion sizes — lost significant amounts of weight over the course of a year. The strategy worked for people whether they followed diets that were mostly low in fat or mostly low in carbohydrates. And their success did not appear to be influenced by their genetics or their insulin-response to carbohydrates, a finding that casts doubt on the increasingly popular idea that different diets should be recommended to people based on their DNA makeup or on their tolerance for carbs or fat.
The "DIETFITS," randomized clinical trial is just one study, which followed its overweight San Francisco-area subjects, men and women, ages 18 to 50, for a year. The work has its limits, as does all diet research involving humans — all their bodily functions can't, for example, be easily monitored 24/7, they can't include a starved or deprived control group, and all the complex factors that affect health and nutrition can't be controlled.
But educators and diet experts worked with study participants, divided into "healthy" low carb and low-fat groups, and helped to get them to eat differently and better, measuring their results.
Two things worth noting: Participants were not told to increase their exercise or physical activities, and most did not. Researchers aren't tracking their weight loss or gain beyond the study's year. These points may have significance to some because exercise alone isn't a sound way to lose weight, and weight loss is tough to sustain.
But, as experts quoted by the New York Times emphasized, the Stanford study offers important guidance to the weight-conscious about keeping calorie counting in context, because the long-emphasized intake measurements and fussy tracking of them may not be the alpha and omega of smart eating. Calorie counts have become political flash points when advocates have pushed for them to be posted and displayed on foods sold in groceries or served in restaurants. Electronic devices, software, and apps have burgeoned to help calorie-conscious consumers track their numbers.
Christopher D. Gardner, the director of nutrition studies at the Stanford Prevention Research Center who led the big diet study, had good sense to offer about calories and diet, telling the newspaper:
It is not that calories don't matter. After all, both groups ultimately ended up consuming fewer calories on average by the end of the study, even though they were not conscious of it. The point is that they did this by focusing on nutritious whole foods that satisfied their hunger.
For those ready to eat up yet more information about this work, it's worth checking out reports on it from the online information sites Stat and Vox. The varied emphases in the three news stories (between these two and The New York Times) may offer a clue about the ubiquity of consumers' hunger (pun intended) to try different weight-loss approaches. Vox dives into the study's insights on whether it's carbs or fats that makes Americans heavy, while Stat looks at how the research, for now, takes some froth out of the hype for "precision" dieting — the idea that genetic testing or types might be decisive in determining how individual consumers might eat in most healthy fashion.
In my practice, I see the major harms that patients suffer while seeking medical services, and I have come to know all too well how they, and we all, struggle with the toll of excess weight. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 36 percent of adults and 17 percent of children in this country are obese, a chronic health bane that contributes to cancers, heart and lung diseases, diabetes, and more.
Big Food — corporate interests raking in huge profits, whether from fast food and chain restaurants or the making and processing of foods or the selling of sugary sodas and other drinks — aren't keeping your health or mine at their fore. Their efforts may be helping to make us poorer and sicker. We, instead, all need to eat sensibly and well but in moderation, while also exercising regularly. That may sound like simple stuff, recommendations that might not require $8 million in research to back it up. But when science merges with common sense, it can be life changing and lifesaving, right?
Posted in: Advertising, Cancer, Communication, Disclosure, Food Safety, Heart Disease, Medical Malpractice, Nutrition, Preventive Care, Primary Care, Product Safety and Research Studies
Updated: June 4, 2018 12:21 pm


Our history begins with the Sisters of St John of God, founded in Ireland in 1871 by Thomas Furlong, Bishop of Ferns in the county of Wexford.
Our history started when eight Sisters travelled to Australia in 1895 to care for people in Western Australia in both metropolitan and smaller, regional areas.
More women joined the Sisters, which led to the opening of hospitals in Western Australia, Victoria and New South Wales, establishing St John of God Health Care.
This commitment to giving back to the community and delivering high quality health care services led to the establishment of the Foundation, which continues the legacy of the Sisters to this day.
The Foundation continues to raise funds in response to identified needs not met by other funding. Your contribution makes a difference.
You can choose to donate online or donate by post.


text:
/*
 * File Name : CandleCamera.java
 * Date : 1/16/2015
 * Author : Hanseul Jun
 */

package org.candle;

import android.hardware.Camera;
import android.os.Build;
import android.view.Surface;
import android.view.SurfaceHolder;

import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * Callback class to bind a camera to the CameraView.
 */
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
public class CandleCamera implements SurfaceHolder.Callback {

    private static final int DEFAULT_CAMERA_ID = Camera.CameraInfo.CAMERA_FACING_BACK;
    private int cameraId = DEFAULT_CAMERA_ID;
    private int rotation = 0;

    //Chose to use Camera instead of Camera2.
    //Because Camera2 is added in API level 21. Too new.
    private Camera camera;

    @Override
    public void surfaceCreated(SurfaceHolder holder) {
        camera = Camera.open(cameraId);
        if(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH) {
            Camera.Parameters parameters = camera.getParameters();
            parameters.setFocusMode(Camera.Parameters.FOCUS_MODE_CONTINUOUS_PICTURE);
            camera.setParameters(parameters);
        }
        else if(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.GINGERBREAD) {
            Camera.Parameters parameters = camera.getParameters();
            parameters.setFocusMode(Camera.Parameters.FOCUS_MODE_CONTINUOUS_VIDEO);
            camera.setParameters(parameters);
        }
        updateRotation();
        try {
            camera.setPreviewDisplay(holder);
        }
        catch (IOException e) {
            //Should stop the app at this time, since it can't work without a working camera.
            e.printStackTrace();
            throw new AssertionError("Failed to set the camera's preview display!");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void surfaceChanged(SurfaceHolder holder, int format, int width, int height) {
        camera.startPreview();
    }

    @Override
    public void surfaceDestroyed(SurfaceHolder holder) {
        camera.stopPreview();
        camera.release();
        //Should be null for the null tests.
        camera = null;
    }

    public void setRotation(int rotation) {
        this.rotation = rotation;
        if(camera != null) {
            updateRotation();
        }
    }

    public void capture(TakePictureCallback takePictureCallback) {
        if(camera != null) {
            //needs to rotate it 90 degrees more.
            takePictureCallback.setRotationDegree(-getDegreeFromRotation(rotation) + 90);
            camera.takePicture(null, null, takePictureCallback.getJpegPictureCallback());
        }
    }

    public void startPreview() {
        if(camera != null) {
            camera.startPreview();
        }
    }

    //Reference : http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Camera.html#setDisplayOrientation%28int%29
    private void updateRotation() {
        Camera.CameraInfo info = new Camera.CameraInfo();
        Camera.getCameraInfo(cameraId, info);

        int degrees = getDegreeFromRotation(rotation);

        int result;
        if (info.facing == Camera.CameraInfo.CAMERA_FACING_FRONT) {
            result = (info.orientation + degrees) % 360;
            result = (360 - result) % 360;  // compensate the mirror
        } else {  // back-facing
            result = (info.orientation - degrees + 360) % 360;
        }
        camera.setDisplayOrientation(result);
    }

    private static int getDegreeFromRotation(int rotation) {
        int degrees = 0;
        switch (rotation) {
            case Surface.ROTATION_0:
                degrees = 0;
                break;
            case Surface.ROTATION_90:
                degrees = 90;
                break;
            case Surface.ROTATION_180:
                degrees = 180;
                break;
            case Surface.ROTATION_270:
                degrees = 270;
                break;
        }

        return degrees;
    }
}


As we become more interested in staying healthy and living longer, we begin paying more attention to studies, reports, and findings about things that are either good for us to do or contra-indicated. We want to consume more foods that are good for us and avoid those that seem to be harmful. If there are exercises to do or avoid, or other activities that are recommended, we are interested in learning about them and possibly engaging in them also.
The interesting thing about reports of things that might be good or not so good for us and our clients to be doing is to separate true cause and effect relationships from those that are coincidental or not related. Certain activities have existed long enough for scientists to conclude that there definitely is a causal relationship between two items or activities. For instance, eating more calories than we need to maintain our current weight will result in weight gain.
Eating a lot of so-called empty calories because, while they may taste great, don't provide that much nutritional value and can lead to weight gain also if consumed in excess. Desserts, ice cream, candy, and other sweet items fall into this last category, although people are free to ingest them. There may not be any immediate health consequences. but long-term effects could be noticed – weight gain, dental issues, complexion disorders, and diabetes are some of the possible outcomes of eating more sweets than our bodies need.
Not everyone is noticeably affected by the foods they eat or don't eat, but there could be a long-term impact. Also, there is a question of how much consumption of certain foods is too much. Each person is different as is their metabolism and their propensity for ill-effects from consuming certain foods. One person might have a relatively quick adverse reaction while another might notice no ill-effects for a long time, if at all.
There generally is a cause and effect relationship here – eat a lot of foods with added sugar or anything else with a large caloric load, and weight gain and possibly other health effects can result. It's not necessarily immediate, however, and there is no scale or formula to use that predicts how much consumption will yield what type of result. So, the cause and effect are demonstrated but not to any degree of specificity. We can't caution family members or clients, or monitor our own habits, about the limits of what should be consumed before there is a predictable result.
Even taking medication that typically produces dizziness in people and has warning labels attached to the containers may not affect everyone the same. In fact, some people may not notice any difference in their behavior while others are noticeable dizzy and impaired. Having a glass of wine might have a similar effect on some people and have little or no impact on others.
There are so many things that we (and scientists) observe that we can label as beneficial or potentially harmful, but again, there are so many individual differences in how those activities affect people. Generally, seven or eight hours of sleep is recommended for a person, and there are consequences of drowsiness and poor performance for some people who consistently get less sleep than this. However, some people survive on five hours of sleep or less on a regular basis and show no signs of sleep deprivation. This is a case of not being able to say definitely (although many people do) that lack of sleep causes health issues, poor focus or attention, and a lessened performance. It can in many people, and it doesn't in others.
For years, coffee consumption has been thought to increase blood pressure, cause hyperactivity, lead to insomnia (especially when consumed late in the day), and potentially cause or elevate other conditions. Yet, study-after-study, and there have been many in recent years, have found that coffee consumption has definite health benefits such as warding off dementia, not increasing the risk of hypertension, reducing inflammation (helpful for so many ailments), and increasing longevity, among others. Initially, it was thought that very minimal consumption of a cup or two a day would provide these benefits, then it changed to moderate intake of three to five cups a day, and the latest report suggests that even drinking eight cups a day is fine.
This is why making direct cause and effect associations, predictions, or assumptions can be risky. Sure, certain behaviors can lead to undesirable outcomes, but most are not the type where there is a specific predictor of a result for a particular activity. The results, when they are present, generally are more long-term in their development and detection.