text:
Biden Team is Getting the Military Involved Now
Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden is reportedly going to get a military escort to the White House in place of the traditional inaugural parade.
Biden Brings In Military for Parade
The historic parade is a long-standing tradition but due to COVID, Biden says he does not want this.
Conservatives are hoping that the escort won't be necessary because due to mass amounts of evidence, it shows President Donald Trump is the rightful winner of the 2020 election.
The inaugural events will also include a formal review of troops and a made-for-television "Virtual Parade Across America" featuring musical acts, marching bands, poetry, dance troupes and essential workers.
Voter Fraud Takes Control
Nothing was traditional about the 2020 presidential election where mail-in ballots and fraud were allowed to run rampant.
"There are many grand traditions to the inaugural, and we plan to honor them by highlighting more of our nation's people than ever before while keeping everyone safe," Presidential Inaugural Committee CEO Tony Allen said in a statement.
The people in charge of planning Biden's inauguration, which hopefully won't happen, are urging Biden supporters to not flock to Washington D.C. for the ceremony.
Tickets for the event are only available for Congress members and their chosen guests. Instead of a big event, Biden reportedly plans to do a socially distant "pass in review" of military troops. This will include every branch of the military which will take place on the East front of the Capitol.
Biden Might Receive an Escort
If this does occur, Biden will be escorted from 25 Street NW to the White House.
American Military News reports:
"The virtual parade will be produced by the same team that put together the all-virtual Democratic National Convention in August, which used short videos from across the country in place of the traditional Roll Call of the States to nominate Biden as the Democratic nominee for president."
As the war rages on for the presidential spot, things will most likely only getting crazier.
Amalia White
Amalia is a millennial on a mission. She is a passionate free speech supporter and wants to produce articles that make people evaluate what they believe and why they believe it. She aims to encourage conservatives to put their principles into action.
Raffensperger Being Referred to Secret Service for Investigation Under the Espionage Act
Breaking news: Democrat Abandons Party, Joins GOP
GOP House Leader Has a Dire Warning For Americans
House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy spoke with Sean Hannity on Thursday about the utmost importance this next election…
Young Minorities Share Why They REFUSE to Vote for Joe Biden (Video)
Campus Reform recently shared a video compilation speaking with young minority college students who refuse to vote for…
Alert: Anti-Virus Creator Arrested
John McAfee, an anti-virus software pioneer was arrested on Tuesday in Barcelona, Spain while trying to board a…
Jenna Ellis Video: This is NOT Over, Discusses Options and Paths to Victory
In an interview with Jan Jekielek of The Epoch Times, attorney Jenna Ellis lays out that this election…
Breaking: Trump Announcement Has Patriots Around the Country Mobilizing
President Trump's early morning twitter announcement has patriots around the country mobilizing to Georgia. The President is calling…
Kamala Harris Connected With Dominion Voting Software
More bombshell findings keep coming revolving around Dominion Voting Software and this time it implicates Kamala Harris. Dominion…
Media 'Reporters' Caught on Hot Mic at White House Press Conference
It's becoming a common thing for "reporters" to be caught on a hot mic saying crazy and bias…
Breaking: EMERGENCY Meeting With Trump Legal Team
President Donald Trump's legal team is heating things up in the state of Arizona. The state's legislature is…


Orkla Group Director Håkon Mageli debunks three myths about industrial food in a feature article published in Dagligvarehandelen, the grocery retail industry's weekly newspaper, on 6 September 2016. Read the article here.
Never has the scepticism about industrially produced food been greater. Never has food in Norway been better. In this article, I want to dispel three myths about industrially produced food.
Food and diet are a topic of daily debate in the media and around kitchen tables. An image has been created of "industrially produced food" as being totally unhealthy, full of additives and made by manufacturers who try to deceive you when it comes to ingredients, raw materials and marketing. In this article I will attempt to do away with three of the myths about industrial food.
I want to share a secret with you. At Orkla we too make food from scratch. We have our own cooks who develop food products for us. We select our raw materials very carefully, and we require that all our suppliers meet stringent requirements. We prepare the food in controlled forms at the right temperature and in compliance with strict hygiene standards.
The Norwegian information office for fruits and vegetables offers advice on how to make jam at home in your own kitchen, and recommends a 2:1 ratio for berries and sugar: two kg of berries to one kg of sugar. I am proud to say that our new Nora jam varieties contain far less sugar than that.
Trying to dupe consumers is an unwise and highly short-sighted business strategy. Our aim is to be your friend in everyday life. If consumers feel that they have been misled when they buy Orkla products, we have a major challenge. You can lure a consumer into buying a product once, but we are completely dependent on the product being bought again and again – and again. The product must have the same quality and taste the same every single time, day after day, year after year. We want our brands to endure for generations. Our existence is based on trust.
Making healthier products is high on the agenda at Orkla – and at several of our competitors. The Norwegian Ministry of Health must be commended for having created a wave of support for healthier food. Mr Høie has pushed the industry to reduce the amount of salt, sugar and saturated fat in its products. We at Orkla are in the vanguard in this respect. One example is TORO soups, where we first started to reduce the salt content in 1983. We have gone about doing this gradually, an approach that is crucial. If we remove too much salt too quickly, people will choose another salty product from a competitor or add salt themselves. We won't have accomplished anything.
At Orkla we were one of the first to replace palm oil with healthier oils. A total of 99% of Orkla Foods Norge's products are now palm oil-free. We aim to have the last six products, Mr Lee noodles, ready very soon.
Consumption of sugar is also declining, largely thanks to the soft drink industry's 'light' products. Our primary contributions are FUN Light cordials and popular spreads with a lower sugar content. The average Norwegian now consumes 16 kg less sugar per year than he did 16 years ago.
Every single day, 365 days a year, Orkla sells around 8 million consumer units to customers and consumers in a range of countries. Common to all our branded products is that they are chosen again and again every single day because the consumer likes and trusts them. We are glad they do. We are certain that industrial food has never been better or healthier!


Today's post is slightly different and I decided to share with you my honest opinion of my first semester at university with tips on how to survive and prepare yourself for the drastic change after college. Whether you're staying at home while at uni or living in an accommodation you will still need as much financial and social help as possible.
I was entitled to a grant as well as a loan so I did receive a large amount of money to spend on the things I needed for my studies. I have decided to spend my first instalment on everything I needed for the first year and then save the following two instalments for the future. I spent my money on an iPad Air 2 with 128Gb with a wireless keyboard and a new pair of headphones. That was a pricey investment but I'm very glad I bought it as it is a lot easier for me to take notes as it speeds up the process and automatically correct my spelling haha! It is also easier for me to carry as I don't have to drag heavy books around with me all day!
The next product I splurged on was a new pair of straighteners - GHD coral edition. I needed new straighteners as my Vidal Sassoon ones broke after being a very dear friend to me for 5 years :(. I had to treat myself for getting into my first choice uni! I bought most of my books that I will need in order to pass my first year (duh, kind of the most important thing) and lots and lots of stationary!
I also splurged on makeup and clothes for winter - so I'm warm and cosy all season round! On top of that I needed a haircut and was going to have a regular trim at one of the hair salons I usually go for, but I decided to go to Vidal Sassoon to see for myself what all the fuss is about and you'll find out soon with my upcoming post featuring their hair products!
I do regret splurging so much and not saving enough money, however I have learnt from my mistake and have now been putting away some money to the side for whenever I might need it seeing as I do spend my monthly wages on random crap! I have realised that becoming an adult comes with a lot of responsibilities especially if you go to uni and stay at home. I feel more independent but not independent enough to take many matters into my own hands. I feel like I'm rarely at home and don't spend a lot of time with my family which is upsetting but I do have a lot going on with my uni work and my actual job as well as trying to maintain a social life and attend society events.
The first rule is - pack all the necessities and more. You can never have too many clothes - bring everything that you need with you as you might not find the time to do your weekly wash, so you need to have some spare clothes to wear on laundry days! Make sure you bring a medicine cabinet with you (literally). Even though I live at home I have bought so many types of medicine, plasters, creams etc. To keep in my room away from everyone so they don't nick any of it and that its always available to me. I keep a packet of ibuprofen tablets and plasters in my handbag just in case I needed them. Next step -food. Make sure you have a lot of 'emergency' food such as baked beans, spaghetti hoops, soups etc. As you might not always have the time to cook a proper meal or lack ingredients, so this is the easiest way to survive! I would also recommend purchasing a water filter jug instead of spending loads on bottled water as it does taste exactly the same and is always available, saving you time on running to the shop for some water.
Another rule is - you can never have too much stationary. I own tonnes of ring-binders, refill pads, pens, pencils etc. The only thing I want now is to have my own printer as I don't like to carry all the printouts from uni to my house, because when I do print out things there's millions of it and I'd hate for it to crease in my bag.
Make sure you join societies in order to make friends who share similar interests to you as this will help you gain needed social skills and make you more appealing to employers. Sports are also important as they keep you fit and you also get to meet a lot of people with similar interests and hobbies. I personally haven't joined any sport societies or clubs, but I am a member of the Sociology Society and Fashion Society. I just wish there was a Blogger society!!
How have you guys prepared for uni? Are any of you staying at home while studying like me?


Found in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 327. Mentioned on page 320, 324.
Plants of acidic rock, blackish. Alar cells colored and inflated. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule smooth; annulus ill-formed; peristome teeth smooth. Calyptra cucullate.
North America, Central America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Atlantic Islands (Iceland).
Species 15 (1 in the flora).
Blindia is a small genus of acrocarpous, haplolepideous mosses, characteristically found on moist acidic rock substrates. Its peristome is defined by having the outer layer thicker than the inner and these are fused to form a single row of 16 papillose or smooth teeth. The significant gametophytic features are well-developed alar cells, smooth distal leaf cells, and subulate leaves, along with rheophytic or hygrophytic habitats.
Bartlett, J. K. and D. H. Vitt. 1986. A survey of species in the genus Blindia (Bryopsida, Selegeriaceae). New Zealand J. Bot. 24: 203–246.


text:
Op-ed: What does a good smartwatch actually look like?
For the concept to have mass appeal, it needs to get a whole lot better.
Andrew Cunningham - Dec 15, 2013 7:05 pm UTC
Qualcomm's Toq is just one of many gawky first-generation smartwatches.
Lee Hutchinson
122 with 77 posters participating
Now that smartphones are a part of daily life for many of us, consumer technology companies have begun casting about for the next Big Thing, some new billion-dollar product that will attract buyers in droves. Most of those efforts have concentrated on wearable computing products, things like Google Glass and smartwatches. So far, these gadgets have mostly been accessories you use with your phone, giving you a more convenient way to access the computer in your pocket without actually having to fish it out (at least, that's how it works in theory).
Google Glass is still in beta (and is only slowly coming into focus as Google releases mild hardware revisions and software updates), but there are quite a few smartwatches that you could run out and buy right now if you really wanted to. The problem is, most of them come with a boatload of caveats—the same kind of awkward, adolescent products that populated the MP3 player market before the iPod or the smartphone market before the iPhone. There's promise in the Pebble, in Samsung's Galaxy Gear, and in Qualcomm's Toq, but none of them are really good enough to move beyond the early adopter pool and on to your wrist.
CES is under a month away, and we'd be surprised if the show floor wasn't crawling with watches. If any of them are to succeed, they need to go beyond the first-generation products and iron out their very real flaws.
First and foremost, a smartwatch needs to be useful. This seems pretty self-evident, but it's something the current crop of products can't always do—telling me I have an e-mail or text without letting me respond right from the watch doesn't save me a trip to my pocket. If I can only send canned texts, or if I can respond to texts but not to e-mails, or if I can only read e-mail messages from certain e-mail apps, all of it disrupts my normal workflow and makes a watch that much less convenient. Likewise, releasing a watch with only a bare handful of apps and no third-party APIs or SDKs makes it more difficult for other people to make your watch more useful.
No matter what it does, a smartwatch also needs to be reliable. Ars reviews editor Lee Hutchinson noted in his Toq review that the watch would often fail to respond to taps, making interaction with the watch more frustrating than it should have been. If I spend more time troubleshooting or working around your eccentricities than it would have taken me to get my phone out of my pocket, you have defeated the purpose.
By the same token, your watch needs to be fast (or maybe, more accurately, it needs to feel fast). This will require a combination of hardware engineering and software engineering. Mobile chips are getting pretty speedy these days, but the space-constrained body of a watch means you'll need to use something smaller and slower to get by. Tune your software to run well on that hardware, whether you're trying to make your own watch OS or you're just trying to shrink down Android.
A fast watch that only lasts for 37 minutes won't be good to anyone, so your watch will also need to be long-lasting. In the move from "feature" phones to smartphones, most people have gotten used to plugging in every night—even the longest-lasting smartphone will have trouble lasting for multiple days on a single charge. People could also get used to plugging their watches in every night, but ideally we'd like to see them last multiple days like the Toq does.
A nice screen can be, if anything, an even bigger drag on your battery than the processor, but your watch still needs to be readable. The Galaxy Gear actually does a fine job in this regard. It has a reasonably dense AMOLED display that's not perfect, but it's much more attractive than the Game Boy Color-esque screen of the Toq or the TI-83-esque display of the Pebble. More than anything else on our list, the wish for a watch that is both long-lasting and nice to read are in conflict, but we're hopeful that either AMOLED or Qualcomm's Mirasol tech can improve enough to make such a watch plausible.
Even a watch that could do all of these things would be disappointing if it's not also widely-compatible. Assuming that your watch will ride shotgun to your phone, it needs to be able to interface with many different kinds of phones from multiple manufacturers and ecosystems. The Gear is the worst offender in this regard, since as of this writing it's compatible only with a small number of recent high-end Samsung devices, but the Android-only Toq isn't ideal either. Some of this will rely on API and system-level support from your phone's operating system, but if Pebble can play nice with an iPhone other watches should be able to as well.
Any watch is part tool and part fashion accessory, but all current smartwatches are sorely lacking in aesthetics. In designing a fashionable watch, we'd like more manufacturers to look toward "timeless" (PUN INTENDED) designs, the watches people still buy and wear and spend too much money on even though their phones tell the time just fine. They don't look like this. Smartwatches need to pick up more leather and metal and move away from rubber and plastic—think more Swiss luxury, less free-inside-cereal-box.
Last but certainly not least, your watch needs to be affordable. Ideally, a smartwatch should not cost as much as an actual phone. It's a tall order to demand all of the above in a device that costs $99 or $149, but gadgets like the iPod touch or the Nexus 7 or the Moto G cost much less than the Gear or the Toq, and they're all high-quality devices that can do a whole lot more than the watches can.
The smartwatch category has a lot of potential, but it also has a lot to prove. It's not a given that smartwatches are going to succeed, but one that could do all (or most) of the above would be much closer than anything that has been released to date. We've seen many of these aspects individually in smartwatches so far, but none of the current crop has gotten everything right. Here's to hoping that the second and third waves of products are steps in the right direction.
Andrew Cunningham Andrew wrote and edited tech news and reviews at Ars Technica from 2012 to 2017, where he still occasionally freelances; he is currently a senior staff writer at Wirecutter. He also records a weekly book podcast called Overdue.
Twitter @AndrewWrites

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Over the past weeks, I have written a number of posts on the Peace and Collaborative Development Network.
3) Which jobs should you go for?
There will be more posts over the coming weeks. Let me know if you have ideas on how to improve these posts. Thanks!
Hi there, I've been called to an interview for a G post and yes, aspire to move up to a P post eventually as I am 'overqualified' to fill the G post. So, I really appreciate your review and thoughts about whether its easy to transition between the 2 levels. In case I do get offered, I have to really think about what is at stake. cheers.
It's not an easy call and I'm hesitant to recommend anything strongly dice you already got that far… I just recommend not pursuing it as a general strategy.
Love your site – a great service you supply. Thanks.
As a former UNer I get many questions about getting jobs in the org. I refer them all to your site.
Do I need to know someone in UN to get a job?
Are all the jobs already decided before advertising?
I found this site very informative and useful.
I am thankful to the management.
I will recommend this site to others.
I find your site great.
I want to receive this list, as I do to enroll?
Very simple: Sign-up to an alert by looking for a job here: http://unjoblist.org/s then enter your email on the results page.
Would you please provide me with clear orientation on how to register, put the profile so that it becomes easy to apply on UN jobs. I filled the P11 for UNDP but when it comes the time to apply, I'm requested to fill the profile and its a bite difficult to access on where I can easily fill it. I'm more than interested in getting a job with UN. I'm sure I've required capacities and competences.
Thanks for supporting me by providing tips to fill successfully the process.
There is no "one size fits all" way to apply to jobs. But I encourage you to go to the organisations website and follow their instructions to the dot.
I have been invited to sit the written exam for a post in the UN administration. Would you be able to recommend any reading that could help me prepare for this exam?
I will obviously study the websites of the UN and its programmes and agencies very thoroughly, but would be grateful if you could advise me on any handbooks or other study materials that would give me a good understanding of the UN's activities, processes and procedures.
If it is the YPP you are sitting for, make sure you follow their instructions. They should have quite a lot of material out there. If it is another programme, make sure you focus mainly on the organisation/unit/entity to apply to. E.g. UNDP does not generally quiz their applicants on works that UNICEF does etc.
Sebastian thank you for the good work you keep doing to educate us. I am interested in the responses you probably gave to Jens on his enquiries made on Oct. 29, 2011; time: 4 : 42. If you could get them and feed us; we would be grateful.
Hi Jacopo, I'm not the one in charge (in fact, I do not speak for the UN) so I would not know. I encourage you to read the instructions of the organisation carefully and follow them to the dot. This way you make sure you are not kicked off the shortlist for formal reasons.
If you are shortlisted for ICA type position within UNOPS, how will it take before the selected candidate can start?.
Maybe anything from a few days to a few months. Good luck!


text:
Mîhailo Lvovîci Boiciuk (Миха́йло Льво́вич Бойчу́к; ) a fost un pictor ucrainean specializat în . Este considerat un reprezentant al generației .

Biografie
Mîhailo Boiciuk s-a născut în localitatea Romanivka din Austro-Ungaria, în prezent în regiunea Ternopil din Ucraina. A studiat pictura sub îndrumarea lui  la Liov, iar ulterior la Cracovia, unde a absolvit Academia de Arte Frumoase în 1905. De asemenea, a studiat la academiile de arte plastice din Viena și München. În 1905 și-a expus lucrările la Galeria Latour din Liov, iar în 1907 la München. Între 1907 și 1910 a locuit la Paris unde, în 1909, și-a fondat propriul atelier-școală. În această perioadă, a lucrat cu și a fost influențat de , Paul Sérusier și Maurice Denis. A găzduit o expoziție la  în 1910, prezentând lucrările sale și ale studenților săi la tema renașterii artei bizantine. Grupul de artiști ucraineni care au studiat și lucrat cu el era cunoscut sub numele de . În 1910, Boiciuk s-a întors la Liov, unde a lucrat la conservarea colecției . În 1911, a călătorit în Imperiul Rus. După război, s-a stabilit la Kiev.

În 1917, Boiciuk a devenit unul dintre fondatorii , unde a predat frescă și mozaic, iar în 1920 a fost rector. În 1925, a co-fondat . La acea vreme, el realizase deja o serie de lucrări monumentale și formase o școală de pictori monumentali care a existat până la moartea sa. Școala lui Buiciuk a întrunit următorii artiști: Tîmofii Boiciuk (fratele său), Ivan Padalka, Vasîl Sedlear, Sofia Nalepinska (soția sa), Mîkola Kasperovîci, Oksana Pavlenko, Antonina Ivanova, Mîkola Rokîțkîi, Katerîna Borodina, Oleksandr Mîzin, Kîrîlo Hzdîkrîi, Pavlo Ivancenko, Serhii Kolos, Ohrîm Kravcenko, Hrîhorii Dovjenko, Onufrii Biziukov, Maria Kotlearevska, Ivan Lîpkivskîi, Vira Bura-Mațapura, Iaroslava Muzîka, Oleksandr Ruban, Olena Sahnovska, Manuiil Șehtman, Kosteantîn Ieleva, Maria Iunak și alții.

În toiul Marii Epurări, Asociația de Artă Revoluționară a fost desființată, iar Boiciuk a fost executat. Soția sa, , de asemenea pictoriță, a fost executată câteva luni mai târziu.

Lucrări
Multe dintre lucrările lui Boiciuk, în mare parte fresce și mozaicuri, au fost distruse după executarea lui. Picturile sale păstrate în muzeele din Liov au fost distruse după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Imediat după Revoluția din octombrie 1917, Boiciuk și un grup de studenți condus de el au lucrat la realizarea frescelor pentru  (1919),  (1921), pavilionul RSS Ucrainene la Expoziția de Industrie și Agricultură de la Moscova și Institutul Cooperatist de la Kiev (1923). Mai târziu, Boiciuk și grupul său au trecut la realism socialist; la acest stil sunt atribuite lucrările de la Sanatoriul Țărănesc din Odesa (1927-1928) și  (1933–35).

Unele lucrări de artă ale lui Boiciuk sunt păstrate la .

Operă (selecție)

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1882
Decese în 1937
Nașteri pe 30 octombrie
Decese pe 13 iulie
Pictori ucraineni
Victimele Marii Epurări

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ann Intern Med. 1992 Jul 1;117(1):18-24.
Outcome of patients sustaining acute ischemic mitral regurgitation during myocardial infarction.
Tcheng JE1, Jackman JD Jr, Nelson CL, Gardner LH, Smith LR, Rankin JS, Califf RM, Stack RS.
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
To describe outcomes of patients sustaining an acute myocardial infarction complicated by mitral regurgitation managed with contemporary reperfusion therapies.
Inception cohort case study. Long-term follow-up was obtained in 99% of all patients.
University referral center.
PATIENTS:
A series of 1,480 consecutive patients presenting between April 1986 and March 1989 who had emergency cardiac catheterization within 6 hours of infarction. Fifty patients were found to have moderately severe or severe mitral regurgitation.
OUTCOME MEASURES:
Mortality; follow-up cardiac catheterization in patients with regurgitation.
Acute ischemic moderately severe to severe (3+ or 4+) mitral regurgitation was associated with a mortality of 24% at 30 days (95% CI, 12% to 36%), 42% at 6 months (CI, 28% to 56%), and 52% at 1 year (CI, 38% to 66%); multivariable analysis identified 3+ or 4+ mitral regurgitation as a possible independent predictor of mortality (P = 0.06). Patients with mitral regurgitation tended to be female, older, and to have cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and preexisting symptomatic coronary artery disease. A physical examination did not identify 50% of patients with moderately severe to severe regurgitation. Acute reperfusion with thrombolysis or angioplasty did not reliably reverse valvular incompetence. In this observational study, the greatest in-hospital and 1-year mortalities were seen in patients reperfused with emergency balloon angioplasty, whereas patients managed medically or with coronary bypass surgery had lower mortalities.
Moderately severe to severe (3+ or 4+) mitral regurgitation complicating acute myocardial infarction portends a grave prognosis. Acute reperfusion does not reduce mortality to levels experienced by patients with lesser degrees of mitral regurgitation nor does it reliably restore valvular competence.
10.7326/0003-4819-117-1-18
Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary
Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data
Mitral Valve Insufficiency/etiology*
Mitral Valve Insufficiency/mortality
Myocardial Infarction/complications*
Myocardial Infarction/mortality
Myocardial Infarction/therapy
North Carolina/epidemiology
HL-17670/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States


Posted by PhD candidate Marcus Nyman. You can follow Marcus on Twitter @marcnyman on Instagram @marcnymanrun and on the department website.
A month ago I returned from my first venture to the AAG and indeed my first venture to the United States. Here I share some thoughts on my week there.
The scale of the AAG is something of which you can be informed ahead of time but you cannot quite appreciate until there. With over 8000+ attendees, 1500+ sessions, across three separate conference venues in the Back Bay area of Boston you would be justified in calling it 'bewildering' at first glance. Such scale is not surprising given the breadth of geography as a discipline, yet in reality there were a multitude of conferences going on at the one time. Researchers from across geography and beyond using the AAG to learn about the state of the art of the discipline, reaffirm connections with friends and colleagues from different institutions and countries, and seizing the opportunity to kindle new ones.
My own paper formed part of a series of sessions entitled Food Sharing: contemporary cultures, practices and economies, which ran throughout the day and culminated in a panel discussion between academics and local food activists. This was organised through another ERC project 'SHARECITY', which is looking at the potential of emerging approaches to urban food sharing. The papers were empirically and methodology diverse, with topics covering urban foraging and gleaning, food bartering, food solidarity movements, place-making and food, street food markets, 'real bread' and beyond.
Entitled 'Discerning the food from the trees: urban foraging in London and the reimagining of urban nature', my paper sought in part to connect issues around urban food sharing economies to wider considerations of the politics and cultures of urban nature. Drawing on both my ongoing empirical research and the vital materialism approaches of scholars such as Jane Bennett, it looked to position food, when viewed through the lens of urban foraging, as an unstable category, as well as unstable matter. In doing so it emphasised the process of becoming food, rather than being food, and that the multiplicity of urban land uses, class and cultural diversity, and contestation over space and ideas in cities means foraging practices reveal ambiguities in the status of urban food and urban nature. The empirical examples touched on three areas – the difficult status of 'waste' or 'surplus' where food is collected from 'wild' or unintended sources in urban space; the subtle distinctions between how food foragers and botanists see, engage and walk with plants in cities; the ambiguous discourses that imply distinctive 'cultures of foraging' in London.
All around Somerville, where I was staying and across the river from Boston proper, the New England vernacular style of detached, wooden-clad houses is interlaced with the infrastructural arteries, retail outlets and increasingly gentrified neighbourhoods. Despite this gentrification, the city retains a degree of heterogeneity in population, land use and economy. Before returning to London, I walked northeast from Union Square, over Prospect Hill and towards Assembly Square, which hugs the banks of the Mystic River. It is the site of a former Ford Motor Company plant and cut off from the rest of Somerville by Interstate 93. Its lack of pedestrian amenity and vast footprint of parking lot suggest it was never meant to be accessed by foot or necessarily anyone living close by. After passing Foss Park and carefully picking my way underneath the highway, and before reaching the retail and technology hub gripping the waterside, I was confronted by a small patch of left ground – overgrown and underused. Perhaps this patch was still in need of decontamination, perhaps it was too small to make use of or perhaps some quirks of planning had bypassed this amid the throes of regeneration. In an effort that is replicated in uncountable post-industrial developments, the waterside retains some of the rusted architectural features of its working age – a nod to a manufacturing past which might have offered more bombast and clamour than brand outlet stores on a sleepy Sunday in April.
Being in the area, I seized the opportunity to visit the renowned Glass Flowers displayed at the Harvard Museum of Natural History. This extraordinary exhibit of several thousand life-sized and enlarged flowers and flower parts was originally conceived as a didactic tool for the study of plant form but in addition to their botanical accuracy has also become an international attraction for the craftsmanship, beauty and cultural heritage they embody.


A cuccioli di razza regalo sicilia list of every vince staples summertime 06 album download sharebeast word of regali mcdonald avvento the year selection released by dictionary.com.
A premiere cc templates free list of every word of vince staples summertime 06 album download sharebeast the year selection released by il codice da vinci libro riassunto dictionary.com. the sims 3 trucchi punti aspirazione.


text:
Home Universal Studios Japan Sing on Tour attraction coming to Universal Studios Japan in 2019
Sing on Tour attraction coming to Universal Studios Japan in 2019
Universal Parks has announced Sing on Tour will be headed to Universal Studios Japan. The new musical attraction is set to open Spring 2019.
Inspired by the hit Illumination film, the story of the attraction finds theater manager, Buster Moon, bringing all the talent selected from his auditions to host a Japan Premier.
The attraction will be held in the new "Illumination Theater", and will be jointly developed with Universal Studios Japan and Illumination Entertainment.
Directed and written by Garth Jennings, and co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet, the 2016 film features the voices of Matthew McConaughey, Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, John C. Reilly, Taron Egerton, and Tori Kelly. The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition, hosted by a koala who is trying to save his theater. A sequel is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2020.
Illumination Theater
Sing on Tour
Previous articleInside Universal Radio: Orlando – 18. JINGLECHARGED!
Next articleChecking out SeaWorld's Christmas Celebration 2018
Tom Williams announces Retirement; Mark Woodbury Named Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, of Universal Parks & Resorts
The Pokémon Company and Universal Studios Japan announce partnership


text:
Epilog Canada
Epilog Laser Announces New Representation in Eastern Canada
"I'm thrilled to join the Epilog Laser team and am excited to support current and new customers in Eastern Canada."
Gilles Frenette, Epilog Laser representative in Eastern Canada
Golden, CO (March 26, 2014)
Epilog Laser, the leading producer of CO2 and fiber laser engraving, cutting and marking systems is excited to welcome Gilles Frenette as Epilog's newest representative in Eastern Canada.
"Gilles is a wonderful addition to our Canadian distribution network," said Mike Dean, vice president of sales and marketing for Epilog Laser. "With his extensive experience with laser and fume extraction systems, coupled with his commitment to providing top-notch service, Gilles will make a fantastic addition to the Epilog Laser family."
Gilles has over 10 years of experience working in the laser industry and is well versed in all aspects including sales, technical support and business management. "I'm thrilled to join the Epilog Laser team and am excited to support current and new customers in Eastern Canada," Gilles said. "Not only does Epilog engineer and manufacture the most solid systems in the industry, their passion for customer service and laser education is the best - I'm really looking forward to being a part of that company culture."


Thibault de Gialluly will devote the first part of the workshop to his artistic practice and various stages of his career. Further an informal conversation will take place and the artist will discuss the issues of some extraterritories beyond / in the middle of the politic or the artistic from meaning to forms, the story of permanent constructions and re-constructions.
Take action by unfocusing images, events and theirs contexts in order to catch, to understand and to open their states of superposition (quantum superposition). We live in a world of unmappable secessions that we explore and expand every moment.
Thibault De Gialluly is born in 1987 in Paris, France. He lives and works between Paris and Athens.
The work of Thibaut De Gialluly expresses an incredible appetite, a need to take over the political thing, a profound necessity to understand the sociological patchwork of the extreme left, a bulimic re-reading of history (to the point of removing his moustache to Hitler or to inventing small groups that never existed). He tries to think, to believe, to fight, to refuse populism on all sides, to question the bicycle wheel of Marcel Duchamp who lost his pedals and to ridicule those that Jean Dubuffet called "s Sorting agents. ". The "assemblages" of de Gialluly, are composed of drawings, texts, and photographs, as mental territories, cartographies of the history of thought and political action, puzzles of which no piece really corresponds to another; a dramatic vision of the world, with different borders from those we know.
His recent exhibition include: 2016: Group Show Rainbow ranch hand, FRAC Nord pas de Calais, Dunkirk; FIAC, Municipal Fund, City of Paris; Group show, Aline Vidal Gallery, Paris; Hidden Garden, the Mondays of the Pavilion, Cité internationale des arts, Paris; Per Monstra, ad Astra, Michel Journiac Gallery, Paris; Double Je, Palais de Tokyo, Paris; L'image dans le tapis, 22RUEMULLER, Paris; 2015: FFOMECBLOT, Clovis XV, Brussel, Belgium; Family Matters II, De la charge, Brussels, Belgium; Elevations, Palais Idéal du Facteur Cheval, Hautes-rives, France.


text:
Envoy: China not discriminating against foreign journalists
By Rod McGuirkThe Associated Press
CANBERRA, Australia - China continued to welcome foreign journalists and discriminated against none, a Chinese envoy said on Wednesday, contradicting an Australian reporter's opinion that they were "barely tolerated."
Wang Xining, the Chinese Embassy in Australia's deputy head of mission, and Michael Smith, one the last journalists working for Australian media to flee China, were taking part in a panel discussion about China at the National Press Club of Australia.
Smith, a reporter for The Australian Financial Review who fled Shanghai in September after police demanded an interview and temporarily blocked his departure, said China once welcomed foreign journalists to "spread the news about China's economic miracle."
"In China, there's no room for any opinion that does not match that of the Chinese Communist Party," Smith said. "It feels like these days we're, sort of, barely tolerated."
Wang said he was "quite sympathetic" toward Smith and Bill Birtles, an Australian Broadcasting Corp. reporter who fled Beijing at the same time as Smith and under similar circumstances.
"It was not ... my embassy or ... any of our Chinese authorities who advised them to leave," Wang said.
"Michael and I discussed that issue, we'll continue to discuss and we'll find out a solution for this. But in general, I would disagree with Michael saying that my government no longer welcomes foreign journalists because our policy is we welcome journalists from every corner of the world and also from the Western countries," Wang added.
Many foreign journalists in China have been placed on sort-term visas of as little as three months, making travel within the country difficult. China has also blocked already limited access to the BBC, partly in retribution for Britain's revocation of the UK broadcasting license of the foreign arm of the state news channel CCTV.
Smith said BBC's former Beijing correspondent John Sudworth was the latest high-profile journalist to leave China after reporting about detention camps in northwest Xinjiang and allegations that minority groups were coerced into working in textile factories.
BBC reported last month that Sudworth and his family had moved to Taiwan following pressure and threats from Chinese authorities.
Wang said BBC journalists "failed to present a truthful image" of Xinjiang.
"We never discriminate against any journalists, but we hope foreign journalists in China will present the true image of China," Wang said.
Smith and Birtles had sheltered in Australian diplomatic compounds before they were allowed to leave China under a deal brokered between the two governments.
China's foreign ministry later said Australian security agents had in June raided the Sydney homes of four journalists working for Chinese state media and seized their electronics, citing possible violations of Australia's anti-foreign interference law.
The journalists representing Xinhua News Agency, China Central Radio, CCTV and China News Agency had since returned to China.
Smith said on Wednesday that the Sydney raids were "obviously the trigger for what happened to us."
"Bill Birtles and myself sort of became pawns in this tit-for-tat political game being played by Australia and China," Smith said.
Before their departure, Chinese police questioned both journalists about Australian citizen Cheng Lei, a business news anchor for CGNT, China's English language state media channel, who had been detained a month earlier.
Wang said Cheng lawfully remained in detention.
"She was apprehended because she was suspected of violating the security law of China and all these cases will be handled according to Chinese legal procedure and legal documents," Wang said.


text:
Judy Zhu appointed as new Eagle Ridge Hospital Foundation Executive Director2022-06-062022-06-06https://erhf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/logo-erhf-2018.pngEagle Ridge Hospital Foundationhttps://erhf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/fi-placeholder.png200px200px
As a longtime resident of the Tri-Cities, Judy is passionate about empowering supporters of Eagle Ridge Hospital Foundation and fund the Foundation's key priorities through philanthropy and advocacy. "I have enjoyed being a part of this extraordinary community and am honoured to be a part of Eagle Ridge Hospital Foundation," Judy Zhu remarked. "I am looking forward to continuing to build on this incredible legacy."
Judy took on the role of Executive Director of the Foundation on after an extensive search led by Tom Morton, Chair of Eagle Ridge Hospital Foundation. Tom Morton shared, "The Board of Directors for Eagle Ridge Hospital Foundation are excited to have Judy Zhu as our new Executive Director, replacing the retiring Charlene Giovannetti-King. Charlene led us through the $5 million capital campaign to expand the Emergency Department, showing what the Foundation and donors from the Tri-Cities, Belcarra and Anmore are capable of achieving. Judy comes to us with amazing fundraising from the Canadian Cancer Society, with the skills and experience to take Eagle Ridge Foundation to the next level. Judy, welcome to our very special team at Eagle Ridge Hospital Foundation!"
Judy has over 14 years of experience in the non-profit sector, and has extensive experience in fundraising, non-profit management and public relations in a leadership role. In the capacity of Executive Director, she will be leading the Foundation's fundraising programs, capital campaigns and operations. Immediately prior to this role, Judy was the Director of Leadership Giving and Asian Giving at the Canadian Cancer Society, where she led the leadership giving team, and worked closely with executive leaders to execute a $30 million capital campaign for the new Center for Cancer Prevention and Support that was completed successfully in November of 2021. She has also worked for Simon Fraser University department of University Advancement. Judy is a Certified Fundraising Executive (CFRE) and holds a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Simon Fraser University, and holds a volunteer leadership role at the Association of Fundraising Professionals.
2022 will be a year of transformative growth for the Foundation, having recently finished a $5.0 million capital campaign that contributed to the opening of Phase 1 of the newly renovated Eagle Ridge Hospital Emergency Department. The newly expanded Emergency Department will triple its patient capacity, and to ensure the hospital is able to keep up with the increased patient traffic and growing population of the Tri-Cities, the Foundation is currently fundraising towards a $2.0 million capital campaign to upgrade the medical imaging equipment.


On March 26, 2019, the Province of Nova Scotia issued its 2019-2020 budget, notably the fourth consecutive surplus budget for our Province, a unique status where our Province continues to operate under low growth economic conditions. If forecasts pan out, the province will spend $33.6M less than it receives in 2019-2020. The Province's continued commitment of spending within its means and investing for future growth are fitting approaches that are good for business, as well as building a prosperous Nova Scotia. Overall, the budget has a focus on improving access to healthcare- a significant need for our Island, supporting our people and our communities, investing in education and preparing our youth for the workforce, and creating the conditions needed for economic growth.
Although we see significant investments in key areas, our province has a rural population twice the national average, therefore making it essential that our province works with communities like ours to ensure businesses can attract and retain skilled workers. Additionally, Nova Scotia continues to be one of the highest taxed provinces in our country making taxpayers needed to find ways to reduce taxable income or invest elsewhere. The Chamber will continue to work to advocate and lobby with our partners to our government to encourage investment in our region to help support the strengthening of our economy.
For full budget details, please visit https://novascotia.ca/budget .


Social Media marketing is a great way to stay in front of your audience. We will craft a strategy, put together a plan and create media for you to use.
Social Media is a very active marketing activity that requires thought, knowledge of who your audience is, strategy and planning.
Combine all of this with statistics and it will easily prove to you that it works for driving customers to your business.
John created a beautiful, user-friendly and accessible website for us, and has continued to help us optimize not only that website but our social media, marketing, and outreach. John's knowledge and experience would be helpful for organizations large and small! We highly recommend using Simplex Studios for our outreach and marketing needs.
Need Help with Your Social Media Marketing? Contact Us Today!
Social Media marketing is a great way to stay in front of our customers, so when they are ready for your service or product they know exactly where you are and what you sell. It entails more than just posting to a profile, it will help nurture your leads and turn them into prospects and ultimately into customers.
Simplex Studios can come alongside your team and show you how to more effectively use social media marketing for your business. Or we can produce and post to your social media accounts for you. We are flexible and we would love to help!


I need to have a photo collected and submitted with my fingerprints. Are Fieldprint sites able to collect my photo?
Yes; all Fieldprint sites are fully equipped and trained to collect a digital photo with the fingerprint collection. The FL Agency for Healthcare Administration (AHCA) and the Department of Health now require a digital photograph to be included with a fingerprint submission. If you register for either of these programs, you will be able to schedule your appointment at a Fieldprint site with both fingerprint and photo-capture capabilities.
Click "Schedule an Appointment" and you will be prompted to create a secure user account. Next, you will select the reason you need to be fingerprinted from the list of options. If your employer provided you with a Fieldprint Code, you will be able to enter it here. After selecting your reason, you will be prompted to enter all demographic information required by the State of Florida. Once this step is complete, you will be able to search for a fingerprinting location and schedule an appointment at a date and time most convenient for you!
No. This program is currently available only to organizations and agencies.
Mastercard, American Express, Discover and Visa accepted.
I am not currently in the state of Florida. Am I able to be fingerprinted in another state?
Yes, applicants may be printed in another state for a Florida license or program. Simply click "Schedule an Appointment" to find the most convenient collection site.
I was told I need to be printed for the Department of Health – Medical Quality Assurance Division. What occupations fall under this agency?
What is AHCA and who does it apply to?
Fingerprints will be submitted to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement for the purposes of a Level 2 screening for individuals seeking employment in various healthcare settings such as assisted living facilities, home health agencies, hospitals, etc. under the ORI# EAHCA020Z. A photograph will be collected at the time of the appointment by one of our trained technicians. Please contact your employer if you are unsure of the reason or ORI# for which you need to be fingerprinted.
What is AHCA Managed Care and who does it apply to?
Fingerprints will be submitted to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement for the purposes of a Level 2 screening for individuals seeking employment with a Managed Care Organization under the ORI# EAHCA790Z. A photograph will be collected at the time of the appointment by one of our trained technicians. Please contact your employer if you are unsure of the reason or ORI# for which you need to be fingerprinted.
Two (2) forms of identification, at least one (1) of which must be a valid government-issued photo ID. The name and date of birth on both forms of identification must match exactly as provided for the appointment.
To cancel your appointment, please contact our call center by calling 877-614-4364 or email a request to our customer service email address, customerservice@fieldprint.com. Our office hours are between 8am and 10pm EST, Monday through Friday.
If your fingerprints are rejected, you must call Fieldprint Inc. to be rescheduled for an additional fingerprint appointment. You or your employer will need to provide your FBI TCN as provided to you by your respective agency.
For fingerprints submitted through AHCA, results are returned directly to AHCA for review and employment determination. Results are then posted on the AHCA website for review by agencies only. Please contact your employer for more information.
For fingerprints submitted through AHCA: No. An agency or employer is not permitted to hire a new employee until a final screening determination of "Eligible" or "Not Eligible" is made and posted on the AHCA website.
chat , or call 877-614-4364 for further assistance.


Our active ownership efforts utilize a variety of tools to directly engage companies on adopting higher standards related to Catholic ethical and social teaching. One of the most critical elements is proxy voting—we have updated the Proxy Voting Database page on our website, adding new graphics, charts and tables, to better highlight our voting record and provide details on the impact we are having.
Among the new details depicted are our full voting volume, votes by proposal category, meetings by type and sector, how we align (or don't!) with management, and more. In addition, we still provide the full, searchable database of our historical voting record. Another new aspect: all the graphics re-adjust based on the input you give the tool, allowing for a more personalized and interactive experience. We urge you to take a look!


text:
Sakina Kapadia
Commercial Appeals From District Court Now To Be Heard by Division Bench: Delhi High Court
Sakina Kapadia - February 3, 2021
Excerpt A legal question pertaining to commercial appeals had come to light before the High Court of Delhi in the matter of Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation v. Swadeshi Civil Infrastructure. Facts of the Case In the present application, the Court...
Allahabad High Court Sets Aside State Government Order To Extend Term of UP Sunni Waqf Board
Sakina Kapadia - January 30, 2021
Author: Sakina Kapadia Excerpt Two petitions had been filed before the High Court of Allahabad on July 1 2020, and September 30, 2020. The petitions sought a direction to set aside the State Government's order to extend the tenure of the...
Delhi High Court Restrains Publication of Book on "the Ryan School Murder"
The Order had come in an injunction application filed by the St. Xavier's Education Trust in Delhi. The Plaintiff sought ad-interim restraining order on publication of book titled 'The Ryan School Murder' that was scheduled to be published on...
Allahabad High Court Expresses Dissatisfaction on Counsels Seeking Unnecessary Adjournments
The petition had been filed by Smt. Radha prayed to issue directions to Judicial Magistrate-I in Faizabad. The petition sought a speedy decision in a case filed under Section 12 of the Domestic Violence Act, pending since 2018. Facts and...
Allahabad High Court Seeks Response on Compensation of Cutting Trees From National Highways Authority of India (Nhai)
The Order had come in the form of a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed by a bunch of law students in Uttar Pradesh. The petition sought direction from NHAI (National Highways Authority of India) and the Uttar Pradesh Government...
Delhi High Court Directs Delhi Jal Board To Make Supply of Potable Drinking Water
The High Court of Delhi in the matter of Delhi Sainik Cooperation Housing Ltd. v. Union of India & Ors held that right to have access to potable drinking water is a fundamental right. Moreover, it couldn't be denied...
Punjab & Haryana High Court Orders Security To BJP Leader Alleged for Not Supporting Farmers Protest
The Order had come in the form of a Writ Petition filed by Tikshan Sood under Article 226 of the Constitution. The petition before the High Court of Punjab and Haryana sought a direction to authorities to provide adequate...
Unconscious Possession of Cartridges Would Not Attract Arms Act: Delhi High Court
Sakina Kapadia - January 5, 2021
The Order had come in the form of a writ petition filed by Mr. Adhiraj Singh. The Petition sought direction from the High Court of Delhi to quash an FIR filed against him under the Arms Act, 1959. Facts of...
Delhi High Court Orders the Release of a Married Woman From Children's Home
A Writ of Habeas Corpus had been filed by Mr. Avinash Sarvan in the High Court of Delhi. The Petition sought a direction to release the wife of the Petitioner who is illegally detained in the Children's Home. Facts of...
Delhi High Court Direct Banks To Hold-off Classification of Accounts as Fraudulent
The order had come by way of a few writ petitions filed by Former Executive Officer and Director of Reliance Infrastructure, Punit Garg. The Petition had challenged the recent move of Union Bank of India and Indian Overseas to...


text:
Update on Seasonal Affective Disorders: Clinical Issues and Treatment Strategies
Dan A. Oren, MD
In this CME article, the focus is on persons with a formally recognized recurrent wintertime mood disorder that rises to such a level that it merits a diagnostic title and clinical intervention.
Premiere Date: February 20, 2014
Expiration Date: February 20, 2015 [Expired]
This activity offers CE credits for:
1. Physicians (CME)
All other clinicians will either receive a CME Attendance Certificate or may choose any of the types of CE credit being offered.
ACTIVITY GOAL
This article provides information on seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and its treatment, with an emphasis on light therapy.
At the end of this CE activity, participants should be able to:
1. Identify the seminal research on SAD.
2. Define SAD.
3. Differentiate between the 2 primary treatment modalities.
4. Describe the various forms of light therapy.
This continuing medical education activity is intended for psychiatrists, psychologists, primary care physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other health care professionals who seek to improve their care for patients with mental health disorders.
CME Credit (Physicians): This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education through the joint sponsorship of CME Outfitters, LLC, and Psychiatric Times. CME Outfitters, LLC, is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
CME Outfitters designates this enduring material for a maximum of 1.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Note to Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants: AANPCP and AAPA accept certificates of participation for educational activities certified for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™.
DISCLOSURE DECLARATION
It is the policy of CME Outfitters, LLC, to ensure independence, balance, objectivity, and scientific rigor and integrity in all of their CME/CE activities. Faculty must disclose to the participants any relationships with commercial companies whose products or devices may be mentioned in faculty presentations, or with the commercial supporter of this CME/CE activity. CME Outfitters, LLC, has evaluated, identified, and attempted to resolve any potential conflicts of interest through a rigorous content validation procedure, use of evidence-based data/research, and a multidisciplinary peer-review process.
The following information is for participant information only. It is not assumed that these relationships will have a negative impact on the presentations.
Dan A. Oren, MD, is a Board Member of the non-profit Center for Environmental Therapeutics (CET). He receives no financial or material compensation for his work related to CET.
Michael Terman, PhD, (peer/content reviewer) has no disclosures to report.
Applicable Psychiatric Times staff have no disclosures to report.
UNLABELED USE DISCLOSURE
Faculty of this CME/CE activity may include discussion of products or devices that are not currently labeled for use by the FDA. The faculty have been informed of their responsibility to disclose to the audience if they will be discussing off-label or investigational uses (any uses not approved by the FDA) of products or devices. CME Outfitters, LLC, and the faculty do not endorse the use of any product outside of the FDA-labeled indications. Medical professionals should not utilize the procedures, products, or diagnosis techniques discussed during this activity without evaluation of their patient for contraindications or dangers of use.
Questions about this activity? Call us at 877.CME.PROS (877.263.7767).
The human condition is such that all of us may be vulnerable to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). If placed in an environment sufficiently deprived of light, we would all develop a reversible syndrome of major depression.
SAD emerged into the modern lexicon in 1984 in a landmark paper by Rosenthal and colleagues.1 The work on SAD, however, began a few years earlier in Thomas Wehr's research program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). At the time, National Institutes of Health scientists were encouraged to do work that could not or would not be done anywhere else. The group published 2 seminal papers in Science. In one paper, Wehr and colleagues2 demonstrated that a "phase advance" of the circadian sleep-wake cycle could serve as an antidepressant. That is, a manipulation of the internal biological clock to cause people to wake earlier in the day was shown potentially to have antidepressant psychiatric effects.
In the other paper, Lewy and colleagues3 shined a bright light on study participants, which led to rapid and reversible suppression of nocturnal pineal gland production of melatonin. Melatonin was already known to be a critical light-regulated seasonal and circadian hormone in animals, and this research raised the question of its having a similar role in humans.
Although articles on current research that links biological clock disruption to psychiatric illnesses are published with precise molecular genetic detail and appear at a frequency that resembles clockwork, 3 decades ago such work was highly controversial. At the time, Kripke4 was conducting pioneering research that suggested bright white light could rapidly reduce depressive symptoms even in usually sun-filled climates.
Closely following the scientific literature was a brilliant Bell Labs researcher named Herbert E. Kern who had recognized a pattern in his own seasonal depressive episodes that recurred as the days shortened each summer. A founding member of the American Society for Photobiology in 1972, Kern contacted Lewy in 1980 for evaluation.
Lewy, Kern, Rosenthal, and Wehr5 demonstrated that bright artificial light in midwinter could successfully treat Kern's depression. They published the first modern case report on the efficacy of bright white light for the treatment of a seasonal winter depression. Kern's seasonal depression and response to bright light led the NIMH group to look for a pattern in others. They found that winter seasonal depression was not uncommon, and they conducted the first of many placebo-controlled trials that described the syndrome and showed the efficacy of light treatment.1
Related content: Mini Quiz: Light Therapy for Winter Blues
SAD may have existed for as long as humans have walked the temperate climates of this earth: records of melancholy associated with autumn and mania with summer go back millennia, as recorded in the fourth century by the clinician Posidonius.
In 1921, Emil Kraepelin
observed patients with recurrent winter depression (and spring hypomanias): "Repeatedly I saw in these cases moodiness set in in autumn and pass over in spring, 'when the sap shoots in the trees,' to excitement." (For a more thorough historial review, I recommend Wehr's chapter on the historical background of SAD.
Milder recurrent winter depressions that did not meet MDD criteria were also found to be responsive to bright light therapy.9 A century earlier, polar explorers noted that darkness appeared to trigger depression in winter and the return of sunlight sparked improvements in mood and energy.10 Such observations raised the question of whether vulnerability to winter darkness represents human physiology that becomes pathophysiological in the case of winter SAD but, at its core, is part of our evolutionary responses to sunlight and to seasonal change.11
In this article I focus on persons with a formally recognized recurrent wintertime mood disorder that rises to such a level that it merits a diagnostic title and clinical intervention. This is the population with recurrent wintertime SAD, or, as coded in DSM-5, patients with a recurrent pattern of MDD during the winter months, associated with remission (or entrance to mania or hypomania) in the spring or summer. The syndrome requires a clear and regular temporal relationship between the onset of the depressive episodes and the time of the year and full remission (or changes to the manic side) at a characteristic time each year (additional details are published in DSM-5).
[[{"type":"media","view_mode":"media_crop","fid":"22963","attributes":{"alt":"","class":"media-image media-image-right","id":"media_crop_3516069407012","media_crop_h":"0","media_crop_image_style":"-1","media_crop_instance":"1738","media_crop_rotate":"0","media_crop_scale_h":"143","media_crop_scale_w":"150","media_crop_w":"0","media_crop_x":"0","media_crop_y":"0","style":"float: right;","title":" ","typeof":"foaf:Image"}}]]
Written in memory of Herbert E. Kern, formerly of Florham Park, New Jersey, born May 14, 1917, who died at age 96 on September 9, 2013.
Understanding SAD
The behavioral pattern associated with SAD has strong biological underpinnings seen across many forms of animal life, and precise physical mechanisms, even if not yet fully understood, are rapidly being found to explain the molecular connections between light and melatonin.12 The most frequent symptoms associated with SAD (seen in over 80% of patients) are recurrent wintertime sadness, decrease in activity, social difficulties (eg, withdrawal), anxiety, irritability, occupational difficulties, and daytime tiredness. Most patients with winter SAD also report a seasonally recurrent increase in sleep, weight, and appetite; carbohydrate craving; and decrease in libido.
Although each person's symptom profile is unique, in the Northern hemisphere, depressive episodes typically begin in September to November, depending on the latitude, and usually do not resolve until the following spring. For many patients, symptoms are at their worst in January and February, despite the fact that the days are getting longer during these months. The relatively darker days brought on by the weather in January and February have been proposed as one explanation for this pattern. Some patients also report that brief stretches of dark weather in summer or light-deprived working conditions are associated with the return of depression.
Although most patients with winter SAD may lose their unique winter seasonal pattern of recurrence over time, the syndrome is fairly common.13 The prevalence of the syndrome in North America ranges up to approximately 2.5% in Canada and is associated with distance from the equator.14 The increase in prevalence is presumably related to the shorter hours and lower intensity of daylight in the northern latitudes during the winter. Winter SAD has been described worldwide, but the influence of latitude on prevalence appears to be more limited outside of North America, perhaps because most of the European areas that have been studied lie north of the United States.15
Although SAD does occur in men, as with other forms of MDD, it is seen more often in women.16 The average age of onset of winter SAD is in the early 20s, but many patients with SAD recall wintertime depressive symptoms going back to their early teens. The diagnosis is often missed because health care professionals usually do not consider the diagnosis.17
Anecdotally, patients with winter SAD (and many others) report their mood improves dramatically if they travel to a sunny place in winter. If one thinks of sunlight as a health supplement, no less important to life than water or food, one would want to be in an environment with sufficient sunlight. Despite the clear efficacy of many of the treatments for winter SAD, their effectiveness rarely fully matches the effects of summer or of a sunny climate in winter.
More realistic than moving to a sunny climate, the leading treatments are medication or various forms of light therapy. Which of these treatments might be used is more a question of personal convenience and patient preference than of one being more effective than another. A Canadian study determined that the difference in total health care costs (at least in the Canadian medical system) between the 2 modalities was relatively modest.18 It may therefore be reasonable to let patients' personal preference (which might well affect compliance) influence the choice of initial treatment modality. In many cases, patients report an optimal response from a combination of light therapy and antidepressant medication.
Medications. The first and only medication approved by the US FDA for the prevention of winter SAD is bupropion XL. Patients who received 150 to 300 mg of bupropion daily before the onset of the winter seasonal episode were, on average, 44% less likely to have a winter depressive episode than those who received placebo throughout the winter.17 Fluoxetine and sertraline have also been found to be effective.19 The adverse effects associated with various antidepressant drugs are well recognized.
Light therapy. For patients who prefer physiological treatment, various forms of light therapy-intended to deliver light to the eyes-may be considered. Some experts suggest beginning the daily treatment about 2 weeks before the patient's winter symptoms typically begin and then continuing the treatment throughout the season. As the days lengthen and brighten in the spring and patients begin to receive enough natural light, they can decrease or eliminate the daily dose of light treatment.
The best-established light treatment is delivered with "light boxes." These portable light fixtures deliver bright polychromatic white light in an attempt to make up for the relative darkness of winter. Patients typically sit in front of the light box for a fixed time each morning and "bathe" their eyes in indirect light shining from the lamps. While sitting in front of the light box, patients can easily use the time efficiently with such activities as eating breakfast, reading a newspaper, watching television, or responding to email. Some enterprising patients set up their light boxes on a stand, so they can use an elliptical trainer or the like to enhance their physical and mental health at the same time. A response often occurs within days and may strengthen over the course of a few weeks; more immediate responses have also been reported.20
Small handheld light devices are also being marketed for the treatment of wintertime dysphoria or anergy, but the safety and efficacy data to support their use are limited. The evidence is limited, but self-contained light visors or light caps are also available and might be beneficial when a patient is traveling.21
The "dawn simulator" serves to replicate the natural spring profile of a slowly brightening dawn and gradually brightens the room of a sleeping patient before he or she awakes.22 Its chief advantage over the light box is that it provides treatment during the last hours of the patient's sleep and does not take time away from normal wintertime waking hours. Its chief disadvantage is that the light from the device might wake a sleeping partner.
There have been extensive studies and debates over the optimal timing, duration, and intensity of bright light therapy. Although there are individual exceptions, early morning light therapy for under an hour at 10,000 lux intensity provides good results. The intensity can be reduced to 2500 lux (by increasing the distance to the light) if glare makes the brighter light uncomfortable. Thirty-minute sessions are a typical starting duration, which can be adjusted upward or downward depending on clinical response. There might be an optimal specific time at which to administer light treatment because of a correlation between the timing of the internal body clock and the optimal timing of light administration. A quickly administered test to estimate an optimal time for daily light treatment is the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), which is free and can be accessed online.23
CASE VIGNETTE
Jane, a 32-year-old woman, is referred to a psychiatrist for the treatment of depression. Because of her husband's job transfer, she moved to Maine several years ago. She visits her native sunny southern California every January.
She is euthymic in summer, but beginning around the time when daylight saving time ends she senses a lessening of her energy and an inability to complete daily tasks. After several weeks, she notes inexplicable and dominant periods of sadness or irritability. By early December, she begins to feel increasingly sleepy and starts to crave carbohydrates, which leads to weight gain. She enjoys her time in California but within 1 week of returning home, her depressed mood returns. February, despite being a short month, always feels to her as if it is the longest month of the year. The depression typically lasts until mid-April, when she begins to feel as if she is coming out of a fog. She denies suicidal ideation, and she has never been hospitalized for a psychiatric illness.
Last January, she began treatment with 10,000 lux light therapy at 6:30 AM each morning. Two weeks later her mood and energy improved and she became highly productive at work. She continues to use the light therapy throughout the winter. At the beginning of April she tells her psychiatrist that she spontaneously stopped using the light box 2 weeks earlier because she felt that she was receiving enough natural light and did not need to supplement it with a light box.
A number of studies have examined whether particular wavelengths (colors) of light might be optimally effective for winter SAD. Although individual treatment studies have shown efficacy with bright green light, most of the trials in the literature have used "broad spectrum" white light (composed of multiple wavelengths to give a white appearance). There is no evidence that blue light is more effective than white light for such treatment. Moreover, blue light may pose a risk of macular degeneration or other adverse ocular effects.24 Some patients who have used a specific color of light have reported that after the light treatment they have a short but temporary uncomfortable aftereffect of seeing abnormally colored objects (likely a result of temporary bleaching of certain cone photoreceptors).
Ultraviolet light is unnecessary for effective light treatment and does not appear to provide additional benefits.25 It might also increase the risk of cataracts or other adverse ocular effects.24,26 Patients with macular degeneration should use bright light treatment only with the review or guidance of an ophthalmologist.
Light therapy for SAD is usually innocuous. Adverse events associated with bright light therapy in more than 10% of patients include eye irritation, headache, and nausea. These can usually be resolved by increasing the distance of the eyes from the light or by reducing the daily duration of light therapy.20 As with antidepressant medications, light therapy usually reduces suicidal ideation, although cases of mania or suicidality associated with light therapy have been reported.27
Device choices. One question that frequently arises is the choice of a specific brand of light fixture. Because all of the light device manufacturers currently market products that are intentionally described not as medical treatment devices but rather as light fixtures (which anyone may buy), these devices do not fall under FDA regulation. Advising patients on the use of a particular model is complex because of a limited database. Although price is a consideration for most people, it is a mistake to assume that a less costly device is just as effective and as safe as a more expensive device; the reverse is also true. In the absence of regulation, we live in a "caveat emptor" universe of light boxes. In my own practice, I usually refer patients to the non-profit Center for Environmental Therapeutics Web site, or to one of the established manufacturers whose data have been published in some of the well-respected studies described in this review.
Summer mood disorders
Anecdotal reports suggest that light therapy may also be useful in patients with seasonally worsening mood disorders who have a double depression manifested by year-round dysthymia or depressed mood that worsens in winter. Just as recurrent winter depression can be associated with the absence of light, the abundance of spring-summer light can be associated with hypomania or mania. Patients with winter depression might respond to light therapy in winter and have a springtime episode of mania aborted by wearing dark wraparound sunglasses to minimize bright light exposure. Dark therapy may prove to be a useful adjunctive treatment for a manic episode.28
The phenomenon of recurrent summer depression appears to be much rarer than winter SAD and is much more poorly understood; descriptions of the syndrome and its treatment are limited. Excessive summer exposure to heat, rather than overabundant light, may be central to the disorder. Treatment with repeated cold showers may be effective.29 In the absence of controlled trials of temperature manipulations for summer SAD (and the inconvenience of taking multiple cold showers daily), standard antidepressant treatment approaches are appropriate.
What is the mechanism by which light therapy has its antidepressant effect in winter SAD? This is a question of immense interest and discussion and, I would argue, critical physiological importance. I would direct the interested reader to a review paper in the December 2013 issue of The American Journal of Psychiatry, which considers this topic from an evolutionary and molecular viewpoint and leads in a surprising direction.11 In that article, my coauthors and I review a model of humoral phototransduction. Our findings suggest that using plant responses to light as a model for human chronobiological behavior identifies hemoglobin and bilirubin as mediators of some of light's antidepressant and chronobiological effects. From this standpoint, the past century's worth of advances by botanists in understanding plant behavior may prove useful models for understanding critical aspects of the molecular regulation of animal and human behavior.
Regardless of mechanism, the research that grew out of Wehr's group showing that bright light can suppress melatonin in humans and that it successfully treats winter SAD sprang from a biological hypothesis rather than being a serendipitous occurrence.30 Subsequent clinically practical chronobiological treatments for nonseasonal depression include sleep deprivation (wake therapy) and triple chronotherapy that combines wake therapy, bright light therapy, and sleep phase advances.31
Yet, without Herbert Kern, an entire line of research and treatment might have lain fallow for years. Instead, the connection between light and the biological clock and human physiology and depression is at the cutting edge of scientific advances. And Mr Kern had the privilege of living to see this corner of medicine blossom.
[This CME is expired]
Dr Oren is Associate Professor (Adjunct) of Psychiatry at Yale University, New Haven, Conn, and Medical Director of BHcare, Inc, North Haven, Conn.
1. Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, et al. Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:72-80.
2. Wehr TA, Wirz-Justice A, Goodwin FK, et al. Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science. 1979;206:710-713.
3. Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, et al. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science. 1980;210:1267-1269.
4. Kripke DF. Photoperiodic mechanisms for depression and its treatment. In: Perris C, Struwe G, Jansson B, eds. Biol Psychiatry. Amsterdam: Elsevier-North Holland Biomedical Press; 1981:1249-1252.
5. Lewy AH, Kern HA, Rosenthal NE, Wehr TA. Bright artificial light treatment of a manic-depressive patient with a seasonal mood cycle. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:1496-1498.
6. Roccatagliata G. A History of Ancient Psychiatry. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press; 1986.
7. Kraepelin E. Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone; 1921:139.
8. Wehr TA. Seasonal affective disorders: a historical overview. In: Rosenthal NE, Blehar MC, eds. Seasonal Affective Disorders and Phototherapy. New York: Guilford Press; 1989:11-32.
9. Kasper S, Rogers SLB, Yancey A, et al. Phototherapy in individuals with and without subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:837-844.
10. Kane EK. Arctic Explorations in the Years 1853-1855. Philadelphia: Childs and Peterson; 1856.
11. Oren DA, Koziorowski M, Desan PH. SAD and the not-so-single photoreceptors. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1403-1412.
12. Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki T, Mizoro Y, et al. Mice genetically deficient in vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors are resistant to jet lag. Science. 2013;342:85-90.
13. Sakamoto K, Nakadaira S, Kamo K, et al. A longitudinal follow-up study of seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:862-868.
14. Rosen LN, Targum SD, Terman M, et al. Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes. Psychiatry Res. 1990;31:131-144.
15. Mersch PPA, Middendorp HM, Bouhuys AL, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 1999;53:35-48.
16. Magnusson A, Partonen T. Prevalence. In: Partonen T, Pandi-Perumal SR, eds. Seasonal Affective Disorder: Practice and Research. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 2010:221-234.
17. Modell JG, Rosenthal NE, Harriett AE, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and its prevention by anticipatory treatment with bupropion XL. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:658-667.
18. Cheung A, Dewa C, Michalak EE, et al. Direct health care costs of treating seasonal affective disorder: a comparison of light therapy and fluoxetine. Depress Res Treat. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/drt/2012/628434/. Accessed January 9, 2014.
19. Lam RW, Levitt AJ, Levitan RD, et al. The Can-SAD study: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:805-812.
20. Partonen T, Halonen L, Eloholma M. Light exposure. In: Partonen T, Pandi-Perumal SR, eds. Seasonal Affective Disorder: Practice and Research. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 2010:267-279.
21. Desan PH, Weinstein AJ, Michalak EE, et al. A controlled trial of the Litebook light-emitting diode (LED) light therapy device for treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:38.
22. Terman M, Terman JS. Controlled trial of naturalistic dawn simulation and negative air ionization for seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:2126-2133.
23. Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). http://www.ubcmood.ca/sad/MEQ.pdf. Accessed January 7, 2014.
24. Reme CE, Rol P, Grothmann K, Kaase H, Terman M. Bright light therapy in focus: lamp emission spectra and ocular safety. Technol Health Care. 1996;4:403-413.
25. Oren DA, Brainard GC, Johnston SH, et al. Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with green light and red light. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:509-511.
26. Oren DA, Rosenthal FS, Rosenthal NE, et al. Exposure to ultraviolet B radiation during phototherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:675-676.
27. Lam RW, Tam EM, Shiah IS, et al. Effects of light therapy on suicidal ideation in patients with winter depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:30-32.
28. Barbini B, Benedetti F, Colombo C, et al. Dark therapy for mania: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:98-101.
29. Wehr TA, Giesen H, Schulz PM, et al. Summer depression: description of the syndrome and comparison with winter depression. In: Rosenthal NE, Blehar MC, eds. Seasonal Affective Disorders and Phototherapy. New York: Guilford Press; 1989:55-63.
30. Wirz-Justice A, Terman M, Oren DA, et al. Brightening depression. Science. 2004;303:467-469.
31. Wirz-Justice A, Benedetti F, Terman M. Chronotherapeutics for Affective Disorders: A Clinician's Manual for Light and Wake Therapy. 2nd rev ed. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2013.


text:
Boreal Films va ser una productora, galeria de filmació i laboratori fundada per Fructuós Gelabert el 1914 a la Carretera de Sants, Barcelona. Eren uns estudis força ben equipats, els quals va fundar juntament amb Francesc Bech; Gelabert volia aixecar una indústria cinematogràfica barcelonina important, i com a tal, necessitava unes infrastructures al nivell corresponent, per això va necessitar l'ajut econòmic de Bech com a persona influent en el món dels negocis.

Malgrat que la inscripció legal de la Boreal Films es va fer el 1914, la construcció de l'estudi no va acabar fins al 1916. Tot i així es va aconseguir un estudi envidriat molt modern, equipat amb la darrera tecnologia i uns laboratoris bastant complets. Consistia en una galeria de dues plantes, amb uns estudis per rodar interiors, un ampli magatzem, un laboratori actualitzat, oficines, departaments de fotografia, repàs de còpies i tot tipus de serveis necessaris per a l'elaboració de films. Els baixos de la galeria i les seves respectives sales estaven situades descrivint un cercle, seguint el camí que feia la pel·lícula des de la seva recepció fins a l'embalatge final. A causa de la seva estructura envidriada, eren coneguts pels veïns del barri com "La Casa de Vidre".

Els seus serveis principals oferien la perforació de la pel·lícula verge, el processament de negatius i còpies, el tenyit i virat dels positius i la confecció de rètols pel sistema Tricolor. Juntament amb els laboratoris de la Royal Films i la Studio Films, els Boreal van ser els estudis més moderns de Barcelona durant aquells anys.

Història
El 1912 Gelabert havia inaugurat els tallers i laboratoris Manufactura Cinematogràfica Tricolor en uns territoris propis a la Carretera de Sants. Així que prop d'aquests, va iniciar el projecte de la construcció dels Boreal Films, ja que els estudis Films Barcelona que tenia a Horta se li havien fet petits. De manera que va inscriure legalment el seu projecte i pel 1916 va finalitzar la construcció d'aquests nous estudis.

La Primera Guerra Mundial va generar una sèrie d'obstacles a l'empresa; va afectar l'exportació i donà dificultats en l'adquisició de pel·lícula verge. Aquestes causes s'afegiren als problemes d'entesa entre Gelabert amb productores com la Hispano Films, Barcinógrafo o Studio Films, degut a la seva poca experiència i familiaritat amb els negocis i la publicitat. Tot això, va provocar la producció de dos únics documentals i dos films argumentals per part de l'empresa.

Amb aquesta productora Gelabert no va aconseguir l'èxit esperat, així que va vendre totes les instal·lacions dels estudis a Alfred Fontanals i a Joan Solà i Mestres, tots dos de la Studio, al 1918, però seguí conservant la patent.

La nova empresa productora portà una bona gestió dels estudis, fet que els va proporcionar uns bons èxits. Però amb la mort prematura d'Aureli Sidney, un soci de la Studio, aquesta s'afeblí i va acabar tancant a finals de 1920. Dos anys després morí també Solà i Mestres, i en aquells moments els Boreal funcionaven com a tallers foto-industrials.

Finalment, el 1924 els tallers van ser venuts per a l'ampliació de l'estació del ferrocarril de Sants, i la galeria i els laboratoris que van ser enderrocats, van ser traslladats a l'Hospitalet de Llobregat amb el nom de Laboratori Cinematogràfic Alfred Fontanals.

Filmografia de Boreal Films

Documentals
Tots dos dirigits per Gelabert.

 Segona cursa de cavalls a l'Hipòdrom (1915)
 Setmana Santa a Tarragona (1916)

Films argumentals
 El sino manda (1917): dirigit per Gelabert i protagonitzat per Pilar Andiano i Joan Rovira.
 El doctor Rojo (1917): dirigit per Ramon Caralt en tres episodis ("El doctor Rojo", "La herencia" i "El invisible") i interpretat per alguns actors de la companyia de Caralt.

Referències

Productores de cinema de Catalunya


text:
La légitimation, en sociologie, est le fait d'accorder de la légitimité à un acte, un processus fonction d'un protocole, une discipline ou une idéologie, ce qui le rend acceptable dans le débat public plus large.

Le pouvoir est habituellement légitimé à travers l'autorité. Ainsi, un monarque absolu trouvait sa légitimité à travers le droit divin des rois.

En droit, la légitimation d'une personne est la reconnaissance officielle de son statut particulier. En Suisse, par exemple, la reconnaissance officielle du statut des membres des missions permanentes et des fonctionnaires internationaux est appelée légitimation ; une carte de légitimation leur est alors fournie.

En droit civil, pour l'état civil et en démographie, la légitimation est la reconnaissance d'un enfant non reconnu par son père biologique à sa naissance.

Différentes formes de légitimation
L'ethnologie et la sociologie quand elles étudient les processus d'obéissance et/ou d'imposition, de domination ou de pouvoir (ou de servitude volontaire), distinguent souvent différents types de légitimation, selon qu'elles se basent sur des arguments présentés comme relevant de la :
 légitimité traditionnelle/religieuse ;
 légitimité rationnelle ;
 légitimité légale ;
 légitimité  « charismatique »

En France
Jusqu'à la Révolution française les enfants naturels pouvaient être légitimés par lettres de légitimation du roi sur demande de leur père ou à la suite du mariage subséquent de leurs parents.

L'ordonnance du , entrée en vigueur le , a aboli la distinction entre enfants légitimes et enfants naturels.

Avant cela, tous les enfants nés hors mariage « fussent-ils décédés » étaient soit légitimés de « plein droit » par le mariage subséquent de leurs père et mère, soit, si leur filiation n'était pas déjà établie, par voie de reconnaissance du père ou de la mère au moment de la célébration du mariage. En ce cas, l'officier de l'état civil qui procède à la célébration du mariage constate la reconnaissance et la légitimation dans un acte séparé (ancien article 331 du Code civil). Il résultait ainsi du Code civil une distinction entre la légitimation d'un enfant par mariage et la légitimation d'un enfant par autorité de justice.

En cas d'adultère, la loi du  et la loi du , confirmée par la loi du , permettent à la mère, en cas de remariage, d'annuler le lien entre l'enfant et son premier mari au profit de son nouveau mari (ancien article 331 du Code civil).

Légitimation d'un enfant par mariage

Tous les enfants naturels (ancien article 333 du Code civil ; le terme désignait la filiation hors mariage) pouvaient être légitimés à la condition que le lien de filiation naturelle soit établi à l'égard de leur père et mère et que ces derniers décident de se marier ensemble. Dans ce cas, deux situations se présentent.

 Soit, premier cas, la filiation naturelle à l'égard des deux parents est établie avant le mariage (comme le Code civil le précisait, cette filiation pouvait l'être encore le jour de la célébration par une reconnaissance par celui envers qui ce lien n'est pas établi) et dans ce cas, la légitimation était automatique : on disait qu'elle s'opérait « de plein droit ».
 Soit deuxième cas, le couple se marie mais ne se préoccupe d'établir la filiation, à l'égard des deux époux, qu'après la célébration du mariage. Dans cette situation, les époux devaient obtenir une décision de justice constatant que depuis le mariage l'enfant bénéficie d'une possession d'état d'enfant commun, ce qui signifie que les deux conjoints se sont comportés à son égard comme des parents, en élevant l'enfant comme le leur. Cette décision de justice faisait ensuite l'objet d'une mention en marge de l'acte de naissance de l'enfant.

Légitimation d'un enfant par décision de justice
Si la légitimation par mariage n'était pas possible, l'enfant naturel pouvait néanmoins être légitimé par une décision du juge : c'est la légitimation par « autorité de justice ». En effet, il existait des cas dans lesquels le mariage est impossible pour des obstacles légaux (ainsi, notamment lorsque les deux parents encore dans les liens de deux mariages distincts). Dans ce cas la requête en légitimation devant le tribunal de grande instance peut être présentée par le père ou la mère mais la loi exigeait toujours que l'enfant bénéficie de la possession d'état d'enfant naturel à l'égard de celui qui introduit la demande. Le lien de filiation naturelle doit donc être établi à l'égard du ou des requérants qui présentent la demande au juge. Il convient de souligner que lorsque l'un des parents de l'enfant se trouvait, au moment de la conception, déjà engagé dans les liens du mariage avec une autre personne (et que ce mariage n'est toujours pas dissout) la requête en légitimation qu'il présente ne pouvait être examinée que si son conjoint y consentait.

Effets
La légitimation établissait un mode de filiation par l'effet de la loi, distinct de la filiation résultant de l'adoption. Lorsqu'elle intervenait à l'égard d'un enfant majeur, elle n'entraînait un changement de nom qu'avec le consentement de ce dernier.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Droit de la famille
Droit de la famille en France
Filiation
Lexique juridique
Droit du mariage
Mariage en France
Parentalité


Aproveitei e tirei umas fotos a uma nova pregadeira, para aproveitar a luz! Encontrei este excelente fundo, um dos pinos de madeira que protege as arribas!
É a minha pregadeira Bola Mágica, as semi-circunferências giram, e pode ser usado a gosto!
I took my camera with me and took some photos of my new brooch. Found this amazing background, a wooden thingy (don't know how to say it in english, sorry), that protects us from falling down the rocks.
It's my Magic Ball Brooch (thank you Inger, for the title!). The knitted capsules move, so you can wear it as you like!
The brooch is magic, indeed!
It is indeed a magical backdrop to your magic ball!
that is the view i want ... maybe i have to find a portugese prince ...????
love the little pea that ruled the world too by the way !!!
Lovely scenery, looks like summer to me but I know it's autumn now (almost winter up here)!
oohh, what a view! Love that beach photo. I miss summer too.
The brooch is so beautiful.
Beautiful, Ana! Those colors are like magic!


text:
Rappers fueled anti-Semitism in '90s, professor says
By Michelle Spektor
Rappers obviously didn't invent anti-Semitism, but in the early 1990s, some of them certainly "did play a role in spreading it and giving it authority and credibility," said Glenn Altschuler, the Thomas and Dorothy Litwin Professor of American Studies at Cornell, in his public lecture "Bad Rap: Public Enemy and Jewish Enmity," Sept. 21 at the A.D. White House.
Citing the rap group Public Enemy's 1990 hit single "Welcome to the Terrordome," recorded during a period marked with tension between blacks and American Jews, Altschuler quoted the controversial rap group lyrics:
Crucifixion ain't no fiction
So called chosen frozen
Apology made to who ever pleases
Still they got me like Jesus.
Launching the new Jewish Studies Lecture Series, Altschuler, who also serves as dean of the School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions and vice president for university relations at Cornell, noted that rap first emerged in the 1970s in response to racial problems in America, serving as a way for black artists to fight back and express the black experience through song.
"Freshly articulated, imaginative and inventive visions of what it meant to be black in the United States found audiences eager to deride, degrade and disrespect authority, tradition and race-based hierarchies," said Altschuler.
As the genre spread across the United States in the next several decades, rap and hip-hop became "the music of choice not only for black youth, but for non-blacks as well, especially those young men and women starved for authenticity," Altschuler noted.
While the foundations of rap lie in empowerment and expression, Public Enemy emerged in the '80s, taking their expression to a new level of politically charged and blatantly anti-Semitic statements and song lyrics, Altschuler said. Seven months before the release of "Welcome to the Terrordome," one of the group members, Richard "Professor Griff" Griffin, made a number of anti-Semitic statements in an interview with the Washington Times. "'Jews are wicked, and we can prove this,'" Altschuler quoted him as saying.
"Publication of these statements in the Washington Times ignited a firestorm in the mass media, and Public Enemy scrambled to respond," said Altschuler. Griffin was asked to leave the group, but shortly thereafter rejoined the group and "Welcome to the Terrordome" was released, making the group's condemnation of Griffin's statements seem superficial, and resulted in more public outcry, Altschuler said.
During the question-and-answer session, Altschuler said that Public Enemy's anti-Semitism persisted even after the controversy surrounding Griffin. In their 1999 album "There's a Poison Goin' On," Public Enemy mocked the movie "Schindler's List" in the song "Swindlers Lust" with anti-Semitic lyrics like, "Laughin' all the way to the bank; remember dem own the banks" and "Mo dollars, mo cents, for the big six, another million led to bled, claimin' they innocence."
In the last decade or so, Altschuler said, tensions between blacks and Jews have subsided, the mass media has turned to other issues, and rap culture has moved on. Gangsta rap was introduced in the '90s, shifting the focus of rap culture from racism to "street life, smoking weed, violence and booty, be it women or cash money."
"Rappers revised, rewrote and recycled 'history,' shining a demonic light on race, racism and the exploitation of black people by Jews," said Altschuler. "And then as businessmen attuned to the mainstream market do, and beat reporters must, they moved on to another hot topic."
The lecture was sponsored by the Department of Jewish Studies and the Department of Near Eastern Studies.
Michelle Spektor '12 is a writer intern at the Cornell Chronicle.
Blaine Friedlander
bpf2@cornell.edu