text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using SJP.Schematic.Core;
using SJP.Schematic.Core.Utilities;

namespace SJP.Schematic.MySql;

/// <summary>
/// A primary key that always has the name <c>PRIMARY</c>.
/// </summary>
/// <seealso cref="MySqlDatabaseKey" />
[DebuggerDisplay("{" + nameof(DebuggerDisplay) + ",nq}")]
public class MySqlDatabasePrimaryKey : MySqlDatabaseKey
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MySqlDatabasePrimaryKey"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="columns">A collection of columns.</param>
    public MySqlDatabasePrimaryKey(IReadOnlyCollection<IDatabaseColumn> columns)
        : base(PrimaryKeyName, DatabaseKeyType.Primary, columns)
    {
    }

    private static readonly Identifier PrimaryKeyName = Identifier.CreateQualifiedIdentifier("PRIMARY");

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns a string that provides a basic string representation of this object.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="string"/> that represents this instance.</returns>
    [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
    public override string ToString() => DebuggerDisplay;

    private string DebuggerDisplay
    {
        get
        {
            if (Name.IsNone)
                return "Primary Key";

            var builder = StringBuilderCache.Acquire();

            builder.Append("Primary Key");

            Name.IfSome(name =>
            {
                builder.Append(": ")
                    .Append(name.LocalName);
            });

            return builder.GetStringAndRelease();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Local Pupils Wave the Flag for Eco-Schools Success | Newry Times
Translink and Eco-Schools – the international environmental education programme – teamed up again this year to deliver one of the most popular school travel challenges across Northern Ireland.
Despite the difficulties of COVID-19 teachers, pupils, staff and parents committed to taking part in the annual eco-travel initiative, which has marked the completion of another successful programme with the announcement of its winning schools and pupils
The Translink Eco-Schools Travel Challenge promotes walking, cycling, bus and train travel for the school run instead of car use.
Since its launch, pupils, school members, and parents, have made over 340,000 sustainable journeys using 'smart moves' active travel modes in an effort to cut car congestion at the school gates, protect the environment and boost their health and wellbeing.
The travel challenge incorporates curriculum-linked classroom resources and encourages schools to develop sustainable travel plans for at least 2 weeks in order to achieve the prestigious Eco-Schools Green Flag Award.
The winners for 2020-21 are:
– Most Eco-Journeys – Post Primary – Ulidia Integrated College, Carrickfergus Prize £300
– Most Improved Class – Primary – Primary 5 at St Colum's Primary School, Portstewart Prize £300
– Best Pupil & Transport Hero – Primary 5 Mary Kate from St Colum's Primary School, Portstewart Prize £50 book token
Translink Health & Safety Manager John Thompson says, "We're delighted that so many eco journeys were logged during this year's challenge, despite the disruptions of Covid.
"As part of our efforts to create a greener world, Translink has launched a Climate Positive Strategy including ambitious targets to achieve Net Zero Emissions across the business by 2040, and active travel is such an important element in achieving this.
"Congratulations to the winning schools and pupils.
"It's fantastic to see pupils, teachers and parents so involved and committed to playing a role in protecting our planet."
Charlene McKeown, Keep Northern Ireland Beautiful, says, "We really enjoy working on this great project with Translink and even in our education's most difficult year to date schools in Northern Ireland still took the time and prioritised sustainable travel and took part in the challenge.
"It is really encouraging and promising for us to see so many take part in what was a challenging year for many.
"We hope to see the programme success continue to grow in the future all while having fun and looking after our health and our environment."
Sandra Patterson, Ulidia Integrated College, says, "Congratulations to Y9 Ulidians who have shown that even in a pandemic they can achieve great things.
"Ulidia Integrated College is very proud of the effort shown by Y9 during the challenge and congratulate the participants on displaying determination and resilience to make a positive environmental impact."
Linda Mullholland, St Colum's Primary School, comments, "Taking part in the Translink Travel Challenge this year was a little different with Covid restrictions.
"And we were unable to run our usual 'Walking Buses' to school each morning but our pupils and parents rose to the challenge and they walked, cycled and scooted to school… even without 'the bus'.
"There was great competition between our classes and we are enormously proud of the efforts of all our pupils, parents and staff.
"We are thrilled that our Primary 5 class have won an overall prize for our school.
"We are delighted that Mary Kate has won the Best Pupil award.
"She is an excellent example who travels sustainably to school – not just on 'Walking to School' days but almost every day!
"Rain or shine, she is such an inspiration for her peers and an amazing example to everyone in our school. A real sustainable transport hero!"
Registrations for Translink Eco-Schools Travel Challenge 2021-22 open in September.
For further information email eco-schools.
Posted by NewryTimes News on Jul 8 2021. Filed under Community. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hendrik III van Virneburg (ca. 1295 - 21 december 1353) was aartsbisschop en keurvorst van Mainz (1328/1337-1346/1353).

Hendrik was een zoon van graaf Ruprecht II van Virneburg (overleden voor 1308) en diens vrouw Kunigunde van Niewenaar en een neef van de aartsbisschop van Keulen, Hendrik II van Virneburg, wiens invloed bij paus Johannes XXII doorslaggevend was voor de pauselijke benoeming van zijn neef tot aartsbisschop van Mainz. Het domkapittel van Mainz had echter al de aartsbisschop van Trier, Boudewijn van Luxemburg, tot opvolger van de overleden Matthias van Buchegg verkozen, met wie Hendrik tot in 1336 een bittere strijd om het aartsbisdom voerde. Pas in 1336 werd hij algemeen erkend.

Hendrik werd als een aanhanger van de keizer Lodewijk de Beier beschouwd. Dit leidde tot spanningen met paus Benedictus XII. In 1338 vond in Mainz een provinciale synode plaats, tijdens dewelke Hendrik tussen de paus en de keizer wenst te bemiddelen. Hij schreef op 27 maart 1338 een toelichting naar de Romeinse Curie, maar de bemiddelingspoging mislukte. In de Thüringse gravenoorlog stond hij vanaf 1342 hij aan de kant van de tegen het Huis Wettin vechtende graaf.

In 1346 werd Hendrik omwille van zijn partijkiezen voor keizer Lodewijk IV door paus Clemens VI afgezet, die er in dit jaar in slaagde de verkiezing van Karel IV tot Rex Romanorum erdoor te krijgen om zo in de strijd met Lodewijk de Beier zegerijk te blijven. Clemens benoemde nu op 7 april 1346 in zijn plaats Gerlach van Nassau tot nieuwe aartsbisschop van Mainz. Nadat het jaar daarop keizer Lodewijk was overleden, nam Hendriks politiek belang af. Toch wist hij zich in Mainz tot aan zijn dood te handhaven, vooral dankzij de krachtdadige ondersteuning door zijn domproost Kuno II van Falkenstein, in voortdurende strijd met Gerlach.

De nieuwe schisma van Mainz had behoorlijk negatieve gevolgen voor de territoriale politiek van het keurvorstendom. Landgraaf Hendrik II van Hessen koos partij voor Gerlach van Nassau en versloeg in 1347 op beslissende wijze een leger van Hendrik tussen Fritzlar en Gudensberg in het noorden van Hessen. Na deze nederlaag moest het keurvorstendom Mainz in 1353, nadat Hendrik van Virneburg was overleden, zijn Hessische bezit als lenen van de landgraven erkennen: slechts Fritzlar, Amöneburg en Naumburg bleven over als allodia.

Hendrik werd in de dom van Mainz bijgezet.

Literatuur

 , , 11 (1880), pp. 540–541.
 , art. Heinricht III. v. Virneburg, in Neue Deutsche Biographie 8 (1969), pp. 371-372.
 , De Kampf Gerlachs von Nassau mit Heinrich von Virneburg um das Erzstift Mainz, Darmstadt, 1910.

Aartsbisschop-keurvorst van Mainz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Image Title: BYHOLMA Armchair IKEA For Wicker Chairs Ikea Ideas 5. Filename: byholma-armchair-ikea-for-wicker-chairs-ikea-ideas-5.jpg. Image Dimension: 2000 x 2000 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Kim Kohler. Uploaded Date: Wednesday - January 16th. 2019 22:10:12 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: interior.com.
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text:
"""Utilities to run benchmarks."""
import math
import numbers
import os
import re
import sys
import time
import types

from absl import app

from tensorflow.core.protobuf import config_pb2
from tensorflow.core.protobuf import rewriter_config_pb2
from tensorflow.core.util import test_log_pb2
from tensorflow.python.client import timeline
from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
from tensorflow.python.platform import gfile
from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging as logging
from tensorflow.python.util import tf_inspect
from tensorflow.python.util.tf_export import tf_export

# When a subclass of the Benchmark class is created, it is added to
# the registry automatically
GLOBAL_BENCHMARK_REGISTRY = set()

# Environment variable that determines whether benchmarks are written.
# See also tensorflow/core/util/reporter.h TestReporter::kTestReporterEnv.
TEST_REPORTER_TEST_ENV = "TEST_REPORT_FILE_PREFIX"

# Environment variable that lets the TensorFlow runtime allocate a new
# threadpool for each benchmark.
OVERRIDE_GLOBAL_THREADPOOL = "TF_OVERRIDE_GLOBAL_THREADPOOL"

def _rename_function(f, arg_num, name):
  """Rename the given function's name appears in the stack trace."""
  func_code = f.__code__
  new_code = func_code.replace(co_argcount=arg_num, co_name=name)
  return types.FunctionType(new_code, f.__globals__, name, f.__defaults__,
                            f.__closure__)

def _global_report_benchmark(
    name, iters=None, cpu_time=None, wall_time=None,
    throughput=None, extras=None, metrics=None):
  """Method for recording a benchmark directly.

  Args:
    name: The BenchmarkEntry name.
    iters: (optional) How many iterations were run
    cpu_time: (optional) Total cpu time in seconds
    wall_time: (optional) Total wall time in seconds
    throughput: (optional) Throughput (in MB/s)
    extras: (optional) Dict mapping string keys to additional benchmark info.
    metrics: (optional) A list of dict representing metrics generated by the
      benchmark. Each dict should contain keys 'name' and'value'. A dict
      can optionally contain keys 'min_value' and 'max_value'.

  Raises:
    TypeError: if extras is not a dict.
    IOError: if the benchmark output file already exists.
  """
  logging.info("Benchmark [%s] iters: %d, wall_time: %g, cpu_time: %g,"
               "throughput: %g, extras: %s, metrics: %s", name,
               iters if iters is not None else -1,
               wall_time if wall_time is not None else -1,
               cpu_time if cpu_time is not None else -1,
               throughput if throughput is not None else -1,
               str(extras) if extras else "None",
               str(metrics) if metrics else "None")

  entries = test_log_pb2.BenchmarkEntries()
  entry = entries.entry.add()
  entry.name = name
  if iters is not None:
    entry.iters = iters
  if cpu_time is not None:
    entry.cpu_time = cpu_time
  if wall_time is not None:
    entry.wall_time = wall_time
  if throughput is not None:
    entry.throughput = throughput
  if extras is not None:
    if not isinstance(extras, dict):
      raise TypeError("extras must be a dict")
    for (k, v) in extras.items():
      if isinstance(v, numbers.Number):
        entry.extras[k].double_value = v
      else:
        entry.extras[k].string_value = str(v)
  if metrics is not None:
    if not isinstance(metrics, list):
      raise TypeError("metrics must be a list")
    for metric in metrics:
      if "name" not in metric:
        raise TypeError("metric must has a 'name' field")
      if "value" not in metric:
        raise TypeError("metric must has a 'value' field")

      metric_entry = entry.metrics.add()
      metric_entry.name = metric["name"]
      metric_entry.value = metric["value"]
      if "min_value" in metric:
        metric_entry.min_value.value = metric["min_value"]
      if "max_value" in metric:
        metric_entry.max_value.value = metric["max_value"]

  test_env = os.environ.get(TEST_REPORTER_TEST_ENV, None)
  if test_env is None:
    # Reporting was not requested, just print the proto
    print(str(entries))
    return

  serialized_entry = entries.SerializeToString()

  mangled_name = name.replace("/", "__")
  output_path = "%s%s" % (test_env, mangled_name)
  if gfile.Exists(output_path):
    raise IOError("File already exists: %s" % output_path)
  with gfile.GFile(output_path, "wb") as out:
    out.write(serialized_entry)

class _BenchmarkRegistrar(type):
  """The Benchmark class registrar.  Used by abstract Benchmark class."""

  def __new__(mcs, clsname, base, attrs):
    newclass = type.__new__(mcs, clsname, base, attrs)
    if not newclass.is_abstract():
      GLOBAL_BENCHMARK_REGISTRY.add(newclass)
    return newclass

@tf_export("__internal__.test.ParameterizedBenchmark", v1=[])
class ParameterizedBenchmark(_BenchmarkRegistrar):
  """Metaclass to generate parameterized benchmarks.

  Use this class as a metaclass and override the `_benchmark_parameters` to
  generate multiple benchmark test cases. For example:

  class FooBenchmark(metaclass=tf.test.ParameterizedBenchmark,
                     tf.test.Benchmark):
    # The `_benchmark_parameters` is expected to be a list with test cases.
    # Each of the test case is a tuple, with the first time to be test case
    # name, followed by any number of the parameters needed for the test case.
    _benchmark_parameters = [
      ('case_1', Foo, 1, 'one'),
      ('case_2', Bar, 2, 'two'),
    ]

    def benchmark_test(self, target_class, int_param, string_param):
      # benchmark test body

  The example above will generate two benchmark test cases:
  "benchmark_test__case_1" and "benchmark_test__case_2".
  """

  def __new__(mcs, clsname, base, attrs):
    param_config_list = attrs["_benchmark_parameters"]

    def create_benchmark_function(original_benchmark, params):
      return lambda self: original_benchmark(self, *params)

    for name in attrs.copy().keys():
      if not name.startswith("benchmark"):
        continue

      original_benchmark = attrs[name]
      del attrs[name]

      for param_config in param_config_list:
        test_name_suffix = param_config[0]
        params = param_config[1:]
        benchmark_name = name + "__" + test_name_suffix
        if benchmark_name in attrs:
          raise Exception(
              "Benchmark named {} already defined.".format(benchmark_name))

        benchmark = create_benchmark_function(original_benchmark, params)
        # Renaming is important because `report_benchmark` function looks up the
        # function name in the stack trace.
        attrs[benchmark_name] = _rename_function(benchmark, 1, benchmark_name)

    return super().__new__(mcs, clsname, base, attrs)

class Benchmark(metaclass=_BenchmarkRegistrar):
  """Abstract class that provides helper functions for running benchmarks.

  Any class subclassing this one is immediately registered in the global
  benchmark registry.

  Only methods whose names start with the word "benchmark" will be run during
  benchmarking.
  """

  @classmethod
  def is_abstract(cls):
    # mro: (_BenchmarkRegistrar, Benchmark) means this is Benchmark
    return len(cls.mro()) <= 2

  def _get_name(self, overwrite_name=None):
    """Returns full name of class and method calling report_benchmark."""

    # Find the caller method (outermost Benchmark class)
    stack = tf_inspect.stack()
    calling_class = None
    name = None
    for frame in stack[::-1]:
      f_locals = frame[0].f_locals
      f_self = f_locals.get("self", None)
      if isinstance(f_self, Benchmark):
        calling_class = f_self  # Get the outermost stack Benchmark call
        name = frame[3]  # Get the method name
        break
    if calling_class is None:
      raise ValueError("Unable to determine calling Benchmark class.")

    # Use the method name, or overwrite_name is provided.
    name = overwrite_name or name
    # Prefix the name with the class name.
    class_name = type(calling_class).__name__
    name = "%s.%s" % (class_name, name)
    return name

  def report_benchmark(
      self,
      iters=None,
      cpu_time=None,
      wall_time=None,
      throughput=None,
      extras=None,
      name=None,
      metrics=None):
    """Report a benchmark.

    Args:
      iters: (optional) How many iterations were run
      cpu_time: (optional) Median or mean cpu time in seconds.
      wall_time: (optional) Median or mean wall time in seconds.
      throughput: (optional) Throughput (in MB/s)
      extras: (optional) Dict mapping string keys to additional benchmark info.
        Values may be either floats or values that are convertible to strings.
      name: (optional) Override the BenchmarkEntry name with `name`.
        Otherwise it is inferred from the top-level method name.
      metrics: (optional) A list of dict, where each dict has the keys below
        name (required), string, metric name
        value (required), double, metric value
        min_value (optional), double, minimum acceptable metric value
        max_value (optional), double, maximum acceptable metric value
    """
    name = self._get_name(overwrite_name=name)
    _global_report_benchmark(
        name=name, iters=iters, cpu_time=cpu_time, wall_time=wall_time,
        throughput=throughput, extras=extras, metrics=metrics)

@tf_export("test.benchmark_config")
def benchmark_config():
  """Returns a tf.compat.v1.ConfigProto for disabling the dependency optimizer.

    Returns:
      A TensorFlow ConfigProto object.
  """
  config = config_pb2.ConfigProto()
  config.graph_options.rewrite_options.dependency_optimization = (
      rewriter_config_pb2.RewriterConfig.OFF)
  return config

@tf_export("test.Benchmark")
class TensorFlowBenchmark(Benchmark):
  """Abstract class that provides helpers for TensorFlow benchmarks."""

  def __init__(self):
    # Allow TensorFlow runtime to allocate a new threadpool with different
    # number of threads for each new benchmark.
    os.environ[OVERRIDE_GLOBAL_THREADPOOL] = "1"
    super().__init__()

  @classmethod
  def is_abstract(cls):
    # mro: (_BenchmarkRegistrar, Benchmark, TensorFlowBenchmark) means
    # this is TensorFlowBenchmark.
    return len(cls.mro()) <= 3

  def run_op_benchmark(self,
                       sess,
                       op_or_tensor,
                       feed_dict=None,
                       burn_iters=2,
                       min_iters=10,
                       store_trace=False,
                       store_memory_usage=True,
                       name=None,
                       extras=None,
                       mbs=0):
    """Run an op or tensor in the given session.  Report the results.

    Args:
      sess: `Session` object to use for timing.
      op_or_tensor: `Operation` or `Tensor` to benchmark.
      feed_dict: A `dict` of values to feed for each op iteration (see the
        `feed_dict` parameter of `Session.run`).
      burn_iters: Number of burn-in iterations to run.
      min_iters: Minimum number of iterations to use for timing.
      store_trace: Boolean, whether to run an extra untimed iteration and
        store the trace of iteration in returned extras.
        The trace will be stored as a string in Google Chrome trace format
        in the extras field "full_trace_chrome_format". Note that trace
        will not be stored in test_log_pb2.TestResults proto.
      store_memory_usage: Boolean, whether to run an extra untimed iteration,
        calculate memory usage, and store that in extras fields.
      name: (optional) Override the BenchmarkEntry name with `name`.
        Otherwise it is inferred from the top-level method name.
      extras: (optional) Dict mapping string keys to additional benchmark info.
        Values may be either floats or values that are convertible to strings.
      mbs: (optional) The number of megabytes moved by this op, used to
        calculate the ops throughput.

    Returns:
      A `dict` containing the key-value pairs that were passed to
      `report_benchmark`. If `store_trace` option is used, then
      `full_chrome_trace_format` will be included in return dictionary even
      though it is not passed to `report_benchmark` with `extras`.
    """
    for _ in range(burn_iters):
      sess.run(op_or_tensor, feed_dict=feed_dict)

    deltas = [None] * min_iters

    for i in range(min_iters):
      start_time = time.time()
      sess.run(op_or_tensor, feed_dict=feed_dict)
      end_time = time.time()
      delta = end_time - start_time
      deltas[i] = delta

    extras = extras if extras is not None else {}
    unreported_extras = {}
    if store_trace or store_memory_usage:
      run_options = config_pb2.RunOptions(
          trace_level=config_pb2.RunOptions.FULL_TRACE)
      run_metadata = config_pb2.RunMetadata()
      sess.run(op_or_tensor, feed_dict=feed_dict,
               options=run_options, run_metadata=run_metadata)
      tl = timeline.Timeline(run_metadata.step_stats)

      if store_trace:
        unreported_extras["full_trace_chrome_format"] = (
            tl.generate_chrome_trace_format())

      if store_memory_usage:
        step_stats_analysis = tl.analyze_step_stats(show_memory=True)
        allocator_maximums = step_stats_analysis.allocator_maximums
        for k, v in allocator_maximums.items():
          extras["allocator_maximum_num_bytes_%s" % k] = v.num_bytes

    def _median(x):
      if not x:
        return -1
      s = sorted(x)
      l = len(x)
      lm1 = l - 1
      return (s[l//2] + s[lm1//2]) / 2.0

    def _mean_and_stdev(x):
      if not x:
        return -1, -1
      l = len(x)
      mean = sum(x) / l
      if l == 1:
        return mean, -1
      variance = sum([(e - mean) * (e - mean) for e in x]) / (l - 1)
      return mean, math.sqrt(variance)

    median_delta = _median(deltas)

    benchmark_values = {
        "iters": min_iters,
        "wall_time": median_delta,
        "extras": extras,
        "name": name,
        "throughput": mbs / median_delta
    }
    self.report_benchmark(**benchmark_values)

    mean_delta, stdev_delta = _mean_and_stdev(deltas)
    unreported_extras["wall_time_mean"] = mean_delta
    unreported_extras["wall_time_stdev"] = stdev_delta
    benchmark_values["extras"].update(unreported_extras)
    return benchmark_values

  def evaluate(self, tensors):
    """Evaluates tensors and returns numpy values.

    Args:
      tensors: A Tensor or a nested list/tuple of Tensors.

    Returns:
      tensors numpy values.
    """
    sess = ops.get_default_session() or self.cached_session()
    return sess.run(tensors)

def _run_benchmarks(regex):
  """Run benchmarks that match regex `regex`.

  This function goes through the global benchmark registry, and matches
  benchmark class and method names of the form
  `module.name.BenchmarkClass.benchmarkMethod` to the given regex.
  If a method matches, it is run.

  Args:
    regex: The string regular expression to match Benchmark classes against.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If no benchmarks were selected by the input regex.
  """
  registry = list(GLOBAL_BENCHMARK_REGISTRY)

  selected_benchmarks = []
  # Match benchmarks in registry against regex
  for benchmark in registry:
    benchmark_name = "%s.%s" % (benchmark.__module__, benchmark.__name__)
    attrs = dir(benchmark)
    # Don't instantiate the benchmark class unless necessary
    benchmark_instance = None

    for attr in attrs:
      if not attr.startswith("benchmark"):
        continue
      candidate_benchmark_fn = getattr(benchmark, attr)
      if not callable(candidate_benchmark_fn):
        continue
      full_benchmark_name = "%s.%s" % (benchmark_name, attr)
      if regex == "all" or re.search(regex, full_benchmark_name):
        selected_benchmarks.append(full_benchmark_name)
        # Instantiate the class if it hasn't been instantiated
        benchmark_instance = benchmark_instance or benchmark()
        # Get the method tied to the class
        instance_benchmark_fn = getattr(benchmark_instance, attr)
        # Call the instance method
        instance_benchmark_fn()

  if not selected_benchmarks:
    raise ValueError("No benchmarks matched the pattern: '{}'".format(regex))

def benchmarks_main(true_main, argv=None):
  """Run benchmarks as declared in argv.

  Args:
    true_main: True main function to run if benchmarks are not requested.
    argv: the command line arguments (if None, uses sys.argv).
  """
  if argv is None:
    argv = sys.argv
  found_arg = [arg for arg in argv
               if arg.startswith("--benchmarks=")
               or arg.startswith("-benchmarks=")]
  if found_arg:
    # Remove --benchmarks arg from sys.argv
    argv.remove(found_arg[0])

    regex = found_arg[0].split("=")[1]
    app.run(lambda _: _run_benchmarks(regex), argv=argv)
  else:
    true_main()


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Why architecture matters
Churchill was right: we shape our buildings, and thereafter they shape us. And many of us, disinterested in architectural style wars as we may be, may soon fully understand the consequences of being raised in neighbourhoods without character, without particularity, without the sacred quality of place. The same philosophies that shape our literature, music, and the rest of our contemporary culture also underpin our architecture. And like the rest of culture, the stewardship of excellent architecture must be reclaimed for Christ.
by David Greusel
December 1 st 2006
Appears in Winter 2006
Blair Kamin, architecture critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, has written a very good book with the same title as this article. Unfortunately, Kamin's book, an anthology of his newspaper reviews, fails to address, let alone answer, the important question raised in its title.
Recently, I was privileged to gaze upon some of the great achievements of Western culture at the Louvre. I confess to being more impressed with the sprawling Parisian museum itself, a former palace, than with any particular piece of art it contained—including the Mona Lisa. But then I am an architect, so that is to be expected.
Whatever one may think of the last few kings of France, they certainly knew how to build well. The legacy they left us at the Louvre, Versailles, and Paris's Pantheon, to name but a few, continues to draw millions of gawkers from around the world. Clearly, this sort of grandiose, world-class architecture is significant. But what about the architecture of our everyday lives in North America—the supermarkets, the gas stations, our homes and offices? Is there any significance to these works, some of which seem hardly to have been designed at all?
The design of the built environment should matter to thoughtful Christians. There are a number of reasons for this, but in this essay I elaborate on three. First, architecture grows directly from our understanding (or misunderstanding) of the creation mandate. Secondly, creative design of buildings honours God in a multitude of ways. And finally, architecture plays a significant role in the ongoing battle over culture.
Spiritual gifts in decorative arts
Our understanding of the significance of architecture must begin with the Bible's book of Genesis—with the creation mandate to "cultivate and subdue" the earth. While "cultivate" might seem to point only to agriculture, this term certainly carries other meanings as well. Our cultivation of the earth includes not just planting, tending, and harvesting crops, but also the creation of our shelter, our garments, and our various arts and sciences. In this sense, every legitimate human activity, from dance to DNA research, is part of the creation mandate to cultivate and subdue the earth. This mandate was altered (made more difficult) by humanity's Fall into sin, but was not eliminated by it. So architecture, the design of space for human habitation, certainly fits within this broad range of activities mandated by God from the beginning. As such, it follows that we should do architecture, as any legitimate pursuit, the best we possibly can, looking to Jesus as our example in all things.
In respect of architecture, this is a short step, because Jesus was a tekton, a builder, often translated "carpenter." It is not a theological nor a linguistic leap to say that he was a master builder, since Jesus obviously excelled at whatever he put His hand to. And the Greek term for master builder is archi-tekton. So in a sense we can say that Jesus was an architect.
But how does architecture fulfill the creation mandate? Major clues are found in the book of Exodus, where God instructs Moses about His plans for the first tabernacle, which the writer of the letter to the Hebrews calls "a copy and shadow of the heavenly things." God's plan for the tabernacle is recorded in the Bible (as is, later, His plan for Solomon's temple). This suggests that planning and design are divinely ordained, as in fact one may see as early as chapter one of the book of Genesis. Second, God's plans for the tabernacle are specific and detailed, not general and vague, and include specifications for decorative as well as functional elements. Third, and perhaps most significant, according to the book of Exodus, God identifies two workers, Bezalel and his assistant Oholiab, as being filled with "the Spirit of God, with ability and intelligence, with knowledge and all craftsmanship, to devise artistic designs, to work in gold, silver, and bronze, in cutting stones for setting, and in carving wood, to work in every craft."
God is not only concerned with our structures, and with their specific details, but he has given the Holy Spirit to men to work in artistic designs. Interestingly, this first instance of God's specifically filling someone with His Spirit, the gift of design, is often overlooked in inventories of spiritual gifts that draw from the first letter to the Corinthians. This glaring omission highlights how the Protestant church has run away from the decorative arts as inspired and sacred since the Reformation. Cultivation of the decorative arts does not necessarily lead down the path to idolatry, although it can.
Compliments to humanity . . . and its Author
Secondly, creatively designing and constructing the buildings in which we live honours God in a number of ways. The first of these is that it honours God's role in creation. God is, after all, the First Designer. When God was designing the cosmos, he did so in a way that brought order out of chaos. In the same way, designers seek to bring order to the design of a building or interior are honouring God through imitation.
(This observation could give rise to an extended discussion of whether "organic" architecture as advocated by people like John Ruskin and Louis Sullivan is really the One True Architecture, in that it pays the most direct tribute to the beauty of creation. While that might be an interesting discussion, and points could be made for both sides, it is not directly related to the point of this essay).
Immersed in the evangelical mindset of personal conversion and personal piety, North American Christians often miss the important spiritual quality of creative acts, when they are done with proper reverence for the Creator. We honour the First Designer when we design, working as His image bearers in creative acts that are within our scope to realize.
Another way that architectural design work honours God is by honouring His highest creative achievement, people. This is an often overlooked aspect in the glossy design journals that serve as ballast to coffee tables in architects' offices. But works of architecture, with occasional exceptions (the St. Louis, Missouri, arch and the Eiffel Tower), are to be inhabited and used by people. Architecture can embrace this fact or reject it, and much recent architecture cited by design juries and design journals seems to ignore the reality of human occupants far too often. But a building that rewards its occupants with beauty as well as comfort, shelter, and usability is a compliment paid to humanity. As such, it is also a tip of the hat to humanity's Author.
Still another way that architecture honours God is in its quest for excellence. Architects are forever giving each other awards for excellence in design, and while what passes for excellence goes through lean times as well as fat, the desire to excel honours Him who excels in all things. That may be hard to remember as you are driving down an ugly arterial roadway littered with pole signs and big box retailers, but there is a side of architecture that seeks to uplift, to surprise, and to exceed the ordinary expectations of the user beyond all expectation. It is in such flights of design excellence that architects seek to touch the divine. This inclination is good and should be encouraged.
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Conversely, architecture grounded in pragmatism (seeking above all else to minimize cost per square foot, for example), that treats people as consumers and beauty as an unnecessary accessory to the function of commerce (or medicine, or journalism, or what have you) should be criticized and discouraged. Too often banal buildings are accepted by a community simply because they comply with zoning and building code regulations, without anyone asking whether they could—or should—be better.
In the United States, especially—the richest country in the world—the standards of acceptable design in the public realm are astonishingly low. Unfortunately, the church is as much to blame for this fact as anyone. Where the church used to be explicitly a center of community life and a benchmark of architectural beauty, North American Christians, especially Protestants, have bought into the spirit of pragmatism that values utility over beauty and economy over excellence. Many recent churches look as though if one dollar less had been spent on their construction, the buildings would not be able to stand up. Once again, this highlights the evangelical blind spot of viewing faith as exclusively personal and private, spiritual and not physical, in a way that devalues and degrades even the spaces we use for worship.
Ignored in the ongoing battle for culture?
The third way that architecture matters is that building design is a significant, if often overlooked, component of the ongoing cultural battle that is being waged every day in Western civilization. Architecture has always been an expression of the spirit of its age, never more so than today. While Christians worry correctly about the degeneration of movies, music, television and literature, little is said about the degeneration of the physical realm, the realm of architecture. Yet architecture is following the more popular arts down the same path of global nihilism and local despair that has given us hip-hop instead of music, graffiti instead of art, and Paris Hilton instead of Paris, France.
Worldview matters very much in the practice of architecture, and architecture, in turn, influences worldview. Winston Churchill famously observed that "We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us." Churchill was right, but what he failed to note is that the philosophies that shape our buildings come from the same intellectual fermentation tanks as those that shape literature, music, and all other components of contemporary culture. Architects, like other producers of culture, look to recognized thought leaders for inspiration. These thought leaders are found primarily in the better-known schools and editing large-circulation professional journals. For the past eighty years, architecture's thought leaders have been, for the most part, proponents of globalized modernism. Some say we live in a postmodern era, and doubtless this is true in some branches of the culture, but architecture's infatuation with modernism has yet to run its course.
Unlike the broader culture, which could be said to be entering, or to have already entered, a postmodern phase, architecture is still in thrall to the ideas that informed the Bauhaus in Weimar Germany between the world wars. The architectural world had a brief fling with postmodernism, understood narrowly within the profession as a reconnection with historical forms and symbols, albeit in an abstracted, ironic, almost cartoonish way. This dalliance lasted from 1979, when Michael Graves revealed his competition-winning design for the Portland Public Service Building in Portland, Oregon, to some time in the early 1990s. The strong resurgence of Bauhaus modernism in the late 1990s is a phenomenon that seems unique to architecture among the various cultural arts. Today even the erstwhile leaders of the postmodern movement in architecture disdain the term.
Superficially, this means that flat-roofed buildings clad with very large sheets of glass held together with very thin bands of metal are still de rigueur, nearly eighty years after Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe pioneered the style. I'm less concerned with the superficial aspects of modernism, however, than with its philosophical underpinnings: extreme abstraction, a fetishization of technology and industrial production, an alienated view of humanity, and, paradoxically, a utopian view of society that views all prior communal wisdom and tradition as something to be discarded. Early modernists viewed their designs not just as revolutionary (which they were), but as part of a revolution in which the old order (and with it, the old city) was to be swept away. The disastrously misnamed "urban renewal" programs of the 1960s are a good illustration of this idea in practice: huge swaths of supposedly blighted historic neighborhoods bulldozed by modernist planners, politicians, and architects en route to a utopian future that never arrived. In nearly every case, the resulting "renewal" is vastly inferior to the supposed blight it replaced.
Obviously, this revolutionary attitude should be of concern to people who consider the Bible, for example, to be a valuable cultural artifact. Like a communist library where there are no history books, the modernist program stands in undisguised opposition to history, tradition, and received wisdom. In other words, it stands in opposition to many characteristics of Christian faith.
This dramatic break with the past can easily be seen in any city more than a hundred years old, though it is more apparent, and the contrast much starker, in the cities of Europe. When laypeople look at old buildings, they see a continuous conversation stretching back to ancient Greece, where some of the classical orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) were first developed. An untrained person might reasonably confuse truly ancient buildings with buildings built in the classical style in, say, the eighteenth or nineteenth century.
Substantial public acts
But there is no mistaking the break with tradition that began in the 1920s and continues to the present day. Following Adolph Loos's famous dictum "Ornament is crime" to the letter, classical details and symbolic ornamentation are completely gone from buildings built in the past sixty to eighty years. Not only ornament, but such seemingly normal things as doors, windows and roofs have been radically rethought as "entrances," "curtain walls," and roofs, well, have been outlawed. One of the most grating things a client can do to a contemporary architect is to insist on a visible, sloping, symmetrical roof. Ironically, despite the modernist belief that technology has made the sloped roof obsolete, flat or low-slope roofs are notoriously leaky, while sloped roofs continue to perform well in the real world.
The pseudonymous blogger Michael Blowhard sums this problem up nicely in "The Cultural Significance of Webcam Girls, Part One":
Architecture is perennially important because, unlike poems and songs, most acts of architecture are substantial public acts. What damage is done if a poet writes another bad modernist poem? Yet bad (often modernist and/or modernist-derived) buildings and developments don't just come and go. They can degrade shared environments, and damage the lives of thousands of people in practical and immediate ways.
There is in the architectural world a tiny minority of classicists, considered by the architectural press and the academy to be hopelessly retrograde and beyond redemption. This tiny group attempts to keep the conversation alive, fanning the dying ember of classical architecture to keep it from expiring altogether. But this group is so out of the mainstream as to be an almost freakish curiosity from the point of view of most of the architectural world. The only people who actually like classical architecture are, well, ordinary people who lack the refined sensibilities of the profession's thought leaders.
This may seem a digression, but it is not. Classical architecture occupies the same tenuous toehold on existence that say, evangelical Christianity does in Europe. Both are in danger of becoming insignificant when their adherents no longer register as measurable numbers in polls and surveys. That is not to say that evangelical Christianity is or should be identified with classical architecture. But there are interesting parallels, chief among which is the tendency, in Europe at least, for both to be considered irrelevant. As many evangelicals would like to see large-scale revival in Europe, some architects would like to revive the conversation about graceful architecture that has progressed fitfully but steadily for more than two thousand years. At the present moment, that conversation is not on the table in either the university or the design press.
Perhaps this discussion seems intramural; that is, interesting (maybe) to architects, but of little value to citizens of the wider world. Let me return to the original premise of this essay, which is why architecture matters. It matters to God, as we have seen, in His creative acts as First Designer, in His appointment of Bezalel and Oholiab as the first named recipients of His Spirit, in His detailed plans for the tabernacle and the temple, and in His general concern for the welfare of His people everywhere. Certainly what matters to God should matter no less to us. And while architectural style wars may seem arcane and remote to many, the outcome of these skirmishes will affect—indeed, already do affect—the way people live. I need only mention the disastrous public housing projects built on the model of Le Corbusier's "Radiant City" as one example of how the style wars affect real people in real life.
A framework for meaningful community—or not
Apart from the nihilism of elitist architecture, another way that design can undermine culture is by commoditizing it. We have all complained at one time or another of faceless suburbs where the major intersections are populated by the same big chain stores that vary little—if at all—from Bangor to Biloxi. This common complaint points to a larger spiritual issue: the sacredness of place, and of particular places in particular. Whether you grew up in an urban apartment or a rural farmstead or a neighborhood in between, your environment had particular qualities: trees, roads, paths, buildings, each particular to your environment. The particularity makes the place special. When particular buildings are replaced with standard-issue prototypes, the sacredness of place is marred. We do not fully understand, and may not for a generation or so, what it means to be raised in a neighborhood without character, without particularity, without the sacred quality of place. But I'm betting that the spiritual consequences will not be good.
Architecture provides a framework for meaningful community—or not. As we have seen, architecture is besieged by two opposing trends: the nihilism of the avant-garde on the one hand, and the banality of the strip mall on the other. Both these trends augur toward alienation, despair, loneliness, isolation, and antisocial behavior. That these consequences are mainly temporal does not mean that they are not also spiritual. Even James Howard Kunstler, an author who is outspokenly non-religious, has commented repeatedly on the soul-killing qualities of bad architecture and suburban sprawl. If a committed secularist like Kunstler can see it, why can't we?
What can you do? First, recognize that Churchill was right: our buildings do shape us, to a degree. Acknowledge the God-ordained importance of design in creation, and in our stewardship of creation. Become an advocate for better design, understood as design that is both more beautiful and more humane, as opposed to merely trendy or fashionable. And recognize the built environment as an entity that, like fallen humanity itself, is not what it ought to be, but which is still capable of inspiring wonder and amazement.
Topics: Cities
David Greusel has worked as an architect for more than thirty years with several Midwestern firms of varying sizes. He is founding principal of Convergence Design, a Kansas City-based practice specializing in places where people gather. While with another firm, he was lead designer for two major league ballparks: Minute Maid Park, home of the Houston Astros, and PNC Park, home of the Pittsburgh Pirates. In 2009, David was named a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects.
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Q: SQL Server : how to delete a row number
I have a SQL Server table (as shown above) and I am ordering it in a table on my website by using this command
SELECT *
FROM [user]
ORDER BY idNum DESC;

This table (running on my website) has all the information my database holds (at least for the [user] table)
I have buttons to delete a row off the information (it gets the row number that I want to delete), as shown in this screenshot:

What I want to ask is there a way to delete a row using a row number?(Cause I get a row number off the button click I just want to delete that row)?

A: You could use a CTE here:
WITH cte AS (
    SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY idNum DESC) rn
    FROM [user]
)

Then delete using a row number, coming from the UI:
DELETE
FROM cte
WHERE rn = <some value from UI>;

But many (most?) UI frameworks, e.g. Angular, would have the ability to send the entire metadata for a user to the UI.  So, you would typically be able to delete just using the idNum value coming directly from the button in the UI.  As @marc_s just commented, deleting using the primary key is a safe way to do deletions.

A: you can use ROW_NUMBER()
DELETE FROM USER
WHERE idnum IN (SELECT idnum from (SELECT idnum,ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY
idnum desc) AS rw FROM USER) res WHERE res.rw = @rw)

@rw is your row number

A: Your method of using row_number() is simply wrong.  It is not thread-safe -- another user could be added into the database, throwing off all the "row numbers" that you have shown to users.  Gosh, a user to load a page and keep the app open for a week, and a bunch of new users could have added or removed before the user gets around to deleting something.
Fundamentally, you have a malformed table.  It doesn't have a primary key or even any unique constraints.
I would strongly advise:
create table Users (
    userId int identity(1, 1) primary key,
    . . .
);

This is the primary key that you should be using for deletion.  You don't need to show the primary key to the user, as long as you can associate it with each row.
Primary keys are important for other reasons.  In general, one uses databases because to store more than one table.  The primary key is how you connect the different tables to each other (using foreign key relationships).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This park is one of the largest and most beautiful parks in the Commonwealth. A centrally located 100-acre lake provides opportunities for outdoor recreation like fishing, boating, and photographing and viewing waterfowl and other wildlife. The Raccoon Creek Wildflower Preserve is a botanical wonderland.
Modern camping sites, some with electricity. The 172 tent and trailer campsites are open from the second Friday in April to mid-December. Access is not guaranteed during severe winter storms. The wooded campground offers a selection of secluded or adjoining sites, a playground, five central washhouses with hot showers and a sanitary dump station. Each site has a picnic table and fire ring. Campsites B, 1, 2 and 3 are ADA accessible.


In 2012 Joanna Gordon founded JG Consulting, a strategic marketing consultancy that advises companies and senior executives on how to build their international presence and establish global relevance. She helps navigate the engagement across international events, such as the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, identifies key government and regulatory issues and facilitates important connections. This helps her clients develop valuable global ecosystems, including developing strategic partnerships and alliances. As part of her role, Ms. Gordon personally designs and curates proprietary, targeted conferences and summits. A typical recent project carried out by JG Consulting consisted in advising a leading Mexican Financial Institution as it transforms its global image. She designed three proprietary conferences, which were attended by a total of more than 300 participants, and arranged for renowned speakers such as Alan Greenspan, Paul Krugman and Ernesto Zedillo. She also prepared senior leadership for their first investor relations event outside of Mexico.
Ms. Gordon has also worked with the management teams of several Fortune 1000 as well as startup companies to develop their strategy for engaging with the World Economic Forum, advising on the key issues and approaches and shaping a program relevant to each company and executive that will maximize the long term value of their investments, including recommending events that are part of or adjacent to the formal WEF program.
Prior to founding JG Consulting, Ms. Gordon served as director of Enterprise Strategy at Salesforce.com, where she was responsible for developing CxO programs and C-level engagement and thought leadership strategies.
Before joining Salesforce.com Ms. Gordon was head of the Information Technology Industry at the World Economic Forum, where she engaged with CEOs and C-level executives of the world's leading technology firms, as well as key regulators, many of whom she knows personally. As part of her role, she oversaw multi-stakeholder projects on issues such as the impact of cloud computing and the application of it to domains such as health and energy or the role of ICT in addressing sustainability.
Ms. Gordon is a US Citizen, born in Africa, and raised in Paris and New York. She earned a Masters' Degree in Business Administration from Insead in 2004. She is fluent in French and English and has a conversational level in Hebrew, Spanish and Mandarin.


Twenty reasons to make me rave!
Dress from French Connection, Peplum top from Trendy Divva, Sling bag from Toniq.
Tunic dress from Label by Ritu Kumar, Shorts from Elle, bra from Amante.
T-shirt from Being Human, Dress from Superdry, Bag from Holii.
T-shirt from Ed Hardy, Studs from Fida.
Polo from US Polo Association, Pencil skirt from Miss Selfridge, Shoulder bag from Viari.
Heels from Clarks, Ballet shoe from Melissa, Sneakers from Superdry.
Tote from Hidesign, Tote from Accessorize, Cutwork bag from Lavie.
Which pretty piece are you buying on your next visit to the mall?
Summer time is vacation time, people! And every summer I get on the hunt for cool travel accessories since I believe in travelling stylishly. This season, I've found some great bags that will last you many many trips.
For travel, I strongly recommend a spacious, sturdy, durable bag to stash all your stuff- whether for an overnight trip, a weekend getaway, a cruise, a flight or a very long vacation. These leather bags from Viari are roomy, good-looking and multi-purpose. They even come with a shoe bag, so you can later carry them to gym or work.
Lots of colours to choose from, but the tan one is an all-season classic.
Gotta love the rugged look.
There's lots to love in accessories this season, with the revival of earlier trends and a contemporary spin on new accessory styles and designs.
Here are my top 5 trends for the season handpicked from the Accessorize AW 2014 collection. Enjoy!
Now that our work is almost entirely on our smart phones, we can celebrate with smaller handbags! Accessorize has got plenty such compact handbags in a range of winter colours. My favourite hues from the bag collection are bordeaux and forest green.
If you think backpacks are for college kids, you've been living on another planet this year. Cool fashion backpacks are back, and how! (Pun unintended). At Accessorize, I loved the printed backpacks! They're cool, easy to carry and hold a lot of stuff.
No more chunky jewellery, please! If you've seen the "arm party" happening in Bollywood movies lately (check out Deepika Padukone in Cocktail and Sonam Kapoor in Khoobsurat), you know you need to stack up on bracelets. Or try out multiple chains and rings- all delicate pieces, of course!
As the cold season comes in next month, we'll need to stock up on winter clothes and accessories. To start with, check out these scarves and hats from Accessorize to keep you warm. I particularly like the muted scarf prints- very stylish!
Accessories you need for the upcoming party season: Embellished clutch + blingy jewellery. And Accessorize has plenty of options for each, so you can take your pick. These are best worn with a shimmery little dress to turn you into a party knockout.
What is your favourite accessory from Accessorize?
Bold colours on bags are so in vogue, and Lavie's got just the right ones this season. At a recent bloggers meet, the Lavie team introduced me to the colours of the season– corals, beiges and browns and the more daring ones like red and bright green. The colours were seen on all types of bags– structured, totes and shoppers, and even on slings. Slings are THE BAGS this season for Lavie, and no doubt they're a cute style!
If you have a favourite colour or style, you will find it at the Lavie store this season. My colour picks at the Lavie store were blue and red. BTW, though some say black is NOT a colour, a good black bag can make quite an impact and there are several excellent options at Lavie. BTW, I've always found Lavie bags a good choice for day and work bags, and this season's collection lives up to that expectation.
The boxy bag from the sixties make an appearance in Hidesign's new collection. You can't miss the retro appeal of the Courtney bags, and the unique shape of the Kylie photographer bag.
Special occasions call for shiny accessories, and Esbeda's dazzling clutches are just what the fashion doctor ordered for the festive season. These clutches will take you and your lipstick from Diwali parties to destination weddings.
You know when you fall in love with a bag, but wish it was another colour? It's a disappointing shopping moment. But with Toteteca, that won't be a problem anymore. Toteteca makes custom bags . Pick your favourite style, choose colours of the bag, customise the flap, the handles, the details, the tag, and voila! You've designed a bag that's one of its kind. Unlike some other cusomisation sites, you can see the colour changes on the website. I loved the colour options and the prices (average price of bags is Rs 1600–1800), and some of the designs were good too. I'm bookmarking this one!
The Rummage is an online store that sells fun accessories that include hats, jewellery and oddities like umbrellas and lens cases. I've been window shopping on The Rummage since months- first on their Facebook page, and now on their website. My favourites on the site are their painted clutches and stackable bracelets. And specsy girls will love their cute lens cases.
Leaves, postage stamps and Mughal motifs have inspired Isha Katoria to create the jewellery you see at Rreverie. While the prices vary from Rs 750 to Rs 6000 plus, some of the pieces are unique with excellent finishing and materials so you could use them for a long time. My picks: the vintage key pendants and the Avadh collection.
Heel & Buckle is a multi-brand shoe store featuring four brands: Alessandro and Rad Russel for men, Pazzion and Paco Gil for women. In Mumbai, the store's at the Palladium, Lower Parel.
So what are these brands?
As the names would suggest, the brands housed at Heel & Buckle design premium pairs of shoes, high on style and quality (and thus not so easy on the pocket either, but more on that later).
The store looks neat! For a change, I didn't get drowned in a sea of shoes. The shoes weren't forced together like foot soldiers in battle, but grouped into mini-shoe stations with pairs of a specific theme displayed together. And because there aren't hundreds of pairs overwhelming you, you'd end up carefully looking at each style, enjoying what you see (and therefore, more likely you'll buy shoes from them).
There are pumps, flats, stilettoes, embellished shoes for women, with formal, lace-up shoes, brogues and slip-ons for men. While most of the shoes I saw were meant for special and formal ocassions, parties and the like, you'd get a few pairs of everyday shoes too. BTW, there are also bags for men and women, along with belts and guys' shoe accessories.
Most women's styles were pretty, smart or elegant, but not too different from what I'd already seen at other brands. I liked some of the bejewelled shoes at the store and fell in love with a gold pair that I was very tempted to add to my trousseau! But overall I wasn't too impressed with the women's range, and found it a bit underwhelming given the prices.
But let's talk about men's shoes now, because they drew my breath away. The exquisite leather, the finishing and the colour options were excellent, and I felt that finally there were shoe options for men that weren't too boring, and not too casual or teenage-y either. And while there were several colours and styles, they were "safe "enough that most non-experimental Indian men would be willing to try.
Most pairs of shoes were Rs 6000 and above, and I the prices could up to Rs 20,000 plus. Yes, these prices would be a stretch for plenty of folks, but there are shoes, and then there are shoes. IMHO, the better pairs at the store would be worth the price, especially the men's shoes.
How does Heel & Buckle compare to other shoe brands?
Heel & Buckle is not like any other shoe store, as you may have guessed already. So comparing it with shoe brands in India like Charles & Keith or Aldo would be unfair. In terms of prices, Heel & Buckle shoes are closer to Steve Madden, though definitely higher.
So what are their best shoes?
Choose a smart versatile pair from the fabulous men's range. Or look for an embellished style in the women's range.
There are some very personal creative touches to the decor that makes you give you a warm feeling. The little shoe tree at the entrance was adorable (see below). And then, there was a vintage typewriter and other such things that added some personality to the store!
Should you shop at Heel & Buckle?
Absolutely yes for men's shoes (if you've got the budget). If you're a woman shoeholic, you're spoilt for choice anyways. It would be best to buy a one-of-a-kind pair that would be the key piece in your ensemble or an investment for seasons to come.
I've declared Accessories Week this week at Speaking Chic! Here's kicking off the series with my favourite accessories at Lakme Fashion Week Winter/ Festive 2013. Scroll down for more on the accessories featured in the slide show.
Shantanu Goenka: Wonderfully embellished and to match the outfits!
Sneha Arora: No-nonsense manly shoes are required for war, even if it's only on the ramp.
Aditi Holani: The cut-out shoes went well with the distressed look.
Square Loop by Kanika Sachdeva: Neutral boxy leather bags are just right for work.
Karieshma Sarna: Her embellished clutches are winners all the way through.
House of Chic: Spikes, skulls and dark metal…. it's all goth!
Valliyan: Nitya Arora has been on the fashion week circuit for a while now… and we know why she'll always be popular.
The mall is a bad, bad place to visit these days. The SALES are extremely tempting, and my upcoming wedding has given me the best reason to shop. So the question I've been asking myself is – should I shop during the end of season sale? I mean, everyone shops during sale, right? (And the cool gif from Hidesign below makes it even more alluring).
It's not an easy answer, so I'm just going to put you through a YES and NO debate that went on in my mind for the longest time ever.
She will get the best prices so she can shop on a budget. And there is so much choice because all brands stuff their stores till they overflow.
It's old season stuff, honey. Not the right options for a stylish trousseau. You don't have place in your cupboard to hold all the lovely new clothes. She will end up splurging on clothes and accessories she doesn't need or want.
Step 1: I made a shopping list of things that I need to buy. (The key word here is need, not want).
Step 2: I then struck off those things that I don't need immediately, like a watch, clutch etc. (I own these accessories and can use them for a while).
Step 3: This left me with just a few things on my list, such as a pair of office shoes, a good moisturiser, casual slippers (for the house) and similar stuff.
Step 4: And then I went and bought these things– they were all important because I didn't have a good pair of work shoes and my home slippers broke. And what of the rest?
Step 5: I went back to my original list, pondering each item carefully. I figured out the things I didn't need immediately, but would be a good price during sale, and were unlikely to change with "trends". This included staples like black pants, classic white blouse and a pearl necklace. And oh, lingerie.
Step 6: Meanwhile, my mom added a few things to the list- gifts! Mom's wishlist can't be ignored, so it got added to my list.
Step 7: I will be heading to the mall as the discounts go deeper, armed with this list. And I intend to stick to it! (I know I will).
Now, is that the path to being a smart, stylish and financially-savvy bride? I say YEAH!
PS—Do try this at home (and the mall)! No expert guidance needed.
Ladies, Van Heusen is not just for the board room, but for the night club, Sunday brunch and more! With their Limited Edition line of dresses and bags, there are a handful of stylish (and somewhat affordable) choices that can be worn beyond the confines of the office.
As you can probably guess from the pictures, the clothes and accessories have sophistication written all over them (even if you're not in the European countryside). The form-fitting silhouettes, luxurious fall of the fabric and the elegant colour mix of ivory, peach and royal blue make for a delicious collection. Meanwhile, the bejewelled clutches add the right dose of glamour.
The Van Heusen Limited Edition collection is available in 26 Van Heusen exclusive stores across India and select department stores. Prices range from Rs 4000 to Rs 8000.


Can exchange rate volatility explain persistence in the forward premium?
The persistence of the forward premium has been cited both as evidence of the failure of the unbiasedness hypothesis and as rationale for the forward premium anomaly. This paper examines the recent proposition that forward premium persistence can be explained solely by the conditional variance of the spot rate. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence to challenge this proposition. Our empirical results are shown to be robust to the presence of structural breaks. A corollary of the results is that the 'true' risk premium contains a long memory component. This is non-standard and has implications for the construction of rational expectations models of the foreign exchange market. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


"Designed for community artists and participants, this handbook aims to help the reader 'explore and articulate their experiences...in ways that are relevant to them and accessible to others'. Includes background information on community arts practices and approaches to evaluation; explores the concept, influences, and motivations of arts-informed evaluation, and how to carry it out. Also includes examples of arts-informed evaluation activities and resources..."


The production line of basalt materials processing can mainly be divided into 3 stages: primary crushing, secondary crushing, sand making & shaping, respectively. Because the real size of the raw basalt material and the desirable size of end product of each customer are various, the production lines may be different from each other.
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Carbohydrates are a class of organic molecules that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. All of these molecules are based on a characteristic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Lipids constitute a category of diverse organic molecules that share the physical property of being nonpolar, and thus insoluble in water Carbohydrates and lipids are similar in many ways. Both groups of molecules consist primarily of the atoms carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and both serve as major sources of energy in the body (accounting for most of the calories consumed in food). Carbohydrates and lipids differ, however, in some important aspects of their chemical structures and physical properties. Such differences significantly affect the functions of these molecules in the body.
The caloric (energy) value of food is derived mainly from its content of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. In the average American diet, carbohydrates account for approximately 50 of the total calories, protein accounts for 11 to 14 , and lipids make up the balance. These food molecules consist primarily of long combinations of subunits (monomers) that must be digested by hydrolysis reactions into free monomers before absorption can occur. The characteristics of the major digestive enzymes are summarized in table 18.7.
Most carbohydrates are ingested as starch, which is a long poly-saccharide of glucose in the form of straight chains with occasional branchings. The most commonly ingested sugars are sucrose (table sugar, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose) and lactose (milk sugar, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose). The digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase. This enzyme cleaves some of the bonds between adjacent glucose molecules, but most people don't chew their food long enough for sufficient digestion to occur in the mouth. The digestive action of salivary amylase stops some time after the swallowed bolus enters the stomach because this enzyme is inactivated at the low pH of gastric juice.
Replacement of saturated or trans fat in the diet by carbohydrates or other types of fat reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.11'12 Margarines were rich sources of trans fat until about a decade ago, but food manufacturers have markedly reduced the trans fat content since reports on adverse health effects.
Specifically formulated disease-specific diets have been developed for patients with disorders such as encephalop-athy associated with chronic liver disease, and respiratory failure. Malnourished patients with cirrhosis who present with encephalopathy, or who have a previous history of episodes of encephalopathy, present a difficult problem of nutritional management. Branched-chain amino acid-enriched diets have been advocated to normalize plasma amino acid profiles with the aim of improving nutritional state and preventing worsening of encephalopathy. Patients with respiratory failure on ventilators are adversely affected by diets with high carbohydrate loads which increase CO2 production. Diets with a higher fat energy component allow earlier weaning from artificial ventilator support as a result of decreased CO2 production and reduced respiratory quotient.
The structures and physiological processes of the body are based, to a large degree, on the properties and interactions of atoms, ions, and molecules. Water is the major constituent of the body and accounts for 65 to 75 of the total weight of an average adult. Of this amount, two-thirds is contained within the body cells, or in the intracellular compartment the remainder is contained in the extracellular compartment, a term that refers to the blood and tissue fluids. Dissolved in this water are many organic molecules (carbon-containing molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), as well as inorganic molecules and ions (atoms with a net charge). Before describing the structure and function of organic molecules within the body, it would be useful to consider some basic chemical concepts, terminology, and symbols.
Infant formulas or so called breast milk substitutes aim to provide an efficient and safe alternative diet for infants of those women who are not able to continue breastfeeding until six months of life. Infant formula can be fed directly after birth when breastfeeding is not possible follow-on formulas are designed for children after the sixth month of life. Breast milk substitutes aim to mimic the composition of human breast milk concerning protein, fat and carbohydrate composition. The only carbohydrate of infant formulas is lactose, whereas follow-on formulas contain other carbohydrates, too. Protein sources are mainly bovine whey or casein (in the standard cow's milk based formulas) or soy protein (for infants with lactose intolerance or cow milk protein allergy). The quality parameter for the evaluation of infant diets is the ability to allow normal physical growth as well as optimal neurological and mental development.
Cells cannot accumulate very many separate glucose molecules, because an abundance of these would exert an osmotic pressure (see chapter 6) that would draw a dangerous amount of water into the cells. Instead, many organs, particularly the liver, skeletal muscles, and heart, store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen. Figure 5.4 Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Blood glucose entering tissue cells is phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate. This intermediate can be metabolized for energy in glycolysis, or it can be converted to glycogen ( 1 ) in a process called glycogenesis. Glycogen represents a storage form of carbohydrates that can be used as a source for new glucose 6-phosphate (2) in a process called glycogenolysis. The liver contains an enzyme that can remove the phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate liver glycogen thus serves as a source for new blood glucose.
Although some experimental studies suggest that carbohydrates may modulate the later stages of cancer, non-starch polysaccharides provide fibre which may have protective effects. For example, the high fibre content of the Finnish diet may counteract the enhancing effect of the high dietary fat on the risk of breast and colorectal cancer, the incidence of which is surprisingly low.
With many molecules such as DNA, proteins and carbohydrates. It also destroys membrane lipids in a lipid peroxydation process (chain reaction). Free radicals can encourage the production of secondary messengers such as diacylglycerol or phosphatidic acid by its activity on cell membranes.
The antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of high mannose carbohydrates of N-linked glycosylated amino acid residues on the immunologically silent face of gp120 (Trkola et al. 1996b Wyatt et al. 1998a Sanders et al. 2002 Scanlan et al. 2002) and has broad neutralizing activity in vitro against isolates from subtype B and to a lesser extent also against other subtypes (Burton et al. 1994 Binley et al. 2004 Trkola et al. 2005). The heavy and light chains of 2G12 are not associated in a traditional Y-like manner but instead are lying vertically and adjacent to one another. This unique structure provides the antibody with the flexibility to undergo multivalent interactions with the gp120 oligomannose cluster (Calarese et al. 2003). Phase I and phase I II studies with this antibody have been conducted (Armbruster et al. 2002 Stiegler et al. 2002 Trkola et al. 2005).
To this end, suitably functionalized V-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives were required. A convergent approach in which various sialoside haptens and other carbohydrates of interest could be attached to multivalent scaffolds at a late stage was chosen. This strategy offers the advantage of permitting further optimization of binding interactions where appropriate.
Little is known about the more recently discovered loci and genes. The neuron-specific over-expression of SH2B1 has been shown to be protective against high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice (Ren et al, 2007), whereas the BDNF variant has been shown to be associated with eating behaviour in humans (Bauer et al, 2009 Shugart et al, 2009). A recent study in 1700 Dutch women (Bauer et al, 2009) examined the majority of the newly discovered obesity loci found that the SH2B1, KCTD15, MTCH2, NEGR1, and BDNF loci were associated with dietary macronutrient intake.
African collared doves (0.33 lb 150 g ) increase body weight by 7 during incubation, but only 1 is due to weight increase of the crop gland. The rest is explained by increased water content of body tissue water is used for crop milk. Crop milk is unique in birds and consists of fatty degenerated crop cells. Crop milk contains no carbohydrates, but is 76 water, 12 protein, 6 fat, and 1.5 minerals. Consistency is quite different from mammalian milk, but production is under the control of the pituitary hormone pro-lactin in male and female pigeons. Prolactin plays the same role in mammals.
A wide variety of raw foods are preserved by lactic acid fermentation, including milk, meat, fruits, and vegetables. Reduction of pH and removal of large amount of carbohydrates by fermentation are the primary preservation actions that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) provide to a fermented food. These actions are largely ineffective in preventing the growth of fungi in foods. However, it has also been recognized that LAB can produce inhibitory substances other than organic acid (acetate and acetate) that are antagonistic toward other microorganisms (Batish et al. 1997). The antibacterial properties of LAB are well documented. Several LAB, typically of the genera Lactococcus and Lactobacillus produce antibacterial substances. Antifungal properties of LAB have received little attention, however, several metabolites of LAB have been reported to have antifungal activity.
Contrary to the supposed detrimental effect of BA on the colon, SCFA, derived from bacterial digestion of fiber and complex carbohydrates in the colon, have trophic action on the mucosa and are possibly protective against inflammation and cancer (Bugaut and Bentejac, 1993, Tonelli et al., 1995).
The antigens recognized by B lymphocytes may be either proteins or carbohydrates, but only protein antigens are recognized by most T lymphocytes. Unlike B cells, T cells do not make antibodies and thus do not have antibodies on their surfaces to serve as receptors for these antigens. The T cells do, however, have a different type of antigen receptor on their membrane surfaces, and these T cell receptors have been identified as molecules closely related to the immunoglobulins. The T cell receptors differ from the antibody receptors on B cells in a very important respect the T cell receptors cannot bind to free antigens. In order for T lymphocytes to respond to foreign antigens, the antigens must be presented to the T cells on the membrane of antigen-presenting cells.
When enzymes are tested on insoluble substrate (e.g., cell wall polysaccharides), a relatively simple assay to monitor the solubilization of pectic material is by using (automated) colorimetric assays like the m-hydroxybi-phenyl assay (32, 33) for uronic acids and the phenol-sulfuric acid or orcinol-sulfuric acid assay for neutral sugars (34, 35). Obviously, the latter two methods are not very discriminative for the various neutral sugars, but can be used quite satisfactorily to monitor enzyme activity. More information on the enzyme is obtained when the determination of concentration of the solu-bilized carbohydrates is combined with information on their size (e.g., reducing sugar assay or size exclusion chromatography).
Proteins are only partially digested in the stomach by the action of pepsin, while carbohydrates and fats are not digested at all by pepsin. (Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase and continues for a time when the food enters the stomach, but amylase soon becomes inactivated by the strong acidity of gastric juice.) The complete digestion of food molecules occurs later, when chyme enters the small intestine.


If you want to buy your Marble-loving friend or family member something special, and you know that they love every single product, making it too hard to choose - then this Gift Card is perfect for you.
The Marble Basics Gift Card is redeemable within 12 months of purchase.
Gift Cards are delivered via email and contain instructions with how to redeem them at checkout.
Depending on the value of your gift card, shipping may be additional and this can be paid with Visa, Mastercard or Paypal at the time of checkout.
Gift Cards can be used as part payments, so if the value of an order that you place is less than the actual Gift Card value, you are able to use the remainder on your next purchase and pay the difference within 12 months of the Gift Card date.
This is an e-Gift Card for use exclusively on our online store, and is emailed through to you so that you can either email it to your friend, or print it and include it in a card of your choice.
A truly Marble-ous gift idea!


The National Wayfarer and Albacore National Championships are being held at Sail Parry Sound in Parry Sound this weekend. This is a shot of some of the action taking place the Old Town Beach Thursday evening, sailors and paddle boarders. Drop by to watch the races on the Big Sound. The action is all three days starting at 11:00 on Friday and Saturday, and 10:00 on Sunday.