text:
Q: Zorin OS 16 - CMake missing the_FoundationConfig.cmake I'm new to Linux and upon reviewing many youtube videos, I settled for Zorin OS 16. I've tried to download Doomsday_Engine and it requires some steps to be ready. One step is this:
    cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ../doomsday

However, I got the following error. Any help would be appreciated.
-- Configuring doomsday...
-- Configuring libs...
-- Configuring core...
CMake Error at libs/core/CMakeLists.txt:8 (find_package):

  By not providing "Findthe_Foundation.cmake" in CMAKE_MODULE_PATH this
  project has asked CMake to find a package configuration file provided by
  "the_Foundation", but CMake did not find one.

  Could not find a package configuration file provided by "the_Foundation"
  with any of the following names:

    the_FoundationConfig.cmake
    the_foundation-config.cmake

  Add the installation prefix of "the_Foundation" to CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH or set
  "the_Foundation_DIR" to a directory containing one of the above files.  If
  "the_Foundation" provides a separate development package or SDK, be sure it
  has been installed.

-- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!


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Are Deer Nocturnal? Explained!
By Animal Quarters / March 19, 2022 November 1, 2022
Last updated on November 1st, 2022
Most deer species are not nocturnal but rather, some do display nocturnal and crepuscular activity because they are often observed grazing at dawn, dusk, and daytime hours.
Being an amateur gardener, I have always been careful about protecting my plants from pests and animal attacks.
However, despite my best efforts, I often found that something would eat many of my vegetable plants like my young lettuce plants, tomato shoots, and cabbages in the night.
Not only did this break my heart, but I was also at a loss as to what was it that destroyed my vegetable garden.
It was only one day, or shall I say one night by accident, that I discovered a deer with her fawn would come to visit my garden in search of food.
When I talked about it to a zoologist friend, she told me deer are nocturnal and that I need to take precautions against them, especially at night.
Which types of deer are nocturnal?
Are deer most active at night?
Do deer sleep standing up?
Do deer have a sleep pattern?
Do deer become active during a full-moon night?
Are deer active during the day?
Where do deer go during the day?
Do deer hibernate in winter?
What do deer do on winter nights?
There are numerous deer species that are not nocturnal, however, in North America, the 3 most common types of deer that are nocturnal are the white-tailed deer, the mule deer, and the black-tailed deer.
Most zoologists believe that deer are neither nocturnal nor diurnal but crepuscular, which means they are active during the twilight hours.
When it comes to the exact species of deer that are crepuscular, then there are certain things that you must know:
The white-tailed deer can be considered nocturnal animals because they will look for food from evening to dawn.
The black-tailed deer of North America are also nocturnal, especially during the hunting season.
The mule deer found in North America are also nocturnal animals that are very elusive and able to reach up to 45 miles per hour when running.
Thus the behavior of the deer does not depend on which part of the world it belongs to but on the availability of food and whether it fears the presence of a predator.
Deer are most active at night because they are nocturnal ruminant creatures. Being active at night allows their rumen to receive a lot of food at once which will digest and keep them satisfied throughout the day.
However, when it comes to the eating habits of deer, it depends on the time of day and the presence of a predator.
Since deer aren't very active during the day, they use the darkness at night to move around without alerting predators
As most species of deer look for food in the evening, you will find the creatures near the trails grazing and looking for food.
But if the deer senses the presence of a predator during the day, it can change its behavior and become more active at night.
For example, the white-tailed deer is more active at night and looks for food from dusk to dawn.
This is why this creature is hunted mainly by predators like bobcats, mountain lions, and coyotes, as these are nocturnal hunters.
Deer do sleep standing up because they need to be aware of their surroundings while being able to move swiftly if they feel threatened. A deer will be reluctant to sleep laying down if they have escaped a predator.
Deer are one of the few species that sleep standing up. They are herd animals which means when they fear the presence of a predator, they will warn their fellow herd members.
Deer do it by snorting, and once they warn their fellow herd members, they need to escape.
The creatures have perfected the habit of sleeping while standing to make it easy for the herd to escape.
Likewise, it makes it easier for them to wake up and run away from danger.
You will sometimes see deer sitting and dozing, but they rarely fall asleep entirely.
As deer view humans as predators, you will find that even deer that you thought were sleeping will scatter away in a matter of minutes if they sense your presence.
Moreover, a deer that had a bad experience with a predator will be afraid of sleeping alone.
Deer do have sleeping patterns as usually sleep in thirty-minute cycles, which means they will sleep for thirty minutes and then get up, walkabout, and sleep again.
The creature follows this activity pattern during the day. This keeps the creature alert and helps it be alert of its surroundings, and makes it aware of the presence of any predator.
Another unique feature of the sleep pattern of deer is that the entire herd has a cyclical pattern of sleeping in which while some members of the group sleep others stay awake.
This helps ensure all members get sufficient rest.
Deer is one of those creatures most hunted by the apex predators of the jungle.
Hence, evolution has helped the creature develop a sleep pattern that keeps it alert and protects it from getting hunted while resting.
When I was talking about the activity, sleep patterns, and other behavior of deer, she told me a unique thing about these creatures.
She told me that deer become most active during full moon nights.
One of the reasons for the increased activity is that predators avoid hunting during full moon nights.
Most nocturnal ambush hunters prefer to hunt under the darkness of night. But a full moon makes it difficult as everything becomes visible.
Thus, deer do become active during a full moon night because predators cannot hunt them as easily during this time, so deer will find it easier to graze and look for food, resulting in increased activity.
A deer will become active during the day if food is scarce because its first priority is to locate food, especially in the early morning hours. However, as deer are primarily active during the night, it is mostly observed that they will be resting during the day.
Therefore, you will find that deer sleep during the day, but this habit can change depending on the environmental condition.
For example, deer are active during breeding season or during the rut.
The changing environmental condition and the changes in the habitats of deer have also resulted in a change in the behavior of the deer.
It is not rare to spot deer grazing or searching for food during the daytime.
Deer tend to hide during the day. You will find deer hiding behind bushes of grass, dense thickets, or in bedding areas during the day so that they can conserve energy and regulate their temperature.
They will venture out of these areas only searching for sustenance if they have not found sufficient food the night before.
If you have ever gone driving through a forested region, you must have observed the signs where you will be asked to drive carefully because deer are crossing.
But most accidents occur in the evening because that is when deer are active and not when they are sleeping during the day.
Therefore, if you want to go deer spotting during the day, you will have to check for the bedding areas where you will likely find a herd of deer resting.
It is a common misconception to think that deer hibernate during winter. But in reality, deer do not hibernate during winter, rather, they display very little movement and activity.
Deer indeed restrict their activity during the winter months because they are aware of the scarcity of food, and they need to store energy to survive the cold winter.
Hence, sighting deer during winter can be pretty rare. Deer survive winter by consuming high-calorie food like acorns, nuts, and berries during fall.
This helps them develop a layer of fat, which keeps them warm during winter. It also provides them the necessary energy to survive winter when food becomes unavailable.
On winter nights, deer will move around in the wind to avoid being hunted by predators.
Although during the day, deer lie in the sun to keep themselves warm, at night, they tend to keep moving.
When winter comes, the nighttime activity of the deer, which is to look for food, becomes difficult, but it does not stop completely.
The creature does continue its activity, but it often rests even at night.
The only thing that it will keep doing it to stay against the wind as it confuses the predators that hunt by identifying the smell of the deer.
https://a-z-animals.com/blog/how-do-deer-stay-warm-in-the-winter/
https://animals.mom.com/deer-sleep-night-3838.html
https://pestsamurai.com/why-do-deer-sleep-in-my-yard

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


ASK: I've had more than one miscarriage, is it still possible to have a healthy baby?
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ASK: Is it safe to freeze my egg? When and why should I do it?
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ASK: Am I too old to get pregnant? When should I freeze my egg?
ASK: When do I know I am ovulating?
ASK: When is the best time to conceive during the month?
ASK: What are my chances of getting pregnant based on my age?
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Otago Daily Times: Olive Baboon
November 24, 2020 /0 Comments/in Exhibition, Fine Art /by Ilan Wittenberg
Olive Baboon at the 2020 Dunedin Art Show
Awesome to have my Olive Baboon featured as part of The 2020 Dunedin Art Show! Had to put on my cheese cutter hat for this portrait opportunity 😀 Grateful to John and Kate who kicked my bum to take part in this wonderful event.
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DSC09128-edit2.jpg 1280 1280 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-11-24 12:11:272020-11-26 16:23:15Otago Daily Times: Olive Baboon
Yawning Camel
November 11, 2020 /0 Comments/in Awards, Exhibition, Faces of Cairo, Monochrome, Travel Photography /by Ilan Wittenberg
Nominee at the 15th Annual Black & White Spider Awards
15TH ANNUAL BLACK AND WHITE SPIDER AWARDS HONORS PHOTOGRAPHER ILAN WITTENBERG FROM NEW ZEALAND
LOS ANGELES, November 11, 2020 – Professional photographer Ilan Wittenberg of New Zealand was presented with the 15th Annual Black and White Spider Awards Nominee title at a prestigious Nomination & Winners PhotoShow.
The live online gala was attended by industry leaders and the photography community from around the globe who logged on to watch the climax of the world's premier event for black and white photography. 15th Annual Jury members included captains of the industry from Musee de l'Elysee, Lausanne; Sotheby's, London; Travel/Discovery Channel, New York; Kunsthaus Zurich, Switzerland; Portuguese Center of Photography, Porto; Aeroplastics Contemporary, Brussels; The Guardian, London; Contrasto Galleria, Milan; ADK Creative One Inc., Tokyo; Hiroshima MOCA, Japan; MACBA, Barcelona; and Pereira O'Dell in New York who honored Spider Fellows with 610 coveted title awards and 919 nominees in 32 categories.
"Simply Stunning." Justine Gruser, Specialist at Sotheby's commented. Bernardino Castro, Director at Portuguese Center of Photography (CPF), Porto said "The amazing quality of the images in the competition made it very difficult to select the winners. I would like to reinforce the relevance and impact of Black & White Spider Awards as a mobilizing agent in promoting the production and dissemination of excellent photography at an international level." Christopher Doyle, Creative Director at Travel Channel/Discovery, New York added, "Always look forward to the way in which these photographers see the world in a unique and curious way."
"It's an incredible achievement to be selected among the best from the 6,378 entries from 69 countries we received this year" said Basil O'Brien, the awards Creative Director. "Ilan's Yawning Camel," an exceptional image, represents black and white photography at its finest, and we're pleased to present him with the title of Nominee."
BLACK AND WHITE SPIDER AWARDS is the leading international award honoring excellence in black and white photography. This celebrated event shines a spotlight on the best professional and amateur photographers worldwide and honors the finest images with the highest achievements in black and white photography.
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DSC09787-Edit-2.jpg 1280 1919 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-11-11 10:36:042020-11-13 18:00:26Yawning Camel
November 7, 2020 /0 Comments/in Bare Truth, Portraits, Studio Photography /by Ilan Wittenberg
Published in Talking Pictures
Interview by Alasdair Foster
Men act, and women appear.
In the traditional cultural stereotype, men are judged by their agency (what they can do to you or for you) and women by their appearance. Women are to be looked at; men do the looking. There are many more images of the female body in the history of Western art than there are male. And, where the male body does appear, it is strictly contextualised in one of three symbolic roles: hero, fool or martyr. The hero transcends the reality of the male body to become a symbol of dynamic triumph. The fool is mocked for his nakedness, removing him from serious consideration as a representative of his gender. The martyr – an especial favourite of the Christian religion – is naked and broken, but his defeat is temporary as the narrative promises he will later ascend to heaven to be eternally revered as a saint.
Real men are not like this. They are flesh and blood, diverse, and susceptible to the inevitabilities of illness and aging. Yet, as men, the way we feel about our bodies is often an uncomfortable contradiction between lived reality and the symbolic perfection reflected to us in advertising and in art.
The photographs of the New Zealand artist Ilan Wittenberg are very different from these impossibly idealised and ideologically loaded images of masculinity. His extensive catalogue of men living in and around Auckland captures each in all the complexity of frailty and forbearance, uniqueness and imperfection, anxiety and the courage to overcome it. In English, when we speak of 'real men' we often mean the opposite; we mean individuals who appear to live up to the impossible aspirations of masculinity. But Ilan Wittenberg's photographs truly do present real men; the unadorned reality of male faces and bodies in all their great variety. As the title of the series declares, this is literally and figuratively the 'Bare Truth'.
Alasdair Foster
© Ilan Wittenberg from the series 'Bare Truth'
This series of articles is looking at the work of photo-artists who have a different 'way of seeing'. How would you describe your 'way of seeing'?
It's been said that photography is the easiest artistic medium in which to be competent, but the hardest medium in which to have a truly personal vision. It's very much like talking: everyone can talk but few have something original to say. I have developed a clear style that allows me to tell a story in an imaginative and thought-provoking way. My aim is to create work with a strong 'stylistic signature' and a clear narrative sense. I wish to inspire people with images that are crisp and sharp; to evoke emotions and to demonstrate a personal creative vision.
Photography is a way of communicating without words. Unlike videography – which has duration, delivering a story through sound and motion – photography is still and present. It does not consume time, and consequently offers the viewer the possibility of interpreting an image differently each time it is viewed. As the famous American photographer Ansel Adams once said: "There are always two people in every picture: the photographer and the viewer." In my work, there is a third, the subject, who is observed by each of the other two.
© Ilan Wittenberg 'Raanan' 2015 from the series 'Bare Truth'
How did this series 'Bare Truth' begin?
I had been thinking about the idea of photographing men without the protection of their clothes, but I was unsure how to go about achieving it. I had mentioned it a number of times to one of my close friends, but he would always laugh at the idea. Then, one day, he was very busy packing to move permanently overseas. I offered to dispose of his rubbish after he left if he would give me thirty minutes in front of my camera. Somewhat reluctantly, he agreed to take off his shirt. As I was photographing, he raised his hand across his chest and looked straight into the camera. I could see the sadness in his eyes, his stress. Set against the simple background, his personality shone through. It was for me a moment of profound insight.
© Ilan Wittenberg 'Ofek' 2015 from the series 'Bare Truth'
How did the project develop from there?
I asked my son to pose for me. He was just recovering from an operation, so the scar was showing fresh on his torso.
After that, I approached some of my close friends and tradesmen who were working on jobs around the house. Later, I invited men that I met at the local Sunday market. I began to realise that this had the potential to become a significant body of work; one that would become stronger the bigger and more diverse it became. I realised the power of these portraits and the potential they had to form a much larger series. The biggest challenge was finding men willing to pose shirtless in front of the camera.
How did you go about that?
The initial portraits helped me gain valuable experience and formalise a consistent and distinctive visual style. I became more confident in making an approach. I uploaded those initial images onto my cell phone so that I could easily show them to prospective subjects, many of whom were total strangers. This helped to engage them and overcome any initial concerns. Even so, it is a time-consuming process. Out of every ten men that I approach, five say "no", four say "maybe" and only one actually shows up.
© Ilan Wittenberg from the series 'Bare Truth': 'Gregory' 2016
How did you seek out or select men to pose for you?
Initially I would photograph anyone who would agree to pose. Now, I am more selective, looking for people with an interesting story, men with a personality who will add diversity to the collection. Most of the men are from the local neighbourhood, people I meet at the street or in shops. They live locally so it is easy enough to find a suitable time, but a few do travel from further afield. On rare occasions I receive a request from someone asking to be included in the series, usually via social media. In those cases, I never refuse. Only about ten per cent of the men in these photographs are people I knew before they posed for me.
How many images are in the series now?
I began the project in mid-2015 and there are currently 160 portraits in the series. I try to add one new photograph to the series every week. There is value in extending the scale and variety of this unique collection: every man is different, and the strength of the portfolio lies in that diversity.
© Ilan Wittenberg from the series 'Bare Truth': [Left] 'Chris' 2019; [Centre] 'Tai' 2015; [Right] 'Dave' 2015
There are quite a lot of men with tattoos. Are tattoos common in New Zealand?
I think that people who wear tattoos tend to be more extrovert than the average person and more inclined to show off their body art. A tattoo is a powerful personal statement about one's life, traditional heritage and personal style.
Why did you call this series 'Bare Truth'? What truth are you seeking to address or reveal?
When I looked at that first photo of my friend before he went overseas, I was moved and inspired. I realised that we attach a deep meaning to a person's facial expression. It takes us a fraction of a second to judge someone. It's fascinating to think how quickly and subconsciously we form that opinion based solely on physical appearance: this person looks confident, that person looks depressed, or dangerous; calm, happy, sad… Photographed without the shield of clothes, without those things that signify social standing or personal taste, these images provide an unexpected and enlightening opportunity to see the real people behind the façade. We are all flesh and blood; and we are here on this planet for a short period of time. This project simply reminds us of how fragile we are.
The title 'Bare Truth' implies that our face reveals the truth, we cannot hide it. It is also a play on words as the men are naked from the waist up. I think that a meaningful title helps people identify with its purpose. And for some of the more modest or shy subjects, it gave them the courage to expose themselves in front of the camera.
© Ilan Wittenberg from the series 'Bare Truth': [Left] 'Tobias' 2016; [Right] 'Yusuke' 2015
These images have a strong aesthetic signature. How did you achieve that sharpness of detail and clarity of texture?
I use a single source of illumination employing a 'beauty dish', which wraps the light around their body in a very distinctive way. [A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point, which adds a more dramatic contrast to the subject. The light created is gentler than that of a direct flash but more directional than with a softbox.] I bring the light as close as possible to the subject's face. This creates a directional illumination with deep shadows under the eyes, nose and neck, emphasising every crease in their torso.
My aim is for the images to have the reassuring directness of a classic, in-camera capture. I want to emphasise the truth of the image in an era when people are losing faith in the honesty of the medium. I simply process the digital photographs to enhance their skin texture. This is done using Photoshop with the Silver Efex Pro plugin by Nik. That heightening of contrast helps to create a sense of drama, lending to the series a unifying style that emulates analogue lithographic techniques.
It is very important to me that there is a catchlight in their eyes, so I carefully set the beauty dish according to their height and enhance the highlight manually if required.
© Ilan Wittenberg 'Adam' 2015 from the series 'Bare Truth'
Although these are images of the whole upper body and head, you have talked about the importance of the eyes.
As the proverb says: eyes are windows to the soul. The look in someone's eyes is very meaningful and we immediately interpret it, often subconsciously and always subjectively. Much of our interpersonal communication is not verbal. When we shake someone's hand we look them in the eye and, subconsciously, judge if we can trust them. The strength of this series lies with the directness of each man's gaze. It affirms integrity and honesty – hence the title: 'Bare Truth'.
We tend not to judge men by their bodies. There is a degree of vulnerability in posing without a shirt, especially if one is not young and athletic.
I admire the bravery and humility of the men who agree to participate in this project. Some are young or lean while others are fat or old. The strength of the portfolio lies in how similar the photographs are in terms of pose and lighting, while, at the same time, very different in terms of subject.
How did the men you photographed respond to seeing their photograph?
Most men appreciate the final image, but some find the dramatic way in which their skin texture is enhanced really confronting. One man who posed said he would never show his photograph to his wife as he did not want to frighten her. But then another man was so proud of his portrait that he posted it on social media! He told me that he had found the process of standing in front of the camera was liberating – a sort of catharsis. He said that he used to hate his body; being a part of 'Bare Truth' had helped him on his journey to accepting it.
For the most part, the men who pose really do seem to appreciate the experience. The shoot is an opportunity to spend time together and listen to their personal stories. I ask them about their scars, their tattoos, what they do for a living and so on, and in this way we become more acquainted.
You have said that one of the goals of this project is to raise awareness of the challenge men face when dealing with emotional vulnerability, and the problems of stress and depression they can feel as a result. Can you explain what you mean by this?
Many cultures portray men as strong, physically and emotionally. This stereotype sometimes leads to adverse outcomes, made worse by the way men typically fail to seek medical help for symptoms such as depression, stress and anxiety. One of the goals of this project is to raise awareness by showing men expressing complex emotions of strength and vulnerability, confidence and anxiety. Some carry on their bodies tattoos which help remind them of loved ones that passed away or scars that mark an accident or surgical operation. These are significant markers that give them strength on a daily basis. I think that we all look for a meaning in life and in our relationships one with another. Taking part in a project shared in common can make us feel part of the community.
Images can be valued on many different levels: artistically, as evidence, in terms of the questions they raise or challenges they provoke. What would you identify as the most important aspect of this work for you personally?
I think that this project helped me develop a distinctive artistic style, a personal visual language, which is very hard to do in the field of photography. In turn, it has enabled me to create a unique body of work of which I am very proud. The process of making the images in this series has made it possible for me to meet people who are completely outside my social circle; people who I would never meet under other circumstances.
I keep looking for suitable people to photograph. This means that I remain more present in the moment and in the place; observing people around me and seeking opportunities. It also helps me connect with people. In the process of approaching potential subjects for my photographs, I have been able to learn how to engage people, to read their body language and, in many cases, to face rejection.
What have you learned about yourself in the process of making these images?
If you have the confidence to try something, you may well succeed. If you do not, you will surely fail.
Biographical Notes
Ilan Wittenberg was born in Israel in 1963, emigrating to New Zealand in 2001. He has a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering and a Master of Business Administration in Information Technology. Having worked in these areas for thirty years, he moved into photography in order to realise his passion for visual expression. He quickly established a reputation as a skilled and creative practitioner, winning dozens of accolades including both the portrait and the overall prizes at the 2018 Sony Alpha Awards. A Fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Professional Photography (NZIPP), his work has featured in many gallery and festival exhibitions including Head On Photo Festival in Sydney, Australia, and the Signature Program of the Auckland Festival of Photography in New Zealand.
This article was first published in Chinese, in the May 2019 issue of PhotoWorld magazine, Beijing. The theme for the year was Ways of Seeing.
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DSC07053-Edit-Edit.jpg 1280 1919 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-11-07 16:25:202020-11-07 16:27:13Real Men
2020 Auckland Photographer of the Year
November 3, 2020 /0 Comments/in Awards /by Ilan Wittenberg
2020 Auckland Photographer of the Year by the New Zealand Institute of Professional Photography
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DSC01662-Edit.jpg 1280 1280 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-11-03 11:14:112020-11-10 13:00:212020 Auckland Photographer of the Year
Agne Sumskyte
October 31, 2020 /0 Comments/in Fashion /by Ilan Wittenberg
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC01477.jpg 1280 1920 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-10-31 19:30:562020-10-31 19:50:25Agne Sumskyte
2020 SONY Alpha Awards: Editorial category winner
October 6, 2020 /0 Comments/in Awards, Exhibition, Media, Monochrome /by Ilan Wittenberg
Fantastic to get this little baby in the post for winning the Editorial category at the 2020 Sony Alpha Awards! 'Timid' is part of a collection of captivating portraits of the Maasai people from Tanzania. I found myself deeply inspired upon meeting the Maasai tribe and realised the opportunity to document their unique culture which is being eroded by Western influence and modern technology.
On a personal level, this reminds me of the true value of photography: preserving memories in order to relive special stories and pass them on to others. Through this series of carefully composed photographs, the Maasai people can share their rich culture with the world. The collection is presented in a film-noir monochrome, capturing these portraits in a classically timeless style; lending a unifying appearance that emulates analogue lithographic techniques. I wanted viewers to focus on the humanity aspect of each portrait: expression, body language, shape and form. I eliminated distracting colours to ensure that viewers focus on the people within the photos and make emotional connections with the Maasai. This is a documentary collection; most of the photos had little or no retouching. I waited for people to look straight into the camera so we can see highlights in their eyes.
The strength of the series is in giving viewers an opportunity to connect with the Maasai people in their natural environment. This diverse group of people serves as a timely reminder that despite our many cultural differences, we can unite as a community through the power of photography. I hope that through this portfolio viewers learn more about the Maasai culture. We are all wonderfully unique, yet at the same time, we are deeply the same.
I aim to depict the Maasai culture in an authentic and honest way, using a clear narrative style which shows the significance of their culture, as well as their individual personalities. My goal is to provoke viewers imagination regarding the traditions of the Maasai people and the stories behind their portraits. In sharing this portfolio, I encourage viewers to show tolerance: to accept all people and to recognise the value of cultural diversity. We would all experience an enhanced sense of community if we took the time to appreciate interactions which allow us to discover the world beyond our familiar boundaries.
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC08092-Edit.jpg 1280 1920 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-10-06 10:56:482020-10-06 10:57:572020 SONY Alpha Awards: Editorial category winner
Popup Gallery at Milford Mall
October 5, 2020 /0 Comments/in Exhibition, Fine Art /by Ilan Wittenberg
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/20200919_141227.jpg 1280 1707 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-10-05 15:48:162020-10-06 10:59:25Popup Gallery at Milford Mall
2020 Iris Awards – Travel Category
September 5, 2020 /0 Comments/in Awards, Exhibition, Faces of Cairo, Monochrome, Travel Photography /by Ilan Wittenberg
Faces of Cairo is a collection of photographs that take you on a tour of the land and its people; the streets, the markets, the African desert, and the path of history.
Cairo is chaos at its most magnificent, infuriating and beautiful. From above, the distorted roar of the muezzins' call to prayer echoes out from duelling minarets. Below, car horns bellow tuneless symphonies amid avenues of faded 19th-century grandeur, while donkey carts rattle down dusty lanes lined with colossal monuments. This city's constant buzz is a product of its 30 million inhabitants, simultaneously stretching Cairo's infrastructure, crushing it under their collective weight. The smog is heavy and car toots are overwhelming, but its energy is stimulating and exhilarating!
In January 2020, I was lucky to visit the ancient city and tell the story of its people. What stood out to me the most was how friendly the people were. I first shook their hands warmly and then asked in Arabic: "Can I take your photo?" I gave people my full attention and most were delighted to have their portrait taken, especially once they learnt that I came from Israel and that I live in New Zealand. I showed them the image on the back of my camera which made them feel respected. I consider it my privilege to be able to share these glimpses into their lives with the wider world.
I wanted to visit Cairo for a long time and was so glad when the opportunity came. I always admired the long and rich history of Egypt and found the experience of modern-day Cairo to be incredible in its own right. The whole city buzzes with all kinds of different people, and despite many of them being poor, they have a wonderful faith in Allah.
My visit to Egypt was a spiritual journey, I always dreamt of visiting Egypt. The historical link between Israel and Egypt goes back thousands of years: a history of war and peace. In reading the Haggadah during Passover Seder every year, I celebrate the ancient history together with the family. The Haggadah describes the exodus of the Israelite slaves who built the pyramids in Egypt. The most interesting part is the ten plagues that God inflicted on the Egyptian people in order to convince Pharaoh to free the Twelve Tribes.
Faces of Cairo is a documentary collection. Most of the photos had little or no retouching. I asked people to look straight into my camera, so these are not candid photos. The strength of this series is in giving viewers a rare opportunity to connect with the common Egyptian people in their natural environment. This diverse group of people serves as a timely reminder that, despite our many cultural differences, we can unite as a community through the power of photography. The collection is a celebration of our shared values: hard work, the importance of family and caring for each other as humans. I hope that through this portfolio viewers learn more about the Egyptian people. In sharing this portfolio I encourage viewers to show empathy: to accept others and to recognise the value of cultural diversity. We would all experience an enhanced sense of community if we took the time to appreciate interactions which allow us to discover the world beyond our familiar boundaries. We are all wonderfully unique, yet, at the same time, we are deeply similar.
I present these photographs in timeless monochrome, to ensure consistency and flow of the series amidst the chaos and clutter of the busy environment. My aim is to create an authentic portfolio of diverse individuals in a foreign land, to tell their stories using a clear narrative style and enduring quality. The portraits are crisp and sharp, to allow the details to inspire your imagination and to evoke emotions. I hope that viewers will experience the atmosphere and connect with the people.
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DSC09609-Edit-2.jpg 1280 1919 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-09-05 09:34:002020-09-05 09:34:002020 Iris Awards – Travel Category
NSPS Portraiture Q&A Seminar
September 5, 2020 /0 Comments/in Audio Visual presentations, Fine Art, Monochrome, Portraits, Studio Photography /by Ilan Wittenberg
The North Shore Photographic Society is holding the September workshop online. Please install Zoom onto your desktop, laptop, phone or tablet by clicking on: https://zoom.us/download#room_client
Please do this at least a day BEFORE the meeting so you are ready!
Register in advance for this meeting:
https://zoom.us/meeting/register/tJUuf-mprDkpE9zgXozRC0ySpQ78dpuEoggH
Please note: You will require the PASSCODE to join so when you receive the email, please make note of the passcode.
When: Sep 9, 2020 07:30 PM
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/DSC09952-Edit-1.jpg 1280 1920 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-09-05 08:44:592020-09-06 17:51:44NSPS Portraiture Q&A Seminar
Olive Baboon
September 4, 2020 /0 Comments/in Awards, Fine Art, Monochrome, Travel Photography, Wildlife /by Ilan Wittenberg
Olive Baboon © Ilan Wittenberg 2018 Limited Edition of 30 + 2AP Shop Now
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DSC09128-edit2.jpg 1280 1280 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-09-04 07:48:452020-09-04 10:21:52Olive Baboon
2020 Auckland Art Show
August 30, 2020 /0 Comments/in Audio Visual presentations, Fine Art, Monochrome /by Ilan Wittenberg
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DSC05439-Edit-4.jpg 1280 1920 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-08-30 19:36:202020-11-05 14:36:592020 Auckland Art Show
2020 Mono Awards
August 18, 2020 /0 Comments/in Awards, Monochrome, Tanzania /by Ilan Wittenberg
Delighted to win the Top 10 in the People category of the 2020 Mono Awards for Timid
https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-Mono-Awards.jpg 1326 938 Ilan Wittenberg https://ilanwittenberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ilan-Wittenberg-website-logo-ver-3.2.png Ilan Wittenberg2020-08-18 19:25:362020-08-18 19:25:362020 Mono Awards


[UPDATED w/ full performance] Jolin celebrates her 38th birthday on stage with Namie Amuro in Okinawa !
Jolin has been invited by Namie a month ago to perform I'm Not Yours on stage with her at her last concert ever, WE NAMIE FIREWORKS SHOW~I OKINAWA/I MUSIC~. Needless to say, Jolin was very happy and felt honoured, she immediately said yes.
Namie and her staff planned a special surprise for Jolin in her dressing room in Okinawa, watch the video below (source jolinstudioofficial@weibo) ! It took Namie several days to choose both decoration and gifts.
For those who didn't know by the way, September 15th was also Jolin's birthday: she turned 38 yesterday.
EDIT 09/30: full performance starting at 1:35:40 !
After the performance, Jolin took a picture with Namie and thanked her warmly on Facebook and Instagram, which gives us the opportunity to see what they were wearing on stage last night !
EDIT 09/18: Photo album updated with performance pics.
Namie surprised Jolin one more time at the after party with a big birthday cake, she asked all guests (singers Ken Hirai, DOUBLE, Yamapi…) to sing "Happy Birthday" to Jolin !


text:
Brunswick's Good Karma Network shuts amid claims of 'toxic positivity', racism
By Patrick O'Neil
August 21, 2021 — 12.39pm
It began as a place online where you could share excess lemons with your neighbours, pass on clothes your kids had outgrown or lend someone a power tool: a utopian vision of an online community sharing gifts and advice.
Now the Brunswick Good Karma Network has collapsed amid allegations of "toxic positivity", overzealous censorship and racism.
The Brunswick Good Karma Network has closed its Facebook group after allegations of "toxic positivity", censorship and racism.
The group – which had more than 23,000 followers – shuttered its Facebook page indefinitely on Thursday.
Some group members had taken issue with the moderators deleting posts about crimes in Brunswick, allegations about a racist assault and the outing of a resident as an alleged neo-Nazi.
Many others said they had been evicted from the group for innocuous comments, even use of negative emojis, and that the fallout was a study in the limits of endless good karma without allowing a glimpse of the opposite.
But it was when the online conflict spilt into the real world, with posters of the moderators' faces plastered around the streets of Brunswick, and claims grew louder about the suppression of minority voices, that the pin was pulled.
Good Karma Effect founder Amy Churchouse. Credit: Simon Schluter
Amy Churchouse began the Good Karma Network movement in Kensington in 2016 and Brunswick soon after. Its overarching body, the Good Karma Effect, now has 140,000 members across 37 groups.
The Good Karma Effect guidelines state its purpose is for people to seek help and advice, share and gift, promote community events and recount positive local experiences.
The Brunswick Good Karma Network's sign-off note.
The guidelines do not allow "political, religious or inflammatory commentary", business promotion or reporting of crime.
A moderator, also known as a Good Karma Network Guardian, whose face was plastered on posters around the suburb, said they were trying "to maintain a safe space".
"Being an open voice to political agendas is not what that group is about," he said. "We have a very small element who have gone feral breaking those rules ... the group is not about everybody having a soapbox.″
But that has proved to be a challenge in a politically progressive suburb like Brunswick, where many believe sharing their opinion on a "community page" is their right.
"We have now reached a point where we as admins are not safe, in public or online. Our names are being shared online with no regard for our safety or wellbeing," a moderator wrote in announcing the suspension of the page.
"Posters with our faces are being plastered on the street. Our heritage and intersectionality called into question. Our inboxes full of abuse," the moderator wrote.
"Hopefully we can share our lemon boxes, moving boxes and pictures of puppies again soon."
Problems in the group had escalated rapidly in recent weeks after moderators rejected a post from a man who wrote he was rescued by strangers from being beaten up by "racist white lads" in Sydney Road and wanted to track down his saviours to make them "tea and Iranian food".
A moderator explained the post's rejection: "We like to focus on the positive side of life. We'd love to acknowledge the help you received from the community, without highlighting the negativity."
The sign-off note for the Brunswick Good Karma Network.
This led to accusations of the man's experience of racism not being validated. The post was shared on a rival group, the Brunswick Fairly Good Karma Network, and other people from minority groups complained that their experiences of racism had also been blocked from the site.
Then moderators rejected posts about a woman exposed by The Age as an alleged neo-Nazi, who runs a children's music business in the suburb, prompting accusations of threatening people's safety and facilitating racist behaviour.
Prominent activist Clementine Ford weighed in on social media, telling followers to quit the group in protest. Hours later, the moderators announced it was going into hiatus.
Ms Churchouse, the Good Karma Effect's CEO, said she was devastated by the need to close the group. The organisation's Kensington group met a similar fate two years ago.
"I feel sad that people can't see the damage they are doing to other humans – even if you do it for a good cause," she said.
"There was a call that a racist thing happened and it was completely unfounded.
"We've got a bunch of volunteers, who have been trying to keep this community safe and positive, not feeling safe in their own suburb because somebody decided to scream racism from the rooftops."
"All of this has unfolded as a result of people deciding that they just want to get validation across the internet."
Ms Churchouse said numerous attempts to have a dialogue with those making racism accusations had been ignored.
"What we've seen consistently with the kind of furore that gets social traction, they don't want to have discussions… [there's] no, let's give everybody the benefit of the doubt," Ms Churchouse said.
Former group members making such allegations did not respond to requests for comment.
"[The group] was set up for a particular purpose for a particular set of things. Nobody needs to be there, nobody is required to be there … There are 23,000 people that love that page. The reason that it became popular is because it's a positive place on the internet," Ms Churchouse said.
Rival group, the Brunswick Fairly Good Karma Network, which has more than 5000 members, allows open political discussion and small business promotion as well as gifting and sharing positive stories. It has grown by more than 1000 members since the other Karma group closed.
Founder Sam Watkins had been evicted from the original group.
"The group or some moderators were accused of racism, but I tend to think it was more about wanting to keep their group focused on "positive" things. It is OK for a group to have a limited scope or topic like this."
But Mr Watkins' more laissez-faire approach to moderation is being tested by members wanting to vent.
"If this goes on for too long I'll stop it. I can see that people are upset about what happened in the other group and I don't want to step in and do heavy moderation ... I'm letting it go, for now," he said.
"We do have some rules, but it's not so strictly applied. I can't be total anarchy because Facebook has its own rules. There's also the rules of Australia, so we have to follow some sort of standard."
Patrick O'Neil is Sunday Age deputy editor.Connect via email.


text:
Q: Trouble understanding pseudo code for deleting a node with two children I'm trying to understand the algorithm for deleting a node with two children a little more.  My teacher wrote pseudo code for us to learn but I'm having a hard time understanding certain aspects of it.
let's assume so far that I have already found the node i need to delete, so i have the current and node in the right place.
temp = current
tempParent = temp
temp = temp.right

while(temp.left != null)
     tempParent = temp
     temp = temp.left

{  //this is where i begin to get confused
    tempParent.left = temp.right
    temp.left = current.left
    temp.right = current.right
   // if we traversed until temp.left == null, how could  there be a temp.left?
}  // end confusion

// I understand this if statement right here
if current == parent.left
     parent.left = temp
else
     parent.right = temp

thanks guys

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ApolloCon Recap
Published by Patrice Sarath on June 28, 2009 June 28, 2009
Okay, that was fun. The workshop was lively and informative and the panels were a good deal of fun. Sunday morning's West Sidhe Story about faerie and modern life was exciting and contentious. It was ably moderated by Rosemary Clement-Moore, with excellent commentary from the audience including from A Lee Martinez. Lots of disagreement about what are fairies and what the role of faerie in literature is (or should be). Stina Leicht was as always a thought-provoking panelist. I thought Iceland was the only country that still took the Hidden People into account when constructing highway and other infrastructure. Not so — Ireland also tries to make sure the Sidhe are happy.
The religion panel on Friday night was also lively, with lots of audience participation. I met some of the people running AggieCon for next year as well as several past Cepheid Variables, and I've been invited to be a guest at that con for 2010. Can you believe we're writing 2010?
Other panels included Happy Pills, about the future of drugs and that was great — Chris Nakashima-Brown and Wil McCarthy were both excellent.
I also got to indulge in my astronaut fan worship, attending Stan Love's astronaut panel. That was just cool. The audience asked some wonderful questions (well beyond the typical "how do astronaust pee in space?") and Love seemed to enjoy himself a lot. In the video he narrated he pointed out something very cool — the shuttle astronauts and the space station astronauts were sitting around talking. He said, note how the shuttle astronauts are oriented — sitting straight up. But the space station astronaut had been there for so long, he was above them looking down. When you have been in space, you learn to utilize all of it. Also, I realized that even had I been remotely capable of trying out for the astronaut job, the claustrophobia test would have done me in. No way could I have survived that.
The Amy McNally concert was just grand. She is a wonderful violinist and put on a beautiful concert of Irish jigs and Scottish reels and gave a wonderful precis of what exactly is the difference. She also played bluegrass, Americana, and her own compositions. Her last selection had her fiddling like a bat out of hell, and the audience was enthralled. Also, you know how some people are just genuinely nice and sweet? This might be presumptious, like I can tell all about someone after I've heard them fiddle like a badass for an hour, but she just strikes me as being such a good person. I'm really glad I went to her panel.
The parties were great — if you go to cons, this is one of the best parts about them — and the dealer room was extremely dangerous, which is just the way I like it. I came home with a good handful of books, by Bill Crider, Julie Kenner, Kimberly Frost, and God knows who else. Excellent con, ApolloCon peeps!
FenCon Day One By the time I got to the con on Friday, things were already in full swing. I got through registration and scanned around for next steps. Bill Ledbetter was on a robotics panel so I...
ApolloCon 2010 — wrap up This was a very busy convention, busier than I remember from last year. I felt like I was counterprogrammed against a lot of cool panels, which is a sign of a well–programmed convention. A lot...
Apollocon report Well, I'm back. Apollocon was fun and I had a great time hanging out with old friends and new. The con was small-ish but lively, what with gamers and costumed fans mingling with the usual...
Categories:	Gordath Wood
Tags: Apollocon
Writing lessons — to fan fic or not?
Note: It's Throwback Thursday! For this week's episode, to fan fic or not to fan fic? In these times of AO3, it seems like a silly question, but in 2009, it was a thing. And Read more…
The morrim
I walked in Gordath Wood on Wednesday. Went right by the morrim and everything. Sometimes I'm taken by surprise by how much these Connecticut woods informed my first novel. It's like visiting a movie set. Read more…


Gerry's Grill, the place-to-be for family celebrations and happenings is currently celebrating as well as they invite Filipinos to join them and dine at their store for their first year anniversary!
From April 14-17, 2019, diners can enjoy a limited-time offer of 20% discount across all of Gerry's Grill's a la carte items. On the first night of their opening at April 14, the store will also host a live band entertainment as well as fun-filled games where diners can win food vouchers.
Gerry's Grill will also be serving their signature Palabok platter for free for their guests on every table the entire day as part of their anniversary celebrations on April 14.
As Gerry's Grill celebrates their first year, Restaurant Manager Ding Abarintos said that the restaurant takes pride in bringing the Filipino flavors and more importantly, the signature hospitable experience that only Filipinos can provide. "We are delighted to bring the authentic Filipino taste and hospitality here in UAE that Gerry's Grill can offer, so our Kabayans can still fell like home when celebrating with us," said Abarintos.
Abarintos also shared with The Filipino Times that they're planning to include more menu items that Filipinos would surely love. "We will be launching new exciting dishes for Gerry's Grill in the coming months," adds Abarintos.
Gerry's Grill is located on Shk Khalifa Bin Zayed Road, Karama (opposite Centrepoint, near Park Regis Hotel). For inquiries, they can be reached through (04)883-9550 or their website www.gerrysgrilluae.com.
Diners interested to take a look at their menu offerings and promos latest updates can check out their website as well as their social media accounts at Facebook and Instagram: gerrysgrilluae and through Zomato : Gerry's Grill.


It's a little white lie that advertisers have been telling for years: the path to beautiful, award-winning skin is lined with name-brand products. In fact, the truth is (surprisingly) quite the opposite. While overhauling your entire skincare routine may prove to be therapeutic, the real problem isn't your foundation or your blush – it's your nightly routine. Our bodies heal overnight, and the skin is no exception. Ditching these bad habits may help give you the skin you've been working for, once and for all.
They don't call it beauty sleep for nothing. Sadly, the 8 hours that should be dedicated to rest and recovery are cut short more often than not. Whether for a night out with friends or an early-morning workout, we all tend to justify shortchanging our snooze bank. Our skin is actively protecting us from harsh environments all day long, so why not give it the break it deserves each night? Skimping on crucial sleep can lead to lowered collagen levels and more breakouts, aging the skin prematurely.
"Skin suffers and goes through a lot during the daytime, so nighttime is very valuable for skin to recover from everyday damage and wear and tear," says New York City-based dermatologist Misbah Khan.
Hydrating properly is a fool-proof way to keep your outer layers happy and healthy. Forgetting to drink water throughout the day (or before bed) can lead to disaster: dehydrated skin appears dull, dry, and puffy. Aim for around 100 oz. a day to replenish stores that may be lost due to weather, strenuous activity, or bodily functions.
Late at night, dedicating any time to a full face scrub can seem like a nightmare. The thought is there, lurking in the corner of our brains: what if I just skipped it for one night? Ditching your nightly regiment is one of the worst things you could do for your skin: toxins and airborne junk from daily activities are free to stick around and wreak havoc on your resting skin, while makeup mixes with naturally-occurring oils to soak into pores. It's a recipe for disaster.
Indoor heating systems are notorious for causing extreme dryness and dehydration, as they eliminate moisture and pump in super-dried blasts of air throughout the night. Keeping homes at a comfortable temperature may help combat nighttime breakouts, itching, or flare-ups. The skin is particularly vulnerable to dry conditions at night because it is in recovery mode, excreting less sebum than normal and lowering defenses to allow for more efficient healing.


The Indian 3C School, Madurai has advertised in THE DINAMALAR newspaper for the recruitment of Teachers vacancies. Interested and eligible job aspirants are requested to appear walk in on 29th and 30th May 2018. Check out further more details below.
About School: Our Indian 3C School aims at making every student a thinking citizen who is completely aware of inner self by breaking the barriers created by the text book confined education. Our initiative would connect global concept of education with Indian Values.


text:
Upload papers
Homepage > Catalog > Economics > Environment economics
How to Explain the Paris Negotiations. Environmental Cooperation in the Light of Behavioral Economics
Term Paper, 2017
16 Pages, Grade: 1,7
Mareike L. (Author)
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Index of Abbreviations
2. International Cooperation on Climate Change
3. Mechanisms of Cooperation
3.1. A Game Theory Approach
3.2. A Behavioral Economics Approach
4. Cooperation in Global Climate Negotiations
One of the biggest challenges of the globalized world is still the establishment andmaintenance of international cooperation. The growing interdependency producedby cross-border externalities demand for joint actions in an anarchic world order.
The United Nations (UN) or the international economic system, consisting of theWorld Bank, the International Monetary Funds (IMF) and the World Trade Organi-zation (WTO), are some examples of mostly successful supranational forms of co-operation. What those institutions not include is the threat of climate change, whichis today's biggest challenge of international matter. With its Report "Limits toGrowth" from the year 1972, The Club of Rome not only put the subject of climatechange for the first time on the political and scientific agenda but also raised thepublic awareness of this problem (Meadows, 1972). From this point on, ongoingefforts were made to commonly regulate emissions and control the sustainability ofclimate goods. Nevertheless, the first binding agreement on climate change, theParis Agreement, entered into force 44 years after this report, on the 4th of Novem-ber 2016.
For some political and economic theorists this is no surprise. Following the assumptions of the economic game theory and global governance-approaches, non-coop-erative behavior is the consequence of rational decision making. Basic dilemma situations depict the competition about non-excludable goods and foresee the challenges of global climate negotiations.
The latest success on the Climate Conference in Paris challenges these assump-tions and raises new questions about human cooperative behavior. While this matterhas its origins in the neo-classical approach of game theory, behavioral economistsstarted to examine the phenomenon and question the basic assumption of rationalchoice. "Homo oeconomicus is also a Homo socialis" (Meissner et al., p. 10).
Aspects of both facets of human behavior shall be analyzed in this paper, in order to explain the mechanisms of cooperation on climate change. The existing literature focuses mostly on only one of these aspects which leads to an incomplete picture of the decision-making process.
To reach this purpose, the paper is structured as follows: In the first section, the development of climate negotiations is summarized by beginning with the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and ending with theratification process of the Paris Agreement. The second section introduces the pos-sible mechanisms for decision making, both from a game theory and a behavioraleconomics perspective, before the fourth section analyses the impact of those prop-erties on the, in the beginning portrayed, events. The conclusion will sum up thepresented arguments and gives an outlook for future climate negotiations.
For analyzing the influence of behavioral biases on climate negotiations, this paper looks back to the negotiation process of the UNFCCC from its first meeting in 1992 to its 21st annual conference in Paris in 2015, where a new agreement for the post 2020 period was adopted.
With widely recognized comments on global developments and challenges, like theMeadows Report of the Club of Rome in 1972 or the Brundtland Report "Our Com-mon Future", climate change became an intensively discussed issue and was seton the political agenda of national and international interests (Lutterbach; Sprinz2001, p. 23ff.). Taking the global warming and other environmental threats as a se-rious concern, the first international conference to address those challenges washeld in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
At that time, conventions were mainly established as frameworks for future negoti-ation as they built the ground for further meetings where more substantive protocolscould be adopted (ibid., p 33). The first of such a binding treaty for the worldwideregulation of climate change patterns was the 1997 adopted Kyoto Protocol, whichdemands for emission reductions in developed countries and provides monetary aidmechanisms for a sustainable development in developing countries (UNFCCC,2017a).
In the aftermath of this treaty, which regulates binding thresholds for the memberstates until 2020, the focus was lead not only on the surveillance, report and problem solving of the Kyoto Protocol, but also on a suitable successor for the post 2020 period.
After the hopes for such a new agreement vanished on the COP15 and COP16 conferences in Copenhagen and Cancun, the 2015 international climate conference (COP21), also known as the Paris Climate Conference, finally reached consensus. The new Paris Agreement was a joint attempt of 195 countries to solve global challenges of climate change after 2020.
As a first universal and legally binding climate deal, it includes the goals of further emission reduction and the support for climate actions in developing countries. Moreover, governments agreed on an upper limit for the increase in global average temperature by 2°C above pre-industrial level. They demand for regular meetings in an interval of five years to set new targets, give reports of current developments and to retain transparency. In addition, the Paris Agreement acknowledges the need for cooperation in environmental issues.
The agreement entered into force in November of 2016, after 55 parties, including the United States of America and China, and by this, the benchmark of 55% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions, was reached. (UNFCCC, 2017b)
In the Political and Economic science, it has been widely accepted that the world order is an anarchic one. Countries interact without a governing institution which sets rules and norms, monitors its compliance and punishes its violation. From this starting point, different theories of International Relations try to explain the motivation that lies within international cooperation.
First assumptions in this field were those of political Realism and Neo-Realism. Inan anarchic world order, countries are driven by their desire to either sustain or evento increase their power (Morgenthau,1954, p. 25). While in realism, the concept anduse of power is an end in itself, the more recent assumptions of neorealism seepower as a means to self-protection. In this concept of International Relations, coun-tries are assumed to be black boxes, homogenous actors with rational needs andthe desire of utility maximization. Due to the competitive nature of the international sphere, cooperation only exists as fragile, temporary alliances with the aim of achieving a common goal, whereas the basic goal will always be the preservationof relative power. Being concerned about this relative power, countries won't bindthemselves to international institutions on the long run. Following this assumption,institutions and international organizations can be considered as marginal phenom-ena of foreign affairs with no real influence. They are rather characterized as instru-ments of powerful hegemons who use them to enforce national interests. (Waltz,2010) A more positive evaluation of international cooperation lies within the approach of neoliberal institutionalism. As in the theories of (neo)-realism, this approach tries to find the reasons for transnational cooperation in an anarchic world. In like manner, the main actors are countries which are guided by their rational self-interests (Schimmelfennig, 2013, p. 112).
Unlike the pessimistic view of the former, neoliberal institutionalists regard the es-tablishment of international institutions as a key factor to overcome present cooper-ation dilemmas. The underlying assumption of this theory is an increasing worldwideinterdependency, fostered by the process of globalization and defined by the diffi-culty, if not inability to solve common problems unilaterally. In other words, this in-terdependency occurs where cross-border externalities exist. Apparently, the envi-ronmental challenges of the 21st century are major aspects of common problems.These approaches of Political Theory make use of economic game situations, whichwill be introduced in the following section, to break down the threats of internationalrelations.
The lack of international cooperation on climate change and the protection of theenvironment is a widely discussed scenario and a dilemma which is until now hardlysolved. What makes the decision making process so challenging are the character-istics of the negotiating parties and the concerned goods. In the following, this paperuses basic concepts and game situations of economic game theory to explain the main obstacles to climate negotiations such as the Paris Agreement, as well as the chances for future policies.
Thus, it is inevitable to put the focus on the concepts and properties of "Public Goods" (PG) and "Common Pool Resources" (CPR) as they represent the most disputed goods of Climate Change Agreements.
What both of the concepts have in common is that those goods are not excludable.Everyone can use and take advantage of such a good without making any effort toconsume and sustain it. This characteristic distinguishes PGs and CPRs from Pri-vate Goods and Club Goods which are defined by their excludability. The conceptof Public Goods further includes the attribute of non-rivalry. Nobody can be excludedfrom consuming PGs and everybody can do so in the same manner. This charac-teristic makes the main difference between PGs, such as fresh air, and CPRs. Thelatter are distinct from other goods by their rivalry. Global fish stocks is the mostreferred example of such a good (Grafton, 2004, p. 36ff.). Moreover, PGs adopt theproperties of CPRs in an extension of the observed situation to an intergenerationalapproach. In this case, rivalry with future generations occurs, so that Climate nego-tiations need to treat PGs and CPRs with the same policy mechanisms.
Such policy mechanisms include the creation of international institutions. Taking another basic assumption as given, that human behavior is characterized by selfish and rational decision-making, such institutions are needed to guarantee a fair distribution of those goods and to prevent their overexploitation.
Nevertheless, cooperation is not always feasible. The theories of neoliberal institutionalism and game theory make use of basic game situations to depict such dilemmas of cooperation. One of these models is the so called prisoner's dilemma, in which mutual cooperative behavior of two players is desirable but not the most likely outcome. Due to a lack of information, both players tend to choose non-cooperative behavior, the second best option, over cooperation. Presumptions of this model are, that both decisions are made simultaneously, without receiving information about the opposite's behavior. Further, the players are again defined by risk-aversion and rational decision making. (Pittel; Rübbelke, 2007, p. 11ff.)
Putting the case of cooperation to save global fish stocks as an example, and pre- tending that no other controlling institution is installed in this situation, both players(here: Country A and Country B) would prefer the non-cooperative action and con-tinue with an unsustainable fishing behavior. The here negotiated property is char-acterized as a Common Pool Resource. Fish stocks are non-excludable but rival asfish can only be consumed until the stocks are demolished. In the short run, bothcountries benefit from the consumption of this good more than from its protection.In the long run, overfishing reduces the stock to its minimum. Consequently, in thelong run, non-cooperative behavior would lead to the worst outcome for everyonewhereas the highest benefit lies within a mutual agreement on the protection ofglobal fish stocks.
Unilateral protection by Country A leads to high costs for this country and puts fur-ther benefit to Country B as it doesn't have any costs and still a more protectedglobal environment. The lack of trust and information of the opponent's decision andthe fear of Country B choosing non-cooperative behavior makes Country A's ten-dency to choose non-cooperation more likely as well. A way out of this dilemmawould be the establishment of institutions which provide the necessary informationand transparency to rise the likelihood for a mutual compliance with the offered so-lutions.
Another way to explain non-cooperative behavior of past climate negotiations can be found in an alternative concept of economic game theory. The preconditions are the same as described before. Agents are selfish, rational individuals, led by risk aversion and utility maximization.
The following model describes "free riding" as a non-cooperative behavior by con-suming a good without contributing to arising expenses. As pointed out before, Pub-lic Goods and Common Pool Resources are defined by their non-exclusiveness.Everyone can receive the benefits of such a good without special requirements ofsupplement. Taking fresh air as an example, this assumption becomes more evi-dent.
International Cooperation on emission reduction puts benefits to our air but is alsovery costly. Hence, non-compliance to agreed regulations without a punishing body reduces the individual's costs, without reducing temporary benefits of its consump- tion. In this model, a rational utility maximizer would choose non-compliance over cooperative behavior and rely on the compliance of others.
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University of Porto (Faculdade de Economia)
Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development
ISBN (Book)
Environmental Economics, Spieltheorie, Game Theory, Paris Agreement, Negotiations, Behavioral Economics, Volkswirtschaftslehre, Economics, International Economics, Umweltabkommen, Umwelt, Internationale Verträge, International Cooperation, Global Governance, Climate Change, Environment, Kyoto Protokoll, Umweltschutz, Klimawandel, Staaten, Paris Abkommen, UNFCCC, Climate Conference, Klimarahmenkonvention
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Mareike L. (Author), 2017, How to Explain the Paris Negotiations. Environmental Cooperation in the Light of Behavioral Economics, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/444055
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A liberal arts education is more than the broad skills and knowledge acquired from studying such areas as literature, history, philosophy and the arts. On a deeper level, a liberal arts education refers to the integration of knowledge across the disciplines, the development of critical thinking and communication skills, and the ability (and desire) to question, examine and understand issues and ideas with increasing clarity and depth.
At Bridgewater College, excellence in education is a commitment that unites the entire campus. It implies breadth, depth, distinction and discovery. We build breadth through the liberal arts foundation; depth through the student's academic major; and distinction through elective courses that are tailored to individual interests. The last of these, discovery, cannot be packaged, for it describes the spirit in which students and faculty come together.
That intangible mix of attitude and information can reshape the way students see themselves and the world around them. What happens in the classroom is basic to this transformative process, and at Bridgewater, the liberal arts curriculum is the beginning point.
At Bridgewater College, we emphasize these things not only for the love of learning, but to prepare students to positively shape the organizations and communities in which they live and work.
develop in-depth knowledge in a particular field.


Due to the nature of this business we will not go in detail of the typical process or location of the facilities.
Explosives have been around for centuries but perfected to an artform in our present day.
The attached photo gallery demonstrates how the chemicals were transported utilizing narrow gauge railways throughout the process and stored at the bunkers.
Powdermills were generally located geographically in the country where heavy mining above and below ground were being worked.


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Amal Pushp (Left). (Source: LinkedIn and Wikimedia Commons)
Patna Teen's Research on Black Holes Gets Him Elected to UK's Royal Astronomical Society!
Elected at the age of 18 (the youngest age possible), Amal Pushp is arguably India's next science prodigy. Well done, Amal! #MakingIndiaProud #Science
Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk
Bihar / News / Quick Bytes / Science / Space
India may have found its next international science prodigy—Amal Pushp, an 18-year-old "independent researcher" from Patna with a passion for physics and cosmology studying in Delhi Public School.
Britain's world-famous Royal Astronomical Society elected the Patna boy as a Fellow after he earned a nomination from Lord Martin Rees, a top British astronomer and Emeritus Professor at the University of Cambridge, who was amazed by the boy's "scientific output."
Lord Rees also holds the position of Britain's Astronomer Royal, an office of great prestige, and advises the British government on astronomical and related scientific matters.
"Amal was elected at the age of 18 (the youngest age possible) and nominated by the Astronomer Royal Lord Rees," Robert Massey, a deputy executive director at the RAS, told The Telegraph.
According to the RAS, its fellowship is open to applications from anyone above the age of 18 provided that it falls above a certain acceptable standard of intellectual rigour.
"Around half the Fellowship consists of PhD-level professional scientists, a quarter are postgraduate researchers or retired scientists and the remainder are amateur scientists and undergraduates," says the website.
Amal's journey began when he sent his research work on black holes to famous Indian physicist Partha Ghose, an erstwhile professor at the SN Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata. He found the boy's research "interesting" and gave his endorsement.
"It was you who was impressed with my research at first and believed in me without knowing me personally and even gave me [an] endorsement, which I will never forget in my life," wrote Amal, in an email to Ghose, according to the Kolkata-based publication.
Also Read: At Just 15, This Brilliant Bengaluru Girl Has Won a NASA Contest Thrice!
Responding to this recent development, Ghose told the publication that he had endorsed Amal for the fellowship because of its content, calling him a "special talent."
Ghose also hoped that Amal Pushp would obtain admission into a prestigious undergraduate program and maintain these standards of scientific excellence.
Other top physicists, meanwhile, have spoken of their admiration for the content of Amal's paper, adding that Indian schools must move away from the curse of rote learning. They stress that schools must recognise these exceptionally gifted students and encourage them every step of the way.
"Unfortunately, we have only [a] rigid exam-based entrance routes to our top institutions," Saurabh Dube, a physicist at Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, told The Telegraph. "We don't have formal mechanisms to take talented people who may not do well in exams."
For Amal Pushp, meanwhile, the focus will soon shift back to the Class XII board exams he will have to appear for in a few months.
(Edited by Gayatri Mishra)
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Tuesday marked Bolsonaro's first trip abroad since being elected president last autumn, with the right-wing Brazilian head of state choosing Washington as his first foreign destination.
US President Donald Trump has been giggled at on social media after he gave Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro what was claimed to be "a homemade" football jersey with the latter's name glued to it in a do-it-yourself style during the pair's meeting in the White House's Oval Office.
Having first exchanged compliments on Twitter, the two leaders made up their minds to seal their friendship by presenting shirts to each other. Bolsonaro took the lead and handed his gift to Trump – an iconic yellow Brazilian jersey, featuring the name "Trump" and the number "10" on it, which is the number used by the nation's football legend Pele, as well as at some point by Ronaldinho.
However, the gift that Trump extended to his Brazilian counterpart appeared in the eyes of some to be incredibly tacky, fixed in a slipshod manner with the word "Bolsonaro" emblazoned on what seemed to be a standard, no-name T-shirt – a fact that was instantly picked up on by attentive netizens, despite many pointing out that football is not a top popular sport in the US. Some even took note of Bolsonaro glancing several times at the newly-received shirt in puzzlement, as well as showing an apparent urge to examine it with his fingers.
Social media users ridiculed Trump's gift, calling it "a paper cut out" and suggesting the White House could have come up with a more adequate gift than a "regular jersey" with a "piece of paper slapped on it".
— Andrew C Bly (@82acb) 20 марта 2019 г.
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— Insta:@EuLeoFlash⚡ (@euleoflash) 20 марта 2019 г.
"Trump gets Bolsonaro in the USA"
— 🍊Sandy Vause 🍊 (@sandylovatodj) 20 марта 2019 г.
— ـمِليـ ـكآ (@3rror_404_) 20 марта 2019 г.
Brazil's right-wing president and former army Captain Jair Bolsonaro visited President Trump at the White House for the first time on Tuesday.
During the talks, Trump announced he would designate Brazil a major non-NATO ally, opening the door for Brazil to receive more US military aid, with the two leaders further discussing what they called the "fake news" and touched upon the Venezuelan crisis and an increase in their efforts to remove the country's President Nicolas Maduro from office.