In my company, we use Citrix for all our remote connections. Of course I have to use Slackware and after several attempts and hesitations, I finally installed and made my first Citrix connection from home to our company network.
UPDATE: Slackware docs also has Citrix installation section thanks to Eric Hamelers.
The basic requirement for running Citrix client is OpenMotif, which is available by the way in SlackBuilds.org. This package however, conflicts with LessTif which comes with stock Slackware. We need to remove it first and get ready for the consequences :D.
Actually, I'm not really sure what programs are using LessTif. To remove it, I use slackpkg.
What I did was launch Firefox and visit our company's Citrix url. I log in and it automatically detects that I still don't have a Citrix Receiver installed. I clicked the button that leads me to the download page for Citrix. You can actually do directly to the download page.
I downloaded the Citrix client receiver application for Linux and extracted it somewhere. Then inside the directory, I run the installer.
Glad that it installs flawlessly and integrated to browsers seamlessly. Upon running the client on Firefox, there was a certificate error. It needs the SSL certificate for the company's SSL certificate provider sort of. What I do was copy the certificate from Firefox to Citrix certificates directory.
Heck, unfortunately, above does not work maybe because my company does not use Thawte certificate. Then, lets copy all certs instead.
Although, one can simply inspect the company's SSL provider and copy that specific cert instead. Didn't too that, too lazy. That's it.
This entry was posted in Citrix, Slackware and tagged citrix, firefox, lesstif, openmotif, Slackware. Bookmark the permalink.


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Divorce: Maintenance (Spouse/Child)
Article posted in the Divorce Law category on 01-01-2014 11:00:00
When a couple gets divorced, one party is often in a better financial position than the other. The person who has custody of the children will also have expenses that the other parent does not have. For this reason the court will issue a maintenance order requiring maintenance to be paid for the children and, depending on the circumstances, to the other party.
Maintenance for the children
Maintenance for the children is paid to the parent who has custody (but it is important to remember that this is the child's right and not the parent's). All parents have a duty to support their children, including children who are illegitimate. If there are problems with maintenance after the divorce has gone through, these can be taken to the Maintenance officer at the Magistrates Court.
Whether one party will have to pay maintenance or support to the other party depends on the circumstances. If the parties cannot agree on how much should be paid then the court will decide.
Because Hindu or Muslim marriages are not fully recognised as legal marriages, the wife has no legal status to claim support after divorce - unless the parties have also entered into a civil union.
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No more baby gates! Nora has mastered going up and down stairs without assistance. Plus she learned how to open the gate, so Derek and I figured it was time for them to come down.
And no more highchair! Nora wanted to sit in the chairs just like mom and dad. Now we have a booster and she is much happier.
Gardening. We have a small deck garden and I love looking out and seeing our plants grow.
Biking. As a one car family, I'm car free during the day, so that means I either walk or bike everywhere. And biking has been great conditioning for my sore shins and knee.
Having Nora help me feed our dog Berrie. I scoop out the food, she carries the cup to Berrie's bowl then pours it into her bowl. Sometimes Nora misses the bowl, but Berrie is really good about cleaning up!
Camping! It was so much fun getting together with Derek's family and camp out for the weekend. And we have discovered that Nora loves the water!


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Из-за стремительного роста пандемии COVID-19 существует риск того, что более 117 миллионов детей пропустят вакцинацию против кори
https://www.unicef.org/eca/ru/Пресс-релизы/из-за-стремительного-роста-пандемии-covid-19-существует-риск-того-что-более-117
Информационный бюллетень ВОЗ; обновления информации ЦКПЗ о кори ; самые последние данные ВОЗ по эпиднадзору за корью Руководящие принципы ВОЗ по иммунизации во время вспышки COVID-19 приведены по этой ссылке Для получения дополнительной информации о COVID-19 посетите веб-страницу https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/covid-19 Для получения информации о работе ЮНИСЕФ по иммунизации посетите веб-страницу https://www.unicef.org/immunization Kyrylo UNICEF/UN0201071/Krepkih
UNICEF reaches almost half of the world's children with life-saving vaccines
https://www.unicef.org/eca/press-releases/half-children-life-saving-vaccines
– UNICEF procured 2.5 billion doses of vaccines to children in nearly 100 countries in 2016, reaching almost half of the world's children under the age of five. The figures, released during World Immunization Week, make UNICEF the largest buyer of vaccines for children in the world. Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan, the three remaining polio-endemic countries, each received more doses of vaccines than any other country, with almost 450 million doses of vaccines procured to children in Nigeria, 395 million in Pakistan and over 150 million in Afghanistan. UNICEF is the lead procurement agency for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Access to immunization has led to a dramatic decrease in deaths of children under five from vaccine-preventable diseases, and has brought the world closer to eradicating polio. Between 2000 and 2015, under five deaths due to measles declined by 85 per cent and those due to neonatal tetanus by 83 per cent. A proportion of the 47 per cent reduction in pneumonia deaths and 57 per cent reduction in diarrhea deaths in this time is also attributed to vaccines. Yet an estimated 19.4 million children around the world still miss out on full vaccinations every year. Around two thirds of all unvaccinated children live in conflict-affected countries. Weak health systems, poverty and social inequities also mean that 1 in 5 children under five is still not reached with life-saving vaccines. "All children, no matter where they live or what their circumstances are, have the right to survive and thrive, safe from deadly diseases," said Dr. Robin Nandy, Chief of Immunization at UNICEF. "Since 1990, immunization has been a major reason for the substantial drop in child mortality, but despite this progress, 1.5 million children still die from vaccine preventable diseases every year." Inequalities persist between rich and poor children. In countries where 80 per cent of the world's under-five child deaths occur, over half of the poorest children are not fully vaccinated. Globally, the poorest children are nearly twice as likely to die before the age of five as the richest. "In addition to children living in rural communities where access to services is limited, more and more children living in overcrowded cities and slum dwellings are also missing out on vital vaccinations," said Nandy. "Overcrowding, poverty, poor hygiene and sanitation as well as inadequate nutrition and health care increase the risk of diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea and measles in these communities; diseases that are easily preventable with vaccines." By 2030, an estimated 1 in 4 people will live in urban poor communities, mainly in Africa and Asia, meaning the focus and investment of immunization services must be tailored to the specific needs of these communities and children, UNICEF said.
Record number of infants vaccinated in 2017
https://www.unicef.org/eca/press-releases/record-number-infants-vaccinated-2017
: A record 123 million infants were immunized globally in 2017, according to data released today by the World Health Organization and UNICEF. The data shows that: 9 out of every 10 infants received at least one dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine in 2017, gaining protection against these deadly diseases. An additional 4.6 million infants were vaccinated globally with three doses of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in 2017 compared to 2010, due to global population growth. 167 countries included a second dose of measles vaccine as part of their routine vaccination schedule and 162 countries now use rubella vaccines. As a result, global coverage against rubella increased from 35 per cent in 2010 to 52 per cent. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was introduced in 80 countries to help protect women against cervical cancer. Newly available vaccines are being added as part of the life-saving vaccination package – such as those to protect against meningitis, malaria and even Ebola. Despite these successes, almost 20 million children did not receive the benefits of full immunization in 2017. Of these, almost 8 million (40 per cent) live in fragile or humanitarian settings, including countries affected by conflict. In addition, a growing share are from middle-income countries, where inequity and marginalization, particularly among the urban poor, prevent many from getting immunized. As populations grow, more countries need to increase their investments in immunization programmes. To reach all children with much-needed vaccines, the world will need to vaccinate an estimated 20 million additional children every year with three doses of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3); 45 million with a second dose of measles vaccine; and 76 million children with 3 doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. In support of these efforts, WHO and UNICEF are working to expand access to immunization by: Strengthening the quality, availability and use of vaccine coverage data. Better targeting resources. Planning actions at sub-national levels and Ensuring that vulnerable people can access vaccination services.
More than 117 million children at risk of missing out on measles vaccines, as COVID-19 surges
https://www.unicef.org/eca/press-releases/more-117-million-children-risk-missing-out-measles-vaccines-covid-19-surges
"As COVID-19 continues to spread globally, over 117 million children in 37 countries may miss out on receiving life-saving measles vaccine. Measles immunization campaigns in 24 countries have already been delayed; more will be postponed. "During this challenging period, the Measles & Rubella Initiative (M&RI) expresses solidarity with families, communities, governments and emergency responders and joins our global immunization and health partners, including those within Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in our collective focus and fight against the threat of COVID-19. The pandemic sweeping the globe requires a coordinated effort and commitment of resources to ensure frontline health workers around the world are protected, as they face and respond to this new threat. At the same time, we must also champion efforts to protect essential immunization services, now and for the future. "The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued new guidelines endorsed by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization -- to help countries to sustain immunization activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The guidelines recommend that governments temporarily pause preventive immunization campaigns where there is no active outbreak of a vaccine-preventable disease. M&RI partners, which include the American Red Cross, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, the United Nations Foundation and WHO, strongly agree with these recommendations. We also urge countries to continue routine immunization services, while ensuring the safety of communities and health workers. The recommendations also ask governments to undertake a careful risk-benefit analysis when deciding whether to delay vaccination campaigns in response to outbreaks, with the possibility of postponement where risks of COVID-19 transmission are deemed unacceptably high. "If the difficult choice to pause vaccination is made due to the spread of COVID-19, we urge leaders to intensify efforts to track unvaccinated children, so that the most vulnerable populations can be provided with measles vaccines as soon as it becomes possible to do so. While we know there will be many demands on health systems and frontline workers during and beyond the threat of COVID-19, delivering all immunization services, including measles vaccines, is essential to saving lives that would otherwise be lost to vaccine-preventable diseases. "The M&RI supports the need to protect communities and health workers from COVID-19 through a pause of mass campaigns, where risks of the disease are high. However, this should not mean that children permanently miss out. Urgent efforts must be taken now at local, national, regional and global levels to prepare to close the immunity gaps that the measles virus will exploit, by ensuring that vaccines are available and that they reach children and vulnerable populations, as quickly as possible, to keep them safe. "Despite having a safe and effective vaccine for over 50 years, measles cases surged over recent years and claimed more than 140,000 lives in 2018, mostly of children and babies – all of which were preventable. Against this already dangerous backdrop, preventive and responsive measles vaccination campaigns have now been paused or postponed in 24 countries to help avert further spread of COVID-19. Campaigns expected to take place later in 2020 in an additional 13 countries may not be implemented. Together, more than 117 million children in 37 countries, many of whom live in regions with ongoing measles outbreaks, could be impacted by the suspension of scheduled immunization activities. This staggering number does not include the number of infants that may not be vaccinated because of the effect of COVID-19 on routine immunization services. Children younger than 12 months of age are more likely to die from measles complications, and if the circulation of measles virus is not stopped, their risk of exposure to measles will increase daily. "The M&RI salutes the heroism of health and emergency workers across the globe, and we recognize the vital role they play in delivering clear, trusted information, as well as preventive and supportive care within their communities. We must invest in health workers and ensure they are protected from infection and empowered as part of sustainable and functioning primary health systems. They are the first line of defense against global epidemics. We also recognize the role of parents and caregivers in ensuring their children are vaccinated by following physical distancing recommendations in line with national guidance. Finally, we call on countries and local leaders to implement effective communication strategies to engage communities, ensure supply and demand for vaccination remains strong, and help assure a healthy life for every child especially in this challenging time." #####
UNICEF procures healthcare supplies worth over KGS 12 million to help the Kyrgyz Republic respond to COVID-19
https://www.unicef.org/eca/press-releases/unicef-procures-healthcare-supplies-worth-over-kgs-12-million-help-kyrgyz-republic
delivered personal protective equipment worth over KGS 12,000,000 to the Ministry of Health and Social Development. UNICEF provided 8,000 medical masks, 12,500 pairs of nitrile gloves for vaccinators, 20,000 pairs of gynaecological gloves, and 11,350 units of antiseptics for healthcare institutions and medical workers. UNICEF procured Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on behalf of the Ministry through its Supply Division based in Copenhagen, hosting the world's largest humanitarian warehouse. The Ministry of Health and Social Development will use these essential supplies to support its ongoing vaccination efforts to respond to the pandemic and protect frontline healthcare workers. Gynaecological gloves are also being delivered to maternity facilities in Bishkek, Osh and Batken to improve the safety of mothers, newborns and medical staff. In addition, UNICEF procured 890,000 medical masks to ensure safe vaccination against COVID-19. " UNICEF is working around the clock to deliver essential supplies globally to respond to COVID-19. It includes the provision of vaccines, syringes, immunization equipment, medicines and personal protective equipment. In close collaboration with the Government of Kyrgyzstan, we are providing these protective supplies to maternities and hospitals so that everyone can be protected ", said Yulia Oleinik, UNICEF Deputy Representative in Kyrgyzstan. UNICEF will continue to support the Government in the COVID-19 response by delivering COVID-19 vaccines through the COVAX facility, procuring cold chain equipment for vaccine storage, providing essential supplies for frontline workers and supporting the socioeconomic measures to ensure that every child can survive and thrive. The handover of the supplies to the maternity house in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan UNICEF Kyrgyzstan
'RM Child-Health': safeguarding the health of refugee and migrant children in Europe
https://www.unicef.org/eca/rm-child-health-safeguarding-health-refugee-and-migrant-children-europe
More than 1.3 million children have made their way to Europe since 2014, fleeing conflict, persecution and poverty in their own countries. They include at least 225,000 children travelling alone – most of them teenage boys – as well as 500,000 children under the age of five. In 2019 alone, almost 32,000 children (8,000 of them unaccompanied or separated) reached Europe via the Mediterranean after perilous journeys from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and many parts of Africa – journeys that have threatened their lives and their health. Many have come from countries with broken health systems, travelling for months (even years) with no access to health care and facing the constant risks of violence and exploitation along the way. Many girls and boys arriving in Europe have missed out on life-saving immunization and have experienced serious distress or even mental health problems. They may be carrying the physical and emotional scars of violence, including sexual abuse. The health of infants and mothers who are pregnant or breastfeeding has been put at risk by a lack of pre- and post-natal health services and of support for child nutrition. Two girls wash a pot in the common washing area of the Reception and Identification Centre in Moria, on the island of Lesvos, in Greece. Two girls wash a pot in the common washing area of the Reception and Identification Centre in Moria, on the island of Lesvos, in Greece. Child refugees and migrants also face an increased health risk as a result of crowded and unhygienic living conditions during their journeys and at their destinations. Even upon their arrival in Europe, refugee and migrant children and families often face continued barriers to their health care, such as cultural issues, bureaucracy, and a lack of information in their own language. Southern and South East European countries are at the heart of this challenge, struggling to meet the immediate needs of vulnerable refugee and migrant children. And now, an already serious problem is being exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Refugee checks on his son
Our goals for children
https://www.unicef.org/eca/where-we-work/our-goals-children
Half of all deaths among children under the age of five in the Region occur in the first month of life. 400,000 children under the age of one have not received the recommended three doses of DTP vaccine, and immunization rates are falling because of system failures and vaccine hesitancy. Less than 30 per cent of Roma children are fully immunized in parts of the Balkan countries. Only 32 per cent of babies in the Region are exclusively breastfed during their first six months of life – one of the lowest rates worldwide.
7,000 newborns die every day, despite steady decrease in under-five mortality, new report says
https://www.unicef.org/eca/press-releases/7000-newborns-die-every-day
– Every day in 2016, 15,000 children died before their fifth birthday, 46 per cent of them – or 7,000 babies – died in the first 28 days of life, according to a new UN report. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality 2017, reveals that although the number of children dying before the age of five is at a new low– 5.6 million in 2016, compared with nearly 9.9 million in 2000 – the proportion of under-five deaths in the newborn period has increased from 41 per cent to 46 per cent during the same period. "The lives of 50 million children under-five have been saved since 2000, a testament to the serious commitment by governments and development partners to tackle preventable child deaths," said UNICEF Chief of Health, Stefan Swartling Peterson. "But unless we do more to stop babies from dying the day they are born, or days after their birth, this progress will remain incomplete. We have the knowledge and technologies that are required – we just need to take them where they are most needed." At current trends, 60 million children will die before their fifth birthday between 2017 and 2030, half of them newborns, according to the report released by UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the Population Division of UNDESA which make up the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) Most newborn deaths occurred in two regions: Southern Asia (39 per cent) and sub-Saharan Africa (38 per cent). Five countries accounted for half of all new-born deaths: India (24 per cent), Pakistan (10 per cent), Nigeria (9 per cent), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (4 per cent) and Ethiopia (3 per cent). "To achieve universal health coverage and ensure more newborns survive and thrive, we must serve marginalized families," says Dr Flavia Bustreo, Assistant Director-General for Family, Women's and Children's Health at WHO. "To prevent illness, families require financial power, their voices to be heard and access to quality care. Improving quality of services and timely care during and after childbirth must be prioritized." The report notes that many lives can be saved if global inequities are reduced. If all countries achieved the average mortality of high-income countries, 87 per cent of under-five deaths could have been averted and almost 5 million lives could have been saved in 2016. "It is unconscionable that in 2017, pregnancy and child birth are still life-threatening conditions for women, and that 7,000 newborns die daily," said Tim Evans, Senior Director of Health Nutrition and Population at the World Bank Group. "The best measure of success for Universal Health Coverage is that every mother should not only be able to access health care easily, but that it should be quality, affordable care that will ensure a healthy and productive life for her children and family. We are committed to scaling up our financing to support country demand in this area, including through innovative mechanisms like the Global Financing Facility (GFF). " Pneumonia and diarrhea top the list of infectious diseases which claim the lives of millions of children under-five globally, accounting for 16 per cent and 8 per cent of deaths, respectively. Preterm birth complications and complications during labour or child birth were the causes of 30 per cent of newborn deaths in 2016. In addition to the 5.6 million under-5 deaths, 2.6 million babies are stillborn each year, the majority of which could be prevented. Ending preventable child deaths can be achieved by improving access to skilled health-professionals during pregnancy and at the time of birth; lifesaving interventions, such as immunization, breastfeeding and inexpensive medicines; and increasing access to water and sanitation, that are currently beyond the reach of the world's poorest communities. For the first time, mortality data for older children age 5 to 14 was included in the report, capturing other causes of death such as accidents and injuries. Approximately 1 million children aged 5 to 14 died in 2016. "This new report highlights the remarkable progress since 2000 in reducing mortality among children under age 5," said UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs Mr. LIU Zhenmin. "Despite this progress, large disparities in child survival still exist across regions and countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet many deaths at these ages are easily preventable through simple, cost-effective interventions administered before, during and immediately after birth. Reducing inequities and reaching the most vulnerable newborns, children and mothers are essential for achieving the SDG target on ending preventable childhood deaths and for ensuring that no one will be left behind." The report also notes that: In sub-Saharan Africa, estimates show that 1 child in 36 dies in the first month, while in the world's high income countries, the ratio is 1 in 333. Unless the rate of progress improves, more than 60 countries will miss the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) to end preventable deaths of newborns by 2030 and half would not meet the target of 12 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births by 2050. These countries account for about 80 per cent of neonatal deaths in 2016. Medical staff in Kyrgyzstan check over a newborn baby. UNICEF Kygryzstan/2017
COVID-19 could reverse decades of progress toward eliminating preventable child deaths, agencies warn
https://www.unicef.org/eca/press-releases/covid-19-could-reverse-decades-progress-toward-eliminating-preventable-child-deaths
– The number of global under-five deaths dropped to its lowest point on record in 2019 – down to 5.2 million from 12.5 million in 1990, according to new mortality estimates released by UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the World Bank Group. Since then, however, surveys by UNICEF and WHO reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in major disruptions to health services that threaten to undo decades of hard-won progress. "The global community has come too far towards eliminating preventable child deaths to allow the COVID-19 pandemic to stop us in our tracks," said Henrietta Fore, UNICEF Executive Director. "When children are denied access to health services because the system is overrun, and when women are afraid to give birth at the hospital for fear of infection, they, too, may become casualties of COVID-19. Without urgent investments to re-start disrupted health systems and services, millions of children under five, especially newborns, could die." Over the past 30 years, health services to prevent or treat causes of child death such as preterm, low birthweight, complications during birth, neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, as well as vaccination, have played a large role in saving millions of lives. Now countries worldwide are experiencing disruptions in child and maternal health services, such as health checkups, vaccinations and prenatal and post-natal care, due to resource constraints and a general uneasiness with using health services due to a fear of getting COVID-19. A UNICEF survey conducted over the summer across 77 countries found that almost 68 per cent of countries reported at least some disruption in health checks for children and immunization services. In addition, 63 per cent of countries reported disruptions in antenatal checkups and 59 per cent in post-natal care. A recent WHO survey based on responses from 105 countries revealed that 52 per cent of countries reported disruptions in health services for sick children and 51 per cent in services for management of malnutrition. Health interventions such as these are critical for stopping preventable newborn and child deaths. For example, women who receive care by professional midwives trained according to internationals standards are 16 per cent less likely to lose their baby and 24 per cent less likely to experience pre-term birth, according to WHO . "The fact that today more children live to see their first birthday than any time in history is a true mark of what can be achieved when the world puts health and well-being at the centre of our response," said Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. "Now, we must not let the COVID-19 pandemic turn back remarkable progress for our children and future generations. Rather, it's time to use what we know works to save lives, and keep investing in stronger, resilient health systems." Based on the responses from countries that participated in the UNICEF and WHO surveys, the most commonly cited reasons for health service disruptions included parents avoiding health centers for fear of infection; transport restrictions; suspension or closure of services and facilities; fewer healthcare workers due to diversions or fear of infection due to shortages in personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves; and greater financial difficulties. Afghanistan, Bolivia, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Libya, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sudan and Yemen are among the hardest hit countries. Seven of the nine countries had high child mortality rates of more than 50 deaths per 1000 live births among children under five in 2019. In Afghanistan, where 1 in 17 children died before reaching age 5 in 2019, the Ministry of Health reported a significant reduction in visits to health facilities. Out of fear of contracting the COVID-19 virus, families are de-prioritizing pre- and post-natal care, adding to the risk faced by pregnant women and newborn babies. Even before COVID-19, newborns were at highest risk of death. In 2019, a newborn baby died every 13 seconds. Moreover, 47 per cent of all under-five deaths occurred in the neonatal period, up from 40 per cent in 1990. With severe disruptions in essential health services, newborn babies could be at much higher risk of dying. For example, in Cameroon, where 1 out of every 38 newborns died in 2019, the UNICEF survey reported an estimated 75 per cent disruptions in services for essential newborn care, antenatal check-ups, obstetric care and post-natal care. In May, initial modelling by Johns Hopkins University showed that almost 6,000 additional children could die per day due to disruptions due to COVID-19. These reports and surveys highlight the need for urgent action to restore and improve childbirth services and antenatal and postnatal care for mothers and babies, including having skilled health workers to care for them at birth. Working with parents to assuage their fears and reassure them is also important. "The COVID-19 pandemic has put years of global progress to end preventable child deaths in serious jeopardy," said Muhammad Ali Pate, Global Director for Health, Nutrition and Population at the World Bank. "It is essential to protect life-saving services which have been key to reducing child mortality. We will continue to work with governments and partners to reinforce healthcare systems to ensure mothers and children get the services they need." "The new report demonstrates the ongoing progress worldwide in reducing child mortality," said John Wilmoth, Director of the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. "While the report highlights the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on interventions that are critical for children's health, it also draws attention to the need to redress the vast inequities in a child's prospects for survival and good health." ###### A child and his mother while waiting to receive medical care UNICEF/UNI347480/Poveda
World's richest countries grappling with children's reading and math skills, mental well-being and obesity
https://www.unicef.org/eca/press-releases/worlds-richest-countries-grappling-childrens-reading-and-math-skills-mental-well
On average 40 per cent of children across all OECD and EU countries do not have basic reading and mathematics skills by age 15. Children in Bulgaria, Romania and Chile are the least proficient in these skills. Estonia, Ireland and Finland the most proficient. In most countries, at least 1 in 5 children lack confidence in their social skills to make new friends. Children in Chile, Japan and Iceland are the least confident in this area. The report also contains data on clear areas of progress in child well-being. On average, 95 per cent of pre-school aged children are now enrolled in organized learning programmes, and the number of young people aged 15-19 not in education, employment or training has declined in 30 out of 37 countries. Yet, these important gains are at risk of falling back due to the impact of COVID-19. Countries are also ranked based on their policies that support child well-being and other factors including the economy, society and environment. Norway, Iceland and Finland have the highest-ranking policies and context to support child well-being. On average, countries spend less than 3 per cent of their GDP on family and child policies. "In times of crisis and calm, families need supportive governments and workplaces in order to raise the next generation of happy and healthy citizens," said Fayaz King, Deputy Executive Director at UNICEF. "An investment in children is a direct investment in our future." Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, in the first half of 2020 most of the countries covered in the report kept schools closed for more than 100 days while strict stay-at-home policies were also implemented. The report notes that loss of family members and friends, anxiety, stay-at-home restrictions, lack of support, school closures, the balancing of work and family life, poor access to healthcare, combined with the economic loss caused by the pandemic are catastrophic for children's wellbeing, affecting their mental and physical health, and their development. Before the COVID-19 outbreak the average relative child poverty rate across the 41 countries was 20 per cent. With GDP expected to fall over a two-year period in almost all of these countries, unless governments take immediate remedial actions child poverty will rise. "As the economic, educational and social fallout of the pandemic continues to take hold, without concerted effort, there will be a worsening, devastating impact on the well-being of today's children, their families and the societies they live in," said Olsson. "But these risks do not have to become the reality, if governments take decisive action now to protect children's well-being." On the basis of the report and these recent developments UNICEF is calling for the following steps to protect and improve child wellbeing: Take decisive action to reduce income inequality and poverty and ensure that all children have access to the resources they need. Rapidly address the serious gap in mental health services for children and adolescents. Expand family-friendly policies to improve work-family balance, especially access to high-quality, flexible and affordable early-years childcare. Strengthen efforts to protect children from preventable diseases, including reversing recent falls in measles immunization. Improve COVID-19 policies that support families with children and ensure budgets that support child well-being are protected entirely from austerity measures. ###


text:
Q: Unable to generate class from xsd. Undefined complexType is used as a base for complex type extension I am trying to generate a class from xsd mentioned below but I am getting the following exception :
Undefined complexType 'http://ws.orbitz.com/schemas/v3/Hotel:BasicStayDetails' is used as a base for complex type extension.
Xsd :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" elementFormDefault="qualified"
            targetNamespace="http://ws.orbitz.com/schemas/v3/Hotel"
            xmlns:com="http://ws.orbitz.com/schemas/v3/Common"
            xmlns="http://ws.orbitz.com/schemas/v3/Hotel">

    <xsd:include schemaLocation="hotel_common.xsd"/>

    <xsd:import namespace="http://ws.orbitz.com/schemas/v3/Common" schemaLocation="../common/common.xsd"/>

    <xsd:element name="HotelShoppingResponse">
        <xsd:complexType>
            <xsd:complexContent>
                <xsd:extension base="com:CommonResponseValues">
                    <xsd:sequence>
                        <xsd:element name="PaginationKey" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
                            <xsd:annotation>
                                <xsd:documentation xml:lang="en">
                                    Key to identify multiple hotel search requests performed for pagination. This key
                                    will be used for tracking the client sessions for the same search criteria on
                                    Pagination.
                                </xsd:documentation>
                            </xsd:annotation>
                        </xsd:element>
                        <xsd:element name="Location" type="com:Location" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1"/>
                        <xsd:element name="StayDetails" type="ShopStayDetails" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"/>
                        <xsd:element name="Hotels" type="Hotels" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"/>
                        <xsd:element name="Areas" type="com:Areas" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1"/>
                    </xsd:sequence>
                </xsd:extension>
            </xsd:complexContent>
        </xsd:complexType>
    </xsd:element>

    <xsd:complexType name="ShopStayDetails">
        <xsd:complexContent>
            <xsd:extension base="BasicStayDetails"/>
        </xsd:complexContent>
    </xsd:complexType>

    <xsd:complexType name="Hotels">
        <xsd:sequence>
            <xsd:element name="Hotel" type="ShopHotel" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xsd:sequence>
        <xsd:attribute name="href" type="xsd:anyURI" use="required"/>
        <xsd:attribute name="hasMoreHotels" type="xsd:boolean" use="optional"/>
        <xsd:attribute name="responseCount" type="com:Number" use="required"/>
        <xsd:attribute name="totalCount" type="com:Number" use="required">
            <xsd:annotation>
                <xsd:documentation>
                    This attribute reflects all the hotels that matches the search criteria
                    regardless of availability.
                </xsd:documentation>
            </xsd:annotation>
        </xsd:attribute>
    </xsd:complexType>

    <xsd:complexType name="ShopHotel">
        <xsd:sequence>
            <xsd:element name="Details" type="ShopDetails" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1"/>
            <xsd:element name="Rooms" type="ShopRooms" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1"/>
        </xsd:sequence>
    </xsd:complexType>

    <xsd:complexType name="ShopDetails">
        <xsd:complexContent>
            <xsd:extension base="BasicDetails">
                <xsd:sequence>
                    <xsd:element name="Areas" type="com:NeighborhoodAreas" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
                        <xsd:annotation>
                            <xsd:documentation xml:lang="en">Optional element - Contains list of neighborhood location
                                ids.
                            </xsd:documentation>
                        </xsd:annotation>
                    </xsd:element>
                </xsd:sequence>
                <xsd:attribute name="availability" type="xsd:string" use="optional">
                    <xsd:annotation>
                        <xsd:documentation xml:lang="en">Optional element to distinguish the availability status of a
                            hotel as Available or Unknown.
                        </xsd:documentation>
                    </xsd:annotation>
                </xsd:attribute>
            </xsd:extension>
        </xsd:complexContent>
    </xsd:complexType>

    <xsd:complexType name="ShopRooms">
        <xsd:complexContent>
            <xsd:extension base="BasicRooms">
                <xsd:sequence>
                    <xsd:element name="RoomRates" type="RoomRates" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="4"/>
                </xsd:sequence>
            </xsd:extension>
        </xsd:complexContent>
    </xsd:complexType>

</xsd:schema>

Help would be appreciated.
Thanks in advance.

A: Corrected the path of
schemaLocation="../common/common.xsd"/>

and add the missing xsd.
From Visual studio :

*

*Add xsd in solution explorer.

*Right click on root xsd and click on generate xml

*Convert xml to class.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
How to Grow a Venus Flytrap as a Houseplant
December 28, 2022 November 4, 2021 by Kelly Spicer
Dionaea muscipula
Want to grow your own Venus flytrap?
Many plants have been shown through time-lapse photography to produce some manner of movement. Known as tropisms, these movements occur to aid in growth, such as redirecting leaves to reach for sunlight.
These movements are not typically visible to us without the aid of special equipment.
But there are a few plants that have been observed to produce more rapid movements, such as those required to spread pollen or seeds with force, or to move parts to trap prey. These movements are not only visible to the naked eye, but extraordinary.
The Venus flytrap is one type that moves actively. You'll need some serious knowledge to keep this plant healthy and thriving – and luckily for you, you've come to the right place.
We're going to discuss this quirky specimen, and by the time we're finished, you'll know how to grow, feed, and care for it like a pro. Let's get started!
What Is a Venus Flytrap?
Quick Reference Growing Guide
If you're planning to keep a Venus flytrap as a houseplant, you'll first need to know that this is going to be a different experience than keeping a snake plant or a ficus. To see what I mean, read on!
The Droseraceae or sundew family consists of three genera and over 180 species. It's comprised entirely of carnivorous plants that lure, trap, and digest insects for nutrients, using various means.
The Venus flytrap is a flowering perennial that belongs to this family. It's native to a tiny region in the southeastern United States where it grows in coastal bogs.
Unfortunately, they are so frequently poached that it's now illegal to remove them from the wild, and they're currently classified as a threatened species in their native environment.
They thrive in USDA Hardiness Zones 7 to 10, and they're typically found in the wild in coastal pine bogs that don't experience low temperatures below about 40°F.
While native to areas of North and South Carolina, they have been introduced to parts of New Jersey and Florida as well. But they can't withstand hard freezes without protection, such as a layer of pine needle mulch, if temperatures dip below 20°F.
If you happen to come across a Venus flytrap growing in the wild, don't attempt to feed it, and never dig one up, or you could be responsible for destroying one of the few existing specimens found in the wild today.
The best thing to do is avoid interaction with it and its habitat completely so you don't cause damage – pull out your phone, snap some photos, and cherish the memory.
Their habitat is fragile, and clearing weeds or brush, trimming trees, or draining water surrounding the plants can easily kill them.
Overfeeding can also cause die-off, so let any wild specimens that you come across find their own food.
In their native bog environment, the soil is acidic and low in nutrients, and the water table is high, keeping the ground moist year-round.
Coupled with the high humidity and warmth of the spring and summer months in their native region, these growing conditions are perfect – except for the fact that the plant needs nutrients to thrive.
So, what's a plant to do when it can't find what it needs in the soil? It adapts. In this case, the species evolved to develop a means to lure and digest nutrients in other ways.
While it does photosynthesize, the Venus flytrap also produces a clever apparatus at the end of several stems, or petioles. These traps are known as laminae, and they consist of two lobes that are hinged at the back and surrounded by margins of large, spiked "teeth."
Nectar is secreted inside the lobes. When an insect is lured by the nectar, it lands on the trap and begins to feed.
This plant is known to be indiscriminate about its prey. It will close on live arachnids and insects of all sorts including beetles, bees, flies, mosquitoes, moths, caterpillars and worms, and even grasshoppers and crickets, as long as they're large enough to set off the traps.
Three hair-like protrusions are attached to the interior of each lobe. These "hairs," called trichosomes, sense the movement of the insect as it brushes by unknowingly, in search of nectar.
In recent years, scientists studying the plants have learned that two triggers must be set off before the trap will prepare to close.
When the trichosomes sense movement, the plant essentially begins "counting." One movement alerts it that something is inside the trap and a second causes the plant to release calcium ions, flooding the lobes with fluids, and snapping the trap closed quickly, in under a second.
If the insect inside the trap freezes rather than struggling to break free, and there is no third movement detected, the laminae will reopen.
If the insect continues to move, a third movement will trigger the plant to secrete digestive enzymes much like those in our own stomachs, and begin to dissolve its soft tissues.
Large spikes on the edges of the laminae overlap to form a cage. Over the course of a few days to a week, the soft tissues of the organism are digested and the laminae reopen, using the remaining parts, such as exoskeletons, to lure more insects.
This specialized system is designed to conserve energy, as it takes a great deal for the plant to force the traps closed. If there is no movement detected, such as if a leaf or other inanimate material falls into the trap and then fails to move again, the plant will not waste energy closing on it.
Nutrients that are absorbed from each meal can last several months. After closing and devouring several insects, each individual trap will die and fall off.
Most Venus flytraps are relatively small, growing only four to eight inches tall with the exception of the long stalks the blossoms form on, which can be about 12 inches in height. The traps are typically three-quarters of an inch to one inch long.
The blooms are white with green veining, and about one inch in diameter. In the spring, plants produce three to five blooms on long stalks. The flowers are held high above the plant, to avoid luring pollinators into a trap accidentally, prior to pollination.
The Venus flytrap grows from rhizomes, or bulb-like roots that go dormant underground through the winter, so it's important to observe its natural life cycle when growing this species as a potted specimen.
The petioles sprout from the rhizome, and over time as the plant matures, the rhizome may split and form new clusters of petioles.
Even as a houseplant, the Venus flytrap will often die back to the soil between fall and winter as it prepares for the next spring growth cycle. Don't panic or discard it – this is normal, and it will return as long as it's cared for properly.
So, now that you know what it is, here's a little information about the discovery of this species, and how this funny little bog plant came to become a beloved houseplant.
Venus flytraps evolved from simpler carnivorous plants over the course of 65 million years. Their early ancestors weren't confined to such a small range, thriving throughout the Americas, and in parts of Europe and Asia.
The first known recorded history comes from a letter written in 1763 by Arthur Dobbs, then governor of North Carolina, who reported that the plant was a great wonder. At that time, they were much more commonly found in the wild.
Because of the process by which it traps and digests insects, the Venus flytrap garnered a sort of cult following, motivating poachers to collect large numbers from the wild for sale and export.
It was at this time that they were first sold as houseplants, even though they need very specific growing conditions to survive.
They were first exported overseas to Europe in 1768, where a British naturalist named John Ellis became enthralled with them.
He assigned the scientific name Dionaea with reference to Dione, a figure in Greek mythology often regarded as the mother of Aphrodite, the goddess of love (Venus is the Roman goddess of love), and muscipula, Latin for mousetrap.
Ellis was so fascinated with the plant that he sent a letter to Carl Linnaeus, the Swedish "father of taxonomy," explaining the plants' odd habits. Linnaeus rejected the description, essentially calling Ellis a liar – he did not believe a plant could be carnivorous as this would go against the will of God, from his point of view.
In the mid 1860s, the nature of the species captivated Charles Darwin, who experimented with feeding them an assortment of foods.
He found that they would eat almost any insect and even meat and cheese, although it's been confirmed since then that feeding them anything other than insects can cause damage.
Since the 1800s, these plants have been poached from the wild in such large numbers that they're considered vulnerable and under consideration for endangered status, inhabiting only about one hundred square miles of land in the Mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States.
In some instances, thousands have been seized by customs agents and other members of law enforcement from people who planned to sell or propagate them with no regard for the environmental destruction caused by removing them from their native habitat.
Poaching aside, Venus flytraps are also threatened in their native environment by several other obstacles including development that is rapidly reducing the area of suitable terrain, and the destruction of bog territories because of their "undesirable" status as habitats which are known to attract copperheads, water moccasins, and alligators, while producing smelly, stagnant water.
The suppression of wildfires in these areas is also impacting their habitat, as this species relies on the fires to clear away brush, allowing sunlight to penetrate the understory canopy.
When wildfires are suppressed to protect people and property, this further reduces the range of suitable growing areas in the wild.
Because they grow only in very specific conditions, keeping them as houseplants requires quite a bit more work than simply potting them and placing them in a sunny window.
Many people who purchase plants to keep at home don't realize this, and give them as gifts to kids or assume they'll grow like any other houseplant. The plant either dies, or they believe it has died when it goes dormant in the winter, and they throw it out.
It is extremely important to only purchase ethically sourced plants and seeds when growing this species at home, and take good care of it once you have one. Botanical gardens, society sales, and reputable growers are all good sources for getting started.
A number of Dionaea muscipula cultivars have been bred for specific features and many of these are available to home growers. I'll offer some selections below, so keep reading!
While there are a few different methods you can use to propagate Venus flytraps, you'll want to be sure to follow the directions for each very closely. Otherwise, you'll likely be disappointed when they fail to germinate or quickly die off.
You can use seeds, cuttings, or rhizome divisions to start new plants.
Note that the growing medium is extremely important, and a bag of conventional potting soil will not be suitable.
Carnivorous Plant Soil Mix
Purchase a potting medium specifically designed for growing carnivorous plants such as this one, which is available in a one-quart bag from Amazon, or make your own at home as described below.
Only distilled water should be used.
Maybe you already have one that is healthy and that has produced seeds that you've gathered to use. If not, you can purchase them from a grower, nursery, or botanical society that has sourced them ethically.
Note that seeds may not produce plants with characteristics identical to that of the parent.
Venus flytrap seeds are super tiny – less than one-eighth of an inch wide – and jet-black with a teardrop shape.
You'll want to handle them carefully as they're very easy to lose track of, and they tend to stick to the interior of plastic bags and containers due to static cling.
Many potting mixes that are available for growing carnivorous plants can produce excellent results.
If you decide to mix your own, you'll need to mix one part peat moss or coconut coir with one part coarse silica sand or perlite. Be sure to rinse homemade mix very well in distilled water prior to use to flush out any impurities.
Use a shallow planting flat or individual two- to four-inch pots with drainage holes, and fill them to the brim with the potting mixture. Moisten the potting mix with distilled water, and press it down into the container to drain off any excess.
Adding the seeds works best if you handle each one individually, rather than scattering them, as they tend to clump together when they're moistened. Place the seeds about two inches apart on the surface of the soil.
It's not necessary to cover the seeds, but you might want to add a thin dusting of peat moss over them to anchor them in place if you're concerned that they might shift when you water, as this can make it difficult for the tiny roots to hang onto the soil.
Once the seeds are placed, dampen them with a gentle mist of distilled water.
If you have a heat mat, you can place the pots or flat directly on it and keep the temperature at a consistent 80 to 85°F. Warmth is extremely important in helping the seeds to germinate.
To keep the potting medium moist, add a sheet of plastic wrap over the top of the planting container or use a dome cover, but be sure to vent it to prevent too much heat from collecting.
Pay careful attention to the moisture level and don't let the soil dry out.
These seeds don't need sunlight to germinate, but once they sprout, you'll want to move the seedlings to a sunny location.
If you don't have an indoor location available that receives bright sunlight for at least six to 12 hours per day, you'll need to use a grow light such as this one, available from Amazon.
Seeds can take anywhere from three weeks to two months to germinate, so patience is essential. Once they do, they'll look like tiny versions of the adults, with visible laminae of adorably miniscule proportions.
I prefer to place each pot or flat in a shallow dish or tray of water, and leave it there to keep the soil moist at all times. Remember to add water as needed.
Venus flytraps are very slow growing, and they can stay in a flat for six months to a year before they need to be transplanted.
Once they're about two inches tall, you can move them to a terrarium or individual pots if you started with a flat.
It can take one to two years before those grown in containers develop enough to be transplanted, so again, be patient.
The best time to propagate leaf cuttings is when you repot a mature plant. This usually becomes necessary every two to three years, as they are fairly slow growers.
First, prepare a pot or flat with carnivorous plant mix as described above. Be sure to first rinse it well with distilled water to remove any impurities if you are using a homemade mix.
Moisten the mix well, and press it into the container to drain off any excess water.
Planting trays with humidity domes are a good option, such as these from True Leaf Market.
Seed Starting Set
This is a great choice because it also includes a drip tray that can be used to water your plants from the bottom.
On top of the potting mixture, spread a layer of rinsed sand about one-half to one inch deep for the cuttings to root in.
Very gently, remove the plant from the soil either by tipping the pot and turning both the soil and roots out, or by using tweezers to pull it up if it's loosely rooted in sand.
You'll notice the rhizome at the base where the leaves and stems sprout from is essentially a layered bulb of stems or petioles, with roots primarily growing from the center. Traps grow at the ends of some of the petioles.
To take cuttings, observe where the leaf stems are attached directly to the rhizome. Gently peel the petioles away from the rhizome but don't remove more than a few, as you don't want to shock or stress the plant.
If the cuttings have traps on the end, cut them off to divert energy to rooting.
Keep the cuttings moist on a wet paper towel while you return the parent to its container or terrarium. Work quickly but carefully so it doesn't dry out.
Once it's been returned to the soil, you can begin to insert the leaf cuttings into the wet sand.
Make a small slot-shaped hole about three-eighths of an inch deep in the sand and place the rhizome end of a cutting inside.
Don't compact the sand around the base. Do this for each cutting, and lean them against the rim of the pot or flat for support if necessary.
Once they're all in place, sit the container in a dish of water about one-third as deep as the pot and mist the cuttings well. Place them in a warm, humid location such as a domed tray or terrarium, and monitor the moisture level to be sure the soil stays consistently damp.
Be sure that the cuttings are exposed to at least six hours of direct sunlight per day, preferably 12 hours if possible. Use a grow lamp if you don't have adequate indoor light available.
If any part of the cuttings begins to blacken, cut those parts off and discard them. It can take three to six months before you see signs of life, usually beginning with a new trap developing on the end of the leaf.
Once the cuttings have developed roots and traps, allow them to grow for six to eight weeks before you transplant them to individual pots.
From Rhizome Divisions
While cuttings and seeds are viable options for propagation, one of the most successful means is rhizome division.
Use this method when an existing mature plant is ready for repotting to a larger container to complete both projects at once.
The rhizome is essentially a fleshy bulb that roots sprout from. The leaves grow from the bulb arranged in a layered pattern.
As the rhizome matures, it typically splits, forming more rhizomes that then generate additional plants. The offshoots will produce clusters of smaller leaves.
Photo by Kelly Spicer.
When you notice that your plant has started producing offshoots, you can split the rhizomes to grow them separately.
To begin, prepare individual pots for planting. Four- to six-inch pots are usually adequate for dividing most mature specimens.
Fill the containers to the brim with carnivorous plant potting mix, or mix your own.
Water the potting medium well with distilled water and press it into the containers to remove any excess fluid.
Gently turn the Venus flytrap out of the pot it's in and carefully shake the soil free from the roots.
You should be able to see more than one rhizome at the base of the plant, with one from the parent and one or more where additional rhizomes have formed smaller offshoots.
Normally, you can pull the rhizomes apart by grasping both gently and pulling in opposite directions, but if they're well attached and resisting division, you can use a sharp knife to carefully cut between them.
Be sure that both rhizomes retain roots when you do this.
Repot both plants in the prepared containers. Use your finger to poke a hole in the potting medium the same depth and width as the root system.
Place the roots in the hole just up to the base where the leaves are more white than green.
Gently press the potting medium around the base of the plant and mist it well with distilled water.
Move them back to the location where the parent was growing and continue to provide six to 12 hours of direct sunlight, humidity, and consistent water.
If you've grown plants from seed or cuttings, or purchased new ones, you'll eventually need to transplant them to their permanent home.
After one to two years of growth, they'll be mature enough to require a deeper pot to accommodate a larger root system.
Choose a container that is one to two inches larger than the one it is currently growing in. A container that does not transpire much is the best choice to prevent the potting medium from drying out, so plastic or glazed ceramic pots with drainage holes work well.
Water the potting medium well with distilled water and press it into the containers to remove excess fluid.
If you're moving the plants to a terrarium, press the moist medium into the base of the terrarium to a depth of four to six inches – just be sure that the one you're using will not leak!
Depending on what your plants were growing in before, you may need to remove the old potting medium.
Some purchased plants may arrive with rubber bands holding cloth or plastic around the root system. Be sure to remove any bands and cloth or plastic prior to transplanting.
If they were propagated via tissue culture, they'll arrive potted in a gelatinous substance known as agar. It's perfectly safe to touch, and you'll want to wash it off as much as possible prior to transplanting.
Fill a bowl with room-temperature distilled water and dunk the roots into the water. Use your fingers to very gently rub away any remaining agar under the water. Take care not to damage the roots as you do this.
Once the plant is free of the previous potting medium, you can make a hole the same width and depth as the root system in the new medium, and place it in the hole.
Don't bury the leaves deeper than the white section that's showing at the base. All green leaves should be seated above the surface of the potting medium.
Carefully press the soil around the base of the plant to secure it in place, and sit the container in a dish of distilled water about one-third the depth of the pot.
Move the pot to a sunny location where it will receive six to 12 hours of direct sunlight per day.
Bare root plants can be transplanted in much the same way. Be sure to transplant them soon after you receive them. The roots may be soaked in room-temperature distilled water before planting, if they look desiccated.
Prepare containers with potting mix, create a hole to accommodate the roots, and settle it in the same way you would a live plant that arrived in soil.
Once you've transplanted your propagated plants or one purchased from a reputable grower, you'll need to know how to keep them healthy over the long term.
If you want to repot your Venus flytrap, use a container that is well insulated so it doesn't transpire so much that the soil dries out fast.
The roots can reach four to six inches deep, so choose a pot of adequate size to accommodate the root system.
They will only grow in acidic soil, with a pH between 3.9 and 4.8. If you make your own potting mix at home, you can conduct a soil test to ensure that it meets this requirement. Additional coconut coir or peat moss can be added to increase acidity.
They need a moist environment. Soil that is allowed to totally dry out will definitely kill the plant.
Keep the potting mix moist but not saturated at all times. Do not use tap or bottled water. Using distilled water is crucial, as other types of water will introduce nutrients and other substances that may kill it.
It's also important to rinse homemade potting mix well, to remove minerals such as calcium and salts, as they will also lead to damage or die off.
I prefer to bottom water container-grown plants, though some growers recommend against this since you run the risk of oversaturating the soil and inviting pests or fungal pathogens to take hold.
Sit the container in a dish or tray of water about one-third the depth of the pot, and leave it there.
Refill the water every two days during the spring and summer, and every three to four days in the fall and winter when plants are dormant. If the soil feels oversaturated, bottom water only as needed.
If you're using a terrarium to house your Venus flytraps, you can add water every one to two days or simply place the potted plants inside with saucers of water beneath them if your terrarium is large enough.
If you add a layer of pine needle mulch or sphagnum moss on the surface, you can cover the pots up and no one will ever know they're in there.
Be careful when adding water to avoid leaving droplets sitting on any parts of the plant, as these can lead to the development of mold, fungi, and bacterial infections. Only water at the soil level or bottom water, and do your best to avoid splashing.
Terrariums are a useful tool in keeping the growing environment moist and humid. I use this one, which is available for purchase from Amazon.
Large Glass Terrarium
I chose this one specifically because it has a small door on top to vent, and it's designed not to leak.
If your terrarium collects condensation that drips back onto the foliage, you should be sure to vent it and gently blot dry any droplets that collect on the leaves.
Ventilation helps to prevent the terrarium from holding too much heat, and reduces the likelihood that mold and bacteria will cause the soil to develop an odor over time, or lead to disease.
High temperatures over about 90°F can damage these plants, especially if the heat is coupled with exposure to direct sunlight. The soil will dry out fast and the plant will begin to turn red, as a form of sun protection.
If leaves are scorched by overexposure to sunlight, they will turn white, brown or black, and begin to die back.
Sunlight is another absolute must for Venus flytraps. You'll want to be sure that they receive six to 12 hours of sunlight per day with at least six of those hours being direct exposure. As I mentioned, they do undergo photosynthesis, and they require a lot of light.
If you don't have a suitable location inside your home to provide light on this schedule, consider purchasing a grow light to meet this requirement.
Be sure to position the lights so they are close enough to provide light, but not so close that they scorch the plants.
Provide at least six hours of direct sunlight per day; 12 hours is ideal.
Use a grow light if you can't provide enough direct sunlight indoors.
Never use conventional potting mix or add fertilizer.
Only use distilled water.
Venus flytraps have a natural cycle that includes winter dormancy. Typically in November, you'll notice some of the leaves beginning to blacken and wither. This is normal and no cause for alarm.
They may die back to the rhizome every year at this time.
You'll want to move the dormant plant to a cooler location, such as an unheated garage. Keeping them above freezing but no warmer than 55°F is recommended, for two to three months.
If you live in a region that doesn't experience cold winters, you can place the rhizome in a sandwich bag filled with moist sphagnum moss, seal it, and place it in the refrigerator.
It's best to keep dormant rhizomes in cold temperatures between 35 and 40°F, but avoid letting them freeze.
Though they can withstand some frost or brief temperatures below 32°F, rhizomes will likely be killed by prolonged freezing temperatures.
Be sure to keep the medium around the rhizome moist, even during dormancy. If your plant does not die back fully, continue to water it but reduce the frequency as it won't need as much water.
You can add an inch-deep layer of pine needles to the soil surface as mulch, to help keep it moist.
In mid- to late February, repot the rhizome if you've refrigerated it. Place it back in a sunny but cool location where it can emerge from dormancy gradually.
Once you notice that it is actively growing, move it back to its usual location with warmer temperatures for the rest of the year.
As I previously mentioned, this plant will need to be fed on a regular basis. Live insects are the best source of nutrients to offer as opposed to fertilizer, which can kill the plant.
Insects such as live mealworms, small crickets, or even small roaches are perfect choices for feeding your Venus flytrap.
Dried or freeze-dried insects might also be a possibility, but they'll be harder to feed as the laminae may not stay closed when the insect doesn't move or struggle to escape.
Plan to feed one insect per plant every four to six weeks as over-feeding can cause damage, leading to die-off. It's also important to only choose insects that are small enough to fit completely inside the trap.
There are a few reasons why traps may not close, and you can learn about what causes this and how to deal with it in our troubleshooting guide. (coming soon!)
Regular pruning is not necessary as parts of the plant that are damaged or dying will most likely fall off, but if they do not, you can use a small set of sharp scissors to snip them off and dispose of them. Venus flytraps remain compact and won't become overgrown, even in ideal conditions.
Repotting will eventually be necessary if the plant is growing in a tiny pot, such as the two-inch pots that many growers use. A plant that is three to four inches in height can have a root system of about the same size, so plan to move it to a container one to two inches larger than the one it's in currently.
Use the same potting mix for carnivorous plants or a homemade mix that's been rinsed well. Moisten it well and add a layer in the bottom that's deep enough to keep the plant positioned at the rim of the pot. Place the roots in the pot and backfill around it with soil.
Mist the soil well or bottom water by placing the pot in a container of distilled water filled one-third as deep as the pot.
Plants may bloom in spring and summer, and the production of blooms is a sign of good health; however, it is very taxing on the plant. If you don't plan to collect seed after the blossoms have been pollinated, snip them off before the buds open to conserve energy.
If you want your plant to produce seed, you'll most likely need to hand-pollinate, which you can only do if more than one bloom is open at a time.
With consistent maintenance, Venus flytraps can live for 20 years or more, and provide a lot of enjoyment.
Venus flytrap cultivars have been bred for decades as growers sought to create new varieties that vary in size and color.
All of them are suitable for indoor growing, and generally have the same basic needs and caretaking requirements.
Let's take a look at a few of the most popular selections out of the more than 130 named cultivars.
'B52' is highly sought after, for two reasons.
First, it's been bred to have extra-large traps over one inch in length at mature size. And second, the traps can be a deep, scarlet red.
'B52'
These features achieve the look that many people typically associate with the Venus flytrap, inspiring some to create artwork and stage characters with it in mind.
Plants are available in three-inch pots from Predatory Plants via Amazon.
One of the top three largest varieties in cultivation, 'King Henry' has been bred for size. The traps on a mature specimen can be over an inch long, with rosy red interiors and long "teeth."
This is also a fast-growing cultivar that has a habit of forming clumps, so it can easily be split into individual plants, making it a good candidate for propagation by rhizome division.
'King Henry'
If you're looking for a type that is easier to propagate, this may be the one for you.
Bare root 'King Henry' plants are available from the Killer Plant Company via Amazon.
As if this plant were not interesting enough as it is, selective breeding has produced this incredible cultivar, which mixes live action with spectacular color.
'Red Dragon' grows to an average four- to six-inch size, but as it matures, its color deepens from green to deep maroon throughout the plant.
This is unique since most flytraps only redden when they've been exposed to bright sunlight, which may lead to sunscald.
'Red Dragon'
If you're looking for a statement plant, these are available from Joel's Carnivorous Plants in a set of three from Amazon.
So, now you know where they come from, how to grow and care for them, and a little about the cultivars that you can choose from.
What's next? Let's cover some challenges you might face from pests and disease, which are thankfully few.
Since you'll be growing your plant indoors, you won't need to worry about animals munching on them… unless you have furry friends in your home, perhaps.
While they're not really pests (usually), cats and dogs are known to nibble on houseplants and some of them can be dangerously toxic. Fortunately, the Venus flytrap is harmless to pets.
If your pets can't keep their whiskers off of your prized plants, use a ventilated dome to cover it such as this one, available from Amazon.
Ventilated Plant Dome
If your pet may try to push it off of the table or surface it's on, you can secure it in place using clear museum putty.
A terrarium is also a good choice for keeping plants contained and out of reach.
There are very few insects that will bother your Venus flytrap, and most that will are common among houseplants and garden plants alike.
Note that both of the pests mentioned below that are known to cause issues in Venus flytraps can also spread pathogens that may cause diseases, such as botrytis and root rot, which we'll cover in the next section.
Always, always, the aphids! They show up everywhere, every year, sneakily breeding and feeding off the fluids contained within your plants.
If your Venus flytraps are growing in a terrarium indoors, it's unlikely that you'll find aphids on them. Potted plants are more susceptible to being infested – but keep an eye on both, just in case.
Aphids are tiny, and while they can range in color from nearly translucent white to bright red, many are green and able to blend in well with plants.
It might seem counterintuitive that a carnivorous plant could suffer a pest infestation, but aphids are usually much too small to trigger the traps. These insects also particularly relish the Venus flytrap because it's very succulent.
Signs of an infestation include stunted or curling leaves, especially young ones emerging at the base of the plant, and black spots on leaves and traps.
Be sure to nip an infestation in the bud – even though they're unlikely to kill the plant, they can introduce pathogens that cause disease.
While we do have a complete guide to dealing with aphids available for you to read, this plant requires a different approach than most for the best results.
Fill a container with distilled water to a depth sufficient to fully submerge the plant, and put it inside. It's not necessary to remove it from the potting medium as long as it drains well. Make sure the entire plant is submerged, and leave it there for 24 to 48 hours.
Remove it from the water, and allow the excess to drain off. If there are water droplets resting on the leaves, blot them dry.
Be sure to avoid overwatering as the soil returns to a normal moisture level, and keep an eye on your plant to monitor for signs of ongoing infestation.
This process can be repeated after about a week if necessary. Eggs can often survive being submerged, so more aphids may hatch out.
If they have a serious infestation and submerging them in water isn't doing the trick, you can apply neem oil or insecticidal soap according to package instructions.
Fungus Gnats
Fungus gnats are tiny flying insects that may be found buzzing about around plants that are growing in damp soil, where they'll lay their eggs.
There are many species of fungus gnats belonging to the Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae families.
As you may have guessed, they're attracted to Venus flytraps thanks to the wet growing environment that they require. Just as with aphids, these gnats are too small to trigger the traps to close.
They're typically about one-sixteenth of an inch in length, which can make them hard to spot, and once you see them, they've probably already laid eggs.
The larvae that hatch are less than a quarter-inch long, but you probably won't see them since they spend most of their time under the soil, devouring the roots.
You may notice shiny, thread-like trails on the soil surface, an indication that larvae are present.
Your plant will probably make it known when the roots are damaged and it will begin to wilt, or it may lose leaves to a fungal condition known as damping off.
To treat fungus gnat and larvae infestations, apply a liberal coating of ground cinnamon to the soil surface to smother the larvae and deter the adults from landing.
Cinnamon is also an effective fungicide, depriving the gnats of their food source so they move on.
Sticky traps such as these, available from Arbico Organics, can be placed near potted plants or inside a terrarium to catch adults. This aids in preventing them from laying eggs in the soil.
Yellow Sticky Traps
Beneficial nematodes can also be added to the soil. They're predators, seeking out the larvae and consuming them before they can pupate.
You can also add Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a type of beneficial bacteria that the larvae ingest, causing them to die.
While all of these methods are usually very effective for potted plants, fungus gnats can pose a particular challenge when they infest a bog plant such as the Venus flytrap.
If you've tried these options and you're still seeing gnats, you may need to completely repot the plant in fresh soil and a disinfected pot.
Companion planting is another good option for controlling pests such as fungus gnats, if you choose another carnivorous plant such as a sundew or pitcher plant to grow as well.
Insects that are too small to trigger the traps to close can get caught in the sticky substance secreted by the sundew, or lured inside pitcher plants, where they'll be trapped in the liquid inside the pitchers.
Find more tips on combating fungus gnats here.
Just as with pests, there are remarkably few diseases of major concern when growing Venus flytraps. Let's take a quick look at a couple of the most common culprits and how to treat them.
As I mentioned, certain pathogens are commonly spread by pest infestation, especially by aphids and fungus gnats. One such pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, spreads through spores that are carried by insects and passed between plants.
If these spores are relocated to a plant or soil in favorable conditions – with high humidity, warm temperatures, and standing water – they'll colonize and cause disease. As you can imagine, this spells trouble for the Venus flytrap.
While they need consistently moist soil, the leaves and other parts of the plant should not remain wet for long periods of time.
Water droplets or wet surfaces on the plant can invite the fungi to colonize, which leads to wilting, the development of brown and black spots, and the growth of fuzzy gray mold.
To prevent botrytis, be sure that your plant does not remain wet. If it's growing in a terrarium especially, make sure water is not dripping or settling on the leaves.
If you see spots or mold developing, cut affected leaves off and discard them in the trash.
You'll also want to be absolutely sure that the plant has good ventilation, as inhibited airflow can lead to disaster. Fungicides may be applied, but because the Venus flytrap is rather delicate, this should be avoided if possible.
Root Rot
Even though the Venus flytrap needs consistently moist soil to survive, it does not tolerate overwatering. This may seem like a contradiction, but in reality, these are bog plants that need access to water but don't grow well in water.
If you've overwatered your plant, the soil will feel soggy rather than simply being moist. Your plant will alert you to the issue by wilting and losing leaves, turning black, and beginning to die off. You may also notice an abnormal, strong odor coming from the rhizome.
Too much water can not only damage the plant, but it can spread fungal and bacterial infections as well. Signs of infection are the same as those caused by overwatering.
To confirm that the plant is suffering from root rot, you'll need to remove it from the soil and examine the root system.
Healthy roots should be white or brown, and the rhizome should be firm and white with pink and green edges. If the plant has root rot, the roots may be brown or black and slimy, with a bad odor.
The rhizome may feel soft or have dark spots where the fungus or bacteria are breaking it down.
Trim away any dead or dying leaves and traps, and use a sharp pair of clean scissors to remove any affected parts of the rhizome or roots. You can dust the rhizome with a sulfur-based fungicide or neem extract if you're concerned about infection.
Empty the old soil from the container or terrarium. Disinfect the pot or terrarium, and let it dry thoroughly before repotting.
Replace the soil with fresh carnivorous plant mix and moisten it with distilled water, but avoid overwatering again. Press out any excess water. You can also add more sand to your potting mix to allow for better drainage.
Repot your plant, and continue to water it as needed, but avoid overdoing it. You want the soil to feel moist, but not wet. If you can press water out of it, you've added too much.
Don't sit the pot in a dish of water to prevent it from drying out until the moisture level is adjusted sufficiently – the soil should not be holding excess water or feel oversaturated.
The roots need to have access to the water at the bottom of the pot without having the rest of the root system or the crown of the plant sitting in soggy soil.
Terrariums are an excellent place to keep your Venus flytrap.
If it's large enough, you could also add other bog plants such as pitcher plants, sundews, various types of mosses, and butterworts. Just be sure that whatever terrarium you settle on doesn't leak.
I love the mystical touch that a terrarium can add to the home, tiny microcosms of thriving life that require little intervention.
Cape Craftsman Hand Blown Terrarium
A huge selection is available to choose from on Amazon, such as this uniquely shaped hand blown blue glass orb mounted on driftwood, or this modern geometric option with a latching door.
Glass Geometric Terrarium
If you want to create a serious showpiece where you can build an environment to mimic the plants' natural habitat, consider an extra-large terrarium such as this 67-gallon option with a double-hinged door, also from Amazon.
Large Reptile Terrarium
Screen covers can be wrapped in plastic or covered with plexiglass to retain moisture.
While a model such as this could also house reptiles or amphibians, or even insects, I wouldn't recommend adding them with carnivorous plants, though bromeliads and ferns can make nice additions to a terrarium used to house animals.
Be sure to purchase enough planting medium to fill your terrarium to a depth of at least four inches, so your plants have room to grow. You can also spring for some decorative items, such as stone and bark, to complete the natural look.
Cactus and Succulent Set
A kit such as this DIY cactus and succulent set, available from Amazon, makes it easy to choose the right items, but be sure to give them a rinse in distilled water to avoid adding contaminants to your terrarium bog.
If setting a terrarium up seems like too much of an undertaking, you could go with a self-watering planter instead such as this one, also from Amazon. Just don't forget to fill the water reservoir.
Self Watering Planter
Plants can also be grown in colonies for mosquito control indoors, or outside if you live in an appropriate growing zone. We cover growing Venus flytraps outdoors in a separate guide. (coming soon!)
Plant Type: Carnivorous flowering perennial Flower/Foliage Color: White/green, red
Native to: North and South Carolina Maintenance: High
Hardiness (USDA Zone): 7-10 Tolerance: Lack of nutrients and minerals
Bloom Time: Late spring to early summer Soil Type: Lean, sandy
Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil pH: 3.9-4.8
Time to Maturity: 2-3 years Soil Drainage: Well-draining
Planting Depth: 1/8 inch (seeds), depth of roots (transplants) Attracts: Arachnids, bees, beetles, crickets, flies, grasshoppers, moths, mosquitoes, wasps
Spacing 3-5 inches Companion Planting: Butterwort, moss, pitcher plant, sundew
Height: 4-12 inches Uses: Houseplant, insect elimination, terrarium
Spread: 4-9 inches Family: Droseraceae
Water Needs: High Genus: Dionaea
Common Pests and Diseases: Aphids, fungus gnats; botrytis, damping off, root rot Species: Muscipula
Feed Me, Seymour!
Don't be deterred by the special caretaking that this plant requires – Venus flytraps are well worth the effort to keep.
Even though you might feel like you have more of a pet than a plant, if you enjoy distinctive botanicals, these are must-haves.
We'd love to see your carnivorous plants and hear about your caretaking routine in the comments section below!
And, if you've found this guide to one of the most beloved carnivorous plants useful, you might want to read these selections next:
How to Grow and Care for Sundew Plants
Growing Pitcher Plants Outdoors
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Photos by Kelly Spicer © Ask the Experts, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. See our TOS for more details. Product photos via Arbico Organics, Bliss Gardens, Cape Craftsman, GHodec Store, Joel's Carnivorous Plants, Killer Plant Company, NCYP, Predatory Plants, Repti-Zoo, Rio Hamza Trading, Ruskee, TCBWFY Store, and True Leaf Market. Uncredited photos: Shutterstock. With additional writing and editing by Allison Sidhu.
Kelly Spicer
Kelly Spicer became a single parent at a young age, and learned very quickly how scary food insecurity can be. As a result, she began self-teaching to learn how to grow food, which led to a passion for providing for others in need. Currently, Kelly is coordinating a plan to produce a tropical homestead in south Florida that will provide homegrown food to families in need, and teach them to grow their own. She is working her way toward certification as a master gardener, and building a lifelong love of nature with her kids.
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