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Review: James Jiangon Joseph North
So Far, So Left?: Literary Criticism: A Concise Political History by Joseph North
Literary Criticism: A Concise Political History by Joseph North Harvard University Press
Published May, 2017
Joseph North's Literary Criticism: A Concise Political History begins with the premise that 'very few people … start reading a novel by Virginia Woolf with the primary aim of learning more about British cultural life in the 1920s'. And yet, to judge by the preponderance of academic books, the overriding concern of literary scholarship is to see the text as a document of cultural history. Literature, it would seem, is to be consulted for knowledge about a certain time and place—not sought out for beauty, practical wisdom, or spiritual exaltation, as the genteel belletrists who passed for critics used to think. 'Always historicise!' is the mantra of the literary scholar whose training allows her to unmask any claim to universal truth or transcendent value as merely the symptom of efficient ideologies about class, race, gender, and sexuality. Anything less vigilant would be a form of complicity. Justified in these terms, reading becomes synonymous with what teachers in the humanities like to call 'critical thinking'.
This is the kind of whiggish story that allows English academics to sleep comfortably at night, safe in the knowledge that their politics vindicates their vocation and their vocation their politics. But what if this gets the picture completely wrong? What if the turn towards ideology critique unwittingly depoliticised literary studies? What if the institutionalisation of 'critical' reading has obscured an older and more radical program of criticism that not only looked to the literary text as a means of diagnosing the health of a culture, but also used it to intervene in culture 'by cultivating new ranges of sensibility, new modes of subjectivity, new capacities for experience'? What if the progressive political character of the discipline depends on re-igniting a belief in literature as something that can actually help us live more fulfilling lives?
These are some of the questions posed by North in Literary Criticism, an immensely readable, provocative, and timely account of how the academic study of literature has arrived at its current impasse. The sense of having reached a disciplinary dead-end has been articulated a number of ways, most eloquently perhaps by Eve Sedgwick in her work on 'paranoid' habits of reading. More recently, Bruno Latour's suggestion that critique 'has run out of steam' has made inroads into literary studies, where the 'hermeneutics of suspicion' was itself put under suspicion in Rita Felski's The Limits of Critique (2015).
One thing that Felski and North share is a faith in the explanatory power of sociology, especially the branch devoted to science and technology studies. For Felski, Latour's actor-network theory (ANT) provides a way out of the present predicament. North brings Thomas Kuhn's model of the institutional legitimisation of scientific knowledge to bear on the history of literary criticism, which he sees as structured through competing paradigms: the 'critical' and the 'historicist / contextualist'. But the resemblance stops there; while Felski's book does not rate a mention in Literary Criticism, it does provide an example of the trap that North thinks the discipline has fallen into. In a chapter called 'Context Stinks!', Felski insists:
Politics, in the sense developed by actor-network theory, is no longer a matter of gesturing toward the hidden forces that explain everything; it is the process of tracing the interconnections, attachments, and conflicts among actors and mediators, as they come into view.
Once we embrace ANT, the political work that the scholar performs in contextualising a piece of literature changes; it moves away from exposing the text's implication in forms of covert domination towards situating it within webs of everyday interactivity. Felski may be right to suggest that there has always been something mystifying about grand gestures of demystification, but what a critic like North wants readers to notice is the curious inertness of the verbs that govern the new procedure: 'Politics … is no longer a matter of gesturing toward … it is the process of tracing.' No doubt 'tracing' is intended as an advance on 'gesturing toward', but why should these modes of descriptive agency — modes, after all, of acting out rather than acting on—be the most we can hope for? A complacency about the 'politics' of interpretation has set in. Felski may have changed the way we think about context, but the assumption that contextualisation is tantamount to political mobilisation remains undisturbed.
What Felski and others have been calling critique is a practice licensed by what North calls the historicist/contextualist paradigm. It is the triumph of this paradigm that accounts for what he sees as the underlying homogeneity of contemporary literary scholarship. The paradigm operates on the basis of a 'fairly firm' yet 'generally unremarked' consensus that 'works of literature are chiefly of interest as diagnostic instruments for determining the state of the cultures in which they were written or read'. That this assumption has assumed institutional status is apparent enough to any graduate student or early career academic. English departments in England and North America (perhaps less so in Australia, where full curricular coverage from medieval to modern is becoming less of an institutional priority) will typically hire applicants on the basis of a specialism defined along temporal and geographic coordinates ('early modern England', 'colonial America', 'post-apartheid South Africa'). In such a climate, a book bearing a title such as Seven Types of Ambiguity is more likely to have its provenance outside the university than within it. For within the academy, it is the specialist scholar rather than the generalist critic who thrives. To those who want to get ahead, the message is quite clear: close thy Empson; open thy Greenblatt.
An Assistant Professor of English at Yale with a Columbia PhD, North is as intimate with these professional conventions as anyone and yet he describes himself on his staff page as 'something of a generalist'—a light touch which nevertheless contains a challenge to the current disciplinary doxa. The quiet contentiousness of this self-characterisation tallies with the tone and ethos of Literary Criticism. Few books throw down the gauntlet to an entire discipline with such decorum.
North's poise as a close reader, combing through the key doctrinal statements made by critics ranging from I. A. Richards to Lauren Berlant (parting to the left here, parting to the right there), is put into the service of a bracingly revisionist history, in which Richards is the hero, Raymond Williams the villain, and the debate over Theory a mere footnote to more important paradigmatic shifts. Where previous accounts have tended to see the history of the discipline unfolding in two parts (before and after Theory), North tells his story in three:
a first period stretching from somewhere around 1914 or 1917 through to the Great Depression of the 1930s—a period continually haunted by the spectre of an end to liberalism … a second, more stable period most easily discernible from 1945 to the early 1970s … in which the forces of labor and those of capital reached a Keynesian or welfare-statist compromise not unrelated to the ideological pressures of the Cold War; then a decade of crisis in the 1970s leading into a third or neoliberal period, clearest in its outlines from the late 1970s/early 1980s through to somewhere in or around 2008.
The first period roughly coincides with the birth of the critical paradigm out of Richards' pedagogy and its conservative hijacking by the Scrutiny movement on one side of the Atlantic and the New Critics on the other. The second period witnesses the decline and fall of criticism from its cultural eminence in the mid-century. The 'scholarly turn' precipitated by Williams, whose 'local critique of the Leavisite and New Critical models of criticism, and of the associated Kantian or neo-Kantian model of the aesthetic' escalated into 'a rejection of "criticism" and "aesthetics" tout court'. Out with critical theory and in with theories of cultural production and social practices. In the third period, Williams' eschewal of criticism and aesthetics becomes institutionalised, largely through the work of academics on the left (Terry Eagleton, the New Historicists, Fredric Jameson, and Franco Moretti). As a result, a single paradigm now occupies the entire field.
The ascendancy of the historicist/contextualist paradigm has usually been thought of as an unequivocal victory for the left. It sanctioned a mode of scholarship tailored for Marxists by Marxists. But at what cost was this victory purchased? And to what extent was this scholarly consensus merely a bad settlement with a neoliberal order that it was free to castigate from within the walls of the academy, but powerless to engage without? North's way of dealing with these questions is likely to rankle those in the academy who are more sanguine about the political efficaciousness and radical credentials of the theoretical turn of the sixties and seventies. In a deft side-step, North leaves the last word to history: 'in order to perceive the true contours of any historical crisis, it is necessary to examine not only the features of the crisis itself, but also the character of whatever new order establishes itself in its wake'.
Those decades are best assessed by what followed: the neoliberalism of the eighties. The argument borders on the post hoc ergo propter hoc logical fallacy: how can you have consequence without causation? Rather predictably, North's suspicions about the identitarian politics sponsored by Theory ('a mere politics of recognition') have been criticised for evincing 'intellectual nostalgia' for an Old-Leftist brand of economic determinism. But the real interest of Literary Criticism lies in its argument that the academic left gave up too much ground when it left the generalist critical program behind. To read North's book in its best light is to read it as largely a rehabilitation of the 'unfinished project' of Richards' practical criticism.
In the potted history of the discipline that gets handed down to undergraduates, Richards and his protégé Empson are lumped together with T. S. Eliot, the Leavises, and the American New Critics under the banner of the New Criticism. While North is not the first to extricate Richards and Empson from this reactionary company, he traces with considerable skill the subtle changes in emphasis that allowed the project of practical criticism to change hands in such mercurial fashion. At its heart was a method of close reading, which Richards was largely responsible for developing into an experimental pedagogy. His students were given a text (usually a short passage of verse) without any contextual cues (title, authorship, date of composition). The feat of concentration that this kind of reading called for (without the comforts of factual recitation and received ideas about canonical authors and historical periods) is well documented in the student responses that Richards collected and corrected in Practical Criticism (1929).
What interests North more than Richards' empirical findings is the theoretical rationale supplied in the latter's Principles of Literary Criticism (1924). In a chapter on 'the phantom aesthetic state,' Richards questions the validity of the 'Aesthetic Hypothesis', according to which art could only be evaluated on the basis of 'a pure art value … different in kind and cut off from the other values of ordinary experience'. For Richards, this dogma about the sui generis nature of aesthetic experience was derived from the merely formal correspondences in Kant's philosophical scheme between the capacities for knowledge, pleasure and volition on the one hand, and the faculties of understanding, judgment and reason on the other. That Kant places his discussion of aesthetics in the Critique of Judgment led to the assumption that aesthetic judgment must be insulated from understanding and reason; the question of beauty quarantined from considerations of truth and goodness. 'The effect,' according to Richards, 'was virtually to annex aesthetics to Idealism'. The irony is that Richards' own program wilfully suspended the social and historical, ethical and epistemological factors that might have given rise to a more materialist aesthetics. Because of this suspension, the practice of close reading became aligned with the idealist and isolationist stance of aesthetes such as Vernon Lee and Clive Bell as well as of the American New Critics who expressly returned to Kant. Practical criticism thus ended up being repurposed to institutionalise the very cult of aesthetic autonomy Richards had designed it to overcome.
One of the peculiarities of North's argument here is the prominence given to biographical facts. We are made to understand the political pedigree of critical projects from the political character of their proponents. How, for instance, did we ever think that a program devised by a 'Cambridge League-of-Nations liberal, [who was] internationalist, cosmopolitan, and secularist' could be continuous with the program proposed by 'Southern US Christian political and cultural conservatives seeking a return to … an agrarian way of life'? Duh. Yet what initially serves as an efficient means of disambiguating Richards' practical criticism from the New Criticism licenses a conflation of the latter's traditionalism with the more radical cultural conservatism of the Leavises. North accuses F. R. Leavis (there's no mention of Queenie, who was supervised by Richards) of displacing the emphasis from 'aesthetic education' to 'facile questions of rank' (Wordsworth or Shelley? George Eliot or Hardy?). This merely reiterates North's argument against the New Critics, who are accused of deploying practical criticism 'not to educate the reader, but to adulate the text'.
This is a false dichotomy. A reader has to learn to discriminate between the texts that are deserving of adulation and those that are not. This may not be the kind of education Richards originally had in mind; he insisted (in a sentence North is fond of quoting) that 'it is less important to like "good" poetry and dislike "bad," than to be able to use them both as a means of ordering our minds'. But what if we did take our ability to like 'good' poems and dislike 'bad' ones to be the most precise and effective way of bringing our minds to order? North understates the degree to which Richards' critical project was directed towards the creation of more 'discriminating' persons, even if the object of scrutiny could just as well have been an experience or a person as a poem. (For Richards, one of the questions raised by the 'low capacity in construing' displayed by some of his students is: 'How far can we expect such readers to show themselves intelligent, imaginative and discriminating in their intimate relations with other human beings?') North also overlooks the fact that Leavis' discriminations of the good from the bad were 'not just a matter of analytic technique and brilliant exercises', but (to use North's own description of the critical paradigm) meant to bring about 'some larger change in the culture as a whole'. While trained on poems and novels, Leavis' judgments were guided, as he once put it, by 'the preoccupation with the critical function as it was performed, or not performed, for our civilisation, our time, and us' (emphasis added). Where only the mental hygiene of the reader was immediately at stake in Richards' practical criticism, Leavis always had both eyes on the fate of civilisation.
The difference between Richards and Leavis was not so much a difference in kind (as North has it, a difference between an 'aesthetics of means' and an 'aesthetics of ends') as a difference in degree — of piety and commitment. As their Cambridge colleague E. M. Tillyard observed, Richards' enthusiasm for the critical project cooled soon after the publication of Practical Criticism, as he turned his attention to other shores (China, America) and other projects (Basic English). It was left to the Leavises to take up practical criticism and transform it into a pedagogy that would constitute some sort of resistance against the incursions of mass civilisation. Richards may have begun Principles with the assertion that 'a book is a machine to think with', but it was Leavis who produced a book you could teach with: Culture and Environment: The Training of Critical Awareness (1933), co-written with Denys Thompson, comes complete with classroom exercises and a booklist — with prices. Criticism doesn't get more practical (or materialist) than that.
The idea, then, that Leavis somehow gave up the pedagogical imperative of practical criticism for pious canon-making simply doesn't hold up; the piety gave nourishment and purpose to the pedagogy. The irony of this mischaracterisation is that it repeats the very intellectualist error that North accuses most literary academics today of committing ⎯ namely, it overlooks more direct interventions in favour of parsing the political stakes of assuming a particular philosophical or aesthetic stance. The error is especially glaring because, firstly, North himself goes out of his way to talk up 'Leavis' work … as fuller of possibilities today than ever before' and, secondly, he goes on to quote a passage from Williams, who explicitly states that part of Leavis' appeal was the latter's 'great stress on education' (though North is quick to identify this as an 'inheritance from Richards').
Richards' 'placing of literary criticism on a disciplinary footing' within 'the newly professionalising world' of academia was no small achievement and it is justly celebrated by North. Yet what goes unremarked is the paradoxical nature of such a feat. Prior to Richards, criticism had always been something of an extramural activity; the critic was typically involved in some sort of educative endeavor, though it was never confined exclusively to the university. North notes that perhaps the greatest measure of 'the difference between the older discourse of criticism and anything that goes on within the upper reaches of the literary disciplines today' is the disappearance of any significant ties between the academic discipline of literary study and 'education at the primary and secondary levels'. By 'the older discourse of criticism', North means the writings of someone like Matthew Arnold, the son of a headmaster of Rugby, a school inspector, and the critic who first began to articulate what Chris Baldick has called in an influential study, 'the social mission of English criticism'. The story of the generalist critic, as North seems on the verge of acknowledging at a number of points, really begins with the Victorian moralists, that motley crew of reactionaries, reformers, and revolutionaries which includes not just Arnold, but Thomas Carlyle, J. S. Mill, John Ruskin, William Morris, and Walter Pater.
Criticism was necessarily generalist for these writers, who produced an eclectic corpus, the 'constitutive principle' of which, as Stefan Collini has observed, 'was the repudiation of specialism'. As critics, they defended a many-sided and humanistic cultural ideal, which could only flourish in the absence of political partisanship, intellectual parochialism, and moral rigorism. The emblematic statement of this generalist tendency was made by Arnold in Culture and Anarchy (1869) where 'the great men of culture' are identified as those 'who have laboured to divest knowledge of all that was harsh, uncouth, difficult, abstract, professional, exclusive' (emphasis added)—of all that was merely technical, venal, or prone to stir up sectarian sentiment. Arnold may have been speaking about culture at large rather than literary study specifically, but the statement brings the paradox of Richards' institutional accomplishment into sharper relief. For in creating an academic foothold for literary criticism at a time of disciplinary specialisation, Richards had found a way of adapting to 'the newly professionalising world' a discourse that had proven its worth as a bulwark against the encroachments of that very world.
To begin a story about literary criticism with Richards is thus to begin rather late in the game—perhaps, even, to begin in criticism's endgame. The institutional security of English as an academic discipline seems ultimately to have come at the cost of its cultural mission. Defences of literary study as 'a distinctive discipline of thought' (Leavis' phrase) in the service of general culture are harder to come by now and if we are to believe North's book, much of this has to do with the withdrawal of the critical paradigm and its potentially radical social agenda. What do we have instead? The accommodation of the liberal arts curriculum to the demands of global capital, in which it is still possible to recognize the importance of critical thinking, if only as a part of 'a healthy business culture'. This is Martha Nussbaum's rather telling phrase in Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (2010). As North remarks rather cuttingly, the book might just as well have been called 'Not for Democracy: Why Profit Needs the Humanities'. But this may be one way in which Richards' legacy remains alive, for advocates of 'critical thinking' are likely to agree with him that criticism is not 'a luxury trade'—but rather a propaedeutic to trade, pure and simple.
I think it would be a mistake to read Literary Criticism as simply another history of twentieth-century criticism. The tendentious and programmatic shaving down of local complexities allows North to sharpen his polemic into manifesto-like poignancy. One of the peculiarities of the manifesto is that it presumes the existence of something it is actually engaged in creating. This, I think, accounts for the odd yet telling choice to name a book after a practice that in its own account has been off the disciplinary map for at least the last few decades. What the book desires to bring about is not just the revival of the generalist critical paradigm, but also a new kind of readership—a literary-political constituency consisting of the 'overlap' between 'readers within and around academic literary studies' and 'readers on the radical left'. To his leftist friends of the present and future North addresses these words:
[F]or all the problems of the history of the discipline throughout the twentieth and now the twenty-first centuries … there is much at stake here for the left. For the struggle is being fought, must be fought, on the terrain of sensibility. Not on the terrain of sensibility alone … but never entirely outside it. If we continue to surrender our ability to fight on that ground, we cannot win.
The urgency of this address lends intelligibility to the whole enterprise: what Literary Criticism aims to provide is not an accurate chronicle, so much as a workable road map into and around 'the terrain of sensibility'. And more than any other book on the state of the discipline right now, it gives the reader, as Richards might say, something to think with.
Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, and other writings, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Chris Baldick, The Social Mission of English Criticism, 1848-1932 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).
Stefan Collini, 'On Highest Authority: The Literary Critic and Other Aviators in Early Twentieth-Century Britain', in Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences, 1870-1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 152-170.
Stefan Collini, 'From "Non-Fiction Prose" to "Cultural Criticism": Genre and DIsciplinarity in Victorian Studies', in Rethinking Victorian Culture, eds. Juliet John and Alice Jenkins (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 13-28.
Rita Felski, The Limits of Critique (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1981).
Bruno Latour, 'Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern', Critical Inquiry 30, no.2 (Winter 2004).
R. Leavis and Denys Thompson, Culture and Environment: The Training of Critical Awareness (London: Chatto & Windus, 1933).
R. Leavis, 'Scrutiny: A Retrospect', Scrutiny xx (1963).
R. Leavis, The Living Principle: 'English' as a Discipline of Thought (London: Chatto & Windus, 1975).
Martha Nussbaum, Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).
A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1938 [1924]).
A. Richards, Practical Criticism: A Study of Literary Judgement (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956 [1929]).
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 'Paranoid Reading and Reparative Reading; or, You're so Paranoid, You Probably Think This Introduction is About You', in Novel Gazing: Queer Readings in Fiction, ed. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), 1-40.
M. Tillyard, The Muse Unchained: An Intimate Account of the Revolution in English Studies at Cambridge (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1958).
Published March 6, 2018 Literary criticism • Non-fiction
James Jiang
James Jiang is a writer and academic who teaches at the University of Melbourne....
Essays by James Jiang →
Juncture Review: Jessica Whiteon Gabrielle Carey and Danielle Clode
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Published September 2020
Only Happiness Here: In Search of Elizabeth von Arnim by Gabrielle Carey UQP
Wind, Water, Sunshine, Soil
If women remain hidden, or hide themselves, how are those who follow to find the stories in which they blaze a trail through oceans, or support themselves and their family with literary success? As Clode writes, 'Stories construct the mythologies of our history, help us to understand our present circumstances and illuminate the possibilities of the future. If we cannot see ourselves in stories, how can we imagine ourselves creating new ones?' This is not, I expect, a conundrum that can ever be resolved, and one of the great pleasures of these books is the ways in which their authors fill in the blanks.
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text:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ...
Indicator Specification
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Outlook from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Indicator codes: Outlook 041
Published 13 Feb 2015 Last modified 07 Apr 2020
Topics: Sustainability transitions
This page was archived on 07 Apr 2020 with reason: No more updates will be done
GDP can be calculated in three ways, providing different perspectives on the balance of economic activity. Essentially these three approaches consist of adding up the total value of incomes, spending or production in a country or region during a period of time. More formally they can be defined as follows (OECD, 2015b): the 'income approach' calculates GDP based on the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer unit; the 'expenditure approach' calculates GDP based on the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices, less the value of imports of goods and services; the 'output approach' calculates GDP as the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs). Applying these approaches using current price data will deliver an estimate of nominal GDP. Nominal GDP data are often adjusted to facilitate meaningful comparisons of economic output between different time periods and between different countries. For example, nominal GDP is adjusted to remove the effects of price inflation in order to provide a more realistic measure of changes in the volume of economic production. Constant price estimates of GDP are obtained by calculating the value of production in different periods using the price levels from a single base period. Similarly, nominal GDP growth is converted into real GDP growth using the 'GDP deflator' (OECD, 2015a). Price differences between countries can likewise make it hard to compare the volume of national production using nominal price data at market exchange rates. Purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates of GDP compensate for differences in prices between countries to provide a better comparison of the volume of goods and services produced in different countries or regions. They thereby support better comparisons of living standards (OECD, 2015c). The data shown in this indicator are expressed in 2005 US dollars in PPP terms. References OECD, 2015a: 'OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Gross domestic product (GDP) – constant prices Definition' ( http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1164 ) accessed 19 Jan 2015. OECD, 2015b: 'OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Gross domestic product (GDP) Definition' ( http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1163 ) accessed 19 Jan 2015. OECD, 2015c: 'OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Purchasing power parities (PPPs) – OECD Definition' ( http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2205 ) accessed 19 Jan 2015.
Data providers and partners
European data centres
This indicator is discontinued. No more assessments will be produced.
Assessment versions
Published (reviewed and quality assured)
No published assessments
Justification for indicator selection
Justification for indicator selection (namely environmental context)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the value of economic activity in a country or region during a period of time. GDP is an indicator of particular interest to governments because it is related to key policy concerns, including standards of living, tax revenues and employment levels.
In relation to the environment, GDP growth is often associated with increasing demand for resources, harmful emissions and waste. However, the relationship between GDP growth and environmental pressures is not linear. The extent to which GDP growth drives environmental degradation depends on a variety of factors, including the structural development of the economy (e.g. the balance of agriculture, industry and services in the economy), the level of technological advancement, and the overall prosperity of society, which influences popular demands for a clean environment and the funds available for environmental investments.
From a policy perspective, resource efficiency is increasingly prioritised in Europe and elsewhere as a means of alleviating environmental pressures, improving security of access to key resources and boosting competitiveness. Recent trends indicate some decoupling of environmental pressures from economic output in Europe. For example, EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions declined by 19% in the period 1990–2012, despite a 45% increase in GDP (EEA, 2014). Likewise, the EU's total resource use, including imports and exports, declined by 19% between 2007 and 2013 (EEA, 2015).
However, the 2008 financial crisis has contributed significantly to these recent trends, and other estimates provide a less optimistic picture about European resource efficiency improvements. It has been argued, for example, that material extraction and manufacturing are increasingly relocated from Europe to other parts of the world, and that the recently measured decoupling is largely a result of this outsourcing (Wiedmann et al., 2013).
No rationale references available
Indicator definition
GDP can be calculated in three ways, providing different perspectives on the balance of economic activity. Essentially these three approaches consist of adding up the total value of incomes, spending or production in a country or region during a period of time.
More formally they can be defined as follows (OECD, 2015b):
the 'income approach' calculates GDP based on the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer unit;
the 'expenditure approach' calculates GDP based on the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices, less the value of imports of goods and services;
the 'output approach' calculates GDP as the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs).
Applying these approaches using current price data will deliver an estimate of nominal GDP. Nominal GDP data are often adjusted to facilitate meaningful comparisons of economic output between different time periods and between different countries.
For example, nominal GDP is adjusted to remove the effects of price inflation in order to provide a more realistic measure of changes in the volume of economic production. Constant price estimates of GDP are obtained by calculating the value of production in different periods using the price levels from a single base period. Similarly, nominal GDP growth is converted into real GDP growth using the 'GDP deflator' (OECD, 2015a).
Price differences between countries can likewise make it hard to compare the volume of national production using nominal price data at market exchange rates. Purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates of GDP compensate for differences in prices between countries to provide a better comparison of the volume of goods and services produced in different countries or regions. They thereby support better comparisons of living standards (OECD, 2015c).
The data shown in this indicator are expressed in 2005 US dollars in PPP terms.
OECD, 2015a: 'OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Gross domestic product (GDP) – constant prices Definition' (http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1164) accessed 19 Jan 2015.
OECD, 2015b: 'OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Gross domestic product (GDP) Definition' (http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1163) accessed 19 Jan 2015.
OECD, 2015c: 'OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Purchasing power parities (PPPs) – OECD Definition' (http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2205) accessed 19 Jan 2015.
Varying, depending on figure:
Figure 1: Billion 2005 USD PPP
Figure 2: 2005 USD PPP
Figure 3: Percentage (%)
Policy context and targets
Context description
GDP is often cited as a measure of economic performance and of living standards. Certain countries (e.g. China and India) have established GDP growth targets as a component of their national development planning, while many others use GDP projections to guide financial and economic policy because of the strong links between economic growth and fiscal revenues, debt sustainability and employment rates.
In Europe, the EU and its Member States responded to the 2008 economic crisis by putting in place a number of strategic policies to increase economic growth across the Union. The resulting 'Europe 2020' strategy includes Europe wide targets and specific recommendations for each Member State (EC, 2010).
European regional policy is also directed at improving the economic development of the least wealthy regions in Europe. These are defined as regions where GDP is less than 75% of the EU's average GDP. Regional policy includes targeted investments intended to develop these areas and to increase their economic growth (EC, 2013).
The link between GDP and environmental policy is particularly evident in the area of resource efficiency. The 'Roadmap to a resource-efficient Europe' (EC, 2011) established resource productivity as the EU's provisional lead indicator in its resource efficiency scoreboard. Resource productivity is defined as Euros of GDP per kg of domestic material consumption (GDP/DMC). According to the same logic, the resource efficiency trends of particular sectors can be estimated by comparing resource consumption or emissions to sectoral gross value added.
Within Europe there is some debate about the appropriateness of GDP as the primary measure for national development. One major concern is that GDP (or GDP per capita) excludes many important dimensions of human well-being, including local environmental conditions. It thereby provides a rather distorted picture of changes in living standards.
Another concern is that focusing on the amount of goods and services that a country produces in a period of time potentially provides a misleading indication of the status of the capital stocks (including ecosystems) that will determine future production. Indeed, focusing solely on GDP creates incentives to deplete capital stocks because the returns are treated as income.
The need for better measures of economic performance and living standards is now widely recognised. In Europe, the European Commission's 'Beyond GDP' initiative aims to support the development of alternative indicators and their integration into decision making (EC, 2009; EC, 2014).
No targets have been specified
Related policy documents
COM(2009) 433 final - GDP and beyond measuring progress in a changing world
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
COM(2010) 2020 final, Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth
European Commission, 2010. Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020 final.
MEMO/13/878 - Refocusing EU Cohesion Policy for Maximum Impact on Growth and Jobs: The Reform in 10 points
The reform of Cohesion Policy will ensure maximum impact for investments, adapted to the individual needs of regions and cities.
Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe COM(2011) 571
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe. COM(2011) 571
Methodology for indicator calculation
Methodology for indicator selection (including description of data used)
Methodology for compilation of historic economic data:
The OECD's projections combine expert judgement with historical data provided by countries. Sources for the historical data are publications of national statistical agencies and OECD statistical publications such as the Annual National Accounts, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations and Eurostat.
Methodology for making long-term projections:
The OECD's projections are produced by its country experts, working with OECD topic specialists. Their forward-looking assessments refer to historic data and take into account current and prospective developments, including officially mandated policies, historical relationships between key variables and new information and indicators related to domestic and global conditions.
The OECD uses the NIGEM model of the British National Institute of Economic and Social Research, which uses a 'New-Keynesian' framework. As a policy-advice model, NIGEM is also designed to be flexible, allowing assumptions on behaviour and policy to be changed. Expert judgement is used in determining these assumptions.
The effects of new elements and revised judgments are typically assessed at the start of each projection round; these are taken in conjunction with simulations of the effects of revised assumptions. In making the projections, particular attention is paid to consistency at domestic and world levels, to ensure that key accounting identities and relationships are observed, notably with respect to international trade and the balance of payments, a process assisted by the OECD's international trade model (Murata et al., 2000; Pain et al., 2005) and a variety of other estimated relationships between key variables.
Outputs from this process are collated and uploaded to the OECD Long Term Baseline projection which is the primary information source for this indicator.
Methodology for gap filling
see 'Methodology for indicator selection'
Methodology references
No methodology references available.
Data specifications
EEA data references
No datasets have been specified here.
External data references
OECD Long-term baseline projections 2014
Data sources in latest figures
Methodology uncertainty
The OECD periodically reviews its projections for predictive accuracy. These analyses try to distinguish between errors arising from projection revisions, changes in underlying assumptions and errors of judgement about economic conditions and forces shaping the outlook (OECD, 2011).
Typically, larger projection errors occur around major turning points in economic activity. The reasons for these errors may include errors of judgement or a decline in the predictive power of standard economic relationships, for example, through unexpected and significant events. These so called 'black swan' events can cause radical and unexpected changes in economic and social circumstances and all projections are vulnerable to these.
There are also challenges relating to the quality of information available in and around cyclical turning points. Assessments of accuracies related to past OECD projections are provided by Koutsogeorgopoulou (2000) and Vogel (2007).
Projection uncertainty
The OECD projections are subject to a number of common assumptions. These include: macroeconomic policies, fiscal policies, domestic monetary policies, oil and non-oil commodity prices and exchange rates.
Population is a key determinate of future GDP and the OECD's projections are based on the United Nations medium scenario (UN, 2013). Information on the nature of other assumptions can be found on the OECD's website (OECD, 2011).
Koutsogeorgopoulou, V., 2000, 'A Post-Mortem on Economic Outlook Projections', OECD Economics Department Working Papers, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
OECD, 2011, 'Economic outlook, analysis and forecasts - OECD' accessed 10 November 2014.
UN, 2013, 'World population prospects: the 2012 revision', United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, US.
Vogel, L., 2007, 'How do the OECD Growth Projections for the G7 Economies Perform?', OECD Economics Department Working Papers, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
Data sets uncertainty
No uncertainty has been specified
Rationale uncertainty
As noted above, there are a number of criticisms of GDP. These relate to the fact that GDP is a measure of market activity alone. As a result, many activities that contribute to well-being are excluded, such as time spent caring for vulnerable groups, home maintenance and cleaning, food preparation, and voluntary service for neighbourhood, church, and civic groups.
GDP also treats the depletion of natural capital assets as current income. This means that the loss of natural capital may augment GDP, even though it may lead to losses in public goods and reductions in ecosystem services, which may undermine future living standards.
The European Commission's 'Beyond GDP' initiative (EC, 2009) has been addressing these criticisms. The initiative's work has continued (EC, 2014), notably in the development of alternative indicators and attempts to include these indicators into key policy areas, such Sustainable Development Goals (which will replace the Millennium Development Goals) and the OECD's regional wellbeing assessment (OECD, 2014b) developed under the umbrella of the OECD Better Life Initiative (OECD, 2014a).
EC, 2009, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - GDP and beyond : measuring progress in a changing world, COM/2009/0433 final.
EC, 2014, 'European Commission - Beyond GDP', accessed 10 Nov 2014.
OECD, 2014a, 'OECD Better Life Index', accessed 10 November 2014.
OECD, 2014b, 'OECD Regional Well-Being', accessed 10 November 2014.
Further work
Short term work
Work specified here requires to be completed within 1 year from now.
Long term work
Work specified here will require more than 1 year (from now) to be completed.
General metadata
Responsibility and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Ana Martins de Jesus
Indicator code
Link: gdp-outlook-from-oecd-1
Version id: 2
First draft created:
Primary theme: Sustainability transitions
Frequency of updates
DPSIR: Driving force
Typology: Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
External Data Spec OECD Long-term baseline projections 2014 Economic Outlook No 95 - May 2014 - Long-term baseline projections
Relevant policy documents
Policy Document MEMO/13/878 - Refocusing EU Cohesion Policy for Maximum Impact on Growth and Jobs: The Reform in 10 points The reform of Cohesion Policy will ensure maximum impact for investments, adapted to the individual needs of regions and cities.
Policy Document COM(2009) 433 final - GDP and beyond measuring progress in a changing world COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
Policy Document Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe COM(2011) 571 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe. COM(2011) 571
Policy Document COM(2010) 2020 final, Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth European Commission, 2010. Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020 final.
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08 Jun 2009 - GDP - outlook from OECD
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/gdp-outlook-from-oecd-1 or scan the QR code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tallahassee, FL Market Reports
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text:
Home Fan Fiction The Originals/Twilight On the Seventh Day of Christmas, My True Love Gave To Me… (Seven Heads A-Rolling)
Written for the Winter Wonderland Contest over at BetterInTexas, 2015.
Bella/Kol
She was supposed to be turned for Christmas. She was going to be turned at Christmas, no matter how this was going to end, she was going to turn. Her lover had insisted in her ingesting some of his blood when she left, and she was sure he had slipped some in her coffee as well on her way to the airport. Sure, he could have turned her before she left, but there wasn't a lot of time. It was just a matter of time before her ex-boyfriend would start to pick off all the humans in town and she was sent to assess the situation.
Why? Because she had saved him once already, despite being dumped by him. Being emotionally abused by all of them and being on someone's shitlist because of them. His family were a bunch of wusses, keeping tabs on him with his gifts, but he had apparently lost it. If she wasn't going to be able to get through to him, they were going to have to destroy him.
She hated to trade the warmer climate of New Orleans for something as cold as Forks; she hated it, but she had to return. It was strange to be the human Calvary, why couldn't they have waited a few days longer? Was it that bad? On top of that, why had it to be her?
As she was walking down the snowy path towards the cabin Edward was in, Bella couldn't help but wonder if she had been called because she was human. Everything that Edward was supposed to honor, to protect. Feeding on humans wasn't the way Carlisle had taught him, but didn't they forget Edward had fed on humans in the past? Not that it mattered. She was going to have it her way anyway. But no one needed to know.
A nearby snarl had her spooked for a second before she saw that it was Seth, still tall and awkward moving, but she'd recognize his sand-colored fur everywhere. It was Jacob, however, who blocked her path towards the cabin. The giant russet wolf looked shaggier than she remembered and she had to smile. "You should cut your hair, Jake."
The wolf snorted and kept blocking her way as she tried to go around him.
Bella grabbed him by his fur and tugged him down. She was surprised Jake let her. "Look, I'm going in, no matter how. If you're so worried about this entire situation, you should have done something about it so they wouldn't have called me. So that they wouldn't have interrupted my new life!"
The Wolf scowled before nudging her with his nose, away from the cabin.
"No," she said with a growl. "You will not stop me. I'll be fine."
Jake huffed then, and Bella could clearly see some eye rolling going on.
"Jacob, I'll be okay. I promise. I'm here to clean up your mess. Oh, don't give me that look. It's your mess alright. You should have done something about it the moment they started to cause trouble, cause harm, no matter what I have said or how badly you didn't want me to get hurt in the process." She swatted his nose. "Your fault. Your mess. I'm going to make sure things will smooth over because even though the Cullens are wusses for not immediately destroying their favorite son, you're a bunch of pansies."
Bella took a lot of pride in making the wolf huff, shake his head and take a step aside so she could continue her way down the snowy path. Her time with her new family had done her great, whereas the Cullens tore her down, her new family was all about building up her confidence without actually doing such. When Mikaelsons surrounded you, all you could do was build your confidence and safeguard your ego.
Granted, they were quite the functional dysfunctional family, but she loved it. She loved all of them, and she loved her boyfriend. They had met in Mystic Falls, and he was completely out of it, or so Bella thought, at first. Turned out, he liked to have fun and didn't mind playing with his food or enemies. She had liked the spark in him, the idea of not appearing to have a care in the world. The idea of hating, or loving, something as passionately as he did, was intoxicating, enticing.
He somehow seemed to sense her discomfort around vampires, and, if he wasn't running around throwing wrenches in everyone's plan, he made sure she saw how alike they were. Vampire or not, he still liked to have fun. He liked to do human stuff, have decent food, drinks… He loved music; it was the one thing he couldn't stop talking about. Music. How much it had evolved over the years, but also hadn't. How catchy some tunes are and that he preferred something else. As long as it was good.
He had wooed her, and it was because of him that she quit her job at the bookstore and moved to New Orleans with him when his entire family did. He had made sure she was in a beautiful apartment and had witches set up protection spells for her own sake; in case the Cullens came looking but also because she was now a part of the Mikaelson family. While the name would provide her protection, it could also cause her grief – their list of enemies was quite extensive.
Over the past four years, his brother had come close to either killing him or putting a dagger in him to shut him up for quite some time. But mostly thanks to her and her relationship with her brother in law Klaus, Kol was still walking around, and she had never felt more safe or happier.
When she arrived at the cabin, she took a moment to collect herself, make sure she was in one piece and not with a shattered mind. Not that Edward could read her thoughts anyway, but for her own peace of mind. Make sure she had all her ducks in a row before she'd walk into a cabin where death awaited her for certain. But with Kol's blood in her system, she'd turn. That was part one of the revenge; Edward would kill her, and it'd turn her into the thing he didn't want for her.
She hoped, though, that she didn't have to die. That Edward would see the light and revert, it all depended on how bad he was, but she didn't want to die alone. She didn't want to have to transition all by herself. Not on Christmas. No. She sighed deeply and shook her head. Kol had a weird way of showing her how much he loved her.
Although, come to think of it, she hadn't made it easy on him, either. After Jasper had found her and informed her of what was going on, and begged her to come and have a look for herself in the hopes of guiding Edward back to the vegetarian path, Kol flat out refused. It was her own determination and idiocy that had brought herself in this situation.
Sometimes, she was her own worst enemy, and she shouldn't complain. Where the continued existence of the Cullens was the wolf pack's fault, her being in this situation was entirely hers.
She took another deep breath and knocked on the door. If it hadn't been for this situation, the whole area, the cabin and the snow and the woods, looked picturesque, cozy. Somewhere she'd have liked to drag Kol off to for an entire weekend; just the two of them. He'd probably get bored after one day, though. Sometimes being with Kol was like herding cats. A cabin in the woods would be too quiet for him to endure for longer than a day and he'd insist on going to the nearest town and compel a few people for their entertainment.
With a small smile plastered on her face, she opened the door and made her way into the cabin and tried not to throw up. The smell of decomposition merrily greeted her. It was as if she was walking against a wall of rotten eggs, knocking her off balance for a few good seconds. Flies happily greeted her, hitting her in the face as she tried to walk deeper inside Edward's den, carefully stepping over any corpse she'd encounter.
The bodies were in various stages of decomposition, in various states of dress and mostly missing limbs here and there. There was a head mounted on one of the antlers of the deer head that was mounted on the wall, the blood of the head having dripped all over the deer's face and nose and it was dry. It made Bambi look like a stone cold killer.
It was dark, so while she tried to avoid any bodies or tried to avoid stepping into one of the deceased, she had a hard time navigating. It was that the deer head had been in a sliver of light cast through the slightly open curtains near the door, but other than that, Edward didn't need any light to move around. But Bella did. She wasn't even sure where she was going.
It was good that it was dark; it saved her from recognizing the bodies. For all she knew, Edward could have gone for her loved ones. Her friends. He hadn't gone for Charlie – yet, she had spoken to him briefly this morning. She told him to go to the reservation with Sue, only to hear that he was already there.
The hallway forced her to turn a corner, and her hand that had been guiding her along the wall slipped into something wet and sticky. She prayed it was blood and not feces or other bodily fluids. Blood she could live with. Other things, not so much. "Dammit, Edward! Does it hurt to turn on some lights?!" She called out to the seemingly empty cabin. She knew he was there. She could feel his presence, somehow. It was familiar.
The moment she had spoken the words, lights went on, showing the full extent of Edward's carnage. He had put up a barricade of bodies at the entrance to the main area of the cabin; she recognized Lauren and her father, but only barely. She wasn't quite sure where the lower parts of their bodies were. Looking down at her feet, she realized she'd been wading through blood, feces and small body parts such as eyes and hair; it was now sticking to her snowboots, and it sickened her. Sure, she was slightly desensitized to all of these parts due to her being around Kol and Klaus with their lovely mood swings, but at least, they were decent enough to either clean up after themselves or keep her out of it. Some bodies looked as if they had been here for weeks. "And does it kill you to clean up after yourself?!"
Taking a deep breath, she started to push against the wall of bodies so she could get in further. "I thought you were a vegetarian, Edward, what happened?" She didn't like getting the silent treatment, so after a few minutes of pushing the wall of bodies out of the way, she continued. "Answer me!"
"Why are you here, Bella?" His voice sounded strangely normal, not as if he had fallen off the wagon, not at all like a deranged lunatic. But then again, he used to be great in having self-control. "Why did they send you?"
She couldn't see him, but she knew he was near. "It's Christmas. They expect a Christmas miracle," she countered, looking around the den. Lightbulbs were covered with the skin of kidneys and lungs. Intestines were covering the frame of paintings, and the walls were covered in blood as if it was a new paint coat. "What have you done?"
"I think it's pretty obvious what I've done."
"I think it's great what you've done to the place, to be honest," she said as she stood in the middle of the den, looking around in appreciation. It was much like the stories she had heard from Klaus and Kol, how they used to go on benders like these and to leave it behind for Elijah to clean up or the authorities to find. "How's your control?"
"I don't care about my control. You need to leave."
She hummed as she crossed her arms over her chest. "Something must have set you off, Edward. Can I see you?"
He let out a growl but didn't move from his spot. "I don't want to hurt you, Bella."
"Yeah, you do."
"I don't," he replied. "Which is why you have to leave, otherwise I will."
"I'm not leaving until you tell me why you're doing this. Have you seen the light? You realize Carlisle doesn't know all the answers? That there's a different way of living? The problem is, though, you can't drink from a human without killing them or turning them. Not like other vampire species, but I can imagine the blood tastes better."
"Bella." Edward sounded pained. He didn't want to hurt her, which came as a surprise to her.
"Tell me why, Edward."
She ducked when the couch got lifted and flung at her and stepped aside after it bounced off the wall behind her. It narrowly missed her. "Hey!" She often had to duck to get out of harms way whenever Klaus got into one of his throwing glasses fits, but a couch? Wow. She turned to face Edward and sighed. "You're a mess," she approached him, but he took a step back.
His clothes were bloodied, some fresh blood but mostly dry. His face was remarkably clean and didn't match the state of the rest of his appearance, but she figured he probably tried to clean himself up for her. His eyes were fiery red, but being well fed wouldn't stop him from feeding more.
"I don't want to live in a world where you're not part of. I've tried everything over the last few years to get you out of my head, out of my system. Tried killing myself, but they save me. Time and time again. I don't want to give them another choice. So. Leave."
She just looked at him for a moment, trying to find the right words to respond to that, but she couldn't. "Really?" She said, unimpressed. "All this because of me? God, Edward, you're such a child!"
"Do not anger me, Bella!"
"Yeah, maybe I should," she said as she started to walk towards him again. "Because you know what would give them the ultimate reason to destroy you? To kill me. Kill me, Edward. Kill the hurt out of your world. I'm not afraid. Kill me. There's a pack of wolves right outside that door to tear you to pieces when needed. Do it."
He moved to the other side of the den and with him briefly distracted; she found a shard of broken glass on the floor. Bella picked it up and turned around, walking back towards him. "You always said my blood smelled so good, that I was your singer," she said calmly as she barely flinched as she cut her arm with the shard. "Have it."
"Have you lost your mind?" Edward said panicked, rushing over to her, ripping her coat and tried to stem the bleeding, but his true face came out while he did it. "Bella…"
"Do it," she said again. "You know they'll only destroy you if you kill me. Otherwise, they'll simply take you some place safe like Alaska, until you've come back to sanity. I'm offering myself, willingly. To help you," she dropped the shard and caressed his cheek as she smiled at him. "I only want to help you to ease your pain; I'm alright with this. I promise."
"You're so calm; your heart isn't even beating faster, I… I… Bella…"
She didn't get the chance to reply as Edward dug his teeth deep into her neck, his venom irritating her skin as he drank from her. He pulled her body against his, crushing her bones as he kept drinking and she eventually lost consciousness.
.~.~.~.
Bella woke with a groan, but she felt comfortable and not wet. If Edward had left her on the floor, her clothes would have been soaked in blood. But they weren't. Speaking of clothes, she was well aware that she had a change of clothes while she was out. She was on a bed, and everything was dark. She was thirsty, but not for water.
Someone was with her in the room, and it wasn't Edward.
"Merry Christmas, darling," Kol greeted her as he stepped into the little light that was in the room and tossed a compelled human onto the bed. "I brought you something nice."
She eagerly grabbed the arm and bit in it, it was fascinating how easy this was, how natural. How great this felt, the taste of sweet, coppery goodness in her mouth. The sound of the person's heartbeat could be felt drumming through her being and hearing it slow down. She stopped drinking and shuffled back on the bed, scared to kill the human blood bag before her eyes settled on her lover. "You followed me."
"Of course," he smirked, pulling the body off the bed and crawling on it himself, towards his Bella. "You honestly think I'd allow you to get killed and wake up in transition all by yourself? I'm just a bit bummed not to have seen him kill you, that would have been so… arousing."
She huffed as she crossed her arms over her chest, looking at him with severe annoyance. "This is a lousy Christmas present, Kol."
"Oh, but I'm not done, my pet," he softly kissed her lips. "You see, I managed to persuade the wolves to keep an eye on the Cullens but not to kill them, not until you've had your hand in it. The last thing I heard was that Edward was culling a supermarket, would you like to come with me to use him as a punching bag?"
"Yes!" Bella cheered, flinging her arms around Kol and hugged him tightly. The newly acquired vampire strength and speed knocking the both of them off the bed, causing her to laugh. Grinning, she straddled him and kissed him tenderly as they were on the floor. "Merry Christmas."
"As much as I'd love to have a quick romp with you now, darling, I think we should get you your revenge before Eddie dearest slaughters the entire town," he said thoughtfully. "That's my job. Not his."
"We're not going to kill anybody but them."
He looked at her in shock. "Oops."
"Starting now."
"Oh, right," he let out a sigh of relief and got to his feet before helping up as well. "Ready to see what you're capable of doing now?"
"Oh yes," she grinned and dusted herself off. "Thanks for bringing me a clean set of clothes."
"That's not all I brought, darling," he said as he retrieved a daylight ring from his pocket. "You have to wear this unless you want to turn into a crispy critter the moment you set foot outside."
"It's daylight?" Bella said with a pout and then looked at him in mock shock. "You're not going to ask me to marry you, are you? Not with that!"
"Funny," he said as he put the ring on her finger, a hint of not being amused evident in his voice. "If I would even consider asking you to marry me, I would have brought a pricier ring, one that was worthy of you wearing it. This trinket is a necessity. Relax. Let's do some killing. Snack on the way."
She wondered if it always felt like this or if the heightened senses, emotions, would dull eventually. For now, she basked in Kol's scent she had allowed herself to be enveloped with while they were in the car. It soothed her frazzled nerves; she could feel how her body was still changing. She was aware of it. She was aware of every heartbeat. Every breath she took, how her lungs worked as she took a breath. It was only his scent that calmed her enough not to be freaked out by it all.
This was what she wanted; she wanted to turn. In the last four years, Kol made sure she had every experience as a human. He had wanted to turn her from the get-go, but while she had always been desperate to be turned, she found herself somewhat agreeing to Edward. She'd been too young, too inexperienced, and she didn't want to be stuck as a teenager for the rest of her immortal life. She needed some real, human, experiences. Get more perspective. Knew what she was getting herself into.
And it had been fun. And the time was right to turn. So she shouldn't be freaked out by the fact she had turned. The Original vampires were more human than the Cold Ones. They could walk in daylight with a daylight ring and not sparkle. God, she'd hate it if she'd started to shine due to Edward's venom.
"Just curious," she said as Kol drove onto the supermarket's parking lot. "Edward's vampire venom wouldn't have hurt me permanently, right?"
"You're not a defective vampire," Kol replied with a smile. "Everything works as it should be."
"Try to compel me."
"Fine," he said as he parked the car and turned to her. "Cluck like a chicken." He hadn't been able to compel her as a human, and there was a chance it wouldn't work on her now that she was a vampire. Maybe her shield ability carried over; maybe it didn't. If it didn't, it'd certainly make things more interesting at the dinner table!
She snorted as a retort.
He was going to need to tell Niklaus about this. "See? Nothing wrong with you. Now, let's beat up your ex-boyfriend," he said as he got out of the car and was at her side in an instant to help her out as well. "Of course, get the canon fodder out of the shop first."
"My hero," she smiled at him and pecked him on the cheek.
"So while you do that, I'll make sure he doesn't have anywhere to go," Kol smirked before running off. "Catch me if you can, darling!"
Edward had killed most of the shoppers, but Bella found a few hidden away and escorted them to safety. Kol had already kicked in the door to the office where Edward was hauled up, munching on the store manager and despite Edward being topped to the hilt with human blood, he was no real match for Kol, who easily grabbed him into a chokehold. "Oh, you were wrong, darling, he's a pussy cat! He's not even fighting me!"
"That's because he wants to die," Bella said as she walked into the office. She squatted down in front of Edward and smiled at him. "Hi, Eddie."
"Impossible," he said as he started to struggle against Kol's hold. "This isn't possible, get out of my head! I killed you!"
"Yes and did it make you feel any better?"
"Good," she got back to her feet and punched his face at full speed and strength. She was surprised the impact didn't hurt her that much, and even if she had broken something, it was already healing. "I insisted in you killing me so that you'd turn me into the one thing you didn't want me to become. And you were right, at the time, but not anymore." She punched him again. "This will be the last time that I've come to Forks to deal with you and your family. I will not be used ever again."
"He truly is one big slab of marble, isn't he?" Kol said with a whine, wanting to have pieces breaking off of Edward as Bella kept hitting him. "You're not even making a dent!"
"Yeah, well, not for a lack of trying," she said as she rubbed her hand after a few sequential punches. "And it's not making me feel any better either," she sulked.
"What would make you feel better, Bella?"
Her face lit up like a Christmas tree. "Remove his head, throw it across the supermarket and then we're going to find some flammable goods and set this store on fire to burn his body and those of those he killed. Can we? Please?"
He blinked at that. While he was no stranger to out of the box thinking and doing things that were over the top, for entertainment purposes and ego stroking only, he was a little surprised by Bella's idea. Then again, she still had to learn to control her urges and right now, she was focusing on revenge and mayhem. Who was he to stop her? "Great idea."
On the way out of the store, just about as they were going to set the whole place ablaze, Bella noticed an old friend, who was seemingly stabbed by something. "Jessica! Oh my god!" She rushed over and pressed against Jessica's wound. "You're going to be okay."
"Bella?" Her voice sounded weak. Her heartbeat was so slow, and Bella was afraid that she was going to die. "Is that you? Thought you moved away…"
"I did, but you know me," she looked up to Kol. "Can you save her?"
"Well, you can, too, you know," Kol said as he squatted down in front of the two friends. "I think this would be an excellent opportunity for you to learn two things; that your blood can heal others and that you can make them forget things."
Bella nodded as she followed Kol's instructions. It was strange to bite her hand so that blood started to pool in it for Jessica to drink. What was even stranger was her ability to tell Jessica to forget all of this and go home. As if she was dazed, the girl walked out of the store and headed home.
When she looked at Kol, all she could see was pride on his face. "Well done, darling, I knew you were a natural at this!"
They drove away as the flames started to come out of the roof of the store, satisfied, Bella relaxed in the chair and directed Kol to the Cullen house. They both were curious as to whether or not they had to be invited in, Kol believed they didn't have to as even though the Cullens did everything in their power to appear 'alive,' they were still dead. If the deed to the house was in one of their names, they were certainly able to get in uninvited.
Bella was all giddy by the time they reached the house and nearly bounced out of the car to retrieve the present they brought the family out of the trunk of the car. She tucked it underneath her arm and smiling widely, joined Kol as he climbed the stairs to the front door. Alice opened the door, her eyes widening in shock and disbelief. "Surprise! I'm still alive!" Bella called out before pushing Edward's head into Alice's arms and then ripping off Alice's head.
"Oh, excellent move," Kol grinned as he watched the body drop to the floor.
"I want all heads accounted for," Bella told him as they stepped inside the house. Jasper came running at them but skidded to a halt when he saw Alice's head in Bella's hands. "Hi!" She threw Alice's head at Jasper, who caught it.
"Bella, what are you doing?" He asked cautiously, knowing that a decapitated Cold One wasn't the end of the world unless they'd burn. "This is my wife's head."
"And so quickly popped off her torso, too!" She had countered before she made her way to the living room where everyone else was. "Look at you, the Mighty Cullens in their castle. Leaving a human girl to deal with their favorite son. What could happen? With all your gifts and your natural gift of persuasion, couldn't you keep him in check yourself? You wanted me dead, didn't you? Why?"
"Of course, we didn't want you dead, Bella," Carlisle spoke quietly in an attempt to keep the Original vampire she brought along, calm. "But you had saved Edward before when we couldn't, we merely believed that you could do it again."
"And it had to be around Christmas, why?"
"Time was of the essence, Edward would have been destroyed by the wolves and—"
"Yes! Exactly! Asking me to take care of your problem didn't get you anywhere. Instead, it got you more trouble," she pointed at Kol, who was holding Edward's head by a lock of his hair. "Edward's taken care of, Alice's taken care of. Who's next?"
Kol placed Edward's head on the coffee table and decided to pick a fight with Carlisle. It felt strangely arousing to see him fight the Cold One, but Carlisle wasn't much of a challenge. However, when Carlisle managed to hit Kol in the jaw, Bella felt a rage bubble up inside of her, and she wanted to fight too. Not Jasper. She wasn't going to fight him, or Emmett, as she'd certainly lose.
Instead, she pushed herself off and launched herself at Rosalie, tugging on her hair as she started to kick her. She'd been waiting a very long time for this. She never liked Rosalie and Rosalie never liked her, but Bella was going to take her down, one way or the other. It helped that Cold Ones didn't get stronger as they progressed in age and Rosalie wasn't much of a fighter.
She was tugging so hard on Rosalie's hair that it decided to part with Rosalie's skull, and Bella had to avoid the vampire venom leaking on her. "Ew, gross," she let out before ripping off Rosalie's arm. The Cold One was still too resisting to rip off her head as she had done with Alice. She looked over to Kol, who was now fighting both Emmett and Jasper and decided that he needed some help. "Catch!" She called out, throwing Rosalie's arm at Kol to use it as a bat and he gratefully took advantage of it.
Rosalie threw Bella across the room before jumping on her, which gave Bella the best opportunity to rip off Rosalie's head, despite being slightly dazed by hitting her head on the tiles. Pushing Rosalie away from her with her feet, she held on to her head and watched as the body flung away. Satisfied, Bella got up and started to arrange the heads for the final part of her revenge, and it was going to be so damn good.
Watching Kol fight, and win, was arousing. It was felt good to see the Cullens fall, one by one, and when he was done, she took the heads of Jasper and Emmett and had them join their family. When her little arrangement was complete, she took her phone and took a picture of it to send to Klaus. "Your brother is going to get a kick out of this," she smirked up at Kol, who came to admire the display.
"This is a great Nativity scene, darling, well done."
She rushed over to the Christmas tree to pull some tinsel off of it and put some on the Cullen heads before kissing Kol eagerly in front of them, her hands already roaming his body to get him out of his clothes. She wanted him. Now.
Making love to Kol while the Cullens watched was thrilling. She and Kol had done some experimenting in the last few years; threesomes, foursomes – hell, even a full blown orgy at the Burning Man festival two years ago, but this was positively the best feeling ever. She had gotten her revenge, and the prudest of prudes were watching them have the best sex ever. Her heightened senses made every touch feel as if it set her nerve endings on fire. Every hair on her body vibrated and sent waves of pleasure through her.
It was a delight to watch them try to avert their gaze as she came, hard.
"Well, that's disgusting," a voice suddenly sounded. The voice belonged to Jake, and he had witnessed their display of affection as well. Kol was on him within a blink, pushing her friend up against the wall by the throat. "Dude!"
"Don't you 'dude' me, wolf," Kol snarled as he looked over his shoulder. "Darling, are you hungry?"
"Famished," she replied, and before Jake could respond, Kol had set him back down on his feet and Bella buried her teeth into his neck. She was aware that Jake was her friend, or was her friend, but if he had done his duty, she wouldn't be in this mess. If it weren't for him, Bella wouldn't have been having the best day of her life so far. It was only fair that she'd drink from him too. His inactivity towards the Cullens had hurt her; he needed to pay.
"Merry Christmas, baby," Kol murmured as he ran his fingers through her hair.
Isisinme83
Man I love this pairing. A unhinged Kol and Vengeful Bella equal awesome story.
brookietwiling
Why haven't I found this sooner? Oh perfect, and beautiful and psychotic. In other words; LOVED IT!
geenakmom
Naughty vengeful Bella. Loved it.
andrewpine
Great to see her get her revenge.I thought the Major never lost a fight?
trbuie
Love vengeful Bella and Kol as a couple. 🙂


Sooo…it finally happened! Ashley and Brian tied the knot this past weekend at the beautiful Hotel Mont Gabriel:) It was incredibly important to me to put up this blog post up today because it was exactly one year ago on Thanksgiving that Ashley and Brian, surrounded by family, saw their engagement photos for the first time. She was so happy and afterwards she sent me the sweetest text message which now proudly lives on my testimonials page:).
Where do I start? Ok, first of all, since it's Thanksgiving, I'm going to begin by thanking Ashley and Brian for being so welcoming to Pablo and I!! I feel incredibly blessed and grateful that you chose me to document your wedding. I would also like to say thank you to everyone I met for being so incredibly lovely. In particular, my girls (yup! you've officially all been adopted, lol): Melissa, Stevie, Jennifer, Kelly, Tamara, Selina, Megan, and Amanda – you ladies are so amazing! I had so much fun with all of you and I love how great your ideas were and how down you all were to try whatever was suggested:) Ashley and Brian, you and your bridal parties are definitely #squadgoals!
Florist: The girls got together and made their own bouquets!
Kelly! You are so amazingly sweet and kind! I'm really happy that I met you girl!
Seriously these photos are absolutely gorgeous! You really managed to capture the beauty and the goofy fun of the wedding day. I don't know if I can pick ONE favourite photo because I love so many of them, but the ones with golden lighting at the end of the wedding ceremony and the ones where Ashley is looking at her dress hanging by the window are definitely up there.
And no objections to being adopted by you 🙂 ! Take care and it was a pleasure meeting you.
I've known Ashley since she was a little girl. Along with Melissa, they have been THE best friends that my niece Stevie could EVER have. Ashley you look beautiful ❤ Exactly like the angel I know you are. Congratulations to you & Brian, I know you will have a fantastic life ?❤???
Amazing photos! Cass you are the sweetest! The shots all looked so natural too!
Congratulations Ashley + Brian again!
Congratulations Ashley and Brian, these pictures are beautiful .
Amazing pictures ! Dress and Make up look fabulous. Congratulations!
The ceremony was so breathtaking. We had so much fun at the reception with the photo booth and dancing… Thank you for including us.
Wow, such a beautiful fall wedding! Gorgeous couple!
Thank you for your sweet comment Kimberly!
Such a gorgeous wedding! You really captured the love and happiness of their special day. Congrats to the newlyweds!
What beautiful pictures, very well done . Such a beautiful couple , wishing you many years of happiness.
I was amazed yesterday when Stevie showed me these pictures!!! What amazing wedding photography!! And the sun coming out just as the groom serenaded…. nature was on your your side for sure! Wish you tons of success in your photo career- you deserve it!
A day I won't soon forget! They makes each other so happy and to be a part of their very special day was a blessing.
Beautiful wedding. I'm so happy for you.
Thank you for such a sweet comment Erik:).
Thank you for your sweet comment Melissa:).
Thank you for your sweet comment Diane:).
Melissa!! You already know I love you ladies! I think I made it pretty obvious:).
Gorgeous pictures! Such a nice wedding, congrats to the happy couple 🙂 Love you Ash + Brian!
What a beautiful wedding, with a beautiful couple. Love you both.. congrats again !!!!
Great photographer. Amazing pictures .
What an amazing fall wedding!
So beautiful! Congratulations to Ashley & Brian!
Lovely photos of a beautiful wedding. I was glad to have been a part of it. These are memories that I'll cherish for a lifetime.
These are absolutely amazing pictures! Such great memories were captured. Great job!
I love how this is a sneak peek and it's over 100 photos. Not only are they stunning but you have perfectly captured the bride and groom (and their friends); there's a genuine feel to these photos with personality to them. Not going to lie, I got especially teary-eyed over the photo of Ashley looking up at Bri, there's so much love and happiness in that look. I mean, we knew that they're a perfect couple and you caught them both so well. You're a fantastic photographer and us bridesmaids had a great time (we were very sad to see you go). Thank you for making Ashley and Brian's wedding day all the more memorable, looking forward to the rest of the magic.
What a beautiful comemoration of the union of two wonderful people. The sun breaking through the clouds just exemplifies the beauty created by these two souls uniting as one.


text:
And it shall come to pass, that every thing that lives, which moves, wherever the rivers shall come, shall live: and there shall be a very great multitude of fish, because these waters shall come thither: for they shall be healed; and every thing shall live where the river comes.
And it shall come to pass, that every living creature which swarmeth, in every place whither the rivers come, shall live; and there shall be a very great multitude of fish; for these waters are come thither, and the waters of the sea'shall be healed, and everything shall live whithersoever the river cometh.
And it will come about that every living and moving thing, wherever their streams come, will have life; and there will be very much fish because these waters have come there and have been made sweet: and everything wherever the river comes will have life.
And it shall come to pass, that every thing that liveth, which moveth, whithersoever the rivers shall come, shall live: and there shall be a very great multitude of fish, because these waters shall come thither: for they shall be healed; and every thing shall live whither the river cometh.
It shall happen, that every living creature which swarms, in every place where the rivers come, shall live; and there shall be a very great multitude of fish; for these waters are come there, and [the waters of the sea] shall be healed, and everything shall live wherever the river comes.
And it shall come to pass, that every living creature which swarmeth, in every place whither the rivers come, shall live; and there shall be a very great multitude of fish: for these waters are come thither, and the waters of the sea shall be healed, and every thing shall live whithersoever the river cometh.
Definitions for Ezekiel 47:9
Whither - Where; which place.
Whithersoever - Wherever.
Clarke's Ezekiel 47:9 Bible Commentary
Every thing - whithersoever the rivers shall come, shall live - Life and salvation shall continually accompany the preaching of the Gospel; the death of sin being removed, the life of righteousness shall be brought in.
There shall be a very great multitude of fish - On the above plan this must refer to genuine converts to the Christian faith; true believers, who have got life and salvation by the streams of God's grace. The apostles were fishers of men; converts were the fish caught. See below. As the waters flow into the Dead Sea, where no fish, it is said, can live, its waters must be healed, that is, made capable of preserving life; and so its nature be thus far most surprisingly altered.
Barnes's Ezekiel 47:9 Bible Commentary
The rivers - literally, as in the margin. Perhaps with reference to the circumstance that this "brook or river" is to come into the Dead Sea through the same plain as the Jordan. The one river (Jordan) always flowed, but now, when another river comes in, and "two rivers" flow into the sea, the waters shall be healed.
Wesley's Ezekiel 47:9 Bible Commentary
47:9 Shall live - Be preserved alive, and thrive, whereas no fish can live in the Dead - sea. For they - The poisonous waters of the Dead - sea shall be made wholesome for fish. Shall live - Thrive, and multiply in the virtue of the healing streams. Thus is the fruitfulness of the grace of God in the church set forth.


text:
Q: Error installing Jetstream Livewire Basic Authentication on Laravel 8 I am trying to do a fresh install of Laravel 8 with Livewire basic authentication. Basic Laravel installs fine but when installing Jetstream and running "npm install && npm run dev", I get the error.
I found this link where it indicates that there is a problem with laravel mix:
https://laravel-mix.com/docs/5.0/installation
where says:

You won't find a webpack.config.js file in your project root. By default, Laravel defers to the config file from this repo. However, should you need to configure it, you may copy the file to your project root, and then update your package.json NPM scripts accordingly: cp node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js ./.

but I don't understand exactly what I have to do.
update your package.json with what ??
Copy the webpack.config.js file to the project's root folder, rerun npm install and npm run dev and the problem persists.
The server is Centos7. I will appreciate help with the problem as I am absolutely stuck with this issue.
I'm about to go to Taylor's house to ask for an explanation! Thanks!
cross-env NODE_ENV=development node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js --progress --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js

/home/myproyect/public_html/proyect/proyectlar/node_modules/cross-env/src/index.js:23
    )
    ^

SyntaxError: Unexpected token )
    at createScript (vm.js:56:10)
    at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:97:10)
    at Module._compile (module.js:549:28)
    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:586:10)
    at Module.load (module.js:494:32)
    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:453:12)
    at Function.Module._load (module.js:445:3)
    at Module.require (module.js:504:17)
    at require (internal/module.js:20:19)
    at Object.<anonymous> (/home/myproyect/public_html/proyect/proyectlar/node_modules/cross-env/src/bin/cross-env.js:3:18)

npm ERR! Linux 3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64
npm ERR! argv "/usr/bin/node" "/usr/bin/npm" "run" "development"
npm ERR! node v6.17.1
npm ERR! npm  v3.10.10
npm ERR! code ELIFECYCLE
npm ERR! @ development: `cross-env NODE_ENV=development node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js --progress --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js`
npm ERR! Exit status 1
npm ERR!
npm ERR! Failed at the @ development script 'cross-env NODE_ENV=development node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js --progress --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js'.
npm ERR! Make sure you have the latest version of node.js and npm installed.
npm ERR! If you do, this is most likely a problem with the  package,
npm ERR! not with npm itself.
npm ERR! Tell the author that this fails on your system:
npm ERR!     cross-env NODE_ENV=development node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js --progress --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js
npm ERR! You can get information on how to open an issue for this project with:
npm ERR!     npm bugs
npm ERR! Or if that isn't available, you can get their info via:
npm ERR!     npm owner ls
npm ERR! There is likely additional logging output above.

npm ERR! Please include the following file with any support request:
npm ERR! /home/myproyect/public_html/proyect/proyectlar/npm-debug.log

npm ERR! Linux 3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64
npm ERR! argv "/usr/bin/node" "/usr/bin/npm" "run" "dev"
npm ERR! node v6.17.1
npm ERR! npm  v3.10.10
npm ERR! code ELIFECYCLE
npm ERR! @ dev: `npm run development`
npm ERR! Exit status 1
npm ERR!
npm ERR! Failed at the @ dev script 'npm run development'.
npm ERR! Make sure you have the latest version of node.js and npm installed.
npm ERR! If you do, this is most likely a problem with the  package,
npm ERR! not with npm itself.
npm ERR! Tell the author that this fails on your system:
npm ERR!     npm run development
npm ERR! You can get information on how to open an issue for this project with:
npm ERR!     npm bugs
npm ERR! Or if that isn't available, you can get their info via:
npm ERR!     npm owner ls
npm ERR! There is likely additional logging output above.

npm ERR! Please include the following file with any support request:
npm ERR! /home/myproyect/public_html/proyect/proyectlar/npm-debug.log

A: Update you npm and nodejs.
I had the same problem, and after update them, it works.
npm - 6.14.8
node - 14.15.1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Cool ride with the Hybrid Electric Road Train goes to Ilagan City
The Hybrid Electric Road Train of the Department of Science and Technology.
The Hybrid Electric Road Train (HERT) will soon be rolling up north as the coolest ride up north as the Local Government of Ilagan City, Isabela is now finalizing its agreement with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to adopt this mass transportation technology developed by local engineers.
As part of the celebration of the 2021 National Science and Technology Week (NSTW), the Metals Industry Research and Development Center (DOST-MIRDC) presented this latest development following its goal to promote the HERT as one of the solutions to the mass transportation woes that usually accompany urbanization.
Launched in August 22, 2014, the HERT measures 40 meters in length, runs at top speed of 50kph, and can carry 240 passengers per trip. It has two variants, the 160-capacity per coach and the bigger 240 passenger per coach model. It runs on a combination of diesel
fuel and a 260-battery generator, thus referred to as hybrid. HERT does not need infrastructure reconfiguration as it runs on ordinary paved roads similar to the Bus Rapid Transportation system. Although it would require a dedicated lane, the benefit it would provide to the commuting public is considered substantial.
Last August 2021, DOST signed an agreement with the LGU and formed a consortium of local metals and allied industry fabricators to develop locally the HERT from scratch. Initially, the Ilagan City LGU will fabricate one set with three coaches of a 240 passenger HERT variant.
According to Rommel Corona, Supervising Science Research Specialist of the DOST-MIRDC, aside from the environmental aspect of the technology, it promotes the development of the country's transportation industry by developing further the HERT and achieve technological self-reliance. "This will create new industries and support local manufacturers," expounded Corona.
The adoption of the transportation technology will enable the local metal fabrication in Ilagan City to support and develop their own metals industry. The city has its own capable metals fabricators in the sectors of local transportation, agro-machinery, and auto body fabricators, among others.
Prior to the agreement, Cauayan City, also in the province of Isabela, was the first to have its HERT in 2019. During its turnover ceremonies as part of its Smarter City initiatives, DOST Secretary Fortunato T. de la Peña explained that "unlike the conventional railway systems, the hybrid electric road train is more energy efficient since there is no need for alternating current running through suspended cables."
The HERT was seen plying the route of Clark Freeport Zone in 2015 to test its roadworthiness, thus providing reliable mode of transportation inside the zone. By 2016, the train with modifications, has already been adopted by the Clark Development Corporation to serve some of its 1,000 business locators' employees at the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone.
In fact, it was one of the main attractions during the opening day of the 2015 National Science and Technology Week (NSTW) celebration where excited passengers were treated with a free ride around the Mall of Asia Complex.
Realizing the value of an efficient mass transportation, representatives from the local government of Cebu City had signed a memorandum of understanding on the possibility of also integrating the road train into the city's public transport system.
It was also demonstrated in 2016 as part of the "EDSA Evolution", a road-sharing project by the Bayanihan sa Daan Movement and various government agencies. As part of the demonstration, passengers were transported from Pasay to the Museo Pambata at the Luneta Park in Manila, free of charge.
Aside from the mentioned LGUs, according to Corona, the province of Iloilo and North Cotabato are mulling the possibility of adopting the technology.
The 2021 NSTW runs from November 22-28 2021. To know more about the other virtual activities and exhibits, webinars, and forums, and watch past events, log in to www.nstw.dost.gov.ph or check the official Facebook page NSTWDOST. (By Joy M. Lazcano, DOST-STII)
Tags: Press Release Hybrid Electric Road Train HERT DOST DOST-MIRDC


Welcome to the website of Spouses of Houston Barristers, Incorporated (SHB). For over half a century, SHB has been an organization of civic minded women, dedicated to supporting the Houston area legal community and promoting a more diverse and inclusive legal profession.
SHB member volunteers are actively engaged in civic initiatives including providing support to the annual Houston Bar Association Will-a-Thon which serves for low income seniors and engaging with local law schools to provide scholarships to deserving law students in the Greater Houston Area.
As the Houston Chapter of the National Association of Bench and Bar Spouses, SHB has been committed to advancing the prestige of the legal profession through educational, civic, cultural and social activities.


Our warming weather is leading to increasing forest fire risk conditions. This has caused the curtailment of firewood cutting opportunities.
As of May 12, we expect firewood sales to be available in Port Alberni only. This may be updated as we approach the weekend.
In Port Alberni: Firewood permits can be purchased at the Visitor Information Center at the east side of town. The hours can fluctuate so give them a call first at 250-724-6535 to see if they are open. They will provide a map to three areas open for firewood cutting close to town.