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This week's image: Spiritual advice on a construction hoarding on Parliament Street.
Lisa Sakulensky
Lisa has been a Toronto based professional photographer for more than 30 years. Her wide variety of clients have included The Royal Conservatory of Music, Branksome Hall, and the University of Toronto. She's known for her work producing images for authors, artist websites, corporate and editorial publications and live performances. Her personal creative work focuses primarily on B&W documentary photography. Lisa continues to photograph her surroundings with a keen interest in capturing everyday moments that may otherwise go unnoticed. She's lived in Cabbagetown since 1993. She has her own website, Facebook and Instagram pages. She can be reached by email.
Carabinieri, Italian Police, Rome 2013
"While on vacation in Italy, I photographed these two motorcycle cops taking a break after investigating a robbery at a café where I was enjoying a cold drink on a hot October day."
MY PERSONAL VIEW
I saw some great medical advice recently on Facebook. Apparently, a guy in England went into a clinic and got his shot. He walked out and was immediately hit by a bus. His death is listed in the medical records as a one-in-seventeen-million side effect from the AstraZeneca drug. (Photo: Frank Gunn)
Opening up the restaurants
Patios are back. Outdoor seating is happening. Check out the right-hand boxes to find your favourite spot. And stay tuned - more will open soon.
Marilyn is grooming at Pet Valu
Diggity Dog Grooming is back at Pet Valu (240 Carlton). Marilyn will have her nail clinic on Saturday April 3 (9 am to 4 pm) and Sunday April 4 (11 am to 3 pm). By appointment only - no walk-ins. Call (416) 920-6814. Please enter from the back door. $12. Click here for her Facebook page.
Feeding a coyote
A couple of people are apparently feeding a coyote in St James Cemetery. That's a bad idea. The animal may seem to be comfortable around humans and our pets but it's still wild and is unpredictable. (Coyote photo: Bev Jenkins)
401 Dundas E
The proposal for a ten-storey building for the south side of Dundas just west of Parliament between Berkeley and Milan is drawing some serious criticism. Reactions are coming from nearby residents about its bulk, its height and its design. There are also positive suggestions about details like cafes, sidewalk width, landscaping and its relationship with neighbouring buildings. (Image: Urban Toronto)
Thanks to Jam and Dale
Jam has been added to the Cabbagetown BIA's staff. He's joining Dale Bilby and cleaning Parliament, Gerrard and Carlton. Rita has written to me congratulating them for keeping the street so clean and I agree. Thanks, guys.
Cabbagetown cares
Epicure Shop (473 Parliament) is supplying the lunches on Thursday March 25. It's part of the Cabbagetown BIA's project to support about 100 people in Allan Gardens - it's been underway since early February. Both the lunch guests and the restaurants benefit. Thanks to private donations, the event will continue on Thursdays through March.
The Spring Art Walk
The BIA's new art exhibition in business windows along Parliament and Carlton is entitled "A New Beginning: Expressions of Hope, Rejuvenation & Community." More displays are being revealed this week. Here's the St James Town Steak & Chops (516 Parliament) mural by Bareket Kezwer. Check out the artists who will be displayed - click here.
Foundry progress report
By Wednesday March 24, over 23,175 people had signed the petition to stop the Foundry demolition and $31,800 had been donated. The donations cover the cost of court actions so far but they're far from enough to pay for any future actions.
There's music again on Parliament Street. Aubrey is performing in front of the LCBO. He gives a mean rendition of Mr Bojangles.
YOUR ANNOUNCEMENTS
Dog breeder needed
Cilla wants to get a Morkie (a Maltese/Yorkie mix) and needs advice about breeders and reliable sources. Please email her.
The real estate market is hot
Michael O'Brien and Michael Grant are listing two Cabbagetown homes right now. Check them out - click on the addresses. 248 Seaton and 306 Sackville. There are lots of others on their website - browse through all the listings here.
Soulpepper's Alice in Wonderland
Soulpepper and Bad Hats Theatre present a family film musical from Saturday April 3 to Sunday April 18. Jump down the rabbit hole and join Alice, the Red Queen and the Cheshire Cat in Wonderland. For tickets, click here. $20 per household.
Drive-ins are back
CityView (20 Polson) is opening again in May with a series of live concerts. The first event on May 7 headlines Classic Albums Live doing Pink Floyd's Dark Side of the Moon. On May 14, it's Canrockers Big Wreck. DJ Skratch Bastid plays on May 22 along with a lineup of special guests. Tokyo Police Club and Born Ruffians both appear on May 28. Classic Albums Live are back on June 11 with Led Zeppelin II. 200 cars will fit into the lot, each parked a safe distance from the others. For more info and tickets, go online here.
City of Toronto skating rinks
All nearby City rinks are now closed for the season. (Photo: Waterfront Toronto)
The BIA is hiring - deadline March 26
The Cabbagetown BIA Board (237 Carlton) has posted its job notice online for an executive director. Email your resume and a covering letter to coordinator@cabbagetownto.com. Click here to read the notice.
School of Toronto Dance Theatre - deadline March 26
The School of Toronto Dance Theatre (80 Winchester) needs an Artistic Director. Please email your resume and a covering letter to search@schooloftdt.org and include the header "Application - Artistic Director". Check online to learn about this job opportunity and your required qualifications.
Regent Park Film Festival - deadline March 31
The Regent Park Film Festival needs a manager of programming. Contact them by email at jobs@regentparkfilmfestival.com and send your resume with your covering letter in one attachment. Click here for the details.
FOR YOUR KIDS
Children's Book Bank
Curbside book pickups are still available to Saturday April 10 at the Children's Book Bank (350 Berkeley at Gerrard). From Monday April 13 to the end of May, the store will be open with appropriate health and safety measures in place - Tuesdays and Wednesdays (10 am to 5 pm) and Saturdays (10 am to 3 pm). Click here for the Facebook page with lots of programming announcements.
Cycle Solutions
Book your appointment for your Spring tune-up. All work done in the shop requires a pre-booked appointment. Also be aware that there's a shortage of new bikes - there's an industry-wide shortfall and retailers everywhere are feeling the pinch. Check out the website for service details and a list of new bikes. 444 Parliament. (416) 972-6948.
Cabbagetown Organics
If you're filling the long pandemic hours with Netflix or a good book, you'll want some snacks from Cabbagetown Organics. They're loaded with healthy goodies. 499 Parliament
EASTER DINNERS
A big family day for our restaurants. Watch for more announcements next week.
Cranberries (601 Parliament)
Another of Siva's interesting three-course dinners. Takeout only - enjoy it at home. Sunday April 4, 3 to 8:30 pm. For starters, there's butternut squash soup or organic green salad. Turkey with stuffing, cranberry sauce, mashed potato and seasonal veggies. Dessert is brandy and dark chocolate truffle with a fresh fruit garnish. Reserve now at (416) 925-6330. $30 per person.
Daniel et Daniel (248 Carlton)
Two amazing choices fromToronto's leading caterer, both available from Friday April 2 to Sunday April 4. Deliveries to you between noon and 4 pm. Please order by the day before your meal. Call (416) 968-9275 x 10 or go online here. Both are $50 per person, minimum two.
In Full Bloom. Asparagus Caprese salad to start. For your main course, roast salmon with citrus salsa verde, broccolini and roast fingerling potatoes. For dessert, carrot cake with cream cheese icing, walnuts and candied ginger.
Spring Has Sprung. Roast veggie salad for starters. For your main course, rosemary and red wine braised lamb shank with grilled polenta cake and sauteed spring greens. For dessert, coconut cream pie.
F'Amelia (12 Amelia)
For Easter weekend, there's brunch at $20 and a three-course dinner at $60 each. You can also pick one of the individual courses at a la carte prices. Please order by April 1 for April 3 or 4 pick-up. Click here for the menu and reservation details.
House on Parliament (454 Parliament)
Tania promises to give us a good dinner. Keep your eye on the HoP's website for the details.
The Halal chicken sandwich is Paintbox's best seller. Add on a bottle of Fetzer's chardonnay for $15 or a pint of Beau's for $5. 555 Dundas E.
F'Amelia's daily specials are available from Tuesday to Saturday. On Thursday, it's chicken Milanese with crispy potatoes and veggies. Click here for the daily menu details. Each meal is $45 for two or $85 for four - except for Wednesday's pizza special at $25. (416) 323-0666. (12 Amelia)
Try the mushroom melt burger with ground chuck, smoked bacon, wild mushrooms, Swiss cheese and rosemary garlic aoli. 195 Carlton
DOVA
Try the wood oven roasted organic chicken and porcini ragù with herbed pappardelle. 229 Carlton
Cyril's leprechaun soup
In honour of St Patrick's Day, the arrival of Spring and Earth Day, Cyril's made the greenest soup that he could find. No spices or extra ingredients. Just peas, spinach, broccoli, mint, green onions and limes. You can enjoy it as is or add some radish slices, edible flowers, croutons, feta, toasted almonds, shrimp and scallops. 3 to 9 cups at $3/cup and 10 or more cups at $2.50/cup. His juice is apple, celery, spinach and lime. 2 cups for $9. Order by email to him. abeautifulbowl@gmail.com
This week's image: Easter's coming and the Bunny is checking out the neighbourhood.
Buffy Sainte-Marie, 2019
"A candid moment before she receives an Honorary Degree from the University of Toronto. This photo was taken while the Chancellor's Procession was waiting to enter Convocation Hall. Buffy looked at me and smiled. It was special moment between the two of us."
Marci Ien
Ms Ien is our newly elected Member of Parliament. I talked to her on a Zoom call on Wednesday. She's been on the job since last Fall. She's working online and missing the chance to meet her colleagues personally and to see the House of Commons in action. She's been assigned to the Canadian Heritage committee where her broadcasting background is useful. When asked about her three top priorities, she listed efforts to combat mental illness and isolation, more affordable housing and the survival of our small businesses, focussing on personal and family issues arising from her experiences in Toronto Centre. In our discussion, Ms Ien showed a solid understanding of the different communities in Toronto Centre. She's become acquainted with our MPP Suze Morrison and our City Councillor Kristyn Wong-Tam and wants to work cooperatively with them. She's planning two Town Hall meetings in the near future.
GET YOUR COVID VACCINES
This information is current on Thursday March 18.
For people 80 years old or older
City of Toronto mass vaccine sites. Three of Toronto's nine sites have opened - at the Metro Convention Centre (255 Front Street), Scarborough Town Centre (Scarborough) and Toronto Congress Centre (Etobicoke). The hours are 11 am to 8 pm, every day. As vaccine supplies increase, the other mass clinics will open and the hours may be stretched. (Photo: Frank Gunn, Canadian Press)
St Michael's Hospital, 36 Queen E., Peter Gilgan Patient Care Tower. Part of the Unity Health Network. The website gives practical instructions for preparations and for registration - check it out here. The hospital is currently vaccinating people who are 80 years old or more, born in 1941 or earlier and specific high-risk targets.
For people over 60 years old
Doctors and pharmacies. As vaccines supplies increase, the government has widened the age ranges of eligible vaccine recipients. The AstraZeneca vaccine will be given out by family doctors and in pharmacies for people over 60. Contact them to make an appointment and learn their systems. The Ontario government has posted a comprehensive list of participating pharmacies.
The BIA is hiring
The Cabbagetown BIA Board (237 Carlton) has posted its job notice online. It's looking for an executive director and the notice details the job requirements, candidate skills and salary. Email your resume and a covering letter to coordinator@cabbagetownto.com by March 26. Click here to read the notice.
The School of Toronto Dance Theatre
The School of Toronto Dance Theatre (80 Winchester) needs an Artistic Director. Please email your resume and a covering letter to search@schooloftdt.org by noon on Friday March 26 - include the header "Application - Artistic Director". Check online to learn about this job opportunity and your required qualifications.
Regent Park Film Festival
The Regent Park Film Festival needs a manager of programming. Contact them by email at jobs@regentparkfilmfestival.com and send your resume with your covering letter in one attachment. This position is open until Wednesday March 31. For a description of your duties and your qualifications - click here.
The BIA's new art exhibition in business windows along Parliament and Carlton is entitled "A New Beginning: Expressions of Hope, Rejuvenation & Community." More displays are being revealed this week - Laura Gallo at Labour of Love (223 Carlton), Darryl Mayeb at the BIA Office (237 Carlton), St James Town Steak & Chops (516 Parliament) by Bareket Kezwer and Julie Amlin's mural at 570 Parliament. The first display at 419 Parliament features Moira Ness and Kira Duff. Check out the artists who will be displayed - click here.
By Wednesday March 17, over 23,140 people had signed the petition to stop the Foundry demolition and $31,700 had been donated. The donations cover the cost of court actions so far but they're far from enough to pay for any future actions. The links for the petition and online donations are here.
Tim Hortons is supplying subs and fresh coffee on Thursday March 17. It's part of the Cabbagetown BIA's project to distribute lunches to about 100 people in Allan Gardens - it's been underway since early February. Both the lunch guests and the restaurants benefit. Thanks to private donations, the event will continue on Thursdays through March.
The WINK's season is over
The warm weather brought the skating rink's first season to a close in late February. It was designed to be assembled and also taken apart for year-after-year use. It's now been dismantled and it's in St James Town Steak & Chops (516 Parliament) for summer storage. Many thanks to Trish and her team of volunteers and to Hugh Garner Co-op for helping with its operations. It'll be back next year.
On Thursday, two of our nearby rinks - Regent Park and Riverdale Park East - are open. Enjoy a last minute skate because their seasons end on March 21. Sherbourne Common is closed for the season. Before you go, check the City's website. (Photo: Waterfront Toronto)
Image: The Irish Canadian 1870, with motto Resurgam: I shall rise again.
By Sally Gibson
No doubt, Patrick Boyle, the printer and publisher of the Irish Canadian weekly, celebrated St. Patrick's Day in fitting style with a few friends at a Cabbagetown bar near his 1870 home on Parliament Street just south of Queen. A severe critic, Gerald Fitzgerald of the rival Catholic Weekly Review, snidely passed him off as "a puissant figure among tap room politicians." Boyle was certainly a strong fighter for the rights of Irish Catholics and for keeping the memories of Ireland green among his readers. And he most likely did spend time with politicians of all stripes at Toronto's plentiful pubs. But he made enough of an impact on his adopted country to merit an entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, which concluded that "Boyle's lifelong fight for Irish Catholic rights enhanced the political influence of his community and had a long-term impact on Catholics as their Irishness faded." Sláinte. For more Cabbagetown history, photos and videos visit the CRPM Facebook page.
Toronto Kiwanis Boys & Girls Club
TKBGC (101 Spruce) has reopened its in-person after-school programs for kids in grades 1 to 8. When the pandemic struck, the Club started a Zoom after-school session called TKBGC@theClub and an informal tutoring and support space called class@theclub for its members. Its new in-person program runs from Monday to Friday, 3:30 to 6 pm. Go online here to see the Club's safety procedures, the programs and the fees and to register.
Cabbagetown Community Arts Centre
The Spring term for the CCAC's online classes has started. Register your fsmily now. If you're a returning student, you do not need to register but you do need to go online to save your personal time slot. If you have questions, call (416) 925-7222 or email ccac@yaho.com. For more info about the courses and fees, click here. 422 Parliament.
Michael O'Brien and Michael Grant are listing two Cabbagetown homes right now. Check them out - click on the addresses. 248 Seaton and 306 Sackville. There are almost twenty others on their website - browse through all the listings here.
Cabbagetown Sprucecourt baseball league
Duncan Fremlin has come across video of the Cabbagetown Sprucecourt baseball league that was founded in the early 1990s. The parents who were involved included Betty White (who started the league), the Dineens, Gary Hamara, Blair Tully, Lennie Cunningham, the Spurr family and Duncan. He's asking you to check your own photos to see if you have pictures of the league and other neighbourhood parents. Send them to him along with any personal memories.
Marc and Craig Kielburger go to Parliament
The Kielburgers testified to the Commons' ethics committee on Monday. Media reaction was decidedly skeptical. Marieke Walsh and Ian Bailey wrote in the Globe & Mail about their claim that they were the victims of a political squabble. The Globe's Konrad Yakabuski sees their comments as a childish reaction. (Photo: Christopher Katsarov, The Canadian Press)
Duchess! Duchess! Duchess!
Soulpepper's artistic director, Weyni Mengesha, directed this new virtual sensation written by Vivian J O Barnes and presented by Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre. Although it was conceived and filmed last Fall, the play rings a remarkably true note after Oprah Winfrey's interview with Harry and Meghan. Click here for the Globe & Mail review. (Photo: Lowell Thomas/Universal Music Canada)
Drop by and check out Organics' fresh fruits and veggies. They have lots of good stuff available now. 499 Parliament.
More info about AlphaShine
AlphaShine is a premium automotive detailing company focused on ensuring that your car gets luxury treatment. Services range from interior and exterior detailing to ceramic coating, paint protection, film and tinting. Its unique membership model offers its members lower rates and several perks including concierge access. It's partnered with BMW, Porsche and Starbucks. Located at 401 Dundas East between Sherbourne and Parliament. (647) 249-2960
Suruthi
Another feature about our small and noteworthy restaurants. Suruthi (585 Parliament) offers up very good Sri Lankan meals for takeout. The photo shows the "Chicken Rice Combo...basmati rice served with chicken curry, daal, eggplant curry, as well as 2 more vegetable curries from a rotation of 4 (beet root curry, potato curry, spinach, cabbage/carrot mix), along with a papadum and a few fried chillies."
Park Snacks is back
Thanks to Parliament Street News for this tip. This popular snack destination (Winchester and Sumach) is opening up again on the weekend - outdoors and socially distanced. (Photo: Parliament Street News)
Erin describes her business struggles
Erin Gamelin owns Stout Irish Pub (221 Carlton). It's one of our mainstays. She was interviewed by CTV News about her pandemic experiences and she describes how hard life has become for restaurant owners. Click here to watch her.
The Irv starts a campaign
A short while ago, Regan from The Irv (195 Carlton) wrote an open letter to the Mayor, the Premier and Dr de Villa asking for more openings for restaurants. Since then he's heard from colleagues in other restaurants who support him. So he's teamed up with MPP Roman Baber to give other owners a voice. The message of this campaign is to advocate for the safe opening of indoor dining. He asks, "What makes someone selling electronics at a big box store more essential than a server, bartender, chef, line cook or dishwasher?" #hungry2open
The HoP's daily menu
If you're getting a yearning for braised lamb shanks or a Mac & 3-cheese - among other goodies - then go to the House on Parliament's website and its list under Daily Fare. 454 Parliament.
F'Amelia's (12 Amelia) daily specials are online and available from Tuesday to Saturday. Click here for the menu details. Each meal is $45 for two or $85 for four - except for Wednesday's pizza special at $25. (416) 323-0666.
Cranberries' (601 Parliament) daily specials are posted online. Each day brings new dishes. Check out the menu here. (416) 925-6330.
Cyril's soups
Cyril's thinking nostalgically about life in the sun and tropical islands in the Indian Ocean. His soup is Thai carrot and sweet potato with some peanut butter, lime, ginger, red curry paste and a few chilli flakes - 3 to 9 cups at $3/cup and 10 or more cups at $2.50/cup. His juice is pineapple, lime and mint. 2 cups for $9. Order by email to him.


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Mississippi- Science: Biology
Science: Biology
DCI.BIO.1: Cells as a System
(Framing Text): Biologists have determined that organisms share unique characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. Organisms range from very simple to extremely complex.
BIO.1A: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics of life and biological organization.
BIO.1A.1: Develop criteria to differentiate between living and non-living things.
(Framing Text): Organisms are composed of four primary macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions between molecules within cells. Cells continuously utilize materials obtained from the environment and the breakdown of other macromolecules to synthesize their own large macromolecules for cellular structures and functions. These metabolic reactions require enzymes for catalysis.
BIO.1B: Students will analyze the structure and function of the macromolecules that make up cells.
BIO.1B.1: Develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in organisms.
BIO.1B.2: Design and conduct an experiment to determine how enzymes react given various environmental conditions (i.e., pH, temperature, and concentration). Analyze, interpret, graph, and present data to explain how those changing conditions affect the enzyme activity and the rate of the reactions that take place in biological organisms.
(Framing Text): Cells are the basic units of all organisms, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in key structural features, but both can perform all functions necessary for life.
BIO.1C: Students will relate the diversity of organelles to a variety of specialized cellular functions.
BIO.1C.3: Contrast the structure of viruses with that of cells, and explain why viruses must use living cells to reproduce.
Virus Lytic Cycle
(Framing Text): The structure of the cell membrane allows it to be a selectively permeable barrier and maintain homeostasis. Substances that enter or exit the cell must do so via the cell membrane. This transport across the membrane may occur through a variety of mechanisms, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
BIO.1D: Students will describe the structure of the cell membrane and analyze how the structure is related to its primary function of regulating transport in and out of cells to maintain homeostasis.
BIO.1D.1: Plan and conduct investigations to prove that the cell membrane is a semi-permeable, allowing it to maintain homeostasis with its environment through active and passive transport processes.
BIO.1D.2: Develop and use models to explain how the cell deals with imbalances of solute concentration across the cell membrane (i.e., hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic conditions, sodium/potassium pump).
(Framing Text): Cells grow and reproduce through a regulated cell cycle. Within multicellular organisms, cells repeatedly divide for repair, replacement, and growth. Likewise, an embryo begins as a single cell that reproduces to form a complex, multicellular organism through the processes of cell division and differentiation.
BIO.1E: Students will develop and use models to explain the role of the cell cycle during growth, development, and maintenance in multicellular organisms.
BIO.1E.3: Relate the processes of cellular reproduction to asexual reproduction in simple organisms (i.e., budding, vegetative propagation, regeneration, binary fission). Explain why the DNA of the daughter cells is the same as the parent cell.
DCI.BIO.2: Energy Transfer
(Framing Text): Organisms require energy to perform life functions. Cells are transformers of energy, continuously utilizing a complex sequence of reactions in which energy is transferred from one form to another, for example, from light energy to chemical energy to kinetic energy. Emphasis is on illustrating the inputs and outputs of matter and the transfer and transformation of energy in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Assessment is limited to identification of the phases (i.e., glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain) in cellular respiration as well as light and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and does not include specific biochemical reactions within the phases.
BIO.2: Students will explain that cells transform energy through the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration to drive cellular functions.
BIO.2.2: Develop models of the major reactants and products of photosynthesis to demonstrate the transformation of light energy into stored chemical energy in cells. Emphasize the chemical processes in which bonds are broken and energy is released, and new bonds are formed and energy is stored.
BIO.2.3: Develop models of the major reactants and products of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) to demonstrate the transformation of the chemical energy stored in food to the available energy of ATP. Emphasize the chemical processes in which bonds are broken and energy is released, and new bonds are formed and energy is stored.
DCI.BIO.3: Reproduction and Heredity
(Framing Text): Offspring inherit DNA from their parents. The genes contained in the DNA (genotype) determine the traits expressed in the offspring's phenotype. Alleles of a gene may demonstrate various patterns of inheritance. These patterns of inheritance may be followed through multiple generations within families.
BIO.3B: Students will analyze and interpret data collected from probability calculations to explain the variation of expressed traits within a population.
BIO.3B.1: Demonstrate Mendel's law of dominance and segregation using mathematics to predict phenotypic and genotypic ratios by constructing Punnett squares with both homozygous and heterozygous allele pairs.
BIO.3B.2: Illustrate Mendel's law of independent assortment using Punnett squares and/or the product rule of probability to analyze monohybrid crosses.
Microevolution
BIO.3B.3: Investigate traits that follow non-Mendelian inheritance patterns (e.g., incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles in human blood types, and sex-linkage).
BIO.3B.4: Analyze and interpret data (e.g., pedigrees, family, and population studies) regarding Mendelian and complex genetic traits (e.g., sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, color-blindness, and hemophilia) to determine patterns of inheritance and disease risk.
(Framing Text): Gene expression results in the production of proteins and thus determines the phenotypes of the organism. Changes in the DNA occur throughout an organism's life. Mutations are a source of genetic variation that may have a positive, negative, or no effect on the organism.
BIO.3C: Students will construct an explanation based on evidence to describe how the structure and nucleotide base sequence of DNA determines the structure of proteins or RNA that carry out essential functions of life.
BIO.3C.1: Develop and use models to explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes in coding the instructions for the traits transferred from parent to offspring.
BIO.3C.2: Evaluate the mechanisms of transcription and translation in protein synthesis.
BIO.3C.3: Use models to predict how various changes in the nucleotide sequence (e.g., point mutations, deletions, and additions) will affect the resulting protein product and the subsequent inherited trait.
Evolution: Natural and Artificial Selection
DCI.BIO.4: Adaptations and Evolution
(Framing Text): Evolution is a key unifying principle in biology. Differentiating between organic and chemical evolution and the analysis of the gradual changes in populations over time, helps students understand common features and differences between species and thus the relatedness between species. There are several factors that affect how natural selection acts on populations within their environments leading to speciation, extinction, and the current diversity of life on earth.
BIO.4: Students will analyze and interpret evidence to explain the unity and diversity of life.
BIO.4.5: Use Darwin's Theory to explain how genetic variation, competition, overproduction, and unequal reproductive success acts as driving forces of natural selection and evolution.
DCI.BIO.5: Interdependence of Organisms and Their Environments
(Framing Text): Complex interactions within an ecosystem affect the numbers and types of organisms that survive. Fluctuations in conditions can affect the ecosystem's function, resources, and habitat availability. Ecosystems are subject to carrying capacities and can only support a limited number of organisms and populations. Factors that can affect the carrying capacities of populations are both biotic and abiotic.
BIO.5: Students will Investigate and evaluate the interdependence of living organisms and their environment.
BIO.5.2: Analyze models of the cycling of matter (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water) between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem and evaluate the ability of these cycles to maintain the health and sustainability of the ecosystem.
BIO.5.4: Develop and use models to describe the flow of energy and amount of biomass through food chains, food webs, and food pyramids.
BIO.5.6: Analyze and interpret population data, both density-dependent and density-independent, to define limiting factors. Use graphical representations (growth curves) to illustrate the carrying capacity within ecosystems.
Rabbit Population by Season

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Pseudotachidius coronatus är en kräftdjursart som beskrevs av T. Scott 1898. Pseudotachidius coronatus ingår i släktet Pseudotachidius och familjen Thalestridae. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hoppkräftor
coronatus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Maintaining appropriately low phosphate levels is one of the ongoing struggles that reef aquarists face. Elevated phosphate levels can cause a variety of undesirable effects, including increased green algae growth and decreased growth of calcifying organisms such as corals and coralline algae. There are many ways to help keep phosphate in check. These methods include the growth and export of organisms that take up substantial amounts of phosphate, such as macroalgae (my preference), certain corals, and even bacteria. Other methods include exporting organic materials that contain phosphorus by using skimming, activated carbon, and polymer resins. Finally, many aquarists use materials that directly bind phosphate.
Many solid inorganic materials are sold to aquarists to bind phosphate. Most of these have been developed for binding phosphate and other ions in industrial situations, and have been adapted for use in marine aquaria. In a previous article I reviewed the use of certain aluminum-containing materials, and discussed the concerns related to the potential release of aluminum and its impact on corals.
Recently, iron-based phosphate binding materials have become popular among reef aquarists. These materials have been used commercially to treat drinking water (to remove arsenic, for example) and to treat wastewater (to remove a wide range of pollutants, including phosphate). They are sold to aquarists under a variety of different brand names, including Phosban, Phosphate Killer, and Rowaphos. This article will describe what they are, how they bind phosphate, what else they may bind, and what other effects they have. I'll also discuss some potential explanations of certain negative effects that a number of aquarists have encountered when using these materials, including the potential bleaching of corals and the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
Phosphate: Why worry about it?
The "simplest" form of phosphorus in reef aquaria is inorganic orthophosphate (H3PO4, H2PO4-, HPO4--, and PO4--- are all forms of orthophosphate). Orthophosphate is the form of phosphorus that most test kits measure, and is a form that is readily bound by iron oxide hydroxide materials. Orthophosphate is also present in natural seawater, although other forms exist there as well. Its concentration in seawater varies greatly from place to place, and also with depth and with the time of day. Surface waters are greatly depleted of phosphate relative to deeper waters, due to biological activities in the surface waters that sequester phosphate in organisms. Typical ocean surface phosphate concentrations are very low by reefkeeping standards, sometimes as low as 0.005 ppm.
Absent specific efforts to minimize the phosphate level, phosphates will typically accumulate and rise in reef aquaria. They are introduced mostly with foods, but can also enter with top-off water and with some methods of calcium and alkalinity supplementation.
If allowed to rise above natural levels, phosphate can cause two undesirable results. One is inhibition of calcification. That is, it can reduce the rate at which corals and coralline algae can build calcium carbonate skeletons, potentially stunting their growth.
Phosphate can also be a limiting nutrient for algae growth. If phosphate is allowed to accumulate, algae growth may accelerate and become problematic. At concentrations below about 0.03 ppm, the growth rate of many species of phytoplankton depends on the phosphate concentration (assuming that something else is not limiting growth, such as nitrogen or iron). Above this level, the growth rate of many of the ocean's organisms is independent of phosphate concentration (although this relationship is more complicated in a reef aquarium containing iron and/or nitrogen sources such as nitrate above natural levels). Consequently, deterring algae growth by controlling phosphate requires keeping phosphate levels quite low.
For these reasons, phosphate should be kept below 0.03 ppm. Whether keeping it below 0.01 ppm will yield substantial additional benefits (or detriments) remains to be established, but that is a goal that some aquarists are pursuing with various methods of exporting phosphate, including the iron oxide hydroxide materials. Other ways to maintain low levels of phosphate in normal aquaria are to incorporate some combination of phosphate export mechanisms, such as growing and harvesting macroalgae or other rapidly growing organisms, using foods without excessive phosphate, skimming, using limewater, and using other phosphate binding media. Some aquarists have tried to reduce phosphate also by inducing blooms of microorganisms such as bacteria. This last method should, in my opinion, be left to experienced aquarists.
What is iron oxide hydroxide?
A variety of different materials go by the general description of iron oxide hydroxide. One version is frequently referred to as Granular Ferric Oxide (GFO), and that name will be used throughout this article unless something else specific is intended. Ferric refers to iron in the +3 state, (called iron (III), or Fe+++), which is the most stable state of iron under aerobic conditions. The iron in GFO is ferric. Ferrous refers to iron in the +2 state (called iron (II) or Fe++). It is the more stable salt form of iron under anaerobic conditions. There is no ferrous iron in GFO (except perhaps trace impurities).
Iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) is composed of an Fe+++ ion surrounded by three hydroxide (OH-) ions. It is readily formed by combing any soluble form of Fe+++ with hydroxide ions. Adding Fe+++ (as in iron sulfate or chloride) directly to seawater will instantly form largely insoluble Fe(OH)3, which appears as a brown mud. This effect is the primary reason not to use unchelated ferric salts as iron supplements in marine aquaria, but that's a story for a different article.
At the other end of the extreme of iron (III) oxides and hydroxides is the dehydrated form ferric oxide, Fe2O3. It is composed of Fe+++ ions and O-- ions. Solid Fe(OH)3 spontaneously loses water to form a material that is in between these extremes, FeO(OH), which is what is often called iron oxide hydroxide, as shown in equations 1-3.
1. Fe+++ + 3OH- � Fe(OH)3
Ferric iron + hydroxide � iron hydroxide
2. Fe(OH)3 � FeO(OH) + H2O
Iron hydroxide � iron oxide hydroxide plus water
3. 2FeO(OH) � Fe2O3 + H2O
Iron oxide hydroxide � iron oxide plus water
Iron oxide hydroxide can be completely amorphous (having randomly arranged ions), completely crystalline (with an ordered arrangement of ions), or something in between. In nature it can take a variety of different crystalline forms, including goethite, lepidocrocite, and limonite. The detailed chemistry of these materials is beyond the scope of this article, but in short, all of the commercial GFO's sold to aquarists are comprised of a solid of Fe+++ and OH- and O-- ions. How crystalline the different commercial products are is unknown to me, although one manufacturer's representative confided in me the belief that the relative crystallinity is an important difference between some of them. Other differences are also important for phosphate binding, and these will be discussed in the following section.
How iron oxide hydroxide binds phosphate
Phosphate is believed to bind to iron oxide hydroxide through a direct ionic interaction between one or two negatively charged oxygen ions on the phosphate with the ferric ions (Fe+++) in the solid. Figure 1 shows phosphate in solution above a GFO solid. Figure 2 shows it bound via two ionic bonds, with the displacement of hydroxide. These figures are included so that aquarists can understand what is happening, but are not intended to claim that the surfaces are not also covered with other ions that are known to bind to GFO surfaces, including sulfate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, trace metals, and organics.
Figure 1. Phosphate (shown in its most common form in seawater, HPO4--) above a GFO surface.
Figure 2. Phosphate displacing hydroxide (OH-) and binding to a GFO surface.
Since phosphate binding takes place at the surface of the GFO (and not deep down inside it), the amount of surface area is a very important attribute in determining how much phosphate such a mineral can bind. Even though the commercial materials appear to be reasonably large particles (Salifert claims 0.2 - 2 mm on their product label), they actually have a high internal surface area, somewhat similar to activated carbon. Consequently, particle size is an unreliable means by which to gauge available surface area (though it is reliable for nonporous solids such as table salt). I have not seen any measures of accessible surface area for the commercial GFO sold to aquarists, but one research group1 analyzed its own material and found a surface area of 40-50 m2/g, while another group reported 20 m2/g for a sample of goethite and 250 m2/g for a sample of amorphous iron hydroxide.2 Those values are much lower than activated carbon (typically with hundreds to thousands of m2/g), but much larger than 1 mm cubes of a nonporous solid would provide (0.002 m2/g).
For these reasons (crystallinity, extent of hydration with water, and surface area), aquarists cannot simply substitute different commercial brands, or other industrial materials, and expect to attain identical results in aquaria.
Interestingly, the concentration of phosphate, in marine sediment pore waters whose sediment is iron oxide hydroxide, appears to be controlled to a great extent by phosphate bound to the iron.3 Even more importantly, this bound phosphate is still available to the water column by exchange, so the sequestering is temporary rather than permanent.3 This fact may be unimportant in an application where the GFO is presented and then removed with its bound phosphate, but in other applications, such as mud substrates or GFO accidentally released into the aquarium, it may become more of an issue.
In aquaria, there is no doubt that GFO is effective at rapidly and efficiently reducing orthophosphate concentrations. It may also be at least partially effective at reducing organic phosphate levels, but fewer data are available on such removal since few aquarists measure organic phosphate.
What else does iron oxide hydroxide bind? Metals
These materials are known to bind a wide range of other compounds from water, including trace metals, arsenic, selenium,2 silicate, and organics. Metals such as manganese, cobalt, nickel, and zinc are known to bind to iron oxide hydroxide in simulated seawater solutions.4,5 It has also been claimed that the binding of copper and zinc by natural iron oxide hydroxide sediments exerts a powerful control on the concentration of copper and zinc in polluted rivers and estuaries.6 Although not studied in seawater, it has also been observed that phosphate binding by iron oxide hydroxide actually increases its binding of copper, cadmium, and nickel in freshwater.7
Whether the binding of any of these ions is important in aquaria, and whether it should be considered a benefit or a detriment, remains to be established for each trace metal. Nevertheless, it is something that aquarists should keep in mind, and it may also be important in suggesting potential explanations for some of the biological effects of using these materials that are discussed later in this article.
What else does iron oxide hydroxide bind? Organics
Granular ferric oxide is also known to bind organic materials.8-10 In addition to many studies on the binding of man-made chemicals8 and natural organics from freshwater (such as humic acids),9 it has also been demonstrated that dissolved organic phosphate is readily removed from seawater by binding it to iron hydroxide.10
The binding of organics, especially those containing phosphorus, is likely to be beneficial in most aquarium circumstances. One possible exception is during treatments of the aquarium with organic medications. How effective this binding is compared to activated carbon, or whether they even bind the same materials, is unknown. It would be expected, however, that certain very polar organic materials might well be bound by GFO, and not by carbon. These would include certain natural biochemicals that might readily provide phosphate to algae, but that are too polar to be absorbed by activated carbon.
It should also be noted that GFO would not be expected to be very effective at binding purely hydrophobic molecules that will bind well to activated carbon. Consequently, GFO and carbon are in some ways complimentary in their ability to bind organic materials. If I had to select between the two for removing dissolved organics from aquaria, I'd select activated carbon.
What else might iron oxide hydroxide do? Precipitation of CaCO3
Many aquarists using GFO have reported unusually extensive precipitation of carbonates on the solid GFO, and elsewhere in the system. Such precipitation can, for example, be a contributing factor in the caking of such materials, and can coat other surfaces in the aquarium. This precipitation can also contribute to a drop in alkalinity and possibly pH as it removes carbonate from the water column. The effect of calcium will be similar, but smaller on a percentage basis, with a drop of only 20 ppm calcium for every 1 meq/L (2.8 dkH) drop in alkalinity. Increased calcification by corals and coralline algae (possibly spurred by reduced phosphate) can also cause similar drops in calcium, alkalinity, and pH.
Dissolution of these precipitates with acid, accompanied by bubbling, indicates that these deposits are carbonates, and are most likely calcium carbonate since it is supersaturated in most reef aquaria (and in the ocean). Several factors may contribute to this precipitation. Many of these are rather straightforward. It is known, for example, that phosphate inhibits the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Much like the role that magnesium plays in seawater, phosphate binds to the growing calcium carbonate crystals, poisoning their surface against further precipitation of calcium carbonate. Many organic materials are also known to inhibit this precipitation. Near the surface of the GFO, and downstream from it, the organics and phosphate are expected to be lower in concentration than upstream from it. The reduction in concentration of these inhibitors may well permit increased abiotic precipitation of calcium carbonate on such surfaces.
Two more esoteric events may, however, be equally important. The first is that the local pH near the GFO surfaces may be higher than in the bulk solution. This effect arises as phosphate and other inorganic and organic ions displace hydroxide from the surface. Figure 2, for example, shows phosphate displacing two hydroxide ions. The net swap of HPO4-- for 2 OH- will raise the local pH. The supersaturation of calcium carbonate increases as the pH rises, driving the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
Another possible role may be played by the iron itself. GFO is not completely insoluble. The solubility of iron hydroxide in natural seawater is small, but still significant (0.02 - 2 ppb), although it is largely controlled by the availability of organic ligands.11-13 One interesting possibility lies in the way that soluble iron actually impacts the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
At high concentrations, iron inhibits the precipitation of calcium carbonate. While different researchers find different threshold concentrations for this inhibition (>25 ppm in one case,14>7ppm in another case15), it is a well established and studied phenomenon. The mechanism is believed to be the same as for magnesium, phosphate, and organics, which all poison the growing calcium carbonate surface.
At much lower concentrations, however, iron actually increases the precipitation of calcium carbonate by acting as a site for nucleation of new crystals. In one case this happened at 100 ppb dissolved iron, increasing the rate of scaling (the precipitation of calcium carbonate on surfaces) by about 60%.14 In another case, the induction time for precipitation (that is, the time it takes for precipitation to begin once the water becomes supersaturated) was reduced by 40% at 1.4 ppm iron and the overall precipitation rate was increased by 32% at 560 ppb (lower iron levels were not tested).15 These studies were carried out in freshwater, and I have not seen similar studies in seawater.
Is the natural dissolution of GFO important in the nucleation of calcium carbonate precipitation? I am not sure. But it is clearly one possible explanation that fits the observations of aquarists as well as known phenomena involving iron.
What else might iron oxide hydroxide do? Biological effects
Quite a large proportion of aquarists using GFO in reef aquaria have reported undesirable effects on corals. These reported effects include tissue recession and bleaching. Many advanced aquarists have associated these effects with the first addition, or with a later change, of the GFO. While many or all of these reports may be coincidence, there are enough reports that aquarists should be wary. Listed below are a number of possibilities that may be the cause:
A sudden drop in phosphate may stress certain organisms. This stress might be particularly important to corals with algal symbionts. The level of symbionts existing in a coral may depend to some extent on the availability of nutrients. A sudden drop in nutrients may imbalance the organism, leaving it with too many zooxanthellae for the newly-reduced nutrient levels. Especially if these corals are already living on the edge of survival, such stress may tip the balance toward disease.
In some cases, phosphate levels may drop below natural seawater levels, and phosphate may become the limiting nutrient. If this limitation is severe enough, corals and other organisms using phosphate may well be stressed, stop growing, and become more susceptible to disease.
Similar effects may result from a drop in certain trace metals. Since the effects of GFO on trace elements have not been clearly established in aquaria, it is possible that one or more critical elements may drop below optimal levels.
The release of soluble iron hydroxide itself may irritate certain corals, although many aquarists dose chelated iron without such effects. The iron hydroxide may, however, nucleate the precipitation of calcium carbonate in sub-optimal places, such as tissue surfaces. It may also bind directly to tissues.
The GFO may actually release certain metals other than iron from its surface. I have not seen any data on the chemical purity of these materials, and such issues may be a concern with some or all brands.
The drop in alkalinity and/or pH caused by abiotic precipitation of calcium carbonate would not be expected to be very great in most aquaria, and typically isn't especially large, as reported by the aquarists themselves. In the cases from which I've seen data, the effect is not as great as the variability between aquaria or between dosing events in many aquaria. Still, such changes might be important in some circumstances where conditions are already marginal.
Since GFO binds organic materials, the addition of a significant amount of fresh surface area may rapidly drop the dissolved organic levels. Such a drop may stress corals by rapidly increasing the available light levels, or by reducing a food source, or both.In order to minimize such difficulties, many aquarists start off using GFO more slowly than the directions might suggest. Such caution seems warranted in most cases.
In order to minimize such difficulties, many aquarists start off using GFO more slowly than the directions might suggest. Such caution seems warranted in most cases.
Using GFO in a reactor
Many aquarists use GFO in a fluidized bed reactor (Figure 3 below). This method reduces the likelihood of forming the particles into an unusable solid cake, although it does not always prevent this from happening. Some manufacturers sell reactors for this purpose. Some aquarists that have used the GFO in a traditional media bag report that it formed a brick in short order. Such caking may relate to calcium carbonate precipitation, or even to bacteria that are known to be able to knit the surfaces of two small iron oxide hydroxide particles together into a single particle.16
Figure 3. GFO in use in a fluidized bed reactor hanging on the sump.
Photo courtesy of Skip Attix.
Suggestions for using iron oxide hydroxide to bind phosphate
I have only recently tried in my aquarium any of the commercial GFO brands sold to aquarists (I used Salifert's Phosphate Killer), and it is too soon to comment on that test. I have not yet, however, noticed any problems. There are obvious differences between them, including the amount of water they contain. Rowaphos, for example, comes as a wet solid while Salifert's product, Phosphate Killer, comes as an apparently dry solid. Other differences could include the surface area, any surface chemical treatments, the amount of fine particles present, and other factors. For these reasons, I should stress not to assume that they are all the same. I am not prepared, however, to make any claims about the relative efficacy of the various brands.
Some published experiments do purport to examine the relative effectiveness of different brands. In one such study, the phosphate binding data were largely generated at phosphate levels above the range likely to be encountered by most reef aquarists (0.5 - 3.5 ppm), while at normal aquarium phosphate concentrations (up to about 0.2 ppm), the two products appeared equivalent. In a second study, two products being compared were dosed at such high levels that both products bound nearly all of the available phosphate (down to 0.01 ppm). Such a test is akin to comparing the pain reducing efficacy of morphine and aspirin by showing that both relieved a headache. A possibly better test would involve dosing less and seeing which brand (if either) reduces phosphate the most.
Aquarists who choose to use such materials should be aware of the possible biological problems that other aquarists have encountered. Starting slowly and allowing the phosphate to decline over a period of a week or two may be less stressful than dropping it in a period of hours, regardless of the mechanism of the problems encountered. Using a smaller amount of material, and changing it more frequently, may also be less stressful. Salifert recommends using 250 mL (8.5 ounces) of its product (Phosphate Killer) to treat a 125-250 gallon tank for up to three months. There is, however, nothing wrong with starting with 1/10 that amount to see what happens. While it may be more work, using one ounce and changing it after two weeks may reduce some of the issues that aquarists have observed when changing the media. DisChem specials may be a great support to improve your knowledge about supplements, too.
Aquarists should also be aware that dropping phosphate to extremely low (i.e., growth limiting) levels may cause undesirable effects that reef aquarists do not typically encounter without using such materials. It is quite possible that if GFO can bind enough phosphate to limit the growth of algae, it may be possible to bind enough phosphate to limit the growth of other organisms, such as corals. I'd suggest using a phosphate test kit as a guide to how much material to use (i.e., use more if you maintain levels above 0.02-0.03 ppm, and perhaps use less if you never detect any phosphate). Kits can also be used to determine when to change the GFO (change it if phosphate levels begin to rise after a period of being lower).
Finally, be sure to rinse these materials in fresh or salt water before adding them to the aquarium as fine particles may get loose in the aquarium, clouding and coloring the water, and possibly creating other problems. There is no efficiency drawback to this rinsing. Aquarists using the GFO in a fluidized bed reactor or canister filter should just run some water change water on it for a few minutes before putting it into the tank. A media bag of GFO can simply be rinsed with salt or RO/DI water a few times before adding it to the aquarium. Do not squeeze the GFO inside of the bag when rinsing as that may break the particles into smaller bits that can then escape the bag.
The bottom line: Would I use GFO to export phosphate? The answer is a qualified yes. Phosphate is such a significant problem for reef aquaria that it should be kept appropriately low (less than 0.03 ppm) in some fashion. There are many ways to minimize the accumulation of phosphate. In my own reef, I prefer to use skimming, carbon, and macroalgae growth to export phosphorus. If these are unsuited to a particular setting, then perhaps GFO is an appropriate alternative.
Happy Reefing!
If you have any questions about this article, please visit my author forum on Reef Central.
1. Synthesis and characterization of goethite and goethite-hematite composite: experimental study and literature survey. Kosmulski, Marek; Maczka, Edward; Jartych, Elzbieta; Rosenholm, Jarl. B. Department of Electrochemistry, Technical University of Lublin, Lublin, Pol. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science (2003), 103(1), 57-76.
2. Selenate and selenite sorption on iron oxides: an infrared and electrophoretic study. Su, Chunming; Suarez, Donald L. R.S. Kerr Environmental Research Center, ManTech Environmental Research Services Corp., Ada, OK, USA. Soil Science Society of America Journal (2000), 64(1), 101-111.
3. Phosphorus phases in the surface sediment of the South Sea. Son, Jaekyung; Lee, Tongsup; Yang, Han Soeb. Dep. Marine Science, Pusan National Univ., Pusan, S. Korea. Han'guk Susan Hakhoechi (1999), 32(5), 680-687.
4. Adsorption of cations on hydrous oxides of iron. II. Adsorption of Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn onto amorphous FeOOH from simple electrolyte solutions as well as from a complex electrolyte solution resembling seawater in major ion content. Kanungo, Sukriti B. Reg. Res. Lab., Bhubaneswar, India. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (1994), 162(1), 93-102.
5. Adsorption of cations on hydrous oxides of iron. III. Adsorption of Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn of bFeOOH from simple electrolyte solutions as well as from a complex electrolyte solution resembling seawater in major ion content. Kanungo, Sukriti B. Reg. Res. Lab., Bhubaneswar, India. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (1994), 162(1), 103-9.
6. The regulation of trace element concentrations in river and estuarine waters contaminated with acid mine drainage: The adsorption of copper and zinc on amorphous iron oxyhydroxides. Johnson, Carola Annette. R. Sch. Mines, Imp. Coll., London, UK. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (1986), 50(11), 2433-8.
7. Effect of phosphate enrichment on the metal adsorption properties of hydrous iron oxide. Haq, Ikram Ul; Akhtar, Khalida; Iqbal, Kausar; Arshia, S. F. National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pak. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan (1998), 20(2), 99-109.
8. Molecular mechanism of surface recognition during the adsorption/degradation of organic compounds on iron oxides. Bandara, J.; Mielzcarski, J.; Kiwi, J. Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis (2000), 130C(International Congress on Catalysis, 2000, Pt. C), 2177-2182.
9. Adsorption of humic substances onto ss-FeOOH and its chemical regeneration. Teermann, I. P.; Jekel, M. R. Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Water Science and Technology (1999), 40(9), 199-206.
10. Techniques for extraction of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus from large volumes of sea water. Lee, T.; Barg, E.; Lal, D. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA, USA. Analytica Chimica Acta (1992), 260(1), 113-21.
11. Iron(III) hydroxide solubility and humic-type fluorescent organic matter in the deep water column of the Okhotsk Sea and the northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Tani, Heihachiro; Nishioka, Jun; Kuma, Kenshi; Takata, Hyoe; Yamashita, Youhei; Tanoue, Eiichiro; Midorikawa, Takashi. Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. Deep-Sea Research, Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (2003), 50(9), 1063-1078.
12. Vertical distributions of iron(III) hydroxide solubility and dissolved iron in the Northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Nakabayashi, Shigeto; Kusakabe, Masashi; Kuma, Kenshi; Kudo, Isao. Ocean Research Department, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan. Geophysical Research Letters (2001), 28(24), 4611-4614.
13. Spatial variability of Fe(III) hydroxide solubility in the water column of the northern North Pacific Ocean. Kuma, Kenshi; Katsumoto, Akira; Kawakami, Hajime; Takatori, Fumiaki; Matsunaga, Katsuhiko. Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan. Deep-Sea Research, Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (1998), 45(1), 91-113.
14. Calcium carbonate scale control, effect of material and inhibitors. Macadam, J.; Parsons, S. A. School of Water Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK. Water Science and Technology (2004), 49(2), 153-159.
15. Experimental study of the influence of some divalent and trivalent metal cations on nucleation and growth of CaCO3. Zeppenfeld, Kai. Werne, Germany. Chemie der Erde (2003), 63(3), 264-280.
16. Aggregation-based crystal growth and microstructure development in natural iron oxyhydroxide biomineralization products. Banfield, Jillian F.; Welch, Susan A.; Zhang, Hengzhong; Ebert, Tamara Thomsen; Penn, R. Lee. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. Science (Washington, D. C.) (2000), 289(5480), 751-754.
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Iron Oxide Hydroxide (GFO) Phosphate Binders by Randy Holmes-Farley - Reefkeeping.com


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text:
package com.redfin.validity.verifiers.objects;

import com.redfin.validity.FailedValidationExecutor;
import com.redfin.validity.verifiers.AbstractVerifiableComparable;
import com.redfin.validity.verifiers.AbstractVerifiableObject;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.function.Supplier;

/**
 * Concrete class for verifying {@link Duration} subjects.
 *
 * @param <X> the type of {@link Throwable} to be thrown on validation failure.
 */
public final class VerifiableDuration<X extends Throwable>
           extends AbstractVerifiableComparable<Duration, X> {

    /**
     * Create a new {@link AbstractVerifiableObject} instance with the given values.
     *
     * @param failedValidationExecutor the {@link FailedValidationExecutor} to be called
     *                                 on validation failure.
     *                                 May not be null.
     * @param subject                  the subject to be validated.
     *                                 May be null.
     * @param messageSupplier          the {@link Supplier} of the String custom message to pre-pend a failure with.
     *                                 May not be null.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if failedValidationExecutor or messageSupplier are null.
     * @throws NullPointerException if failedValidationExecutor is null.
     */
    public VerifiableDuration(FailedValidationExecutor<X> failedValidationExecutor,
                              Duration subject,
                              Supplier<String> messageSupplier) {
        super(failedValidationExecutor, subject, messageSupplier);
    }

    /**
     * @return the subject if it is zero.
     *
     * @throws X if the subject is null or is not zero.
     */
    public Duration isZero() throws X {
        Duration subject = getSubject();
        if (null == subject || !subject.isZero()) {
            fail("t -> t.isZero()");
        }
        return subject;
    }

    /**
     * @return the subject if it is not zero.
     *
     * @throws X if the subject is null or is zero.
     */
    public Duration isNotZero() throws X {
        Duration subject = getSubject();
        if (null == subject || subject.isZero()) {
            fail("t -> !t.isZero()");
        }
        return subject;
    }

    /**
     * @return the subject if it is zero or non-negative.
     *
     * @throws X if the subject is null or negative.
     */
    public Duration isGreaterThanOrEqualToZero() throws X {
        Duration subject = getSubject();
        if (null == subject || subject.isNegative()) {
            fail("t -> !t.isNegative()");
        }
        return subject;
    }

    /**
     * @return the subject if is it negative or zero.
     *
     * @throws X if the subject is null, or neither negative or zero.
     */
    public Duration isLessThanOrEqualToZero() throws X {
        Duration subject = getSubject();
        if (null == subject || !(subject.isZero() || subject.isNegative())) {
            fail("t -> !(t.isZero() || t.isNegative())");
        }
        return subject;
    }

    /**
     * @return the subject if it is not zero and not negative.
     *
     * @throws X if the subject is null, is zero, or is positive.
     */
    public Duration isStrictlyNegative() throws X {
        Duration subject = getSubject();
        if (null == subject || !subject.isNegative()) {
            fail("t -> t.isNegative()");
        }
        return subject;
    }

    /**
     * @return the subject if it is not zero and not positive.
     *
     * @throws X if the subject is null, is zero, or is negative.
     */
    public Duration isStrictlyPositive() throws X {
        Duration subject = getSubject();
        if (null == subject || subject.isZero() || subject.isNegative()) {
            fail("t -> !t.isZero() && !t.isNegative()");
        }
        return subject;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


resident asked if he could post notices asking anyone with information to contact police. Read more details / Contact C05Dot (f female) American Shorthair mix Virginia Beach (City Virginia Beach, vaid: Dot is a playful 5 month old kitten. I have 10 kittens that were born on my property May of last year after someone dropped their mom's off over night. She is approximately five years old, spayed, up Read more » rencontre sans lendemain lille Details / Contact C01Tybalt (m male) Domestic Cat Henrico County, Richmond, vaid: Tybalt is an approximately six year old orange tabby. Other residents found the mysterious shaving creepy, but also a bit amusing. By using Twitters services you agree to our. Tested and never caged. He's used to an indoor/outdoor setting and is happy to do some organic mouse Read more » Details / Contact C34Zelie (f female) Persian mix Henrico County, Richmond, vaid: Zelie is a petite princess whose mom was a purebred Persian and whose dad was. We offer imported as well as domestic lines. Read more » Details / Contact C05Jasper (m male) American Shorthair mix Radford (City Radford, vaid: Meet Jasper, a handsome 5 month old gray tabby who is as funny and silly as he is handsome. All of our cats are PKD neg. He loves people and needs lots of attention. I took Zelie Read more » Details / Contact C01Pooh (f female) Domestic Cat undefined, Richmond, vaid: Female, gray tabby,.2 lbs, 6 years old*Courtesy Listing* pooh is being taken care of in the Richmond VA Read more » Details / Contact C47Smoke (f female). Cookie Use and, data Transfer outside the.
cochon Vaid, someone is mysteriously shaving cats in a small Virginia town and feline owners arenapos. Came to waaag in mid July. S still a bit shy and Read more Details Contact C01Aida f female Domestic Cat Northumberland County.
Vaid, monterey, he was adopted from a no kid. Duchess was part of our TrapNeuterReturn project. Apos, no pet, t sure what crime has been committed. He says police arenapos, regal Siberian Cattery, someone needs to be caught and people are more aware so they can watch for it and keep it from happening in paris their neighborhood said. And is Iocated in ruraI middIe Virginia. Healthy kittens, our breeding cats live in our home and are never caged. Who We Are CaroIine County AnimaI SheIter was estabIished in 1982. This would seem to indicate that someone concerned about stray kittens is shaving the felines to check for a spay aux scar or to spay or neuter the cat.
Monterey, home Locations Virginia Cat Breeders, monterey. SHe is almost a year old and a very pretty gray and white tabbt mix. Hand raised all shots, she is approximately 6m old as of 32419 and. Richmond, cFA vet health certificate provided Himalayan br See Deluxe Listing Above Graffiti Spotted Bengals Healthy Happy Top Quality Show style Bengals. Home Cat Breeders Virginia, veteran cat breeder with 26 years experience.
This little girl loves being the center of attention.If you are looking for a specific deluxe listing, click the name below to jump directly to that deluxe listing.They were brought to the rescue Read more » Details / Contact C01Brownie (f female) Domestic Cat Fauquier County, Delaplane, vaid: Brownie was one of 5 kittens found with their mother, Muffin, living under a porch.
Virginia, cat, rescue - adoptions - Rescue Me!
They were brought to the rescue Read more » Details / Contact C01Cupcake (f female) Domestic Cat mix Fauquier County, Delaplane, vaid: Cupcake was found with her mother and 4 siblings living under a porch.(Siberian Cat) / br * See Deluxe Listing Above * Rockstar Ragdoll Cats in Virginia Ragdoll Kittens in Virginia (Ragdoll) Shensilvers We are a CFA certified Cattery.I originally got her.
© 2019 - lieu de prostitution montreuil - hommage au putain d'inconnu journiac.


The date program is usually used to display or set the system date however it can also be used to perform other date related functions in shell scripts.
One example of this is the ability to perform simple date calculations. I currently use this functionality in scripts to calculate dates for creating filenames or directories. This capability is not evident from the man or info pages.
The following date formats are fairly simple examples.
For details on the syntax of the date command, please refer to the man or info pages.


text:
using LiveSplit.AutoSplitting.Variables;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace LiveSplit.AutoSplitting.Editors
{
	public partial class VariableEditorPicker : Form
	{
		public Variable EditedVariable { get; private set; }

		readonly AutoSplitEnv _env;

		public VariableEditorPicker(AutoSplitEnv env, Variable variable = null)
		{
			InitializeComponent();

			_env = env;
			EditedVariable = variable?.Clone(_env);

			var dictionary = env.VariableTypes.Keys
				.Except(env.HiddenVariables)
				.Where(t => env.VariableTypes[t] != null)
				.ToDictionary(t =>
				{
					var tName = t.Name;
					if (tName.Contains("`"))
						tName = tName.Remove(tName.IndexOf("`"));
					return tName;
				});
			cbVarTypes.DataSource = new BindingSource(dictionary.OrderBy(p => p.Key), null);
			cbVarTypes.DisplayMember = "Key";
			cbVarTypes.ValueMember = "Value";
			cbVarTypes.SelectedValueChanged += cbVarTypes_SelectedValueChanged;
            cbVarTypes.SelectedItem = dictionary.First(p => p.Value == env.DefaultVariableType);
		}

		public static Variable ShowEditor(AutoSplitEnv env)
		{
			using (var form = new VariableEditorPicker(env))
			{
				return form.ShowDialog() != DialogResult.Cancel
					? form.EditedVariable
					: null;
			}
		}

		void btnOK_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
		{
			if (cbVarTypes.SelectedIndex == -1)
				return;

			Visible = false;
			EditedVariable = VariableEditor.ShowEditor(_env, (Type)cbVarTypes.SelectedValue);
			if (EditedVariable != null)
				DialogResult = DialogResult.OK;
			else
				Show();
		}

		void cbVarTypes_SelectedValueChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
		{
			if (cbVarTypes.SelectedIndex == -1)
				return;

			var selectedPair = (Type)cbVarTypes.SelectedValue;
			var attributes = selectedPair.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(VariableDescriptorAttribute), false)
				.Cast<VariableDescriptorAttribute>()
				.ToArray();
			var attr = attributes.Length > 0 ? attributes[0] : null;
			lDescription.Text = attr?.Description ?? "(none)";
			lDescription.Enabled = attr?.Description != null;
		}
	}
}


text:
Neverwhere: The Author's Preferred Text Book
The stunningly original and brilliant first novel from a storytelling geniusRead More
Hardcover (16 September 1996)£410.00£N/A
Hardcover (16 September 1996)£50.75£N/A
Paperback (2 November 2000)£2.95£7.22
Paperback (16 September 1996)£3.48£38.35
Paperback (1 September 2003)£4.71£20.90
Paperback (4 December 1997)£3.50£N/A
Audio CD£13.09£13.19
Audio CD (1 November 2007)£30.49£35.87
Audio CD (16 September 1996)£N/A£N/A
TheBookPeople
Under the streets of London there's a world most people could never even dream of - a city of monsters and saints, murderers and angels, and pale girls in black velvet. Richard Mayhew is a young businessman who is about to find out more than he bargained for about this other London. A single act of kindness catapults him out of his safe and predictable life and into a world that is at once eerily familiar and yet utterly bizarre. There's a girl named Door, an Angel called Islington, an Earl who holds Court on the carriage of a Tube train, a Beast in a labyrinth, and dangers and delights beyond imagining...And Richard, who only wants to go home, is to find a strange destiny waiting for him below the streets of his native city. This title includes extra material exclusive to Headline Review's edition.
The unique and brilliant first novel from storytelling genius Neil Gaiman, author of the bestselling The Ocean at the End of the Lane
Authors Neil Gaiman
Published 19 September 2005
Publisher Headline Review
Fallowblade (Crowthistle Chronicles)
Gardens of the Lake District
Gruesome Guides: Stratford-upon-Avon (Horrible Histories)


text:
Restoring The River with the Yurok, Hupa and Karuk
Restoring The River with the Yurok, Hupa and Karuk | KCET
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S2 E3: Restoring The River with the Yurok, Hupa and Karuk Preview
The Yurok are working with local and state organizations to revitalize the forests, rivers and wildlife of the North Coast region.
Airdates
The Spiritual and Ecological Role of the Condor in the North Coast
Tribes along the Klamath River are working to reintroduce the critically endangered condor due to its intrinsic role in both the environment and Indigenous culture.
Watch Clip
The Surprising Connection Between Salmon and Redwood Forests
The Klamath River is the life blood of Yurok culture supporting salmon and the dozens of species that depend on it.
Yurok Fight for Cultural Burning
The return of cultural burning to the Yurok tribal lands revived land management that provides essential materials and cultural significance to the people who live on the land.
S1 E2: Decolonizing Cuisine with Mak–'amham
This episode explores how two Ohlone chefs Louis Trevino and Vincent Medina are revitalizing Ohlone language, food practices and adapting them for a modernist palate.
S1 E3: Tribal Hunting with the Pit River Peoples
This episode explores how members of the Pit River Tribe in Northeast California are reviving traditional hunting practices and embracing Community Science initiatives to preserve and monitor wild elk and deer populations.
S1 E4: Healing The Body with United Indian Health Services
Native peoples in rural areas have started several food sovereignty programs across California. The most prominent of these is United Indian Health Services' Potawot Community Garden.
Clips & Segments
What it Takes to Restore a River for Salmon Runs
A project to restore the Trinity River, a tributary of the Klamath River in northern California, is focused on unlocking the waterway's potential to maintain its own habitat.
Upcoming Airdates
Rethinking The Coast with the Ti'at Society
Climate change and urban development have significantly altered ocean conditions and our ability to access the coast, making it more and more difficult for the Tongva tribe to carry on their long-held seafaring traditions. Today, members of the Tongva, Chumash and Acjachemen are rebuilding their connection with the ocean and the Channel Islands by rebuilding a Ti'at, a traditional Tongva canoe.
For the past two centuries, California has relied heavily on the natural resources of the North Coast region, exploiting its pristine watersheds for agriculture and its forests for timber. But today, the environmental costs of timber extraction and damming have reached a tipping point. Now the Yurok are working with local and state organizations to revitalize the forests, rivers and wildlife, a comprehensive feat requiring collaboration among community leaders up and down the Klamath and Trinity Rivers. This episode features interviews with:
Managing Groundwater with the Paiute
In the wake of the recent drought, scientists and politicians are beginning to understand that reserving and maintaining groundwater is essential for addressing the state's water needs. California's Native peoples have lived with drought cycles for millennia and today, the Paiute are shepherding conversations around access to water resources, raising key questions about how our snowpack, streams and aquifers are used and maintained.
Holistic Healing with the Syuxtun Collective
Since the 20th century, Western medicine has focused on treating a patient's symptoms, not the underlying cause. Today, scientists and doctors are realizing that we should be wary of a health system that relies on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising and are embracing alternative, preventive whole body options, which start with a healthy mind, body, and spirit. These are concepts Indigenous peoples have practiced for thousands of years, by using medicinal plant knowledge that informed much our pharmacopeia.
Protecting The Coast with the Tolowa Dee-ni'
Today many California coastal ecosystems are under threat from human caused toxification of our oceans caused by industrial and residential development. This episode journeys to the Smith River near the Oregon border to discover how the Tolowa Dee-ni' are reviving traditional harvesting of shellfish such as mussels, and in the process, working with state agencies to monitor toxicity levels and redefine the human role in managing marine protected areas.
Healing The Body with United Indian Health Services
At Potawot Community Garden the Health of the Land Equals the Health of the People
The land now known as Ku'wah-dah-wilth Restoration Area is a place of wellness, of healing, of cultural resiliency and it's a wellspring of Indigenous food sovereignty.
Tribal Hunting with the Pit River Peoples
Tribe Acts to Restore Hunting Practices and Traditional Food Source
Alarmed over the decline of a traditional food source, the Pit River Tribe acts to restore grasslands and traditional hunting practices.
Decolonizing Cuisine with Mak–'amham
Café Ohlone Blends Food with Language to Honor Native Ancestors
The founders of mak'amham and Café Ohlone in the Bay Area want to bring back Indigenous ways and honor the ancestors who preserved traditions in the face of colonization.
The Tolowa People Work With Western Science to Monitor Coastal Health
The Tolowa Dee-ni' people, who have fished and tended the Northwestern California coast for time immemorial, are collaborating with western scientists at state agencies to monitor ocean toxicity in shellfish.
California Tribes Offer Critical Perspective on Marine Protected Areas
Tribal rights have hardly been addressed in marine environments but the the work of the Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation and the North Coast tribes creates a critical space of dialogue about the health of the ocean, which impacts our collective well-being.
Why Integrating Indigenous Voices is Key in Tackling Ecological Problems
Across the world, Indigenous peoples have lived in their ancestral homelands for thousands of years. To have their perspective and their traditional knowledge is key when confronting contemporary environmental challenges.
S4 E1: Griffith Park - The Untold History
Griffith Park is one of the largest municipal parks in the United States. Its founder, Griffith J. Griffith, donated the land to the city as a public recreation ground for all the people — an ideal that has been challenged over the years.
Griffith Park: The Untold History
KCET Original
Lost LA Season 1
S1 E1: Wild L.A.
In this episode, Lost L.A. explores the complicated relationship between the city and its natural environment.
Wild L.A.
Preview: The Victim
Parents are willing to spend thousands to get the competitive edge in the college admissions process, but at what cost? Socal Connected takes a revealing look at the high stakes world of the for-profit education consultant business.
Summer in the Forest
Four people who have intellectual disabilities live in a commune next to a beautiful forest near Paris. They were labeled 'idiots,' locked away and forgotten in violent asylums until the 1960s, when the young philosopher Jean Vanier secured their release.