When I blogged about the easy rustic trays, I put it out there that I was looking for more great uses for all the fence. Holly from Full Circle Creations wrote me an email–You could take some of that rough stuff and make small faux barn doors that would have been used in a barn loft…and add hardware to it and sell at your shows. People love to use those on their mantles…add a wreath to them or bunting. You could even attach and drape wire across then attach little clips or clothespins to it when you sell them. Just an idea.
When I started cutting the boards, I decided to keep the dog eared look. This was so simple, I cut 6 boards 30 inches long, put them together, measured the width and cut two boards 20.5. the cross board was the most difficult, but still very easy. I laid it under the cross boards and drew a line to get the right angle. A little Gorilla Glue Wood Glue and a nail gun going pop pop pop, and voila—it's done.
I brought it into the house to test it on my mantel to see if the size was right.
A pitiful attempt to stage it. I really like rustic, but I just don't know how to pull it all together.
I remember when Donna blogged this years ago, do you? She whitewashed hers because she has a dark mantel. On my mantel, I would need to leave it natural, or stain it with a dark stain.
After reading Holly's email, I decided to do the faux barn door. For this piece I only used 5 boards and I cut them at 30 inches. I used the wood glue and nail gun to secure the boards, placing the top an bottom board one bard length from the top and bottom. I then measured the cross board just like I did with the faux gate.
Next up—this pair of faux shutters. You can see I used 3 boards for each, measuring 24 inches.
I made a feeble attempt to stage the faux barn door and faux garden gate….
But–I went shopping to pick up a few items, then, I spent about an hour a DAY styling-staging these items on my mantel…..
I picked up some polka-dot burlap ribbon and a grapevine wreath at Hobby Lobby. This is what I'm calling a faux barn door because the boards are straight across on the top.
This is what I'm calling a faux gate, because it reminds me of a garden gate. The photo on the bottom right is pretty much how it sits on my mantel right now. Although the polka dots are cute, They really aren't me. You can see I switched out the red book for a more deeper toned plain book.
Last, but not least are some cute rustic faux shutters. This multi color polka dot ribbon was found at JoAnn's.
I really am loving the new look of my mantel. I plan to make some of these for Glendale out of the fence that is too rough to use for the directional wedding signs in my Etsy shop.
You can check out my other rustic fence projects – easy rustic trays, planter koozies to cover up your plastic pots.
I made a little sign for my wreath.
I can also see the faux gate/barn doors/shutters used outdoors by a front door or by the mailbox to greet guests. Where would you use one?
Who says you can't style? Gorgeous!
Love it! Those are so versatile for any season. And your styling is beautiful!
Love how all the different elements work on your mantel.
I don't think I've ever taken you for 'rustic' decorator.
I always thought you were more of a 'modern country'… either way, this works on your white painted mantel!
I am in awe of your talent and vision. When I looked at that fence in my back yard, it was just an eyesore. You have turned it into something beautiful!
I love this! I want one to put in front of my fireplace when we aren't using it, great idea!
These are totally adorable! They can be staged in so many ways for so many seasons! Great job!
I have to say I love your planter koozies, I would love to get some of those. I wish I were closer to you so I could pop over and take a look!
love these! if i didn't have a big honking tv on my mantel i would be all over it!
Those gates/doors are the BEST!!!
You could also make the gate/door bigger and use it for a rustic headboard.
I really like the use of the older wood, it all looks so great! 🙂 Thanks for sharing with us and have a blessed day!
That looks great Gail – it does go with so many looks & seasons too!
What a great idea! Love the versatility–you'll sell a bunch of them. We actually have a great old gate similar to the one you made, but about 6 feet tall. We had a tree come down on part of our fence and the gate was no longer in use (because the fence was gone.) My husband put hooks on it and it leans up against the garden house, holding our rakes and hoe.


You know that it is important to have regular mammogram screenings. Mammograms can detect breast cancer well before you have any symptoms or feel a lump. Early detection offers you the best chance at being cured.
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is breast cancer that develops in the lining of the milk ducts in your breasts. Women who have ductal carcinoma in situ do not usually have any symptoms and do not know they have breast cancer until it is found during a routine mammogram. The good news is that ductal carcinoma in situ does not normally spread beyond the ducts, therefore it is considered a non-invasive cancer and not life-threatening. However, surgery is necessary to remove the tumors.
There are two types of ductal carcinoma: non-invasive, or ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive ductal carcinoma, which means the cancer has spread beyond the milk ducts. If your mammogram shows signs of suspicious cells inside your ducts, your doctor will order a biopsy to determine if the cells are cancerous and if they are invasive or non-invasive.
If you have ductal carcinoma in situ or non-invasive breast cancer, you will need a surgical procedure called lumpectomy to remove the tumor or tumors found in the ducts. During lumpectomy, only the cancerous tumor and a small amount of the surrounding breast tissue is removed. Most women who have ductal carcinoma in situ do not need chemotherapy or radiation. However, depending on the type cancer cells found, your doctor may recommend hormone therapy.
Although ductal carcinoma in situ is non life-threatening, women who have ductal carcinoma in situ are at greater risk of having cancer again. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions on having mammogram screenings so if cancer does return, you have the best chance of finding it early.


Raleigh, NC (December 20, 2011) - Chinese MMO company Shanda Games' latest fantasy MMORPG ELIGIUM – The Chosen One is in closed beta. The publisher Forgster announced that the CBT will last until January 18, 2012.
Developed using the Gamebryo Engine, ELIGIUM – The Chosen One challenges players to see if they have what it takes to be the Chosen One and free the world from the invading demonic hordes. However, ELIGIUM offers far more than dungeons and group instances seething with hostile monsters. This MMO stands out from the crowd with its exceptionally captivating gameplay and a collection of features encompassing a range of genres.
Frogster plans to launch ELIGIUM as a free-to-play title in Q1 2012 in English, German, French and Polish language versions. For more information, visit www.eligium.com.


Metro Drug Coalition is pleased to welcome our media relations intern for the summer, Molly Brinkley. Molly is a senior at the University of Tennessee and will graduate this fall with a degree in Communications, with a focus in public relations. After graduation, she hopes to pursue a career in a nonprofit organization focusing on either youth development or public health.
Molly has been involved with several organizations at UT, including Student Alumni Associates, Leadership Knoxville Scholars, and various programs within the Center for Leadership and Service. Outside of campus and MDC, Molly works at a local retail store and enjoys running, reading and hiking in the Smokies.
During her time with MDC, Molly hopes to learn more about drug addiction in East Tennessee and how to best serve those who are affected. While gaining experience in communications, she wants to learn how to use media relations to spread awareness of the effects of drug addiction on families and community members.


Combine the latest in high-tech LED icicle lights and some old-fashioned decorations from the 1960s and you have Christmas in downtown Maple Ridge.
The combination of old and new is drawing lots of comments on Facebook and elsewhere, says district spokesman Fred Armstrong.
The blend of technologies wasn't really planned, but it just worked out that way, he explained.
Usually every year the district drags its 55 old candy cane and Christmas bell decorations out of storage and hangs them from light poles along the main streets.
"They were originally purchased by the downtown business improvement association in 1966," Armstrong said.
But the years took a toll and the plastic had faded and cracked the bells, and the displays were showing their age and becoming a bit hokey.
Then earlier this year, a district employee found the original mold used to make the bells. Those were taken to Northwest Plastics in Port Coquitlam and a new set of bells was made using the molds.
Work crews then rewired and spiffed up the displays, producing a new set of old 1960s decorations for about $5,000.
Armstrong said the decorations are unique and harken back to an era 50 years ago.
And to ensure the decorations are seen only in Maple Ridge, no other municipality within 200-kilometres can use them.
Any other city that wants to use them outside that range has to pay a small royalty to the District of Maple Ridge.
In addition to the traditional decor, Maple Ridge has also spent $60,000 on streams of icicle lights that hang from tree tops in the downtown. The LED devices have light moving along the vertical tubes, creating the illusion of a dripping icicle.
Those have been hung from the top tree canopy throughout the downtown and Memorial Peace Park and look particularly good in the fog, said Armstrong.
Those were combined with existing strings of LED lights and combine for a total of 3.5 kilometres of lights.
The new energy-efficient lights use less power than the old lights from the 1960s, said Armstrong.
He added that the business association wants to keep some of the lights on beyond Christmas to improve the downtown ambience.


Fran Chapell,member, addressed the Salisbury Rotary Club Tuesday, 8/18/15. We all know Fran and the wonderful work she does through the Canaan Child Care Center. Today though, Fran spoke about herself, her family and the experiences in life that have shaped her into the Rotarian she is today. Frances Claire Bridget Mahar Chapell, yes that is her full name, moved to salisbury to raise her family and has been involved with educating young children ever since. She is a Teacher, a Counselor, a Business Woman, Community Leader, Mom and Nana. Fran spends a considerable amount of time coordinating the efforts of the Northwest Child Care Collaborative. The coordinated effort of 10 different child care centers, the Centers raise funds to supply young school age children with all of the needed supplies for going back to school. From clothing to pencils this group strives to meet the basic needs of every child going back to school. Check out the link below to the United Way. The United Way helps support the efforts of Fran and the Child Care Collaboration through small grants. Please join the Salisbury Rotary Club in donating to this worthy cause. Also join us in thanking Fran for all of her hard work on helping kids and families in Canaan and the surrounding communities. Fran truly lives up to the Rotary standard or "Service Before Self"!


text:
Physico-chemical studies of the complexes of Hippuric acid with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in ethanol-water mixed solvent system
Nabil Bader
Aya Elmajbry
Zainab Al borki
Aziza Ahmida
Abdalla Geath
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2020.1.1
Potentiometric titrations have been used to calculate the dissociation constants of Hippuric acid and its stability constants with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in ethanol-water mixed solvent system at different temperatures, and constant ionic strength of 0.1M solution sodium nitrate. The order of the stability constants of metal complexes at 298 K with respect to ligand was found to be Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II). Effect of temperature on stability of hippuric acid complexes with Cu(II) and Pb(II) has been studied in order to calculate the Gibb`s free energy and enthalpy of the complex formation reaction, the results showed that coordination process is spontanous and exothermic. Effect of solvent ratio has been studied only for Cu(II) complex and the dissociation of hippuric acid at given added different ratios decreases on the following order 75% > 50%.
Hippuric acid
metal complexes
stability constant
mixed solvent system
Other Chemistry fields
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How to cite this manuscript:
N. Bader, A. Elmajbry, Z. Al borki, A. Ahmida and A. Geath, Physico-chemical studies of the complexes of Hippuric acid with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in ethanol-water mixed solvent system. Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research, 3(2020) 1-6.
.DOI: 10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2020.1.1
Receive Date: 29 August 2019
Revise Date: 07 November 2019
Accept Date: 01 December 2019
Bader, N., Elmajbry, A., Al borki, Z., Ahmida, A., Geath, A. (2020). Physico-chemical studies of the complexes of Hippuric acid with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in ethanol-water mixed solvent system. Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research, 3(1), 1-6. doi: 10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2020.1.1
Nabil Bader; Aya Elmajbry; Zainab Al borki; Aziza Ahmida; Abdalla Geath. "Physico-chemical studies of the complexes of Hippuric acid with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in ethanol-water mixed solvent system". Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research, 3, 1, 2020, 1-6. doi: 10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2020.1.1
Bader, N., Elmajbry, A., Al borki, Z., Ahmida, A., Geath, A. (2020). 'Physico-chemical studies of the complexes of Hippuric acid with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in ethanol-water mixed solvent system', Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research, 3(1), pp. 1-6. doi: 10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2020.1.1
Bader, N., Elmajbry, A., Al borki, Z., Ahmida, A., Geath, A. Physico-chemical studies of the complexes of Hippuric acid with Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in ethanol-water mixed solvent system. Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research, 2020; 3(1): 1-6. doi: 10.33945/SAMI/PCBR.2020.1.1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Somewhere on a windswept cliff on the edge of the Hawaiian island of Kauai grows a plant that looks like a cabbage on a stick. It's the last wild plant of its kind, and its exact location is a closely guarded secret.
The alula looks a bit like a cabbage on a stalk.
Hawaiians call it alula (AH-lou-lah). Even on this island chain, known for its exotic greenery, the alula stands out. Its rosette of wide, leathery leaves sits atop a short, bulbous stem. Creamy yellow flowers give off a honeysuckle scent.
Alula used to be an important lei plant. A lei is a traditional garland of flowers worn around the neck. The alula's flowers "could be either strung or woven into leis, which were made as gifts of love or for special occasions," says Kawika Winter. Winter is an ecologist and a Hawaiian who works at the He'eia National Estuarine Research Reserve on Oahu.
As Winter well knows, the days when Hawaiians could use alula flowers in their leis are long gone. Alula were once a common sight in Kauai and on the neighboring island of Nihau. That was before people brought plant-munching goats, pigs and rats to Hawaii. People also brought plants from other places. These plants tended to crowd out native Hawaiian ones, including alula.
Forty years ago, the alula hadn't yet dwindled to one last, lonely plant. There was still a small population clinging to a cliff face. Steve Perlman rappelled down a cliff to collect their seeds.
Perlman arrived just in time. He is a field botanist with the Plant Extinction Prevention Program at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Perlman is based at the National Tropical Botanical Gardens (NTBG) in Kalaheo, so he gave his seeds to horticulturists working there.
Horticulturists are experts in cultivating plants. The ones at NTBG knew how rare alula already were when Perlman handed over his seeds 40 years ago. They were eager to grow lots of them and save the plant from extinction.
This is a fabulous green sphinx moth, which pollinates the alula plant. Live moths are a vivid green. But there are so few of them left that people have to pollinate alula flowers by hand.
But there was a problem. The alula's natural pollinator is the fabulous green sphinx moth (yes, that's its real name). And there weren't enough of the moths to do the job. That's because so much land has been cleared for houses and food crops, removing the plants the moth needs for food. Today there are very, very few fabulous green sphinx moths left.
NTBG's horticulturists had a solution to the missing moth problem: pollinate alula by hand. They dipped small paintbrushes into the pollen of some greenhouse alula flowers and dabbed it onto the stigmas (the female reproductive parts) of other alula flowers. It worked. They grew so many that alula plants now are sold around the world as a houseplant called Hawaiian palm. Alula have also been re-introduced into the wild places where they once grew. But these aren't technically considered wild plants. That's because humans must constantly tend to them.
Today, the plant is listed as endangered. And it's against the law for anyone to damage or kill it. This listing, along with Perlman's efforts, has been a life preserver for alula.
Flowers (bottom) from the alula plant (top) were once popular for making Hawaiian leis. A lei is a necklace of flowers worn to mark special occasions. Hawaiians no longer use alula because the plant is so rare.
At least, he's pretty sure it's a success story. But sometimes he wonders. Winter is not so sure either. As they both point out, alula plants would die off if humans stopped hand-pollinating them. True success will come only when they can be planted in the wild and survive on their own, says Winter.
For now, constant hand-pollination is better than the alternative — extinction. More than 130 plant species have gone extinct in Hawaii since people began keeping records a couple hundred years ago. Perlman has personally witnessed 20 species go extinct in the state since he started hunting for rare plants 45 years ago. It is, he says, a lot like losing 20 friends.
Hawaii is an extreme example of a place where native plants are in trouble. But it's not alone. Plants are at risk around the world. In fact, one in five of the world's plants is at risk of extinction. This is according to a 2016 report from the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Kew. It's in London, England.
Michael Way is an ecologist who works for the RBG. Like Perlman, he is a rare-plant hunter. He travels to hard-to-reach places to collect rare plants, or their seeds, hoping to save them from extinction.
In August 2016, Way was part of a team that hiked into a remote area of northern Oregon to collect seeds from the Brewer spruce. This is a rare evergreen tree with droopy branches covered in curtains of needle-like leaves. Its seed-bearing cones measure eight to 15 centimeters (three to six inches) — longer than most other North American spruce cones.
The Brewer spruce is native to northwest North America and one of the rarest trees on the continent. Its greatest threats are wildfires and climate change, which is causing temperatures to rise on the cool, north-facing summits where it grows. The tree prefers chilly conditions.
These are mature seed-cones of Brewer spruce on Iron Mountain, Ore. The trees once grew across northwest North America. Today, they survive in only six places in Oregon. Fire and climate change have wiped out most of the species.
"It's a survivor from the glacial period 10,000 years ago," says Way.
Despite its longevity, the Brewer spruce's days may be numbered. As temperatures continue to rise on its native mountainsides, the tree will have nowhere to go, says Way.
Today, Brewer spruce are found in only six places in Oregon. There are perhaps several thousand left. Most of them grow in remote areas on National Forest land. But there are no laws protecting the Brewer spruce. The only thing keeping the trees safe is their isolated location.
The arborists and smoke jumpers are skilled climbers and easily clambered 10 meters (about 33 feet) up into the trees' crowns. They secured themselves at the top with climbing harnesses and dropped cones into sacks tied to their waists. Down below, Way waited to catch the sacks.
All together, they climbed 60 trees and collected 3,000 cones. Half the cones went to a seed bank run by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation. That's in Fort Collins, Colo. Way took the other half back with him to the RBG's seed bank in Wakehurst, England.
Seed banks safely store seeds from many species. Now, if the Brewer spruce dies out in the wild, scientists will still have seeds to grow and study, says Way. But like Perlman, he worries it's not enough. "It doesn't help us protect them in their natural habitat," he says.
This is the entrance to the Royal Botanic Gardens' Millennial Seed Bank, an underground vault in Wakehurst, England. Inside, scientists store seeds from millions of rare plants around the world. The scientists study the seeds and sometimes also use them to reintroduce rare plants into the wild.
The disappearance of the Brewer spruce or any other plant could have important consequences. Throughout history, plants have often been sources of medicines, says Way. If they die out before we understand their value, we'll never know what illnesses they might have treated.
Not only that, but plants are at the bottom of the food chain, he adds. That means they feed other organisms. A diversity of plants means a diversity of animals. "A healthy ecosystem needs this," says Way.
Of course, we can only protect the rare plants we know about. That's why Aaron Floden was excited to discover a new and rare species of trillium (TRILL-ee-uhm) in 2012.
Trillium is a common plant genus (GEE-nuss). A genus is a group of closely related species. The genus Trillium produces three-petalled flowers in shades of red, purple, pink, white, yellow or green. Trilliums are found across eastern North America, in parts of western North America and also in eastern Asia.
"Despite people thinking North America is well-explored, our collection of this trillium was the first ever," says Floden. He's a plant taxonomist (Tax-ON-uh-mist) who works at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis. A plant taxonomist is a scientist who studies the origins of plants and relationships between them.
Scientists have identified roughly 50 different trillium species. Some are rarer than others. Floden named the one he identified in 2012 Trillium tennesseense, after the eastern Tennessee property where he found it.
That property belongs to a local high-school biology teacher and his wife. They got in touch with Floden after they noticed a plant growing near their driveway that puzzled them. A few days after that call, Floden drove out to the couple's rural home to see if he could solve the mystery.
Sure enough, near their driveway he found a small, delicate plant with three-petalled flowers. The petals were greenish-yellow, turning a dark reddish-brown at the base. Bending down to smell the flower, he caught a whiff of plastic and petroleum — what he describes as an "old-fashioned boot polish" smell.
Trillium tennesseense is a very rare species of trillium. It has been found in just four locations, all in the state of Tennessee. Different trilliums have different smells — some give off the scent of fresh-baked bread, others of dirty feet. This one smells like plastic and petroleum.
His first thought was to wonder what kind of pollinator would be attracted to that smell. Different trillium species have different smells. One smells like dirty, stinky feet, and another like an unclean rodent cage, says Floden. Several trillium species smell like decaying meat. But some have good smells — such as freshly baked banana bread, lemon or even fermenting apples.
Floden's second thought was to marvel at his luck. "It was very exciting to be the first botanist, and one of maybe a dozen people in the whole world, to have seen what was likely to be a new species of trillium," he says.
He dug up a few plants to study back at his lab. He measured different parts of the plant and compared them to known species. He found the trilliums from Tennessee were different. The shape and size of the plant's male and female reproductive parts differed from other trilliums.
This made him strongly suspect it was a new species. To be sure, he analyzed the plant's DNA. DNA is a long, spiral-shaped molecule inside nearly every cell in living things. This molecule carries genetic information — instructions for how that plant or animal (or human) looks and functions. And whether it smells like boot polish.
"We get the DNA out of a small piece of the plant — a piece about the size of your thumbnail is enough," says Floden.
He found the sequence, or order, of the trillium's DNA was a bit different from other trilliums' DNA. In fact, it was different enough to be a separate species.
Floden was the first scientist to identify Trillium tennesseense. But that's not the only reason he was excited. Identifying the plant meant he and others might eventually use the finding to protect the trillium's habitat.
That's because laws protecting plants and animals are often based on how rare they are. Floden suspects Trillium tennesseense is very rare. Despite looking carefully in the area for more of them, he and his colleagues found the flowers growing in just four more places.
One of those places has since been plowed for a horse pasture. The four remaining sites total about two hectares (five acres). Floden doesn't think he'll find any more of the flowers, inside or outside Tennessee.
He worries for the plant's future. That's because laws protect the trillium only if it grows on land belonging to the state of Tennessee. There, it is protected against digging, picking and destruction.
But that doesn't mean plant hunters like Floden, Way and Perlman will stop trying. The trio is committed to scouring the ends of the Earth for endangered species — and trying their best to save them.
crown The upper region of something. (in botany) The part of a plant that lives aboveground. It includes the stem, branches and leaves.
diversity A broad spectrum of similar items, ideas or people. In a social context, it may refer to a diversity of experiences and cultural backgrounds. (in biology) A range of different life forms.
estuary (adj. estuarine) The mouth of a large river, where it empties into the ocean and freshwater and saltwater mix. Such regions are often nurseries for young fish.
extinction The permanent loss of a species, family or larger group of organisms.
greenhouse A light-filled structure, often with windows serving as walls and ceiling materials, in which plants are grown. It provides a controlled environment in which set amounts of water, humidity and nutrients can be applied — and pests can be prevented entry.
Hawaii This central Pacific island chain became the 50th U.S. state on Aug. 21, 1959. Moving from west to east, its eight major islands are Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii (also known as the Big Island). The entire crescent-shaped island chain spans some 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles). Each of the state's islands was created from one or more volcanoes that long ago sprang up from the ocean floor. The chain sits some 3,857 kilometers (2,397 miles) west of San Francisco, Calif., and 8,516 kilometers east of Manila, the Philippines.
palm A type of evergreen tree that sprouts a crown of large fan-shaped leaves. Most of the roughly 2,600 different species of palms are tropical or semitropical.
petroleum A thick flammable liquid mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum is a fossil fuel mainly found beneath the Earth's surface. It is the source of the chemicals used to make gasoline, lubricating oils, plastics and many other products.
pollinator Something that carries pollen, a plant's male reproductive cells, to the female parts of a flower, allowing fertilization. Many pollinators are insects such as bees.
spruce Any of several dozen species of coniferous evergreen tree.
stigma A disgrace, source of shame or a stain on one's reputation — often not justifiably — due to something that one did, experienced or represents to others.
summit (in geology) The uppermost part of a mountain or hill, or (verb) the act of climbing and reaching that uppermost point.
Report: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. State of the World's Plants 2016.
Explainer: What is a gene bank?


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Electoral Data for Counties in the United States: Presidential and Congressional Races, 1840-1972 (ICPSR 8611)
Version Date: Nov 13, 2006 View help for published
Clubb, Jerome M., Flanigan, William H., and Zingale, Nancy H. Electoral Data for Counties in the United States: Presidential and Congressional Races, 1840-1972. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2006-11-13. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08611.v1
Jerome M. Clubb, University of Michigan; William H. Flanigan, University of Minnesota; Nancy H. Zingale, College of St. Thomas
Version V1
This collection contains county-level returns for elections to the United States presidency and to the United States House of Representatives for the years 1840 to 1972. The variables for the presidential vote include the percentages of ballots cast for major and "significant" minor party candidates (with residual votes collapsed into an "other" category), total numbers of votes for all candidates in an election, and estimates of voter turnout in the presidential elections. There are similar variables for the congressional vote except that returns are reported for parties and not for candidates. Congressional district numbers are also reported for each county for every election.
Funding View help for Funding
National Science Foundation (GS-28913, GS-42717, GS-28911, GS-42730, and GS-42733)
candidates congressional elections counties election returns elections legislative districts political attitudes political behavior political parties presidential elections states (USA)
1840 -- 1972
The variable V3 (COUNTY IDENTIFICATION NO) is not necessarily equivalent to the FIPS code for a given county.
Some of the data in this collection were compiled from ICPSR 0003. Since the time of this data collection's first release, ICPSR 0003 has been updated and is available as ICPSR 2896 (HISTORICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL DATA: THE UNITED STATES, 1790-2000). Users of the current data collection should check ICPSR 2896 for specific information about updates that may affect the analysis of the data in this collection.
Population of United States voters in presidential and congressional elections, 1840-1972.
Data Source View help for Data Source
United States Historical Election Returns, 1788-1978 (ICPSR 0001)
Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-1970 (ICPSR 2896)
2018-02-15 The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented. The previous citation was:
Clubb, Jerome M., William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale. Electoral Data for Counties in the United States: Presidential and Congressional Races, 1840-1972. ICPSR08611-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2006-11-13. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08611.v1
2006-11-13 The codebook has been updated to reflect revisions made to the processing notes, which now include an explanation for computing partisan and voter turnout percentages.
2005-01-27 A processor's note has been added to the codebook to explain an apparent discrepancy between the 'V3 -- COUNTY IDENTIFICATION NO' variable and FIPS, which are in fact independent of one another. Also, the codebook has been converted to PDF form.
The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented.


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Why is Jaipur 'The Pink City' ?
Jaipur, Pink city, Rajasthan Film Festival, Why is Jaipur 'The Pink City
Jaipur is known as the Pink City. On touring the city, one can quickly comprehend the reason behind the name. Every wall of the majestic Walled City has painted an earthen pink shade. This color is so critical to the legacy of the city that it is obligatory by law to maintain it and ensure that the walls perpetually remain this color. There is an interesting history behind the 'pink of Jaipur'.
The explanation behind the uniform shade of focal Jaipur is the intellect of Maharaja Ram Singh, his authority over the capital of Rajasthan, and his luminous brainwave to awe Prince Albert on his 1876 voyage through India.
Sovereign Albert spent a mammoth 17 weeks fulfilling regal obligations all through the Indian subcontinent. He became worn out and tired of his official commitment as he was devoid of his wife. For Indian royalties, this was a perfect chance to reinforce connections to the British nobility and increase individual association with the Royal family. The Maharaja of Jaipur was one of the wealthiest and most capable men in India and he awed the British court like no other.
Maharaja Ram Singh's first strategy was to fortify that Prince Albert would visit Jaipur and in order to do this, he developed an extravagant show corridor and named it "Albert Hall" out of appreciation for the sovereign. The stunning Albert Hall remains in the midst of the precisely laid out grounds of the Ram Niwas Public gardens and can be visited even today. With Prince Albert enticed to visit Jaipur, the Maharaja began beautifying his city and this included repainting the entire city.
The color selected was an earthen pink as it denotes hospitality. The paint was created from a calcium oxide compound and to a great degree, is tough to find in the parched states of affairs in Jaipur. Visit Film Festival in Jaipur, Rajasthan
Some people may question how or even why Jaipur has maintained its unmistakable pink shading after the visit by Prince Albert 130 years back. The response lies with Maharaja Ram Singh's spouse, who loved the shading plan. The queen managed to persuade the Maharaja to pass a law making, it illicit for public structures to be painted a color apart from Jaipuri Pink. This law was passed in 1877 and still stands today. It transforms the generally cluttered and chaotic city into a calm and pretty, Pink City.
Mahipal Chandra Bhandari's 'Nazarana'


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Johan Peter Holtsmark, född den  13 februari 1894, död den 10 december  1975, var en norsk fysiker. Han var dotterson till  Johan Peter Weisse, brorson till Bernt Holtsmark, son till Gabriel Gabrielsen Holtsmark och bror till Anne Holtsmark.

Holtsmark blev filosofie doktor i Oslo 1918, professor i fysik vid Tekniska högskolan i Trondheim 1923. Holtmarks undersökningar omfattade framför allt problem inom strålningsfysiken. Bland dessa märks teoretiska arbeten kring Ramsauereffekten, över absorptionslinjernas breddökning vid växande gastryck och över långsamam elektroners spridning samt experiementella arbeten över den karakteristiska röntgenstrålningen från de lätta grundämnena.

Källor
 Carlquist, Gunnar (red.) (1932). Svensk uppslagsbok. Malmö: Svensk Uppslagsbok AB:s förlag, band 13 s. 254.

Norska professorer i fysik
Födda 1894
Avlidna 1975
Män
Personer från Asker kommun
Personer verksamma vid CERN

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Michigan Public Service Commission's report on net metering shows significant growth in both net metered solar and large installations in 2017.
The Michigan report shows growth in net metered PV systems and even bigger growth in large installations.
The staff of the Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC) issued their Annual Net Metering & Solar Program Report for the calendar year 2016. This article extracted the solar portion of the net metering report, which constituted the bulk of the activity, from utility annual report submissions made to the MPSC from investor owned utilities and rural electric cooperatives. The MPSC staff made these submissions into a table.
In analyzing the submissions, some inconsistencies may occur due to net metering of hybrid installations, multiple solar installations at one site, reporting of systems in both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) capacities and the lack of voluntary reporting by some of the rural electric cooperatives. In addition, the report does not contain systematic net metering information from the more than 40 municipal utilities in Michigan.
There are about 2,295 solar net metered installations in the utility submissions referenced by the report, of which 426 were installed in 2016. These installations are in two categories, up to 20 kilowatts (kW) of capacity, and 20-150 kW. A larger category, 150-550 kW is generally used for other renewable energy sources. The total capacity of PV reported in the submissions was 19.9 MW, of which 5.2 MW was installed in 2016.
The two big investor owned utilities, DTE Energy and Consumers Energy have the lion's share of PV net meters and capacity. DTE has 1,388 net metered-systems for 11.5 MW, and Consumers has 514 net meters and 3.2 MW. However, Consumers had faster growth in 2016 with more aggressive programs, with 205 net meters and 3.2 MW installed in 2016 versus DTE's 151 net meters and 1.4 MW.
Utility submission reports were also broken down by zip code. The zip code with the largest number of net metered PV systems was 48103, with 129 installations through 2016. This zip code comprised of Ann Arbor and other localities of Washtenaw County, the home of the University of Michigan and progressive politics, so being a "solar capital" would not be a surprise.
The report follows Ann Arbor's recent decision move towards 100% renewable energy in its municipal electricity supply.
The first category net metered systems were subject to a capacity limit of 0.5% of the peak capacity of each utility. All of the utilities' net metered installations were well under this low limit, with the exception of the Upper Peninsula Power Company (UPPCO), based in Houghton. UPPCO reported the third highest number of solar net metered systems, 110 totaling over 667 kW of capacity. They reported 23 installations totaling 191 kW in 2016, reaching the 0.5% limit in July of that year, suspending their program.
The MPSC report also included a table that estimated Michigan's total PV capacity. Through 2016, DTE's "SolarCurrents" installations totaled over 20 MW. Other MW-scale contributors included Indiana Michigan's 4.6 MW installation, two Consumers Energy "solar gardens" totaling 4 MW, a 1.22 MW IKEA store system and a 1.2 MW Spartan Solar system. All told, the total estimated Michigan PV capacity at the end of 2016 was just under 58 MW.
Estimates in 2017 indicated a huge jump in capacity just from a number of large installations. Seven systems totaling more than 62 MW were reported, the largest being a 48 MW DTE Lapeer installation and a 10 MW Michigan State University installation. This would more than double the total capacity in Michigan to over 120 MW by the end of 2017.


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Switch to: References
Citations of:
Edward Williams Morley and the Atomic Weight of Oxygen: the Death of Prout's Hypothesis Revisited
R. Richard Hamerla
Annals of Science 60 (4):351-372 (2003)
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Émile Meyerson and Mass Conservation in Chemical Reactions: A Priori Expectations Versus Experimental Tests.Roberto de Andrade Martins - 2019 - Foundations of Chemistry 21 (1):109-124.details
In his celebrated historic-epistemological work Identité et réalité, Émile Meyerson claimed that the scientific conservation principles were first suggested and accepted for philosophical reasons, and only afterwards were submitted to experimental tests. One of the instances he discussed in his book is the principle of mass conservation in chemical reactions. Meyerson pointed out that several authors, from Antiquity to Kant, accepted the idea of quantitative conservation of matter; and Lavoisier himself was strongly influenced by a priori ideas, using this principle (...) instead of attempting to test it. This paper will review Meyerson's claim and historic evidence, focusing especially the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when the principle of mass conservation was tested in highly accurate experiments. Instead of confirming the principle, some of those experiments led to the detection of anomalies. Hans Landolt, for instance, noticed that there were some small violations of the principle. He observed mass variations of about 10−6 in chemical reactions produced in hermetically sealed glass tubes. Since Landolt was a famous chemist, his results produced a strong response. Several researchers repeated his experiments, with different results. Landolt himself improved his experiments, with a balance that could detect mass changes of 10−7. After changes of the experimental procedure, the chemical reactions did not show significant mass changes. There was not, however, any "crucial experiment" "proving" that mass was conserved. The observed anomalies were set aside mainly by theoretical reasons, after the discovery of radioactivity and the development of the theory of relativity. (shrink)
Philosophy of Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science


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Name: Hilary Swank
Born: 30 July 1974 (Age: 36)
Where: Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
Awards: Won 2 Oscars, 2 Golden Globes, nominated for 1 BAFTA
Actress. Born on July 30, 1974, in Lincoln, Nebraska (some sources say Bellingham, Washington). Swank had a difficult childhood. Her parents had a strained relationship, and her father left the family when she was 6 years old. As a young girl, Swank spent her formative years living in a trailer park in Bellingham, Washington. She would often spend time at nearby Lake Samish. Athletic, Swank swam competitively and did gymnastics, but she discovered early on that she wanted to become an actress. "I have dreamed of being an actress since I was 8 years old," she later told Redbook Magazine. "I never had a doubt that I could do it, but I also never expected that I'd have any great success."
After her mother lost her job, the pair moved to Los Angeles and lived out of their car for a while as they tried to get Hilary's career off the ground. "We picked up, with seventy-five bucks to our name, and drove down to California in our Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme," she explained to Interview magazine. Her mother would take a roll of quarters to a pay phone and make calls, trying to get Swank into an audition or a meeting with an agent or manager.
Their hard work eventually paid off with a number of television roles. She had guest appearances on such shows as Harry and the Hendersons and Evening Shade in the early 1990s. Around this time, Swank made her film debut in Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) starring Kristy Swanson as the title character. She also landed her first role as a series regular that year on the family comedy Camp Wilder with Jerry O'Connell and Jay Mohr. The show was canceled after only one season.
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Descartes' Demon
This week I've been given to study from my highschool teacher Descartes' Demon argument but I have several doubts I fully understand it ,but let me put this in clear order :
1) I understand that this argument is about whether we can have any knowledge at all about external world which includes existence itself .
2) The argument says that there exists an evil demon who is capable of deceiving us in the same way we suppose God to be able.
3) The argument is solved by the fact that if I am deceived it follows that I exist otherwise I can't be deceived.
Now my question concerns the third point:
How do I know that this evil demon is not feeding me the thought that "if I am deceived it follows that I exist " ?
My evil demon is so smart that he knows that giving me this thought I would think that I exist because I would have been able to think that.
But again how do I know that the demon is not again fooling me by feeding me the above thought ? I would think that I outsmarted him but he would be the smarter because he knows this and that's why he does this.
This can keep going for ever so it seems to me that I can never be sure of what I am thinking .
So the question breaks down to this :how do I know I am not still playing devil's game when I say that I must exist in order for this demon to deceive me ?
epistemology existence descartes
Jean LeroiJean Leroi
What you're referring to is a kind of radical skepticism. Asking proof of something doesn't always make sense. Sometimes you hit rock bottom, the point at which you believe certain things without a need for proof, or act without any kind of justification. Let's say you came up with an argument supporting you in this case - you could then ask for justification for that (like "how do you know that argument isn't a false one implanted by the devil"). Explanations run out eventually. – Franz Jul 11 '17 at 21:36
But if this evil demon feeds you that thought wouldn't you have to exist to be fed it? The argument is disjunctive: if I am deceived, even about the very nature of deception, I have to exist, and if I am not deceived I have to exist anyway. – Conifold Jul 11 '17 at 23:33
@Conifold, you of all people, should know better :-( . See my comment to the accepted answer. – Alexander S King Jul 13 '17 at 16:57
@AlexanderSKing I thought about pointing out the flaws of cogito, but it seemed out of place here since OP was having trouble with how it is even supposed to work. Charity before criticism :) – Conifold Jul 14 '17 at 18:12
@Conifold this is a philosophy forum: criticism is charity. – Alexander S King Jul 14 '17 at 18:21
Many would are argue that you are right, the demon is still successful in his deception.
DesCartes claims in the cogito that he has proven the existence of an "I", since for there to be deception, there has to be thinking, and for there to be thinking there has to be an "I" that does the thinking. Hence "I think, therefore I am".
Several philosophers, notably many empiricists like Locke and Hume, pointed to a major flaw in DesCartes argument, which is that all that DesCartes proves is that "thinking occurs", not that "I am thinking". Later on, Russell in his essay "Analysis of Mind", makes the analogy with rain: when we say "it rains", there's no need for a "rainer" to do the raining. Similarly, when thinking occurs, there's no need for there to be a thinker doing the thinking, the thoughts just occur.
From David Hume's perspective: When we try to observe an "I" that is doing the thinking, we can't find anything. All we observe is the thoughts and emotions themselves - what we think of as the "I" is just the collection of thoughts and impressions that we have. This is known as the Bundle Theory of Self. See this post for a more detailed explanation.
To recast the argument in Cartesian demonic terms: The demon is fooling you (and this "you" is just an illusion) by making you think that an "I" is necessary to do the thinking, when in fact thoughts can occur perfectly well on their own.
One can try to save DesCartes argument by replacing thinking with observation. Thinking might not require a thinker, but observation by definition requires an observer. If we prove that observation is occurring, then there must be an observer: "I observe therefore I am".
Thinking is not so much of a challenge, after all computers think all the time, but conscious, first-person perspective is. This is the basis for philosophical Zombie arguments.
The bundle theorist can still refute this version of the argument, but they have to do a lot more work do to so. How do we explain first-person perspective and consciousness, if all there is, is thoughts, no selves?
Here, the bundle theorist has to resort to Higher-Order and Self-Representational Theories of Consciousness: Consciousness and first-person perspective are just thoughts about other thoughts or thoughts that are about themselves. See this post for details.
Alexander S KingAlexander S King
thanks for the answer,definetly what I was looking for. ;) – Jean Leroi Jul 14 '17 at 11:42
Oh, well done. This was a delightfully well-formed question and equally well-formed answer. It's nice to have this common concern dealt with so cleanly. – Ryder Jul 15 '17 at 20:34
I'm curious: why do you use the form "DesCartes"? I've not seen it before, and I could see it being confusing for new students or casual SE readers. – Ryder Jul 15 '17 at 20:36
I don't buy the "It rains" argument. In that sentence the word "it" is an expletive, while in "I think", the word "I" is necessary. If one instead said the equivalent "The cloud is raining", the argument would no longer make sense. – Ray Butterworth Sep 30 '19 at 12:56
You don't need to go that far to get rid of the self, if you pay attention to the physical data. Dennett would disagree that observing requires an observer on simpler grounds. We know the nervous system to be a parallel architecture. If you need an 'I" to be observing, then are there as many of them as there are sensory pathways? You can be 'observing' in lots of ways at once. The only thing that unifies them is conscious recall. – user9166 Sep 30 '19 at 23:13
Interesting thought that the evil demon could be feeding us bad logic. But feeding us that particular piece of logic seems like a paradox - very similar to the liar paradox (e.g. "I am lying right now").
Descartes' point is regardless of how the demon is affecting our mental capacity, feeding us good logic or bad logic, there must still be a recipient of the logic (namely us), and for Descartes there is no getting around that. There must be something for the demon to "aim" at - a subject/object relation. Otherwise it's just the demon casting the good/bad logic to the void, breaking down the thought experiment.
David CalhounDavid Calhoun
According to many empiricists, Descartes logic as you explained it is faulty. All he proved is that "thinking happens" - but there is no reason for there to be a thinker who does the thinking, the thoughts themselves do the thinking - just as when it rains, there doesn't have to be a "rainer" doing the raining, or when the wind blows, there doesn't have to be a "winder". Lookup Hume, Locke's, William James, and other's responses to Descartes cogito. – Alexander S King Jul 13 '17 at 16:56
But if you understand it the origin doesn't matter, ad hominem (genetic fallacy) in the informal logical sense. The origin or genesis of the sentence, or proposition, may make us suspicious, may make us bring greater scrutiny to it, but it can not rule it out simpliciter as something that may speak the truth.
The truth (on the most-widely accepted view, importantly, this is Descartes' view of truth) hangs on whether the thing said matches what is the case. That the thing is integral with the assertion in the sentence. For example, this is a sentence. You are now reading a sentence. Such must be true, whether or not the sentence got here due to the pernicious will of a treacherous being.
Do you mean that you doubt what the sentence says is true? One could say that one takes it to be true, by devil's trick, but it is not true. That, I believe, is somehow unanswerable. Though, Nietzsche said that it makes no sense to assert that one doesn't exist. One says nothing at all. Since, "not existing", is put forward propositionally as a kind of existing.
One might also possibly say, it seems to me, that one finds the whole issue unintelligible, that existence doesn't mean anything. Or, that the proposition can't say what it means to say.
Another way to solve this conundrum that I believe is more complete, but less satisfying, is:
"I think, therefore thoughts exist."
So if the demon feeds you bad logic, he is feeding you thoughts, and that doesn't change the fact that thoughts exist.
Basically we are avoiding the problem that comes with trying to define "I", which is implicit in your question.
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged epistemology existence descartes or ask your own question.
How can consciousness be an illusion?
Cogito ergo sum and its actual meaning
What is the physical world if everything is perception?
What if the Evil Genius in Descartes' "I think therefore I am" put into our minds the action of doubting?
Does the Simulation Argument differ in essence from the Evil Genius puzzle?
What is the relation between Descartes' "lumen naturale", God and logic?
Does the famous Descartes quote "dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum" suggests secure knowledge of ones existence?
Looking at Descartes, does the temporality of consciousness justify doubt in it?
Descartes vs Buddha - Was Descartes wrong?
Descartes and embodiment
Why was Descartes' Demon "Evil"?


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International Students Learn About Insurance, Adjust to Weather at Orientation
Voice of America News
HOUSTON, TEXAS -
Before hunkering down in lectures about chemistry or economics, international students at U.S. colleges and universities are learning about health insurance and visa specifications.
It's international student orientation week at many colleges and universities, including Rice University, where many graduate students are just days into their new journeys in Houston, Texas.
"Everyone is a little bit confused, a little disoriented. Lots of people are jetlagged," Arina Zaytseva, a Ph.D. candidate in religious studies from Russia, told VOA at an afternoon pizza party in the engineering building, following a long morning of information sessions in lecture halls.
Zaytseva was not particularly impressed with the pizza.
Health insurance and bike laws
"But there were many important helpful tips, so I'm glad I came here," she added, noting that she found the orientation sessions on health insurance the most useful.
Health insurance, which international students are required to have while in the U.S., is just one of many things students learn about in orientation, which can last multiple days.
Victoria Graja, a Ph.D. candidate from Ecuador, attended a presentation about coming from a culture that is less direct than American culture.
"Here you have to know that people are very direct," she said.
And for other students, the most vital, if not shocking information, was about U.S. bike laws.
"I'm still super freaked out by the turn right on red rule," Konstantin Georgiev of Bulgaria said, speaking about a traffic law that allows cars to turn right even if their light is red. Georgiev, an avid bike commuter, said he bought a bike the first day he moved to Houston but has had a hard time adjusting to traffic laws in a city dominated by cars.
"I'm coming from quite a biking place so it really bugs me when I'm in the right lane waiting for the traffic light to allow me to go forward and suddenly there would be a big SUV making a right turn while the red light is still on, which is totally legal, although I still can't imagine it is!" he said.
Not new to US
Many of those attending international student orientation have spent time in the United States, particularly graduate students.
Takudzwa Tapfuma, originally from Zimbabwe, had attended Amherst College in Massachusetts for four years of undergraduate studies before moving to Texas for his master's in architecture.
Standing under an archway over a stone staircase in one of the oldest buildings on campus, Tapfuma talked about how moving from Massachusetts to Texas was a culture shock.
"I'd heard a lot of great things about Houston. ... I had not been to this part of the country, specifically Texas, so it was an exciting new challenge," he said.
"I didn't come in thinking I knew it all about being an international student in the U.S., and I think the Office of International Student Services showed that there's a lot to learn even if you've been living in the United States," Tapfuma said. "I've learned a ton from the orientation. There are resources on campus, how you can make use of the resources and just how to adjust to this new intellectual environment."
Diverse city
Houston has been recognized as the most diverse metropolitan area in the United States, boasting a population that is more than a quarter foreign-born and 44 percent Hispanic, according to Rice's Kinder Institute and 2016 census data.
Rice University has an international student population of 1,676 this academic year, about 24 percent of the student population, according to Rice's Office of International Students and Scholars.
"If Rice hadn't contacted me in the first place, I would not have considered coming to Texas just because I had some previous ideas," said Santiago Lopez Alvarez, a Fulbright scholar from Colombia. "I think it's great that I ended up coming here because life teaches you that stereotypes and prejudice are always overturned when you get there."
"What I like is the diversity that they have," Graja said. "In these few days I have met people from different countries and cultures and backgrounds, and they are also studying different subjects so I think that that's the most interesting part of it."
But there are many things about their vastly different home countries that they miss. During a day bookended by a pizza party and a classic Texas barbecue at the university president's house, many students said that second only to their friends and family, food is what they'll miss the most.
"Five years into living in America, the food still leaves a gaping hole in my stomach," Tapfuma said with a sad smile.
Plenty of leftover pizza remained after the students filtered outside before afternoon orientation sessions. As for the barbecue, it seemed the beer was more popular.
You are wanted here
But more than 1 million international students braved American cuisine on college and university campuses during the 2016-2017 school year, making up 5.3 percent of the entire higher education student population in the United States, according to the International Institute of Education's Open Doors report.
"I encourage everyone who's considering coming to the States to pursue a graduate education to give it a try," Lopez Alvarez said.
"The international component of the programs is one of the main strengths," he said. "They do want to have you here. They do want international students, and American students want to get in touch with you and meet you, and that's really cool."
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Many of my foodie ohana are Peranakans, descendants of Chinese immigrants who settled in Malacca, Penang, Singapore and Indonesia and inter-married with local Malays. The old Malay word "nyonya", a term of affection and respect for women in Peranakan culture, is now also widely used to refer to the cuisine of the Peranakans. And what a delicious, indelible cuisine this is!
The many ingredients that go into this soup!
Just like how Singapore's story is a complex tale of assimilation, our food story is a corresponding exhilarating ride of cultural infusion. This National Day is a befitting occasion to remember the traditional and popular and mix things up a little! I've created this nyonya version of the traditional sayur lodeh, added pineapple to give it a refreshing tang, as well as cheddar and cream cheese for a natural umami taste and silky smooth texture. Instead of the traditional ketupat, you'll find Korean rice cakes to make this a thick soup for a complete meal. It's familiarity and regional influences all in one alluring bowl of piping hot curry!
Tada! Nyonya-Inspired Vegetable Curry with Cheese!


California isn't rolling over as the Trump administration moves to toss Obama-era vehicle emission standards.
California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said May 1 he is filing a lawsuit challenging the Environmental Protection Agency's April 2 determination that the requirements for cars and light trucks are too stringent and must be revised. EPA is in the process of rewriting those standards that aimed to slash carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles.
The conflict has been brewing since the Obama administration concluded an EPA review of the standards' feasibility a week before President Donald Trump took office — and more than a year ahead of an April 2018 deadline. Automakers cried foul and asked Trump to revive the review; he acquiesced in March last year.
California is set to argue that EPA arbitrarily reversed course April 2 when it sided with automakers and said the standards should be scrapped, paving the way for the current rewrite. At the time, Pruitt dubbed the Obama administration's decision "politically charged," saying it ignored the reality of imposing the new rules on carmakers.
EPA's conclusion triggered the formal process of dialing back the Obama-era rules, which aimed to slash carbon dioxide emissions from cars and light trucks by boosting fuel economy to a fleet average of more than 50 mpg by 2025.
The challenge marks California's 10th lawsuit against EPA and its 32nd against the Trump administration.
Becerra cast the EPA action as one of a litany of Trump administration efforts to unravel environmental safeguards in favor of industry.


As part of our Green Building Principles, and because it is just the right thing to do, we have managed to salvage many of the original trees from the Knightsbridge Manor property. These have been transplanted to a temporary nursery and will be returned to the development on completion. This will mean that the landscaping will be mature from day one – bringing character and a unique experience to the occupiers of the development.


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Q: Calculationg median of observations in particular set of columns in R I have an sf object containing the following columns of data:
HR60        HR70        HR80        HR90        HC60        HC70        HC80        HC90
0.000000    0.000000    8.855827    0.000000    0.0000000   0.0000000   0.3333333   0.0000000
0.000000    0.000000    17.208742   15.885624   0.0000000   0.0000000   1.0000000   1.0000000
1.863863    1.915158    3.450775    6.462453    0.3333333   0.3333333   1.0000000   2.0000000
...

How can I calculate the median of HR60 to HR90 columns for all observations and place it in a different column, let's say HR-median? I tried to use apply(), but this kind of works for the whole dataset only and I need only these 4 columns to be considered.

A: We can select those columns
df1$HR_median <- apply(subset(df1, select = HR60:HR90), 1, median)

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