Limited companies must pay tax on any profits they make. You must inform HMRC of your profit (or loss) at the end of each financial year, and make that payment within 9 months of the year end.
We can conduct a full tax review of your business and determine the most tax efficient structure. Very often such reviews result in considerable tax savings, which show up as real improvements.
In addition to helping with your corporate tax planning Westax Accountants can also represent you in any communication with HMRC.
Please call us, regarding your Company corporation tax matters, on 01284 703068 or fill out our contact form and we will contact soon.


degu, purchase, thinking Thinking About Getting a Degu??
Moved: free male goo in buffalo, ny!!!!
degu, pregnant Degu only one pup?
bedding, cob, corn, degu, litter Is anybody else using corn cob bedding??
degu, female, neutering Has anybody ever had a female Degu neutered?
Luna is a mommy - with 100% success rate!
columbus, degu, ohio Degus in Ohio?
degu, degu care, degu diet Budgie Food + Guinea Pig Food?
degu trust Any super effective tips on gaining degus trust?
degus Please Help! New Degu Owner!
new degu owner soon to be 1st time degu owner needs help!
degu, horny 'excited' male degu..
degu, food, list, treats To Amethystbelle - Your treat list!
arthritis, bladder stones, dog, synovi-msm Pug with severe arthritis?
new here, sick goo pleze help!
claws, degu, goo, groom, scratch Scratches!
degu fully grow At what age is a degu fully grown?
bedding, degu, food, hay, wood Excellent web site for all pet stuff - including degus!
sick degu head trauma help, sick degu!
degu I have a hard decission to make, can someone maybe help?
strange degu acting Weird Degu Behavouir?
degu, legal, pennsylvania Degus - are they legal in Pennsylvania?
ireland cage suitable Suitable cage?
degu license own License to own degu?
help does my degu need a companion??
degu, play Letting degus out?!?
chirstmas What to get a degu for chirstmas ???
sick degu seizure? ill Ill Goo.
babies, degus, pregnant Halo is a mommy!
degu omg i can't wait!
new degu please help! help please!


text:
Permanent event at the Menil in Houston, United States
Modern and Contemporary Art. Courtesy of Menil
At the heart of the Menil Collection are modern works of art assembled by John and Dominque de Menil, who began to collect in earnest after they had relocated from France to Houston in the early 1940s. Their choices were shaped initially by Father Marie-Alain Couturier, who urged them to see spiritual aspirations in the abstract ambitions of modern art, and friendships with artists like Max Ernst and René Magritte, as well as scholars, dealers, and museum professionals, all of whom would have a profound impact on their collecting.
In addition to renowned Surrealist painting, sculpture, and drawing, the museum is a good place to encounter work by artists active in Paris—early modern examples include pictures by Georges Seurat, James Ensor, and Pablo Picasso, and prominent practices after World War II are represented by Fernand Léger, Jean Fautrier, Jean Dubuffet, and the art informel of Wols, Henri Michaux, and others. A substantial group of work associated with the Paris-based Nouveau realisme of the 1950s and '60s includes pieces by Jean Tinguely, Niki de Saint-Phalle, and Yves Klein.
Transatlantic connections and contrasts between painting in Paris and New York at midcentury are evident in early canvases by Abstract Expressionists Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, and the Menil has significant classic works by Rothko, Clyfford Still, and Barnett Newman. Key examples by Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, and Cy Twombly represent the next New York generation. Subsequent currents include Pop art, political art, earth art, and conceptual art, and artists ranging from Claes Oldenburg and Lee Bontecou to John Chamberlain, Andy Warhol, and Walter De Maria. Sculptures by Mark di Suvero and Tony Smith are placed outdoors in Menil Park.
The museum opened in 1987 with Walter Hopps as its founding director, chosen for his work with artists the de Menils admired, including Joseph Cornell, Marcel Duchamp, and Kurt Schwitters. He also introduced to the collection such artists as Jay DeFeo, Ed Ruscha, and William Eggleston that he had supported over the course of his long curatorial career, which began in the early sixties in Los Angeles.
The Menil Collection is an art museum located in Houston, Texas, USA, in a 30-acre neighborhood of art. The main building houses special exhibitions and the permanent collection, and it anchors a campus with three other museum buildings: two are dedicated to single artists (Cy Twombly and Dan Flavin) and another to year-long installation projects; a fourth building is under construction for a drawing institute.
More from Menil
Cy Twombly Gallery
Outdoor Sculpture at the Menil
More in Houston, United States
Contemplation Room & Library of Love
8 Oct 2017 — 11 Dec 2021 at Contemporary Arts Museum
North American B-25 Mitchell
Permanent event at Lone Star Flight Museum
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
Cobra Gunship TAH-1P
More in United States
Hunt Slonem
22 Jan — 21 Feb 2021 at New River Fine Art in Fort Lauderdale
Martin Kline: Allover
23 Jan — 6 Mar 2021 at Heather Gaudio Fine Art in New Canaan
Jamie Wyeth
28 Aug 2021 — 9 Jan 2022 at Brandywine River Museum of Art in Chadds Ford
16 Jan — 6 Feb 2021 at Hashimoto Contemporary in New York

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text: El Kugelpanzer, literalment traduït com a "tanc bola", és conegut com un dels vehicles armats de combat més estranys mai creats. Nomes un únic vehicle d'aquest Reconnaissance Rollzeug (vehicle rotatori) va ser creat, i capturat pel russos, avui en dia encara sobreviu i és part del museu de tancs de Kubinka, com a part de la col·lecció de vehicles armats alemanys. El Kugelpanzer està llistat simplememt com a objecte #37 i ha estat pintat sobre el seu color blanc. Des de la informació fragmentària que es té, se sap que la majoria de peces de metall han sigut canviades, i han fet còpies d'aquestes. La història del vehicle és desconeguda perquè no s'han trobat documents i no té marques que l'identifiquin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The suicide rate in Lithuania is on a consistent decline, with a triple increase reported in the number of visits to psychologists in state clinics over the past few years.
According to data provided by the Institute of Hygiene, 749 people committed suicide in Lithuania last year, down from 823 in 2016, 891 in 2015, 935 in 2014 and 1,085 in 2013.
The suicide rate has also declined over the past few years from 30.41 suicides per population of 100,000 in 2015 to 28.3 in 2016 and 26 last year.
Mykolas Majauskas, conservative MP who heads the parliamentary Suicide and Violence Prevention Commission, said that the gradual decline in the suicide rate should not be celebrated, as the overall number of people taking their own lives remains rather high, which highlights the problems in the mental health system.
Suicide in pagan Lithuania
Military intelligence officer commits suicide in Vilnius
The MP noted a consistent increase in the number of people visiting psychologists in state-owned clinics.
According to data provided by the State Patients' Fund, the number of visits to medical psychologists in clinics has increased by a factor of three over the past three years – from 20,959 in 2014 to 65,000 last year.
The Lithuanian health strategy envisages a goal to reduce the Lithuanian suicide rate to the European Union (EU) average by 2025, which is 11 suicides per 100,000 residents. Lithuania's suicide rage remains the highest among the 28 members of the bloc.
The romantic attitude towards the pagan Lithuania, shaped in the 19th century, remains tenacious up to...
Captain of the Second Investigations Department under the Lithuanian Defence Ministry died in his...
'Gatekeepers' to help with Lithuania's suicide problem
Suicide prevention strategy unveiled by Vilnius city government
The Vilnius City Municipality has created a strategy to reduce the number of suicides in Vilnius.
The St Francis Cancer Care Centre in Klaipėda has now been open for four years and has become well...


text:
Land off Queens Road, Bisley
Evaluation by B Davis of WA revealed that the area was heavily truncated when the car park was constructed. A single linear ditch of probable post-medieval date contained a sherd of probable 17th century date, a fragment of post-medieval roof tile and a small quantity of iron slag, probably from iron smelting and most likely to be residual material of Iron Age or Romano-British date.
Read more about Land off Queens Road, Bisley
North Park Farm Quarry, western extension, Bletchingley
Watching brief by J Condliffe of WA. To the east of Whitehill Lane, a series of eleven postholes on an east–west alignment associated with a large quantity of ceramic building material was identified. This north-west corner of the field is shown on OS maps up to 1897 as being a brick quarry and the posthole alignment probably indicates the line of the boundary fence that surrounded it. To the west of Whitehill Lane, a pit cut by a large posthole was revealed. Each feature contained two sherds of highly abraded Iron Age pottery.
Read more about North Park Farm Quarry, western extension, Bletchingley
Land off Northumberland Close, Stanwell
Evaluation by J Pine of TVAS revealed two ditches, one undated and the other tentatively dated to the Roman period. A number of trenches were targeted over cropmarks, but no features that correlated with the cropmarks were revealed.
Read more about Land off Northumberland Close, Stanwell
Majestic House, Staines-upon-Thames
Evaluation and excavation by C Ellis of COT followed initial evaluation of the site by AOC in 2006 (SyAC 94, 368). The work revealed that large parts of the site had been subject to extensive modern disturbance but excavation in two areas revealed evidence of activity from the Mesolithic, Neolithic/Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman, medieval and post-medieval periods. The Mesolithic was represented by residual worked flint artefacts from later features.
Read more about Majestic House, Staines-upon-Thames
Watching brief by I Howell of MOLA, following previous work in 2010 and 2011 (SyAC 97, 206–7; 98, 248–9), revealed evidence for Roman occupation including a group of Roman pottery containing large unabraded sherds and a fragment of a stamped mortarium.
Brook Wood, land at north-east Horley
Excavation by A Margetts of ASE, following on from contiguous work in 2012, revealed continuing evidence of Middle/Late Iron Age and Late Iron Age/Romano-British activity. Further medieval and post-medieval evidence was recorded, mainly comprising field systems. Results from the site show that prehistoric, Romano-British and medieval settlement in the area developed and extended in close proximity to arterial waterways such as the Burstow stream where fertile land, with both riverine and forest habitat resources, clearly presented an attractive proposition to ancient settlers.
Read more about Brook Wood, land at north-east Horley
Lime Trees Primary School, Battlebridge Lane, Merstham
Evaluation and subsequent excavation by W Weller of SCAU produced residual Mesolithic and Neolithic flintwork and a potential Bronze Age ditch terminal. An intensive period of activity began in the Middle Iron Age and extended into the early 2nd century AD, with a series of boundary or enclosure ditches and pits dominating the excavated area. The ditches may have formed a rectangular enclosure or field boundaries associated with a central domestic enclosure of a previously, partially recorded farmstead.
Read more about Lime Trees Primary School, Battlebridge Lane, Merstham
Land at St Cross, Sandlands Road, Walton on the Hill
Evaluation by A Taylor of TVAS identified a single ditch at the western end of the site dating to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period, which could possibly be related to the first phase of the Scheduled villa complex to the west of the site (a 'pre-villa phase').
Read more about Land at St Cross, Sandlands Road, Walton on the Hill
Windmill Bank, Sandlands Grove, Walton on the Hill
Evaluation by W Weller of the SCAU, adjacent to the Scheduled villa excavated by A W G Lowther, recovered large floor or wall tiles, samian pottery and a mortarium of Gaulish origin from subsoils and spoil heaps. A small number of pits and postholes, of probable1st–4th century date were revealed.
Read more about Windmill Bank, Sandlands Grove, Walton on the Hill
Buckland to Outwood water main
Evaluation and subsequent excavation by G Dawkes of ASE along the c17km route, from Buckland Pumping Station in the west to the Outwood Reservoir in the east. Two sites of particular archaeological significance were identified: a prehistoric and Roman site in the vicinity of Buckland village, immediately south of the A25, and a medieval site located to the north of Buckland, adjacent to Glebe House on Rectory Lane.
Read more about Buckland to Outwood water main


text:
#ifndef _CONNECTION_HH_
#define _CONNECTION_HH_

#include <google/protobuf/message.h>

#include <boost/asio.hpp>
#include <boost/bind.hpp>
#include <boost/function.hpp>
#include <boost/thread.hpp>
#include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp>

#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <deque>

#include "common/Event.hh"
#include "common/Console.hh"
#include "common/Exception.hh"

#define HEADER_LENGTH 8

namespace gazebo
{
  namespace transport
  {
    extern bool is_stopped();

    class IOManager;
    class Connection;
    typedef boost::shared_ptr<Connection> ConnectionPtr;

    /// \addtogroup gazebo_transport Transport
    /// \{

    /// \class Connection Connection.hh transport/transport.hh
    /// \brief Single TCP/IP connection manager
    class Connection : public boost::enable_shared_from_this<Connection>
    {
      /// \brief Constructor
      public: Connection();

      /// \brief Destructor
      public: virtual ~Connection();

      /// \brief Connect to a remote host
      /// \param[in] _host The host to connect to
      /// \param[in] _port The port to connect to
      /// \return true if connection succeeded, false otherwise
      public: bool Connect(const std::string &_host, unsigned int _port);

      /// \brief The signature of a connection accept callback
      typedef boost::function<void(const ConnectionPtr&)> AcceptCallback;

      /// \brief Start a server that listens on a port
      /// \param[in] _port The port to listen on
      /// \param[in] _acceptCB The callback to invoke when a new connection has
      /// been accepted
      public: void Listen(unsigned int _port, const AcceptCallback &_acceptCB);

      /// \brief The signature of a connection read callback
      typedef boost::function<void(const std::string &_data)> ReadCallback;

      /// \brief Start a thread that reads from the connection and passes
      ///        new message to the ReadCallback
      /// \param[in] _cb The callback to invoke when a new message is received
      public: void StartRead(const ReadCallback &_cb);

      /// \brief Stop the read loop
      public: void StopRead();

      /// \brief Shutdown the socket
      public: void Shutdown();

      /// \brief Is the connection open?
      /// \return true if the connection is open; false otherwise
      public: bool IsOpen() const;

      /// \brief Close a connection
      private: void Close();

      /// \brief Cancel all async operations on an open socket
      public: void Cancel();

      /// \brief Read data from the socket
      /// \param[out] _data Destination for data that is read
      /// \return true if data was successfully read, false otherwise
      public: bool Read(std::string &_data);

      /// \brief Write data to the socket
      /// \param[in] _buffer Data to write
      /// \param[in] _force If true, block until the data has been written
      /// to the socket, otherwise just enqueue the data for asynchronous write
      public: void EnqueueMsg(const std::string &_buffer, bool _force = false);

      /// \brief Get the local URI
      /// \return The local URI
      public: std::string GetLocalURI() const;

      /// \brief Get the remote URI
      /// \return The remote URI
      public: std::string GetRemoteURI() const;

      /// \brief Get the local address of this connection
      /// \return The local address
      public: std::string GetLocalAddress() const;

      /// \brief Get the port of this connection
      /// \return The local port
      public: unsigned int GetLocalPort() const;

      /// \brief Get the remote address
      /// \return The remote address
      public: std::string GetRemoteAddress() const;

      /// \brief Get the remote port number
      /// \return The remote port
      public: unsigned int GetRemotePort() const;

      /// \brief Get the remote hostname
      /// \return The remote hostname
      public: std::string GetRemoteHostname() const;

      /// \brief Get the local hostname
      /// \return The local hostname
      public: std::string GetLocalHostname() const;

      /// \brief Peform an asyncronous read
      /// param[in] _handler Callback to invoke on received data
      public: template<typename Handler>
              void AsyncRead(Handler _handler)
              {
                if (!this->IsOpen())
                {
                  gzerr << "AsyncRead on a closed socket\n";
                  return;
                }

                void (Connection::*f)(const boost::system::error_code &,
                    boost::tuple<Handler>) = &Connection::OnReadHeader<Handler>;

                this->inboundHeader.resize(HEADER_LENGTH);
                boost::asio::async_read(*this->socket,
                    boost::asio::buffer(this->inboundHeader),
                    boost::bind(f, this,
                                boost::asio::placeholders::error,
                                boost::make_tuple(_handler)));
              }

      /// \brief Handle a completed read of a message header.
      ///
      /// The handler is passed using a tuple since boost::bind seems to
      /// have trouble binding a function object created using boost::bind
      /// as a parameter
      /// \param[in] _e Error code, if any, associated with the read
      /// \param[in] _handler Callback to invoke on received data
      private: template<typename Handler>
               void OnReadHeader(const boost::system::error_code &_e,
                                 boost::tuple<Handler> _handler)
              {
                if (_e)
                {
                  if (_e.message() != "End of File")
                  {
                    this->Close();
                    // This will occur when the other side closes the
                    // connection
                  }
                }
                else
                {
                  std::size_t inboundData_size = 0;
                  std::string header(&this->inboundHeader[0],
                                      this->inboundHeader.size());
                  this->inboundHeader.clear();

                  inboundData_size = this->ParseHeader(header);

                 if (inboundData_size > 0)
                  {
                    // Start the asynchronous call to receive data
                    this->inboundData.resize(inboundData_size);

                    void (Connection::*f)(const boost::system::error_code &e,
                        boost::tuple<Handler>) =
                      &Connection::OnReadData<Handler>;

                    boost::asio::async_read(*this->socket,
                        boost::asio::buffer(this->inboundData),
                        boost::bind(f, this,
                                    boost::asio::placeholders::error,
                                    _handler));
                  }
                  else
                  {
                    gzerr << "Header is empty\n";
                    boost::get<0>(_handler)("");
                    // This code tries to read the header again. We should
                    // never get here.
                    // this->inboundHeader.resize(HEADER_LENGTH);

                    // void (Connection::*f)(const boost::system::error_code &,
                    // boost::tuple<Handler>) =
                    // &Connection::OnReadHeader<Handler>;

                    // boost::asio::async_read(*this->socket,
                    //    boost::asio::buffer(this->inboundHeader),
                    //    boost::bind(f, this,
                    //      boost::asio::placeholders::error, _handler));
                  }
                }
              }

      /// \brief Handle a completed read of a message body.
      ///
      /// The handler is passed using a tuple since boost::bind seems to
      /// have trouble binding a function object created using boost::bind
      /// as a parameter
      /// \param[in] _e Error code, if any, associated with the read
      /// \param[in] _handler Callback to invoke on received data
      private: template<typename Handler>
               void OnReadData(const boost::system::error_code &_e,
                              boost::tuple<Handler> _handler)
              {
                if (_e)
                  gzerr << "Error Reading data!\n";

                // Inform caller that data has been received
                std::string data(&this->inboundData[0],
                                  this->inboundData.size());
                this->inboundData.clear();

                if (data.empty())
                  gzerr << "OnReadData got empty data!!!\n";

                if (!_e && !transport::is_stopped())
                {
                  boost::get<0>(_handler)(data);
                }
              }

      /// \brief Register a function to be called when the connection is shut
      /// down \param[in] _subscriber Function to be called \return Handle
      /// that can be used to unregister the function
      public: event::ConnectionPtr ConnectToShutdown(boost::function<void()>
                 _subscriber)
              { return this->shutdown.Connect(_subscriber); }

      /// \brief Unregister a function to be called when the connection is
      /// shut down \param[in] _subscriber Handle previously returned by
      /// ConnectToShutdown()
      public: void DisconnectShutdown(event::ConnectionPtr _subscriber)
              {this->shutdown.Disconnect(_subscriber);}

      /// \brief Handle on-write callbacks
      public: void ProcessWriteQueue();

      /// \brief Get the ID of the connection.
      /// \return The connection's unique ID.
      public: unsigned int GetId() const;

      /// \brief Return true if the _ip is a valid.
      /// \param[in] _ip Dotted quad to validate.
      /// \return True if the _ip is a valid.
      public: static bool ValidateIP(const std::string &_ip);

      /// \brief Callback when a write has occurred.
      /// \param[in] _e Error code
      /// \param[in] _b Buffer of the data that was written.
      private: void OnWrite(const boost::system::error_code &e,
                            boost::asio::streambuf *_b);

      /// \brief Handle new connections, if this is a server
      /// \param[in] _e Error code for accept method
      private: void OnAccept(const boost::system::error_code &_e);

      /// \brief Parse a header to get the size of a packet
      /// \param[in] _header Header as a string
      private: std::size_t ParseHeader(const std::string &_header);

      /// \brief the read thread
      private: void ReadLoop(const ReadCallback &_cb);

      /// \brief Get the local endpoint
      /// \return The endpoint
      private: boost::asio::ip::tcp::endpoint GetLocalEndpoint() const;

      /// \brief Get the remote endpoint
      /// \return The endpoint
      private: boost::asio::ip::tcp::endpoint GetRemoteEndpoint() const;

      /// \brief Gets hostname
      /// \param[in] _ep The end point to get the hostename of
      private: static std::string GetHostname(
                   boost::asio::ip::tcp::endpoint _ep);

      /// \brief Callback method when connected
      /// \param[in] _error Error code thrown during connection
      /// \param[in] _endPointIter Pointer to resolver iterator
      private: void OnConnect(const boost::system::error_code &_error,
                  boost::asio::ip::tcp::resolver::iterator _endPointIter);

      /// \brief Socket pointer
      private: boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket *socket;

      /// \brief Accepts new connections.
      private: boost::asio::ip::tcp::acceptor *acceptor;

      /// \brief Outgoing data queue
      private: std::deque<std::string> writeQueue;

      /// \brief Mutex to protect new connections.
      private: boost::mutex *connectMutex;

      /// \brief Mutex to protect write.
      private: boost::recursive_mutex *writeMutex;

      /// \brief Mutex to protect reads.
      private: boost::recursive_mutex *readMutex;

      /// \brief Condition used for synchronization
      private: boost::condition_variable connectCondition;

      /// \brief Called when a new connection is received
      private: AcceptCallback acceptCB;

      /// \brief Header data from a new message.
      private: std::vector<char> inboundHeader;

      /// \brief Content data from a new message.
      private: std::vector<char> inboundData;

      /// \brief Set to true to stop reading on the connection.
      private: bool readQuit;

      /// \brief Integer id of the connection.
      private: unsigned int id;

      /// \brief ID counter, used to create unique ids
      private: static unsigned int idCounter;

      /// \brief Created when a new connection is accepted.
      private: ConnectionPtr acceptConn;

      /// \brief Shutdown event
      private: event::EventT<void()> shutdown;

      /// \brief Pointer to the IO manager
      private: static IOManager *iomanager;

      /// \brief Number of writes that are being processed.
      private: unsigned int writeCount;

      /// \brief Local URI string
      private: std::string localURI;

      /// \brief Local address string
      private: std::string localAddress;

      /// \brief Remote URI string
      private: std::string remoteURI;

      /// \brief Remote address string
      private: std::string remoteAddress;

      /// \brief True if the connection has an error
      private: bool connectError;
    };
    /// \}
  }
}
#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Basket Get Email Updates
Search: Login
International Business Reports
Practice Areas Browse A-Z
NEW Aviation Finance & Leasing
Cartels & Leniency
Class & Group Actions
Competition Litigation
Construction & Engineering Law
NEW Consumer Protection
NEW Derivatives
NEW Digital Business
NEW Digital Health
NEW Drug & Medical Device Litigation
Environment & Climate Change Law
Financial Services Disputes
Foreign Direct Investment Regimes
Investor-State Arbitration
Lending & Secured Finance
Oil & Gas Regulation
Pharmaceutical Advertising
Public Investment Funds
Shipping Law
Telecoms, Media & Internet
Vertical Agreements and Dominant Firms
Compare & Research
IBR News
IBR Companies
GLG Events
Netherlands: Insurance & Reinsurance 2019
The ICLG to: Insurance & Reinsurance Laws and Regulations - Netherlands covers common issues in insurance and reinsurance laws and regulations – including regulatory authorities and procedures, (re)insurance claims, litigation – overview, litigation – procedure and arbitration – in 40 jurisdictions.
ICLG.com > Practice Areas > Insurance & Reinsurance > Netherlands
Chapter Content Free Access
(Re)insurance Claims
Litigation – Overview
Litigation – Procedure
1. Regulatory
1.1 Which government bodies/agencies regulate insurance (and reinsurance) companies?
In the Netherlands, insurance and reinsurance companies are regulated by both the Dutch Central Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB)) and the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets (Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM)).
DNB exercises the prudential supervision of insurance and reinsurance companies and decides on admission to the financial markets. DNB regulates and monitors (re)insurance companies in the Netherlands and their compliance with the applicable rules.
AFM performs conduct-of-business supervision on financial markets for (re)insurance companies. AFM also supervises the integrity of advisers and intermediaries.
1.2 What are the requirements/procedures for setting up a new insurance (or reinsurance) company?
The statutory basis for conduct of business supervision of financial undertakings (e.g. (re)insurers)) is the Financial Supervision Act (Wet op het financieel toezicht, (FSA)). Under the FSA, insurance companies must meet certain requirements in order to offer life insurance, non-life insurance, prepaid funeral services insurance or reinsurance services in the Netherlands. The authorisation requirements for insurance companies having their registered offices in the Netherlands are laid down in the FSA and in the applicable subsidiary regulations. The statutory requirements have been worked out in greater detail in the Decree on Prudential Rules for Financial Undertakings (Besluit prudentiële regels Wft).
Insurers must obtain an authorisation (licence) from DNB in order to be able to engage in their operations unless they have been exempted from the licensing requirement. Non-life insurers and funeral expenses and benefits in kind insurers with limited risk may be exempted from prudential supervision under certain conditions. The conditions of the Exemption Regulation are set out on the DNB website (http://www.toezicht.dnb.nl/en/2/51-234334.jsp).
There have been two types of authorisation (licences) since the Solvency II Directive (2009/138/EC) entered into force. Insurers under the scope of the Solvency II regime require Solvency II authorisation, while limited risk insurers can apply for Basic authorisation only. However, they are free to apply for Solvency II authorisation on a voluntary basis. Only the smallest non-life and funeral expenses and benefits in kind insurers are exempted from the authorisation requirement. The following key principles apply.
All life and non-life insurance companies come under the scope of the Solvency II regime, unless they meet specific requirements, in which case they may qualify for Basic authorisation.
Reinsurers always come under the scope of the Solvency II regime and must apply for Solvency II authorisation.
Funeral expenses and benefits in kind insurers never come under the scope of the Solvency II, and can apply for Basic authorisation.
A "Basic insurer" or an "exempted insurer" is not permitted to pursue activities abroad (no single licence).
The application process for an authorisation comprises several steps. On its website, DNB has published a factsheet providing for some guidance on the application process. The requirements for a licence application can be found in article 2:26b (for a reinsurer), article 2:31 FSA (for the Solvency II authorisation for an insurer), article 2:49 FSA (for the Basic authorisation for an insurer) and the Market Access for Financial Undertakings (Financial Supervision Act) Decree (Besluit Markttoegang financiële ondernemingen Wft). The process starts with filling in a standardised application that can be accessed via the DNB website. The application includes submitting a scheme of operations. The details of the scheme of operations depend on the nature of the business of the (re)insurer. In general, the scheme of business has to include: the nature of the risks or commitments which the insurance or reinsurance undertaking concerned proposes to cover; the kind of reinsurance arrangements which the reinsurance undertaking proposes to make with ceding undertakings; the guiding principles as to reinsurance and to retrocession; the basic own-fund items constituting the absolute floor of the minimum capital requirement; estimates of the costs of setting up the administrative services and the organisation for securing business; the financial resources intended to meet those costs; and the resources at the disposal of the insurance undertaking for the provision of the assistance promised – in which the nature of the insurance business – and the risks which should be covered, are described.
An insurer wishing to extend its operations must apply for an extension of the scope of its licence. Aforementioned licensing requirements apply; however, most of the required information might already be in the possession of DNB.
1.3 Are foreign insurers able to write business directly or must they write reinsurance of a domestic insurer?
Insurers having their registered office in an European Economic Area (EEA) country can set up a branch office in the Netherlands or provide services into the Netherlands directly from its home Member State (the so-called cross-border service provision). Prior to taking up their activities in the Netherlands, insurers from other EEA Member States must follow a notification procedure through their home supervisors and submit a notification form to DNB. If an EEA insurer intends to provide cross-border services, it can start its operations after submitting the notification. Contrary to cross-border service provision, the activities of a branch office may not start until two months after DNB has confirmed receipt of the full notification, or after it has informed the EEA insurer, through its home supervisor, of any additional conditions to be observed in the public interest. The branch office may start its operations two months after DNB's confirmation of receipt, or directly upon receipt of information on additional conditions.
After completion of the notification (procedure) an EEA insurer may market and write its insurance products directly. A notified EEA insurer may only do business (in the Netherlands) in the insurance classes that were included in the notification procedure. In principle, the supervision of a foreign (EEA) (re)insurer – and its branch office in the Netherlands and/or its cross-border services provided in the Netherlands – rests with the supervisor in the home Member State rather than with DNB.
Insurers located outside the EEA require a licence from DNB to perform activities from a branch office in the Netherlands and must meet the same requirements as those inside the EEA. Insurers located outside the EEA who intend to perform activities in the Netherlands from an office outside the EEA must go through a notification procedure and meet specific requirements.
(Re)insurers located outside the EEA require a licence from DNB to perform activities (from a branch office) in the Netherlands.
1.4 Are there any legal rules that restrict the parties' freedom of contract by implying extraneous terms into (all or some) contracts of insurance?
The guiding principle is the freedom of contract when it comes to insurance contracts. However, insurance contracts should comply with the insurance law section of the Dutch Civil Code, DCC (Burgerlijk Wetboek). This section contains some mandatory provisions (from which the insurer cannot deviate to the detriment of the insured) and some exceptions on the general rules. Furthermore, the FSA and the Code of Conduct for Insurers also limit the freedom of contract for insurance contracts. In addition, no contract is allowed contrary to fundamental public policy rules.
1.5 Are companies permitted to indemnify directors and officers under local company law?
Under Dutch law, companies are permitted to indemnify directors and officers both against internal liability towards the company (vrijtekening) and against external liability towards third parties (vrijwaring). No specific provisions apply in Dutch legislation, although under specific conditions, the indemnity can be declared null and void. Most companies indemnify directors and officers in the articles of association or in a contract.
Many D&O insurers also provide coverage for the indemnity given by the company. An excess usually does not apply.
When adopting the annual accounts, a general meeting usually discharges directors from their responsibilities for the preceding accounting year (with validity in terms of the internal affairs of the company), which extends to activities and facts made known to the shareholders by the annual accounts.
Indemnification is deemed not to be possible in case of breach of specific conditions in the DCC relating to acts committed in a seriously negligent manner to the extent that it qualifies as intentional or deliberate.
1.6 Are there any forms of compulsory insurance?
Dutch law provides for various types of mandatory insurance, of which we note only a few. Mandatory insurances are social security, healthcare, motor vehicle (third party), professional indemnity (for certain professions, e.g. lawyers and civil-law notaries) and marine.
2. (Re)insurance Claims
2.1 In general terms, is the substantive law relating to insurance more favourable to insurers or insureds?
The Dutch Insurance Act provides for provisions on insurance law in the DCC, many of which are (semi-)mandatory, aiming to give a better protection to policyholders and insureds. Generally, Dutch insureds rather than insurers may count on a fair protection of their interests by the substantive law.
2.2 Can a third party bring a direct action against an insurer?
A third party may bring a direct action against a liability insurer if he has suffered damages resulting from death or bodily injury (thus excluding material or financial damages). This means that he is entitled to request payment directly to his account. It is a right derived from the right the insured has against an insurer. As a consequence, the third party cannot claim when the insured has not notified the insurer of the claim or when the insurer denied coverage towards the insured. The insurer can invoke the same defences given by law and policy terms.
Besides, a direct action can also be brought in case of an accident caused by a motor vehicle or in case of damages resulting from pollution caused by an oil tanker.
2.3 Can an insured bring a direct action against a reinsurer?
A direct action cannot be brought against a reinsurer. This is solely a contractual matter between the reinsurer and the insurer. Only the latter can bring its contractual claim against the reinsurer.
2.4 What remedies does an insurer have in cases of either misrepresentation or non-disclosure by the insured?
Non-disclosure or misrepresentation by the insured may have serious consequences. These may only be invoked if the insurer notifies the insured within two months from the discovery of such non-fulfilment, pointing out the consequences. The starting point of this term might be subject to discussion.
One of the consequences might be that no or less payment will be due or that the premium increases. Termination of the insurance contract with immediate effect is only allowed if the insured acted with the intention of misleading the insurer or if the insurer would not have concluded the insurance contract if it had been aware of the true state of affairs.
Discovery of the non-disclosure after the occurred loss allows the insurer to only pay in accordance with the situation that he had been aware of the true state of affairs. If the insurer would not have concluded the insurance contract at all, had it been informed correctly, then it may fully refuse coverage. The same goes when the insured acted with the intention of misleading the insurer. If the insurer requests a higher premium or offers a lower sum to be insured, the payment can be reduced in proportion to the higher premium or the lower sum insured. If other terms and conditions would have been stipulated or if the non-disclosure or misrepresentation would not have taken place, payment might only be due based on those terms and conditions. Payment is due in full when the non-disclosure relates to facts which have not resulted in the realisation of the relevant risk.
2.5 Is there a positive duty on an insured to disclose to insurers all matters material to a risk, irrespective of whether the insurer has specifically asked about them?
Under the Dutch Insurance Act (included in the DCC), a prospective insured should disclose to the insurer prior to concluding the insurance policy all information he knows or ought to know and which may be material to the decision of the insurer to write the insurance and its terms. If the cover relates to interests of a known third party, the same applies to disclosure of his information.
We see a tendency in some D&O policies to include a severability clause, which means that the knowledge of the one insured cannot be attributed to the other, resulting in protection of insureds against the remedies the insurer might use due to a breach of duty to disclose by another of the insureds.
Most insurers work with a questionnaire, which limits the duty to disclose to the extent that if questions have not been answered, or not properly, or if facts other than those asked for have not been disclosed, this will not be to the detriment of the prospective insured. An exception to this rule is made in case there was intent to mislead the insurer. A catch-all question aiming to obtain all relevant facts or circumstances in general does not resolve the lack of information.
Irrespective of the duty to disclose in a precontractual stage, the insured should notify the insurer of the occurrence of an insured event as soon as he knows or ought to know.
2.6 Is there an automatic right of subrogation upon payment of an indemnity by the insurer or does an insurer need a separate clause entitling subrogation?
According to article 7:962 DCC, a claim for damages by the insured against a third party that caused an insurance loss to the insured automatically transfers to the insurer upon payment of the loss by the insurer. After realisation of the risk, the insured is required to withhold from any act which may be detrimental to the insurer's claim against a third party. The subrogated rights cannot be fully exercised if the payment of the insurer does not cover all of the insured's damages, in which case the insured has a privilege on the possible recovery. In general, the insurer will not assume rights against the policyholder other insureds or persons in a close relationship to the insured such as an employer, a spouse or first-degree relatives. The DCC limits subrogation in rights of recourse of the insured against a party that is liable on certain grounds of strict liability. This limitation is not applicable to subrogation based on culpable liability, such as tort.
Under circumstances, contractual assignment of rights (cession) of the compensated third party may be preferred above subrogation in order to avoid detrimental contractual clauses such as an exoneration clause. Cession should be arranged before payment to the third party is made.
3. Litigation – Overview
3.1 Which courts are appropriate for commercial insurance disputes? Does this depend on the value of the dispute? Is there any right to a hearing before a jury?
First instance cases are heard by one of the 11 district courts (depending on the size and complexity of the case, the case is heard by a single judge or by a panel of three judges). Cases up to EUR 25,000 and cases on rent or employment contracts are generally dealt with by subdistrict courts (with a single Cantonal judge). Civil appeals before one of the five courts of appeal are heard by three judges and the Supreme Court generally sits with three or five judges. Appeals from decisions at the first instance in district courts (and subsequently Supreme Court appeal) may be possible.
Since 2010, a victim may start so-called sub-proceedings against an allegedly liable party in a personal injury case in order to determine only part of the dispute (e.g. only the alleged liability). This victim-friendly procedure is less costly and less time-consuming than a regular court procedure (as a rule, the liable party bears the costs of the procedure), and is meant to simplify and accelerate the settlement of (alleged) loss and damage.
Dutch civil procedure and Dutch criminal procedure do not involve trial by jury and/or laypersons.
Additionally, the consumer may bring complaints against their insurer in insurance policy matters before the Financial Services Complaints Board (KIFID), which rulings are generally binding for and followed by the parties involved.
Furthermore, insurance policy disputes between insurers and disputes between insurers and large policyholders (non-consumers) may be solved via alternative dispute settlement procedures.
A new possibility for alternative dispute resolution in civil or commercial matters with an international aspect is the launch of The Netherlands Commercial Court (NCC) in 2018. Being part of the Dutch court system, the NCC is a special and specialised chamber of the Amsterdam District Court and of the Amsterdam Court of Appeal. The NCC operates under Dutch procedural law, while the working language of the NCC is English. Parties may voluntarily choose to bring a case to the NCC on the basis of fixed fees.
3.2 How long does a commercial case commonly take to bring to court once it has been initiated?
First instance cases usually take about one to two years. Court of Appeal or Supreme Court cases may take an additional two or more years.
Civil proceedings are to a large extent conducted in written documents. Legal proceedings are initiated either by writ of summons (dagvaarding) or by petition (verzoekschrift). There is no hard and clear distinction between these two types of jurisdiction, although the general distinction is that a writ of summons is used for contentious jurisdiction (where the court has to resolve a dispute between parties) and a petition is used for voluntary jurisdiction (matters in which the court is requested to grant a provision or appropriate measure).
In first instance summons proceedings, a claimant will serve a writ of summons, after which the defendant will need to file its (written) statement of defence. The court may then (mostly after an interim judgment) order a post-defence hearing or a second written round with (sequentially) a statement of reply and a statement of rejoinder. After that, a hearing with oral pleadings may be ordered before the court delivers its final judgment.
A new development is that civil proceedings will be conducted digitally. The so-called KEI-programme aims to digitalise, improve, accelerate and simplify civil procedures (e.g. by amending some procedural rules and terms for filing statements). Due to implementation problems, the programme has largely been put on hold until further notice.
4. Litigation – Procedure
4.1 What powers do the courts have to order the disclosure/discovery and inspection of documents in respect of (a) parties to the action, and (b) non-parties to the action?
Dutch law does not provide for discovery proceedings as the UK/USA legal systems do. However, parties may request the court to order a party to disclose documents pursuant to article 843a of the Dutch Code on Civil Procedure (DCCP). The request for disclosure of certain documents can be made in pending proceedings against a (counter)party or as a separate request against another (third) party. In short, article 843a DCCP enables a party to gain insight to documents that are not at his disposal (if – among other things – the requesting party has a legitimate interest and the requested document pertains to a legal relationship to which he or his legal predecessors are party).
Besides, a judge may order a party in a pending litigation to prove statements by ordering the disclosure of certain documents or evidence. Parties may only refuse on compelling grounds. In any event, if a party does not disclose the requested evidence, the judge may draw the conclusions on the matter he deems appropriate.
For information or documents available at a government body, an interested party may file a specified request for such information or documents from that government body on the basis of the Government Information (Public Access) Act (WOB-verzoek). E.g., in a product liability matter, an interested party may request the Dutch Healthcare Inspectorate for access to information used for its decision-making or reports.
4.2 Can a party withhold from disclosure documents (a) relating to advice given by lawyers, or (b) prepared in contemplation of litigation, or (c) produced in the course of settlement negotiations/attempts?
Parties have a general obligation to testify and substantiate comprehensively and in accordance with the truth (article 21 DCCP). Evidence can be brought forward in writing (contracts, reports by party experts, etc.) or by means of witnesses.
However, lawyers may rely on their professional legal privilege (article 165(2)(b) DCCP) when requested to testify. Communications between a lawyer and the client are also protected by privilege, with the exception of documents that are clearly the object of a criminal offence. It is generally held that a party cannot be required to produce a document (e.g. in an article 843a request) protected by legal professional privilege. This may also apply to documents prepared in contemplation for litigation and/or for invoices from a party's lawyer. As for out-of-court settlement negotiations (verbal and in writing) between lawyers, the Dutch rules of conduct for lawyers also apply (to lawyers; the court is not bound by these rules), which means that lawyers may face disciplinary measures if they disclose such information without consent.
Private persons are privileged not to testify against certain (close) relatives (article 165 DCCP).
In addition, within the EU the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is applicable as from 25 May 2018. The GDPR in itself recognises that it can be necessary to exchange personal data in case of court proceedings. It is, to some extent, allowed to derogate from the principles of the GDPR in those cases. Even transfer of personal data outside the EU is allowed to the extent the transfer is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims. In 2009, the data protection authorities have issued a working document (WP158) about pre-trial discovery for cross-border civil litigation, in which the authorities basically recognise that an EU-based company can have a legitimate interest to share personal data with third countries in case of court proceedings, to the extent this sharing is actually necessary. However, it is important to put in place safeguards, such as anonymising the data upfront and filtering the irrelevant data upfront as well as to perform a balancing test between the interests of justice and possible sanctions in the court proceedings and the privacy interests of the data subjects.
4.3 Do the courts have powers to require witnesses to give evidence either before or at the final hearing?
The court may order an examination of witnesses. Apart from limited exceptions, a witness is obliged to appear and in any case to testify truthfully. During a hearing of witnesses, the judge leads and will ask the questions. At the discretion of the judge, the counsel of parties may also ask questions. The possibility for cross-examination of witnesses is limited. The court may also appoint an independent expert if an expert opinion is required; for example, in highly technical matters.
An examination of witnesses or an expert opinion may also be requested by the parties (prior to proceedings or in pending proceedings).
If a witness refuses to attend the hearing without sufficient excuse, the court may order that the witness bears the costs incurred by his default and that the witness' hearing will be enforced.
4.4 Is evidence from witnesses allowed even if they are not present?
Generally, in a formal hearing of a witness procedure (as part of a pending litigation or as a separate provisional examination procedure), a witness needs to be present.
Apart from that, evidence from (party) witnesses may be made by personal testimony and also by writing. In practice, witness evidence by personal testimony is generally seen as stronger evidence than a witness' written statement.
4.5 Are there any restrictions on calling expert witnesses? Is it common to have a court-appointed expert in addition or in place of party-appointed experts?
Parties are allowed to introduce their own expert witness reports as part of the pleadings (both for the party bearing the burden of proof and the party introducing counter evidence). Such party opinions are generally not seen as sufficient evidence to prove certain statements if the statement is disputed by the other party.
It is also fairly common for courts to appoint an independent expert (to do research on the facts and/or answer certain questions); for example, in highly technical matters. The court will then summon the expert to answer specific questions and to render a written expert opinion on which the parties may comment. Such a court-appointed expert opinion is generally important for the outcome of (parts of) the case.
4.6 What sort of interim remedies are available from the courts?
Summary proceedings may be brought before the President of the District Court. A claim in summary proceedings must serve an urgent interest, the matter must require immediate remedy (e.g. a request to lift attachment measures or to stop an unwanted publication in the media). Summary proceedings are, by their nature, not conclusive. However, in practice, the consequences of preliminary relief measures taken in summary proceedings can have quite a final character. Apart from some exemptions, neither of the parties in summary proceedings have an obligation to start proceedings on the merits.
Besides that, upon motion, a court may apply certain interim measures during a pending litigation on the merits (article 223 DCCP) if such measure is connected to the case on the merits. Such measure may include a request to receive advance payment or precautionary measures to secure future execution of a verdict.
Furthermore, prior to or during court proceedings, a party may request the President of the District Court leave to take conservatory measures (e.g. third-party attachment).
It is relatively easy to obtain the necessary court permission to take prejudgment attachment measures (e.g. prejudgment attachment of bank balances).
4.7 Is there any right of appeal from the decisions of the courts of first instance? If so, on what general grounds? How many stages of appeal are there?
First instance cases (including Cantonal judge's decisions), where the amount involved exceeds EUR 1,750, can be taken to the Court of Appeal. Leave of the court is not required. The Court of Appeal is allowed to deal with the case itself (after setting aside a judgment, reference back to the first instance is not required).
The Supreme Court is a court of cassation, for seeking restricted review of judgments in appeal (points of law only). The Supreme Court can quash a judgment of a lower court. If the Supreme Court does so, it generally refers the case back to a Court of Appeal for further resolution of the case. If the Supreme Court considers that a complaint cannot result in cassation and does not warrant the answering of questions of law or the development of the law, it may confine itself to this consideration when stating the grounds for its decision.
District courts and courts of appeal can also request the Supreme Court for a preliminary ruling on legal questions.
4.8 Is interest generally recoverable in respect of claims? If so, what is the current rate?
Statutory interest is due if payment of a sum is delayed (article 6:199 DCC). The statutory interest is calculated on the basis of the sum over the period that the debtor is in default (generally the date of the liability claim until the date of full and final payment). The statutory interest rate is determined by governmental decree and is a compound interest. The statutory interest rate for non-commercial transactions is 2% and 8% for commercial transactions.
In a trade agreement, the contractual rate may be applicable and due the day following the agreed final payment date. If there is no agreed final payment date, the DCC sets out the effective date of statutory interest. If the contractual interest is more than the valid statutory interest, contractual interest is due.
Parties must claim statutory or contractual interest explicitly. The court has no discretionary power to award interest.
4.9 What are the standard rules regarding costs? Are there any potential costs advantages in making an offer to settle prior to trial?
Apart from the legal fees for a lawyer, court fees are payable (both by the claimant and the defendant) as a contribution to costs of the court proceedings. These court fees depend on the type of proceedings, the financial interest at stake and the capacity (private person or legal entity) of the parties. Court fees currently vary from around EUR 900 at the first instance for a private person when the claim is less than EUR 100,000, up to EUR 6,000 per party at the Supreme Court for a company with a claim of over EUR 100,000. In the final judgment, the successful party will (also) be awarded their court fees paid for.
The (awarded) legal fees are generally considerably lower than in the US. Whilst in the final judgment, the successful party will be awarded his legal fees (attorneys' fees for assistance during the court procedure). These are limited and based on certain (limited) fixed amounts. The allowability of out-of-court legal fees (e.g. attorneys' fees for assistance prior to court proceedings) is limited.
Unlike the UK, the Netherlands has no formalised procedure to make a pre-trial settlement offer with certain cost advantages.
4.10 Can the courts compel the parties to mediate disputes? If so, do they exercise such powers?
It is not compulsory to attempt a (formal) settlement at an early stage, but it is common practice that a court of first instance explores (e.g. during a post-defence hearing) the possibilities to arrange a settlement between the parties without a final judgment of the court.
A Dutch court may propose mediation to the parties but a court cannot oblige parties to mediate. If the matter seems eligible for mediation, a court may propose mediation.
4.11 If a party refuses to a request to mediate, what consequences may follow?
Mediation is based on voluntary participation by all the parties. There are no specific consequences if a party refuses or if the mediation fails.
5. Arbitration
5.1 What approach do the courts take in relation to arbitration and how far is the principle of party autonomy adopted by the courts? Are the courts able to intervene in the conduct of an arbitration? If so, on what grounds and does this happen in many cases?
Arbitration is a fully recognised alternative to court proceedings in the Netherlands. The DCCP sets specific rules (of which some are mandatory law) applying to arbitration procedures and the recognition and enforcement of arbitration awards. The DCCP assumes party autonomy and contractual freedom, enabling parties to contractually arrange the outline of the procedure, often by referring to the arbitration rules of a permanent arbitration tribunal such as the Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI) or to the rules of the DCCP. The DCCP contains provisions on the basis of a monistic system, making no distinction in rules for national and international arbitration.
If a case is brought before a regular court, although the parties have validly agreed on arbitration proceedings, the court is not competent to decide on the matter if one of the parties makes a respective motion referring to arbitration.
The new Dutch Arbitration Act (implemented in the DCCP under articles 1020–1076) entered into force on 1 January 2015 and applies to arbitrations commenced as from that date. In general, the act contains fewer mandatory rules and grants parties more autonomy to shape the arbitration as they deem fit. The act sets certain new rules, among other things, on the execution and on the annulment of awards.
Before execution of a (final or partial) award in the Netherlands, a party needs permission from a Dutch court. This is a procedure with a relatively limited court review of the award and limited grounds for refusal.
5.2 Is it necessary for a form of words to be put into a contract of (re)insurance to ensure that an arbitration clause will be enforceable? If so, what form of words is required?
Arbitration can only be initiated if parties agree or have agreed on arbitration. The Dutch Arbitration Act does not impose special requirements on arbitration agreements beyond the rules applicable to the formation of contracts in general. The existence of agreement on arbitration has to be proven by the party making an appeal on the clause, which makes a written clause recommended. An arbitration clause is allowed to be included in general terms and conditions, but the general requirements for the applicability and validity of such terms and conditions should be met (as specified in the DCCP). However, an arbitration clause included in general terms and conditions is regarded to be unreasonably onerous and therefore is voidable if the agreement is concluded with a consumer (which may also apply to smaller entrepreneurs). An exception is made if the consumer is given the option for at least one month to submit the dispute to a regular court.
5.3 Notwithstanding the inclusion of an express arbitration clause, is there any possibility that the courts will refuse to enforce such a clause?
If court proceedings are initiated by the one party in spite of an arbitration clause and the other party files a competence motion prior to its other defences, the court should dismiss the case if the arbitration clause is validly agreed upon. In any case, the court is competent to order conservatory measures or preliminary evidence measures. A Dutch court is also competent to handle a case if the requested measure cannot be granted, or not in a timely manner, in arbitration.
5.4 What interim forms of relief can be obtained in support of arbitration from the courts? Please give examples.
The Dutch Arbitration Act contains quite distinctive provisions relating to interim measures. These provisions distinguish between three types of interim relief. Firstly, parties can request the arbitral tribunal on the merits to take provisional measures at any stage of the proceedings. Secondly, parties to an arbitration agreement may agree to authorise a stand-alone arbitral tribunal to rule on an urgent interim relief request for provisional measures where no (simultaneous) arbitration proceedings on the merits are pending. Thirdly, states courts can provide interim measures if the requested measure cannot be obtained, or not in a timely manner, through arbitration.
Only state courts can provide for pre-judgment attachment or precautionary seizure.
The stand-alone summary arbitral proceedings are a fairly unique and successful feature of NAI arbitration that has now been incorporated in the revised Dutch Arbitration Act (similar provisions were included in the 2012 ICC Arbitration Rules).
The Dutch Arbitration Act contains some specific features here, including the (mere) requirement of urgency (parties do not need to prove that the relief sought cannot await constitution of the tribunal). Furthermore, the Dutch Act enables the possibility to render a summary judgment in an arbitral award, and a follow-up of arbitral proceedings on the merits is not compulsory.
5.5 Is the arbitral tribunal legally bound to give detailed reasons for its award? If not, can the parties agree (in the arbitration clause or subsequently) that a reasoned award is required?
Article 1057 of the DCCP provides that the award shall in any event contain the reasons for the decision. Absence of such reasoning in the award may result in the award being set aside in court proceedings.
This differs when parties agree in writing after the arbitration has commenced that the arbitral tribunal is not bound to give detailed reasons for its award.
5.6 Is there any right of appeal to the courts from the decision of an arbitral tribunal? If so, in what circumstances does the right arise?
Three legal remedies are available against an arbitral award: arbitral appeal (only if the applicable arbitration rules between the parties provide for this); setting aside; and revocation.
Article 1064a sets rules for possible annulment of an arbitral award. This is limited to one hearing on the merits. The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear such a request for annulment. Supreme Court appeal is only possible on limited grounds (points of law only) and the Dutch Arbitration Act enables parties to opt out of Supreme Court appeal.
Annulment is only possible on specific limited grounds (resembling those laid down in the 1958 New York Convention) and annulment of an arbitral award by a court is a true ultimum remedium and not very common.
Article 1065a DCCP introduces a procedure for referral of an arbitral award back to the arbitral tribunal to repair a possible ground for annulment. Such referral may take place as part of an annulment procedure before the Court of Appeal at the discretionary request of the court or one of the parties.
The setting aside of arbitral awards is a restricted legal remedy. The available grounds for setting aside: no valid arbitration agreement; the tribunal was constituted in violation with the rules; the tribunal has manifestly not complied with its mandate; the award does not comply with fundamental procedural rules; or the award violates public policy.
The Dutch Arbitration Act provides for the partial setting aside of arbitral awards.
The setting aside of arbitral awards is limited to one hearing on the merits. A request for the setting aside of an arbitral award must be addressed directly to the Court of Appeal. Supreme Court appeal is only possible on limited grounds (points of law only) and the Dutch Arbitration Act enables parties to opt out of Supreme Court appeal.
Daan Baas
Dirkzwager Legal & Tax
Niels Dekker
Read Online Free
Buy Print Edition £295
Buy Chapter PDF £100
Other Netherlands Chapters
Class and Group Actions
Testimonials Contact Us About Us Careers
The International Comparative Legal Guides and the International Business Reports are published by: Global Legal Group
As an in-house lawyer frequently called upon to advise on matters relating to the advertising and promotion of medicines across a number of European and other jurisdictions, the Guide has on occasion been, and continues to be, the only source of readily-available, substantive information on what can be a complex area on which to advise.
Steven Rix, Senior Counsel, European Operations - GLAXOSMITHKLINE
© 2002-2020 Copyright: ICLG.com | Our Privacy


text:
Brianne Chasanoff
About Brianne Chasanoff
Brianne Chasanoff is known for her "sultry voice, and she writes dark, melodic songs about love" – Danbury News Times. Brianne's passionate vocals speak to the listener intimately through her sensitivity and her depth of emotional expression. Her angelic voice has a soothing, natural clarity. "My songs often come from pain and sorrow. I feel there is something beautiful in pain which a song can come out of."
She has shared the stage with various artists inlcluding Mary Fahl of the October Project, Susan Werner, and Grammy Award winner, Bill Miller. Some of her performances include Woolsey Hall in New Haven, CT, The Towne Crier Cafe in Pawling, NY, Bodles Opera House in Chester, NY, Cafe Vivaldi in New York, NY, Googies Lounge in New York, NY, Caffeine in South Norwalk, CT, The Space in Hamden, CT, Western Connecticut State University in Danbury, CT, Post University in Naugatuck, CT, Rockland Community College in Suffern, NY, The Mews in Provincetown, MA and various cafes and private venues. Brianne's music has been aired on WXCI 91.7 FM, where she had the pleasure of being a featured artist on two occasions for a one hour interview and live performance. Her music can also be heard on Harris Radio (Live 365 internet radio)(New York City), WVKR 91.3 FM( Poughkeepsie,Ny),
WFCS 107.7 FM (New Britain, CT), WAPJ 89.9 FM (Torrington,CT), WXCI 91.7 (Danbury, CT), and WPSR 1610 AM (Purchase, NY). Brianne reached the semi-finals in the National Pantene Pro Voice Singer/Songwriter contest for two consecutive years-including once for the song "Does It Still Sound The Same". Her recordings have also reached the top of the charts on Broadjam.com
Brianne is a classically trained vocalist and pianist, who's been accompanying musicals, chorus ensembles, church services, and recitals for years, playing various styles of music from Broadway and classical to pop. She has also performed as a vocalist for various church services, weddings, and other private venues such as a Benefit Concert for the Canter Fitzgerald Fund for 9/11. Brianne's experiences and love for various styles of music shine through in her compositions, reaching listeners of all ages and tastes. She is also currently a local music teacher at Pawling Elementary School in Pawling, NY. She was a semi-finalist in the National Pantene Pro Voice Singer/Songwriter contest for two consecutive years for her songs, "Does it Still Sound the Same" and "Blinded." Brianne's music has reached the top of the charts on Broadjam.com for various categories including pop and mixed vocals.
A graduate of Western Connecticut State University, Brianne received her Bachelor's of Science in Music Education with a concentration in classical voice and piano. She attended a Songwriting Workshop at the Berklee School of Music in Boston, Ma. and just recently completed her Master's Degree in Studio Composition at SUNY Purchase, where she had the pleasure of working with professors Joel Thome (arranger for Frank Zappa), Jim McElwaine (Muppet Babies), and David Gluck (virtuoso mallet performer/ drummer and founder of "Rhythm and Brass").
"Beautiful, creative, and original music, Brianne Chasanoff is a phenomenal performer, which is rare for modern music. Her CD, "Broken", is a must for any audiofile collection."
- Billy Dee ; Dj @ WAPJ 89.9 FM Torrington, CT Folk-n-Rock Show
"Wow! Brianne Serenades you with her voice, and her lyrics and music soothe the soul...I can't get enough, and the listeners agree!"-DJ Kendall. Producer/Host: "3rd Stone From the Sun" on 91.7FM, WXCI
Follow Brianne Chasanoff on


Simple Motion Light Switch Wiring Images - There certainly was no need to be sarcastic or rude. I used to be absolutely well mannered and your tone turned into completely uncalled for. By the way, i already found out what i used to be after through the assist of a person who is seemingly greater knowledgeable than you. I've tested it and it works simply as i wanted it to. Just as i said, transfer before movement sensor, which i did no longer see in any of the above diagrams. So once more, sorry you could not understand what i was wanting and that you were unable to bring to and bless me your all knowing intelligence, seemingly missing the all understanding part. Proper day sir.
What kind of setup do you have? Is that this a motion sensor that screws into the mild socket then the bulb(s) screw into it? If so that you'll have a heck of a time trying to properly skip the motion sensor. If it is a movement sensor consistent with the energy wire going to the mild socket you could bypass it with a switch. So the mild will both be on all the time or undergo the sensor.
It is one of those protection lighting fixtures with dual spot lights on both facet of the motion sensor. The motion sensor can be unscrewed from fixture, thereby having access to wires. I will wire it however i need to, but become simply questioning if maybe a three manner transfer might work, while the hot might pass the the commonplace, after which one side of the three way might visit the motion sensor, and the alternative aspect could move at once to the bulbs,(neutral is going directly via), therefore in a single position it'd perform with the sensor, and flipped the other way, it would be on all the time. Could this work is what i'm looking for out. Thanks in your input.
That is a wiring diagram for a motion sensor controlled keep mild (led) using a single pole, double throw, 3 position switch. Using this wiring set up you may override the sensor to be off all the time, on all of the time or managed by the motion sensor. The sensor may be live no matter what function the transfer is, but you could manipulate the what the light does.


text:
Format: DVD Genre: Classical Artists
Commissioned in 1846, MacBeth offered Verdi the opportunity to make a qualitative leap in his career and it's premiere was triumphantly received by audiences. Yet the libretto had proved problematic and many Italian critics did not share the composer's reverence for Shakespeare. Verdi surmounted all concerns with an opera that valued brevity but also preserved the play's most important elements. The formidable final concertato stands as one of his greatest achievements thus far, his pacing and detailing of the opera as a whole far surpassing his previous works. This production preserves the preferred 1865 revision of the work, sung in Italian and retaining the original 1847 finale.
Studio: Naxos DVD


text:
Part of HuffPost Business. ©2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved.
The BlogBusinessYeshiva Universityjewish culture
The Real Lesson for Madoff's Chosen People
44% of Americans say they have changed their religion at least once. A generation ago, we were born Jewish or Christian and we stayed that way whether we liked it or not.
Larry Gellman, Contributor
Jan 23, 2009, 05:12 AM EST | Updated May 25, 2011
As Bernie Madoff sits in his Upper East Side apartment ordering take-out, the rest of the Jewish world is reading, writing, watching, listening to, and forwarding emails, blogs, letters, articles, editorials, and commentaries regarding the lessons to be learned from his now-notorious Ponzi scheme.
Facts are emerging at a snail's pace but the opinions are flying around like WeatherBeater at a paintball match. Due to my intense interest and involvement with pretty much all things Jewish, I am in the path of most of them. Here is a brief accounting of the issues in no particular order except I'm saving what I consider to be the most important for last.
I have received and (since I chair two Jewish organizations myself) have written letters to donors, employees, clients, and volunteers to make sure they know that Agency X had no money invested with Madoff. Depending on the organization, this was due either to conservative investment policies, due diligence, or dumb luck.
A few of my friends have written or forwarded emails bemoaning the fact that the Madoff affair has brought the anti-Semites out of the woodwork again. This link will send you to one article.
The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) said there had been "an outpouring of anti-Semitic comments on mainstream and extremist Web sites."
"Jews are always a convenient scapegoat in times of crisis, but the Madoff scandal and the fact that so many of the defrauded investors are Jewish has created a perfect storm for the anti-Semites," said Abraham Foxman, ADL national director.
Some friends have sent emails making sure I know how embarrassing it is that Madoff is Jewish. Others have voiced their disgust over the fact that Madoff stole money from fellow Jews and Jewish charities.
Those friends and the ADL have a point, but they should try to get past their fears. This is a sad, even tragic, occurrence. But no one has become a Jew hater over this and there is no one left for us to feel embarrassed in front of other than ourselves. We live in America in 2008--Thanks God.
Meanwhile, no one has talked much about what I consider to be the most fascinating statistic--that almost all the victims Madoff personally recruited were Jewish and, despite the numerous warnings and red flags, most of them stuck it out until the very end. Madoff did have institutional victims who were brought in by hedge fund managers but most of the individual investors and foundations were people he met at all-Jewish clubs or through charities where he was personally involved.
These customers represent a small minority of American Jews but they are unique in their wealth, their influence, and their visibility as leaders of legacy Jewish organizations. They were attracted to Madoff because he came highly recommended by other wealthy, highly-regarded members of the community. In addition, a big reason they felt they could trust Madoff so completely was that he was one of us--he was a Member of the Tribe (MOT).
I use that term advisedly and for a reason because, thankfully, it is a phrase that an an ever-shrinking number of Jews in America would use to describe themselves. It reflects an approach that served and sustained American Jews well for decades as our parents fought to break down discriminatory barriers and to have full access to every opportunity, job, school, neighborhood, and country club in the U.S.
I became attracted to and ultimately immersed in the organized Jewish community because it felt so good to be part of it all. I have chaired a Federation campaign, an Israel Bond campaign, the boards of two community Jewish day schools, and donated more money to Jewish causes than I am worth today.
My mentors have been people who remembered a time when there was real anti-Semitism and a big chunk of the American dream was off-limits to our people--a time when we felt that no one cared about Jews and Israel except us. Today, polls show that Judaism is widely respected by non-Jews. They are willing to marry us in unprecedented numbers. AIPAC is attracting huge support from hundreds of religiously-motivated Christians--AIPAC leaders don't call them "right-wing" or "evangelical" now that they're on our side. The annual AIPAC dinner in Washington attracts more members of Congress than any other event in the country.
Today our generation and our children are full participants in everything this great country has to offer with a range of choices and options that our parents and grandparents couldn't possibly begin to understand. Ironically, many Jewish clubs (like the ones where Madoff was a member and sought his prey) and some of our day schools are still among the relatively small number of institutions that remain restricted in our country.
We now live a world where 44 percent of Americans say they have changed their religion at least once during their lifetime. A generation ago, nobody changed religions--we were born Jewish or Christian and we stayed that way and married that way whether we liked it or not. A few generations before that, most people never moved more than a few miles away from their birthplace and they usually took on the occupation of their fathers.
But now, for the first time in history, American Jews have unlimited choices. We are free to marry whomever we want and live, work, and go to school wherever we want. Most Americans are taking full advantage of this amazing range of new choices. The MOTs wring their hands and call it assimilation. The rest of us are thrilled to be so free.
The fastest growing group among Christians are people who describe themselves as non-denominational and by far the largest group of Jews are those who describe themselves as Just Jewish. More than 90 percent say they are proud to be Jewish but they tend not to gravitate to the synagogues, Federations, pro-Israel organizations, and Jewish-only clubs that their parents helped build.
Instead they shop for practices and wisdoms that make their lives more meaningful and better. But not everyone has gotten the message. Ten years ago, a number of Jewish organizations became obsessed with promoting "continuity" which was a buzzword that really meant they were scared to death of rising intermarriage rates. That's because it was assumed that if a person intermarried, they and their children were lost to Judaism forever.
In fact, our synagogues and Jewish day schools are full of kids from families where only one parent is Jewish and the other has not converted. It is not unusual for a family to have a Passover seder in the spring and a Christmas tree in the winter. In some of those families, BOTH parents are Jewish. Only in America.
More and more people are doing more and more Jewish but they'd never describe themselves as Members of the Tribe. And most of them would never invest all their money with a man whose methodology was sketchy and whose results were being questioned by a wide range of smart objective people just because he belonged to Jewish clubs and gave to Jewish charities. Some may call that assimilation. I call it common sense.
Which brings me back to Bernie Madoff and his victims. All of his victims were Jews but not all Jews were victims. In a perverse way, that is the exact opposite of what is often said about the victims of the Holocaust.
In Madoff's case, by any objective measure it seems strange that so many of his clients seemed both willing--even anxious--to ignore the warning signs.
As Exhibit A, I submit this article from Time Magazine.
The article, entitled "How I Got Screwed By Bernie Madoff," was written by investor Robert Chew. He explains that all of his money and that of his wife's entire family (more than $30 million) was invested with Madoff.
But look at what he says:
The call came at 6 p.m. on December 11. I had been waiting for it for five years...I think everyone knew the call would come one day. We all hoped, but we knew deep down that it was too good to be true, right?
Which brings us back to the original question: Why did so many smart people give Madoff all their money and sit back and do nothing when it should have been clear--or at least seemed likely--that he was reporting unrealistic results?
Part of it was human nature but I believe a bigger part was related to the rules of the game governing Members of the Tribe--the Chosen People at the Jewish clubs and charities where a select group of their friends and associates were also invested with Madoff. My guess is that it would have been considered bad form in those circles to doubt Madoff in public. To question Madoff would have been an affront to the other members and particularly those respected tribal leaders who got them in the door in the first place. Never mind the facts and never mind the gnawing feeling described by Robert Chew that this wasn't going to end well.
The Madoff catastrophe has left the Jewish community reeling financially and emotionally. It has also been jarring for many to realize that a fellow MOT could do this to his own.
But the major positive lesson that might be learned is that we need to move beyond or, at least adjust tribal thinking for our own good. We can't and shouldn't abandon the idea of community and a shared responsibility for each other's welfare. But we live in an open, pluralistic world where the true value of Judaism is now reflected by our wisdom, ethics, and values--not by our need to stick together and blindly trust only our own. Most American Jews realized this a long time ago. Hopefully more of our Jewish organizations and their leaders will finally get the message.
BusinessYeshiva Universityjewish culturetime magazineponzi scheme
Elon Musk Faces SEC Investigation Over Tesla's 'Self-Driving' Claims: Report
Elon Musk Goofs That He Can't Get Rid Of Dumb New Twitter Name
Elon Musk Testifies His Tweets Don't Mean That Much In Shareholder Suit — Over A Tweet
Amazon Fined For High Rate Of Worker Injuries
Twitter Sued Over Data Breach After Hack Site Claims 200 Million Compromised Accounts
Elon Musk's Next Drama: A Trial Over His Tweets About Tesla
Apple CEO Tim Cook's Pay To Drop By 40% In 2023
Southwest Airlines Faces Class-Action Lawsuit Following 2022 Holiday Meltdown
There's A Reason Amazon Keeps Trying To Overturn Workers' Historic Union Election Victory
The REI Union Effort Spreads To Another City
This Coffee Chain Is Popping Up Everywhere — And Its Workers Are Already Feeling The Strain
Reporter Poses As Senator Again On Twitter After Elon Musk Declares Verification Fixed
Amazon Layoffs Climb To 18,000 Employees As Tech Giant Moves To Cut Costs
Elon Musk Becomes First Person In History To Lose $200 Billion: Report
Elon Musk Fires Twitter Janitors, Reportedly Forcing Staff To Bring Own Toilet Paper
S&P 500 Closes Out Dismal Year With Worst Loss Since 2008
Elon Musk's Twitter Suspends Account Of Rival Mastodon Platform
How The Fed's Interest Rate Hikes Could Affect Your Finances
Elon Musk No Longer World's Richest Person
FTC Sues To Block Microsoft-Activision Blizzard $69 Billion Merger
Poaching A Nanny From This Child Care Provider Comes With A $5,000 Price Tag
Elon Musk Says Apple Isn't Threatening To Remove Twitter From The App Store After All
FTX US Donated $1 Million To PAC Linked To Mitch McConnell Before Bankruptcy
Twitter Will 'Tentatively' Relaunch Paid Verification System Next Friday: Musk
Elizabeth Holmes Sentenced To More Than 11 Years In Prison
Starbucks Workers Plan Strikes At More Than 100 U.S. Stores
Worst Twitter Performer Ever Issues Hilariously Un-Self-Aware Ultimatum
Dozens Of Kids Were Cleaning Midwest Meatpacking Plants, Labor Department Finds
Medieval Times Union Spreads To Another Castle
Musk Threatens To Boot Twitter Account Impersonators
Home Depot Workers Reject Effort To Form First Store Union
House Democrats Blast Starbucks For 'Union-Busting, Intimidation And Retaliation'
Chipotle Illegally Closed Store To Kill Union Effort, Officials Say
There's A Reason You Can't Find Anyone To Help You At Home Depot
Starbucks Broke The Law By Closing A Store That Had Just Unionized: Labor Officials
Twitter Founder Jack Dorsey Launching Test Of Rival Social Network
As Puerto Rico's Privatized Power Grid Collapses, Its Owner Eyes A Bigger Payday


text:
Gifts of Life
Guatemala {Nebaj}
Malawi-Dedza
Peru {Iquitos}
Peru {Puerto Maldonado}
Open Teams
MV Admin
Grand Opening of Tat's Place: January 30, 2020!
– Puerto Maldonado, Peru –
The grand opening of Tat's Place (also known as Alegre Sonido de Dios) in Puerto Maldonado, Peru will be on January 30, 2020! The amount of hard work, dedication and passion that is involved in this project is like no other. "We want to bring His children home; to Christ, to eternity, to God's family, and into a home where they can feel love", says Scott Blackburn.
Like many places in the world, there are many children in Puerto Maldonado who are suffering from many types of abuse and discrimination as they come from varying backgrounds that include sexual abuse, violent abuse, abandonment, and orphans. The Blackburn's are dedicated to serving these children who have experienced so much pain from their past.
This Home will be a place where all children will be cared for and provided with education, spiritual guidance, health care and counseling. This family style home will allow for children to heal from their past so that they can interact and maintain close relationships with their new foster family. The Blackburn's believe that this family-based model gives the children a smooth transition into society or when returning to their families.
A huge Thank You to all those who have contributed and continue to support the Blackburn's journey and the building of Tat's Place. Please continue to pray for them as a family as they care for and nurture the children who will be living at the home.
The Blackburn's look forward to new relationships as they serve children in Peru. We welcome new supporters, volunteers, donations and new partner churches!
*To Support Tat's Place, Please Click HERE*
Ready To Pour The 2nd Floor!
– Nebaj, Guatelmala –
There is very exciting news from Guatemala! We are preparing for the pouring of the second floor of the Hospital in Nebaj! Over the past year, all the walls of the first floor were constructed. Several teams have worked alongside the Guatemalan workers, assisting and encouraging them as they continue with the construction of the 4,000 sq. meter Hospital.
There will be 3 teams going to assist in continuing the construction of the Hopistal and to impact the community within the next two months. Please pray for the team leaving shortly on January 17th and the next 2 teams going to Nebaj in February.
Thank you for all of your support and prayers for this ministry in Guatemala!
Water for Kenya & South Sudan
– Nairobi, Kenya & Juba, South Sudan –
Kenya: Creating opportunities to increase the level of sustainability is critical element in the ministry of MVC. We are working together with Vision Ministries Kenya which is a network of 50 growing churches but most of the families in these churches are in extreme poverty. We have targeted two areas that will improve not only the sustainability of VMK but also increasing the economics of communities.
The borehole will be drilled at a Olkesumet Prayer Response Center. Individuals go simply to pray – it is not uncommon to attend all night prayer meetings on the hill. Plans are in place for a mid-scale agriculture projects that will allow the Kenyans to increase the level of sustainability for Vision Ministries Kenya and their network of churches. What is needed is simply a well to provide an opportunity for greater levels of growth.
$25,000 to $30,000 CDN is the present estimate for the well. Approximately $18,000 is still needed to be raised to drill a borehole.
*Your donation can provide safe and reliable drinking water for communities in Kenya! You can donate by clicking HERE*
South Sudan: Christian Light School in Juba South Sudan currently has an enrollment of 1,000 students registered in nursery school and P1-P7. The school was established in 2013 and received its registration in 2016. Presently, the school does not have a water source and students cross a busy street for drinking water from a stream. This has become increasingly more dangerous and recently 2 students were killed crossing the street.
Previously MVC had plans to drill a borehole in the village of Kulipapa. Due to the the violence which escalated in 2017, MVC has refocused its efforts to Juba as the level of security has increased in the capital. Fortunately, this school has been able to raise $1900 for the borehole and $3041 was fund-raised at a previous MVC fundraiser!
Approximately $18,000 is still needed to be raised to drill a borehole in the village of Kulipapa!
*To Make A Contribution to the Well, Please Click HERE*
Christian Light School – Juba, South Sudan
We're Halfway There!
– Palma Soriano, Cuba –
We are at half of the funding needed for the Preschool renovations and equipment. Things that need to be purchased include desks, chairs, a microwave and fridge. This Preschool will be for children ages 1 – 5 years old, providing care as well as spiritual and intellectual opportunities. Together with our national staff, we have developed this plan. This project is 100% conceived by nationals and led by nationals!
Pray for the safe travels of the team going to Palma Soriano on January 14th for a week. They will be assisting with the construction of this nursery school as well as participating in a Women's conference!
"We desire to develop relationships with individuals that work with these children. We desire to be the hands and feet of Christ as a nursery school that supports families and honours Christ is established and sustains itself. We desire to honour our commitment to care for the most vulnerable in the world". – Cayuga Church Team
Approximately $5000 is still needed to renovate and equip the Preschool.
*To Make A Contribution Towards the Preschool, Please Click HERE*
February 2020 Updates
MVC entered into 2020 with hopes of continued growth, impact,...
COVID-19 April 2021 Updates
As The Pandemic Continues, Your Help Is Still Needed! We...
Copyright ©2018 Missionary Ventures Canada. All Rights Reserved
Powered byWordPress Security
Tuesday, 1, Jun
Thursday, 15, Apr
Wednesday, 14, Apr
Casa Compasiva – April 2021 Update
Tuesday, 6, Apr
The Grace Project-Africa (April 2021 Update)
Wednesday, 10, Mar
Project Hope – March 2021 Update
Thursday, 11, Feb
Alleviating Poverty Through Education