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September 6, 2019 | Purdue University Global
Perhaps you've gone as far as you're going to go in your career with the skills you have. What next? Many professionals consider getting a master's degree, but may ask themselves: is a master's degree worth it?
From sharpening your current skills to making yourself more competitive for new job opportunities, a graduate degree can be a smart move. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 805,000 people earned master's degrees in 2016 to 2017, the latest year for which data is available. Business (187,000 degrees), education (146,000 degrees), and health professions and related programs (119,000 degrees) led the number of degrees earned.
Here are five reasons why pursuing a master's degree may make sense for you, too.
1. A Master's Degree Can Give You Greater Career Opportunities
A master's degree can make it easier to transition into more senior positions, such as management and leadership.* In fact, occupations that typically require a master's degree for entry are projected to grow the fastest, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics—almost 17% from 2016 to 2026.†
Some of that movement is already happening. A CareerBuilder survey found that 38% of employers have raised their educational requirements in the past few years. Also, 33% of employers are hiring those with master's degrees to fill positions that used to go to those with four-year degrees.
Why the new emphasis on master's degrees? The skills required for those jobs have evolved, 61% of employers tell CareerBuilder, requiring more education. A master's degree can help you get in on this trend and solidify your career opportunities.
2. A Master's Degree Can Grow or Sharpen Your Skills
With a master's degree, you can learn new skills and improve your existing ones. Such hard and soft skills may include:
Managing relationships
Understanding industry issues
Communication and problem solving
Critical thinking and analysis
Writing and research
Employers appreciate these skills, and they can help you excel in your role.
3. A Master's Degree Can Help You Become More Competitive in the Job Market
Competition for jobs is increasing, and a master's degree from an accredited college or university can level the playing field or even make your resume stand out. The number of people 25 and older who hold a master's degree has doubled to 21 million since 2000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
A master's degree can also give you a greater sense of confidence, mastery, and understanding in your field. Those skills can set you apart from the competition.
4. A Master's Degree Can Help You Get Increased Credibility and Respect
Earning a master's degree is worthy of respect due to the time involved and sacrifice made to obtain it. Many organizations view a master's degree as a strong testament to a person's capabilities and drive to succeed. That may make them more willing to trust graduate-degree holders in positions of power.
5. A Master's Degree Can Help You Make a Career Change
According to the BLS, the average person changes jobs around 12 times during their lifetime. But it's one thing to change a job and another thing entirely to change careers.
Earning a master's degree offers you versatility and opens up your options by making you more marketable. That may be the best way to break the cycle and get into a job you really enjoy. In fact, the unemployment rate for those with a master's degree is lower than for those who hold only a bachelor's degree or less, the BLS reports.
These five questions can help you decide if it's time to go back to school.
Learn More: Online Master's Degrees From Purdue Global
Pursuing a master's degree can be the key that unlocks the door to a better career. Is it time for you to make a change? Learn more about Purdue Global University's online master degree programs or request more information today.
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NOTES AND CONDITIONS
*Purdue Global cannot guarantee employment or career advancement. Additional training and experience may be necessary for leadership positions.
†National long-term projections may not reflect local and/or short-term economic or job conditions, and do not guarantee actual growth.
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South Carolina rapper Buddha is fresh out of jail and delivers his new single "Run It Up" featuring Boosie Badazz produced by Big Kev. Check it out below.
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Do you need help with finding bibliographic information? Or have you got questions concerning media access? Do you find it difficult to locate the titles researched? All of these and many other questions will be answered either at our information desks or via library chat.


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Have the extremities taken over and left the core of your faith forgotten? Do you get confused by what you feel versus what is real? Let dynamic pastor C. J. Mahaney strip away the nonessentials and bring you back to the simplest, most fundamental reason for your faith: Jesus Christ. This book is packed with powerful truth that will grip your heart, clear your mind, and invigorate your soul. Chapters include "Breaking the Rules of Legalism," "The Cross Centered Day," and "Assurance and Joy." Get ready to behold a breathtaking view of what God intends to accomplish in and through you every day. You—ll discover how embracing this cross centered life is both our highest privilege and greatest responsibility.


Travis started at eLynx as Senior Systems Architect in 2009 and became Director of IT in 2016. In those seven years, he played an integral role in the architectural direction of the data center infrastructure. Additionally, he works cross-departmentally with developers, support, and networking to define requirements and fulfill project obligations.
Before coming to eLynx, Travis was CIO of WorldTelemetry. In 2001, WorldTelemetry collocated its data center infrastructure into eLynx's data center. After meeting Steve Jackson, Travis thought this was someone he would like to work for in the future. Soon after, he decided to transition to a role at eLynx.
Living in Oklahoma, Travis and his wife have three children. He calls them his greatest joys. Outside of work, he enjoys music and playing guitar as an escape from the hustle and bustle of working in technology.
eLynx has the expertise and solutions to improve oil and gas production and lower costs.
Copyright © eLynx Technologies, LLC. All rights reserved.


text:
Whitten, Jerry L.
Menius, Arthur C., Jr. (Arthur Clayton)
Cox, Gertrude M.
North Carolina State University. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
North Carolina State University. Institute of Statistics
North Carolina State University. Department of Statistics
North Carolina State University. Department of Physics
North Carolina State University. Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry
North Carolina State University. Department of Mathematics
North Carolina State University. Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences
North Carolina State University. Department of Geosciences
North Carolina State University. Department of Computer Science
North Carolina State University. Department of Chemistry
North Carolina State University. College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
North Carolina State College. School of Physical Science and Applied Mathematics
North Carolina State College. Department of Experimental Statistics
North Carolina State University. Center for Marine and Coastal Studies
2 collections related to North Carolina State University -- Administration
Filters: 2000-20091960-19691970-1979North Carolina State College. School of Physical Science and Applied MathematicsNorth Carolina State University. Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina State University -- AdministrationNorth Carolina State University. Department of Computer Science
North Carolina State University, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Annual Reports, 1941-2003
Size: 4.75 linear feet (9 archival boxes, 1 archival half box) Collection ID: UA 135.002
This subgroup contains annual reports for various departments and units reporting to the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at North Carolina State University. Materials range in date from 1941 to 2003. The College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (PAMS) was established at North Carolina State University in 1960 as ... More
This subgroup contains annual reports for various departments and units reporting to the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at North Carolina State University. Materials range in date from 1941 to 2003. The College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (PAMS) was established at North Carolina State University in 1960 as the School of Physical Science and Applied Mathematics. In 1977, the unit was renamed the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, becoming "College of" in 1987. In 2013 the College of Physical and Mathematical was superceded by the College of Sciences. Less
North Carolina State University, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Office of the Dean Records, 1928-2014
Size: 30.5 linear feet (37 archival boxes, 8 cartons) Collection ID: UA 135.001
The Office of the Dean Records from the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at North Carolina State University contain correspondence, brochures, budget information, curricula material, memoranda, news clippings, publications, photographs, and project files documenting the academic and administrative activities of the ... More
The Office of the Dean Records from the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at North Carolina State University contain correspondence, brochures, budget information, curricula material, memoranda, news clippings, publications, photographs, and project files documenting the academic and administrative activities of the College. Materials range in date from 1928 to 2014. The College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (PAMS) at North Carolina State University was established in 1960 as the School of Physical Science and Applied Mathematics. The name of the school was changed to the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1977, and replaced "School" with "College" in 1987. The college currently had five major academic programs: Chemistry; Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Science; Mathematics; Physics; and Statistics. Instruction in some of these academic areas, such as chemistry and mathematics, dated back to the earliest years of the university. In 2013 the College of Physical and Mathematical was superceded by the College of Sciences. Less

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Vocal prodigy Shreya Ghoshal ( also Shreya Ghosal) is an Indian playback singer. ) is generally a patriotic musical composition that evokes eulogizes the history, struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation' s government as the official national song, traditions by convention through use by the people. Clearing them fixes certain problems like loading formatting issues on. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style.
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" Ue o Muite Arukō" ( 上を向いて歩こう alternatively titled " Sukiyaki" ) is a song by Japanese crooner Kyu Sakamoto first released in Japan in 1961. Download lagu this is war mp3. You do not need to login to vote.
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Azizi Gibson - "Smoking with the Gods"
Next up on your hip hop radar should be Brainfeeder signer rapper Azizi Gibson who dropped off a new tune called "Smoking with the Gods." Along with this cut, he mentions that a new EP called Backwards Books will be releasing on July 1st. While I tend to stay away from the marijuana anthems in rap (since they are generally played out), Azizi finds a way to keep my interest in this. Maybe it is the haunting and trippy beat or the way he flows and spits some wild lyrics, either way this one is chill.


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The MDDCWA Orioles event is set for June 1, 2017, at 5:30 p.m. The pre-game party will take place at the Baltimore Hilton's 2nd Floor Holiday Ballroom adjacent to the stadium. The Orioles take on the Boston Red Sox at 7:05 p.m.
A special thank you to our sponsors, who help to make this event happen!
Ticket includes a seat for the game and admission to the private pregame party at the Hilton.
*Tickets will be distributed at the Hilton during the pregame party and must be picked up by 7:30 PM!
Should you have any questions or concerns regarding this event, please do not hesitate to contact Jeremy Talman (410.499.8363) or Nessa Bresnahan.


text:
Big dig follows big Blizzard of 2013
By Joe Werkmeister
KATHARINE SCHROEDER PHOTO | Cars piled with snow in Cutchogue Saturday morning.
The worst may be behind us, but now comes the hard part: cleaning up.
A nor'easter that dumped as much as two feet of snow in some areas is expected to clear the area by late morning, with a few snow showers lingering through 3 p.m., according to the National Weather Service. A northwest wind is expected to be sustained around 24-28 mph. Gusts can be as high as 39 mph.
Roads remained mostly impassable throughout the East End Saturday morning.
The highest snow total so far reported by the National Weather Service was 30.9 inches in Upton.
Reports this morning in Southold were around 15-18 inches of snow.
There were more than 1,200 customers without power in Southold as of 10 a.m. There were more than 900 without power in Orient. At its peak there were 1,600 in Orient. The timetable for when power would be restored is uncertain.
Joe Werkmeister is the editor of The Riverhead News-Review and The Suffolk Times. A graduate of St. Bonaventure University, he joined the Times Review Media Group Staff as a sports reporter in 2006. He is a three-time New York Press Association Sports Writer of the Year.
Email Joe Werkmeister Email Created with Sketch. Email Joe Werkmeister
Winter storm blankets North Fork with snow, closes school buildings, knocks out power for hundreds
A winter snowstorm that dropped more than a half-foot of snow on parts of the North Fork Wednesday night...
'Winter Storm Warning' will go into effect this afternoon with 7-10 inches of snow possible
North Fork residents can expect as much as 10 inches of snow to fall Wednesday into Thursday with anticipated...
NWS: Storm Wednesday could bring between 6-10 inches of snow to East End
After a season with hardly any major snow accumulation last year, the East End is set to receive significant...
Wind storm causes nearly 500 Southold Town residents to lose power
A late afternoon storm that ripped through the North Fork on Thursday has left nearly 500 PSEG Long Island...
08.04.2020	Multimedia
Photos: Isaias downs trees, leaves 6,300 without power on North Fork
Tropical Storm Isaias may have moved quickly past the North Fork Tuesday, but it left a lasting impact. Roadways...
Tropical Storm Isaias topples trees, downs power lines
Update: 7 p.m. The PSEG Long Island center crashed at the beginning of the storm, so power outages in...


Last week we shook off the debris of 2016 in fine style with this year's #festivevortex, which as always did everyone proud, a mighty selection of tunes - many thanks to everyone that contributed, and double plus thanks to the man @JimMcCauley for assembing and hosting the shebang. Glorious stuff, for sure.
"I've no idea how long it is since my last pick on LC. I'm pretty sure it's well over a year. In all that time do I expect the ghost of Lana Del Rey to have disappeared, taking the cries of "Oh Gareth!" with it? Of course not! No matter, it's actually quite liberating.
My choice today is from following a similar instinct to the one that brought on LDR - a sudden impulse telling me that this was the right thing to pick and stuff it if it goes badly. Musically it's very different though.
I think this happens a lot with artists. A new artist explodes onto the scene with a new and exciting album that receives critical acclaim for exploring new ground, yada yada yada. Then the second album comes along, and everyone finds it a bit disappointing because they were expecting more of the same, and while it has its similarities it's not really what they wanted, and it may have lost some of the production values because it was rushed out as a successor to the first amazing album, etc.
This is one of those second albums. And like a lot of such second albums it's actually better than the first. Partly because the first is over-hyped and played and re-hashed to death, and partly because the drop in production values somehow make it more authentic, and partly because it just manages to be different while still following the same basic format of its predecessor. I find it makes good listening for when I'm trying to be creative, but obviously that could be just me.
If you want a drink to go with this I'd suggest a strong real ale. If you want cake I'd suggest a local speciality. If you have a pipe to wave around while listening, that might help too, regardless of whether it actually has tobacco in it.
I hope you enjoy these 40 minutes, but just in case I will be opening a sweep on how long it takes for me to get an Oh Gareth. But only just in case."


Be alerted when Blind Idiot God - Undertow (Vinyl 2LP) is back in stock.
A notification will be sent to when the Blind Idiot God - Undertow (Vinyl 2LP) is back in stock.
Remastered Reissue of 1988 Album with Accompanying Second 45RPM Disc featuring 3 Bonus Tracks from the Same Era!
Undertow, the re-issued second LP from Blind Idiot God (BIG) and the first produced by Bill Laswell, is a sonic realization of the unique, genre defying instrumental music of the band. Working with such diverse artists as Motörhead and Sly and Robbie, Laswell was uniquely positioned to bring the force and clarity necessary to deliver BIG's sound to the uninitiated. The reissue of this album recorded in 1988, newly remastered and including bonus tracks from the same era, is further evidence of just how far ahead of their time Blind Idiot God was. The bonus 45 RPM disc of the vinyl reissue includes their hard driving collaboration with Henry Rollins for the title track of the movie Freaked, remixed and including the original longer, never released version, as well as their collaboration with John Zorn, "Purged Specimen." Tracks that expand further the tremendous width and breadth of their musical achievements, running straight through boundaries that hold others back.


FREE Gift with the purchase of a Fairy Door! We now have Opening Fairy Doors in purple... just arrived! ... Our opening Fairy Doors leave the magical world of fiaires to each child's imagination! Children love to imagine What may lie on the other side, as well as trying to figure out how they're fairies open it each time they visit! Find a special spot in your home and attach to the wall in your home with command strips which are included. These new Fairy Doors come with a Fairy Pack and a wee bottle of fairy dust. Order soon though, they are going fast! For a full description of the fairy magic, please read the page~ 'lil Fairy Doors found above on the toolbar.
This door measures 9" high, 4" wide and .5" deep.
Our fairies will include a little 'extra' surprise when you order our new Opening Fairy Door!


Functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the fusiform gyri (FG) in structural encoding of faces, while event-related potential (ERP) and magnetoencephalography studies have shown that such encoding occurs approximately 170 ms poststimulus. Behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies suggest that processes involved in face recognition may be strongly modulated by socially relevant information conveyed by faces. To test the hypothesis that affective information indeed modulates early stages of face processing, ERPs were recorded to individually assessed liked, neutral, and disliked faces and checkerboard-reversal stimuli. At the N170 latency, the cortical three-dimensional distribution of current density was computed in stereotactic space using a tomographic source localization technique. Mean activity was extracted from the FG, defined by structure-probability maps, and a meta-cluster delineated by the coordinates of the voxel with the strongest face-sensitive response from five published functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. In the FG, approximately 160 ms poststimulus, liked faces elicited stronger activation than disliked and neutral faces and checkerboard-reversal stimuli. Further, confirming recent results, affect-modulated brain electrical activity started very early in the human brain (approximately 112 ms). These findings suggest that affective features conveyed by faces modulate structural face encoding. Behavioral results from an independent study revealed that the stimuli were not biased toward particular facial expressions and confirmed that liked faces were rated as more attractive. Increased FG activation for liked faces may thus be interpreted as reflecting enhanced attention due to their saliency.
Individuals with asthma have twice the risk of developing mood and anxiety disorders as individuals without asthma and these psychological factors are associated with worse outcomes and greater need for medical intervention. Similarly, asthma symptom onset and exacerbation often occur during times of increased psychological stress. Remission from depression, on the other hand, is associated with improvement in asthma symptoms and decreased usage of asthma medication. Yet research aimed at understanding the biological underpinnings of asthma has focused almost exclusively on the periphery. An extensive literature documents the relationship between emotion and asthma, but little work has explored the function of affective neural circuitry in asthma symptom expression. Therefore, the following review integrates neuroimaging research related to factors that may impact symptom expression in asthma, such as individual differences in sensitivity to visceral signals, the influence of expectation and emotion on symptom perception, and changes related to disease chronicity, such as conditioning and plasticity. The synthesis of these literatures suggests that the insular and anterior cingulate cortices, in addition to other brain regions previously implicated in the regulation of emotion, may be both responsive to asthma-related bodily changes and important in influencing the appearance and persistence of symptom expression in asthma.
This article reviews the author's program of research on the neural substrates of emotion and affective style and their behavioral and peripheral biological correlates. Two core dimensions along which affect is organized are approach and withdrawal. Some of the key circuitry underlying approach and withdrawal components of emotion is reviewed with an emphasis on the role played by different sectors of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala. Affective style refers to individual differences in valence-specific features of emotional reactivity and regulation. The different parameters of affective style can be objectively measured using specific laboratory probes. Relations between individual differences in prefrontal and amygdala function and specific components of affective style are illustrated. The final section of the article concludes with a brief discussion of plasticity in the central circuitry of emotion and the possibility that this circuitry can be shaped by training experiences that might potentially promote a more resilient, positive affective style. The implications of this body of work for a broader conception of psychophysiology and for training the next generation of psychophysiologists are considered in the conclusion.
Individual differences in emotional reactivity or affective style can be decomposed into more elementary constituents. Several separable of affective style are identified such as the threshold for reactivity, peak amplitude of response, the rise time to peak and the recovery time. latter two characteristics constitute components of affective chronometry The circuitry that underlies two fundamental forms of motivation and and withdrawal-related processes-is described. Data on differences in functional activity in certain components of these are next reviewed, with an emphasis on the nomological network of surrounding individual differences in asymmetric prefrontal The relevance of such differences for understanding the nature affective dysfunction in affective disorders is then considered. The ends by considering what the prefrontal cortex "does" in certain of affective style and highlights some of the important questions for future research.
Considerable evidence exists to support an association between psychological states and immune function. However, the mechanisms by which such states are instantiated in the brain and influence the immune system are poorly understood. The present study investigated relations among physiological measures of affective style, psychological well being, and immune function. Negative and positive affect were elicited by using an autobiographical writing task. Electroencephalography and affect-modulated eye-blink startle were used to measure trait and state negative affect. Participants were vaccinated for influenza, and antibody titers after the vaccine were assayed to provide an in vivo measure of immune function. Higher levels of right-prefrontal electroencephalographic activation and greater magnitude of the startle reflex reliably predicted poorer immune response. These data support the hypothesis that individuals characterized by a more negative affective style mount a weaker immune response and therefore may be at greater risk for illness than those with a more positive affective style.
We are interested in investigating white matter connectivity using a novel computational framework that does not use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) but only uses T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The proposed method relies on correlating Jacobian determinants across different voxels based on the tensor-based morphometry (TBM) framework. In this paper, we show agreement between the TBM-based white matter connectivity and the DTI-based white matter atlas. As an application, altered white matter connectivity in a clinical population is determined.
The primary taste cortex consists of the insula and operculum. Previous work has indicated that neurons in the primary taste cortex respond solely to sensory input from taste receptors and lingual somatosensory receptors. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show here that expectancy modulates these neural responses in humans. When subjects were led to believe that a highly aversive bitter taste would be less distasteful than it actually was, they reported it to be less aversive than when they had accurate information about the taste and, moreover, the primary taste cortex was less strongly activated. In addition, the activation of the right insula and operculum tracked online ratings of the aversiveness for each taste. Such expectancy-driven modulation of primary sensory cortex may affect perceptions of external events.
Despite growing evidence on the neural bases of emotion regulation, little is known about the mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognitive regulation of negative emotion, and few studies have used objective measures to quantify regulatory success. Using a trait-like psychophysiological measure of emotion regulation, corrugator electromyography, we obtained an objective index of the ability to cognitively reappraise negative emotion in 56 healthy men (Session 1), who returned 1.3 years later to perform the same regulation task using fMRI (Session 2). Results indicated that the corrugator measure of regulatory skill predicted amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity. Individuals with greater ability to down-regulate negative emotion as indexed by corrugator at Session 1 showed not only greater amygdala attenuation but also greater inverse connectivity between the amygdala and several sectors of the prefrontal cortex while down-regulating negative emotion at Session 2. Our results demonstrate that individual differences in emotion regulation are stable over time and underscore the important role of amygdala-prefrontal coupling for successful regulation of negative emotion.
Although the co-occurrence of negative affect and pain is well recognized, the mechanism underlying their association is unclear. To examine whether a common self-regulatory ability impacts the experience of both emotion and pain, we integrated neuroimaging, behavioral, and physiological measures obtained from three assessments separated by substantial temporal intervals. Our results demonstrated that individual differences in emotion regulation ability, as indexed by an objective measure of emotional state, corrugator electromyography, predicted self-reported success while regulating pain. In both emotion and pain paradigms, the amygdala reflected regulatory success. Notably, we found that greater emotion regulation success was associated with greater change of amygdalar activity following pain regulation. Furthermore, individual differences in degree of amygdalar change following emotion regulation were a strong predictor of pain regulation success, as well as of the degree of amygdalar engagement following pain regulation. These findings suggest that common individual differences in emotion and pain regulatory success are reflected in a neural structure known to contribute to appraisal processes.
A variety of recent research indicates that when subjects are induced to experience certain negative emotions, there is greater suppression of alpha power in the right than left frontal region, while during the experience of positive emotion, alpha power asymmetry in this region shows the opposite pattern. We have conceptualized this assymetry as reflecting specialization for approach and withdrawal processes in the left and right frontal regions, respectively. In this experiment, reward and punishment contingencies were directly manipulated to produce approach and withdrawal response motional states. In addition, subjects responded to imperative stimuli using either an approach response (finger press) or a withdrawal response (finger lift). EEG was recorded from multiple scalp locations. During the foreperiod prior to the response to the imperative stimuli, the EEG was extracted, Fourier-transformed and power computed in the theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. In addition, the contingent negative variation (CNV) was derived from the identical epoch. Reward trials were associated with greater left frontal alpha power suppression than punishment trials, while during the latter trials, there was greater right-sided frontal alpha power suppression than during reward trials. There was also some evidence to indicate that withdrawal responses were associated with greater right-sided alpha power suppression in the temporo-parietal region compared with approach responses. Power in the theta and beta bands did not systematically vary with condition. The CNV was larger during trials on which subjects responded quickly compared with slow trials, but did not differentiate between reward and punishment contingencies. The findings support the hypothesis that approach-related processes can be differentiated from withdrawal-related processes on the basis of asymmetrical shifts in alpha power in the frontal region. They also indicate that the CNV and spectral power estimates from the identical epochs reflect different neural processes.


A historic place that houses one among the strongest fortress, Kumbhalgarh boast of so many intricately carved temples, which exposes the visitor in to the marvels of superb artistry. Though the fifteenth century bastion is the remarkable attraction, other fascinations of Kumbhalgarh are not far behind. With its enthralling and verdant landscapes, deep jungles and pretty gorges this land is the abode of mesmerizing beauty. The thick woody forests encompass the vibrant and rich foliage along with a rich variety of fauna. These forests, which house a wildlife sanctuary, are the popular destination of wildlife aficionados and birdwatchers. Its snaky paths and winding roads are a fascination to those who loves to be in the company of the animal world.
Nearest Airports: Udaipur domestic airport is the nearest airport.
Main Railway Station: Udaipur is the nearest railway station.
Main Bus Station or Road: Public and Private Transport facilities are there to reach Kumbhalgarh.
Udaipur- 100km, Mount Abu- 146km, Jodhpur-219km.
Bounded by lofty mountain ranges and massive entry posts, this fortress boast of a proud heritage of yester years. Prettily placed in strategic location this fort is often referred as the eye of Mewar. One among the great forts, this colossal formation encompasses secret passageways, gigantic walls, soaring watchtowers and curved defenders. Most alluring attraction in this Rajput strong hold is the presence of an inner fort within the precinct of the outer wall. The access to the fort itself is very much tempting; the crisscross road that goes through the vibrant meadows and woody forests is only the beginning of an enticing charm. This fort presents an array of other imposing attractions, whose magnificence is to be enjoyed at least once in a lifetime.
Endangered species like Cheetah, sambar, nilgai and leopard falls in the craggiest part of the Aravalli region. Apart from the vibrant wild life, this sanctuary poses a natural haven of the colourful avifauna like gray pigeons, red spur owls, golden orioles, gray jungle fowls, bulbus, parakeets, peacocks and doves. Park's wild life shelters animals like four horned antelope, hyena, sloth bear, jungle cat, chinkara, jackal, and the packs of wolves. Kumbhalgarh Sanctuary is the only one of its kind where wolf breeding has been successfully conducted. The park offers nice jungle safaris through the crisscross roads of the sanctuary.
Taxis, auto-rickshaws and cycle-rickshaws are the local means of public transport for getting around in Kumbhalgarh.
Silver jewelry, potteries, stone carved items and Puppets and miniature paintings are famous here.
Gher Ghoomer festival is the most important festival in Kumbhalgarh that is celebrated with much fanfare in Kumbhalgarh.


text:
Dag was born and raised in Norway. From a young age he gained an interest in filmmaking borrowing his fathers camera equipment, shooting films with his friends. He studied Film and Media at High School in Norway. At the age of 23 he wanted to pursue a career in film, and moved to England to study film at University. In 2018 he achieved a degree with 1st class honours in Film Production.
His main focus and talent is Cinematography and Special Effects Editing. Dag has a wide knowledge of film equipment and cinematic techniques.
Favourite films include: The Usual Suspects (1995), The Sting (1973), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
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Zappa.com
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Board index » General » General Board
On this day... or Greggery Peccary's Calendar
[ 605 posts ] Go to page Previous 1 ... 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Next
Mr_Green_Genes
Post subject: Re: On this day... or Greggery Peccary's Calendar
Location: City Of Tiny Lites
Mr_Green_Genes wrote:
41 years ago today (that is, 4/21):
65 years ago today, my occupation field started to be devised...
60 years ago yesterday:
...The Watson and Crick paper describing the structure of DNA was published in the Nature journal.
200 years ago, this guy, whose theories would split the world, was born:
36 yat
ursinator
Location: ger-money
Ingmar Bergman, moviemaker from sweden, was born 100 years ago
1990 – American musician Stevie Ray Vaughan (pictured), one of the most influential guitarists in the revival of blues in the 1980s, was killed in a helicopter crash.
On Monday, August 27, 1990, American musician Stevie Ray Vaughan was killed in a helicopter crash near East Troy, Wisconsin, aged 35 years. One of the most influential blues guitarists of the 1980s, he was described by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as "the second coming of the blues."
The day before his death, Vaughan told his band and crew members about a horrible nightmare he had, in which he was at his own funeral and saw thousands of mourners. He felt "terrified, yet almost peaceful."
According to Double Trouble drummer Chris Layton, Vaughan's last words to him were, "I love ya."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Stevie_Ray_Vaughan
39 years ago today:
100 years ago, today:
End of World War I
...and 25 years ago today:
Interlagos Formula 1 Grand Prix, last lap and aftermath
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MZJAuk57SU
OK, I am sorry, I was off by a couple of days. Today is the actual say:
1918 – The armistice between the German Empire and the Allies was signed in a railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne of France (signatories pictured).
70 years ago today, Ozzy was born:
25 years ago, the world lost a big part of its fun:
RIP, Frank, thank you for your music.
tinkamok
Location: Plymouth England
^^^^^^ seconded ^^^^
Thanks Frank .
" Music is the only religion that delivers the goods " FZ
70 years of Human Rights Day
slime.oofytv.set
Post subject: re: on this year of the peccary
Posted: Sun Feb 24, 2019 11:12 am
That distinguishes itself by markings which resemble a WIDE TIE directly below the white collar
The 1964 Brazilian coup d'état (Portuguese: Golpe de estado no Brasil em 1964 or, more colloquially, golpe de 64) was a series of events in Brazil from March 31 to April 1 that led to the overthrow of President João Goulart by members of the Brazilian Armed Forces, supported by the United States government.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
Posted: Fri Apr 19, 2019 12:37 am
Today takes place what's been dubbed as the debate of the century, in Toronto.
Drs. Jordan Peterson & Slavoj Žižek - Happiness: Capitalism vs. Marxism
After much anticipation, Clinical Psychologist and Best Selling author Dr. Jordan B. Peterson and renowned Slovenian Professor and philosopher Slavoj Žižek are scheduled for a live debate on Friday, April 19th, 2019 at 7:30pm at the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto, Canada.
Dr. Jordan B. Peterson is a clinical psychologist, cultural critic, former Harvard Professor, and currently a professor at the University of Toronto. His main areas of study are the psychology of religion and ideological belief, and the assessment and improvement of personality and performance. Dr. Peterson has published over one hundred scientific papers, as well as authored Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief, and the bestselling 12 Rules For Life: An Antidote to Chaos (January 2018). At Harvard, he was nominated for the prestigious Levinson Teaching Prize, and has been regarded as one of three of University of Toronto's truly life changing professors. His classroom lectures on mythology and psychology were so well received that they were turned into a popular 13-part series on TVO. Dr. Peterson's YouTube Channel has over 1.5 million subscribers, with videos averaging 1 million views, features his university and public lectures, responses to polarizing political crises of today and interviews with experts.
Dr. Jordan B. Peterson and his colleagues have produced online programs aimed at helping people understand their personalities and improve their lives. He has appeared on news sources such as BBC, Channel 4, as well as several popular podcasts and shows, including the Joe Rogan Experience, Under the Skin with Russell Brand, The Rubin Report, and many more. He has been featured in GQ, The New York Times, Esquire, and The New Yorker amoung many other publications.
Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher. He is a professor at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana and international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities of the University of London.He works in subjects including continental philosophy, political theory, cultural studies, psychoanalysis, film criticism, Marxism, Hegelianism and theology.
In 1989, Žižek published his first English text, The Sublime Object of Ideology, in which he departed from traditional Marxist theory to develop a materialist conception of ideology that drew heavily on Lacanian psychoanalysis and Hegelian idealism. His early theoretical work became increasingly eclectic and political in the 1990s, dealing frequently in the critical analysis of disparate forms of popular culture and making him a popular figure of the academic left. A critic of capitalism, neoliberalism and political correctness, Žižek calls himself a political radical, and his work has been characterized as challenging orthodoxies of both the political right and the social-liberal universities.
Žižek's idiosyncratic style, popular academic works, frequent magazine op-eds, and critical assimilation of high and low culture have gained him international influence, and a substantial audience outside academe. In 2012, Foreign Policy listed Žižek on its list of Top 100 Global Thinkers, calling him "a celebrity philosopher".
http://www.sonycentre.ca/calendar-event-details/?id=563
Online live tickets at U$ 14.95:
https://www.jordanvsslavojdebate.com/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78BFFq_8XvM
Location: The Thumb
20 years ago The Columbine school massacre
One of those days which I recall where I was when I heard of the tragic news. I went with some buddies went to Stan Ridgeway concert at a small venue with the hopes of eventually hearing "Mexican Radio"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyCEexG9xjw
We arrived late in the afternoon -weather wise, a beautiful day- with maybe an hour or two to spare so we decided to duck into a bar around the corner for a beer. The tv had breaking news coverage but the volume was turned off, the view from a helicopter looking down on the school was of teenagers running out with their hands up, with a discriptive text running across the bottom of the screen. I couldn't make sense of it at the time since it was beyond anything I'd ever heard of happening at an American high school. Now school shootings in the US are more common I'm ashamed to say. "Mexican Radio" has become my personal memory hotlink to the events of that day. I still enjoy the song though and can differentiate it. But it does -shall we say- nudge my memory of those awful events
Posted: Wed May 22, 2019 1:40 am
1980 – Pac-Man, an arcade game that became an icon of 1980s popular culture, made its debut in Japan.
100 years ago today:
Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919
A total solar eclipse occurred on May 29, 1919. With the duration of totality at maximum eclipse of 6 minutes 51 seconds, it was the longest solar eclipse since May 27, 1416. A longer total solar eclipse would later occur on June 8, 1937.
The first observation of light deflection was performed by noting the change in position of stars as they passed near the Sun on the celestial sphere. The observations were performed by Arthur Eddington and his collaborators during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, when the stars near the Sun (at that time in the constellation Taurus) could be observed. Observations were made simultaneously in the cities of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil and in São Tomé and Príncipe on the west coast of Africa. The result was considered spectacular news and made the front page of most major newspapers. It made Einstein and his theory of general relativity world-famous. When asked by his assistant what his reaction would have been if general relativity had not been confirmed by Eddington and Dyson in 1919, Einstein famously made the quip: "Then I would feel sorry for the dear Lord. The theory is correct anyway."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_May_29,_1919
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity#Deflection_of_light_by_the_Sun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentum_crucis
50 years ago:
Bed-Ins for Peace
Jump to: Select a forum ------------------ Zappa.com Announcements Zappa Forum Announcements Activation Frank Zappa Legends, Myths and Fantasies Randomonium Wish List Zappa Albums Zappa Concerts Zappa Quotes Zappa on TV & Film What's Zappaning? General General Board Frequently Asked Questions


In a rise to match that of Cloudwater's, in a few short years Verdant have gone on to become hugely sought after on both sides of the pond and across Europe too. Focussed on hopforward IPAs and DIPAs, sold fresh, consumed fast, they've become a brewer you have to try. Really top guys, the success is well deserved becasue the beers are truly incredible.


Let us never forget that our children will be watching and learning from how we adults respond on Nov. 6 as election returns are announced. The behaviors we model will determine what sort of children we raise.
Donna Cameron is a resident of Brier and author of, "A Year of Living Kindly." She has spent her career working locally with nonprofit organizations where she saw kindness in action on a daily basis.


text:
Lokalizacje

Niemcy
 Greiffenberg – dzielnica Angermünde

Polska

Dawna nazwa miejscowości:
 Gryfów Śląski

Osoby
 Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg – austriacka liryk
 Hans von Greiffenberg – niemiecki generał

Zobacz też
 Greifenberg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Case studies and celebrity impact on retention and pricing
Patrick Campbell Apr 1 2021
In a world with seemingly infinite options and infinite marketing to show us those options, consumer purchasing behavior has changed dramatically. We've gone from a place of inherently trusting brands by default—after all, why would they lie—to distrusting brands by default. Turns out they lie all the time.
The result? Most marketing has shifted to needing to reinforce trust through free trials, money-back guarantees, and plenty of content. If you can "try before you buy" or at least feel like the brand's spoken to you enough, you'll feel more comfortable making a purchase.
One particular piece of content that's been on the rise are influencer and celebrity endorsements. As media becomes more and more fragmented, we end up trusting individuals over institutions. Let's explore this phenomenon with a bunch of data to answer, should you embark on influencer marketing even in B2B?
Listen now 🎧
Case studies—the original influencers
When we make purchase, we start from a dfplace of dissonance. We may want the product. The product may claim to solve our pain. The product may give us the value we seek. Yet, we don't definitively know, so depending on the price, impact anticipated, and effort required we may end up in analysis paralysis—never making a decision.
Case studies and social proof can help us get over these nerves. After all, if I see a logo of a brand that I think I'm like or a person in a role that's similar to mine, I start to trust that I'm not going to make a mistake. In essence, I see myself in them and they're happy, so I'll be happy, too.
Great in theory, but what's the data show us? I put together a study where I measured willingness to pay without any case studies and then with a similar group measured willingness to pay with different levels of social proof and case studies. The results are below for B2B and DTC, but here's a summary:
Logo ribbons are basically table stakes at this point and don't influence willingness to pay much. In a previous iteration of this study, they boosted willingness to pay by roughly 5%, now they're essentially at 0%.
Quotes and case studies increase willingness to pay by 10% or more, which is significant. The higher fidelity the case study—more specific, more complete—the higher the willingness to pay boost in both B2B and in DTC.
Pretty fascinating, but let's look at retention now. I looked at a group of users across a bunch of different subscription products and measured if their purchase was influenced by referral, case studies, or any semblance of social proof. I then separated them into two buckets: those influenced and those not influenced, and measured their retention relative to median retention.
The results show that those who came in via social proof retained at a much higher rate than the median, but also those who didn't come through via case studies or social proof retained at a poorer rate that the median.
The output here has thrown me for a loop a bit, because you'd think the product would stand alone. After all, if I don't like the product, I'm gone, right? Initially, I thought this data and that thought couldn't live in the same universe. Yet, I think what's happening is the folks who came in influenced by social proof end up giving the product more of a chance. If they aren't getting value, they think they're the problem—"Well Judy at Notion liked the product, I should too; let's try another month." On the flip side, those not influenced by social proof end up being more skeptical. I'll need to noodle on this more, but if you have any ideas reply and let me know.
What should you do with your business?
You need to at least have basic logo ribbons or quotes on your site and in your marketing from existing customers. Invest heavily in case studies that go deep on your product's value and then work to align those case studies to the different leads you have. We personally kicked off a project for written, video, and graphical case studies across our product lines and verticals. You'll start seeing more of that over the next month or so.
Another thought that stemmed from the data here is to include some sort of existing customer marketing of case studies. This may not make sense intuitively, because they're already customers, but based on this data I feel as if creating some sort of FOMO will actually be beneficial to starting the right conversations with your customers.
What about celebrities?
Here's where things get interesting... what happens if I have someone famous or influential (or at least famous/influential for the field I'm in) endorse my product? There are two axes that are interesting when doing celebrity or influencer marketing: One is along their reach for spreading your product, and the other is along the conversion at a particular price point for your product.
For reach, there have been many, many articles written on influencer marketing, so I'm not going to spend a lot of time there. The idea on a basic level though is that your celebrity/influencer has a larger audience of your target customers than you, so presumably, they can spread your product more quickly. This is why we worked to get on Oprah's favorite things when I was at Gemvara, or you can't watch a YouTube video without an ad for a VPN or Honey.
Celebrity/influencer impact on willingness to pay and retention is much more interesting, because, presumably, you have someone more influential than someone similar to you endorsing the product. You have someone you admire or look up to on some level. To measure this we ran the willingness to pay study from above, but used different levels of endorsement. The results are below for B2B and DTC, but here are some interesting takeaways:
Even if the celebrity or influencer had nothing to do with the product, it still influenced willingness to pay. Put another way, if we had Lindsay Lohan endorse ProfitWell, we'd actually see a bump in conversion and WTP (this endorsement is not in the works FYI).
When the celebrity/endorsement aligned with the product somehow, the willingness to pay shot up. Bobby Flay endorsing our cookbook has more weight than him endorsing a car.
Niche influencers have a lot more impact than non-aligned celebrities, even if their audiences aren't as big. This is likely because I trust Jason Lemkin's advice on ProfitWell more than Mike Tyson's.
Basically if you can get a celebrity or influencer to endorse your brand, you should, but not before you consider the following retention data. I looked at a number of products that had celebrity or influencer endorsements and connected them with the retention of those companies. Essentially, alignment is crucial here. Those celebrities who were aligned with the product directly had much higher retention than those who didn't. Turns out Lindsay Lohan endorsing ProfitWell isn't that great of an idea. :)
As media becomes more and more fragmented, I think you should absolutely work to have an influencer marketing campaign, even if you're in the world of B2B. Yet, you should realize that this is more than just a spread play—it's a conversion/boost in willingness-to-pay play. As a result, you should work to push your higher-priced product or even do dynamic pricing based on the channel folks come in through.
We're about to do something at ProfitWell along these lines, but it's not quite out yet, so I don't want to go too deep on it. I'll do a fuller write up after we've launched it and have some good data. Just keep in mind, no one is doing anything with influencers in B2B.
Don't miss out on more insights. Subscribe to get more Protect the Hustle now.
BONUS DATA: I'm long on DISCOVERY+
Tangential, but the data above is why I'm long on Discovery+. One thing we learned (and studied) about Disney+ is that while content was everything, the identification with content was even more important. Franchises like Marvel, Star Wars, et al., are why people signed up in droves, not a critically acclaimed documentary. The latter helps, but isn't everything, because while I burn out after five seasons of House of Cards, I somehow never turn off the Food Network.
Discovery+ is the only second-wave streaming service that has this phenomenon. Chip and Joanna Gaines, Oprah, Alton Brown, Guy Fieri, Mike Rowe, and a long list of others give Discovery+ basically Marvel and Star Wars franchises of reality and home television. Here's relative willingness to pay based on whether these celebrities were involved and the respondent was a fan of the celebrity. It's up across the board.
The content is also infinitely bingeable. Discovery+ can shoot seasons of Chopped and Good Eats until I die. Fans like me also tend to or are willing to watch other content on Discovery+. Thus, the wheel turns and I'm retained forever. No other streaming service besides Disney+ and Netflix has anything close to this, so I'm excited to see Discovery+ rise through the ranks.
Ok. That's enough analysis for the day. If you found this useful, would love for you to share it on a social media channel of your choice. You can just click one of the buttons below. Ship me feedback or any thoughts by just replying to this email.
Do us a favor?
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This is a ProfitWell Recur production—the first media network dedicated entirely to the SaaS and subscription space.
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Measuring the subscription economy with Zuora's Tien Tzuo
In this episode of Protect the Hustle, Tien shares ideas on the delineation of ownership and how one big idea can evolve into years of runway for your startup.
May Habib on total market transition
On this episode of Protect the Hustle, we talk to May Habib about playing a pivotal role in the market transition of content intelligence platform Qordoba.
Diversity in Tech: A Guide to Trying Harder
Using data and interviews, we take a deep dive into the crucial topic of diversity, including why diversity is so important, why we're pretty bad at creating diverse teams, and how we can set our teams for success by creating the best, diverse environment possible.
How Do Subscription Companies in EU Differ from Those in the USA?
This week on the ProfitWell Report, we're looking at how the European SaaS ecosystem compares to its counterpart in the United States.


The issuance of a Banner Permit shall allow for the placement of a banner over and across a public highway. Note that the placement of such banners across public highways shall be completed by the City of Binghamton upon issuance of a permit.
For information on available banner locations, please contact the Department of Parks and Recreation.
For more information on Banner Permits, please review Chapter 327 of the Code of the City of Binghamton.
Must be submitted 30 days prior to the event, otherwise $20 per day late fees will be added. NO EXCEPTIONS.


Find extra wide curtains 104 inches wide, as well as 63 inches long curtains pair at great prices and high quality. Please browse through our 104 inches wide pairs of curtains, thermal lace curtains or wide insulated curtains and review the product descriptions, images, and ordering information.
104" wide curtains will beautifully accommodate 37"-62" of window width. Maximum width Grommet top pair will cover is under 81 inch. Maximum width Rod Pocket pair may cover is under 102 inches.


A study released in the Journal of Hospital Medicine highlights an electronic health record (EHR) tool to improve pediatric hospital discharge. The tool makes providers aware of children who will be discharged with multiple medications, home health services or a non-English speaking caregiver. These factors can make the hospital discharge process more challenging for patients and their families, as well as healthcare providers.
The study provides insight into how this electronic instrument can improve the quality of the hospital discharge process for children.
Mark S. Brittan, MD and his colleagues, Sara Martin, RN, Leslie Anderson, BSN, Angela Moss, MS, and Michelle R. Torok, PhD, modeled a previously published paper-based discharge planning instrument. A team of clinicians, nurse–family educators, case managers, social workers and informatics experts helped design the instrument in 2014 and it was implemented in the EHR in 2015. The team at Children's Colorado opted for an electronic tool to automate screening and increase visibility of patients' home care needs and necessary discharge planning via the EHR. Subsequently, the team of researchers performed statistical analysis to determine if the tool could be used to predict pediatric readmissions.
The instrument generates a score of zero to three points depending on the number of risk factors for each patient. To generate the score, clinical documentation and EHR orders are used to automatically determine the presence of home health services, number of discharge medications, and preferred language of the family caregiver.
The electronic score is displayed within the EHR's Discharge Readiness Report and is updated automatically as relevant data are entered. It serves as a visual reminder of discharge planning needs around home healthcare, prescription medications, and interpretation services.
While the tool helps alert inpatient teams to the presence of complex home care and language barriers, analysis showed that there is opportunity to improve the tool's ability to predict readmissions. The team at Children's Colorado believes the tool can be enhanced with other variables to improve its value in predicting readmissions.
The Journal of Hospital Medicine is the premier, ISI-indexed publication for the specialty of hospital medicine and official journal of the Society of Hospital Medicine. The journal advances excellence in hospital medicine as a defined specialty through the dissemination of research, evidence-based clinical care, and advocacy of safe, effective care for hospitalized patients.


text:
Was the Christmas "Star" a Comet?
Hale-Bopp Comet (1997)
(by Philipp Salzgeber CC-BY-SA-2.0-AT more)
(skip preview)
Those who propose the 5 B.C. comet referenced in Chinese astronomical records is a legitimate candidate for the Christmas "star" (aster), point to the following:
The comet would have been particularly significant to the Magi (astronomers from the east) because it was preceded by: a)a triple conjunction of Saturn (aka the Defender of Israel) and Jupiter (the King Planet) and b) a massing of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — all of which occurred in the Pisces Constellation historically associated with the nation of Israel;
The Magi would have seen the 5 B.C. comet for the first time in the east (i.e., it was a new "star" – aster and the Magi would have seen the comet "rise in the east" (Matt. 2:2, 9);
It remained visible for 70 days (long enough for the Magi to travel from the east (Babylon or Persia) to Bethlehem;
It had a "broom tail" and such comets were historically described as standing over a city consistent with Matthew's description that the Christmas "star" (aster) "stopped over" (NIV, NLT), "stood over" (ASV, KJV) or "came to rest over" (ESV) "the place where the child was." (Matt. 2:9)
This article examines the extent to which the appearance of the 5 B.C. comet adequately explains, or fails to explain, the facts revealed about the "star" in the Bible.
The article also summarizes the criticisms that have been waged against the proposal as well as how proponents of the proposal respond to those criticisms.
Introduction here
Historical Development of the Comet Proposal here
How Well Does the 5 B.C. Comet Proposal Correspond with the 7 Things Scholars Have Historically Considered in Evaluating Candidates for the Christmas Star? here
Conclusion here
Because comets are made up of frozen gasses, ice, rocky debris and dust, they are often referred to as "big dirty snowballs." When a comet migrates closely enough to the sun, the sun's heat vaporizes ice in the comet causing a tail to form.
Although numerous comets exist, comets bright enough to be seen from Earth are only visible to the naked eye about once every ten years. Large comets with spectacular tails are significantly more rare.
One of the most recent sitings of a large comet was the Hale-Bopp comet which was visible for well over a year (see photo above). The Hale-Bopp Comet was last seen in 1997 and will not be seen again for another 2,500 years or so.
164 B.C. BABYLONIAN TABLET
REFERENCING HALLEY'S COMET
Halley's Comet is another large comet. It is noted in historical records dating back to at least 240 B.C. The clay tablet depicted on the left references a sighting of Halley's Comet in 164 B.C. It was last seen in 1986 and will reappear again in 2061.
The sighting of Halley's comet closest to the time of Jesus' birth was in 12 B.C.
The biblical account of the Christmas "star" is set forth in Matthew 2:1-11 (originally written in Greek). The Greek word used by Matthew which has been translated into English as "star" was "aster" As many scholars point out, the Greek word "aster" is a much broader term than the English word "star" and can refer to any kind of heavenly body, including a comet. [See, Hugh Ross, "The Christmas Star", www.reasons.org (updated 2010); Joseph Henry Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, 81 – 82 (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1977) and www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary/aster]
Given the broader definition of the Greek word "aster" (as compared to the English word "star" (more>>)) and because Matthew's description of the Christmas "star" correlates well with certain characteristics commonly exhibited by comets, some scholars propose the Christmas "star" was a comet.
HALLEY'S COMET (1986)
(NASA)
Historical Development of the Comet Proposal
As far back as ≈ 248 A.D., Origen of Alexandria (184 A.D. – 254 A.D.) suggested the "star" (aster) described in Matthew 2:1-11 may have been a comet:
"The star that was seen in the East we consider to be a new star … partaking of the nature of those celestial bodies which appear at times such as comets …If then at the commencement of new dynasties or on the occasion of other important events there arises a comet… why should it be a matter of wonder that at the birth of Him who was to introduce a new doctrine … a star should have arisen?" [Origen, Contra Celsus 1, 58-59, ≈ 248 A.D.]
PROF. COLIN HUMPHREY'S
(CREDIT: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY)
In 1991, relying data gleaned from catalogues of ancient Chinese astronomical records, Colin Humphreys of Cambridge University published an article proposing the Christmas "star" (aster) was a comet. [See, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 32, pgs. 389 – 407 (1991)] He also presented the proposal to the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
A 1995 version of Humphrey's article entitled "The Star of Bethlehem" is available on the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA) website here (last accessed 12/5/2014).
As presented in Humphreys' article, Chinese astronomical records document the appearance of three (3) comets around the time of Jesus' birth:
12 B.C.
Halley's Comet made an appearance on August 12, 12 B.C. and remained visible for 56 days. The sighting was recorded by Chinese astronomers in the Book of Han of the Han Dynasty: "Lately, reproaches in the form of solar eclipses and meteors have been in the sky….Now a bushy star has been seen in Tung-chin…."
However, because the great majority of scholars maintain Jesus had to have been born between 7 B.C. and 2 B.C. (more>>), Humphreys concludes the 12 B.C. sighting of Halley's comet is too early to have been the Christmas "star" (aster).
5 B.C.
Historical records of the Chinese in 5 B.C. refer to the appearance of a "new star" in the Capricorn Constellation which was "sui-hsing" meaning a "broom star."Because the "new" star" had a "broom tail", most astronomers believe the sighting of that "new star" was, in fact, a sighting of a comet with a sweeping tail.
Chinese astronomical records also reference a sighting of a "new star" in 4 B.C.
However, other than being a "new star" with a tail (and, therefore, most likely a comet), little information is known about the comet. Therefore, Humphreys maintains there is no way to know if that comet exhibited characteristics consistent with the description of the Christmas "star" (aster) in Matthew 2.
Additionally, because Humphreys believes there is strong evidence that Herod died in 4 B.C. such that Jesus would have been born in 5 B.C. – 6 B.C. (more>>), he eliminates the 4 B.C. comet from consideration.
[See, Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995), asa.org (accessed 9/16/11)]
Based on the above, Colin Humphreys proposes the 5 B.C. comet referenced in ancient astronomical records is a credible candidate for the Christmas "star".
How Well Does the 5 B.C. Comet Proposal
Correspond with the 7 Things Scholars Have Historically
Considered in Evaluating Candidates for the Christmas "Star"?
Allowing for the unresolved issues which remain concerning how Matthew's description of the "star" is to be interpreted from the original Greek text (more>>), scholars have historically considered seven (7) things in evaluating the legitimacy of astronomical candidates for the Christmas "star" (aster) (more>>).
As applied to the 5 B.C. comet, those seven (7) considerations are as follows:
Does the appearance of the 5 B.C. coma reasonably explain why Magi from the east arrived in Jerusalem looking for "one born king of the Jews" (Matt. 2:1-2)? skip to
Was the 5 B.C. comet either a new "star" (aster) the Magi saw for the first time rise in the east; or, as alternatively interpreted, was the comet seen by the Magi "when it rose" or "at it's rising" in the east or was it seen rising in the east? (see, Matt. 2:1-2, 9)? skip to
Did the 5 B.C. comet appear at the time of Jesus' birth? skip to
Does the appearance of the 5 B.C. comet reasonably explain why Herod had to learn from the Magi when the "star" (aster) had appeared? (see, Matt. 2:7)? skip to
Did the appearance of the 5 B.C. comet last long enough to have been seen by the Magi in the east (Matt. 2:2) and still seen (or, alternatively, seen again) when the Magi left Jerusalem for Bethlehem? (see, Matt 2:9-10)? skip to
Did the 5 B.C. comet go ahead of the Magi or, alternatively, did it appear to go ahead of the Magi on their journey from Jerusalem to Bethlehem? (see, Matt. 2:9) skip to
Could the 5 B.C. comet have been seen by the Magi "stopped over" (NIV, NLT), standing over (ASV, KJV) or resting over (ESV) "the place where the child was"? (see, Matt. 2:9) skip to
Consideration No. 1
Does the appearance of the 5 B.C. comet reasonably explain why Magi from the east arrived in Jerusalem looking for "one born king of the Jews" (Matt. 2:2)? (more>>)
Many scholars believe the Magi were pseudo scientists (astronomers) from Babylon or Persia who may have been part of the legacy of Jews who were deported to Babylon by King Nebuchadnezzar II (more>>). If so, the Magi may have been aware of Daniel's prophecy concerning the coming of a king of the Jews (see, Dan. 9:25); consequently, they may have been looking for a sign of the coming of a Jewish king around the time of Jesus' birth.
Moreover, because Numbers 24:17-19 prophesied a "star" (a ruler) would come forth out of Jacob and a scepter would rise out of Israel, the Magi may have been looking to the heavens for a star as a sign of the coming of the Jewish king.
Specifically with respect to the 5 B.C. comet, its appearance over a 70 day period with a sweeping tail would have certainly been unusual enough to have drawn the attention of the Magi, especially if they were looking for a sign of the coming of a Jewish king around that time.
Colin Humphreys further suggests the Magi may have considered the 5 B.C. comet particularly significant in combination with other recent astronomical events occurring in the Pisces Constellation which Humphreys contends was strongly associated with the nation of Israel:
A triple conjunction of Saturn (aka Defender of Israel) and Jupiter (the King Planet) in May, October and December of 7 B.C.
A meeting of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn in February of 6 B.C.
Humphreys proposes the Magi may have interpreted these astronomical events as a sign of the coming of the Jewish Messiahprophesied in Daniel 9:25. In his view, the appearance of the 5 B.C. comet was the final sign that inspired the Magi to travel to Jerusalem asking Herod: "Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star when it rose and have come to worship him." (Matt. 2:2).
Criticism No. 1 — In Ancient Times, a Comet Was Considered a Sign of Impending Disaster, Not a Sign of the Birth of a King
Some scholars have criticized the comet proposal for the Christmas "star" (aster) on the grounds that at the time of Jesus' birth, people in Persia and the Roman Empire believed comets were signs of impending disaster. ****, not something to be celebrated like the birth of a king. [See, Susan Carroll, The Star of Bethlehem: An Astronomical and Historical Perspective (1997); see, Frederick Baltz, "The Census and the Star" (2008)] Since comets were considered signs of impending calamity, it seems unlikely the Magi would have interpreted the appearance of a comet as a sign of the birth of a Jewish King. [See, Susan Carroll, The Star of Bethlehem: An Astronomical and Historical Perspective (1997)]
Response No. 1 — At Least Some Historians Around the Time of Christ Documented that Comets were Associated with Great Kings and Good News: Colin Humphreys agrees that "for much of history and in many countries comets were associated with death and disaster"; however, around "the time of Christ comets were associated with the birth of great kingsand with good news." [See, Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995), asa3.org]. Consider the following examples:
In Contra Celsum 1, 59, Origen (184 A.D. – 254 A.D.) referred to a book entitled Treatise on Comets (c 50 A.D.) by Chaeremon the Stoic in which Chaeremon listed occasions that comets appeared when "good was to happen."
In the second century A.D., Justinus (a Roman historian) quoted from writings in which the greatness of a king was predicted because comets were seen for 70 days the year the king was born and a comet was seen the year the king's reign began. [See, Justinus, Pompei Trogi Hist. Phil. Epit. XXXVII, ii, 1-3]
In 44 B.C. a comet appeared for 7 days during the Olympics. According to Suetonius (a Roman historian), as the Olympic celebrations commenced, "a comet shone for seven successive days … and was believed to be the soul of [Julius] Caesar". As noted in the writings of Pliny the Elder, Encyclopedia 2.93-94, because the "people believed the comet signified that the spirit of Caesar had been received among the immortal gods" an emblem of the comet was added to the bust of Caesar that was consecrated in the Forum. Caesar Augustus (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) also dedicated a temple that was built on the site of Julius Caesar's cremation to the 44 B.C. comet — the temple was called the Temple of the Comet. Additionally, In commemoration of the 44 B.C. comet, Roman coinage from about 44 B.C. until 19 B.C. depicted a comet on one side and Caesar on the other side. Indeed, in 19 B.C., Caesar Augustus' heir, Octavian (who changed his name to Augustus Caesar), had a coin struck with his likeness on one side and the 44 B.C. comet on the other.
COIN OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR (C 19 B.C.)
(CLASSICAL NUMISMATIC GROUP, INC. WWW.ENGCOINS.COM
[See,Sarah K. Yeomans, Biblical Archaeology Review, "Classical Corner: A Comet Gives Birth to an Empire", September/October 2017]
Based on the above examples, those who propose the Christmas "star" (aster) could have been a comet maintain that around 4 B.C. – 1 B.C. when the Magi would have observed the "star", they could very well have interpreted the siting of a comet as a sign of the birth of a king [See, Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995), asa3.org]. This would especially be true if, based on Old Testament prophecies, the Magi were looking to heavens for a "star" (Numbers 24:17-19) as a sign of the coming of a Jewish king around the time of Jesus' birth (Dan. 9:25).
Was the 5 B.C. comet either a new "star" (aster) the Magi saw rise for the first time in the east; or, as alternatively interpreted, was the cometseen by the Magi "when it rose" or "at it's rising" in the east or was it seen rising in the east? (see, Matt. 2:1-2, 9)? [See, Unresolved Issue No. 1]
Many scholars maintain the original Greek text of Matthew 2 indicates the Magi saw a new star or at least a star that hadn't previously been observed. [See, Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995), asa3.org; Ray Bohlin, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1999)]
With respect to the 5 B.C. comet, the Magi may have considered a comet seen for the first time a "new star". Indeed, ancient Chinese astronomical records describe the 5 B.C. comet as a "new star" which was "sui-hsing" meaning a "broom star" (a star with a sweeping tail).
Alternatively, because of Earth's westerly rotation, comets as well as planets and stars (except those located over the earth's poles) appear to rise in the east. [See, Rick Larson, "The Bethlehem Star" DVD (2009)] Accordingly, the Magi could have seen the 5 B.C. comet "rise in the east."
In the following YouTube animation by Ross Mitchell (more>>), Jupiter, Venus, Mars and Mercury are seen as small dots of light "rising in the east" over Sydney Harbour Bridge and proceeding in a westerly direction (right to left) at a rate 250 times faster than what actually occurred. Likewise, comets are similarly observed rising in the east.
In similar fashion, earthbound observers see the sun (which is a star) do the same thing on a daily basis — the sun is seen rising in the east and setting in the west.
Specifically, with respect to the 5 B.C. comet documented in Chinese astronomical records, Colin Humphreys states the comet would have appeared to the Magi to rise in the east in the morning sky consistent with Matthew's account that the Magi first saw the "star" (aster) in the east or, as alternatively translated, at its rising. [See, Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
Did the 5 B.C. comet appear around the time of Jesus' birth (≈ 7 B.C. — 2 B.C.)?
Since the Christmas "star" (aster) is what led the Magi to Jerusalem to worship the newborn Jewish king, only those astronomical objects which appeared around the time of Jesus' birth can be legitimate candidates for the Christmas "star."
The sighting of the 5 B.C. comet documented in Chinese astronomical records fits well within the general timeframe established by scholars for Jesus' birth between 7 B.C and 2 B.C. [See, Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa.org] (more>>)
Does the appearance of the 5 B.C. comet reasonably explain why Herod apparently had to find out from the Magi when the "star" (aster) appeared (Matt 2:7)? (more>>)
It seems likely that Herod, or at least members of his court, would have been aware of the appearance of a comet, especially a rather spectacular cometlike the 5 B.C. comet which lasted 70 days and had a "sweeping tail". However, if the "star" (aster) was a comet, it seems Herod wasn't aware of when it appeared because Matthew 2:7 says Herod secretly met with the Magi to ask them when the star had appeared. [See, Rick Larson, The Bethlehem Star (2007)]
As presented by Colin Humphreys, the 5 B.C. comet may not have been the only sign in the heavens that sent the Magi to Jerusalem. Rather, Humphreys proposes the comet was the final sign that convinced the Magi a Jewish king had been born in Judea (Matt. 2:1-2). The 5 B.C. cometwas preceded by a triple conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 7 B.C. and a massing of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter planets in 6 B.C., all of which occurred in the Pisces Constellation (associated with the nation of Israel)
Additionally, although Herod would have certainly been aware of the 5 B.C. comet, the comet may not have seemed overly significant to him until the Magi arrived and explained that the comet signified the coming of a Jewish king. Only after Herod perceived a threat to his throne by a newborn Jewish king did he meet secretly with the magi to determine the exact time the "star" had appeared. it was only after the Magi explained the 7 B.C. to 5 B.C.astronomical timeline to Herod and failed to report back the whereabouts of the baby king as instructed that Herod ordered all the male children born in and around Bethlehem the prior two years (7 B.C. – 5 B.C.) be killed, in accordance with what he had learned from the Magi (Matt. 2:16).
Because Herod was a paranoid and murderous ruler who executed his own sons when he perceived them to be a threat to his throne, it makes sense that he would have done whatever he deemed necessary to protect his throne, including issuing an infanticidal order to eliminate the newborn Jewish king (more>>) [See, Colin Humphreys, 'The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
Did the 5 B.C. comet last long enough to have been seen in the east (Matt. 2:2) and still seen (or, alternatively, seen again) when the Magi left Jerusalem for Bethlehem (Matt. 2:9-10)? (more>>) [See, Unresolved Issue No. 2]
As maintained by Colin Humphreys, the 5 B.C. comet with a sweeping tail (which was observed over a 70 day period) was visible long enough for the Magi to make the approximate 6 week journey from the east (probably Babylon or Persia (more>>)) to Jerusalem and still see the star after they left Jerusalem for Bethlehem.
Moreover, in Humphrey's view it wasn't just the 5 B.C. comet that sent the Magi on their long trek to Jerusalem, it was the totality of unusual astronomical events occurring from 7 B.C. to 5 B.C. (a two year period) that the Magi found so significant. The totality of those events included: 1) the triple conjunction of Saturn (the Defender of Israel) and Jupiter (the King Planet in 7 B.C. in Pisces (strongly associated with the nation of Israel) and 2) the massing Mercury, Jupiter and Mars in 6 B.C., also in Pisces. [See, Colin Humphreys, 'The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
The references to the "star" (aster) in Matthew 2:2 and Matthew 2:9-10 would also be explained if the comet was first seen by the Magi in the east, then disappeared at some point only to reappear when the Magi left Jerusalem for Bethlehem.
Appearing, disappearing and reappearing is a characteristic of some comets. A comet can be seen once as it moves toward its perihelion (i.e., the point in its orbit that is closest to the sun), then it can disappear behind the glare of the sun and reappear as the comet's orbit takes it away from the sun. [See, Ray Bohlin, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1999); Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
RUDIMENTARY ANIMATION OF THE ORBIT OF A COMET
However, as contended by Colin Humphreys (who believes the Christmas "star" (aster) was visible the entire time the Magi traveled to Bethlehem), astronomers of the day (who did not understand orbital patterns of comets) would have likely regarded such appearances as two separate "stars" (aster).
[Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
Criticism No. 1 — Comets Orbit the Sun Cyclically and a Comet Appearing in 5 B.C. Should Have Reappeared by Now: Comets appear in cyclical periods, e.g., Halley's Comet reappears every 75 to 76 with a predictable periodicity. If the 5 B.C. "new star" with a sweeping tail (i.e, "sui-hsing" ("broom star") was a comet, it most likely would have reappeared during the last 2,000 years and astronomers would have been able to extrapolate the timing of its appearance back to 5 B.C. No such comet has reappeared.
Response No. 1 — Some Comets Have Very Long Orbital Periodicities which Far Exceed 2,000 Years: Some comets have extremely long periodicities. For example, based on observations made of the Catalina Comet (C/1999 F1), astronomers have calculated it it will only be seen by earthbound observers every 6 million years. The Hale-Bopp comet which was visible from May 1996 to December, 1997 will not return for over 2,500 years.
Likewise, if the Christmas "star" (aster) was a comet with a long periodicity, it would not have made another appearance close enough to Earth to be detected by earthbound observers.
Response No. 2 — Some Comets Appear Only Once; Others Appear More than Once but Eventually Leave the Solar System Never to be Seen Again: There are at least three reasons why a comet appearing in 5 B.C. may not ever be seen from Earth again: 1) Some comets are not gravitationally bound to the Sun and, consequently, they leave the solar system never to be seen again; 2) Comets lose ice (and the material embedded in the ice) each time they migrate close enough to the sun for the sun's heat to vaporize the ice. Over time, the comet will eventually become extinct and 3) Sometimes the orbit of a comet will put it on a collision course with another object in space (e.g., planets, moons, etc.) resulting in the total demise of the comet.
Did the 5 B.C. comet go ahead of the Magi or, alternatively, did it appear to go ahead of the Magi on their journey from Jerusalem to Bethlehem? (see, Matt. 2:9)? more>>
Due to the rotation of the earth, some celestial objects (including comets) appear to "move" across the sky in relation to the relatively fixed background of stars.
Some comets move rapidly across the sky, others move at a rate of about 1 to 2 degrees per day. [See, Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
DEGREES ANGLE PROTRACTOR
As explained by Colin Humphreys, after the Magi saw the 5 B.C. comet rise in east and left their homeland (most likely Babylon or Persia more >>) for Jerusalem, they may have seen the comet move at a rate of 1 to 2 degrees per day which calculates out to about 30 degrees per month. [Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
If so, by the time the Magi made their journey to Jerusalem, the comet would have moved about 90 degrees from the east to the south. After learning Micah the prophet had prophesied the Messiah (the Anointed One) would be born in Bethlehem, the Magi left Jerusalem for Bethlehem and would have been able to see the 5 B.C. comet ahead of them in the south toward Bethlehem. "Hence it appeared that the comet went ahead of the Magi on this last lap of their journey." [Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
Alternatively, the comet's orbit may have caused it to disappear behind the sun, then reappear in the southern skies when the Magi left Jerusalem to head south to Bethlehem.
Would the 5 B.C. comet have been seen "stopped over" (NIV, NLT), standing over (ASV, KJV) or resting over (ESV) "the Place Where the Child Was" (Matt. 2:9) (more>>)? [See Unresolved Issue No. 3]
Colin Humphreys notes that historians broadly contemporary with Matthew used the same terms or similar terms (e.g., "stood over" and "hung over") to describe the position of comets in relation to cities and towns.
COMET MCNAUGHT IN 2013 (BY "SOERFM" CC-BY-SA-3.0)
Cassius Dio described the appearance of Halley's comet in 12 B.C. as follows:
"the star called comet stood for several days over the city [Rome] and was finally dissolved in flashes resembling torches" (emphasis added). [See, Cassius Dio, Roman History 54, 29].
Similarly, Josephus wrote: "a star, resembling a sword, stood over the city Jerusalem." [See, Jewish War 6, 5, 3] Humphreys believes Josephus was probably describing a 64 A.D. comet referenced by Tacitus in Annals, 15,47.
Likewise, Ammianus Marcellinus referenced a 390 A.D. comet which he described as follows: "a sign appeared in the sky hanging like a column and blazing for 30 days."
As explained by Humphreys, around the time of Jesus' birth comets were thought to be located in the atmosphere below the sun, moon and stars and were probably the only astronomical objects considered close enough to earth to "stand over" a particular city for part of a night.
Humphreys further notes that the "upward tail of the comet would appear to point the head of the comet towards the city." [See, e.g., the 2013 photograph of Comet McNaught above.]
Accordingly, Humphreys suggests Matthew's description of a star "standing over" the place where Jesus was born meant "that when the Magi left Herod and headed towards Bethlehem …, they looked up and saw the comet in front of them, with a near vertical tail, the head of the comet appearing to "stand over" Bethlehem." [Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995) asa3.org]
As set forth in this article, Professor Colin Humphreys of Cambridge University maintains the 5 B.C. comet is a legitimate candidate for the Christmas "star" (aster) because the appearance of the 5 B.C. comet adequately explains many (if not all) of the facts recorded about the "star" in Matt. 2:1-11.
Other proposed astronomical candidates for the Christmas "star" (aster) include:
Jupiter (as part of a series of extraordinary astronomical events occurring in 3 B.C. – 2 B.C). (here>>)
A recurring nova (here>>)
An especially spectacular meteor (here>>)
However, because Matthew 2 contains only a limited amount of information about the "star" and because there are areas of disagreement about how certain Greek terms used in the original text should be interpreted (more>>), many scholars caution against forming steadfast opinions about the precise nature of the "star" (aster).
Nonetheless, because legitimate astronomical explanations have been offered which are consistent with the facts recorded about the "star" (aster) in Matthew 2:1-11, Christian apologists maintain it is unfair for skeptics to insist the biblical account of the Christmas "star" be written off as a made-up fiction.
© 2014 by Andrina G. Hanson
Published: December 5, 2014 / Last Updated: December 10, 2014
QUICK LINKS TO SOURCES REFERENCED OR RELIED ON IN THIS ARTICLE
Colin Humphreys, "The Star of Bethlehem" (1995), (www.asa3.org, accessed 9/16/11)
Rick Larson, The Star of Bethlehem , DVD (2006)
Paul Maier, The First Christmas: The True and Unfamiliar Story (Kregel Publications, 2001)
John Mosley, The Christmas Star , (Griffith Observatory, January 1988)
Hugh Ross, "The Christmas Star", revised article (11/2010) (available at www.reasons.org)
Barry Setterfield, The Christmas Star , DVD, (Freedom Films, 2008)
IMAGE CREDITS & LICENSING
Slideshow Photo: This photo of the Hale-Bopp Comet was taken by Philipp Salzgeber as it flew over the skies of Pazin in Istria, Croatia on March 29, 1997 was named picture of the day on Wikimedia Commons for May 27, 2008. The image was downloaded from www.wikimedia.org which states the image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Austria CC-BY-SA-2.0-AT.
Babylonian Tablet: This photo was taken by Gavin Collins at the British Museum on February 27, 2010. The image was downloaded from www.wikimedia.org which states the author placed the image in the public domain. The clay tablet, recorded in Cuneiform, references an appearance of Halley's Comet in 164 B.C. from September 22nd -28th.
Halley's Comet 1986: This image was downloaded from www.wikimedia.org (Halley's Comet") which states the image is in the public domain because it was produced by NASA and NASA's copyright policy states "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted".
Prof. Colin Humphreys: This image was downloaded from Cambridge University's website.
Coin of Augustus Caesar (c 19 B.C.): This image, provided by Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. (www.engcoins.com) was downloaded from www.wikimedia.org which states the image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC-BY-SA-3.0).
Degree Angle Protractor: This image provided by was produced by Scientif38 and downloaded from www.wikimedia.org which states the author placed the image into the Public Domain for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law. Degree angle protractors are used to measure angles in degrees (°).
Comet McNaught: This photo of Comet McNaught (C/2006) was taken on July 30, 2013 by "Soerfm" and downloaded from www.wikimedia.org which states the image was licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC-BY-SA-3.0). The McNaught Comet was discovered on August 7, 2006 by British-Australian astronomer Robert H. McNaught.
Orbit of a Comet: This animation was authored by "Anarchemitis" at the Wikipedia project who released the image into the public domain to be used for any purpose. This rudimentary animation of the orbit of a comet illustrates how a comet can "disappear" behind the sun from the view point of an earthbound observer and then reappear as the comet orbits back out from behind the sun.
Tags: aster, Bethlehem star, Bible, birth, birth of Jesus, broom tail, bushy star, came to rest over, Christian, Christian apologists, Christianity, Christmas star, Colin Humphreys, coment in 4 BC, coment in 5 BC, comet, comet in 4 B.C., comet in 5 B.C., comet tail, God, Haley's comet, Halley's comet, Herod, Jesus, Jesus' birth, magi, new star, orbit of a comet, Rick Larson, stood over, stood over the city, stopped over, sui-hsing, tail of a comet, wise men


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