The presentation by the Statistician General outlined the Statistics South Africa value chain, the foundations of the five official statistical surveys, the Statistics South Africa 2004/2005 budget per programme, the key improvements and developmental areas in each of the five groups of statistics, the rate of the customer satisfaction survey, the strategic priorities for the next 12 months as well as the key achievements and future challenges facing Statistics South Africa.
During the discussion Members questioned why the project dealing with Causes of Death had not produced the figures for the number of South Africans who have died of HIV/AIDS and whether legislation was needed to identify this cause of death. Also raised was the concern about determining the Gross Domestic Product figures, the interim measures and shortcomings identified by the Review Task Team on GDP, whether Statistics South Africa was working together with the Reserve Bank and the Revenue Service in gathering the GDP figures as well as Statistics South Africa's plans to adapt its methodology in accordance with international benchmarks. The Committee asked Statistics South Africa to explain the extent to which it was working with Treasury on the issue of administered pricing, the measures put in place to gather information in the deep rural areas, especially the poverty statistics, the status of the National Statistics System and the progress made in completing the transformation process within Statistics South Africa.
Mr Pali Lehohla, Statistics South Africa Statistician-General, conducted the presentation (document attached) which outlined the Statistics South Africa value chain, the foundations of the 5 official statistical surveys, the Statistics South Africa 2004/2005 budget per programme, the key improvements and developmental areas in each of the 5 groups of statistics, the rate of the customer satisfaction survey, the strategic priorities for the next 12 months as well as the key achievements and future challenges facing Statistics South Africa.
Mr B Mkhaliphi (ANC) [NCOP, Mpumalanga] stated that the presentation indicated that 860 086 questionnaires were distributed by Statistics South Africa in 2003 yet, as a Member of Parliament, he never received any of those questionnaires. He thus sort clarity on the sampling process employed by Statistics South Africa in compiling its figures.
Mr Lehohla replied that Statistics South Africa has not yet broken these down and examined the precise number that were completed by businesses, households. etc. It was very difficult to dismember exactly who answered the questionnaires because they were probability samples and therefore not everybody would be included in the surveys. Statistics South Africa was mandated to cover all the areas in South Africa in a manner that was representative of the entire South African population.
Mr Mkhaliphi stated that he was pleased that there was a Statistics South Africa official responsible for provincial liaison as well as district offices, and assured them that the Select Committee would interact with them in future.
Mr Lehohla responded that there were approximately 25 functional district offices, but this number would probably have to be doubled to about 54. They would serve a very important purpose both for collection purposes and for dealing with inquiries on the spot, and would provide Statistics South Africa with additional intelligence with regard to understanding the idiosyncrasies in the supply environment.
He agreed that there was a major backlog in this area and Statistics South Africa had devised a programme to address this. One such example was the Limpopo Province in which the census data was processed such that it became a tool of engagement with local authorities. It yielded definite benefits, and it was hoped that the same would be done in other provinces because it provided a comparable template against which discourse and planning could take place.
Mr Z Kolweni (ANC) [North West] noted that the President had stated last year that he did not have the number of South Africans who have died of HIV/AIDS. This information must be compiled as soon as possible.
Dr Liz Gavin, Statistics South Africa DDG: Statistical Support and Informatics, responded that this would be an important opportunity to explain the causes of death project so as to provide Members with an honest answer as to what can be expected from the outcome of that project. The project involved the use of death notification forms which were completed by medical practitioners from the years 1997 to 2003. The Department of Home Affairs would then take receipt of these forms and the data processing centre would firstly sort and sequence them, and they would then be allocated a number which allowed Statistics South Africa to arrive at a figure of the number of certificates it would have to deal with. The latest estimate stood at approximately 2.7 million forms, but this number would only be verified once this first phase was completed. The 1997, 1999 and 2001 years were however prioritized.
The next stage would be to submit the forms to a group of people who then code them. The particularly crucial portion of the coding exercise would be to look at the information on the immediate cause of death, which was completed by the doctor. There was also space on the form for the doctor to give the additional underlying cause of death as well as any other factors which could have contributed to death. This information was coded in accordance with IDC 10, an international standard for classifying various diseases, and this was captured by data capturers. This would be tabulated into numbers of death according to the various causes, by gender, age and geography by province.
Turning this data into information that non-experts can understand involved two steps: the first would be to look at the groups of information and to deduce the most probable underlying cause of death. In this area epidemiologists would refer to hazard probability models, and essentially involved the factoring in of the age, gender and various other causes listed. Once this was completed the underlying causes of death would then be linked with demographics.
One of the major constraints facing the project was that the people needed for the coding process was a very scarce skill in South Africa, and this resulted in the major bottleneck in the production rate of the figures. The second step involved people with expert knowledge and proven ability in verifying the cause of death before it is captured digitally. Statistics South Africa thus lacked the kind of resources it needed for the project to run as fast as possible. Local companies especially medical aid companies have been contacted to provide this service, and international companies as well as the World Health Organisation. The aim over the long term was to arrive at an automated system that would determine the causes of death, whereas this was currently being done by individuals who used their own knowledge and judgement in determining the cause. The automated system was preferred because it would not result in any sort of bias, and the rules employed by the system would be cleared and if they were questioned the model could be altered and the system could be revisited..
The other caveat was that Statistics South Africa was reliant on the information provided on the death notification. At this stage there was no obligation or clear guidelines on the medical practitioner to mention HIV/AIDS as the cause of death, as it was really a matter of their judgement as to the reason they provided. This was a significant constraint on the data produced.
Mr Kolweni asked whether legislation was not needed to expedite this process.
Mr Lehohla replied that one of the things that Statistics South Africa was looking at was that every doctor could use a computer programme to record the cause of death, which would then attach a coding mechanism which would be stored and processed. The main problem was the inefficiencies that were brought about my "paper pushing" and an electronic medium would be preferred. The technology was available.
Dr Gavin added that legislation on making HIV notifiable was clearly not Statistics South Africa domain. The other option would be to trying to speed up the collection of that kind of information and at the same time impose certain standards, such as capturing information immediately and digitally by providing specified choices for doctors to choose from. This would implement standards on data which would improve comparability. Statistics South Africa realised the importance of addressing the terms and definitions it used in its various data collection exercises, and it has considered the establishment of a task team to look at harmonising its definitions.
This would also lead to a rationalisation of the manner in which Statistics South Africa managed and storied its statistical information in terms of warehousing. It was realised that a critical element of being able to do more effective data mining and Statistics South Africa's own analysis of its data would be to have clearly defined standards and to standardise its information for improved comparability, which would enable people to undertake more meaningful analysis.
Mr Kolweni stated that the Statistics South Africa district authorities did not appear to have the necessary capacity, and asked whether the Financial and Fiscal Commission (FFC) was in a position to help the local authorities.
Mr K Moloto (ANC) [NA] sought clarity on the areas of concern in relation to the determination of the GDP and consumer prices and the interim measures to deal with the shortcomings that have been identified by the Review Task Team (RTT) that was established to assess the quality of Statistics South Africa's outputs.
Me Lehohla responded that the RTT on economic statistics was established and was given impetus by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) debacle. A review was conducted and one of the issues that arose was the creation and generation of a strategy for economic statistics. There were strategies being implemented for correction of the CPI as well as for benchmarking the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A team of experts was constituted and all three were Deputy Statisticians in their respective offices, and were thus sufficiently qualified to be heads of top class statistics agencies. They were part and parcel of the continually improvements.
Dr Ros Hirschowitz, Statistics South Africa DDG: Quality and Integration, added that with the help of international consultants the most important thing to realise about the reason for the break in series and why the rent component came up, was that Statistics South Africa used to conduct a rental survey. That survey was discontinued and Statistics South Africa believed it would be able to compile that information sufficiently from the household surveys. Unfortunately in household surveys which only had a 30 000 household sample and only 20% were paying rent, Statistics South Africa found that the data itself was insufficient. The aim was now to introduce quarterly household surveys that covered not only rents but also house purchases, house sales etc. because most countries, when they calculated CP's, calculated rental equivalents as well. Statistics South Africa has however only been taking rent and mortgage payments into account and it needed perhaps to include rental equivalents. This could lead to a further change in the CPI.
The rent survey would be piloted this year and it was hoped that it would be introduced in the next financial year. The CPI was always collected through postal questionnaires but Statistics South Africa now planned to go directly to outlets with well-trained people, and would be collecting prices directly. This was in accordance with the international practice. Statistics South Africa realised that the information it received from the postal questionnaires were not necessarily accurate enough, and the companies themselves were not being vigilant enough by themselves to enable Statistics South Africa to capture those figures. Statistics South Africa planned to send teams around the country to collect this information, and this was one of the reasons why Statistics South Africa needed to establish regional offices.
The other change in the CPI was with regard to the "basket of goods" and what it should consist of and the weights that should be given to each. This was normally revised every five years on the basis of an income and expenditure survey. Statistics South Africa was changing its method in this regard by collecting prices directly through a diary method. It was a much thicker questionnaire but it could be split into four different portions on food, transport, clothing and general purchases. This would provide a more accurate picture of the spending patterns as well as the weight that that should be attached to each parcel of spending.
Mr Moloto asked whether Statistics South Africa could provide an indication of the extent to which it undercounted the GDP.
Mr Lehohla replied that at the moment the quarterly review suggested that the trends were the same, and Statistics South Africa could not really pronounce as to whether there has been an under or overestimate of the GDP. These figures would only be available by November 2004.
Ms R Taljaard (DA) [NA] asked Statistics South Africa to explain the manner in which the respective agencies were working together in gathering this kind of data, because this did play a role in the reliability of the undercounting.
Mr Lehohla responded that the South African Revenue Service (SARS), the Department of Trade and Industry and Statistics South Africa "have taken a bite at a time". At the moment there was a bit of a problem because there were issues of dormancy with certain things that were registered, but Statistics South Africa did conduct an analysis on this. The problem remained the transfer of information across these three organisations. The ideal situation would be to have a single business number for all three, and this was in sight because they understood the urgency with which these needed to be achieved. Once this point was reached there would be better credibility in the updates.
Dr Herschowitz added that the slide in the presentation entitled "Snapshot of the South African business register" detailed the businesses considered. Statistics South Africa was thus trying as far as possible to arrive at a comprehensive and integrated business register. Government needed an integrated business register which provided government departments access to different components of information, such as turnover, business size and employment. No legislation existed at the moment which ensured that government departments had access to the information they needed from the integrated register.
She stated that Statistics South Africa worked closely with SARS and South African Reserve Bank (SARB), which calculated GDP from the point of view of consumption whereas Statistics South Africa was calculating it in terms of the value added through the production process and then through income. Statistics South Africa was then calculating it two different ways: the annual rebasing and the second was the short-term quarterly statistics that were being produced. Statistics South Africa did have discussions and did supply much information to SARB for them to calculate its figures from Statistics South Africa's expenditure figures.
These relationships were thus working but it would be a good idea, because of the vested interests of SARB to look at this working arrangement and perhaps have an independent agency that would compile all components of the GDP. This might be a very important step to take.
The Chair asked whether Dr Kirschowitz meant that this body would be independent of Statistics South Africa.
Dr Hirschowitz answered in the negative. She stated that she was referring to a body that was not involved in policy and in determining income inflation rates, or in managing the economy of the country as was currently done by SARB.
Mr Lehohla stated that this function must be performed by Statistics South Africa otherwise it would create a conflict of interest if SARB becomes involved. All the three surveys referred to should properly be conducted by Statistics South Africa. This capacity would have to be built up within Statistics South Africa over time.
The Chair agreed. She stated that the independent agency should actually be Statistics South Africa. This matter would be discussed with SARB when they appear before this Committee.
The Chair asked whether this meant that there was restricted access to this information, and asked who held the register.
Dr Herschowitz replied that the register was being put together by Statistics South Africa at the moment. All its information was collected under clauses of confidentiality, and it was thus unable to disclose that information to anyone else that it collected. The legislation was passed in 1998 to give Statistics South Africa access to some information from the VAT and Income Tax register. The problem was thus that if Statistics South Africa made the register generally available to other government departments etc. in an integrated way, there may need to be certain legislative changes to grant such access. Confidentiality affected any individual record and Statistics South Africa did apply algorithms to disguise the information.
Mr Lehohla added that the Statistics South Africa Act provided for confidentiality of information on listed groups of bodies and institutions. It also prohibits the use of any such confidential information in a court of law in order to prosecute on the basis of the information that was acquired.
The Chair asked whether these amendments would have to be effected to the Statistics South Africa Act.
Ms R Joemat (ANC) [NA] stated that all the related government departments and institutions must work from the same book, because they all were collecting data but not that much reliance was placed on the statistics produced by Statistics South Africa. The departments and parastatals must be integrated to ensure that the same data collecting method was used.
Ms Taljaard asked whether, in keeping with the proposal to have the census every 10 years rather than every 5 years, a definitive decision has been taken to have it in 2011 and not 2006. The 10 year cycle created a problem with longitudinal data used for comparative purposes.
Mr Lehohla replied that Cabinet has taken a definitive decision that the next census would be held in 2011. He stated that Statistics South Africa could provide assurance on continuity in the data items, and could also provide an indication of the level of spatial resolution at which that particular data item would be applicable.
Mr B Mnguni (ANC) [NA] asked Statistics South Africa to explain why its figures for the conducting of the census has increased, when Mr Lehohla stated that the next census would only be conducted in 2011 and not in 2006.
Mr Lehohla responded that the large scale survey would absorb most of these funds, but Statistics South Africa would also like to deliberately strengthen two other aspects during this period. The first would be to conduct a large scale survey that would "quench the thirst" for a census. The second would be to build on the infrastructure so as to enable Statistics South Africa to become a means-directed leadership which looked at the population register and the dwelling register. The population register was compiled jointly with the Department of Home Affairs.
Ms Taljaard stated that there was clearly a need to continue to benchmark internationally when doing its revisions, and to adapt Statistics South Africa's methodology to those international benchmarks. On the other hand if revisions were conducted too frequently then the credibility would be questioned.
Mr Lehohla replied that the implementation of the Integrated Business Register (IBR) played a key role in this initiative, and the visible changes were a result of migrating to a more credible frame of reference. In this sense Statistics South Africa was between a rock and a hard place because change would certainly occur given what Statistics South Africa has migrated to, but how exactly those improvements would be managed to strengthen credibility was a major issue. This occurred with the backdrop of the CPIX debacle last year. The change that was currently occurring was not the same as the change that took place then, because the current change was anchored in a credible frame.
Dr Hirschowitz added that there has been a deliberate attempt in the field of economic statistics since 1996 to produce better economic statistics. There used to be the old Business Address Register (BAR) which was updated very haphazardly. Statistics South Africa did not have access to all the information it needed and it would have to use various sources to update the BAR. In 1996 Statistics South Africa realised that it had a pretty outdated register that was not updated in a very systematic way and in 1998 legislation was introduced to give Statistics South Africa access to information that it needed from the VAT and Income Tax registers. Since then Statistics South Africa has been working together with various government departments to try and put together an integrated business register that could be used by the country generally.
Since gaining access Statistics South Africa has worked very strongly on getting the integrated business register operational. At the moment its main source of drawing information and samples was from the VAT register, and Statistics South Africa maintained the register in which new businesses were added and the deceased businesses were taken off the register. In the next round of samples Statistics South Africa would be including the Income tax register, which Statistics South Africa did not include in its samples at the moment. It would list the non-VAT registered businesses but who were registered for income tax, and thus the formal business sector would be covered even better. Statistics South Africa believed that it now had a business register that was much better.
It took quite a while to draw the samples because, in September 2002 Statistics South Africa drew the first samples from the new business register, it was frozen and was called the business sampling stage and drew the samples. It took a long time to get classifications correct of businesses according to industry. The problem was that the VAT and Income Tax registers were legal registers, whereas Statistics South Africa needed a statistical register. One of the main tasks involved in putting together a statistical register was the classification of businesses according to industry, and the most time consuming component consisted of large businesses that performed more than one activity. They would then have to be classified into their various activities in order to assess what they contribute to each sector of the economy. The new business register was only at a usable stage in 2002.
Statistics South Africa had to measure the differences that were occurring between the old and the new statistics and, during the whole of 2003, Statistics South Africa ran parallel surveys. These indicated the extent to which Statistics South Africa was undercounting under the old BAR. Thus by moving to the new register and by running the parallel survey for a year, Statistics South Africa was able to understand the differences in levels. She stated that perhaps the one failing was that Statistics South Africa was so focused on getting the figures right that it did not give enough attention to the publicity and communication of the improvements made.
She stated that things have gone according to plan and the three consultants that Mr Lehohla mentioned have been very helpful in introducing these measures. These will be changed in future but they will not be as large and as dramatic as the present changes.
Ms Taljaard suggested that the National Treasury survey on administered pricing should also be included in this debate. To what extent were Statistics South Africa and Treasury working together on this if at all?
Mr Lehohla responded that a committee had been established by Statistics South Africa, Treasury, the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) and other participants to consider this. It was due to make a recommendation on how to proceed.
Dr Herschowitz added that Statistics South Africa was able to separate out and produce an administered price index without and without administered prices. It did have various meetings with SARB and Treasury to discuss the issue of administered prices. Some sort of an agreement was reached on what should be administered prices. There was a big difference between determined prices and administered prices. Examples of administered prices would include petrol and education, whereas an example of a determined price would be free health care in clinics. She stated that on 7 June Statistics South Africa would be presenting its findings on this to the Minister, but there may still be some definitional issues.
Mr S Asiya (ANC) [NA] requested Statistics South Africa to explain the measures Statistics South Africa has put in place to ensure it better controls its funds, as this would ensure better accountability.
Mr Lehohla responded that, when the decision was taken not to have a 2006 census, the Estimates of National Expenditure (ENE) had already been prepared. There was thus much work that needed to be done in order to provide the implications of the changing of the course of the ENE.
Ms Phuti Matlala, Statistics South Africa DDG: Organisation and Management, added that over the past 6-12 months the issues of spending over the previous years were revisit. Many lessons were learnt in areas in which Statistics South Africa could improve on the work it had already done. With regard to the ENE she stated that it had identified key projects per cluster or per DDG and, at the moment, Statistics South Africa was devising plans on the content and timeframes for these projects. All audit queries that arose from the past financial years have also been attended to.
Ms Taljaard requested that Statistics South Africa provide Members with documentation on its plans during the intervening period, the specific surveys that would be undertaken and the specific data that would be lost on the longitudinal side.
The Chair stated that this Committee could then have a briefing on the implications of not having the full population census but only the extended survey.
Ms J Fubbs (ANC) [NA] requested that this briefing include the expenditure trends which referred to the increase, as referred to earlier by Mr Mnguni.
Ms Mbuyazi asked what other means could be used to gather the information Statistics South Africa produces, as those in the deep rural areas did not have infrastructure such as computers or access to the Internet.
Dr Hirschowitz responded that the income and expenditure survey was used as the main tool for measuring monetary poverty. It was not the only measure of poverty but it did provide the expenditure figures which was often more accurate than income. Statistics South Africa has been developing poverty lines on the basis of expenditure and it plans to take those measures across through a series of regression analyses into the census, as was done in 1996. This would enable Statistics South Africa to indicate an overall average expenditure for each remuneration area in the country, but would still have to be planned.
She stated that Statistics South Africa did compile data on purchasing power parity poverty in terms of $1 or $2 a day earning, except that this would be calculated on the grounds of spending. A study was also conducted on people according to their relative poverty, who would fall into the 20th percentile, poverty be province as well as poverty in terms of access to facilities. As part of the calculation of national accounts, Statistics South Africa also conducted a social accounting matrix and published the findings.
Mr Mnguni asked Statistics South Africa to explain the National Statistics System (NSS) and the extent to which both national and provincial government departments were using the system.
Mr Lehohla replied that in 2002 Cabinet approved a NSS. Much work has been done on this and was primarily focused on the raising of consciousness on the role and need for co-ordination. This aspect was completed. Statistics South Africa was working on a series of indicators for cities and the Limpopo Province was being used to test how best it could use its information management systems as well as the census information in implementing the NSS. More importantly the issue around standards around standards and definitions was taking priority in the organisation.
Another instrument that makes NSS a living organisation was in the manner in which positions were advocated, because the statistics must be viewed on the same basis. Co-ordination mechanisms were also being explored, as mentioned in the President's State of the Nation Address. Much work was thus being done with regard to the NSS.
He stated that Statistics South Africa would be implementing it in the Education, Local Government and Home Affairs departments in 2004, and if rapid progress were made on these then more would be taken on.
Mr E Sogoni (ANC) [Gauteng] asked Statistics South Africa to explain whether the budget allocated for the communications directorate was for internal communication or external communication, because it was a large amount.
Mr Lehohla responded that it included the budget of the Office of the Statistician General as well as those of the Deputy Directors General, and it was not only communications. Efforts were being made to strengthen external communications as well, because Statistics South Africa was very well aware of the fact that it concentrated so much on perfecting the product but had no clue as to how to take it to the market in a form that the users themselves would appreciate.
Dr Hirschowitz added that Statistics South Africa did have publications that reached its users, it did distribute some of them to schools and it did distribute very widely at the time of the census. It did have user groups that were used when Statistics South Africa developed a questionnaire that was used to measure aspects of a specific issue. These would involve national departments.
Mr Kubega (ANC) asked whether Statistics South Africa had devised a specific programme to ensure that schoolchildren become aware of pursuing a career in statistics.
Mr Lehohla responded that Statistics South Africa addressed this issue with much vigour. In 1996 the census was launched by the Ministers of Education and Finance at three schools here in Cape Town, which was the beginning of providing inspiration in school children for the study of mathematics and statistics. At the end of that process Statistics South Africa had collected information on conditions of school as well as the careers followed by school children. More recently Statistics South Africa distributed 300 computers across the country, including the information that arose out of the census at schools, and those particular schools could then analyse their own data about their school.
With regard to the curriculum Statistics South Africa was engaged in discussions with the Department of Education to incorporate the results of the census at schools into the curriculum so that people could begin implementing that.
Mr Y Bhamjee (ANC) [NA] asked Statistics South Africa to indicate whether equity to effect transformation in the statistics field was an option.
Mr Lehohla responded that Statistics South Africa boldly stated that it would provide training and stated that that training programme was continuing. It began with 21 candidates in 2001 and all have since been fully integrated into organisations. A second group of 12 candidates where then put on the training course and they were expected to return this year. A third group left for training in Tanzania in this year. At the same time there were 9 candidates being trained at Wits University as well as 10 persons who were studying advanced methods in statistics. South African universities did not provide the kind of training that a statistical agency ideally needed, as the training needed to be adapted to the needs of statistical agencies. Statistics South Africa was implementing a virtual institute of statistics with advanced courses on statistics estimation, sampling etc. on offer.
This resulted in the management structure of the organisation becoming more representitive. In the causes of death project referred to earlier by Dr Gavin, Statistics South Africa ensured that it was performed by people with disabilities, who also conducted the processing. A number of them secured jobs after the completion of that task. In fact they performed better than those without disabilities. There was thus a business-orientated case for differentiating that kind of work.
Dr Hirschowitz added that there were different levels of training that Statistics South Africa was trying to put in place. The first was the schools and the census at schools as described by Mr Lehohla, and how that was taken further with the Department of Education in terms of curriculum development. Courses were also introduced for journalists to try and educate them on statistics, and a very successful programme was conducted with the SABC in which certain concepts were discussed with them over a three-day period. It was hoped that this training would be expended to other institutions and government departments.
Statistics South Africa provided training for its own employees. Efforts were being made to have all Statistics South Africa's training courses registered with the South African Qualifications Authority for inclusion as part of the qualification structure in the field of statistics.
Mr Bhamjee stated that the presentation indicated that there was a great shortage of skilled people and qualified staff within Statistics South Africa and requested Statistics South Africa to indicate how exactly it would address this. Further, what measures were being taken by Statistics South Africa to ensure that those people that possess the necessary skills were taken up by the industry. He also asked for an indication of the gap between the African, Indian, coloured and white employees in Statistics South Africa.
Ms Joemat requested clarity on the in-house training that was provided which enabled people to get onto their career paths.
Mr Lehohla responded that the precise figures on the in-house training breakdown as well as the staff establishment broken down on a race and gender basis could be supplied to Members at a later stage.
Ms Fubbs suggested that the measures, indicators and targets employed by Statistics South Africa be refined in order to reflect the quality of the statistics produced. Furthermore, she asked Statistics South Africa to explain the figures referred to under "Public sector national government", "public sector provincial government" and "private sector manufacturing" in the slide entitled "Customer satisfaction index 2002".
Mr Lehohla responded that this was always a major challenge, as quantitative indicators were easier to arrive at then qualitative indicators. A good number of the 22 indicators established for the ten year review were qualitative, and they became difficult to handle. Statistics South Africa would have to work on this in arriving at a balanced scorecard.
The slide referred to indicated the number of provincial departments that responded, and they might not all be finance departments. The manufacturing figure indicated manufacturing in general, but a more refined model could be worked on. He stated that he would ask his colleagues to compile a report on the information requested by Ms Fubbs, short of breaching any confidentiality constraints.
Ms Fubbs asked Statistics South Africa to explain its measures to track and monitor all its programmes.
Mr Lehohla replied that Statistics South Africa has implemented a management information system that firstly identifies from the strategic plan those items that Statistics South Africa said it would implement and, it Statistics South Africa progressed, the tracking system would monitor the implementation. At the moment 80% of the work would now come through the management information system.
Mr Y Wang (ID) [NA] asked Statistics South Africa to explain its motivation in sending staff members to very specialised courses when providing in-house training, as two of the courses mentioned were for IT and computer programming skills. Surely they should be taking statistics courses.
Mr Lehohla responded that the nature of statistics and IT was blurred, because statistics was part and parcel of IT. He stated that IT was thus absolutely critical and strategic to statistics operations. In fact it was so important that it mapped to the fourth quadrant to the point that the two could not be separated.
Mr Wang asked whether the data mining techniques were used in conjunction with the data warehouse, as this would unlock the full potential. It would also lead to integration of the information to other government departments such as the Department of Home Affairs. He asked whether a task team was established to work with the Department of Home Affairs and Department of Health on this integrated database.
Mr Lehohla replied that Statistics South Africa had a number of students at Wits University who were studying data mining and, as a confidence of this exercise, Statistics South Africa had confidence in the population register. He stated that Statistics South Africa and the Department of Home Affairs were working jointly on the turnaround strategy on Home Affairs National Identification System (HANIS) in order to create the three registers: the dwelling address, the population register, the business register. He stated that Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used which contained the data miner, and one licence cost R1,5m.
Ms Fubbs stated that the presentation indicated that adequate funds were not available for the income and expenditure survey and the dwelling survey, and asked Statistics South Africa to explain the measures put in place to address this.
Mr Lehohla responded that this was also a planning and integration across government issue as he believed that if Statistics South Africa rationalised well it would be able to deal with the income and expenditure survey.
Dr Hirschowitz added that Statistics South Africa would use the additional funding it would receive for census 2006 to run the extended household survey, the address register system and to improve its geography and its geo-positioning of every dwelling unit in the country. These funds would then enable Statistics South Africa to improve the income and expenditure survey. It was budgeted for but the diary method was much more expensive, and Statistics South Africa was requested additional funds for the next financial year.
Ms Fubbs asked Statistics South Africa to explain its plans to increase the accessibility of civil society to its statistical information.
Mr Lehohla replied that if Statistics South Africa were to work through the Multi-purpose Community Centres (MPCCs) this could be alleviated, but much more training was needed. The communication of complex statistical information in a format that was readable and accessible to such organisations was the main constraint, and it was thus not a technological issue.
The Chair thanked Mr Lehohla and his team for the interaction, and the Committee looked forward to future engagements with Statistics South Africa in fulfilling its oversight function.


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'American Dream' still alive for immigrants in the US, according to study
Like Irish immigrants a century ago, the children of poor immigrants are able to 'lift themselves up' within a generation in the US.
Like Irish immigrants a century ago, the children of poor immigrants are able to 'lift themselves up' within a generation in the US. Getty Images
Like Irish immigrants a century ago, the poorest immigrants are able to 'lift themselves up' within a generation.
A group of researchers has determined that the sons of immigrants in the US "are no slower to move into the middle class than immigrants from 100 years ago."
Read More: Comparing Irish and American immigration laws
Authored by Ran Abramitzky, Stanford University; Leah Boustan, Princeton University; Elisa Jácome, Princeton University; and Santiago Pérez, UC Davis, the expansive report used data from "millions of father-son pairs spanning more than 100 years of U.S. history" including samples of Irish immigrants.
Abramitzky and Boustan write: "Both today and in the past, many immigrants earn less than U.S.-born workers upon first arrival and do not completely catch up in a single generation. But their children do. No matter when their parents came to the U.S. or what country they came from, children of immigrants have higher rates of upward mobility than their U.S.-born peers. What's more, their rates of mobility today are strikingly similar to rates of mobility in the past."
"Importantly, the gap in mobility rates is much bigger for those growing up at the bottom of the income distribution. Children of first-generation immigrants growing up in the poorest 25 percent of the distribution end up near the middle as adults. These children of immigrants have rates of economic mobility that are 3–6 percentage points higher than their U.S. born peers. For those in the top quarter of the income distribution, the gap in mobility is about 1-5 percentage points."
The report found that while children of Irish and Italian immigrants fared the best a century ago, children of Indian and Chinese immigrants now fare the best after arriving in the US.
Today, children of Guatemalan and Philipino parents have reached roughly the same average income ranking as the child of Irish immigrants did a century ago.
(Stanford Department of Economics)
Read More: "Don't open door to ICE" without judge's warrant warns top immigration lawyer
Immigration and policy
The report's authors hope their findings produce hard evidence that can trump rhetoric when it comes to immigration policymaking.
They write: "Our understanding of how immigrants contribute to U.S. society is central to policymaking. But too often, that understanding is shaped not by hard evidence, but by pre-determined biases. This was true 100 years ago and remains true today."
Abramitzky said: "The short-term perspective on immigrant assimilation that politicians tend to take might underestimate the long-run success of immigrants.
"By the second generation, they are doing quite well."
Read More: Expert advice from US immigration lawyer Paul O'Dwyer
* Originally published in Nov 2019.
Related: Immigration

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


De lunes a sábado: de 07:30 a 19:30.
Si tienes previsto llegar después de las 16:30, comunícate con el establecimiento con anticipación. Utiliza la información de contacto incluida en la confirmación de la reservación.
Could not have asked for a better place at Halls Gap. Everything from Stephanie's warm welcome to the daily delivery of fresh bread and paper was fantastic. It was cold enough for us to enjoy the log fire and spa bath which also made our stay great. The ultimate though was the kangaroos that hopped through the yard each morning and evening to join the emus in the paddock! I totally recommend these villas especially to anyone who wants the experience of having 'kangaroos in the backyard'.


The Master of Science (MS) degree in Speech-Language Pathology is 68 credits and prepares students for professional practice in hospitals, healthcare agencies, general and specialized clinical settings, and private practices. Successful completion of the SLP curriculum prepares students to meet the academic and clinical requirements to apply for American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) professional certification and New York State Licensure.
For additional program information, visit the Speech and Language Pathology Department's web site.


A smart city is one that harmonizes with the geology of its territory and uses technology to develop sustainably. Until the Republican Times, Rome was a smart city. The ancient settlement of Rome benefitted from abundant natural resources. City expansion took place in such a way as to not substantially alter the morphological and geological features of the area; natural resources were managed so as to minimize the risks. The geology, together with prudent management, ensured Rome's fortune. Naples, which developed in a similar geological context and at almost the same time, was exposed to more geological hazards and had access to fewer natural resources. This was fatal for the city that, while remaining one of the most important of the Mediterranean, did not become the capital of an empire as Rome did. The histories of Rome and Naples highlight the important role of geology in the development of a city and the making of its fortune. Over time, fast urban expansion, rapid population growth, and the overuse of resources led to increased hazards for both cities. As a result, the cities became unstable and fragile, and several natural processes resulted in disasters.
Manuscript received 4 June 2014; accepted 23 Dec. 2014.
For a city to become smarter means improving the management of its infrastructure and resources to meet the present and future needs of its citizens and businesses. Smart cities are generally considered to be those that are able to invest increasingly in technology with the belief that this will ensure sustainable prosperity. Nevertheless, many past examples have shown how the indiscriminate use of technology in response to a natural hazard–induced risk, instead of generating security, can lead to higher risk and danger (Egner, 2012). We propose that a smart city is one that harmonizes with the geology of its territory and uses technology to reduce economic costs and resource consumption. In Europe, understanding how cities were born several thousand years ago may help us plan better for the future. We compare the diverse historical pasts of Rome and Naples to highlight the importance of geology in determining the fortune of one city compared to the other.
Rome and Naples are considered to be cities that developed by the unification of small villages in the eighth century B.C. Both cities have been shown to have existed for more than 2,500 years, during which time they experienced alternating periods of growth and decline. Rome originated from a small village in the ninth century B.C. to become, over centuries, the center of the civilization of the Mediterranean region (Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, 2000). The origin of Naples is connected to early Greek settlements established in the Bay of Naples around the second millennium B.C. The establishment of a larger mainland colony (Parthenope) occurred around the ninth to eighth century B.C. and was then re-founded as Naples (Neapolis) in the sixth century B.C. (Lombardo and Frisone, 2006; Giampaola and Longobardo, 2000).
Rome and Naples are located along the Tyrrhenian coast of central-southern Italy in a very young orogenic area (Fig. 1). Both cities lie on recent volcanic deposits (0.8 Ma to present) and on fluvial or coastal sediments, and are not far from the Apennine mountain chain (30–60 km). The geological evolution of the Tyrrhenian margin of Italy generated the natural resources and hazards that would affect the development of these two cities. The geological history of central Italy is driven by the collision between the African and European plates. After the formation of the Alps, part of the European plate containing the Corsica-Sardinia micro-plate broke away and started to migrate eastward, progressively colliding with the western margin of Adria (Apulia) and resulting in the formation of the Apennines (22–19 Ma; Vai and Martini, 2001). At ca. 10 Ma, rollback of the west-dipping subducting slab led to crustal thinning west of the Apennines, which created the Tyrrhenian Sea (Faccenna et al., 2001). Extensional faulting lowered the western margin of the Apennines and facilitated the development of volcanic activity in Latium (including the Sabatini and the Alban Hills volcanoes) and the Campania (Phlegrean Fields, Vesuvius, Ischia) (Peccerillo, 2005).
Main geological characteristics of south-central Italy, where the cities of Rome and Naples are located (modified from Butler et al., 2004).
From a historical-analytical perspective, Rome had more favorable geology and fewer risks than Naples. Rome developed on small hilltops that were favorable for defense and communication, and its position on the Tiber alluvial plain at the point where the Tiberina islet was located provided easy communication between the river banks (Häuber, 2013). The hills were also healthy places to live, with far fewer incidences of marsh fever, which largely affected the alluvial areas. The hills were created by the fluvial erosion of an ignimbrite plateau sloping gently from the Alban Hills volcano to the southeast. Because of this geomorphology, and the presence of the Monte Mario–Gianicolo ridge to the northwest, Rome naturally expanded to the southeast. The topography in this direction provided an area of ~800 km2 for the expansion of the city and agriculture and also provided an easy route along which to construct aqueducts.
Naples, on the other hand, was located within an easily defendable bay that drove an economy dominated by sea trade. But the rugged geomorphology of its interior territory significantly limited any other potential of the city. The Vesuvius and Phlegrean Field volcanoes defended the city from possible invaders, but they physically blocked any inland city expansion and made communication and trade with the hinterland population difficult. Over time, Naples mostly grew vertically, using as foundations the natural marine terraces bordering the coast. Geomorphology therefore played an important role in the decision of the city to develop an economy centered on the marine trade rather than agriculture.
An economy based on agriculture was much better suited to Rome, which had an abundance of fertile soils derived from volcanic and alluvial sediments. Farms were plentiful, even inside the city walls, and were mostly on the alluvial plains; they were small and family owned and ensured the self-sustenance of the city.
Rome was also favored by an abundance of water resources, such as the Tiber and Aniene rivers, and several natural springs present inside the city walls. Before the construction of the first aqueduct, the Aqua Claudia (B.C. 312; 400 years after the birth of Rome), at least 23 natural springs, with an average flow rate of more than 80 L/s, provided Rome with water. In addition, Romans drank water from the Tiber and Aniene rivers. These rivers were also highly navigable and so represented an easy and direct route for communication and trade with the hinterland. Conversely, the city of Naples did not have large freshwater resources and lacked natural springs. It also had no river and so lacked this convenient means of delivering goods to the hinterland. Most of the water in Naples was collected from shallow aquifers through a system of wells or water tanks, with a total surface area of ~10,000 m2, that stored rainwater (Kosso and Scott, 2009; Montuono, 2010). The first aqueduct, the Serino, was built during the age of Augustus (B.C. 27–14 A.D.). However, it subsequently suffered damage from the earthquakes that preceded and coincided with the Vesuvius eruption of 79 A.D.
The geological settings of Rome and Naples provided solid foundations and large resources of several different types of construction material. The ground layers for foundations both in Rome and Naples were mostly made of tuffs and consolidated coastal or alluvial sediments. Rome's foundations are mostly on pyroclastic deposits from the Sabatini and the Alban Hills volcanic districts (Fig. 1). Both volcanoes emplaced several large-volume ignimbrites, mostly comprising lithified tuffs that were often used as building stones. Over time, rocks with increasingly better physical-mechanical characteristics were chosen and excavated at increasingly longer distances from building sites (de Rita and Giampaolo, 2006). In the late Roman Republic, the use of pozzolana (loose scoria ignimbrites) to make concrete was introduced. By mixing pozzolana with lime, Romans created a hydraulic cement that improved their ability to construct infrastructure, even underwater. Rock lavas were used for road construction and, at the peak of Rome's development, >80,500 km of roads were stone-paved. The Romans also had a large availability of sands, clays, and gravels deposited over time by the Tiber River (Heiken et al., 2007). The abundance of these materials promoted the manufacture and use of bricks, which became very common in Roman buildings. Like Rome, Naples was built on volcanic hills, with the eastern remnants of several coalescent tuff cones and lava domes forming the Phlaegrean Fields (Fig. 1), which were emplaced prior to the violent eruptions of the Campanian Ignimbrite (39 ka) and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff ignimbrites (NYT; 15 ka). The unconsolidated facies of the NYT (pozzolana) were also frequently used to produce hydraulic cements. The NYT represented a solid but soft and easily workable ground layer for buildings, and for digging cisterns and sewers. It was the most widely used building stone in Neapolitan and regional architecture since Greek times (Cardone, 1990; de Gennaro et al., 2000). The urban development of Naples was strongly determined by the underground exploitation of tuffs that created a network of caves and tunnels (Cardone, 1990). Building materials were one of the most important economic resources for both Rome and Naples, and so mining became a very significant industry.
Both Rome and Naples suffered risks associated with frequent earthquakes, flooding, and CO2 and radon emissions. Seismicity in Rome and Naples was, and still is, mainly associated with two distinct seismogenic areas; namely, the Apennines and the volcanic districts. Earthquakes of VII–VIII Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale (MCS) maximum intensity have occurred in Rome and Naples and were the result of the present extensional regime related to post-orogenic collapse of the Apennines (D'Agostino et al., 2011). The greatest effects of these earthquakes are felt where there is an alternation of soft, loose alluvial and coastal sediments with the more rigid bedrock (marine clay and volcanic sediments). The alternating soft and rigid sediments give rise to an anomalous amplification of ground motion causing buildings to be subjected to long and strong shaking; this occurred in both the historical center of Naples (Nunziata et al., 2000) and along the Tiber river valley in Rome (Heiken et al., 2007). In addition, the low-lying geological setting of Naples has been affected by huge natural and artificial geomorphological changes (Nunziata et al., 2000). Volcanic earthquakes, with maximum intensity of VIII MCS, have originated in the volcanic areas of the Alban Hills since Roman times, while eruptions of Vesuvius have often been accompanied by large earthquakes in the Apennines, 50–60 km to the northeast, such as those that occurred in 63 A.D. and 64 A.D., before the destructive Vesuvius eruption in 79 A.D. The Neapolitan area is also affected by bradyseism, the subsidence and uplifting of the ground surface caused by the volcanic and hydrothermal systems beneath the Phlegrean Fields.
Both Rome and Naples developed during long quiescent periods of their volcanoes. The last known eruption of the Alban Hills is dated ca. 29,000 yr B.P., although more recent phenomena of lahar generation from the crater of Albano have been identified (Funiciello et al., 2003). Similarly, the ancient development of Naples mainly took place during the 3,000 years of quiescence of the Phlegraean Fields and Vesuvius before the 79 A.D. eruption.
Flooding also represented another important hazard both in Rome and Naples. Because of its location close to the Tiber River delta and on parts of its alluvial plane, Rome has frequently been afflicted by floods. Fifteen floods have been described between B.C. 414 and B.C. 4 (Bersani and Bencivenga, 2001), although the Tiber was generally considered as a calm river with few floods. Up until Republican Times, flood damage had not been devastating because competent city planners had placed facilities on the floodplain and most residences on hilltop areas. However, during the Imperial period (B.C. 27–395 A.D.), settlement was also allowed across the floodplain up to the Tiber's banks, as a result of which a large proportion of the city's population was exposed to flooding (Lamb, 1995).
On the other hand, flooding has been a regular phenomenon throughout the history of Naples. The city developed in an area where torrential rain-fed waters flowed into several rugged canyons or gullies on the mountains that unified at the back of the city. The first flood records of the city date back to 1010 A.D., but thick alluvial deposits in the central area of the city testify to the occurrence of floods in pre-Roman time.
Magmatic activity and fault systems are also responsible for elevated toxic gas concentrations in the near-surface environments of Naples and Rome, with the gases produced at depth migrating upward along highly permeable fault zones. The most common gases are CO2 and H2S, likely formed by magma cooling and degassing, and by water-rock interactions. Sudden releases of CO2 have been documented from antiquity until the present day in several areas of the Alban Hills volcanic district. The quantity of CO2 that rises from the depths and subsequently dissolves into shallow groundwater has been estimated to be more than 4.2 × 109 mol year −1 . In addition, elevated Rn comes from the high content of U and Ra present in both volcanic lavas and tuffs. In the Phlegraean Fields volcanic area, many hydrothermal phenomena, such as fumaroles and hot springs, testify to the still active volcanism of this area.
Finally, both Rome and Naples have been affected by anthropogenic hazards. The fast growth of the cities and their populations prompted the urbanization of areas subject to natural hazards, such as river and coastal flood plains previously used for agriculture, thereby exposing the population to flood risk and also reducing the ability of the city to ensure self-sustenance. Another hazard affecting both cities stems from the underground cavities that remained after the prolific quarrying for building materials. The subterranean tunnel networks were so dense and intricate that the vaults of the galleries were prone to collapse. In addition, the lack of a clear separation between water cisterns and sewers exposed the population of Naples to diseases such as cholera.
During late Republican time, continuous construction of new buildings, higher consumption of goods, and the generation and burial of the resultant waste increased the rate at which both cities rose above their original geologic foundations. In the Tiber flood plain of Rome, the anthropic debris layers are 10–15 m thick. In the historical part of Naples, the same deposits can locally reach thicknesses of 20 m (Nunziata and Panza, 2002). Debris layers generally have very poor geotechnical properties and so provide weak foundations that, in the event of an earthquake, can actually magnify seismic waves.
Urbanization also caused degradation of the hill slopes, creating unstable geomorphological conditions that can trigger landslides, especially during the occurrence of seismic tremors. The earliest evidence of slope instability and mass movement in Naples has been discovered in its ancient center, where the city market of the Imperial period (first century A.D.) is partially buried under a chaotic deposit dated to the end of the fifth century (Di Martire et al., 2012). Landslides in and around the Neapolitan area have mostly been related to human activities (around 40%), such as trenching, excavations, and quarrying (Calcaterra and Guarino, 1999). Hill slope instability in Rome was limited and mainly human-induced when urbanization expanded to the margins of valleys.
Geology was a major contributor to the fortune of Rome, which had more resources and reduced risks relative to Naples. Rome could also safely expand toward the Alban Hills area because of the plateau geomorphology, which further provided an easy path for the construction of the aqueducts. The city could also develop agricultural practices that, until Republican times, ensured its self-sustenance.
Many lessons can be learned if we consider the development of Rome over time (Fig. 2). Rome evolved from a small village that covered just over 100 ha and was enclosed by a perimeter wall of 7 km. During Republican times, it expanded and was enclosed by the 11-km Servian wall. During Imperial times, Rome doubled its size in less than 300 years, attaining a perimeter of 19 km enclosed by the Aurelianic walls (Häuber, 2013). During this time, the population increased to > 1,500,000. The alluvial areas were fully covered by construction and consequently the agricultural areas within the walls disappeared. From revenues of ~540 million sesterces, state expenses included 108 million sesterces to import 3.5 × 105 tons per year of wheat to sustain as much as half the population. In addition, 31–65 million denari (1/4 denario = 1 sesterce) was devoted to military operating costs. Kehoe (1988) estimated that, during the Roman Empire, the population consumed ~200,000 metric tons of wheat annually. A family of six people needed to grow crops on at least 3 ha of land in order to survive. This meant that for self-sustenance, the Roman population needed at least 500,000 ha, an area of land greatly exceeding that which was available around Rome. So Rome became dependent on food imported from overseas to feed the general population and had to harness the resources of its provinces in order to feed and support the revenue of its army, which was spread throughout the empire.
Evolution of Rome from Archaic to Imperial times (Häuber, 2014).
Naples had a different set of problems due to its geological setting and interactions between natural and anthropic dynamics that culminated in numerous risks. Primarily, the difficult terrain surrounding the city severely limited urban expansion (Fig. 3). Steep hills and narrow, abrupt volcanic ridges formed unsurmountable obstacles not only to city expansion but also to communications with the hinterland. This rugged geomorphology and bradyseism forced the city to grow vertically, with a resulting increase in landslide risk. To add to Naples' problems, water resources were scarce and flash-flooding resulting from the sloped terrain frequently wreaked havoc throughout the city. In spite of these problems, Naples was always an important port city, well connected with Greece and Greek culture. On one hand, this was a fortunate situation, but on the other, it caused rapid overcrowding of a city without the necessary local resources. Urban overgrowth and substantial increases in the population were always followed by economic crises and the rapid development of epidemics that resulted in decimation of the population at various points in its history.
Air photo of Naples showing the extent of the city walls. The red line shows the approximate extent of Naples during the fifth century B.C.; the blue line encloses the enlargement of the city during the fourth century A.D.; the green line shows the wall added during the Angevin period; the violet line shows the extension of the wall during the Aragonese period; the orange line shows the extent of the wall during the Viceroy period (modified from Amato et al., 2009).
Geological knowledge is therefore essential for the sustainable development of a city. The fortune of Rome until Republican times was sourced in the abundance of local resources and in the practical management of the land that ensured reduction of natural risks. With more geological hazards and limited resources, Naples was less fortunate in comparison.
This work benefited from a three month senior fellowship from the Rachel Carson Center of Munich (2012) to D. de Rita. Particular thanks are due to Prof. Don Dingwell. A warm thank-you goes to our colleague Neil Thomas Ellwood for the careful review of the final version of the English text. Finally, we are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers whose suggestions and criticisms have helped to improve the text.
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Earl Roderick Anthony (Earl Roderick Anthony)
Professional Bowler. He was Professional Bowling's all-time biggest winner with 41 titles in his career. While on the Pro Bowlers Tour he bowled 24 perfect games in competition. He was National Champion from 1973 to 1975 and 1981 to 1983, and was named Bowler of the Year from 1974 to 1976 and from 1981 to 1983. A member of the PBA Hall of Fame and the ABC Hall of Fame, he was the first player to break the $1 million barrier in winnings. (bio by: Ron Moody) Cause of death: Heart attack
April, 27, 1938
Mountain View Memorial Park


Kidney Cyst, Creatinine 3.01, 20% Kidney Function, What Is the Situation?
My mother in law has cysts on both her kidneys and she is 62 years old now. Recently, doctor tested her kidneys by using the amount of drank water amount and urine amount within 24 hours and said only 20% is working at now. Her serum creatinine is 3.01 and I want to know what is her situation now?
Hi, I am sorry to say your mother in law will definitely suffer from dialysis or kidney transplant if she does not receive an effective medical treatment any more.
Kidney cyst in many cases causes no kidney problems, but if the cyst enlarges over time, kidney damages will be caused sooner or later. Therefore, for people with kidney cyst, they need to keep close observation to their cyst. In the case of your mother, I do not know whether kidney cyst is the cause of her kidney problem as you did not mention her symptoms and the size of the kidney cyst.
Creatinine level is a commonly used index used to reflect how well the kidney functions. Also, it can be used to judge whether a patient need dialysis. Creatinine is the end product of muscles, including meat eaten by us, and normally is expelled by kidney. Kidney cyst can cause kidney damages and make kidney fail in discharging excessive creatinine. In such a condition, large amounts of creatinine build up in the blood and consequently, creatinine level increases.
According to clinical studies, creatinine level does not increase until a half of kidney function is impaired. Normal creatinine level ranges from 0.5 to 1.2 and your mother's creatinine level has increased to 3.01, so we can know your mother's kidney has been damaged seriously.
Dialysis or kidney transplant is recommended usually when creatinine level increases to 5.6. Therefore, if your mother in law does not receive medical treatment, she will suffer from dialysis or kidney transplant. Therefore, an effective medical treatment is urgently needed by your mother in law now. In addition, does your mother in law has any symptoms and complications? If yes, please get them under controlled, because symptoms or complications of kidney disease always accelerate the progression of kidney disease. so instead ignoring them, keeping them under control effectively.


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Policy shift needed to improve broadband access for rural, remote residents: Senators Patterson and Black
Robert Black
CSG - Ontario
Dennis Glen Patterson
CSG - Nunavut
Senator Robert Black Senator Dennis Glen Patterson Parl 44-1
Many will read this op-ed using a wireless device. Most Canadians don't realize how much of a luxury that is.
While it is laudable that the government has repeatedly committed to improving broadband access for rural and remote communities, many federal policies continue to frustrate this goal. For this reason, we have repeatedly raised the issue of equal and affordable access to high-speed broadband in the Senate Chamber.
One major barrier is the government's disinclination to support overbuild. In urban environments, overbuild happens naturally, as a consequence of competition. In northern and rural jurisdictions with no service or unreliable connectivity, "overbuild" is actually redundancy. Redundancy ensures service continuity should anything go wrong with the primary provider. Users, for instance, should not be without internet access in Nunavut because it is raining in Saskatchewan. And — as anyone from these regions knows — anything that can go wrong, will go wrong.
The $2.75-billion Universal Broadband Fund is meant to fund initiatives in line with Canada's Connectivity Strategy, released in 2019. However, Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada warns: "Any elements or areas of a project that propose to overbuild existing services will be removed from the final project, in the event it is selected, and in any event, projects proposing to overbuild existing services to any degree will generally be assessed less favourably relative to competing proposals that do not."
Another hurdle for rural, remote and northern communities is the lack of available spectrum, which can be used to deliver internet to these jurisdictions. The recent spectrum auction is illustrative: while Canada's big three (Rogers, Bell and Telus) picked up the majority of available licences, a total of 757 licences went to other providers across the country, many at a heavily subsidized rate.
These licences are sold at a discounted rate to notionally encourage competition. However, there is nothing preventing a company from sitting on the licence and not using it to provide service to communities. Instead, these companies can sell their subsidized licences for huge profits. In 2013, Shaw made $160 million flipping unused spectrum it bought at a heavily subsidized rate. In 2017, Videotron sold its spectrum after it sat idle for several years for a total profit of $243 million.
Why does all this matter? Because Canadians suffer when companies sit on spectrum licences instead of actively building infrastructure and ensuring these licences are used to improve coverage areas and quality of service.
That is why Senator Dennis Patterson introduced Bill S-242, An Act to Amend the Radiocommunication Act, which he lovingly calls the "Use It or Lose It" bill. The bill reflects, in part, a government commitment in Innovation Minister François-Philippe Champagne's mandate letter to implement a "use it or lose it" approach to accelerate broadband delivery.
The concept is simple: either ensure that a minimum of 50% of the population covered by the licence is being serviced or have the licence revoked and put back up for auction.
Report after report lists Canada as one of the most expensive countries in terms of internet service costs and one of the worst countries for internet service availability in rural, remote and northern communities when compared to other member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. These conditions are embarrassing and are having deleterious impacts on the quality of life of northern and rural citizens.
In an increasingly digitized world, where the pandemic has forced hybrid and remote scenarios for work and education, we need fast and reliable internet now. Scrapping the overbuild policy for underserved regions and passing the "Use It or Lose It" bill is a good start to achieving that goal.
Senators Dennis Patterson and Rob Black represent Nunavut and Ontario in the Senate, respectively.
A version of this article appeared in the April 6, 2022 edition of The Hill Times.
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Indigenous leadership and knowledge essential to biodiversity protection: Senator Galvez
January 11, 2023 – I grew up in Peru, and often visited my grandparents in the Andes mountains. My grandmother was a wise woman. She didn't know how to read or write, but she was rich with traditional knowledge. We hiked together to find medicinal plants. I helped her deliver babies. She impressed upon me...
Meet Senator Patti LaBoucane-Benson
January 10, 2023 – Before Senator Patti LaBoucane-Benson became a parliamentarian, she was an academic with a novel idea. She wanted to transform her PhD dissertation, focused on trauma-healing programs for Indigenous offenders, into a graphic novel. It was an unusual book pitch for an academic. But she...
Meet Muriel McQueen Fergusson, the Senate Speaker who "blazed a trail through established conventions"
December 15, 2022 – The appointment, in December 1972, of New Brunswick Senator Muriel McQueen Fergusson as the first female Speaker of the Senate ushered in a new era for women in Canadian politics. Despite her mother's conviction that a woman's role was to marry and mind the home, she graduated from...
Defending the North: The Arctic's strategic role and importance
December 14, 2022 – Canada's Arctic is vulnerable. Defence infrastructure is outdated or non-existent. Basic internet access is erratic. And the region's relative poverty — despite a largely untapped wealth of natural resources — makes it a tempting target for foreign actors. Members of the Senate Committee...
December 14, 2022 – Senators lead busy lives in and out of Parliament! Catch up on their latest work on and off the Hill.


This one-day workshop is a guaranteed fun experience for anyone at any level interested in exploring their innate creativity and imagination. We'll play with paint and a variety of collage elements, stencils, fabric paint, ink and found objects to make art treasures as keepsakes or give-aways. No prior instruction necessary. Bring bag lunch. Materials fee covers everything needed, and is payable to instructor at start of class. Pre-registration is required. Register early to guarantee your seat.


Let someone else take his office.
Having nominated two candidates, Joseph known as Barsabbas, whose surname was Justus, and Matthias, they prayed, 'Lord, you can read everyone's heart; show us therefore which of these two you have chosen to take over this ministry and apostolate, which Judas abandoned to go to his proper place.' They then drew lots for them, and as the lot fell to Matthias, he was listed as one of the twelve apostles.
No one has ever seen God; but as long as we love one another God will live in us and his love will be complete in us.
We can know that we are living in him and he is living in us because he lets us share his Spirit.
If anyone acknowledges that Jesus is the Son of God, God lives in him, and he in God.
God is love and anyone who lives in love lives in God, and God lives in him.
'Holy Father, keep those you have given me true to your name, so that they may be one like us.
While I was with them, I kept those you had given me true to your name. I have watched over them and not one is lost except the one who chose to be lost, and this was to fulfil the scriptures.
But now I am coming to you and while still in the world I say these things to share my joy with them to the full.
I passed your word on to them, and the world hated them, because they belong to the world no more than I belong to the world.
I am not asking you to remove them from the world, but to protect them from the evil one.
God is love, and whoever remains in love remains in God and God in Him.
In today's Gospel, Jesus reveals that none of His were lost except the son of destruction – the evil one. The evil one left by choice, exercising his free will. Because of His great love, God gives each of us free will in deciding our thoughts, actions and words. Indeed, true love is free.
But the love of God cannot be considered as something that is just free; it is a free gift to us, which was paid for by His blood.
Today's gospel tells us that God is love and whoever who chooses to remain in God, remains in love and God resides in Him. Though this may sound like an exchange of sorts, it is really more a consequence of the grace of God.
Let us not be complacent and limit our thoughts that love has its place only at weddings. Indeed, the love shared by husband and wife is a foretaste of heaven. But love is present in the Eucharist, in the sacraments, in our acts of wanting to seek the best of the other despite our own circumstances.
Recently, I had to get my driver's license renewed and, in conveying the message to my dad, I was less than loving. Out of his love for me, He advised that I should be more vigilant of such important matters so that I can improve myself. But my pride got in the way, yet it did not extinguish the love of my dad, who made two trips to the registration office so that I could renew my license. To me, knowing that my dad puts up with me, despite my failures, is a reminder that my Father in heaven rejoices over this one sinner whom He does not want to lose. Though the fact remains that when we choose to act unlovingly, there are consequences — and in this instance, I hurt my father's feelings.
I also read this, "it is easier to love people who are far away than people whom we see daily." How very true, that we take our families and friends for granted and treat them in a manner that is lacking of love. God knows I need Him in putting out the fumes in my words which are unloving, my actions that need purification and my thoughts that need sanctifying. I urge you also my sisters and brothers, to offer to God everything that is not of love in your lives, in your families, in your relationships and within yourself. Remember, our precious Lord cried out to God, His Father, so that we would not be lost, that we would be one with Him, just as He is one with the Father. How can we deny Him that noble desire?
Today, I pray that all we do, say, think, and breathe, is Love.
Prayer: Lord, forgive us for all our unloving ways. Help us to remain in love and in you. Bless all our mothers today as we celebrate Mother's Day.
Thanksgiving: Thank you for loving us and for choosing us. Thank you for the tender gift of motherhood and its life-giving ways.


Child sexual abuse and maltreatment knows no boundary. It is not a socioeconomic problem. It is not a race issue. It happens in every community and in every type of household.
National Child Abuse Prevention Month recognizes the importance of families and communities working together to prevent child abuse and maltreatment and promotes the social and emotional well-being of children and families.
April was first declared Child Abuse Prevention Month in 1983. Since then, April has been a time to acknowledge the importance of families and communities working together to prevent child abuse. Each year, April is full of opportunities to support local services whose mission is helping South Dakota children and families who have experienced harm.
During this month and throughout the year, communities are encouraged to increase awareness and provide education and support to families through resources and strategies to prevent child abuse and neglect.
Last April, CPCM shared one tip each day on social media to help spread the word about how we can work together to end child maltreatment and build resiliency. This year, we will work with community partners to once again sponsor a social media campaign.
If you are interested in helping, sign up to be a Blue Ambassador and contribute to the awareness of your community by joining our Blue Ambassadors Social Media Ambassador program.
Not interested in being an ambassador but still want access to the campaign content? Be sure to like and follow us on social media!
Join us in wearing blue on April 9, 2019 to express solidarity with survivors of child abuse, neglect, and maltreatment as well as to promote awareness of prevention efforts across the state.
Indicate that you are "going" to the SD Wear Blue Facebook Event and share the event with your network.
Contribute to public awareness by posting a SD Wear Blue Flyer and organizing a wear blue event in your school, work, and/or community. Post photos and share them on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram using #SDWearBlue and tag us using @sdcpcm.
Add the picture below to your email signature.
Already have an April event planned in your community? Register your CAPM event to have it included in our community event calendar for FREE. All South Dakota community events which support or advance child wellness are eligible to be included. CPCM will also highlight events throughout the month on our social media channels to increase awareness and participation!
Interested in hosting an event but not sure where to start? The Children's Bureau has created activity calendars that parents, programs, and community partners can use to participate in National Child Abuse Prevention Month. Calendars are available in English and Spanish.
Still need help? Submit an Event Request form and we'll help you work out the details.
Check out our community calendar and attend an event!
We know that South Dakota is FULL of caring communities with amazing people doing wonderful work. We are honored to help in any way to support your efforts to impact your local community.


text:
using System.Threading;
using Lucene.Net.Support;
using NUnit.Framework;
using System;

namespace Lucene.Net.Util
{

    [TestFixture]
    public class TestSetOnce : LuceneTestCase
    {
        private sealed class SetOnceThread : ThreadClass
        {
            internal SetOnce<int?> Set;
            internal bool Success = false;
            internal readonly Random RAND;

            public SetOnceThread(Random random)
            {
                RAND = new Random(random.Next());
            }

            public override void Run()
            {
                try
                {
                    Sleep(RAND.Next(10)); // sleep for a short time
                    Set.Set(new int?(Convert.ToInt32(Name.Substring(2))));
                    Success = true;
                }
                catch (ThreadInterruptedException e)
                {
                    // ignore
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                    // TODO: change exception type
                    // expected.
                    Success = false;
                }
            }
        }

        [Test]
        public virtual void TestEmptyCtor()
        {
            SetOnce<int?> set = new SetOnce<int?>();
            Assert.IsNull(set.Get());
        }

        [Test]
        [ExpectedException(typeof(SetOnce<int?>.AlreadySetException))]
        public virtual void TestSettingCtor()
        {
            SetOnce<int?> set = new SetOnce<int?>(new int?(5));
            Assert.AreEqual(5, (int)set.Get());
            set.Set(new int?(7));
        }

        [Test]
        [ExpectedException(typeof(SetOnce<int?>.AlreadySetException))]
        public virtual void TestSetOnce_mem()
        {
            SetOnce<int?> set = new SetOnce<int?>();
            set.Set(new int?(5));
            Assert.AreEqual(5, (int)set.Get());
            set.Set(new int?(7));
        }

        [Test]
        public virtual void TestSetMultiThreaded()
        {
            SetOnce<int?> set = new SetOnce<int?>();
            SetOnceThread[] threads = new SetOnceThread[10];
            Random random = Random();
            for (int i = 0; i < threads.Length; i++)
            {
                threads[i] = new SetOnceThread(random);
                threads[i].Name = "t-" + (i + 1);
                threads[i].Set = set;
            }

            foreach (ThreadClass t in threads)
            {
                t.Start();
            }

            foreach (ThreadClass t in threads)
            {
                t.Join();
            }

            foreach (SetOnceThread t in threads)
            {
                if (t.Success)
                {
                    int expectedVal = Convert.ToInt32(t.Name.Substring(2));
                    Assert.AreEqual(expectedVal, t.Set.Get(), "thread " + t.Name);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


La Cour Verte is set in the medieval village of Le Barroux at the foot of Mont Ventoux. The village sits on a hill, with the "Château du Barroux" rising majestically above the provencale rooftops.
The village and its castle date back to the 12 century, as do the foundations of La Cour Verte itsself.
The terrace and mezanine offer panoramic views of the castle, Mont Ventoux and the vineyards in the valley below.
The spacious living- and dining areas and the open fire make La Cour Verte also a great autumn and winter destination. Just footsteps away you will find a parking area, a small store for basic supplies, 3 restaurants and 2 bars.
Airport Marseille, Train Avignon/Carpentras. Car: you will receive a detailled route description shortly before your arrival.
In case of cancelation up to 4 weeks before the rental period, your pre-payment will not be refunded. In case of cancelation within 4 weeks before the rental period, neither the pre-payment nor the final payment will be refunded. Upon arrival our housekeeper will ask you for the 250 euro deposit in cash. You will get this back at your departure when there are no damages or lost keys.
"Holiday house La Cour Verte" achieves a review of 5.0 (ranking scale: 1 to 5) due to 1 entered reviews.


text:
Microsoft Makes a Grand Re-entry into the Smartphone Market with the Unveiling of its Foldable Surface Duo
Logistics Startup Kobo60 Secures $30m in a Funding Round to Aid Expansion
Eyowo Wants to be Your Go-To Digital Bank App, But Does it Have What it Takes?
Chaka's partnership with TradingView will give Africans access to 34m investment charts
David Afolayan
About a month after raising $1.5 million in pre-seed funding round, borderless trading and investment platform, Chaka has announced a partnership with TradingView, a global online charting platform that will help its user to spot investment opportunities in global markets.
According to Chaka, this partnership will enable traders and businesses across Africa to have direct access to TradingView's investment community online. This community has over 15.5 million active investors, as well as 6 million trading ideas and 34 million user-created charts.
This partnership makes Chaka the first African broker to launch TradingView for retail investors and businesses in Africa. CEO, Tosin Osibodu told me that the partnership will also give investors access to over 11,000 assets trading on international stock markets as well as tools for improved investment decisions such as charts and trading ideas.
According to Tosin, the partnership aligns with Chaka's mission to enable borderless digital investing for every African.
"As we work to expand our footprints on the continent, one of our key objectives is to identify and harness strategic partnerships such as this, as well as leverage our proprietary infrastructure, to deliver world-class, leading tools and platforms for Africans to invest, trade, and build lasting wealth", he adds.
Launched by Chaka Technologies Limited in 2019, Chaka provides customers with access to the local and foreign capital markets. Since its launch, the startup has increased its offerings from over 4,000 local and foreign assets to over 11,000 stocks trading on capital markets.
When asked about questions raised about the identity of Chaka, Tosin told me that without questions Chaka is a company duly registered with the Nigerian Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC).
He however noted that the company is driven by a mission to enable borderless transactions and it intends to keep to that mission with a ubiquitous presence.
In December 2020, SEC clamped down on the stock trading platform and prevented it from further operations. This subsequently compelled the startup to pioneer the process of registering for the newly created SEC license.
The CEO mentioned that the move has boosted investors' confidence and has significantly influenced the startup's volume.


text:
John James 'Sean' Kelly (* 24. května 1956, Waterford) je bývalý irský silniční cyklista, jehož forma kulminovala v polovině 80. let 20. století. Ze závodů Grand Tour se mu nejvíce dařilo na Vueltě, kterou dokázal v roce 1988 vyhrát. V roce 1986 zde skončil celkově třetí. Na Tour de France dosáhl nejlepšího výsledku v roce 1985, kdy skončil čtvrtý. Krom toho dvakrát byl celkovým vítězem Tour de Suisse (1983, 1990) a třikrát baskické tour (1984, 1986, 1987). Z jednorázových závodů vyhrál Milán-San Remo (1986, 1992), Paříž–Roubaix (1984, 1986), Lutych-Bastogne-Lutych (1984, 1989) nebo Giro di Lombardia (1983, 1985, 1991). Krom toho má dva bronzy z mistrovství světa v silniční cyklistice (1982, 1989). V roce 2006 si založil vlastní profesionální stáj Sean Kelly Team, první irský profesionální cyklistický tým.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Irští cyklisté
Vítězové Paříž–Roubaix
Narození v roce 1956
Narození 24. března
Narození ve Waterfordu
Žijící lidé
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


John Elliott Branton came to Washington County in 1884 from Amelia County, Virginia. In 1902 he built a large home on Whitehall Plantation at Burdette. His wife was Carrie Bradley. His grandson, John Elliott III, and his second wife, Helen Pope, renovated Whitehall, probably in the 1970's.
Burdette was a popular railroad stop and Deer Creek shipping point for local planters. The home in currently in the Zepponi family.


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