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Can place-based grantmaking help turn the tide of inequality?
By Dennis Quirin and Steve Patrick
Today we see many local communities – urban, suburban and rural - swamped by historic disinvestment and the growing tide of economic and social inequality in our country. Place-based grantmaking can play an important role in turning this tide,
but not without addressing the core structural barriers that have produced and propelled it. In local communities, addressing the lived experiences of people who are marginalized by racism, poverty, immigration status, gender discrimination, homophobia and disability will require many funders to retool their approaches to understanding and solving systemic community problems.
Fortunately, in recent years there has been renewed interested in deeper community investment among many national and regional foundations. The pendulum has begun to swing back to place-based grantmaking – and the opportunity exists for the field to learn from the challenges of the past, as well as from promising practice.
Last fall a group of over 100 funders and field leaders met at the Aspen Institute in Aspen, CO for Towards a Better Place, Promising Practices in Place-Based Grantmaking . Place-based grantmaking is not new; in fact you can argue that it's the oldest form of grantmaking. The recent resurgence of interest in place-based grantmaking, especially on the part of larger funders, presents an opportunity for historically marginalized communities. There isn't one way to approach place-based grantmaking, nor is there a robust field of practice to support it. Yet all who gathered agreed that this is an opportunity that we can ill afford to get wrong.
When the Aspen Forum for Community Solutions and Neighborhood Funders Group organized the conference last September, our intent was to start a national conversation that would be relevant for a wide range of funders who design strategic place-based initiatives, as well as funders based in the communities where they fund. While these two broad categories of funders often have very different approaches, we believe that there is an important conversation that is relevant to both groups of funders. That shared conversation centers on the practice or craft of place-based grantmaking, which served as the guiding theme for our conference.
To help share the rich discussions and learnings from the conference, the NFG and the Aspen Forum have just released a conference report and resource guide for place-based grantmakers. Some of the key lessons shared at the conference include:
Make the shift from being a grantmaker to a changemaker and co-learner. To be a changemaker, program officers must be co-learners with those doing work on the ground rather than "coming with the answers.
Keep equity at the center. Place-based investors have to bring an equity lens to the work. They must ask critical questions about who holds the power in communities? Who is being served? Who is at the table and who needs to be?
Resource community engagement and collaboration. It is not enough to just provide project grants. The foundation must also deploy resources to ensure that residents are deeply involved in the process.
Make a long-term commitment. Staying a long time allows you to gain greater perspective on the place, learn what the community wants, and avoid making incorrect assumptions. And long-term commitment makes deep collaboration possible.
Coordinate multiple funders working in the same place. Funder alignment and coordination can significantly ease burdens on community groups, for example by developing common learning metrics. Coordinating funder efforts also creates the potential to multiply the impacts of their investments in the same place.
Co-invest in good work that is already happening or emerging from community partners. Don't force collaborations or initiatives. Rather than coming with the issues, figure out with the community what would make a big impact and build on what is ripe there.
Leverage the foundation's name and status to increase visibility and access of partners on the ground. Foundations engaged in place-based work can do much more than just funding – for example developing relationships, positioning community partners in a way that is influential and engaging in policy advocacy.
Learn as you go and be open to different pathways to success. Often in place-based work, the outcomes that have been most successful were unplanned and unforeseen. They arose from long-term relationship building and the development of new leadership that didn't exist in the beginning.
The problems facing marginalized communities today are weighty and complex, and no conference will solve them. But the beginning conversations at Towards a Better Place lifted up some important lessons from place-based grantmaking that can help funders rethink their strategies and practices. The Aspen Forum for Community Solutions and NFG will continue providing opportunities for funders to engage with peers on these questions. We invite more funders to join our learning community and help develop the kinds of partnerships in places that can better position communities to address the root causes of inequality.
Dennis Quirin is the President of Neighborhood Funders Group. Steve Patrick is the Executive Director of the Aspen Forum for Community Solutions.
Philanthropic Practice
Building Strong, Healthy, and Resilient Communities in Ferguson and Beyond
Racial Capitalism, Power and Resistance: Perspectives from the Philanthropic Front Lines
Racial Capitalism, Power & Resistance: Keynote Videos & Highlights for 2020
In October 2019, NFG's Funders for a Just Economy (FJE) held a breakthrough Racial Capitalism, Power and Resistance Convening, an unprecedented conversation with more than 70 funder participants on the racial and gendered inequality defining US and global capitalism — and the role of philanthropy within these structures. FJE is moving this conversation into action in 2020. Towards that goal, we are recapping the convening and providing video from the seminal keynote talks by Dr. Ananya Roy and Dr. Barbara Ransby that grounded our meeting.
Top (L-R): Dr. Barbara Ransby, Mónica Ramírez, Dr. Ananya Roy
Middle (L-R): Cindy Weisner, Alicia Garza, Aaron Tanaka
Bottom (L-R): Dimple Abichandani, Farhad Ebrahimi, Pamela Shifman
FJE's Racial Capitalism, Power and Resistance Convening was about asking hard questions and opening a conversation about the underlying history of the US economy and the origins of philanthropy as a way to ground us in how to support powerful resistance movements. Through this piece, we wanted to bring you some of the critical questions that stuck with us — and ways to move forward the themes and ideas generously offered by our activist-academic, movement, and philanthropic speakers and participants.
Who are we in alliance with? And how does that shape the real choices funders make?
Dr. Ananya Roy started off our conversation with a powerful question: Can we decolonize philanthropy in a real way? She also offered a proposition: We can't do so without facing the way foundations are based in "twice-stolen wealth" — profit extracted via exploitative racialized capitalist means and through evading public taxation. [1]
Dr. Roy offered the example of her work with the Institute on Inequality and Democracy at UCLA, working to "turn the university inside out" through co-creation of knowledge alongside movement leaders; simplifying funding opportunities for community organizations; and paid, unfettered residency programs for activists. She pushed us to reflect on "what additional work we create for communities" through our grantmaking practices and the "difficult choices we must make on who we are in alliance with" — including standing up when foundations undermine community-led liberation movements.
You can hear Dr. Roy's keynote, Decolonizing Philanthropy? A View from The Public University, in the video below.
How do we define and confront the deep histories of racialized capitalism?
FJE presented a portion of the Action Center on Race & the Economy and Grassroots Collaborative's popular education workshop on racial capitalism. The material examined how core institutions of US capitalism — like banking — built wealth directly off the slave economy and indigenous genocide. Grappling with the inextricable connection between racism, patriarchy, and capitalism raised the fact that Black women and other people of color also face these traumas every day in philanthropy. How can funders collectively support healing among philanthropic staff as they find ways to fund movements genuinely addressing the genocidal histories of greed?
"What happens when we put life [and sustaining it] at the center of our work?" — Cindy Wiesner
To bring us into how contemporary movements are confronting racial and gendered capitalism, Alicia Garza of the Black Futures Lab led a conversation with Mónica Ramírez of Justice for Migrant Women, Aaron Tanaka of the Center for Economic Democracy and Cindy Wiesner of Grassroots Global Justice. These leaders shared that grassroots, collaborative, feminist, and anti-capitalist social justice movements serve as "kryptonite" (in Cindy Wiesner's words) to racial capitalism and neo-fascism. These movements range from organizing for a Green New Deal to local democratic investment structures, to migrant women-led sexual harassment activism. Speakers challenged funders to work alongside communities to resource experimentation and "freedom dreaming" — and to understand the solutions won't come quickly or easily. They also asked foundations to use their own power — as investors and public figures — to take on racial capitalism.
What power do we have in our institutions? And how do we shift power with communities?
Pamela Shifman, formerly of Novo Foundation; Dimple Abichandani of General Service Foundation; and Farhad Ebrahimi of Chorus Foundation shared how as Executive Directors and alumni of NFG's Philanthropy Forward: Leadership for Change Fellowship, they recognized and acted on their power to shift their institutions and the sector. As Dimple Abichandani noted, "These rules and practices that we work in come out of racial capitalism and corporate compliance frameworks. We can decide to change those."
The speakers raised the fact that while education programs are plenty, actively organizing foundations towards collective goals through leadership development — like Philanthropy Forward — is rarer but necessary. Foundation staff also rarely hold other funders publicly accountable – perhaps because feel that they cannot tell others what to do with their money. Yet recent campaigns to discourage the Gates Foundation in awarding the fascist, Hindu-nationalist aligned Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi suggest insurgent philanthropy is percolating.
What are the projects we fund to undo racial capitalism, and what logics are the projects based on?
On Day 2 of the Racial Capitalism, Power and Resistance Convening, Dr. Barbara Ransby offered three key elements to understand racial capitalism today: First, the irreconcilable relationship between capitalism's "infinite growth model on a finite planet;" second, financialization and the global "ponzi scheme;" and third, automation's influence on worker's lives and consumption. She urged us to hold these contemporary capitalist crises with their roots in slavery and empire.
Dr. Ransby offered that dealing with this past and present means actively confronting white supremacy and nationalism; "building as we undo" through solidarity economies and other alternatives; and thoughtfully advancing abolition and reparations. Such ongoing processes require reckoning with anti-Blackness and asking: "How do you relinquish some of the power [that you have over organizations] and see yourself with a greater sense of humility?"
You can watch Dr. Ransby's keynote, Racial Capitalism, Power and Black Radical Tradition, in the video below.
"How do we show up, use our collective assets, and stand behind our grantees?" — Marjona Jones
Marjona Jones of the Unitarian Universalist Veatch Program at Shelter Rock, José García of the Ford Foundation, Emma Oppenhiem of Open Society Foundations, and Shona Chakravartty of the Hill-Snowdon Foundation, in conversation with Anna Quinn of NoVo Foundation, brought the meeting home with a dialogue on how we could take tangible action, including through the Funders for a Just Economy.
Participants then honed in on key work areas to follow-up on after the event including: building accountability mechanisms in philanthropy; transforming partnerships with our grantees; healing and strategizing together as co-conspirators; remaking tax structures and philanthropic asset management.
Stay tuned for more from FJE as we work together to provide the space and tools for philanthropy to take these ideas into action into 2020 — and into a more just tomorrow.
[1] Roy was quoting Dr. Ruth Wilson Gilmore (2009). "In the Shadow of the Shadow State" in The Revolution Will Not be Funded (edited by INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence. Boston: South End Press, 2009). http://sfonline.barnard.edu/navigating-neoliberalism-in-the-academy-nonp...
The 2016 Discount Legacy Award Nominations Are Open!
NFG News
Standing in Our Power Together
Announcing FFJ's Latest Field Advisor Cohort
Funders for Justice is excited to share the latest cohort of FFJ Field Advisors. FFJ looks forward to expanding our own understanding to support organizing toward racial and gender justice, and to growing our commitment to mobilize resources toward transformative social change. As this dynamic group continues to build momentum with their leadership and organizing in racial justice, gender justice, and anti-criminalization movements, they will also work together with FFJ to continue to envision a new way forward for philanthropy.
FFJ hosted its third national funder organizing meeting in October 2019. Joining the participants were FFJ's third cohort of advisors, including four new advisors. Advisors met with staff the day before the FFJ national meeting, to identify key needs in a new approach in funding and how FFJ can best support the field. The next day, advisors joined FFJ members and leaders in conversations throughout the day, painting a picture of challenges that lie ahead in the current political climate as well as the historical context to current struggles.
2019-2021 Cohort of FFJ Field Advisors
FFJ Field Advisors are thought leaders and partners in the work to support and sustain grassroots movements. Their visions for justice and what is needed from philanthropy provide invaluable insights to guide our efforts. In their commitment, the FFJ Field Advisors are ready to organize with philanthropy and deepen their relationship with FFJ and its members. They will continue to lead profound conversations and offer strategic guidance toward practices that lift up community safety and justice models.
We are excited for the FFJ membership to learn from their leadership and experience, and hope you will join us to strategize together on how we can best support movements organizing for social justice.
Here are the 2019-2021 FFJ Field Advisors:
Ash-Lee Woodard Henderson, Highlander Research Center
Celeste Faison, 'me too.'
Charlene Carruthers, Chicago Center for Leadership and Transformation
Fahd Ahmed, Desis Rising Up and Moving
Jenny Arwade, Communities United
Marbre Stahly-Butts, Law for Black Lives
Mark-Anthony Clayton-Johnson, Resilient Strategies
Mary Hooks, Southerners on New Ground
Morning Star Gali, Restoring Justice for Indigenous Peoples
Ola Osaze, Black LGBTQ+ Migrant Project
Priscilla Gonzalez, Mijente
Zachary Norris, Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
Ash-Lee Woodard Henderson is a 34 year old, Affrilachian (Black Appalachian), working class woman, born and raised in Southeast Tennessee. Ash-Lee is the first black woman Executive Director of the Highlander Research & Education Center, a social justice leadership training school and cultural center founded in 1932. Through popular education, language justice, participatory research, cultural work, and intergenerational organizing, they help create spaces — at Highlander and in communities — where people gain knowledge, hope and courage, expanding their ideas of what is possible. Ash-Lee is a long-time activist working against environmental racism in central and southern Appalachia, and has fought for workers rights, racial justice, women and LGBTQUIA+ rights, reproductive justice, international human rights, and led-intergenerational social movements across the South. She serves on the governance council of the Southern Movement Assembly and is a nationally recognized leader in the Movement for Black Lives.
Celeste Faison is a strategist and trainer who cut her teeth organizing in the Blackbelt, with 21st Century Youth Leadership Movement. She's been active ever since, working around issues of labor, electoral justice and policing. She is currently the NDWA Director of Black Organizing, where she launched "We Dream in Black," a multi-state initiative that increases the leadership capacity of Black workers organizing for respect, recognition, and inclusion in labor protections. Piloted in New York and Georgia, the program has since expanded to seven states. Celeste oversees chapter development, leadership development, and the campaign strategy. She recently co-published a multimedia report "Pay, Professionalism and Respect" focused on Black domestic workers in the South, in partnership with IPS. Before joining NDWA Celeste was the lead organizer at Youth Together, in the Bay Area, CA, managing director of the Black Arts and Cultural Center in Selma, AL and national assistant trainer director at the League of Young Voters.
Currently, Celeste serves as a founding director of the Blackout Collective, a training organization with a mission to train 20,000 Black direct-action strategist and practitioners by 2021. She is a strategic Advisor to Me Too, where she is designing the field program, in partnership with her long-time mentor Tarana Burke. She is a Public Allies Alumni and the 2010 Tides Foundation Racial Justice Fellow. A nomadic New Yorker, she spends a majority of her free time on the road facilitating and building movement infrastructure as an active member of Movement for Black Lives. When she's not on the road you'll find her nestled in her NYC apartment, creating art while on conference calls.
Charlene Carruthers is a strategist, author and a leading organizer in today's Black liberation movement. As the founding national director of BYP100 (Black Youth Project 100), she has worked alongside hundreds of young Black activists to build a national base of activist member-led organization of Black 18-35 year olds dedicated to creating justice and freedom for all Black people.
Charlene is a 2019 Roddenberry Fellow and founder of the Chicago Center for Leadership and Transformation, a locally rooted and nationally connected learning community for political education, grassroots organizing, language and strategic communications capacity building.
As a Black queer feminist with over a dozen years of experience in racial justice, feminist and youth leadership development movement work, Charlene applies her political commitments and expertise through intellectual, cultural and grassroots organizing labor across today's movements for collective liberation. She was recognized as one of the top 10 most influential African Americans in The Root 100, one of Ebony Magazine's "Woke 100," an Emerging Power Player in Chicago Magazine and is the 2017 recipient of the YWCA's Dr. Dorothy I. Height Award.
A believer in telling more complete stories about the Black Radical Tradition, Charlene provides critical analysis, political education and leadership development training for activists across the globe. Major media outlets from BBC and MSNBC to legacy Black media institutions including Ebony Magazine and Essence Magazine have highlighted her work and perspective on current events and issues impacting marginalized communities. Charlene is author of the bestselling book, Unapologetic: A Black, Queer, and Feminist Mandate for Radical Movements.
Fahd Ahmed came to the United States as an undocumented immigrant from Pakistan in 1991. He has been a grassroots organizer on the issues of racial profiling, immigrant justice, police accountability, national security, surveillance, workers' rights, and educational justice over the last 18 years. Fahd has been involved with DRUM – Desis Rising Up & Moving in various capacities since 2000, when he had family members facing deportation, and entrapment as part of the War on Drugs. Within DRUM, Fahd co-led the work with Muslim, Arab, and South Asian immigrant detainees before, and immediately after 9/11, by coordinating the detainee visitation program. As the Legal and Policy Director at DRUM (2011-2014), Fahd ran the End Racial Profiling Campaign and brought together the coalitions working on Muslim surveillance, and stop and frisk, to work together to pass the landmark Community Safety Act. For the last 3 years, Fahd has been the Executive Director of DRUM.
Fahd was a recipient of the Haywood Burns Fellowship from the National Lawyers Guild, and served as an Ella Baker intern at the Center for Constitutional Rights. In addition to DRUM, Fahd worked as a legal consultant with the Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana on documenting and reforming policies of juvenile detention center in Louisiana. Fahd also worked as a lecturer and researcher on Islamophobia, national security, and social movements at the Arab and Muslim Ethnicities and Diasporas Initiative at the College of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University. He was also a Human Rights and National Security Reform Fellow with the Rockwood Leadership Institute, and a Fellow with the American Muslim Civil Leadership Institute.
Jenny Arwade is Co-Executive Director of Chicago-based Communities United (CU), a racial justice organization that builds community power to advance social change through a healing justice approach. Jenny has provided leadership to achieve groundbreaking reforms to expand health access for the undocumented, preserve long-term affordable rental housing and prevent displacement of families, and recently create a new Rethinking Safety Initiative in Illinois, furthering policies that address an invest/divest framework and center approaches focused on healing and transformation. Jenny is a graduate of Princeton University, a Field Advisor for Funders for Justice and the Funders Collaborative on Youth Organizing, and serves a Trustee of the health-focused Blowitz Ridgeway Foundation in Chicago.
Marbre Stahly-Butts, Director of Law for Black Lives works closely with organizers and communities across the country to advance and actualize radical policy. Marbre is currently a member of the National Bail Out Collective. She currently serves on the Leadership Team of the Movement For Black Lives Policy Table and helped develop the Vision for Black Lives Policy Platform. Since graduating from Yale Law School four years ago, Marbre has supported local and national organizations from across the country in their policy development and advocacy. She joined the Center for Popular Democracy as a Soros Justice Fellow in Fall 2013. Her Soros Justice work focused on organizing and working with families affected by aggressive policing and criminal justice policies in New York City in order to develop meaningful bottom up policy reforms. While in law school, Marbre focused on the intersection of criminal justice and civil rights and gained legal experience with the Bronx Defenders, the Equal Justice Initiative and the Prison Policy Initiative. Before law school Marbre received her Masters in African Studies from Oxford University and worked in Zimbabwe organizing communities impacted by violence and then in South Africa teaching at Nelson Mandela's alma mater. Marbre graduated from Columbia University, with a BA in African-American History and Human Rights.
As a licensed acupuncturist and an experienced organizer, Mark-Anthony Johnson served as the Director of Health and Wellness at Dignity and Power Now. In this capacity, he provided strategic support for DPN's two member-led campaigns for a legally empowered and independent civilian oversight commission of the sheriff's department and to stop Los Angeles' proposed $4 billion jail construction plan. He also led the Building Resilience project of DPN, a collaboration of formerly incarcerated people, organizers, health care providers and academics whose goal is to decarcerate the county jails via the diversion of incarcerated people into community-based treatment and the creation of community-based spaces to address the trauma of state violence. As a 2017 Soros Justice Fellow, Mark-Anthony founded the Frontline Wellness Network, a network of health care providers working to end the public health crisis of incarceration through action-oriented political education and bridging relationships between providers and grassroots campaigns against state violence. The Frontline Wellness Network is an Executive Committee member of JusticeLA, a broad based Los Angeles Coalition that recently stopped the county's multi-billion jail plan while winning county wide investment in alternatives to incarceration.
Mary Hooks is a 36 year old, Black, lesbian, feminist, mother, organizer and co-director of SONG. Southerners on New Ground is a political home for LGBTQ liberation across all lines of race, class, abilities, age, culture, gender, and sexuality in the South. They build, sustain, and connect a southern regional base of LGBTQ people in order to transform the region through strategic projects and campaigns developed in response to the current conditions in their communities. SONG builds this movement through leadership development, coalition and alliance building, intersectional analysis, and organizing. Mary joined SONG as a member in 2009 and begin organizing with SONG in 2010. Mary's commitment to Black liberation, which is encompasses the liberation of LGBTQ liberation, is rooted in her experiences growing up under the impacts of the War on Drugs. Her people are migrants of the Great Migration, factory workers, church folks, Black women, hustlers and addicts, dykes, studs, femmes, queens and all people fighting for the liberation of oppressed people. "The mandate; to avenge the suffering of our ancestors, to earn the respect of future generations, and to be transformed in the service of the work. Let's get free ya'll!" - Mary Hooks
Morning Star Gali is a member of the Ajumawi band of Pit River located in Northeastern California. Ms. Gali serves as the California Tribal and Community Liaison for the International Indian Treaty Council, working for the Sovereignty and Self Determination of Indigenous Peoples and the recognition and protection of Indigenous Rights, Treaties, Traditional Cultures and Sacred Lands. She is a Tribal water policy organizer for Save California Salmon and has worked as the Regional Network Weaver for Native Americans in Philanthropy. Ms. Gali is also a graduate of Native Americans in Philanthropy's Circle of Leadership Academy in 2013. She is a 2019 Open Society Institute Racial Equity fellow, Funders for Justice fellow 2018-2021 and a 2016-2018 Rosenberg Foundation Leading Edge Fellow, focusing on the disproportionate impact of the criminal and juvenile justice systems on Native Americans. Between 2012-2016, Ms.Gali previously worked as the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer for the Pit River Tribe and continues to lead large-scale actions while helping organize Native cultural, spiritual, scholarly, and political gatherings throughout California.
Morning Star serves as a board member for the Sovereign Bodies Institute, California Indian Heritage Center Foundation and Women's Health Specialists of California along with serving on a number of advisory committees that advocate for the sovereignty and self-determination of California's indigenous peoples and protection of sacred lands.
Ola Osifo Osaze is a trans masculine queer of Edo and Yoruba descent, who was born in Port Harcourt, Rivers State and now resides in Houston, Texas. Ola is the Project Director for the Black LGBTQ+ Migrant Project and has been a community organizer for many years, including working with Transgender Law Center, the Audre Lorde Project, Uhuru Wazobia (one of the first LGBT groups for African immigrants in the US), Queers for Economic Justice and Sylvia Rivera Law Project. Ola is a 2015 Voices of Our Nation Arts workshop (VONA) fellow, and has writings published in Apogee, Qzine, Black Girl Dangerous, Black Looks, and the anthologies Queer African Reader and Queer Africa II.
Priscilla González is Campaigns Director at Mijente, the leading digital and grassroots hub for Latinx/Chicanx organizing and movement building. Born and raised in New York City, she has been an organizer for nearly two decades. From working to pass the nation's first Domestic Workers' Bill of Rights to helping to drive the largest unprecedented campaign/coalition for police accountability in NYC, she has experienced time and again how grassroots-led organizing always gets the goods when you've got a bold vision, clear and coordinated strategies, and a porous movement for everyday folks to put their "granito de arena" (do their part) to make change happen.
Zach Norris is the Executive Director of the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights and co-founder of Restore Oakland, a community advocacy and training center that will empower Bay Area community members to transform local economic and justice systems and make a safe and secure future possible for themselves and for their families. Zach is also a co-founder of Justice for Families, a national alliance of family-driven organizations working to end our nation's youth incarceration epidemic.
Zach helped build California's first statewide network for families of incarcerated youth which led the effort to close five youth prisons in the state, passed legislation to enable families to stay in contact with their loved ones, and defeated Prop 6—a destructive and ineffective criminal justice ballot measure. In addition to being a Harvard graduate and NYU-educated attorney, Zach is also a graduate of the Labor Community Strategy Center's National School for Strategic Organizing in Los Angeles, California and was a 2011 Soros Justice Fellow. He is a former board member at Witness for Peace and Just Cause Oakland and is currently serving on the Justice for Families board. Zach was a recipient of the American Constitution Society's David Carliner Public Interest Award in 2015, and is a member of the 2016 class of the Levi Strauss Foundation's Pioneers of Justice.
Zach is a loving husband and dedicated father of two bright daughters, whom he is raising in his hometown of Oakland, California.
Funders for Justice is a national organizing platform of grantmakers, donor networks, and funder affinity groups increasing resources to grassroots organizations at the intersection of racial justice, gender justice, community safety, and policing. Is there a conversation you'd like to have? Email us at fundersforjustice@nfg.org.
Community Power-Building
Community Safety & Justice
California bans grand juries in fatal shootings by police
I Am the Black Woman Who Interrupted the Netroots Presidential Town Hall, and This Is Why


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Home » Reviving Wheat
Reviving Wheat
By Laurie Gorton
Where would the baker be without wheat? Flour is no doubt the most important ingredient in the baker's inventory, yet what about the crop from which that flour is milled? Adequate supplies are one thing, but baking quality is quite another. Conditions unique to wheat as an agricultural product prompt continual change in the varieties selected for cultivation. Work with new cultivars, including traditional and biotech approaches, have turned wheat quality into a moving target.
For many in the grain-based foods community, notably wheat breeders and flour millers, interest in crop improvement never flagged, but the past few years found bakers returning to the discussion of wheat quality. Revival of the bakers' participation strengthens overall efforts because it lends voice to the end user, according to members of the Wheat Quality Council (WQC) and industry observers.
Such intervention comes at a critical time. Wheat is under threat as never before, challenged by disease vectors as well as economic conditions and the expanding gluten-free movement.
SIGNS OF THE TIMES.
"Wheat is in trouble as a competitive crop in American agriculture," said Brian Walker, manager, technical services, Horizon Flour Milling, a Cargill Joint Venture based at Minnetonka, MN. It has steadily decreased in acreage. Higher yields and higher prices make soy and corn more attractive to growers than wheat, and the emergence of switchgrass, a drought-tolerant plant, as a viable biomass for ethanol production puts further pressure on acreage normally given to wheat.
"Everyone is concerned about wheat acreage," said Lee Sanders, senior vice-president, government relations and public affairs, American Bakers Association (ABA), Washington, DC. Two of ABA's standing committees are involved in wheat concerns: the Commodity and Agricultural Policy Committee (CAPC) and the Food Technical Regulatory Affairs Committee (FTRAC). "Other crops are exceeding wheat on yield, and wheat seems to be standing still," she said.
One of the largest issues is production, said Dave Green, director of quality control and lab services, ADM Milling Corp., Overland Park, KS. "According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and other sources, wheat is facing a long decline in acreage," he said. "That's why some are pushing for biotech wheat, to make it more economically interesting to the grower."
Acreage concerns are one factor attracting the bakers' interest. Another is its baking quality, particularly as measured in absorption and finished product attributes. The latter can make a big difference in consumer popularity.
"When I talk with customers, the most important thing is baking quality," Mr. Green said. "Millers worry about yield and extraction, but the overwhelming factor is baking quality."
Balancing the competitive yield potential with the needed quality could direct the path ahead for the American wheat crop. "Wheat producers urge breeders to produce crops with competitive earning potential. This is very, very important," Mr. Walker said. Continuous improvement in wheat's baking quality, in this process, is key. "The wheat breeders need to continue listening to the bakers. Their needs are always changing," he added.
QUALITY MEASURES.
When bakers look at wheat quality, they see absorption, the quality of protein and the functionality in new products, according to Hayden Wands, director of procurement, flour, Sara Lee Food & Beverage, Downers Grove, IL. "We need to improve on varieties' quality traits to meet changing demands of our consumers. We've seen more demand for whole-grain products, and we need to develop wheat varieties that will accommodate that transition in consumer preference with a higher quality of protein and better absorption properties," he stated. Mr. Wands is WQC's current chairman, the first baking company representative to hold this position in nearly a decade. He joined Sara Lee with previous experience at ADM and Cargill and has participated in WQC's annual wheat tours for 15 years. He also chairs ABA's CAPC.
Absorption, a percentage figure describing the ability of flour to take up water, has been running 56 to 57 the past two crop years, according to Mr. Wands. "We used to see 58, 59, 60 in absorption," he noted. "[Such differences] mean we have to make changes in our baking procedures and use blends to bring the absorption up."
With wheat, cultivar or variety is not the end-all determinant of quality. A good deal of the year-to-year performance of wheat depends on environment. As Mr. Green explained, "About one-third of wheat's potential is determined by the cultivar, but two-thirds is due to growing conditions."
Mr. Walker also identified growing conditions and added disease as the environmental problems for wheat that account for the biggest differences seen in milling and baking performance. "Eliminating those variations would result in more consistency," he said.
For these reasons, far more commercial varieties of wheat now grow in the US than 20 years ago. "[US farmers] turn over cultivars relatively quickly," Mr. Walker observed. "This is driven by the need to stay ahead of diseases and to achieve more tolerance to drought. For example, hard winter wheat now grows in North Dakota. That was unheard of 20 years ago. Winter conditions were just too severe. Breeders have been able to develop a host of regional adaptability qualities."
Ug99 wheat stem rust is the wheat disease currently making the most headlines (see "The Coming of Ug99"). Originating in Uganda and now spreading in the Middle East and Asia, it can wipe out whole wheat fields.
Sustainability, and the related topic of traceability, present new issues to wheat breeders. A customer-driven concern, sustainability relates to energy use and its resources used in preparation of consumer goods. Because the customers of ABA members are requesting more effort in this area, the association has spearheaded discussions with the full wheat chain including wheat growers and millers on this topic. "There's a leading retailer involved, but other food retailers and restaurant chains are active in addressing and responding to the social consciousness issue posed by sustainability," Ms. Sanders said. "We also see more consumer interest surrounding this subject, and that will drive bakers' choices."
MEETING OF THE MINDS.
"A good tool we have for dialogue on crop improvement is WQC," Ms. Sanders stated. "This is a group that talks about quality from a variety of perspectives including the bakers', breeders' and growers' standpoints. Baking performance and quality issues such as absorption and mixability are discussed annually."
Bakers have become more involved in the council in recent years. Mr. Wands described being invited a few years ago by WQC members to contribute the baker's voice. The previous chairman, Mr. Walker, who has served on the council for 25 years, brought in Len Heflich, vice-president of quality systems for Bimbo Bakeries USA, Horsham, PA, as the keynote speaker for the 2010 meeting. Mr. Heflich chairs ABA's FTRAC. ABA also delegated Theresa Cogswell, principal of Bakercogs, Olathe, KS, who has vast and respected technical baking experience, to participate on its behalf at WQC meetings.
"Bread manufacturers are the end users of the product," Mr. Wands explained. "The council has millers and grain companies, and we bakers need to communicate with them. Millers and grain companies can take our message to the breeders, but it's best for the bakers to voice their needs themselves to the breeders.
"On a positive note, we have certainly established a better line of communications with breeders," he added. "We feel that the breeders know what we want."
Ms. Sanders agreed. "Talking with breeders is very important to communicating the bakers' wishes for acceptable wheat traits," she said.
Mr. Wands reported an uptick in representation of the commercial baking community within WQC, noting membership involvement by Pepperidge Farm, Bimbo and Sara Lee, among others. "We'd like to see even more diverse participation, say by tortilla manufacturers," he added. "Join WQC, or communicate your needs through organizations such as ABA. The more conduits we have, the better the communications we can get."
WORKING GROUPS.
With roots that go back to 1938, WQC adopted a broad focus on wheat quality in 1993-94 when the spring wheat and soft wheat groups merged under the council's umbrella. It organizes the testing, evaluation and reporting on milling and end-use quality of hard winter, hard spring, durum and soft wheats nationwide. Its members include wheat breeders, millers, bakers and other wheat food users, allied companies, associations, universities, government agencies and state wheat commissions.
Although USDA develops and tests wheat varieties, no US government agency regulates wheat quality, other than establishing the broad general classes of trade.
"The situation in Canada is wholly different," said Ben Handcock, executive vice-president, WQC, Pierre, SD. "There, all varieties are licensed through a government-run program that regulates what can be released. This is not so in the US. Here, WQC is the only group evaluating new wheat varieties for commercial potential."
"Canada registers wheat classes according to strict rules," Mr. Walker explained. "In the US, we give the producer choices."
The result is much greater variety. The council, its technical boards and its cooperators all collaborate. "This is the mechanism for feedback, both positive and negative, on how trends are coming," Mr. Green said.
The council tries to draw together the various parts of the wheat foods industry. "The wheat breeders are not too bashful about describing their samples!" Mr. Walker observed. "They are proud of their work and should be. They are interested in meeting the needs of millers and bakers, but their front line customers are the producers, the farmers, and that means a competitive yield. The council is here to keep communications flowing with the end users — the millers and the bakers."
TIME AND TESTING.
The time it takes to develop a new wheat variety from the first cross into commercial production can consume a decade or more. New technologies adopted from the biosciences involving marker genes and intragenic splicing can speed up cycle times for conventional breeding.
Describing traditional breeding, Mr. Handcock said that by about year No. 8 in a variety development effort, breeders will have three or four bushels of seed to spare. Beforehand, breeders do their own testing at the micro level. Then WQC enters the picture. To standardize results, each new variety is milled at one location. For example, Kansas State University (KSU) mills all the hard winter wheat samples. These flours go to the council's 15 cooperators, to bake labs at millers, bakeries, pasta manufacturers and the programs at USDA wheat quality laboratories. Each site gets roughly 4 kg per variety to make into pup and 1-lb loaves.
AIB International, Manhattan, KS, is one such cooperator. Theresa Sutton, AIB's supervisor of experimental baking, described the process her team uses. AIB's wheat samples first go to the USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research lab, also at Manhattan. There, the wheat is milled, and supervising research chemist Brad Seabourn and food technologist Margo Caley run tests for moisture, protein, ash, Farinograph and Falling Number, among others. The small size of the samples, generally enough to bake three or four 1-lb loaves, means careful conservation of materials.
"We take those numbers and mock up a Farinograph test to find out where absorption falls," Ms. Sutton explained. Those results are compared with a "normal" Farinograph using flour and water only. The team compares measurements and prepares a dummy dough to test the actual flour sample, overrunning it to breakdown. All this leads up to testing of the new flour in optimized 524-g (dough weight) loaves through mixing, proofing and baking. The results are graded according to the WQC scoring form, which ranks grain, texture, crumb color, cell shape and other characteristics on a scale of one to six.
"After that optimized bake, we look at the numbers and determine overall quality," Ms. Sutton said.
She prefers to blind test the samples. "I don't want to bias the results by knowing whether we're testing a check [control] or an actual new cultivar," Ms. Sutton explained. The control flour is usually the variety most widely planted. Last year, AIB tested for Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Texas wheats. Each state submits its own check.
The samples come in around Thanksgiving, and AIB starts baking in the first part of December. All cooperators report their results at WQC's annual meeting, next scheduled for Feb, 16-17, 2011, at Kansas City, MO. Results, available only to WQC members, are published online. The group's Web site, www.wheatqualitycouncil.org, offers a sample page showing the type of information reported.
"In February, we all come together to go over what we liked or didn't like about each new wheat submitted," Mr. Handcock said. "Then the breeder decides whether to release that variety." University wheat breeding programs and state wheat commissions also advise the breeder about these decisions. The new seed goes first to certified seed growers to increase the amount available. Several universities are also involved in these efforts, he explained.
"It takes about three years before a new variety can grow on many acres and at least five years before it grows on a significant number of acres," Mr. Handcock said.
Presently, no bakers are on the list of cooperators, but Mr. Wands would like that to change. "I want to see more thorough evaluation of the different varieties and to get bakers more involved in evaluation of the new varieties," he said.
Ms. Cogswell confirmed that several major bakeries tested samples in the past. In her experience, 1-lb loaves provided a better test of a new variety than pup loaves.
Current efforts at crop improvement have yielded positive results, but much progress remains. "I definitely see improvement in wheat, particularly in the mainstream for high-speed processes," Mr. Walker said. "There are things we want but don't yet have. For example, bakers want more absorption. And they want wheat flours that will meet the demands of high-speed processing."
Rye revival

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


hgcbf.info rank by Alexa is unknown. hgcbf.info is estimated to have average of unknown unique users every day. hgcbf.info has unknown pageviews every day and it makes about unknown USD daily. WebInspect estimates hgcbf.info to worth unknown USD.
The rank of hgcbf.info compare to all other sites. The best rank is 1.
Ammount of links pointing to hgcbf.info from other known websites.
The estimated avarage number of users that visit hgcbf.info every day.
The potential daily ads revenue of hgcbf.info. The estimation considers the traffic on the site, and the nature of it.
The potential yearly ads revenue of hgcbf.info. The estimation considers the traffic on the site, and the nature of it.
The estimated worth of hgcbf.info acording to it's ads revenues.
Title ɽ ֵ˰ Ʊ Ʊ 18898596623 ھ ?
Search terms assosiate with hgcbf.info.
Pepole who searched for the fallowing terms were also intrested in hgcbf.info.


Designed for busy primary care specialists and other first-line care providers, Conn's Current Therapy 2018, by Drs. Edward T. Bope and Rick D. Kellerman, delivers up-to-date treatment information in a concise yet in-depth format. Recognized leaders in the field provide their personal approaches and evidence-based clinical management options for the conditions you're most likely to see in your everyday practice.
Focuses on the most current diagnosis and treatment protocols for common complaints, acute diseases, and chronic illnesses - more than 300 topics, all carefully reviewed and updated.
"The quality, depth and width of material is excellent."
1 Not FDA approved for this indication.
2 Not available in the United States.
3 Exceeds dosage recommended by the manufacturer.
4 Not yet approved for use in the United States.
5 Investigational drug in the United States.
6 May be compounded by pharmacists.
7 Available as dietary supplement.
8 Orphan drug in the United States.
9 Available as homeopathic remedy.
10 Available in the United States from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


text:
El arroyo de la China es un pequeño curso de agua de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Uruguay, ubicado en la provincia argentina de Entre Ríos.

Nace en las afueras de la ciudad de Concepción del Uruguay, en el Departamento Uruguay y se dirige con rumbo este hasta desembocar en el río Uruguay marcando el límite sur del área urbana de dicha ciudad. Lo atraviesa la Ruta Nacional 14.

Antes de la fundación de Concepción del Uruguay, la precaria población preexistente en su lugar era conocida como Arroyo de la China, nombre que subsistió informalmente por mucho tiempo después.

Departamento Uruguay
Arroyos de la provincia de Entre Ríos
Afluentes del río Uruguay en la provincia de Entre Ríos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Complete this Application Form and book your course.
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In the additive RGB color model, color #9688ee (hexadecimal – hex triplet) has values of 150 (59% red), 136 (53% green) and 238 (93% blue). In the CMYK (subtractive color model), color #9688ee has values 37% cyan, 43% magenta, 0% yellow and 7% black. In the HSL model, it is represented by 248° hue, 75% saturation and 73% lightness. Win32 representation: DWORD COLORREF C=0x00ee8869. Decimal value is 9865454.
#9688ee is not web-safe (Netscape). Nearest web-safe color is #9999ff. #9688ee isn't X11 color, closest X11 color is LightSteelBlue (#b0c4de).
Related colors (alternatives): Perrywinkle, Lavender Blue, Periwinkle, Periwinkle Blue, MediumPurple1, RAL 280 60 35, RAL 290 60 35, RAL 570-4, RAL 270 70 25, Light Pastel Purple.
This table contains information about #9688ee color values in the most popular color spaces: RGB (additive color model), CMY, CMYK (subtractive color model), HSL, HSI, CIE XYZ. This data can be downloaded in JSON (9688ee.json) and CSV (9688ee.csv) formats.
Share your experience with #9688ee!


Customer Service and Quality Assurance: Building 100% Customer Satisfaction is our Enduring Goal – U.S. Metal Powders, Inc.
A skilled, dedicated and motivated team has a single-minded objective: our customer's satisfaction. Our in-depth engineering, chemical and metallurgical expertise provides customers with prompt and accurate technical support and assistance. USMP Customer Service Representatives are here to make sure you receive the right product, on time and to your specifications, the first and every time. Our aim is to please – from order to delivery – and every step along the way.
Our production and laboratory control systems and evaluations assure that our products meet customer requirements with unmatched consistency, reliability and safety – right down the line! Each production lot undergoes a stringent series of tests, such as particle size analysis and chemical testing of the molten metal and final product. Our aluminum products are manufactured from the highest purity metal and adhere to the strictest chemical and size standards. Our ISO certification and process parameters ensure consistent product quality from batch to batch. No matter what the product, you are guaranteed the exact same material manufactured to the same specifications using identical processes.


The latest figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that 105,237 people in Australia are experiencing homelessness, with 60% of those under the age of 35. Perhaps surprising to many people is that 44% of these are women, 13% are under the age of 12. These figures in a lucky country like Australia are disgraceful.
On 23 June 2016 I will join with Brisbane's community leaders and CEOs to spend one night on the streets as part of the Vinnies CEO Sleepout. We will experience homeless life in an endeavour to raise awareness and crucial funds for St Vincent's homeless services.
Last year I raised $1,520.00 through donations from clients, suppliers, family and friends. This year I am aiming to better this amount and hope you will join with me to do so. Please click here to sponsor me and donate to support this great cause.


Add water to the Hungry Jack Hashbrowns according to package instructions.
Sauté steak, onion, garlic, and mushrooms over high heat until onions are translucent and meat is almost fully cooked.
Chop tomatoes and place in the steak mixture along with the salt, stir until tomatoes are just cooked.
Layer your hashbrowns into a cast iron skillet, forming a bowl shape.
For crispy hashbrowns under your filling, place skillet in oven while you make the biscuit batter.
To make the biscuit topper, mix dry ingredients in a medium mixing bowl and liquids in another.
Combine the dry ingredients into the wet in 1/3 increments; stir until well combined. Set aside.
Fill the hashbrown "bowl" with the completely drained steak filling mixture.
Form biscuits into balls and drop on top of the steak filling, evenly spaced.
When oven is preheated, place the skillet into the oven and bake for 15-25 minutes or until biscuits are cooked all the way through and hashbrown edges are crispy.
Remove from oven, allow to cool to the touch, serve, and enjoy!.


text:
Отар Баркалая (, родился 17 февраля 1984 в Тбилиси) — грузинский регбист, флай-хав.

Биография
Выпускник Тбилисского технического университета. Выступал на протяжении своей регбийной карьеры за команду «Лело-Сарацины», французский «Фижак», долгое время выступает за команду «Волунтарис де Протексио Сивиль Андорра» из Андорры в чемпионате Франции (Федераль 3). Неоднократно набирал очки в матче за андоррскую команду, в ноябре 2014 года вернулся в Грузию, войдя в состав «Лело-Сарацин».

В составе сборной Грузии провёл 37 игр и набрал 49 очков, участвовал в Кубке мира 2007 года. Неоднократный участник розыгрыша Кубка европейских наций.

На начало 2018 года тренировал молодёжную команду «Сарацинов».

Свободно владеет испанским языком. Является двоюродным братом регбиста Георгия Рехиашвили, игравшего за «Андорру» (ум. в мае 2019 года).

Примечания

Ссылки

 Профиль на сайте Национальной библиотеки парламента Грузии

Регбисты Грузии
Игроки сборной Грузии по регби
Игроки РК «Фижак»
Игроки РК «Андорра»
Игроки РК «Лело-Сарацины»
Чемпионы Европы по регби
Регбийные тренеры Грузии


98.5% of tenancy deposits are handed back uncontested – so why do landlords still ask renters for almost £1000 just to move into their property?
We know what a headache finding a deposit can be, and what an unnecessary obstacle they are to moving into the property you want to live in.
We also know that being able to pay a deposit doesn't prove you're a reliable tenant.
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Lower the cost of renting even more by securing a No Claims Bonus.
As a Trusted Tenant you must still leave a property in the condition you entered. Any claims made will become part of your Trusted Tenant history.
How does the Trusted Tenant™ scheme work?


This so needs to be a thing. Builder Kosmas Santosa has mashed up Titanfall and classic World War II conflict in this amazing MOC. How cool would that alternate universe be? Imagine these things walking out of the water on Normandy Beach. Somebody call EA quick!


Duquesne University's Palumbo-Donahue School of Business Online Master's in Management Program has been ranked No. 34 of the Top 50 Best Values for 2017.
The ranking, from Value Colleges, reflects the growing need of working professionals who are looking at their resumes, credentials and career prospects and making a leap to online education to bolster their chances of promotion and advancement.
"We are pleased to be recognized for our commitment to providing quality education that delivers both value and a high return on investment," said Dr. Karen Donovan, associate dean of graduate programs and executive education at the Palumbo-Donahue School of Business. "The Master of Science in Management faculty deliver an enriching and challenging educational experience in an online environment that students have found to be engaging and immediately applicable to their careers."
At Duquesne, students gain the cutting-edge skills and the entrepreneurial mindset needed to succeed in any organization. The flexible, 30-credit online program can be completed in just one year. Students are able to make an immediate impact, effectively manage people and seize opportunities in their organizations.
An experienced professional or working adult who has a non-business bachelor's degree and finds themselves in a managerial role or wants to progress in their career to management.
Value Colleges considers the following metrics in determining the Top 50 Online Master's in Management Degrees of 2017: reputation derived from U.S. News & World Report; graduate salaries determined from the U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard; and tuition listed on an institution's website.


text:
Longstock is een civil parish in het bestuurlijke gebied Test Valley, in het Engelse graafschap Hampshire met 457 inwoners.

Civil parish in Hampshire


Democratic Sen. Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut said Tuesday he's told his family and others to switch planes rather than fly on the Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft, following the deadly crash in Ethiopia over the weekend.
Sen. Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) reacts to Paul Manafort's 47-month prison sentence for convictions stemming from special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.
The signatories included potential or confirmed presidential candidates Sanders, Amy Klobuchar, Sherrod Brown, Kirsten Gillibrand, Elizabeth Warren and Cory Booker. Also signing the letters were Senators Richard Blumenthal and Tom Udall. The senators noted the four largest wireless carriers including AT&T Inc and Verizon Communications Inc control 98 percent of the market.
NHL TV Blackouts & Why They Happen?


There is one problem of Google OAuth 1a. From 20 April, 2015, Google will no support for OAuth 1 protocol any more. If you use Scribe Java API to work with Google OAuth 1.0, you must change your code.
Goto "APIs and auth/Consent screen", to create a Product Name.
In case you use OAuth2.0 on a web application, you will have to create ClientID for that web application. Parallel, you declare the redirecting link (The link will be redirected to after user logs in his/her google account and allows your application to connect with Google OAuth).
ClientID is created, in which the two most important kinds of information are Client ID and Client Secret. You need to have it in Java code (Illustrated in the following example).
Note: You can create multiple ClientID information for your different applications.
Regrettably, GooleApi is used for Google OAuth 1, not for Google OAuth 2.0. You also cannot find Google2Api class in the library of Scribe 1.3.7 (Maybe it is due to copyright problem).
"Response body is incorrect. Can't extract a token from this: '"
Create a class MyConstants, to store Client ID and Client Secret that you previously created on Google Developers Console.
// Copy this URL and run in browser.
System.out.println("(if your curious it looks like this: "
// Now let's go and ask for a protected resource!
After you log in Google account, Google requires User to allow application to see some information of the account. Click on Accept to allow it.


If you are looking for a beautiful house in a brilliant location this will be the house for you!
The property is located just a short walk away from local schools and Arnold town centre.
The house itself has plenty to offer with a clever extension to the rear of the property creating a light and spacious kitchen and lounge/diner.
The ground floor also holds a good sized lounge.
The first floor carries three bedrooms and a modern bathroom.
Outside there is a enclosed generous sized garden.


Indonesia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh may be geographically small, but their dense populations make them the fourth, sixth and eighth largest countries in terms of humanity. With an estimated 624 million people living in these places, one out of every twelve souls on the planet lives within their boundaries.
FMI currently partners with scores of indigenous church planters and evangelists courageously serving in the world's three largest Muslim-dominant countries. They challenges they face are many – about 740 different languages are spoken within these countries, Christians often face extreme discrimination or persecution, and poverty is rampant (especially for the marginalized Christians). But it is important to understand that even if a culture or government is closed to the gospel, in no way does that mean individual hearts are closed. Nothing can stop the move of Jesus Christ's Spirit as he calls men everywhere to himself (John 12:32)!
In fact, in the past year, nearly 2,000 people living in these lands placed their faith in Jesus Christ as a result of the ministries of FMI-supported church planters and evangelists…and dozens of new churches were begun! For $120 a month, you can join the movement of committed partners to help empower a pastor and his congregation radiate the light of Christ in these dark corners of the world.


The 1999 excavation at Tell Halif in southern Israel by the Lahav Research Project was the culmination of a long development in our approach to primary research in the ancient world under the influence of digital technologies. Like other excavation projects in the region, the Lahav Research Project, too, had turned already in 1977 to record-keeping and maintenance of databases by means of "portable" computers. And while the introduction of the computer to our excavation and recording procedures was an important step, it was not until the 1999 season that we found it necessary to change our field procedures significantly in order to make use of the broader capabilities of digital recording. That is, our experience with digital recording in the field leads us to believe that the equipment itself has altered significantly the way material is (ought to be) recovered, recorded, and reported.
Both that conclusion about the changes digital equipment brings to the discipline and the gradual movement by the Lahav Research Project to full use of digital equipment in doing archaeology are based on factors that characterize the field of study in general. The first of these is that excavators at ancient near eastern tell sites suffer from a wealth of data; for example, even the moderate-sized Tell Halif consists of some seventeen major occupation strata, one built atop another to a depth of more than six meters. Since all the depositions that make up the mound of Tell Halif resulted from human activity, a seven to thirteen acre site (size variations in different periods) will yield thousands of artifacts in a single six-week field-season. Even extracting from consideration the most common artifact at a tell site, the potsherd, which in our system is treated separately from other artifacts, nonetheless, the wealth and diversity of artifacts may be overwhelming to a recording and reporting system. Indeed, some older excavation reports do little more than indicate the number of artifacts of a given type with no further analyses presented or attempted. In the past, archaeologists–even the most responsible ones–have found it imposible to do more than to publish representative examples from the large numbers actually recovered.
A second factor–clearly related to the first–is that final reports in this branch of archaeology are often delayed by decades. Indeed, it is not uncommon for twenty years or more to elapse between final excavation season and final publication. Often there are good reasons for the delays; time is needed to process materials in laboratory settings, and many project directors earn their wages not from archaeology directly but from teaching and administrative positions in universities. Yet, the delay in the availability of excavation data means that other scholars cannot make use of information critical to their work.
A third factor in our exploratory use (for archaeologists) of digital technology is that costs associated with standard means of publication prohibit even the best-intentioned archaeologist from displaying data in but the smallest or representative way. And the selections of materials to exhibit in monograph or journal will likely be those that are the "most interesting" or "rare," skewing unintentionally the depiction of the data towards those interesting or rare and away from the common. One of the unfortunate results of this limitation of print media is that the main body of collections remains essentially unavailable to scholars and to alternate interpretations.
Recognizing these factors the Lahav Research Project, first under the direction of Dr. Joe D. Seger, engaged in a type of experimental "pre-publication" of raw data via a website titled DigMaster. In the wake of the 1992 and 1993 seasons, in which some 545 artifacts of just one type (ceramic figurine) were recovered in Field IV, DigMaster was created to allow the early display in graphic format of all of the data, not the figurines alone, from these two seasons. As a result some 1895 color photographs, 331 ink drawings, 85 QuickTime VR movies, 68 plans and soil profiles (sections), as well as summary reports for each of the fifteen 4 m. X 4 m. excavation units were placed on-line as early as 1995. While this effort does not represent "final publication" of the field data, it does make available all of our data in an early "pre-publication" stage. The DigMaster project successfully demonstrated that early distribution of data is possible and that it could be done in such a way that the resulting "database" was not skewed by selective publication schemes; we also concluded that early distribution or "pre-publication" of "raw" data is an obigation to the field of research. Nonetheless, we also came to see that the DigMaster "pre-publication" we employed was dictated by the fact that we, too, had not been prepared to manage successfully such a large number of artifacts; only "after the fact" did it occur to us that we had an obligation to make all of the data available and to do so early in the processes of analysis. That recognition led to the experimental season of 1999.
PART I. A Digital Season.
In the 1999 season, then, we determined to test the limits of the digital equipment and our newly devised recording system in a modest-sized field season, a "digital dig." Based on past experience and the numbers of finds during the 1992 and 1993 seasons, as well as on needs for additional stratigraphic and architectural information, we selected a few small segments to excavate in Fields I and IV. In doing so we planned to establish digital stations at several places on the tell in order to learn more about various strata. I had estimated that we would (in a shortened, four-week season) recover perhaps as many as 125 examples of the ceramic figurines in Field IV and as many as 100 other artifacts, such as flint blades, from Field I. We intended to have all artifacts processed (photographed, drawn, and described), all architectural drawings and profiles/sections inked and scanned, and a final field summary prepared by the end of the fifth week. In addition, our plans called for us to make regular postings of data, photos, and drawings on our website, so that experts not in the field could scrutinize and evaluate work as it appeared on daily postings.
The benefits of this digital digging proved highly beneficial, recommending the procedures to other excavation projects, though not without significant alterations to planning and approach to a field season. Of course, while much of what we planned was successful, in reality the experiment was somewhat adversely affected by the failure of communications via modem from the field in Israel to the server located in the Cobb Institute of Archaeology in Mississippi; we were unable to make daily postings as we had planned, because older equipment at Kibbutz Lahav broke transmission after 7 minutes on-line. Furthermore, contrary to expectations, we actually discovered more than three times the predicted number of artifacts; the numbers of artifacts created a backlog in processing that was not completed until our return to the United States.
The first benefit to be realized is that of a "paperless excavation"; team supervisors recorded all data on laptops which were, in turn, hard-wired to a laptop-server that assured shared information at all the various stations and assigned registration numbers as required. A typical entry by a team supervisor includes description of the activity undertaken, three-dimensional location of the activity (or artifact/object, feature, soil layer), standardized technical descriptions, and a list of relationships between the soil layer, feature or architectural element and others (below, above, abuts, cuts, etc.) These–and others were available to the supervisor on drop-down windows in the Microsoft Access application written by Christpher Holland. Record-keeping became simpler, in part because the on-screen report form provided all of the "blanks" that needed to be completed, as well as options to fill the blank or box, but also because within a few days most of the students and volunteer excavators had been trained on the entry of data. (An unanticipated benefit of the digital recording on laptops was that the newly trained students soon learned to look for relevant data as they excavated.) More importantly, the freshly entered data was immediately available to all wired locations in our excavation system: field, lab, photo studio.
Because the manual entry of data–even using a laptop computer–involves inadvertent recording errors, we also needed some check on the procedures that would reveal problems while the excavation teams were still in the field, indeed while excavation of a feature, architectural element, soil layer, or object was still in process. The creation of a three-dimensional grid by John Vander Zwaag served this purpose exceptionally well. His program (called by him "DigDug") automatically retrieved data as it was entered and represented them as points (for objects recorded in situ) within three-dimensional field and area grids, or as three-dimensional cubes, lenses or spherical or globular shapes, depending on whether the excavated locus (three-dimensional entity) was a layer of soil, a pit, a wall, a floor, etc. From moment to moment the on-screen representation of all of the excavation procedures would appear as most recently recorded or changed.
Furthermore, because some of the laboratory activities were moved to the tell itself, a minimum amount of data entry (e.g., artifact type, field identification, sizes, etc.) was completed even before the objects were sorted for assignment to the conservationist, photographer, artist, etc. The photographer, or other staff member, could then see the number and types of material that would soon appear at her station for treatment, just as supervisors could determine that photography of an artifact had been completed, because photographs were posted in the same database and were seen at all other stations, including those in the field. The immediate availability of all data was an important gain for the field procedures of the season.
Tell Halif, whose ancient name is unknown, is a medium-sized, 7.5 acre site in southern Israel, with a history of occupation which began in the Chalcolithic era (ca. 3500 BCE) down to the modern settlement of Kibbutz Lahav (founded in 1963 CE). This record of occupation is marked, significantly, by long periods of abandonment, which correspond to the re-settlement of nearby Tell Beit Mirsim (8 km to the north.) Human exploitation of the resources of the territory surrounding Halif and Beit Mirsim, particularly throughout the Bronze ages, attests that the region was environmentally incapable of supporting more than one major settlement at a time, at least until external national government support (specifically the kingdom of Judah) maintained both Halif and Beit Mirsim as fortified border towns; during the Bronze Ages, human settlement alternated between the two sites.
Because the town was located at the juncture of the Judaean hills, the Shephelah and the Negev, people at Halif (and at Beit Mirsim) faced annual rainfall of 300 mm., a fact which necessitated dry-farming techniques and, when crops failed, temporary abandonment of the environmentally marginal region. At other times the destruction of Halif or Beit Mirsim resulted in abandonment and precipitated movement to the sister site across the valley.
The importance of Halif resides, then, in large part in the levels and means of adaptation to environmental and political conditions. Occupation of the mound site began with the construction on virgin soil of a heavily fortified town of the Early Bronze III (Stratum XV), though an earlier village settlement (Stratum XVI) of some size, ca. 15-20 acres, had been located at the foot of the hill on which Halif was later founded; this non-fortified Chalcolithic-Early Bronze I village had been abandoned already for some three centuries before new arrivals to Halif began to clear soil to bedrock in order firmly to foot the heavy stone and brick fortification walls which they built to protect the newly established town. The curtain wall, still standing 4 m. high when exposed in Field I, varied in thickness from 3.5 m. to 7 m. and was incorporated into a protective system of outer walls and a sloped ramp of crushed limestone (to the full 4 m. height of the fortification's stone base.) At places an additional 1.2 m. of brick superstructure survived atop the stone base. This heavily fortified town, founded probably to engage in the production and trade of lithic tools, nonetheless suffered destruction by fire less than a century later. The Stratum XV fortified town was succeeded by three non-fortified villages (Strata XIV-XII) on the tell, eventually to be abandoned until the beginning of the Late Bronze (Canaanite) era, ca. 1550 BCE.
In the 1999 season a house of the final Early Bronze III town (Stratum XII) was excavated as part of the experiment in digital recording and reporting. The house sat on one the highest of a series of three terraces that had been built to take advantage of the eastern slope of the tell. The terrace-wall was also the retaining wall for a narrow street that led up the slope between houses. Houses stood well above the street and were constructed of fieldstone walls topped with a brick superstructure. The compacted earth floors were covered with pottery and other household objects smashed in place in the destruction of the house. A deep stone mortar A11105 set into earth floor A11104 attests to domestic, food-production activity.
In order to establish patterns of activities in these 24th century BCE houses, artifacts were plotted on all floors. In situ objects were photographed as discovered, often drawn in place by an architect. Each artifact was then assigned a unique, identifying number and was sent the the Object Registrar to begin the process of description, photography and drawing, all on-site. The same treatment was afforded architectural features–photography, drawing, measurement and description of physical characteristics.
Following a destruction by fire of the final Early Bronze settlement (Stratum XII) the tell appears to have suffered abandonment, remaining essentially uninhabited for the next eight centuries, while neighboring Tell Beit Mirsim reflects an active settlement throughout the Middle Bronze era. Finally, Tell Halif was once again the center of occupation following the burning of Beit Mirsim, probably at the hands of avenging Egyptians. This Late Bronze (Canaanite) village, non-fortified throughout its long history (Strata XI-VIII), soon reflected the dominance of Egypt, which controlled all of southern Syria-Palestine as part of its northern empire.
The final Late Bronze occupation of Halif marked in itself a major change in the nature of the architecture and of the function of the site. Strata XI-IX contained houses typical of the era, whereas the architecture of Stratum VIII consisted primarily of stone-lined silos sunk into a specially-prepared, deep fill of wet clay, loess, and general debris. In Late Bronze IIB (str. VIII) Tell Halif functioned as a depot for the collection and redistribution of grain, probably as taxation to be used to support the royal city of Gaza, some 35 km. to the west.
In the 1999 season excavation was also conducted on the western edge of the tell in Field IV, where in earlier seasons substantial remains of the 8th century BCE Judahite town were uncovered beneath soil layers rich with hundreds of ceramic figurines which derived from a 5th century Persian age cultic site once located there.
In late Iron II (8th century BCE) Tell Halif, probably the Biblical site "Rimmon", served the kingdom of Judah as a border-fortress. The heavy fortifications (including casemate wall and stone-covered glacis) enclosed approximately 7 acres, a limitation which forced houses to be built against each other or to share walls. In Field IV a row of three pillared houses were first uncovered in the 1992 and 1993 seasons, and more fully exposed during the 1999 season. The houses were destoyed probably in 701 BCE by a raiding party from the main army led by the Assyrian king Sennacherib in siege against nearby ancient Lachish.
That destruction sealed in these three houses, beneath fallen bricks, roofing material, and support beams, nearly two hundred whole and restorable ceramic vessels, household items such as loom weights and stone tools, metal weapons, two iron plows, balance scale weights used in local commerce, beads and other jewelry, as well as thousands of samples of animal and fish bones (plus a few fish scales), charred grain and grape pips, legumes and other cereals as evidene of the diet. Finally, the "long room" of the northernmost pillared house enclosed a 'house shrine,' which featured the molded head of a 'pillar figurine' (the goddess 'Asherah), two carved limestone blocks (possibly 'masseboth'), and an incense stand.
In the debris layers above the Iron II houses of Stratum VI, just as encountered in earlier seasons, in 1999 we recovered another large corpus of ceramic figurines that belong typologically to the Persian era of the 5th c. BCE. Though they were found in soil that had been long ago disturbed by people seeking buried building stones, they nonetheless attest to an active religious ritual at Halif. Similar to rituals practiced elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, that represented by the figurines at Halif probably found the ceramics useful as votary objects to stand in the presence of the deity or deities. The figurine finds from the 1999 season range from horse and rider to fragments of feet and pedestals. The entire corpus of figurines may beviewed on the DigMaster site.
The value of the 1999 experimental field season, however, derives less from the physical discoveries, and more from the insights this experience with digital equipment in the field bring to the processes of recovery of past cultures. Though the 1999 season was both experimental and limited to four weeks, several observations and conclusions may be drawn from it. We believe that these should be generalized for other excavation projects.
For the first time in the history of modern archaeology it is now possible to manage and to report successfully relatively large numbers of artifacts and data. The "wealth" of artifacts the excavator encounters may now–with modern digital technology–be recorded in increasingly sophisticated ways and displayed as graphic illustrations in databases readily available to numerous people simultaneously. We conclude that, because it is possible at a relatively inexpensive fare, it is also obligatory that the excavator report data-sets fully. But, in fact, the potential of digital recording/reporting also changes one's perspectives on the entire excavation-collection process. Because so much more is possible, so much more is necessary; how and what one collects is genuinely affected, as it should be. Even how one sees the soil layers and the collectionof data is altered by the capacities to record and report so much more. Technology, in this instance, necessarily structures field and research strategies.
The objection that bodies of material are sometimes too numerous to record and report fully should, we believe, bring pause to the excavator to reconsider priorities. If we take as axiom that it is the responsibility of the excavator to report fully, the converse is that this obligates the excavator to plan in order to be able to record and to report fully. The gains in digital management, recording, and reporting, while simplifying some aspects, actually lenthens the recording aspects. Digital photography, for example, shortens delivery time of the image and eliminates costs of film; it also makes possible/necessary that much more photography be made part of the plans of an excavation season. The LRP photographic record, for example, increased by thousands in the 1999 season over those of pre-digital seasons. And, while digital photography permits considerable latitude in documentation, it is also true that most often each digital image requires manipulation in a computer program (such as Adobe Photoshop), sizing for easy transmission or for appropriate appearance on monitors, and archiving. In addition, our VR movies consist of a minimum of 36 still photographs, all of which receive batch and individual preparation prior to processing to a VR movie.
The second conclusion from the attempts of LRP in managing its excavation data is that the projects also are obligated to 'pre-publish' data. The era of holding information for decades must end; the responsibility to reveal data before final interpretation has arrived with decisive force in the application of digital technologies to archaeology. No longer may important collections of material disappear into archives scarcely ever to be seen again or to be available to alternate interpretations. Early dissemination ('pre-publication') of excavation data and graphic illustrations of artifacts will assure the usefulness of the excavation and will add dramatically to archaeological databases; such early and full publication will also address a significant need in near eastern archaeology, the virtual inaccessibility of comparative material because they are hidden behind necessarily limited traditional publications or may be found only with extreme effort in the archives of countries of origin. Digital databases, though not as 'good' as the objects in hand, offer a workable solution to the problem.
Finally, the capabilities and the demands that digital recording/reporting bring to the excavation project require a staff that are knowledgable about various aspects of digital technology. For example, in the 1999 season, two staff members were full-time computer facilitators. However, the project needed another full-time computer person (even though the team numbered only 37) and twice the six laptop computers for daily work. Staff makeup must change to include technical people to maintain digital equipment, and start-up costs must dedicate sufficient funds for basic digital tools.
Abel, M. 1938. Geographie de la Palestine. II. Paris.
Aharoni, Y. 1967. The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. London: Burns and Oates.
Kloner, A. 1980. Hurvat Rimmon, 1979, Israel Exploration Journal 30: 226-228.
Seger, J.D. 1984. The Location of Biblical Ziklag: An Identity Crisis, Biblical Archaeologist 47: 47-53.
Article Title: "Ancient World, Digital World: Excavation at Halif "


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US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson meets Turkish foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Ankara, Turkey, on March 30, 2017. Image: US State Dept
Home/Middle East/Turkey tells US to "immediately withdraw" from Manbij, Syria
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Turkey tells US to "immediately withdraw" from Manbij, Syria
Fergus Kelly January 27, 2018
Turkey on Saturday urged the United States to withdraw personnel from Manbij in northern Syria after Ankara said the U.S. said it would stop arming the predominantly Kurdish Syrian People's Protection Units (YPG) militia that Turkey is fighting in Efrin.
As Turkey's offensive in Syria entered its second week, Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said it was "necessary for them [the U.S.] to immediately withdraw from Manbij", where U.S. troops are on the ground.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has repeatedly threatened to expand the offensive against the YPG to Manbij, east of Efrin.
Sinam Mohamed, a Washington, D.C.-based representative of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria which administers both Efrin and Manbij told reporters on Tuesday that, after Efrin, Turkey will target all of northern Syria.
Manbij was captured from ISIS by the Syrian Democratic Forces in 2016 as part of a campaign that later led to the capture of Raqqa.
Will Turkey attack Manbij?
Turkey's Operation Olive Branch was launched on January 20, and has seen Turkish air strikes, artillery bombardments and armored vehicles used to support Syrian opposition fighters fighting on the ground against the YPG in its western enclave of Efrin.
Relations between the two NATO allies have worsened since Turkey began the operation, with the U.S. urging restraint, fearing an impact on the fight against Islamic State. There have also been expressions of concern over the offensive from Ankara's other Western allies including the European Union.
The U.S.-led Coalition does not support Turkey's unilateral action in Syria and is committed to supporting the SDF in the fight against ISIS, a spokesperson told The Defense Post.
One of the major issues is the U.S. supplying the YPG with arms since last year. The militia has spearheaded Syrian Democratic Forces in the fight against ISIS.
"The U.S. must cut its ties with a terror organisation. It must take back the weapons it has given," Cavusoglu said on Saturday, adding Turkey "now wanted to see concrete steps taken."
The Turkish presidency said U.S. National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster told Erdogan's spokesperson Ibrahim Kalin in a phone call late Friday that Washington would no longer "give weapons to the YPG."
During their call, McMaster and Kalin agreed to coordinate closely in order to prevent misunderstandings.
The contact came just days after Washington and Ankara bitterly contested each other's accounts of a telephone call between Erdogan and U.S. President Donald Trump. A White House statement said Trump urged Turkey to "limit its military actions," but a Turkish official said this was not an accurate reflection of the leaders' conversation.
Turkey views the YPG and its linked PYD political party which together control Efrin as extensions of Turkey's Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which has fought a decades-long insurgency mainly in Turkey's majority-Kurdish southwest. The PKK has been designated a terrorist organisation the U.S., the E.U. among others, but the YPG has not.
"God willing we will crush them like a steam roller," Erdogan said Saturday during a speech in Istanbul.
Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yildirim hit out at critics, explaining the "operation was not an option but a necessity."
Earlier this month, the Coalition said it was working to create a 30,000-strong Syrian border security force comprised in part of veteran SDF fighters.
Efrin faces humanitarian "tragedy"
Health workers in Efrin told AFP they feared the offensive would lead to a humanitarian "tragedy."
"Medication and humanitarian aid necessary to help civilians will soon run out," said Khalil Sabri Ahmed, head of the main hospital in Efrin.
The U.N. children's agency UNICEF said at least 11 children were killed since the operation began.
Turkey's AFAD emergencies agency head Mehmet Gulluoglu said they were making plans for a camp to be established in Azaz "in the face of a possible refugee influx from Afrin."
UN Syria envoy De Mistura to attend Sochi congress
Efrin Efrîn canton H.R. McMaster Manbij Mevlut Cavusoglu SDF Syria Turkey US YPG
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ICE arrests 19 in San Bernardino County
By Melissa Pinion-Whitt | Melissa.Pinion-Whitt@inlandnewspapers.com and San Bernardino County Sun | |
PUBLISHED: September 28, 2011 at 12:00 a.m. | UPDATED: August 30, 2017 at 9:24 a.m.
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement personnel arrested 19 people in San Bernardino County during a seven-day nationwide sweep targeting criminal illegal immigrants, officials said Wednesday.
The ICE operation – which began Sept. 17 – netted 2,900 arrests across the country, including 214 in Southern California.
Of those, 146 had prior criminal convictions for serious felonies, including assault, child abuse and drug trafficking, ICE officials said.
"We're really targeting the most egregious criminals we know about residing in our area of responsibility," said Bob Naranjo, assistant field office director for ICE in Los Angeles.
Of the Inland Empire cities where arrests were made, Victorville topped the list with four people taken into custody. Rialto and San Bernardino came in second with three arrests each.
ICE officials did not release information on the people arrested or their specific offenses.
But Naranjo said the nationwide arrest number is a record for ICE.
"For the Los Angeles field office, it was a record number as well," he said.
ICE has conducted similar operations since 2009, including a nationwide effort in May.
The people arrested in Southern California include 59 who will face prosecution by the U.S. Attorney's Office on various charges, including illegal reentry after deportation. The felony charge carries a sentence of as much as 20 years in prison.
The area arrests included 103 in Los Angeles County, 37 in Orange County, 20 in Riverside County, nine in Santa Barbara County and 26 in Ventura County.
– melissa.pinion-whitt@inlandnewspapers.com, 909-386-3878
Melissa Pinion-Whitt
San Bernardino County Sun


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