This is a library of archived copies of the "Backyard Views", a quarterly newsletter produced by The Backyard Gardeners and handouts and information from our "Garden Talk" speakers.
You may sign up to receive notices of our programming and the current newsletter via email at gardenguru@thebackyardgardeners.org.
The Backyard Gardeners present a "Garden Talk" once a month. Frequently, speakers provide handouts for the programs. Below are the handouts from the current "Garden Talks".
"There Are Worms in My Kitchen" presented by Bill Jowers, Chowan County, NC Master Gardener Volunteer. Bill's talk was on vermiculture and vermicomposting basics. Handouts include info on making a worm bin, setting up the worm bin, prepared worm starter kits sold by the speaker, and resources for more information on vermiculture and vermicomposting.
"To Prune or Not to Prune..."
Mik Lestyan, Chesapeake City Arborist discussed "Pruning Young Trees" and demonstrates the correct methods and tools. A comprehensive manual of pruning information gathered from Virginia Tech is found below. A list of certified arborists in Hampton Roads and information from two other sources quoted in the program are also listed.
Elizabeth Meska, Lifestypes by Elizabeth, presented a program on herbs for selecting, growing and using herbs in Tidewater. Elizabeth is a Nofolk Master Gardener, noted herb specialist, and board member of the Fred Heutte Center in Norfolk. She is a personal chef and has a newsletter with information on herbs and their uses. Handouts were available to each attendee with information on herbs and how to make a bouquet garni. Sign up for Elizabeth's monthly email newsletter at elizabeth.meska@cox.net.
Ginny Moritz, local garden maven, discussed how to determine a theme for a garden, how to select plants and use garden art and accessories to enhance the garden and demonstrate your theme. She showed photos of a variety of theme gardens and how to use your interests and hobbies to accent your gardens. Ginny showed a variety of different garden art and explained how to make them.
Vickie Shufer, naturalist and publisher, discussed the best native plants for our area and how to use them in your gardens. She explained which plants are the best to attract wildlife to your yard and showed pictures of each plant. Vickie is an expert in wild food foraging and teaches a variety of nature programs in the area. She also had a selection of native plants for sale. To find out about her programming and the plants she has available check her website at www.ecoimages-us.com or contact her at EcoImages@cox.net.
Doris Flattum, Harbinger Lavender Farm, Harbinger, NC, discussed the best plants for our humid conditions, the cultural conditions needed for growing lavender successfully, and how to use the harvest. Attached are the handouts for cultural information, recipes for Lavender Lemon Cookies and Lavender Brownies. For more information from the Harbinger Lavender Farm, contact Doris at harbingerlavender@hotmail.com.
Mr. Walker can be contacted at tsarsearch4u@cox.net if you have any questions.
Liz presented a program on the value of Rich Earth soil amendments and explained how the quality of the soil directly impacts the quality of your flowers, trees, shrubs, vegetables and lawn. Detailed information was given on the benefits of adding organic material to your soil. For more information on specific products, check her website at http://www.richearth.net/.
Terri offered information regarding the practical usage of organic products and answered questions. Her experience with gardening and working with the Hermitage Museum proved invaluable.
"Bulbs with a Southern Accent"
Audrey Knall, member of The Backyard Gardeners and the Tidewater Orchid Society, presented a program on choosing and caring for houseplants. She presented the cultural information needed to grow and maintain beautiful, healthy indoor plants. Audrey provided lists of plants for all conditions and discussed pests and diseases common in houseplants and how to treat them. The handout lists air filtering plants, easy houseplants, low light houseplants, top flowering houseplants and poisonous houseplants. Cultural and descriptions are given for each.
For comprehensive information on houseplants including profiles on different houseplants, care, types of plants and tips, please check Guide to Houseplants. This website is well organized and contains a wealth of valuable information.
The Backyard Gardeners presented their annual decorating naturally and demonstrated using tomato cages to make outdoor trees for decoration or to feed the birds. Natural materials from the gardens was used. A reception followed with goodies prepared by the members and some attendees. Thanks so much to all who attended and those who shared food items and recipes. The recipes for some of the items and a wonderful recipe for suet cakes from Walt and Aurie Baldwin that are a favorite of their birds are attached.
Happy holidays to all and thanks so much for supporting us in our events in 2010. We look forward to bigger and better programming in 2011!!!!
"Vegetable Gardening 101" presented by Gill Gillespie from the Norfolk Master Gardeners. Gill is an avid gardener and teaches classes on soil preparation and vegetable gardening for all the local master gardener groups. He is also the project coordinator for the Virginia Barnyard Garden at the Virginia Zoological Park. He provided information on Fertilizing the Vegetable Garden from Virginia Extension Service, a list of planting times for vegetables in our area and a companion plant list. Click on each item to access the information.
"Day Tripping: Local Gardens" presented by The Backyard Gardeners offered a virtual tour of 18 gardens within a 3 hour radius of Hampton Roads Virginia. The goal is to spotlight gardens that are easily reasched and toured that can offer inspiration and entertainment. Many are ones that may not be as well known. Ten (10) gardens in Virginia and four (4) each in Washington, DC and Eastern North Carolina were highlighted. The informational sheet gives the links for each site.
"Propagation: Cuttings and Seeds" presented by Vickie Pepper, Plant Propagator at the Norfolk Botanical Gardens showed how to make the most of the plants you have by collecting and planting seeds and taking cuttings from your existing plants. Vickie shared the best kept secrets of propagation and guided us through the processes that will ensure success. Each person left with a set of plants they propagated using the methods Vickie discussed. Vickie has a degree in Horticulutre from Tidewater Community College and is a Master Gardener. For more information on the gardens and horticulture at the Norfolk Botanical Garden check out their website, http://www.norfolkbotanicalgarden.org/gardens-horticulture.
Ronnie Baum, life member of the Virginia Bonsai Society and owner of Tiny Tree Bonsai in Virginia Beach, presented "Bonsai for You", an introduction to the art of bonsai. He explained the techniques of bonsai, discussed how to achieve a bonsai and showed examples of completed bonsai. Ronnie provided historical background into the art, talked about the different styles and clarified the techniques used to create bonsai. He has presented numerous training sessions and classes across the country and enjoys spreading the word on the proper techniques of bonsai. For more information on bonsai, check the Virginia Bonsai Society at http://www.virginiabonsai.org/.
Rich and Rickki Sterrett, owners of Sterrett Gardens on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, presented " The Many Faces of Daylilies". highlighting the most popular perennial in American gardens. The discussed the classes of daylilies, how to choose, grow and maintain these versatile perennial plants and gave tips on how to effectively incorporate them into your gardens. They showed examples of some of their many different cultivars and offered demonstrations on dividing and planting your daylilies. The Sterretts are very experienced and well-known in their field and their gardens are an official American Hemerocallis Display Garden. The gardens are open during June and July for tours and information can be found at http://sterrettgardens.com/.
"What Bugs You in the Garden?", presented by Margie Cooper from Smithfield Gardens, outlined some of the most common pests and diseases that annoy the gardeners in Tidewater Virginina and NE North Carolina. Using a powerpoint program, Margie showed the pest or disease, the damage caused and most commonly used methods of control. She also stressed that starting with good soil and using good gardening practices helps solve a number of issues with both pests and diseases. Smithfield Gardens has a free newsletter and a wealth of educational programs and free literature available on a variety of gardening topics. For more information, check Smithfield Gardens.
Members of The Backyard Gardeners presented, "You and Your Lawn", a practical guide to the easy methods of fall lawn care. The types of lawn, cool season and warm season were explained. Since fall is the appropriate season for installing or maintaining cool season grasses, the porgram concentrated on the common tasks necessary to maintain that type of lawn in our area. Warm season grass care for the fall was also discussed and a brief explanation of treatment of warm season grasses in the spring was given. Information was provided on the steps to maintain or create a new cool season lawn in the fall, how to deal with weeds and what weeds should be treated in the fall. The importance of soil test kits was stressed and kits were made available. Calendars outlining the maintenance tasks for both cool and warm season grasses were available. For grass maintenance calendars and more information on seasonal lawn care, check the Virginia Tech Extension Service website.
Janet Dillender, a canning specialist, presented "Preserving the Bounty", a very informative program on preserving the produce from your home gardens. She discussed the methods of water bath canning, dehyration and pickling. She discussed the basics of each method, explained the equipment needed and showed examples of each type of preservation. Janet provided a wealth of information and had numerous handouts. The samples were great also! Janet has a vast educatonal background as a Home Economist and Consumer Educator and teaches classes on a variety of canning techinques throughout the area. Listed are materials she provided to the group from Virginia Tech Extension and the University of Missouri Extension.
"What Not to Do in the Garden in Fall", presented by The Backyard Gardeners offered a unique view of the things you should and shouldn't do in the garden in fall. Everything from the types of plants to purchase and install, proper pruning, mulching basics, treatment of houseplants, proper planting of trees and shrubs, fall lawn care, treatment of vegetable gardens, fall and winter bird feeding techniques and much much more were presented to help insure success in your gardens both now and in upcoming seasons. The group stressed fall maintenance as a way to make the spring gardening season easier and more successful. Information from a variety of sources was included. Maintenance calendars for warm season grasses and cool season grasses created by Virginia Tech Extension were shown as well as a variety of literature from Wild Birds Unlimited on numerous birding topics.
"Living With Houseplants" presented by Vickie Pepper, propagationist at the Norfolk Botanical Garden, discussed the ins-and-outs of houseplant care. She showed examples of different houseplants, gave the cultural information for each and talked about the best houseplants for each type of environment. She discussed the care and feeding of houseplants and showed a variety of ways to display your houseplants. Vickie is an expert propagator, so she discussed and demonstrated the ways to increase your number of plants by dividing and taking cuttings. She speaks to a variety of groups and offers training classes at the Norfolk Botanical Garden.
Jason Heizer, Barlett Tree Experts presented "To Prune or Not to Prune..." outlining the correct tools, techniques and timing for all pruning situations for homeowners. He talked about the types of pruning and how to prune to promote growth, prevent or correct damage and improve the tree or shrubs's health. He highlighted safety issues and showed the proper tools for each pruning situation. Jason answered questions and gave tips on how to pick a professional tree service and the questions to ask to make sure the company is qualified.
"Worm Composting for Everyone" presented by Kandy Keith, Chesapeake Master Gardeners, was a practical look at the way anyone and everyone can compost with worms in their own homes. She discussed the reasons for vermicomposting (composting with worms) and gave the specific benefits of vermicompost. Kandy has composted in this manner for 4 years and offered a quick and easy means to start and maintain your own "worms". She showed a step-by-step method of making a worm composting bin and provided the written directions. Kandy shared some of her worms with anyone who wanted them and folks left ready to start their own vermicomposting. Directions for making your own bin are listed below.
Pam Fisher and Charles Lastinger, Chesapeake Master Gardeners, presented a program on Water Conservation and demonstrated how to make a rain barrel. Pam discussed watershed areas, sources for water, reasons for pollution, steps homeowners can take to lessen the impact of pollution to our waterways and steps we can take to conserve water. Charles demonstrated making a rain barrel from a 55 gallon food quality plastic drum and talked about the installation and maintenance of the barrel. Both Pam and Charles discussed the upcoming rainbarrel workshops presented by the Chesapeake Extension Service, Public Works Dept. and the Chesapeake Master Gardeners. Handouts presented and registration for the workshops are listed below.
Carol Watkins, Tidewater Beekeepers Association, spoke about honey bees and their importance to gardeners. She shared her experiences keeping bees and growing kiwis on her farm in Knotts Island, NC. Two friends accompanied her who are involved in the beekeeping community also. She provided a wealth of information. Below are handouts she had available.
For recipes from the National Honey Board using honey, click here.
For downloads from the National Honey Board including recipe books for a variety of food and health products and educational materials, click here.
"You and Farmer's Markets" presented by Rachel Burns, Executive Director of Buy Fresh Buy Local Hampton Roads. She talked about the reasons for buying local and how it helps the economy, the environment and is healthier for you the consumer. Rachel gave an interesting presentation on the impact of farmer's markets and gave a variety of tips to get the most out of your shopping experience at the farmer's market. For more information or to contact Buy Fresh Buy Local Hampton Roads, check Buy Fresh Buy Local Hampton Roads or email them at bfblhr@gmail.com.
For a copy of her powerpoint presentation click here.
In "Herbal Delacies", Elizabeth Meska, Lifestyles by Elizabeth, discussed a variety of ways to preserve your bounty of herbs for future use. The methods of drying, freezing, packing in oil and making herbal vinegars were discussed and demonstrated. Each attendee made a custom designed jar of herbal vinegar to take home using herbs that Elizabeth and others had brought to share. She offered handouts that included preservation tips and recipes for using the items you preserve. To receive Elizabeth's monthly newsletter, send an email request toelizabeth.meska@cox.net.
Gill Gillespie, Norfolk Master Gardener and volunteer at the Virginia Zoo, talked about starting a vegetable garden for fall and winter vegetables. Our climate is condusive to growing vegetaable almost year round. The most important aspect to any gardening project is the correct soil, so Gill discussed the type of soil needed to be successful with all vegetables and how to manipulate your current soil. He gave lists of vegetables that are successful in the area and a guide to when to plant vegetables in this area. He also provided a list of companion plants for vegetables. Check out Gill's gardening techinques in practice in the African Village Garden at the Virginia Zoo in Norfolk.
The Pasquotank Master Gardeners are having a bulb sale to raise money to support the (2) $1000 scholarships they award annually to high school students entering college to study horticulture. They will collect order forms and payment on Sept. 11 at the next "Garden Talk" at the Chesapeake Central Library and will deliver the bulbs on Nov. 20 at the "Garden Talk". This is a good source of great bulbs and it supports a great cause.
Heather Driscoll, My Sister's Garden, presented a program on organic lawn care that covered the baiscs of soil conditioning, lawn maintenance and care and weed prevention and treatment using organic means. She talked about the best times to perform each ervice on your lawn and gave techniques, hints and timetables to help create a worry-free organic lawn. More information on organic lawn care can be found at her website, My Sister's Garden. Heather is a certified organic lawn specialist and using native plants and organic materials to create landscapes that are environmentally friendly, easy to maintain and attractive.
Doug Spencer, Virginia Beach Master Gardener and local gardening expert, presented a program on everything you need to know about houseplants. He covered the cultural needs of common houseplants including light, water, temperatiure and general care. He offered lists of plants that enjoy a variety of different lighting conditions, the easiest plants, favorite fragrant plants and plants that help clean your indoor air. He also talked about propagation. His handouts including "Houseplant Lighting Guide", "Top 12 Easiest Houseplants to Grow", "Top 6 Most Fragrant Houseplants", "NASA List of Plants that Filter Air in Your Home", "How to Grow Spider Plants from Cuttings" and "How to Grow Wandering Jew Plant from Cuttings" can be found here.
Kelyn Holcomb, Norfolk Botanical Gardens, presented "Getting the Most Bang For Your Buck in the Garden". She discussed the 5 areas that cost the most for your garden: soil, plants, tools, mulch and water. She outlined how each is costly and gave a variety of ways to cut the costs and make gardening more cost effective. She also showed a number of plants that will be successful and reproduce nicely in our local Tidewater gardens.
"Backyard Shutter Buggery" presented by Steve Radcliffe, local photographer outlined the basics of photography and the elements that make good images. He discussed light, shutter speed, film speed, and composition and how each affects the visual image. Steve provided a myriad of examples of photographs to illustrate and explain his information. The program was geared to photographers of all levels and gave information for owners of point and shoot cameras as well as SLRs and digital SLRs. He gave a variety of tips on how to take the best photographs of your beautiful gardens.
"Beneficial Insects..." presented by Karen Green, Virginia Beach Master Gardener and noted organic gardener. The program focused on the most beneficial insects for gardeners of all types, how they benefit your gardens and the plants that attract them. Karen was very knowledgeable and had great recources.
Tanner Council from the Chesapeake Bay Foundation presented "The Chesapeake Bay and Gardeners" showing the relationship home gardeners have on the health of the Bay and how a few simple changes can make a big difference in saving native plants and wildlife. He also discussed the oyster and water grass restoration projects. For more information on programs, speakers and educational opportunities in Virginia, check their website.
Doug Spencer, VB Master Gardener, talked about warm season grasses and presented a program comparing and contrasting varying types of warm and cool season grasses, their benefits, their problems, their uses and how to maintain each type. He answered questions and discussed the most common problems with all types of grasses. Handouts from the program are below.
Kelyn Holcomb, Annuals and Container Gardener at Norfolk Botanical Garden, presented a program on how to chose plants for a container garden, types of container gardens, how to plant them and how to maintain them. She showed a myriad of photos of different containers and did a demonstration on the best technique to plant a container garden. Visit the Norfolk Botanical Garden to see examples of Kelyn's container designs and the combinations used for specific situations.
"How to Bee a Successful Gardener" presented by Frank Walker, Tidewater Beekeepers Association, gave the reasons bees are important to gardeners, how to invite and keep them in your garden and what to do if you get swarms of bees. He had two handouts.
Bob MacIver, Virginia Beach Master Gardener, presented "Shade Gardening...Beyond Ferns". His program highlighted the versatility of ferns, how to successfully use them in your gardens and discussed how to use a variety of companion plants with ferns to create a cool, serene and welcoming environment. His beautiful photos took us on a visual journey of not only his gardens but many others offering a variety of ways to use not only ferns and other shade gardens to create a variety of different vignettes, but also how to use statuary and hardscaping to create garden rooms and destinations. He provided a list of companion plants for ferns and a list of resource materials on ferns and shade gardens. The information can be found below.
Sherry Kern, Virginia Beach Master Gardener and TCC Horticulture Adjunct Professor, presented a program on the best trees, shrubs and perennials for the Hampton Roads area. It's a HUGE topic, so she gave us a number of her favorites in each category. Sherry is one of the eight authors of the book, Best Plants for Hampton Roads: A Landscape and Garden Companion. Her experience with gardening in the area and her vast knowledge of the climate, cultural conditions and unusual microclimates of our locality was evident and well appreciated. Attendees left with a list of plants best suited to perform in the challenging conditions of this unique zone.
Dan Nortman, Cooperative Extension Agent from York County/Poqouson presented "Bugged by Bugs" a program demystifying all those annoying pests in your garden. He showed photos of the most common types of bugs that bother us in the Southeast Virginia area, talked about how to recognize the damage they do to plants, strategies to avoid them and organic means to control them. His program was very interesting and informative and he answered numerous questions. Dan made pests interesting!!! He admitted to be the local "bug guy" for the Cooperative Extension Service and encouraged people to contact him if they had any questions. You can reach him at 757-890-4940 or dnortman@vt.edu.
Joan Kayser, Chesapeake Master Gardener, gave a presentation on dish gardens. Her "Gardens in a Dish" outlined the elements to consider when making a dish garden, how to choose plants and containers and how to maintain the gardens. She showed a variety of photos of different gardens and talked about themes. She discussed the use of sedums in dish gardens and had a couple of examples showing the use of that versatile plant. A couple of others brought some of their gardens to share and discuss.
Mary Hammel, Chesapeake Master Gardener, gave an update on the Plant-A-Row for the Hungry produce collection program run each year by the Master Gardeners. This year the program collected over 12,000 lbs. of produce that was given to the Harvest Assembly of God on Kempsville Road to aid local families. Each pound of food donated provides 4 servings. This program is very valuable to the community and grows each year. The program collects produce from June-September at the Extension Trailer on Holt drive in the City Hall Complex, but any additional produce or canned foods wishing to be donated are welcome year round. Contact the extension office at 757-382-6348 to arrange a pick up.
Jamie Walski, Rich Wethington and Caroleen Latham from the South Norfolk Community Garden discussed their garden and it successfulness. Jamie presented the evolution of the garden in photos and discussed the steps they followed to establish and maintain the garden. She outlined the planning and organization and talked about the use of community resources, neighborhood volunteers and cooperative efforts. Rich and Caroleen talked about specific aspects of the garden and how they worked to keep the garden flourishing. They presented an informative and interesting program that impressed and inspired the attendees. A handout listed below was given to identify a general process for setting up a community garden based on the South Norfolk group's experience.


board game. Check it out!
entre deux individus. Mais ce n'est pas jeu de société ordinaire.
The European Independent Film Festival discovers, promotes and projects only the BEST independent films from around the world every year in Paris, France.
The selected titles represent the pinnacle of contemporary filmmaking talent from around the world and compete for the title of "Europe's Best Independent Film".


The Impact was so devastating that it was difficult to identify as to which of the two smartphones actually exploded due to overheating.
The explosion led to a fire on the mattress in the room.
In yet another incident of smartphone explosion while charging turning fatal, Nazrin Hassan, Cradle Fund CEO died today after one of his phones exploded while charging.
Hassan was using BlackBerry and Huawei smartphones. Both the smartphones were kept on charging in Hassan's bedroom. The explosion led to a fire on the mattress in the room.
However, the police is claimed that the death was caused due to the smoke inhalation from the explosion and not the shrapnels from the smartphone.
Nazrin was educated in the United Kingdom with a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B Hons) from the University of Buckingham in 1994. He was also an Executive Committee member of the United Kingdom Executive Council for Malaysian Students (UKEC).
He was the former Council Member of Technopreneurs Association of Malaysia (TeAM), an organisation that represents all technology entrepreneurs in Malaysia where he lobbied tirelessly for a development fund to narrow the funding gap in the early stage.
This eventually led to the successful introduction of the Cradle Investment Programme (CIP) in June 2003 with a fund allocation of RM100 million from the Malaysian Government, as part of the economic stimulus package.
Nazrin returned to Cradle in October 2007, after being appointed as its Chief Executive Officer by the Ministry of Finance, after it was spun out from under MAVCAP into Cradle.
Accordig to his brother-in-law the death was apparently not caused by the fire. The relative said on social media that when one of the smartphones exploded, the broken parts of it hit Hassan on the back of the head which likely caused "blunt trauma". After this, the explosion led to a fire in the bedroom, but by then Hassan is said to have been already dead.
"He had two phones, one Blackberry and a Huawei. We don't know which one exploded. Who would have thought such an innocuous routine procedure is the reason three young kids will grow up without their father by their side," Hsssan's brother-in-law told The Malaysian Insight.
According to an official statement issued by Cradle Fund, "The post mortem report concluded the cause of death as being complication of blast injuries attributable to an exploding hand phone that was being charged next to him."


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SRC Launch Range of Free Courses & Grad Programmes – Apply Now!
by Connor Doherty | Sep 8, 2021 | News | 0 comments
Southern Regional College are offering a range of FREE courses through the Skill Up – Flexible Skills Fund which is designed to boost participation in lifelong learning and reduce key skills imbalances in areas where there are skills shortages.
Economy Minister Gordon Lyons launched Skill Up, a new initiative to deliver free training places, in an investment of up to £23million. Supported by the Northern Ireland Office, Skill Up will fully fund the local further education colleges and universities to deliver approximately 15,000 training places in over 250 subject areas for qualification ranging from Level 2 up to Level 7.
Tracy Rice, Head of Business Engagement at SRC commented: "We welcome the Skill Up investment and the opportunities it will provide for people to upskill and reskill at SRC. This support will help many people to take steps to improve their skills and employability and ultimately contribute to the recovery of the Northern Ireland economy."
She continued: "Courses are free and are open to applicants employed, unemployed and economically inactive. There is a diverse range of areas such as Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering, Childcare, Computing, Digital Marketing, Green Technologies, Health and Social Care, Leadership and Management, Life and Health Science and Graduate Programmes".
Courses/Programmes Available in:
Advanced Manufacturing & Engineering
Graduate Programmes Available in:
Other Programmes – Women Returners (Business Admin)
Eligibility for all courses:
Must be 18 on or before course start date.
Eligible to work in Northern Ireland.
'Settled' in Northern Ireland, and has been ordinarily resident in the UK for at least three years; or is a person who has indefinite leave to enter or remain in the UK.
Candidates are only permitted to complete a maximum of 2 free courses at a time.
View All Courses Here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


MINNEAPOLIS, Minn. — More than 500 adult learners will graduate from Saint Mary's University of Minnesota and its Schools of Graduate and Professional Programs in June. Three commencement convocations are planned for Saturday, June 2, to honor the graduates.
The ceremonies, to be held at 10 a.m., 12:30 p.m., and 3 p.m. at the Saint Mary's University Center on Park Avenue in Minneapolis, will feature five graduates who have been invited to provide reflections as part of the ceremonies. Another eight graduating students will be honored with Saint Mary's Outstanding Final Paper Awards.


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Blue Jays: Baseball Winter Meetings Shopping List
By Charles Kime
TORONTO - OCTOBER 23: Joe Carter /
The Baseball Winter Meetings begin on December 8th at the Hilton San Diego Bayfront hotel. With an unbuilt rotation, and questions in the outfield and at first base, will Blue Jays GM Ross Atkins and his front office contingent use the meetings as an opportunity to make a statement via trade or free agency?
First off, a very Happy Thanksgiving to all of our readers and friends in the United States. We all have so much to be thankful for and we hope you have a great time with friends and family.
After the turkey coma, we can look forward to more trades and free-agent signings in the next few weeks as the winter meeting frenzy kicks off. Almost a month already into free agency, top 50 names like Jake Odorizzi, Jose Abreu, Yasmani Grandal, Will Smith, Kyle Gibson, and Drew Pomeranz have already signed contracts.
The Brewers-Padres swap involving four current MLB players, three of whom have yet to even reach arbitration is another sign that the 'hot stove' promises to heat up in the next few weeks.
The Baseball Winter Meetings have played an important role in Jays history, with the trade for Joe Carter and Roberto Alomar on December 5,1990 forever altering the course of Blue Jays history. Then GM Pat Gillick had earned the moniker "Stand Pat" after not making any significant trades between September 1987 and April 1989. After winning the AL East in 1989 and finishing in 2nd place in 1990, Gillick pulled the trigger on the Carter/Alomar blockbuster that put in place the final pieces for the 1992 and 1993 World Series titles.
Stand Patkins?
Could Ross Atkins be deserving of the name "Stand Patkins" if he fails to improve his roster, and especially his pitching, in the coming days through the Winter Meetings and Rule 5 Draft to be held on December 12th?
To date this offseason, the front office has made only minor moves; trading for two club options on 32-year old back of the rotation starter Chase Anderson (who the Brewers were rumored to be buying out), picking up reliever Anthony Bass off waivers, and signing reliever A.J. Cole to a minor league deal that effectively swapped a comparable Justin Shafer off the 40-man roster in a trade with the Reds for cash considerations, and added Cole as minor league depth without using a 40-man slot.
None of these signings dramatically improves the talent level of the 26-man roster compared with the Jays 2019 Opening Day roster, which included starter Marcus Stroman.
Pitching, Pitching, Pitching
Following the Jays' July 2019 trade deadline moves, Mark Shapiro pointed to "waves" of young pitching prospects in the system, and said,
""In my mind … we've got to figure out at a minimum three starters from that entire group in a championship window. And then recognize we're going to either sign for or trade for a couple of starters … that's just the reality.""
He echoed that further, stating that over the next few years, "Clearly starting pitching is the area where we've got to spend the bulk of our resources, maybe some bullpen pieces as well."
As per Keegan Matheson of MLB.com,
""The Blue Jays turned to 21 different starters in 2019, including a long list of openers and bullpen games as they maneuvered around injuries, poor performance and trades. A team ERA of 5.25 from the starting pitching won't cut it, and the front office knows that.""
"We'll look to add pitching in every possible way," general manager Ross Atkins said after the season ended. "Free agency is obviously one way. We'll consider trades if they're there. We have to continue to think about developing the core that is here. It's not good enough just to have depth. We have to have guys who can contribute in significant ways."
Signees Clay Buchholz and Matt Shoemaker, paired with trade acquisition Clayton Richard, cost Toronto a combined $8 million in commitments last offseason. The $8.5 million contract for Chase Anderson already improves upon that dollar amount, but with the added financial flexibility after retained salaries for Russell Martin and Kendrys Morales dropped off, and no further commitments to Justin Smoak, Devon Travis, Ryan Tepera and others, only $77 million or so has been committed so far to the 2020 payroll, including the expected salaries of the thirty-one pre-arbitration and six arbitration-eligible players on the 40-man roster.
That means the front office would need to spend an additional $50 million between now and Opening Day 2020 next March just to get back to their 2019 Opening Day payroll, plus active rosters increase by one to 26 players. That could change further with next Monday's non-tender deadline for arbitration-eligible players Matt Shoemaker, Brandon Drury, Derek Law, and Luke Maile. They could either be traded or non-tendered and designated for assignment to free up room on the 40-man roster for a Rule 5 Draft pick or two, or for players acquired via free agency and trades.
Naughty or Nice?
With $50 million to spend in the next four months just to equal the 2019 Opening Day payroll, Atkins and his colleagues have a busy few months of shopping ahead. A number of teams, notably the Braves, White Sox and Padres, are addressing needs and a number of free agents have already dropped off the board. Trades are being consummated, and the longer the Blue Jays wait, it becomes less likely they are to find willing trade partners or premium free agent talent.
So what can Jays fans look forward to in terms of an early Christmas present from San Diego? We already got one lump of Cole in our stocking, just not one named Gerrit. Or will we be left with another case of Blue flu "of not bringing attractive players that fans find interesting to their market"?
Shi Davidi of Sportsnet reports the Jays made an offer to right-hander Kyle Gibson before he signed with the Rangers, but it was presumably less than the $30 million over three years Gibson got. They were apparently also in on Jake Odorizzi, too, but their offer obviously wasn't enough to prevent him from betting on himself getting a better deal next year and accepting the Twins $17.8 million qualifying offer.
With most insiders assuming Gerrit Cole and Stephen Strasburg won't sign in Toronto, a number of potential top of the rotation free-agent starters still remain on the board, notably Zack Wheeler, Madison Bumgarner, Hyun-Jin Ryu, Dallas Keuchel, Cole Hamels, Michael Pineda, Tanner Roark, Julio Teheran and Wade Miley (who Atkins has pursued previously).
Jon Lester, C.C. Sabathia and… Jayson Werth?
Looking back at some of the bigger free agent signings of recent years at the Winter Meetings, there are a number of parallels to suggest that Atkins should be looking to make some bold moves:
Jon Lester: The 2014 Cubs finished 73-89, in last place in the NL Central. President Theo Epstein and his general manager Jed Hoyer had been rebuilding the Cubs since being hired in October 2011. With the arrival of manager Joe Maddon from the Rays, and a young core headlined by Anthony Rizzo, Kris Bryant, Addison Russell & Jorge Soler, and breakout starters Jake Arrieta and Kyle Hendriks all pointing towards the opening of their competitive window, the soon to be 31-year old Jon Lester accepted a six year/$155 million free-agent deal to join a club that appeared to be on the cusp of something special. The contract was the largest in Cubs franchise history and gave Lester what was, at the time, the second-largest average annual value (AAV) for a pitcher all time. In 2015, they won a wildcard under Maddon, and by 2016, Lester's 19-5, 2.44 ERA in 32 regular season starts and pivotal relief in Game 7 helped to end a 108-year World Series title drought.
The Lester signing at the 2014 Winter Meetings, coincidentally also in San Diego that year, came in Epstein and Hoyer's 4th offseason and announced to the world that their competitive window was open.
C.C. Sabathia: One of the biggest Winter Meetings deals did not actually take place at the Winter Meetings. On day two of the 2008 Meetings at the Bellagio in Las Vegas, Yankees GM Brian Cashman left Vegas to fly to the Bay Area to make a final pitch to the big, 28-year old left-hander. A record-setting (at the time) seven-year/$161 million deal got it done, and the Yankees won the 2009 World Series in Sabathia's first season in New York after he went 19-8 with a 3.37 ERA in 230 innings over 34 starts. At those Winter Meetings, the Yankees also agreed on a 5-year/$82.5 million deal with A.J. Burnett to join Sabathia at the top of a revamped Yankees rotation. Burnett would go 13-9 with a 4.04 ERA over 207 innings in 33 starts.
As co-Chairman Hank Steinbrenner said at the time of the two signings,
""I can sense the excitement and the confidence that's spreading around the entire organization about what we're getting done and what we may get done still. A rising tide lifts all boats, and the confidence and the excitement right now among the team [and organization] is contagious.""
Jayson Werth: Just as the baseball universe was arriving at the Winter Meetings in Orlando, Florida in December 2010, the Washington Nationals – who had lost 93 games in 2010 – signed 31-year-old Werth to a seven-year/$126 million deal. It was the 13th-richest contract ever at the time of signing and signaled that the Nats were serious about competing again after five 5th place finishes in the previous six seasons after moving from Montreal. Stephen Strasburg had exceeded his rookie limits that season and they'd just drafted Bryce Harper with the 1st overall pick in the 2010 MLB June Amateur Draft.
Werth was never an All-Star in Washington, but Nationals general manager Mike Rizzo does credit him with teaching their young core how to win and helping them mature into a division winner and making the playoffs in four of his seven seasons with the club. He also hit what was then the biggest home run in franchise history in the 2012 NL Division Series, although that was surpassed by the heroics of Howie Kendrick, Juan Soto, and friends this year.
Bark with the big dogs, or get off the porch
Mark Shapiro and Ross Atkins are now in their fifth offseason in Toronto, They have talked ad nauseum about the importance of adding a top of the rotation starting pitching talent, about a new willingness to spend, and about looking to add pitching in every possible way. By all accounts, they've checked-in on multiple players, and gathered the information needed to make educated decisions.
The next few weeks offer a chance to make a splash at the Baseball Winter Meetings via trades, free agency signings, and the Rule 5 draft. Is it time to be bold? Using the models followed in Chicago and Washington, the answer is yes. Adding an innings eater like Burnett and an ace like Sabathia, like the Yankees did in 2008, would also make a strong statement.
So what would mark a successful Winter Meetings to make or break the off-season for GM Ross Atkins?
Extending closer Ken Giles so that potential free-agent starters know they'll have a lockdown closer in the bullpen
Assuming they tender Matt Shoemaker on Monday, they should still be targeting two more rotation spots. Given Shoemaker's injury history, they should target at least one innings-eater to protect the younger arms, like Wade Miley or Julio Teheran
A top of the rotation starter like Zack Wheeler, Hyun-Jin Ryu or Dallas Keuchel
Defensive upgrades at 1B and CF, preferably with veterans who can get on base:
a deal to bring in Wil Myers (if the Padres pick up half of his remaining contract, as they're rumored to be willing to do) who played Gold Glove calibre defense at 1B in 2016-17 and sports a career .327 OBP, would help.
Former Gold Glove CF Ender Inciarte and his career .338 OBP might also be available given the logjam in the Braves outfield.
Posted Japanese 1B/OF Yoshitomo Tsutsugo could also be of interest
Catchers Gabriel Moreno and Riley Adams both need to be protected after 2020, so why not move one of them and a back of the rotation starter for Inciarte? Or if you don't want to trade a pitcher, throw in one of Chavez Young, Kevin Smith or Samad Taylor, who will also need to be protected next year?
Rogers and the Jays front office know from all of their information gathering and failed signings of Odorizzi and Gibson that they are going to have to overpay to attract talent upgrades. And as Andrew Friedman, Dodgers President of Baseball Operations said during the 2016 Winter Meetings: "If you're always rational about every free agent, you will finish third on every free agent."
Andrew Friedman: "If you're always rational about every free agent, you will finish third on every free agent."
— Andy McCullough (@ByMcCullough) December 6, 2016
The Winter Meetings offer a chance for the Blue Jays ownership and front office to define the start of their competitive window and surround their young core with elite talent. Just promoting rookies from the minors and making low-risk waiver claims, minor trades and reclamation-type free agent signings won't satisfy a restless fan base that has voted in droves, with the largest year-over-year declines in attendance now for two consecutive seasons.
Ross Atkins and his staff should be turning over every rock they can looking for potential talent upgrades. If he's satisfied with this 40-man roster and doesn't make a significant trade or signing, then we've got bigger issues.
Next. Blue Jays: Interesting names become available in recent days. dark
Heading into the Baseball Winter Meetings this year, the Jays brain trust finds themselves in a similar position as the 2010 Washington Nationals and the 2014 Chicago Cubs. Money isn't an issue with at least $50 million to spend just to maintain the 2019 Opening Day payroll. The young core needs protection in the line-up and veteran leadership that can help teach them how to win at the MLB level. Veteran starters who can eat innings and mentor young guns like Nate Pearson, Alek Manoah, and Simeon Woods-Richardson are essential. The time to act is now.


Hawkins and Brimble have long been renown for being a humble and authentic company, always free from animal testing, colourants and parabens. This particular beard oil is ravished in various different wholesome, natural ingredients such as olive oil and shea butter, sure to soften and soothe your facial hair. As well as elemi and ginseng for a refreshing, invigorating lemony zest. To use simply drop the desired amount into your palms, apply evenly, then let the nourishing elements take care of the rest.


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Q: How do I clear the search in NEI? As the title suggests, I waste so much time deleting what I've searched in the NEI search bar.
Is there a shortcut to clear the previous search so I can type a new query?

A: Right-click the search bar will clear it.
From ChickenBones' post on the Minecraft forum, under the section Item Search Box:
"Right clicking on the search box will clear it instantly"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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22,000 teenage pregnancies recorded in 18 months: Report
November 20 2018 12:58:00
Rifat Başaran – ANKARA
The total number of conceptions recorded in women aged under 18 years was 21,957 during the period covering last year and the first six months of this year.
The figure was revealed by the Health Ministry upon the demand of main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) lawmaker Ali Şeker to disclose the relevant data.
In 2017, officials in Turkey recorded the number of underage (under 18) conceptions at 15,216, whereas this figure was at 6,741 for the first six months of 2018, according to the Health Ministry.
The ministry has also disclosed the numbers based on provinces. Istanbul and the southeastern province of Gaziantep topped the list at 1,106 underage conceptions recorded in 2017. On the other hand, in the first half of 2018, there were 625 underage conceptions in Istanbul, whereas this figure was 499 in Gaziantep.
During the 18-month period, Istanbul and Gaziantep were followed by the southern province of Adana, the southeastern province of Diyarbakır and the southern province of Hatay, at 1,348, 1,005, and 1,313 underage conceptions respectively.
In only four provinces, the number of underage conceptions during this period fell below 10. The eastern province of Tunceli had the least recorded at four. It was followed by the northeastern provinces of Bayburt, Artvin and Gümüşhane.
The ministry's figures were released prior to United Nations Universal Children's Day. Established in 1954, Universal Children's Day is marked on Nov. 20 each year to promote international togetherness and awareness among children and to improve the welfare of children worldwide.
Meanwhile, CHP MP Tekin Bingöl has prepared a report regarding child marriage in Turkey. According to the report, a total of 482,908 underage women were married in the last 10 years.
"In Turkey, 26 percent of females were married before the age of 18. Ten percent of them gave birth before the age of 18. Some 142,298 underage mothers were recorded in the last six years. Most of these children were married with religious ceremonies. A total of 440,000 underage girls have given birth since 2002. The number of women under 15 who gave birth after being exposed to sexual abuse was recorded as 15,937," Bingöl said in his report.
underage pregnancy, Turkey, Turkish parliament, Gaziantep


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Nissan's boost for Brexit Britain
Nissan's announcement that it will build the new Qashqai in Sunderland is a boost to Brexit Britain. If the decision had gone the other way, critics would have been quick to claim this was proof that Brexit was going to total the British car industry and that the people of Sunderland had self-harmed when they voted to leave. But Nissan has decided to not only build the new Qashqai in Sunderland—as we reported it would on Saturday—but also the X-Trail SUV.
Theresa May has been straight out of the traps to hail the decision as a 'vote of confidence' that 'shows Britain is an outward looking, world leading nation'. This is probably the most important industrial announcement post Brexit as it secures the future of a plant that produces more cars than the whole of Italy.
Huge credit for the deal should go to the Business Secretary Greg Clark who flew to Japan to see Nissan last week. Clark will hope that he can be as successful with Hitachi and other Japanese firms concerned about Brexit.
The Government won't say whether it offered to compensate Nissan if the EU imposed tariffs on British-made cars, post-Brexit. But as I wrote on Saturday, the Government is sufficiently sure that there won't be tariffs that it could, in the words of one well-placed source, make 'robust assurances, but be fully confident they won't be called in'.
Nissan plant
Qashqi
What the papers say: Nissan's Brexit boost for Britain
The biggest Cabinet Brexit split
Theresa May gets a Brexit lesson from Parliament
Theresa May must make sure that Brexit doesn't just become a process story
Britain shouldn't stay in the customs union after Brexit
Brexit relief as government insiders expect Nissan to announce it is building its new car in Sunderland


Mr. James Edward Moore, 65, passed away suddenly Thursday evening (April 4, 2019) at Memorial Satilla Health in Waycross surrounded by friends and family.
He was born in Jesup but was raised in Fitzgerald before making his home in Waycross in the early 1970's. He was a former radio broadcaster with WACL and WAYX. He was also formerly employed with PTI Transport for CSX Railroad and was an ordained minister with Eagles Flight Ministries as the current worship and praise leader.
Mr. Moore led devotion on Thursday morning at Jerry J's in Waycross called the Men's Prayer Breakfast and also started Fishers of Men, an outreach ministry held at various churches in the area. He was a devoted husband, father, and grandfather who enjoyed playing music especially the piano. He was a true man of God who loved spending time with his family.
Mr. Moore was a son of the late James Monroe Moore and Iris Moody Moore. He was preceded in death by his grandmother, Mattie Moody.
He is survived by his wife of 45 years, Sylvia Smith Moore of Waycross; a son, James "Jamey" Moore of Waycross; a daughter, Terri Moore Howard (Keith) of Blackshear; two grandchildren, Leanna Nicole Howard and Benjamin Keith Howard, Jr. both of Blackshear; a sister, Shirley Moore Tippins (Lamar) of Patterson; an aunt, Josephine Gibson (Jim) of Hortense; two uncles, Tony Moore (Ressie) of Dothan, AL and Kittly Moody of Waynesville; and numerous, nieces, nephews, and other relatives.
A funeral service will be held 2:00 p.m. Sunday (April 7, 2019) at the Music Funeral Home Chapel. Burial will follow in Hortense Cemetery. The family will be receiving friends Saturday evening at the funeral home from 5 until 7 o'clock.
The family requests the Fishers of Men and the Thursday morning Men's Prayer Breakfast groups to meet at the funeral on Sunday by 1:40 p.m. to serve as honorary pallbearers.
To send flowers or a remembrance gift to the family of James Moore, please visit our Tribute Store.


No one is perfect. That's probably the most obvious — and at the same time the most difficult — truth that we have to accept about humanity. We expect a lot from ourselves and from each other, and when our standards are not met, we can get downright nasty. Our horoscope can be a great indicator that we are far from perfect and that the zodiac signs all have room for improvement.
How often do you find yourself lashing out at someone else, when in reality you're just feeling miserable about your own life? Or maybe you've got a friend who just can't get over herself, and takes it out on anyone who gets too close. Either way, you might be one of the zodiac signs who hurt people, even though you don't mean to.
The twelve segments (houses) of a natal astrology chart show how we relate to ourselves, the world in general, and the people who are important to us. With a little research, you can pick out the areas in your chart that seem to create the same problems over and over. This will help you figure out what to focus on to make positive changes in your own attitude and improve all of your relationships.
Nothing in a Zodiac chart has to be permanent — even the worst possible aspects just show what you've got to work with, not what you're stuck with. Astrology was never meant to be used as an excuse for bad behavior, but it's a wonderful guide to help anyone who's working on self-improvement.
You don't mean to hurt anyone, Aries, but you're not too concerned about it, either. It takes a huge effort for you to stop what you're doing and really understand what kind of effect you're having on other people. Maybe everything that's on your mind doesn't need to come out of your mouth.
Taurus, you'd do well to meditate on the old saying "If you love something, set it free." You might think that you're just trying to keep someone safe, but all too often, they end up feeling trapped.
We get it: you're just trying to protect them. But people need to follow their own path, and that means being free to make mistakes.
Maybe you can live in more than one reality, Gemini, but not everyone else has the ability to see things from every perspective. You want to get along with everyone, sure, but what you consider "diplomacy" often seems like flat-out lying when word gets around.
Next time you have to take a stand, say what you really think — and stick to it no matter who you're talking to.
Cancer, if you keep implying that people don't love you enough, they're eventually going to stop trying. It's great that you care so deeply for others, but you can't expect the same emotional intensity in return all the time.
You may feel like a true martyr but no one else is buying it. Knock off the guilt trips and notice how different people express affection in different ways.
How do you act when people criticize you? Or when you're feeling flat-out ignored? The world doesn't revolve around you, Leo, and no amount of pouting is going to change that.
You may be able to spot the imperfections in everyone and every situation, but does that mean that you have to point them out all the time? You do give great advice, Virgo, but not every observation needs to be spoken.
In fact, next time you feel the need to criticize, try switching your approach and point out something positive instead. Otherwise, people will eventually just tune you out completely.
Dial back on the charming façade and get real, Libra. People are starting to see through the act. You say that you want everyone to be happy, but you can't force them into it. At some point you're going to have to pick a side and deal with the fallout.
Scorpio, you're already aware of whether and how you might be hurting others. You probably planned the whole thing — your end game requires breaking a few hearts.
However, if you want to know all of someone's secrets, you're going to have to allow yourself to be vulnerable, too. Maybe they can't see the big picture like you can, but some people are ready to understand. Try showing them.
Maybe honesty is the best policy, Sagittarius, but do you really have to bash people over the head with it? Just because something is true doesn't mean that you have to say it out loud.
Save it for the important stuff, and the next time someone asks you what you think about their new haircut, find something nice to say.
Let people have their fun, Capricorn. There's nothing wrong with having a serious outlook, but you don't have to rain on everyone else's parade.
You have a way of making them feel like they can't relax around you, like you're always evaluating everything they do against your own productivity. (Truth be told, they're probably right, huh?) Just remember: happy people are productive people.
Aquarius, you may think of it as "alone time," but to others, your standoffishness seems like rejection. Maybe you don't mean to be insulting, but that's how it comes across.
Not that you're obligated to endure companionship on everyone else's schedule, but you could find ways to tell people that you're busy without leaving them feeling like they've just been dismissed.
Hurting anyone else is the last thing you'd ever want to do, Pisces. Your empathic nature feels everything they do. However, sometimes trying to make things better just makes them much, much worse.
If it's got nothing to do with you, let negativity run its course — not everyone needs a counselor or wants to cry on your shoulder. They just want to think about something else. Quit reminding them that they're miserable.


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Grzegorz Polaczyk (Nowy Sącz, 2 de julio de 1985) es un deportista polaco que compitió en piragüismo en la modalidad de eslalon. Ganó dos medallas en el Campeonato Mundial de Piragüismo en Eslalon, plata en 2013 y bronce en 2006, y cinco medallas en el Campeonato Europeo de Piragüismo en Eslalon entre los años 2006 y 2013.

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Lista de medallistas olímpicos y mundiales en piragüismo (1936-2007): parte 1, parte 2. Federación Internacional de Piragüismo .

Piragüistas en eslalon de Polonia
Nacidos en Nowy Sącz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home>Earth Science>Geology and Geophysics
What is the Difference between Lava and Magma
By: Hai Shunxi
Hai Shunxi's image for:
"What is the Difference between Lava and Magma"
The words "lava" and "magma" both refer to molten rock that has been melted by the extreme temperatures miles below the earth's surface.
When it's underground, liquid rock is called "magma." If this red-hot liquid make its way to the earth's surface and flows out on the ground, it's given a different name: "lava." Lava is also the name of rocks formed when molten rock cools and hardens, especially lava flows. Volcano experts give different names to hardened lava based on the shapes formed by the hardening rock; using terms like blocky, ropey, and pillow lavas.
Hawaiian names are also used, including fun words like aa (AH-ah, blocky lava) and pahoehoe (puh-HOY-hoy, ropey lava). Whether blocky or ropey, all rocks that form by hardening of lava are called extrusive igneous rocks. Rocks that form underground through the cooling of magma are given a different name, intrusive.
Though Indiana Jones and Terminator movies picture them as glowing red liquid flowing like water, magma and lava have a wide range of viscosity (resistance to flow). Molten rock's thickness changes depending on temperature and the amount of dissolved gases, like water vapor, present. The most important thing that controls viscosity, though, is which elements are present.
Melted rock with a high amount of silicon dioxide, or silica, is thicker than melted rocks with less silica, so it does not flow as smoothly - it's thick and gooey, like oatmeal. Rocks of high silica content are called "acidic" rocks by geologists. Extrusive rocks that form from hardened acidic lava are usually light-colored. Because acidic lava moves more slowly and is less likely to flow, eruptions where the lava is acidic are often violent and full of explosions.
Melted rock with less silica is runnier, like syrup or motor oil. Geologists call low-silica igneous rocks like these "basic," and the best-known example is basalt. Basic rocks are usually black or dark brown.
Basalt lava makes up most of the Hawaiian Islands, where they have reached the surface at a series of volcanoes. Basaltic lava is thinner than acidic lavas, so it flows more easily. Near active volcanoes in Hawaiian, flowing lava may run as fast as a man can walk. Because the lava is runnier, basaltic lava eruptions are less violent than acidic eruptions.
As you might have guessed, lava and magma are both very, very hot. The temperature needed to melt rock also depends on its composition, but all lava flows have a temperature of at least 700°C (1300°F) and can be as hot as 1200°C (2200°F). So it's no wonder that lava flows destroy just about anything in their path!
Sources: United States Geological Survey, University of Maine
More about this author: Hai Shunxi
The Difference between Grasshoppers and Locusts the way they use Serotonin
Differences between a Grasshopper and Locust
The Differences between Grasshoppers and Locusts
The Soil Structure Differences between Montane and Arboreal Forest Floors
The Difference between non Polar and Polar Covalent Bonds
http://www.helium.com/knowledge/271088-how-igneous-rocks-are-formed
http://www.helium.com/items/1709155-how-did-the-hawaiian-islands-form
http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9275395/lava-and-magma
http://www.geology.um.maine.edu/ges101/igneous.htm