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Body mass index–measured adiposity and population attributability of associated factors: a population-based study from Buea, Cameroon
Leopold Ndemnge Aminde1,2,
Jeannine A. Atem3,
Andre Pascal Kengne2,4,
Anastase Dzudie2,3,5 &
J. Lennert Veerman1
BMC Obesity volume 4, Article number: 1 (2017) Cite this article
Obesity is currently a global health challenge driven by a mix of behavioural, environmental and genetic factors. Up to date population-based disease burden estimates are needed to guide successful prevention and control efforts in African countries. We investigated the prevalence and population attributable fractions of overweight and obesity in Buea, the Southwest region of Cameroon.
Data are from a community-based cross-sectional study involving randomly selected adults conducted in 2016. Body mass index (BMI) was categorized according to the WHO classification. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to investigate factors independently associated with obesity. Corresponding population attributable fractions were estimated.
Among the 1,139 participants, age-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of overweight and obesity were; 36.5 (33.7–39.3) and 11.1 (9.3–12.9) percent respectively. Mean BMI was 25.3 ± 4.3 kg/m2; women were heavier than men (25.8 vs. 24.4 kg/m2; p <0.0001). Factors associated with obesity were; female gender [odds ratio 3.20 (95% CI: 1.93–5.59)], age > 31 years [3.21 (1.86–5.28)] and being married [2.10 (1.60–3.51)]. At the population level; older age, being married, low level of education, high monthly income and physical inactivity accounted respectively for 11.9%, 21.8%, 11.6%, 6.4% and 8.7% of overweight and obesity among the women, while older age and being married explained 9.2% and 28.3% of overweight and obesity in men.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in this semi-urban Cameroonian population is high, affecting over a third of individuals. Community-based interventions to control weight would need to take into account gender specificities and socio-economic status.
Overweight (body mass index [BMI] > 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) are conditions of excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 estimates, about 2 billion of the world's adult population are overweight with over 600 million being obese [1]. Overweight and obesity are recognized public health problems especially in industrialized countries [2–4] with prevalence up to almost 40% [5]. The prevalence is now rapidly increasing in low-income settings and Africa in particular, due to rapid urbanization and the adoption of western lifestyles [6, 7]. Current global trends from pooled analysis of population based studies around the world suggest an almost three-fold increase in age-standardized prevalence of obesity (from 3.2–10.8% and 6.4–14.9% for men and women respectively) over the last four decades [8].
In sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa seems to carry a significant burden of obesity [9] with adult population prevalence of over 30%, largely due to its comparatively higher level of urbanization. In Nigeria, Okpechi et al. using the WHO STEPwise approach in a population-based cross-sectional study in Abia State found prevalence of overweight or obesity of 33.7% [10]. Similarly, a population survey among 1,521 Nigerian adults found overweight and obesity rates of 32.2% and 19.6% for men and 29.8% and 36% for women respectively [11]. Data from Ghana among financial institution workers showed over half of participants were either overweight (37.8%) or obese (17.8%), with physical inactivity, being married, female gender and increasing age being independently associated with increased body mass [12]. In Cameroon, Fezeu et al. showed an almost doubling of the age-standardized prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural settings between 1994 and 2003 [13]. More recently, Fouda and colleagues found a prevalence of obesity of 23.4% among workers in Douala [14]. While studies in Cameroon have explored obesity, the majority are from specific sub-populations [14–17] and a few from the general population conducted over a decade ago [13, 18]. The most recent population level estimates for adult overweight and obesity in Cameroon are from a study conducted in 2010 in an urban setting [19].
In SSA, nutrition transition, rapid urbanization and increasing sedentary behaviours have been earmarked as drivers for the obesity epidemic [20, 21]. Cameroon, a lower middle income country like other SSA countries is experiencing similar trends in urbanization (urban growth rate of 3.5%) [22] and westernization of diets. Data from a 2007 nationally representative household consumption and expenditures survey (ECAM3) among women and children in Cameroon suggested consumption of sugar of up to 68.7% (for household) and 78.3% (individually) during the week prior to survey [23]. In addition, data from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) suggest that per capita dietary intake increased from 2,001 kilocalories per day (Kcal/Day) in 1962 to 2,269 (Kcal/Day) in 2007, during which an almost double fat consumption was noticed (26–43 g per day). In 2011, dietary intake had further increased to 2586 (Kcal/Day) with sugar and oil intakes of 104 and 132 (Kcal/Day) respectively [24]. Socioeconomic status and physical inactivity are other important risk factors of the obesity epidemic and poor metabolic health previously described in Cameroon [13, 18, 25]. These observations highlight that obesity is rapidly taking a significant position as a cause of disease burden in Cameroon and may worsen if nothing is done. The population attributable risk estimates for these and other potential drivers in Cameroon have not been investigated. Population attributable fraction (PAF) or population attributable risk percent refers to the proportion of cases (disease or outcome) that would not occur in a population if the factor (risk factor or exposure) were eliminated [26]. Its calculation requires the prevalence of exposure to a given risk factor in the population, and the relative risk (RR) of the outcome associated with that exposure. BMI is the most widely used parameter to define overweight and obesity, especially for clinical practice and for epidemiological studies. In this study, we assessed the current adult prevalence of BMI-defined overweight and obesity in Buea, Cameroon and the population attributable impact of its determinants.
During April 2016, we conducted a community based cross-sectional study in Buea, a semi-urban town and Capital of the Southwest region of Cameroon. The study population consisted of adults (age ≥ 18 years) residing in Buea. The Buea Health District (BHD) has seven health areas and an overall population of about 200,000 inhabitants [27]. The estimated sample size was generated using an online sample size calculator [28] and the following criteria: confidence level of 95%, precision of 3%. This gave an estimated sample size of 1,061 subjects.
Via a multi-stage sampling technique, eligible participants were recruited. Systematic random sampling was used to identify households (every fourth house was selected) in each health area to be included in the survey. Thereafter, for each selected household, a simple random sampling via balloting of eligible members was used to select one participant from each house. Data collectors alternated between daytime and evening visits to homes during recruitment to optimize inclusion of individuals who were likely to be at work place during the day.
Assessment of demographic and health parameters
Data were collected by trained final year medical students to minimise error. This included data on socio-economic and demographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status, level of education, monthly income), and lifestyle and personal health (alcohol use, smoking history, family history of cardiovascular disease, consumption of healthy food (rich in vegetables and fruits, low in salt and saturated fats). Participants who had difficulties with respect to details of food content were further clarified by the data collectors. Physical measurements were done using standard methods. Weight was measured using Seca® scales while height was measured using adult Leicester® stadiometers with participants in light clothing and barefoot. With the stadiometers against the wall, participants stood upright without shoes and their heels and occiput on the stadiometer. Measurement was to one decimal place (for weight in kg) and to the nearest 0.5 cm (for height). Body mass index of participants was calculated via the following formula: weight (kg) / height (m) 2 . Participants' BMI was further categorised according to the WHO International Classification of adult normal, overweight and obesity: 18.5 ≤ BMI (kg/m2) ≤ 24.99 as normal weight, 25.0 ≤ BMI (kg/m2) ≤ 29.99 as pre-obese, 30.0 ≤ BMI (kg/m2) ≤ 34.99 as Obese class I, 35.0 ≤ BMI (kg/m2) ≤ 39.99 as Obese class II and BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2 as obese class III. Overall, participants with BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 were considered overweight and obese respectively [29].
Ethical issues
This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Southwest Regional Delegation of the Ministry of Public Health (MOH) of Cameroon. The components and purpose of the study were explained to participants and only those who freely provided consent were included. Confidentiality was maintained and the study adhered to the Helsinki declarations.
We used IBM-Statistical Package for Social Sciences statistical software v.23 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and STATA software version 12 SE for analysis of the data. Via direct standardization, we used the Cameroon National population in 2016 [30] as standard population to calculate the age-standardized prevalence of overweight and obesity. Overall, categorical variables were summarised with counts and percentages while continuous variables were summarized using means and standard deviations. The chi square test and independent samples t-test were used for group comparisons where appropriate. To determine factors associated with overweight and obesity, we used binary logistic regressions. In the first step, bivariate analysis was done using the following predictor variables; age (dichotomized as <32 years and ≥ 32 years, to explore the effect of obesity on either side of the mean population age), gender (male vs. female), monthly income (<50,000FCFA ~ USD100, 50,000–100,000FCFA ~ USD 100–200, and >100,000FCFA ~ USD 200), level of education [low-moderate (up to secondary/high school) vs. high (diploma/university)], marriage (yes or no), smoking (never, former or current smoker), alcohol consumption (yes or no) and physical activity status (≥3 times per week vs. <2 times per week). All variables with 25% significance (i.e. p ≤ 0.25) were included in the multivariable model to determine independent associations. We have presented adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals of significant associations in the multivariable analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Population attributable fraction calculation
To obtain the RR of each of the significant independent factors identified, the above model was similarly constructed as a Poisson regression with robust variance estimator. These adjusted RRs were used in the estimation of the PAF. This was done because the odds ratio obtained from a logistic regression of a relatively common disease or outcome potentially overestimates the RR [31]. Further to this, we used a formula (eq. 1) which provides valid estimates of PAF in the presence of confounding [26, 32]. We estimated the uncertainty (95% confidence intervals) around our PAF estimates based on the Bonferroni inequality with formula (eq. 2) [33].
$$ \mathbf{P}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{F} = \mathbf{P}\ \left(\mathbf{R}\mathbf{R}-\mathbf{1}/\mathbf{R}\mathbf{R}\right) $$
where P = prevalence of outcome exposed to given risk factor (exposure) and RR = adjusted relative risk.
$$ \left[{\mathbf{P}}_{\mathbf{L}}\left(\mathbf{R}{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathbf{L}}-\mathbf{1}/\mathbf{R}{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathbf{L}}\right),\ {\mathbf{P}}_{\mathbf{U}}\left(\mathbf{R}{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathbf{U}}-\mathbf{1}/\mathbf{R}{\mathbf{R}}_{\mathbf{U}}\right)\right] $$
where PL is the lower limit of the 97.5% CI of P, RRL is the lower limit of the 97.5% CI of RR, PU and RRU the respective upper limits.
General characteristics of the study population
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. Overall, 1,139 of the 1,250 adults invited were analysed in this study (response rate = 91.1%). Overall, the mean age was 32 years with the majority (68%) being young adults (aged 18–34 years). Women accounted for 61% of the study population. A quarter of the participants were married and 46% had less than secondary or high school. Over a tenth of the population were unemployed, affecting mostly women (11.6% vs. 12.3%; p < 0.0001). With respect to monthly income, over two-thirds (64%) of the population had a monthly income less than XAF 50,000 (~ USD 100), women being disadvantaged (66.1% vs. 60.7%; p < 0.0001).
Table 1 Socio demographic characteristics of study population according to gender
Prevalence and age-trend in overweight and obesity
The overall age-standardized prevalence of overweight and obesity was 36.5% (33.7–39.3) and 11.1% (9.3–12.9) while mean BMI was 25.3 ± 4.3 kg/m2. Women were heavier than the men with overweight and obesity rates of 37.4% and 13.2% vs. 30.6% and 5.1%; mean BMI of 25.8 kg/m2 vs. 24.4 kg/m2; both p < 0.0001. Overweight and obesity were more frequent with increasing monthly income (p < 0.0001). Similarly, there was higher prevalence in those with a family history of CVD (47.7% vs. 43.2%; p = 0.005). An increasing trend in prevalence of overweight and obesity existed across age groups with highest prevalence for men at age 45–54 years (53.6%) and women at age 55–64 years (65.7%), and declines thereafter (p-trend < 0.0001), see Table 2 and Fig. 1.
Table 2 Overall prevalence of overweight and obesity and according to demographic and clinical characteristics
Trend in prevalence of overweight and obesity by sex and age group
Factors associated with overweight and obesity
In the overall population, factors associated with overweight and obesity in multivariable analysis were; female gender, age >31 years, low level of education, being married and high monthly income (Table 3). In gender stratified analysis for women; low education [aOR: 1.91 (1.34–2.71), p <0.0001], age > 31 years [1.85 (1.23–2.55), p = 0.001], being married [2.30 (1.61–3.41), p <0.0001], high monthly income [2.25 (1.19–4.24), 0.012], physical inactivity [1.62 (1.20–2.21)), p = 0.005] were independently associated with overweight and obesity while older age [2.43 (1.50–3.73), p <0.0001] and being married [1.85 (1.13–2.89), p = 0.011] were associated with obesity alone. In men; older age [1.83 (1.11–3.02), p = 0.018] and being married [3.42 (1.90–6.13), p < 0.0001] for overweight and obesity, and being married [3.07 (1.20–8.71), p = 0.032] for obesity alone, were the independent associations in multivariable analysis (Tables 4 and 5).
Table 3 Factors associated with overweight and obesity in the overall study population
Table 4 Factors associated with overweight and obesity in adult men and women in Buea, Southwest region, Cameroon s2016
Table 5 Variables associated with obesity alone in adult men and women from Buea, Southwest region of Cameroon, 2016
Population attributable fraction estimates
Our estimates for PAF showed that overweight and obesity among women in the population could be attributed to marriage (21.8%), low level of education (11.8%), physical inactivity (8.7%) and high monthly income (6.4%), while 7.8%, 6% and 10.8% of the obesity among women could be attributed to marriage, having a family history of CVD and older age respectively. In men, 28.3% of overweight and obesity could be attributed to marriage, which accounted for about 7% of obesity alone (Table 6).
Table 6 Population attributable fraction estimates for obesity by gender in Buea, Southwest region, Cameroon
Determinants for overweight and obesity have previously been explored in the Cameroonian population; however, how much overweight and obesity in the general population can be attributed to these determinants has not been studied in Cameroon. In this population-based study, we found that over a third of participants were overweight or obese. The overweight and obesity burden in this population was partly attributable to low levels of education, older age, high monthly income, physical inactivity and being married.
These findings suggest an increasing trend in overweight and obesity in Cameroon, as previous reports in Cameroon showed just over a quarter of the population was overweight [34, 35]. Our findings are similar to reports of a recent systematic review from Nigeria which found rates of 20–35% and 8.1–22% for overweight and obesity respectively [36]. Higher rates of obesity have been reported in South Africa, with rates twice as high as our findings [9]. As expected, women were found to be significantly heavier than men, which confirm previous local reports [18, 30, 32] and findings elsewhere [10, 31, 33]. With respect to age, we noticed an overall increasing trend in prevalence of overweight and obesity that peaked at age group 45–54 years and 55–64 years for men and women respectively. Similar trends were also observed elsewhere in Cameroon [35, 37], and in Uganda [38]. Most of these studies were from urban settings, with a few involving rural participants, while our study was composed mainly of semi-urban dwellers, who tend to have a higher prevalence of obesity. Furthermore, an overall tendency to overweight was observed in our study population (mean BMI of 25.3 kg/m2). This was marginally higher than previously reported in Cameroon [34, 35]. While the variance may not be striking, it should be noted that the majority of our study population was made up of young adults, almost a decade younger than previous reports in Cameroon [34]. This suggests an expansion (including younger people) in the burden of overweight and obesity and consequently an increased risk of NCDs in the younger population. This could translate into a high disease burden in the future, if nothing is done to curtail the rise in overweight and obesity rates.
We found that older age, being married, a low level of education, high monthly income and physical inactivity were potential determinants of overweight and obesity among the women, while being married was the main determinant in men. Physical inactivity explained about a tenth of the overweight and obesity among women in this population. This could be due to the adoption of western lifestyles and sedentary behaviours seen to accompany the epidemiologic transition most SSA countries are currently facing. Previous subnational studies in Cameroon [13, 18] have shown an association between physical inactivity and overall obesity prevalence, though less clearly in women, which contrasts our findings. A recent study from South Africa found that lack of exercise accounted for 15% of the obesity [9]. Larger nationally representative studies in Cameroon exploring sex specificities in relation to physical activity levels, obesity and overall metabolic health have a potential to better inform understanding.
With respect to education, low levels of education accounted for 12% of the overweight and obesity among women. Studies from other African countries have found similar associations between low level of education and obesity [9, 39]. This could in part be explained by the fact that more literate individuals are likely to be more informed and potentially tend to adopt healthier lifestyles [40]. Interestingly, we found in our study that though women with low education were more affected, a high monthly income explained more of the overweight and obesity. This is in line with prior studies in Cameroon [13] and Tanzania [41] which found a positive relationship between adiposity and socio-economic status. Our findings are analogous to those of Roskam et al. who found that individuals with low levels of education were more likely to have increased waist lines in Europe [42]. Thus, our results suggest a particular situation with patterning of overweight and obesity as regards educational levels of Cameroonians, with individuals having low levels of education being disadvantaged. Larger nationwide studies are however welcome to explore from a broader perspective, the relationship of obesity and education in the Cameroonian population.
Studies elsewhere have suggested that increasing socio-economic development is associated with increased affordability of cheap energy-dense foods with the major consequence of these being among those in the lower socio-economic groups [43]. Cameroon has steadily experienced increasing per capita dietary intake from 2,001 Kcal/Day in 1962–2,269 Kcal/Day in 2007 and 2,586 Kcal/Day in 2011. Similarly, per capita consumption of sugar and starchy foods was 104 and 419Kcal/day respectively in 2011 [24]. This recent surge and increasing trend in dietary energy intake with relatively low activity levels paralleling increase in other related risk factors like high blood pressure [44], support the unhealthy influence (adoption of 'western' diets and physical activity patterns) of urbanization in Cameroon and other low income countries. However, contrary to western countries where women in the higher socio-economic groups have the tendency to maintain small sizes [45], women with highest monthly income in our study had over twice the odds of being overweight or obese compared to those with low incomes.
While there is evidence about the potential health benefits associated with marriage [46], our findings suggest that marriage is also associated with overweight and obesity. Being married explained about a quarter of overweight and obesity and 15% of obesity alone, in both men and women. This was comparable to findings from South Africa, where being married was a significant determinant for obesity, especially among males [9], and to findings from a study among Greek adults [47]. Whilst there have been suggestions explaining this association in western countries [47], there is need for more in depth exploration of this relationship in the Cameroonian or African context.
Factors such as ageing seem particular in terms of preventive interventions as it is a non-modifiable risk factor, essentially reflecting the potential cumulative exposure to other behavioural and environmental factors. However, adequate counselling of young couples (and even prenuptial) with genetic risk (family histories) to adopt healthy lifestyles may assist in reducing the obesity burden in subsequent generations.
Our study has some limitations. The cross sectional design used precluded the actual exploration of causality for obesity in the population but rather obtained associations using odds ratios, which inherently seem inappropriate for PAF estimations. We therefore used rigorous statistical methods to obtain relative risks that were adjusted for potential confounders, and used these to estimate PAFs and the uncertainty around the estimates. In addition, we used a formula for PAF calculations which accounts for confounding. It is possible that with some household visits for recruitment occurring during the day, we may have missed some adults who were at their places of work. However, we attempted to avert this by alternating between day and evening visits to maximise participation in the study. Our study provides recent updates on the burden of obesity in semi-urban Cameroon and is among the few to have explored population attributable fractions for determinants of obesity in sub-Saharan Africa, and the first of its kind in Cameroon.
Our study revealed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity affecting a third of the population and has provided pioneer evidence on its determinants. Population-based interventions promoting physical activity and health education targeting people with relatively low education, high income earners and couples are potential avenues to control the rapidly growing overweight and obesity epidemic in low-income countries.
CVD:
PAF:
population attributable fraction
RR:
relative risk
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We thank all the participants who took part in this study as well as the medical students who assisted in the data collection. Sincere thanks to Dr. Mark Jones and Solomon M Woldeyohannes at School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Australia for proof reading and their advice.
The authors can be contacted regarding inquiries to the data.
LNA conceived and designed the study, contributed to data acquisition, did the statistical analysis, interpretation of results and wrote the draft manuscript. JAA contributed to data acquisition and reviewed the manuscript. APK & AD contributed to review of the draft manuscript and interpretation of results. JLV contributed to the analysis and interpretation of results and critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
LNA: Physician and PhD Candidate at the School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
JAA: House Officer, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
APK: Professor of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Director, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, South Africa.
AD: Senior Consultant Internist-Cardiologist, Department of Medicine, Douala General Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon.
LV: Program Director, Master of Public Health Program & Head, Burden of Disease & Cost-effectiveness Unit, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Not applicable for this study.
This study has been performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics committee of the South West Regional Delegation of the Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
Leopold Ndemnge Aminde & J. Lennert Veerman
Non-communicable Diseases Unit, Clinical Research Education, Networking & Consultancy (CRENC), Douala, Cameroon
Leopold Ndemnge Aminde, Andre Pascal Kengne & Anastase Dzudie
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
Jeannine A. Atem & Anastase Dzudie
South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Andre Pascal Kengne
Department of Medicine, Douala General Hospital and Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Anastase Dzudie
Leopold Ndemnge Aminde
Jeannine A. Atem
J. Lennert Veerman
Correspondence to Leopold Ndemnge Aminde.
Aminde, L.N., Atem, J.A., Kengne, A.P. et al. Body mass index–measured adiposity and population attributability of associated factors: a population-based study from Buea, Cameroon. BMC Obes 4, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-016-0139-8


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Happy Release Day to Penny Reid's Beauty and the Mustache
Beauty and the Mustache
by Penny Reid
Genres:Contemporary, Humor, Romance
Purchase from: Amazon • Nook • Kobo • iBooks •
Add to Goodreads.
There are three things you need to know about Ashley Winston: 1) She has six brothers and they all have beards, 2) She is a reader, and 3) She knows how to knit.
Former beauty queen, Ashley Winston's preferred coping strategy is escapism. She escaped her Tennessee small town, loathsome father, and six brothers eight years ago. Now she escapes life daily via her Amazon kindle one-click addiction. However, when a family tragedy forces her to return home, Ashley can't escape the notice of Drew Runous— local Game Warden, bear wrestler, philosopher, and everyone's favorite guy. Drew's irksome philosophizing in particular makes Ashley want to run for the skyscrapers, especially since he can't seem to keep his exasperating opinions— or his soulful poetry, steadfast support, and delightful hands— to himself. Pretty soon the girl who wanted nothing more than the escape of the big city finds she's lost her heart in small town Tennessee.
This is a full-length novel, can be read as a standalone, and is the fourth book in the 'Knitting in the City' series.
Also in the Series:
About Penny Reid
SEX! It all started with sex, between my parents. Personally I don't like thinking about it, but whatever works for you is a-ok with me. No judgment. The sex happened in California and much of my life also occurred in that state until I moved from the land of nuts (almonds), wine, silicon… boobs, and heavy traffic to the southeast US. Like most writers I like to write, but let's get back to sex. Eventually I married and gave birth to 2 small people-children (boy-6, girl-4 as of this writing).
By day I'm a biomedical researcher with focus on rare diseases. By night I'm a knitter, sewer, lino block carver, fabric printer, soap maker, and general crafter. By the wee hours of the morning or when I'm intoxicated I love to listen to the voices in my head and let them tell me stories. I hope you enjoy their stories.
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Home » Celebrity » Rodger Bumpass Wiki, Wife, Divorce, Voice Over and Net Worth
Rodger Bumpass Wiki, Wife, Divorce, Voice Over and Net Worth
Date: 19 Apr, 2018 Report This
Actor, Voice Actor
Movies, TV Shows
Amy Stiller (m. 2008)
$4 Million Dollars
5 Feet 9 Inches (175 cm)
Rodger Albert Bumpass is a famous American character, actor; he is also a very good voice actor.
He has worked in many popular movies and TV shows such as his running role as Squidward Tentacles in the American TV series Sponge Bob Square Pants.
He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas in 20th November 1951. He also had his voice heard over various cartoon shows as cartoon voice over that kids loves to watch.
He attended Little Rock Central High School where he acquired training in the theater; he then joined Arkansas State University where he majored radio, TV and minored in theater.
He started his career at the campus radio station and also at an ABC-affiliated television station owned by Raycom Media.
He also wrote, produced and also did perform on a late-night comedy program called Mid Century Nonsense Festival Featuring Kumquat Theater.
He was encouraged by an ASU professor to consider professional theater and went to New York in June 1977.
His currently estimated age is 65 years, but he is still a very popular person in the entertainment industry. There were also many rumors about him such as the topics about his death, which later on turned out as a hoax.
He also has many fans and followers on social sites such as Twitter and Facebook. He stands 5 feet 1 inch tall, other personal details such as is he married, wife, his children, and divorce hasn't been updated on the Internet.
And even his sexual preference is not still disclosed there were many questions about him being gay or straight. He is also less popular among social website users such as Instagram and Facebook.
Rodger Bumpass (Dragon Con 2013)
There were interviews on the Internet during his rumors of death. There have been many films credited by him through various ways.
He is a very talented and specialized personality in Hollywood, but his estimated net worth is still not available more information can be acquired from wiki sites such as Wikipedia and Twitter.
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An autoimmune disorder arises due to overactivity of the immune system, in which the body attacks and damages it's own tissues. Such conditions include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, IBD, MS, Guillain-Barre, psoriasis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Myasthnia gravis and vasculitis.
Obviously if any of these conditions are suspected, it is very important to seek proper medical advice by visiting your GP who will be able to refer you to the relevant specialist. However once a diagnosis has been reached hypnotherapy can provide a safe and effective complementary treatment to help a patient cope with a health condition.
Autoimmune conditions are complex, with many factors involved including genetic, environmental, hormonal, immunological factors and stress. Many people with autoimmune disease experience flare ups during or following stressful periods in their lives. Unfortunately, not only does stress contribute to the onset of disease, but the disease itself causes significant stress in the patient, creating a vicious cycle.
If you can reduce your stress or anxiety levels it may be possible to see an improvement in symptoms. Studies have shown that stress management techniques can reduce levels of stress hormones in your body. These hormones have been shown to be linked with inflammatory processes in the body, that is they contribute to the inflammation behind many autoimmune diseases.
Hypnotherapy techniques can provide a truly effective means of stress management and of reducing stress. Hypnotherapy for stress is extremely effective at triggering the antidote to the stress response – the relaxation response. Also, through hypnotherapy you can learn to respond in a more positive manner to the triggers of stress.
Another approach is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) techniques to help reduce the impact of stress. MBSR involves simple exercises such as concentrating on one's breathing to train the body and brain to remain calm during stress. MBSR may be beneficial to those with chronic inflammatory conditions by changing the way they relate to their condition and their symptoms, and in so doing, may reduce the vicious cycle of stress and symptoms.


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UPDATED: 2014 New Year's Eve Celebrations in Washington
All-you-can-drink bashes, no-cover bars, and more.
Written by Sara Gilgore
Image via Shutterstock.
It's hard to believe, but 2014 is almost over. If you're looking to close out the year in style, you've come to the right place: We've rounded up options for every type of New Year's Eve celebration, from debaucherous drink-fests to low-key gatherings and kid-appropriate parties. Want your event to be included? E-mail the details to sgilgore@washingtonian.com.
Downtown Countdown at the Washington Hilton
Where: 1919 Connecticut Ave., NW
When: 9 PM
Tickets: $89 to $119 late entry, $119 to $149 general admission, $150 to $225 VIP
The fourth annual New Year's Eve celebration features an all-inclusive night of live music, comedy, acoustic karaoke, open bars, and gourmet dinner buffets. Third Eye Blind and Delta Rae will perform before the balloon drop when the New Year hits. Organizers promise plenty of food and enough staffers that you won't have to wait in massive lines. Purchase tickets ahead of time, and don't forget your ID for 21-and-up entry.
New Year's Eve at the 9:30 Club
Where: 815 V St., NW
When: 8:30 PM
Want to rock until the ball drops? See the Germantown band Clutch, playing old hits and the selection from their tenth album, Earth Rocker. Torche and Lionize will also perform at the DC music venue. The club will supply gratis bubbly for all attendees. Tickets are available online.
Kennedy Center's 2015 New Year's Eve Grand Foyer Party
Where: 2700 F St., NW
When: 10:30 PM
Tickets: Free with performance tickets; group tickets available online
This night of music and dancing is free if you're seeing one of the earlier performances (see the website for options), or if you eat dinner at the Roof Terrace Restaurant that evening. Beginning at 10:30, the Craig Gildner Big Band transports you back to the swing era, with the sounds of Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman. Then, the Williamsburg Salsa Orchestra takes center stage, performing '70s-style salsa covers of indie-rock favorites leading up to the countdown.
Old 97's at the Hamilton Live
Where: 600 14th St., NW
Tickets: $60 to $85
Rhett Miller's country-rock band headlines the venue's first show of the evening—doors open at 7:30, and the concert starts at 9 with opener Vandaveer. Tickets include gumbo dinner and a midnight Champagne toast. Reserve a space on the floor for general admission.
19th Street Band at the Hamilton Live
When: 10 PM
Want to see live music without dropping a ton of cash? Check out this Americana act in the Hamilton's loft bar. No need to buy tickets in advance; just pay the $10 cover at the door.
All-You-Can-Drink Parties
Hyatt Regency Capitol Hill's Moonlight Circus
Where: 400 New Jersey Ave., NW
Tickets: $99 general admission, $149 VIP
Bid adieu to 2014 with five hours of live circus acts, deejay music, a buffet and complimentary appetizers, party favors, and more. Watch the ball drop in Times Square on a live feed as a balloon drops right here. Tickets are available online.
Madhatter Ball
Tickets: $75 early purchase discount
Five hours of open bar, a buffet, and deejay are just some of the offerings at this party. The two-floor, three-bar location has one of the biggest dance floors in the city, and will be handing out masquerade giveaways and Champagne to every guest. Ticket prices go up the closer it is to December 31, so it's best to buy early.
Blackfinn DC
Where: 1620 I St., NW
A ticket here gets you unlimited beverages, appetizers, party favors, and Champagne; VIP admission comes with extra perks (see details online). Bring your ID and get there by 10:30; if the bar fills up, you're out of luck, ticket or no ticket.
Project NYE DC Red Carpet Affair
Where: 1101 Sixth St., SW
Tickets: $135
Arena Stage's "Oscars-style" gala features a deejay, gourmet dinner buffets, light displays, and a tremendous midnight celebration. Dress to impress for photos on the Red Carpet, and secure your space before planning the evening's ensemble.
International Spy Gala
Where: 10 Thomas Circle, NW
Tickets: $139 regular admission, various prices for VIP, presidential, and late admission.
Music, ice sculptures, mock casino gambling, food and drinks, and two balloon drops are among the highlights at this annual all-inclusive bash, hosted by Euronet International. Come to the Washington Plaza Hotel wearing black tie or cocktail attire, bring a date or attend solo, and reserve a room to stay the night. Information about various ticket packages is available on the event's website.
Big Night DC's New Year's Eve Extravaganza
Where: 201 Waterfront St., National Harbor
Tickets: $135 regular admission, various prices for VIP and late admission.
National Harbor's Gaylord National Hotel and Resort hosts this year's New Year's Eve Extravaganza, with 15 themed party areas, five dance floors, bands, deejays, and more. Check out the different ticket levels before prices skyrocket. Plan to stay the night and book a hotel room if you don't want to start 2015 with a trek home.
Art Soiree's Puttin' on the Ritz New Year's Eve Celebration
Where: 3100 South St., NW
For the second year in a row, Art Soiree brings the celebration to the Ritz-Carlton Georgetown. The party features hors d'oeuvres, live music, a deejay, confetti and balloon drops, along with surprise performances in the Living Room lounge, Degrees bar, and ballroom.
Jack Rose's New Year's Party
Where: 2007 18th St., NW
Here, you'll spend your last hours of the year with an open bar, live deejay, cigar specials, complimentary hors d'oeuvres, and a photo booth, as well as the classic midnight Champagne toast. You can purchase tickets ahead of time here.
Sauf Haus Bier Hall
Tickets: $100 per person, $180 per couple, $340 for four-person groups
If unlimited premium rail cocktails, hot seasonal sips, wine, and beer sound like a good time, this party won't let you down. There'll also be food stations with heavy hors d'oeuvres and late-night snacks, $5 shot skis, a deejay and live music split between the first floor and covered roof deck, and more. Wear fancy attire and order your tickets here.
Blind Whino Arts Club's Studio 54 New Year's Eve
Where: 700 Delaware Ave., SW
Tickets: $125 ($90 each for the first 100 tickets)
With three different deejays on the main floor, and a live band on the second floor, there's no lack of music at the Blind Whino Arts Club party, thrown by Troyal Events, Jamestown Entertainment, and JBC Events. Look forward to an open bar throughout the night and a Champagne toast halfway through—the fun doesn't end until 3 AM.
Masquerade Party at Ping Pong Dim Sum
Where: 1 Dupont Circle, NW
Space is running out at this hot New Year's Eve spot, which features an all-inclusive selection of premium beer, wine, and signature cocktails. Ping Pong will also have deejay entertainment and a photo booth throughout the night.
A New Day at Southern Hospitality
Where: 1815 Adams Mill Rd., NW
Tickets: $30 to $40 before December 31, $45 to $50 New Year's Eve day
The sixth annual party features two deejays, a one-hour open bar, hors d'oeuvres, party favors, and more. You won't be stuck inside: The patio will be tented and heated for the occasion. More information and tickets are available on the event's website.
Destination Tokyo: New Year's Eve at Zengo
Where: 781 Seventh St., NW
Tickets: $30 and up
For Latin-Asian fusion hors d'oeuvres, Asian-inspired decorations, music, and a one-hour open bar, this is the spot to be. Your ticket also includes party favors and masquerade masks at the seven-hour event. Get them before the event sells out—it has for the past two years.
Falls Church Watch Night
Where: 100 block of W. Broad St., Falls Church
The City of Falls Church hosts its 16th annual New Year's Eve celebration for families and people of all ages. The event, which covers four downtown blocks, features live bands, amusements, a 20-piece orchestra, swing dancing, face painters, karaoke, inflatables, puppet shows, and more. A free shuttle bus will run every 30 minutes from the East Falls Church Metro station, and noisemakers will be distributed for the countdown to midnight.
Annapolis New Year's Eve
Where: City Dock, Annapolis
When: Various activities throughout the day, beginning at 2:45 PM until midnight
The December 31 schedule kicks off with the Annapolis Drum and Bugle Corps downtown march. The day's highlights include activities at the Chesapeake Children's Museum, face painting, a magic show, a Caribbean show and limbo contest, and music from a deejay. Annapolis's Best Party Band performs from 9 through midnight, and a countdown to the New Year culminates in a firework celebration. Restaurants and shops will also be open throughout the day.
First Night Alexandria
Where: Durant Arts Center, 1605 Cameron St., Alexandria
Tickets: $20, free for kids under 12 and active military
Bring the family to the 20th anniversary of this Old Town event. With more than 100 live performances and 22 indoor venues, you can spend New Year's Eve enjoying the historic city. Music, dancing, and children's activities are offered throughout the area, and restaurants, pubs, and hotels are also open for business, some with special deals. Afternoon activities begin at 2 and performances start at 7, leading up to the midnight firework show over the Potomac River. Participate in the Instagram challenge with the hashtag #FNA20th to win prizes and gift certificates. More information can be found online.
No-Cover Bars
Baby Wale
Where: 1124 Ninth St., NW
Doors open for happy hour, and the night continues with the usual beer, wine, and cocktails. No cover or up-charges means this is an excellent option for a fun night without the sticker shock.
The Mardi Gras masquerade-themed party will feature a live deejay, plus this bar's staple craft cocktails in the lounge, bar, and indoor bocce courts.
Boundary Stone Public House
Where: 116 Rhode Island Ave., NW
When: Regular hours
Expect the usual solid food and booze selection in the balloon-decorated neighborhood pub. Toast with your friends at midnight to welcome 2015.
Breadsoda
Where: 2233 Wisconsin Ave., NW
A good choice for gathering with friends while enjoying a stress-free holiday. End the year with old school hip-hop and soul music, special punches, and a complimentary Champagne toast when the clock strikes 12.
Mockingbird Hill's Spanish New Year's Eve
Where: 1843 Seventh St., NW
The Shaw sherry bar flaunts its Spanish roots with flamenco dancing, Mahou beer and sherry specials, a free cava toast, and a midnight grape-eating contest. Don't worry about making a reservation before going—just show up.
The Columbia Heights spot is great you're looking for a more low-key night with some reliable fun. There'll be some specials along with the regular selection, starting during happy hour.
Don't Miss DC's Best Events: Get Our Things to Do Newsletter
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More: After HoursGuidesNightlife
Sara Gilgore
Video from Washingtonian's Virtual Real Estate Happy Hour


To use the proxies all you need to do is (as long as the correct bindings are in place) access the .svc file with either '/js' or '/jsdebug' appended, and you will get the generated proxies.
Using both ASP.NET AJAX and ExtJS on the same page does not create any serious problems (I think there might be a couple of collisions on the Date object), but it does mean that you have quite a bit of overhead.
Removing the ASP.NET AJAX framework does not work initially as the generated proxy code needs this to work, so if we remove the ASP.NET AJAX framework, well, then we are going to need to replace it with something that caters to the proxy codes needs without the extra overhead of loading the entire ASP.NET AJAX framework. And here it is – this is the minimum of code needed to bootstrap the automatically generated proxy code, and to tie it into the ExtJs framework. If you want to use it with a different framework then it should not be a difficult task to exchange the Ext dependencies.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, October 28th, 2009 at 19:11	and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


For the 1863 battle in the same location, see Second Battle of Sabine Pass.
Map of Sabine Pass I Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program.
The First Battle of sabine pass or the Bombardment of Fort Sabine, on September 24–25, 1862, was the first Civil War bombardment by the United States Navy of a Confederate fort below Sabine City (now Sabine Pass, Texas.) It was the apex in a series of naval and land skirmishes around the mouth of the Sabine River, Texas, and preceded by four weeks the Union Navy's first armed entry into Galveston Bay called the Battle of Galveston Harbor. Besides strengthening the Union naval blockade of the Texas coastline, the shelling and capture of Sabine Pass was to deter Confederate ground forces from moving southwestward on the Texas coast to augment Galveston's defense. And, it was to open the way for the Union invasion of Texas, which almost a year later was attempted by a combined force of Union naval and army forces at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass.
Sabine Pass is the waterway serving as the outlet of the Sabine Lake estuary formed by the confluence of the Neches and Sabine rivers. The port at Sabine City was connected by a rail spur to the rail line running from the eastern border of Texas to Houston and Galveston. Although the port and entrance to the pass over the bar were shallow, it served coastal trade and, increasingly, blockade runners.
In September 1862 the commander of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, Rear Admiral David Farragut, encouraged Master Frederick Crocker in the steamer USS Kensington to capture the port. Farragut assigned Acting Master Quincy Hooper in the schooner USS Rachel Seaman to assist. On September 23, the vessels arrived off of the pass and were joined by Acting Master Lewis Pennington in the mortar schooner USS Henry Janes. The captains conferred and determined that they would not attempt to get the deep draft Kensington over the bar, but instead would use the schooners to make the attack. Late that afternoon the Rachel Seaman made it over, but the slightly deeper draft Henry Janes became stuck when the tide fell.
The morning of September 24 revealed Pennington's ship stuck in the mud within sight of the fort. Pennington ordered his vessel to fire and it was soon joined by the Rachael Seaman. The Confederate artillerists responded, but their shots fell short as did most of the naval gunfire. After five hours the Henry Janes was freed from the muck and entered the pass. Both schooners maneuvered to within 1.5 miles of the fort and began firing at 5:30 P.M.
Confederate forces numbering twenty eight artillerists manning the artillery batteries, additionally supported by thirty cavalrymen, were unable to effectively return fire as the outdated guns were unable to reach the Union vessels. They took shelter and re-emerged as night fell and the bombardment ceased. After inspecting the damage the Confederate commander, Major Josephus S. Irvine, ordered his artillery spiked and then retreated during the night. Since the fort ceased firing during the day, Crocker attempted to take the fort that evening using launches, but was unable to locate a passage.
The next morning, September 25, Crocker fired three rounds into the fort with no response, then went ashore to find the fort deserted. He walked toward Sabine City and was met by a delegation announcing the town's surrender. This was the first major Texas city captured by the Union. Neither side reported suffering any casualties.
On September 27, 1862, three boats with thirty-three men traveled up the Sabine River twelve miles, near the mouth of Taylor's Bayou, and attempted to destroy a railroad bridge, but after they left the bridge was saved. During the period between the 27th and the end of the month Crocker and the Kensington captured the British Schooner Velocity and Hooper and the Rachael Seaman captured the schooner Dart. On October 3, 1862, Crocker captured the blockade runner Dan on the Calcasieu Pass and used it to travel back up the Sabine River to destroy the railroad bridge. Crocker was promoted to the rank of Acting Volunteer Lieutenant "for gallant conduct" in the Sabine Pass and Calcasieu Pass operations by Admiral Farragut. When intelligence reports indicated that there was a large Confederate army, preparing to counter-attack, Master Hooper (then in command of the place) withdrew the Rachael Seaman across the bar and back into the Gulf, abandoning the city and Fort Sabine, thus returning Sabine Pass, the lake, and river to Confederate hands.
Cotham, Edward T. Jr., Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2004.
This page was last edited on 7 March 2018, at 20:31 (UTC).


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Home / UX Design / Marketing / Jewish Community Foundation rebranding
Jewish Community Foundation rebranding
The Jewish Community Foundation
A rebranding and an interactive booklet encouraging a community of philanthropists to invest in their values
The Jewish Federation of the East Bay and the Jewish Community Foundation were two teams working together under one roof, serving as the charitable epicenter of the East Bay Jewish community.
The Federation focused on collective giving through its annual campaign and community engagement through its impact-grant process, while the Foundation focused on legacy giving through its various charitable giving funds.
In years prior, the two organizations had been cobranded to highlight their shared missions of building and sustaining the Jewish community.
However, this unity gave rise to a lead-generation challenge for the Foundation. High-capacity donors to the Federation's annual campaign were largely unaware of the legacy-giving services offered by the Foundation. Instead many of these donors were choosing competitors like Fidelity, Schwab, or other community foundations to meet this need. The design challenge: how to distinguish the Foundation's services from the Federation's — and competitors' — while remaining consistent with the Federation brand.
Role: project lead, product manager, content strategist
Tools: Adobe InDesign
Interviewing stakeholders and potential fundholders
We conducted interviews with the Federation and Foundation boards and executive team, Foundation fundholders, Federation donors who were not fundholders, and Jewish fundholders not affiliated with the Federation or Foundation. From these interviews, we gained insights into which product features and messaging resonated with these different audiences.
Testing positioning statements
The insights from these interviews allowed us to create three different positioning statements to test with our stakeholders and potential fundholders. In a group exercise, everyone was given the statements on strips of paper, and they were given the option to splice them together. Each person then presented their reasoning for rearranging the statement as they did. The final positioning statement that we arrived at as a team was the following:
At the Jewish Community Foundation, we bring together like-minded people who are invested in building a better world through the core values of compassion, justice, and learning.
Creating marketing collateral for the brand launch
To finish the brand rollout, we redesigned our collateral to reflect the insights gained through the design-thinking process. Guided by the experience of a user interested in opening a Foundation fund, we streamlined and developed our toolkit into a multichannel experience. Working with stakeholders, I created and edited content for a style guide, website, sales brochure, and signage.


text:
ГлавнаяБлогБез рубрикиbuzzing feeling in body menopause
buzzing feeling in body menopause
Lower … Nerves that relay messages and are connected to the spinal cord and brain can be damaged in a condition called peripheral neuropathy. Vibrations are most likely have psychological or neurological mechanisms. The sinking feeling is my head and body.. There can be various parts of the body tingling simultaneously at random or consistent times. Surprising symptom 2: Tingling, pins and needles & electric shocks. Some people describe this symptom as body tremors. The people feel the different problems in the body. In other cases, a particular nerve is affected, in a condition called neuralgia. And while there could be any number of reasons for it, it's probably not cause for concern. Generally, a woman tends to have menopause at about the same age as her mother did. The vibrating in feet becomes frustrating among the people. In more mild cases, it usually comes about after a certain body posture pinches a nerve or presses on an artery, causing a limb to temporarily "fall asleep." Menopause is the physiological cessation of menstrual cycles associated with advancing age. It often causes a burning along with loss of muscle control, lack of sensations and pain. First signs often include a vague sensitive skin sensation followed by an intense whoosh of heat that can cause you to break into a sweat lasting for three to five minutes. The feeling could be when laying down at the end of the day, but it feels like something is either buzzing next to you or inside of you. 'Fluctuating hormones are thought to make the body oversensitivity to normal ups and downs of body temperature,' explains Ms Domoney. What is it? Amberen provides a safe and effective way to promote hormonal balance without the serious risks associated with HRT. Strange tingling, feeling like your body is buzzing inside, and similar symptoms could be related to various medical conditions involving the brain or central nervous system so Holly did the right thing by getting those checked out first. 14. Generally speaking, the pain felt from electric shock comes from neurons in the brain misfiring, causing you to feel pain in the body and nerves when there is no harm. If you lose too much body heat, you might feel chilled afterward. Does not hurt - just very disconcerting. While menopause can happen in your late 30s, 40s or 50s, the average age is around 51. A hot flash can also cause sweating. So, this is not a very common one but it can become quite disconcerting because the tingling and the shocks can happen at any time. Also, the changes in hormones themselves can cause changes in body odor. A sensation very similar to that of a rubber band snapping between muscle and skin can occur just before a hot flash. The body's systems are all interconnected and when estrogen is decreased, it can cause other systems in the body to function a bit differently in response to the physical adjustments being made internally. This menopause symptom can be embarrassing, but the easiest way to overcome it is to add extra showers and use scented lotions and deodorant sprays. The hormone changes your body goes through during menopause can cause you to sweat much more profusely than you ever have before. This often takes the form of numbness or tingling in different parts of your body, such as the arms, legs or trunk, which typically spreads out over a few days. The internal buzzing feels like just that.. buzzing or vibration.. inside.. Accordingly, low estrogen levels affect the receptors … The vibrating sensation is commonly regarded as the pallesthesia. Although the average age of menopause is 51, menopause can actually happen any time from the 30s to the mid-50s or later. Suddenly felt like an electric shock went through your body? The people feel the vibrating sensation in the feet. Most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55. Loss of feeling or tingling on one side of the body; Loss of consciousness; Slurred speech; Vision changes; Trouble walking; If you experience any other unexplained symptoms along with tingling extremities - such as increased urination, worsening of symptoms while walking, rash, muscle spasms, or pain - it is wise to seek medical help. I can feel it in my arms, chest, and sometimes abdomen. Menopause can cause hormonal changes that lead to increased body temperature and hot feet. When stress responses occur too frequently, however, the body has a more difficult time recovering, … In more mild cases, tingling extremities can come about after a certain body posture pinches a nerve or presses on an artery, causing a limb to temporarily "fall asleep." In these cases, the tingling extremities usually return to normal after compression is relieved. Tremors, trembling, shaking or vibrating might be visible or not visible. It's also common to get these just before a hot flush. Mine was helped by Calc, Magnesium, and Zinc tablets, chelated. It buzzes for around 3 seconds then stops for a few seconds, but there is a rhythm to it which is weird. Menopause is the physiological cessation of menstrual cycles associated with advancing age. Mostly happens when I am sleeping or relaxed - it will wake me up, but has happened once when standing. Electricity exists naturally within the body. When stress responses occur infrequently, the body can recover relatively quickly from the physiological, psychological, and emotional changes the stress response brings about. Phantom ringing most often experienced while you are taking a shower or watching TV. But, like many people who deal with unsolved health mysteries, once her doctors ruled those out, they stopped searching for an answer. Many women going through menopause notice a sensation of tingling, burning or numbness in their extremities – fingers, toes, feet, hands, arms and legs. Muscle tension . I have started feeling like my body was "vibrating" - not spasms, or jerking - like there is a vibrator in my body. Night sweats are hot flashes that happen at night, and they may disrupt your sleep. It normally occurs in women between the ages of 45 and 55, when the body begins to slow and stop the production of eggs, estrogen and progesterone production decreases, and menstruation diminishes, eventually stopping altogether. Tingling extremities during menopause. How to decrease post menopause symptoms with Whole Body Vibration Ah, the great change. A decline or fluctuation in estrogen levels impacts our central nervous systems, which means some nerves can be impacted. Amanda Thebe is a force of nature for women who are experiencing "menopause hell" and want to start feeling healthy + fit in their 40s and beyond. Tingling Sensation. One unfortunate menopause symptom that many people fall prey to is the belief that life is over after menopause. XD I get the worse at night, or perhaps I just notice them more then. The cause of electric shock during the menopause isn't completely understood. Now, second symptom is tingling pain, pins and needles, and electric shocks. During menopausal years and the years preceding menopause, the body prepares to stop the functions of reproduction. Through her very frank writing, hilarious social media posts, and inspirational and entertaining talks, she's here to help you find the tools to have more energy and zest for life. Once a woman reaches a certain age, their bodies prepare to go through menopause as they reach the end of their child-bearing years and their reproductive capabilities come to an end. It feels like a buzzing or vibrating sensation in my cervix although it is hard to actually pinpoint where it is exactly. What you're feeling could be another symptom of the menopause. According to the Mayo Clinic, menopause is diagnosed after your body goes 12 months without a period. Irregular Heartbeat. It isnt painful, but distracting. I can be driving along and literally feel like I'm sinking back into the seat of the car.. or sinking over to the side.. This condition presents with a false sensation that your cell phone is vibrating or you can also falsely hear it ringing. Life isn't over after menopause, in fact for many it has just begun! If I forget to take them, the vibrations get really bad. 13. I … Feel it most in the back, but everywhere else too. Causes of Tingling Extremities. Muscle spasms, stiffness and weakness. This is not primarily anxiety based, although the unknown cause of … Tingling extremities and numbness among menopausal women could be caused by the effects of reduced estrogen secretion in the body. They are believed to occur due to changes in the hormonal balance in the body during menopause. What Are the Hormonal Causes? I also feel the vibration. The best treatment for tingling extremities during menopause is simply to rebalance hormonal levels in the body. This can often be closely linked to stress and anxiety and presents itself as a feeling of tightness in the muscles, like a strain. The vibration has occurred in the feet as well as the hands. Problems with the nervous system may cause a burning sensation in the body. What words do I use to check the internet? This is happened due to various problems. In the beginning I thought it was a sound.. but I'm sure now it's a feeling. Although other medical conditions can cause them, hot flashes most commonly are due to menopause — the time when menstrual periods become irregular and eventually stop. Electric Shock Sensation. While menopause marks a certain feeling of rel. Because of the erratic changes going on in your body during menopause, you may notice that you experience more electric shocks. Internal Shaking at Menopause While internal shaking / internal tremors symptom commonly referred as one of the unusual symptoms of menopause, it is not as rare as you may think. After a nap or when waking up from sleep, your body feels like it is trembling, shaking, and vibrating. These changes can cause a buzzing feeling anywhere on or in the body, such as the feet, hands, toes, and fingers. Menopause Support Group. It can come as quite a surprise to feel vibrating or buzzing in or near your vagina. It feels like your body is vibrating. I am due my period any day and had put it down to that even though i have never had it before. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is an effective way to balance hormone levels, but it can elevate risks of cancer, stroke and heart disease in menopausal women. It normally occurs in women between the ages of 45 and 55, when the body begins to slow and stop the production of eggs, estrogen and progesterone production decreases, and menstruation diminishes, eventually stopping altogether. Friday, June 17, 2016. Women who smoke and are underweight tend to have an earlier menopause, while women who are overweight often have a later menopause. Tingling hands? And a creepy crawling feeling; Causes of Tingling Extremities and Numbness. Hi Cathy, I have similar symptoms that are menopause-related. Who do I go to for it? These are what I call Internal Tremors or Body Buzzing. Menopause brings about a time of drastic hormonal fluctuations as ovarian hormone production comes to a halt, since these reproductive organs are the main producers of the key hormones estrogen and progesterone. Different women experience hot flashes and other menopause symptoms in different ways, so the burning sensation you're experiencing could indeed be due to hot flashes. Menopause Support Group. Tingling extremities, medically known as paresthesis, can occur at any time. Gum problems. I have also mistaken my vibrations for my cell phone. MS can cause your muscles to: contract tightly and painfully (spasm) become stiff and resistant to movement (spasticity) feel weak; Mobility problems. While not a common sign of menopause, tingling sensations in your extremities, medically known as paresthesis, is an unsettling symptom some women experience and it can occur at any time.
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We are proud to announce that the hometown of Marcantonio's family, Picerno, Italy is commemorating Vito Marcantonio with a three-day festival beginning on April 9th, 2019.
VMF founding member, Stephen Siciliano, a journalist who hosts Marcantoniana, published a story just over a year ago covering the Street Naming Ceremony at Marcantonio's Lucky Corner on East 116th Street and Lexington Avenue in the East Harlem section of Manhattan. Saverio Romeo, a Picerno native currently residing in London, read the story and got in contact with us to inform the VMF of their intention to do an extended version of the VMF's street naming.
The Municipality of Picerno has had the idea of an event on Vito Marcantonio for a long time. Matera, a site of great historical significance, has received from the United Nation the distinction of Capital of Culture. This has helped provide the financial opportunity for developing a commemorative Marcantonio event within a moment of great visibility for the entire region of Basilicata, which is located in Southern Italy, is an explosion of stories, characters, and ideas all coming from its towns and villages.. We all hope the event will be just the beginning of a number of activities celebrating the legacy of Vito Marcantonio, a great defender of human rights.
Various personalities from Avigliano, the hometown of Leonard Covello, the incomparable educational philosopher who dedicated his life to Italian immigrant children, will attend the event in the hope of creating a connection between the two towns based on the Marcantonio-Covello mentorship that evolved into a partnership.
In addition, the event organizers have sponsored two VMF members to attend the Festival in Picerno! The VMF has elected Roberto Ragone and Gary Bono as our ambassadors for this enriching journey that will help promote.
We look forward to hearing a report back from Roberto Ragone and Gary Bono who will share their experiences with Picerno and with those who attend to find ways to continue this valuable relationship.
This entry was posted in announcement, events, news, press and tagged Basilicata, covello, Matera, Picerno, vito marcantonio phenomenon on March 31, 2019 by admeyer73.
WHAT: Book party, dramatic reading and discussion of Leonard Covello's The Heart is the Teacher. Recently reprinted and reissued by the John D. Calandra Institute of Italian American Institute's series dedicated to all aspects of the Italian diaspora. WHO: Professor Gerald J. Meyer, who wrote the Afterword for the reissued book, will contextualize Covello's work and discuss its pedagogical relevance in today's multi-cultural society. From the Afterword: "Covello proposed an alternative vision of how Italian-American and other immigrant cultures (and especially their languages) could endure and flourish in their new homeland." New York based playwright/actor, performance and multidisciplinary artist, LuLu LoLo will dramatize portions of the book while Roberto Ragone, actor/producer, business and cultural consultant, will take on the role of seven-time elected East Harlem Congressman Vito Marcantonio, a former student, and close friend to Covello; reading passages about Marcantonio from Covello's book and explaining Covello's importance to education. WHEN: Thursday May 1, 2014 from 12:30-2:30 PM. Refreshments will be served. Free admission.
LOCATION: Hostos Community College. Vito Marcantonio Room, B Building Room 115.
This entry was posted in events and tagged covello, gerald meyer, hostos community college, lulu lolo pascale, roberto ragone, vito marcantonio on April 29, 2014 by admeyer73.


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As I continue to work with my colleagues in the Graphic Arts Department on the Imperfect History project, I have been spending much of my time considering how our contemporary perspectives can glean new, more inclusive stories from centuries-old objects in our collection. I was therefore eager to come across a stereograph by John Fillis Jarvis which speaks directly to these aims.
The object in question depicts a group of five Black men dressed in sarongs. Two of the men are engaged in a wrestling match. The caption on the stereograph reads, "Wrestling for a Bride, Dahomey, Africa." Behind the men is an elaborately decorated set complete with a straw hut, grass, palm trees, and a painted backdrop, each of which is meant to emphasize the exotic locale. Audiences at the time would have looked at the images through a stereoscope, which was meant to create the illusion of three-dimensionality.
John Fillis Jarvis, Wrestling for a Bride, Dahomey Africa (Washington, D.C.: J. F. Jarvis, ca. 1894). Albumen on card mount (stereograph format). Gift of John Serembus.
The Kingdom of Dahomey captured Western imagination during the three hundred year period of its existence before French annexation. In addition to being known for its brigades of female soldiers, the Kingdom was infamous for its warring with neighboring groups and its role in fueling the transatlantic slave trade with captives from its conquests.
Because of its approximate publication date, it's likely that the stereograph was taken at the World's Fair in Chicago which took place in 1893. Also known as the Columbian Exposition, this event was held to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. Forty-six countries from all over the world convened to showcase their achievements, including the Kingdom of Dahomey.
Marriott Canby Morris, Midway Plaisance-Dahomans, 1893. Lantern slide.
The exhibition organizer's choice to showcase the Dahomey Kingdom and other Black nations, like Haiti and Liberia, prompted protests from African Americans whose experiences and achievements were being omitted from the fair in the United States' pavilions. This deliberate choice to focus on the more "exotic" cultures reinforced stereotypes about Black people's "otherness."
This reinforcement is reflective of the era's race relations. In the decades leading up to the turn of the century, the promises and progress of the Reconstruction Era had been undone. The subsequent proliferation of racial discrimination and terror ensured that African Americans maintained their status as second-class citizens.
Visual culture played an integral role in maintaining America's racial order. By depicting Black people as "savages" or "backwards," objects like this stereograph propped up white supremacist beliefs which were in turn enforced through Jim Crow laws and the onslaught of violence committed by the Ku Klux Klan.
By considering the historical context in which Jarvis's stereograph was produced, we can see how a photograph meant to entertain and enthrall its audiences can also be a vehicle for maintaining racial inequality in American society.
Kinaya Hassane
Curatorial Fellow, Graphic Arts
Imperfect History is supported by the Henry Luce Foundation.
Graphic Arts Department
VISUAL LITERACY WORKSHOP
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Remembering Library Company Volunteer Louise Beardwood Upstairs, Downstairs at the Library Company of Philadelphia


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The Rubidoux Gets a New Look!
Here's one last wave goodbye to our old Flash site. We updated our look to accommodate a more user friendly design that's compatible across many devices. Now you can see what's new at Rubidoux easily, at any time or any place. Enjoy!


It's the perfect time to arrange your cut greens in window boxes and planters before the soil freezes! Here's a quick look at how Julia spruced up the window boxes in front of our Winchester store yesterday. Stop in this weekend for fresh cut greens, wreaths, garlands and all of the decorative accessories you'll need to personalize your display!


The surprise truce announced Tuesday came just as the former allies turned antagonists were facing off in a federal court trial that was supposed to unfold over the next month in San Diego, The Associated Press reported.
The resolution abruptly ended that trial, which also involved Apple's key iPhone suppliers.
Investors reacted as if it were a resounding victory for Qualcomm. The San Diego company's stock soared 23 percent to close Tuesday at $70.45. Apple shares edged up two cents to $199.25.
Apple had been seeking at least $1 billion for money that Qualcomm was supposed to rebate as part of an earlier licensing agreement. Apple had begun to have misgivings about that deal as it added more features to its increasingly popular lineup of iPhones.


The name KING DAREAL has always been familiar with amazing masterpieces in the Christian Hip Hop Genre, judging from his previous singles. From Hiphop To TrapMusic and other harmonic experiments, he's been able to distinguish himself from the crowd.
Now going public with his brand expression "I'm The Church In The Wild", KING DAREAL unleashes his first mixtape titled D'TRAPANESE.
Its 100% guaranteed to bless and inspire you with the wealth of his passion. ENJOY!


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Luder's Dunston Rocket faces demolition by years end
Gateshead Council is to begin work on clearing the site of Owen Luder's 29 storey Derwent Tower – the Dunston Rocket, before the year is out after issuing tenders for its demolition.
Gateshead Council states that the tower was in poor structural condition due to the type of construction and materials used. Many of the flats suffered from damp, unreliable services, poor water pressure and heating.
The site will form part of the redevelopment of the Ravensworth Road area of Gateshead which will deliver new housing, retail facilities and environmental improvements.
Owing to the structural complexity of the tower the structure cannot be brought down explosively and must instead be dismantled piece by piece, a process which could take up to 15 months.
Councillor Angela Douglas, Gateshead's Cabinet member for Housing, said: "Many people see Derwent Tower as representing all that was wrong with the past, when buildings were designed and created as architectural exercises rather than as places to live.
"The tower has been a huge drain on Gateshead Council's resources and a constant irritation to the residents and community who had to live under its shadow.
"I know many local people are looking forward to the day when the tower finally goes and we can bring forward our proposals for a major redevelopment of the Ravensworth Road area. That day has just come a step closer."
The rocket is the second Luder designed structure to be demolished in the area this year following the earlier demise of Gateshead car park.
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Kickstarter Founders Pledge Public Benefit Corporation and Deliver
Marcus Chavers·
· January 9, 2017
An Internet company not vying to become the mythical 'billion' dollar unicorn? That's a new one, and if you guessed Kickstarter would be the one to do it, go ahead and collect the office pool. Then donate your winnings to charity.
Kickstarter announced Sunday it was reincorporating as a 'public benefit corporation.' Like many Americans, you see 'public good' and wonder what the hell is going on? A company not trying to screw me over?
The two co-founders, Yancey Strickler and Perry Chen, are opting for the altruistic route over the IPO millions route. The cynic in me says no kidding avoid the IPO route. Wall Street isn't exactly a rational actor these days.
The optimist in me thinks it fits with what the company has done from day one. They donate 5% of after-tax profits to causes that fight inequality. Yeah, instead of donating 5% and taking the write-off, Kickstarter chooses to give after the fact.
If there ever was an Exhibit A they are not a public company; that is it.
"We don't ever want to sell or go public," said Mr. Strickler, Kickstarter's chief executive. "That would push the company to make choices that we don't think are in the best interest of the company."
The public benefit designation does not prevent them from going public. That's an important distinction. If the founders want to roll the dice on Wall Street, they can. It does make Wall Street look on with skepticism on if they can turn it into a momentum play. The calculus changes when business decisions have to account for the public benefit over quarterly projections.
It also holds the company to a degree of transparency not seen in most private or public companies. It was already a B Corporation, which makes the company meet stringent environmental and social responsibility standards.
Each year, the company has to report to its shareholders, offering insight not usually seen in companies. Other startups that are B Corps. include Etsy and Warby Parker. Etsy mistimed its IPO in April, and shares have been beaten down below the IPO price.
The designation is fairly new and has been signed into law by a number of states. Delaware, where Kickstarter will be reincorporating, adopted the designation in 2013.
Delaware Governor Jack Markell talked about the designation in 2013:
"Public benefit corporations will harness the power of private enterprise to create public benefit. Companies consider profit to be the means — not the exclusive end goal — of their business."
What does the designation mean for a company? A business must aim to do something that aids the public, hence the public good status. In the case of Kickstarter, its mission serves that purpose by helping 'bring creative projects to life.'
It's not just transparency and charitable contributions. Kickstarter goes out of its way to "not use loopholes or other esoteric but legal tax management strategies to reduce its tax burden."
I'm gonna assume Donald Trump doesn't do that.
Kickstarter and Investors
While the plan sounds laudable, Kickstarter does have obstacles to overcome. The company has raised around $15 million in VC, but some investors are already praising the move. Chris Sacca, a former Google executive who became an investor in Twitter, is confident he will see a return on his investment.
"It is a fast-growing, highly profitable enterprise. So, as an owner of the stock, I feel comfortable that I will be rewarded for that," Mr. Sacca said. "When the time is right, I'm confident that Kickstarter will return cash to their loyal shareholders."
And it's not subject to the whims of algorithmic trading. Unless you think the Dow shedding 1,000 points in a couple minutes is normal, I'd be happy Kickstarter is staying away from Wall Street.
The co-founders have already pledged to start paying dividends to shareholders and employees in the next few years.
Kickstarter won't be a lottery ticket for new employees coming on board. For some, that means doom and gloom for recruiting. That depends on how you look at it. Lottery ticket options or the promise of steady dividends. You'll be surprised how many engineers, designers and other employees opt for that safety net.
The founders of Kickstarter are hoping the move will start a trend. Instead of focusing on becoming the next billion-dollar unicorn, just maybe they will opt to follow the passion that led them to start the company all the way through.
And who knows, if you aren't raising cash to raise cash, you might find yourself with a company that makes money. Yeah, that's a novel thought.
KickstarterPublic Benefit Corporation
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Gear. TV. Movies. Lifestyle. Photography. Yeah, I'm the type who sees a shiny object and is immediately captivated. Wait... There's another. You can reach me at marcus@newsledge.com
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