The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is becoming obsolete.
As has been predicted by telecom operators in the industry for years, the public switched telephone network (PSTN) is becoming obsolete. Multinational telecom companies already have plans in place to phase-out the country's PSTN and gradually move to an IP-only service. Nationwide rollouts have already begun with telecom giants like Orange in France, Deutsche Telekom in Germany, and Swisscom in Switzerland, to name a few. Europe is not alone in their efforts to phase-out the PSTN; Major Australian telecom companies have already announced their rollout calendars, and providers have been conducting regional testing of all-IP phone services in the US.
The main reasons for the migration to an IP-based network is that the traditional PSTN model is becoming increasingly expensive to maintain. Not only does it consume massive amounts of energy, but thousands of older model circuit switches still in operation to maintain existing PSTN networks are based on electromechanical technologies that are over 30 years old. Spare parts, when they exist, are very hard to come by and many equipment suppliers are abandoning the technology. When repairs are needed, locating these components or their equivalent can become extremely expensive.
Telecom operators around the world have already been working on replacing time division multiplexing (TDM) technology with IP or SIP trunking solutions for nearly two decades, for example, by building voice over internet protocol (VoIP) on fiber optic infrastructures. On the level of regional infrastructures, however, traditional telephony around the world remains mostly in parallel with that of the 1980's, which means huge maintenance costs and increasing risks of breakdowns and malfunctions.
It's important to note that the migration towards an all-IP service won't completely cancel out the older generation of technology. The copper network (twisted pair cabling) remains useful in supporting other, now digital forms of telecommunications, such as dedicated link services (or "leased lines") and xDSL Internet access.
The Internet's packet-switching architecture, open standards, non-proprietary protocols, peered networks and digital hardware are a clear improvement over separate, closed analog networks still using older technology.
For years, phone companies dismissed IP as an inadequate alternative. Carriers of all sizes have now grasped that the Internet is the only option to satisfy the ever-growing demand from consumers and cloud-based services.
Migration plans are starting to take shape across Europe, with many countries at various phases of implementation. With 200 national telecom operators across the European continent, it's understandable that complete IP adoption will take time.
Orange explains that from Q4 of 2018, telephone lines in mainland France will no longer be built on the analog Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), but on IP technology. All operators will then offer tailored commercial services. By the end of 2018, neither homes or business in France will be able to order analog phone lines on the old model.
As of June 2017, Deutsche Telekom had migrated 61% of access lines in Germany and 64% in the Eastern European countries where it holds stake. Macedonia, Slovakia, and Croatia are now all-IP. DT's rollout plan is set for completion by end of 2018.
As of February 2018, Swisscom has successfully transitioned 2 million customers to all-IP services. They estimate that nearly all private customers will have converted to IP by Q4.
Even though an all-IP future is taking shape, carriers can't simply "switch-off" existing PSTN networks, even in countries where there are clearly better and cheaper IP alternatives. In many cases, there are decades-old regulations that enforce the continued operation of obsolete analog networks, no matter how many users they have and regardless of costs.
Telecom companies have already had plenty of time to advance their alternative offers, and have been providing solutions that combine fixed and mobile telephony very transparently for years. Many organizations around the world are already operating on a hybrid model. Take businesses, for example, who've maintained the same telephone infrastructure for years, but who've decided to reap the cost savings benefits of cloud fax solutions. We're already in the era of a mobile workforce, and many companies are already on-board with the technology of the future, using fully implemented IP phone systems and cloud-based UC solutions that seamlessly link their mobile, email, and data infrastructures.
IP networks can use packets to transmit voice, data, or video content equally— and for telecom companies, this represents a single network for voice, video, and data. It's no shock then, that IP technology has already won the telephone network war, just as it won the data war and is also dominating the video war.
Europe's bold move toward an all-IP service is setting an example of what's inevitably to come for the rest of the world. There's no question that analog is obsolete, it's only a matter of time before telephony as we know it globally is completely IP based.
What can organizations do now?
At this stage, it's necessary for organizations who want to take the next step (if only partially) to analyze the expectations and needs of different internal departments: management, business units, marketing & communications, etc. Identify various special needs, and where you could benefit from a migration to IP such as videoconferencing, group calls using collaborative tools, secure file exchange, etc.
There is already a wide variety of choices for all your needs on the market whether you prefer IPBX, on-premise options, or a solution hosted by a service provider through the cloud.
Are you looking to learn more about IP solutions that can boost workflow, save money and future-proof your telecom infrastructure? Speak with an expert today about which solution would work best for your specific needs.


text:
Q: How do I have every test in class automatically tagged with a specific tag I am using the flatspec trait to create my tests and I would like to create a base class that would automatically tag any tests in that class with a particular tag.
For example, any tests in classes that inherit from the IntegrationTest class would automatically be appropriately tagged.  So instead of:
  class ExampleSpec extends FlatSpec {
      "The Scala language" must "add correctly" taggedAs(IntegrationTest) in {
      val sum = 1 + 1
      assert(sum === 2)
  }

I would like do this and still have the test tagged as an IntegrationTest
  class ExampleSpec extends IntegrationSpec {
      "The Scala language" must "add correctly" in {
      val sum = 1 + 1
      assert(sum === 2)
  }

Thanks!

A: If you're willing to use a direct annotation on the test class, rather than a parent class, you can use the example at https://github.com/kciesielski/tags-demo. Adapted somewhat for your example, you need to declare a Java class:
package tags;

import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.TYPE;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME;

@org.scalatest.TagAnnotation
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Target({METHOD, TYPE})
public @interface MyAnnotation {
}

Then you use it to annotate the Scala test class:
@tags.MyAnnotation
class ExampleSpec extends FlatSpec {
  "The Scala language" must "add correctly" in {
  val sum = 1 + 1
  assert(sum === 2)
}

You then have to use the actual string tags.MyAnnotation to specify the tag you want run (or ignored).
I tried to annotate a parent class instead, but I can't get it to work. I could imagine it being a significant problem for you or not, depending on what else you're trying to do.
Actually, the online doc for the org.scalatest.Tag class does a fair job of describing all this, although I say it after getting it to work by following the above project on GitHub..

A: Since ScalaTest 2.2.0 tags can be inherited (http://www.scalatest.org/release_notes/2.2.0).

*

*Add @Inherited to your annotation definition.
package tags;

import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.TYPE;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME;

**@Inherited**
@org.scalatest.TagAnnotation
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Target({METHOD, TYPE})
public @interface RequiresIntegrationStuff {
}

*Annotate your base spec.
@RequiresIntegrationStuff
class IntegrationSpec extends FlatSpec {}

*Just use your base spec as a base class.
class ExampleSpec extends IntegrationSpec {
    "The Scala language" must "add correctly" in {
    val sum = 1 + 1
    assert(sum === 2)
}

After that, ExampleSpec will be tagged as tags.RequiresIntegrationStuff.
You will find working project here: https://github.com/wojda/tags-demo (based on https://github.com/kciesielski/tags-demo from Spiro Michaylov's answer)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Author: J. Mullens.
No. of Pages: 18
Item Identification Code (UID#): 522
Shelving Location: Papers & Articles: Anthropology: Culture & Society
On the Origin and Progress of the People of Madagascar
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 5: pp. 181-198.
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1876).
Stapled Printout
This paper draws to a large extent on information from the "History of Madagascar" by Rev. William Ellis (1838).
The "Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland" was previously called "The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869-1870)" and "Journal of Anthropology", and is now called "The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland".
Good. Text is extensively marked in fluorescent highlighter and annotated in red ink.
History > Madagascar > Human Colonisation
Culture > Malagasy > Tribes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{}

\section{Introduction}
 Protoplasmic streaming is a fluid flow directly observable in plants in water such as chara corallina~\cite{ShimmenYokota-COCB2004,VLubics-Goldstein-Protoplasma2009} (Figure \ref{fig-1}(a) shows a plant in water).   Kamiya and Kuroda reported the position dependence of the streaming in Nitella cells by a microscope~\cite{KamiyaKuroda-BMT1956}. The cell's typical diameter size is $500 ({\rm \mu m})$, and the maximum velocity is about $50 ({\rm \mu m/s})$  (Fig. \ref{fig-1}(b)). The kinematic viscosity is known to be approximately $\nu\!=\!1\!\times\!10^{-4} ({\rm \mu m^2/s})$, which is 100 times larger than that of water~\cite{KamiyaKuroda-BMT1973}. Recently, Tominaga and Ito reported that the flow speed influences the plant size~\cite{TominagaIto-COPB2015}. In addition, the activation force of the streaming is at present known to be the so-called molecular motor, and this mechanism of activation is the same as in the case of animal cells~\cite{McintoshOstap-CSatAG2016,Astumian-Science2020,Julicher-etal-RMP1997}. For these reasons, protoplasmic streaming has attracted much attention as a microfluidic flow in nanotechnological areas~\cite{Squires-Quake-RMP2005}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig-1-crop.pdf}
\caption{(a) A photograph of plant in water, (b) illustration of protoplasmic streaming, (c) 2D computational domain, and (d) experimentally observed peaks in the velocity distribution $h(V)$ in Ref.~\cite{Mustacich-Ware-BJ1976}.
Arrows in (b) denote velocity of flows, where circular flows on the cylindrical surface in real plant cells are modified to be parallel to the $x$ direction, and $V_B$ in (c) denotes the fixed boundary velocity.  }
\label{fig-1}
\end{figure}

 Meent et al. studied the flow field both theoretically and experimentally~\cite{Goldstein-etal-PRL2008,Goldstaein-etal-PNAS2008,Goldstaein-etal-JFM2010,Raymond-Goldstein-IF2015}, and  confirmed that the reported data in Ref.~\cite{ KamiyaKuroda-BMT1956} are almost correct. A particle image velocimetry technique has been confirmed to be efficient for the streaming~\cite{Kikuchi-Mochizuki-PlosOne2015}. Niwayama et al. numerically studied the position dependence of velocity in plant cells~\cite{Niwayama-etal-PNAS2010}, and the results are consistent with those in Refs.~\cite{Goldstein-etal-PRL2008,Goldstaein-etal-PNAS2008,Goldstaein-etal-JFM2010,Raymond-Goldstein-IF2015}.

 About twenty years after the report of Ref.~\cite{KamiyaKuroda-BMT1956}, Mustacich et al. experimentally observed the velocity distribution by a technique called Laser Doppler velocimetry and found that there appear two different peaks in the distribution at $V_x\!=\!0$  (or $V\!\to\!0$ )  and $V\!\not=\!0$~\cite{Mustacich-Ware-PRL1974,Mustacich-Ware-BJ1976,Mustacich-Ware-BJ1977,Sattelle-Buchan-JCS1976}. The peak at  $V\!\to\!0$ corresponds to the   zero-velocity Brownian motion of fluid particles, while the peak at $V\!\not=\!0$ is considered to correspond to the speed of  the molecular motor.  Recently, these two different peaks have been numerically studied by Langevin Navier-Stokes (LNS) simulations with vortex ($\omega$) and stream function ($\psi$)  for two-dimensional (2D) Couette flow between parallel plates~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}.

 However, the technique in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} is limited to only  2D flows because the NS equation is for $\omega$ and $\psi$  and is not applicable to actual 3D flows. Therefore, studying 2D Couette flow by LNS simulations for velocity ($\vec{V}$) and pressure ($p$) is worthwhile.

 In this paper,  we study the velocity distribution of 2D Couette flow by simulating the LNS equation for $\vec{V}$ and $p$  and compare the results obtained in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} and experimental data in Refs.~\cite{Mustacich-Ware-PRL1974,Mustacich-Ware-BJ1976,Mustacich-Ware-BJ1977,Sattelle-Buchan-JCS1976}. Dimensional analysis of the LNS equation for $\vec{V}$ and $p$ is also performed, and we obtain meaningful information on the dependence of velocity distribution on physical parameters such as kinematic viscosity and system size.

\section{Methods}
\subsection{Langevin Navier-Stokes equation}
The velocity distribution in plant cells along the vertical line is illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig-1}(b). In actual plant cells, a circular flow  is rotating on the cell surface. This flow is not written on the tube.
Figure \ref{fig-1}(c) is the computational domain obtained by simplifying the flow field of protoplasmic streaming to a 2D flow field. $V_B$ denotes the boundary velocity corresponding to the circular flow on the cell surface. This two-dimensional (2D) flow field is called Couette flow if the flow is driven only by the boundary velocity. In this case, the Navier-Stokes equation is trivial because it has the exact solution. However, we assume that fluid particles thermally fluctuate, and this fluctuation is called Brownian motion. Thus,  the protoplasmic streaming is activated by both the boundary velocity and Brownian force from a fluid mechanical viewpoint. Due to the Brownian motion, the velocity distribution of $V_x$ or $V$ has two peaks at $V\!\to\!0$ and $V(\not=\!0)$, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig-1}(d). Since $h(V)$ is considered to be a probability distribution of $V$, these peaks indicate that many fluid particles are of $V\!\to\!0$ and $V\!=\!{\rm finite}$, which corresponds to $V_B$ in the case of Couette flow.

The random Brownian motion of fluid particles is naturally described by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{NS-eq-org}
\begin{split}
&\frac{\partial {\vec V}}{\partial t}=-\left ({\vec V}\cdot \nabla\right){\vec V}-{\rho}^{-1} {\it \nabla} p +\nu \Laplace {\vec V} + {\vec \eta},\\
&\nabla\cdot {\vec V}=0,
\end{split}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\vec V}\!=\!(V_x,V_y)$ is the velocity of the fluid particle, and $p$ is the pressure (see also Ref. \cite{Ermak-McCammon-JCP1978} for Brownian dynamics of particles).
The differential operators $\nabla$ and $\Laplace$ are defined by $\nabla\!=\!(\partial/\partial x, \partial/\partial y)$ and $\Laplace\!=\!\partial^2/\partial x^2\!+\! \partial^2/\partial y^2$, respectively.
 The symbols $\rho$ and $\nu$ are density $(\rm{kgm^{-3}})$ and kinematic viscosity $(\rm{m^2s^{-1}})$, respectively. The final term $\vec{\eta}$ in the first of Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}) denotes Brownian force, given by Gaussian random numbers in the numerical simulations. The second equation is a condition, the divergence-less of velocity, for flows to be incompressible. We call these equations Langevin Navier-Stokes (LNS) equations, which will be numerically solved with the Marker and Cell (MAC) method on two different staggered lattices~\cite{McKee-etal-CandF2007}. Details of the staggered lattices are presented in the following subsection.
 The LNS equation is numerically solved under the condition ${\partial {\vec V}}/{\partial t}\!=\!0$.

First of all, we should note that NS equation with the vortex $\omega(=\!(\nabla \times \vec{V})_z)$ and the stream function $\psi$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{NS-eq-vortex}
\begin{split}
&\frac{\partial \omega}{\partial t}=-\left ({\vec V}\cdot \nabla\right)\omega +\nu \Laplace {\omega} + \nabla\times {\vec \eta},\\
&\omega=-{\it \Delta} \psi,
\end{split}
\end{eqnarray}
is obtained by applying $\nabla \times$ to the NS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}). Therefore, the vortex $\omega$ of velocity $\vec{V}$, which is a solution to the NS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}), satisfies the NS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-vortex}). However, the converse is not always true. Therefore, it is non-trivial whether the NS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}) has two-different peaks in the velocity distribution in Couette flow in parallel plates.

The variables velocity $\vec{V}$ and pressure $p$ in the LNS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}) are different from flow function $\psi$ and vorticity $\omega$ in the LNS equation simulated in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}, where the condition $\nabla\cdot {\vec V}\!=\!0$ is exactly satisfied. In contrast, this condition is not always satisfied in the time evolution of Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org})  even though it is satisfied in the initial configuration.  The original MAC method is a simple technique to resolve this problem \cite{McKee-etal-CandF2007}, however,  $\nabla\cdot {\vec V}\!=\!0$ is not always satisfied, and hence, a simplified MAC (SMAC) method, which is well-known, is used in the simulations. In this technique,  $\nabla\cdot \vec {V}\!=\!0$ is successfully obtained in the convergent solutions corresponding to $\partial \vec{V}/\partial t\!=\!0$.   Here, we briefly introduce this technique.

To discretize the time derivative in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}) with the time step ${\it \Delta} t$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{NS-eq-time-step}
{\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)= \vec{V}(t) +{\it \Delta} t \left[ \left (-{\vec V}\cdot \nabla\right){\vec V}(t)-{\rho}^{-1} {\it \nabla} p(t+{\it \Delta} t) +\nu \Laplace {\vec V}(t)\right] +\sqrt{2D{\it \Delta} t} \,\vec{g}(t),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sqrt{2D{\it \Delta} t} \,\vec{g}\!=\!\vec{\eta}{\it \Delta} t$ (see Ref. \cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} for more detailed information on this point).
From this time evolution equation, we understand that $\nabla\cdot {\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)\!=\!0$ is not always satisfied even if $\nabla\cdot {\vec V}(t)\!=\!0$ is satisfied because  the terms independent of ${\vec V}(t)$ in the right hand side are not always divergence-less. Moreover, the time evolution of $p(t)$ is not specified. For these reasons, we introduce a temporal velocity $\vec{V}^*(t)$ and rewrite Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}) as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{NS-eq-time-step-temporal-1}
&&{\vec V}^*(t)= \vec{V}(t) +{\it \Delta} t \left[ \left (-{\vec V}\cdot \nabla\right){\vec V}(t)-{\rho}^{-1} {\it \nabla} p(t) +\nu \Laplace {\vec V}(t)\right] +\sqrt{2D{\it \Delta} t} \,\vec{g}(t),\\
\label{NS-eq-time-step-temporal-2}
&&{\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)={\vec V}^*(t)-{\it \Delta} t {\rho}^{-1} {\it \nabla} \left[ p(t+{\it \Delta} t)-p(t)\right].
\end{eqnarray}

By applying the operator $\nabla\cdot$ to Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step-temporal-2}),
we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{SMac-eq-0}
\nabla\cdot{\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)=\nabla\cdot{\vec V}^*(t)-{\it \Delta} t {\rho}^{-1} {\it \Delta} \left[ p(t+{\it \Delta} t)-p(t)\right].
\end{eqnarray}
Then, assuming the condition $\nabla\cdot{\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)\!=\!0$,
we obtain the Possion's equation for $\phi(t) \!=\! p(t+{\it \Delta} t)\!-\!p(t)$ such that
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{SMac-Poiss}
\Delta \phi(t)=\frac{\rho}{{\it \Delta} t}\nabla\cdot{\vec V}^*(t),\quad \phi(t) = p(t+{\it \Delta} t)-p(t).
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, combining Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step-temporal-1}) for the time evolution of ${\vec V}^*(t)$ with the Possion's equation in Eq. (\ref{SMac-Poiss}) for  $\phi(t) \!=\! p(t+{\it \Delta} t)\!-\!p(t)$ and replacing $p(t)$ with $p(t)\!+\!\phi(t)$, we implicitly obtain the time evolution ${\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)$ with the condition $\nabla\cdot{\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)\!=\!0$. This technique to update  ${\vec V} (t)$ is slightly different from that of original MAC method, where ${\vec V} (t)$  is explicitly updated to ${\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)$, and hence, $\nabla\cdot{\vec V}(t+{\it \Delta} t)\!=\!0$ is not always satisfied or slightly violated. This violation becomes larger for larger Brownian force strength $D$ and persists even in the convergent configurations in the original MAC method.

To make clear the condition $\nabla\cdot{\vec V}\!=\!0$, we include it in the convergence condition.
The convergent criteria for the time step are
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{convergent-time-step}
\begin{split}
&{\rm Max}\left[\left||\nabla\cdot\vec{V}_{ij}(t+{\it \Delta} t)|-|\nabla\cdot\vec{V}_{ij}(t)|\right|\right]<1\times 10^{-8},\\
&{\rm Max}\left[|\vec{V}_{ij}(t+{\it \Delta} t)-\vec{V}_{ij}(t)|\right]<1\times 10^{-8},\\
&{\rm Max}\left[|p_{ij}(t+{\it \Delta} t)-p_{ij}(t)|\right]<1\times 10^{-8},
\end{split}
\end{eqnarray}
and that of  iterations for the Poisson's equation is
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{convergent-Poisson}
{\rm Max}\left[|\phi_{ij}(n+1)-\phi_{ij}(n)|\right]<1\times 10^{-10},
\end{eqnarray}
where $n$ denotes the iteration step for the Poisson's equation in Eq. (\ref{SMac-Poiss}). The suffix $ij$ denotes a lattice site ranging $1\!\leq\! i\!\leq\! n_X, 1\!\leq\! j\!\leq\! n_Y$ (the lattice structure is presented in the following subsection).
Acceleration coefficient $A\!=\!1.87$ is assumed for the iteration of the Poisson's equation. The total number of convergent configurations  is approximately $2.5\times 10^4$, which is used for the mean value calculation of all physical quantities.

We should note that the first condition in Eq. (\ref{convergent-time-step}) is immediately satisfied in the early stage of iterations, and the final value of ${\rm Max}\left[\left||\nabla\cdot\vec{V}_{ij}(t+{\it \Delta} t)|-|\nabla\cdot\vec{V}_{ij}(t)|\right|\right]$ for the convergent configuration is $1\times 10^{-14}$ or less,
and therefore, this convergence condition is actually unnecessary. One more point to note is that only convergent solution satisfies $\nabla\cdot{\vec V}\!=\!0$. In this sense, the obtained  numerical solution of LNS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}) is a steady state solution characterized by ${\partial \vec{V}}/{\partial t}\!=\!0$ as mentioned above.

The LNS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}) is a stochastic equation, and therefore, the mean value of physical quantity $Q$ is obtained by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{mean-value}
 Q=(1/N_{\rm sa})\sum_{n=1}^{N_{\rm sa}} Q(n),
\end{eqnarray}
where $Q(n)$ is a quantity calculated from the $n$-th convergent solution $\{ \vec{V}_{ij}(n)\}$.  The total number $N_{\rm sa}$ of samples is $N_{\rm sa}\!=\!1$ for $D\!=\!0$, and $N_{\rm sa}\simeq 2.5\times10^4$ for $D\not=0$.

\subsection{Staggered lattice}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=12cm]{fig-2-crop.pdf}
\caption{
Regular square and staggered lattice  of size $(n_X,n_Y)$ ($n_X\!={\rm even}$, $n_Y\!={\rm odd}$), where pressure $p$ ($\textcolor{green}{\bullet}$) and velocity $V_x$ ($\textcolor{red}{\rightarrow}$), $V_y$ ($\textcolor{red}{\uparrow}$) are defined alternatively at different points, and the lattice spacing ${\it \Delta} x$ is twice larger than the standard lattice. Periodic boundary condition is assumed on the left ($\Gamma_1$)  and right ($\Gamma_2$)  boundaries at $i\!=\!1$ and $i\!=\!n_X$ such that $(n_X\!+\!1,j)$ is identified with $(1,j)$. Dirichlet boundary condition is assumed for $p$ on the upper ($\Gamma_4$) and lower ($\Gamma_3$)  boundaries, where $\vec{V}$ is fixed to $\vec{V}\!=\!(\pm V_B,0)$, and $n_X\!=\!100$ and $n_Y\!=\!101$ in the simulations.
}
\label{fig-2}
\end{figure}
We introduce a staggered lattice  \cite{McKee-etal-CandF2007} for space discretization of  Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}) (Figs. \ref{fig-2}). The lattice size is given by the total number of vertices $N\!=\!n_X\!\times\! n_Y$, where $n_X\!=\!100$ and $n_Y\!=\!101$ are assumed in the simulations. We should note that $n_X$ is effectively half of that assumed in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}, because the sites where $\vec{V}$ is defined are different from those where $p$ is defined, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig-2}. The lattice spacing ${\it \Delta} x$ is given by the smallest distance between the sites in which the same variable is defined, and therefore, the side length $[(n_X\!-\!2)/2]\!\times\!{\it \Delta}x$ of the staggered lattice is the same as that of the standard lattice in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} for the same ${\it \Delta}x$. We should note that only half of the lattice points are used for the variables on the staggered lattice.

Periodic boundary condition (PBC) is assumed on the boundaries $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$. This  PBC implies that $\vec{V}(n_x\!+\!1,j)\!=\!\vec{V}(1,j)$ and $p(n_x\!+\!1,j)\!=\!p(1,j)$ for all $j$. For the pressure $p$, Dirichlet boundary condition $p\!=\!0$ is assumed on $\Gamma_3$ and $\Gamma_4$ on both lattices.  $V_y$ is fixed to $V_y\!=\!0$ at $(i,1),(i=1,\cdots,n_X)$ and $(i,n_Y-1),(i=1,\cdots,n_X)$, where $n_Y\!=\!n_X\!+\!1$.

\subsection{Dimensional analysis \label{dim-analysis}}
Due to the non-standard dependence of the LNS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}) on ${\it \Delta} t$,  special attention should be paid to the numerical solution not only on ${\it \Delta} t$ but also on  ${\it \Delta} x$. As discussed in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}, the solution should be independent of ${\it \Delta} t$, ${\it \Delta} x$ and simulation units, which are always different from the real units for length $({\rm m})$, time $({\rm s})$, and weight $({\rm kg})$, where the final one  $({\rm kg})$ is necessary for the LNS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}), because it includes $\rho ({\rm kgm^{-3}})$, which is not included in LNS equation in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}.

The flow field changes with changing real physical parameters; diameter $d({\rm m})$ of plant cell, boundary velocity $V_B ({\rm ms^{-1}})$,  density $\rho ({\rm kgm^{-3}})$,  kinematic viscosity $\nu ({\rm m^2s^{-1}})$, relaxation time $\tau ({\rm s})$, and strength $D ({\rm m^2s^{-3}})$ of Brownian force. The time step  ${\it \Delta} t$  and lattice spacing ${\it \Delta} x$  are connected to $d$ and $\tau$ by
 \begin{eqnarray}
\label{dt-dx}
{\it \Delta} x=\frac{d}{n_Y}, \quad {\it \Delta} t=\frac{\tau}{n_T},
\end{eqnarray}
where $n_Y$ is the total number of lattice points in the vertical edge (Fig. \ref{fig-2}), and the total number of time iterations $n_T$ is also introduced to define  ${\it \Delta} t$ symmetrically with ${\it \Delta} x$.

The simulation units are defined by using positive numbers $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\lambda$ such that
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{sim-units}
\alpha {\rm m}, \quad \beta {\rm s}, \quad \lambda {\rm kg}.
\end{eqnarray}
Including the dependence of time step and lattice spacing, which can be changed by positive numbers $\gamma$ and $\delta$, we have a scale transformation
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{scale-transf}
 {\rm m}, {\rm s}, {\rm kg}, n_X, n_T \to \alpha {\rm m}, \beta {\rm s},  \lambda {\rm kg}, \gamma n_X, \delta n_T,
\end{eqnarray}
where the final two are equivalent to ${\it \Delta} x \to \gamma^{-1}{\it \Delta} x$ and ${\it \Delta} t \to\delta^{-1}{\it \Delta} t$.
Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the convergent solution of  Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step})  is independent of the scale transformation in Eq. (\ref{scale-transf}).

To see this scale invariance in more detail, we apply the transformation to Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}) , and find that Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}) is invariant if $\nu$ and $D$ scale according to
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{parameter-scale-1}
\nu \to \gamma^{-1}\nu, \quad D \to \gamma^2\delta^{-1}D, \quad(\gamma=1),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\gamma\!=\!1$ is assumed.
The detailed information on this part, including the reason for the assumption $\gamma\!=\!1$, is given in Appendix A.

The basic considerations on the unit changes in Eq. (\ref{sim-units})  can be slightly extended. For this purpose, we use notions of a set of changeable physical parameters $E$ and a set of changeable simulation parameters $S$, which are respectively given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{parameter-sets}
E=(\rho_e, \nu_e,V_{Be},d_e),\quad  S=(\rho_0, \nu_0,V_{B0}, D_0, {\it \Delta}x_0, {\it \Delta}t_0).
\end{eqnarray}
The density $\rho_e$ is included in $E$, though $\rho_e$ is unchangeable and almost exactly the same as that of water and independent of plants and other conditions. Note that $\rho_0$ is changeable in simulations, and it should be included  in $S$. Let us denote experimentally observed data by ${\rm Exp}(E)$ corresponding to the parameter set $E$.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=10cm]{fig-3-crop.pdf}
\caption{An illustration of statement (B). A set of parameters $S\!=\!(\rho_0, \nu_0,V_{B0}, D_0, {\it \Delta}x_0, {\it \Delta}t_0)$ of a simulation for  experimental data of ${\rm Exp}(E_{e,0})$. By using this set of parameters, any experimental data corresponding to $E_i(=\!E_{e})$ can be simulated by replacing   $\nu_0$ and $D_0$ with suitable $\nu_{\rm sim}$ and $D_{\rm sim}$ in $S$.
}
\label{fig-3}
\end{figure}

The first statement describing the invariance of solution under the scale transformation in Eq. (\ref{scale-transf}) is
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(A)]The convergent solution $(\vec{V},p)$ of Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}) for a parameter set $S$ in Eq. (\ref{parameter-sets}) remains unchanged if and only if there exists a set of positive parameters $(\alpha,\beta, \lambda, \gamma,\delta)$ such that $S$ transforms to
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{parameter-scale-2}
S\to\left(\frac{\alpha^3}{ \lambda}\rho_0, \frac{\beta}{\alpha^{2}\gamma}\nu_0,\frac{\beta}{\alpha} V_{B0}, \frac{\beta^3\gamma^2}{\alpha^{2}\delta}D_0, \frac{1}{\alpha\gamma}{\it \Delta}x_0,\frac{1}{\beta\delta} {\it \Delta}t_0\right), \quad(\gamma=1)
\end{eqnarray}
\end{enumerate}
This statement (A) is the same as that in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} except the fact that $S$ includes $\rho$ and the extra condition $\gamma\!=\!1$ in this paper. The second statement is as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(B)]Let $E_{e,0}=(\nu_{e,0},V_{Be,0},d_{e,0})$, $S\!=\!(\rho_0, \nu_0,V_{B0}, D_0, {\it \Delta}x_0, {\it \Delta}t_0)$. If ${\rm Exp}(E_{e,0})$ is successfully simulated with $S$, then for any ${\rm Exp}(E_{e})$, there uniquely exists $\nu_{\rm sim}$ and $D_{\rm sim}$ such that ${\rm Exp}(E_{e})$ can be simulated with $(\rho_0, \nu_{\rm sim},V_{B0}, D_{\rm sim}, {\it \Delta}x_0, {\it \Delta}t_0)$.
\end{enumerate}
This statement is illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig-3}. The statement (B) is slightly different from that in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}, because $\nu_0$ in $S$ in Eq. (\ref{parameter-scale-2}) should be replaced by $\nu_{\rm sim}$. This difference comes from the fact that the LNS equation in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-time-step}) is not the same as the LNS equation in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}, as mentioned above. However, under the condition $\gamma\!=\!1$, the transformation rule for $\nu_0$ is $\nu\to \frac{\beta}{\alpha^{2}}\nu_0$ implying that $\nu_{\rm sim}$ can be replaced by $\nu_0$, and therefore, the statement (B) except for $\rho$ is the same as in  Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. In other words, results obtained by the statement (B) can be obtained by the statement (B) in  Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} under the condition $\gamma\!=\!1$. In this sense, the range of invariance of the scale transformation is limited or narrow in the LNS equation in this paper though the statement (B) in this paper is still interesting.

\section{Results}
\subsection{Physical and simulation parameters}
The problem is what type of protoplasmic streaming information can be extracted from LNS simulations in Eq. (\ref{NS-eq-org}). To answer this question, we can use statement (B). The assumption part of (B) is that ${\rm Exp}(E_{e,0})$ is successfully simulated with $S$, and hence, we assume physical values for $E_{e,0}$ in Table \ref{table-1}. These are from  Refs.~\cite{KamiyaKuroda-BMT1956,KamiyaKuroda-BMT1973} and are the same as assumed in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. The numerical results will be presented in the following subsection to confirm that the assumption part is correct.
\begin{table}[!ht]
\centering
\caption{
The assumed physical parameters are the same as those in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} except the density $\rho_{e,0}$. These are from Refs.~\cite{KamiyaKuroda-BMT1956,KamiyaKuroda-BMT1973}. The density $\rho_{e,0}$ is the same as that of water, and the kinematic viscosity $\nu_{e,0}$  is approximately 100 times larger than that of water.
}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf Physical parameters} \\  \hline
 $\rho_{e,0}({\rm {kg}/m^3})$ & $\nu_{e,0}({\rm {m^2}/{s}})$ & $d_{e,0} ({\rm m})$ & $V_{Be,0} ({\rm m}/s)$ \\ \hline
1000  & $1\times10^{-4} $ & $5\times10^{-5}$ & $5\times10^{-4}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table-1}
\end{table}
The simulation parameters $S$ are obtained by fixing the simulation units, which are defined by a set of positive numbers $\alpha_0, \beta_0, \gamma_0, \lambda_0, \delta_0$ in Table \ref{table-2}.
\begin{table}[!ht]
\centering
\caption{
These parameters define the simulation units for simulating ${\rm Exp}(E_{e,0})$, where $E_{e,0}=(\rho_{e,0},\nu_{e,0},d_{e,0},V_{Be,0})$ in Table \ref{table-1}.
 }
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
 \multicolumn{5}{|c|}{\bf Positive numbers for the simulation unit}\\ \hline
$\alpha_0$ & $\beta_0$ & $\lambda_0$ & $\gamma_0$ & $\delta_0$  \\ \hline
$1\times10^{-6}$  & $0.1$ & $1\times10^{-12}$ & $1$ & 1  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table-2}
\end{table}
In Table \ref{table-3}, the assumed simulation parameters $S$ for simulating ${\rm Exp}(E_{e,0})$ are shown.
\begin{table}[!ht]
\centering
\caption{
The assumed  simulation parameters $S$, which are obtained by $\alpha_0, \beta_0, \gamma_0, \lambda_0,\delta_0$ in Table \ref{table-2}.  ${\it \Delta}x_{0}\!=\!10 (\alpha_0 {\rm m})$ is twice larger than that assumed in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}, which implies $n_X(=\!d_0/{\it \Delta}x_{0})\!=\!50$ on the standard lattice.  Note that $n_X$ is on the staggered lattice in Fig. \ref{fig-2} is $n_X\!=\!100$ because the lattice spacing ${\it \Delta}x_{0}$ is twice larger than that on the standard lattice.}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{6}{|c|}{\bf Assumed simulation parameters} \\ \hline
$\rho_{0} (\frac{\lambda_0{\rm {kg}}}{\alpha_0^3m^3})$ & $\nu_{0}({\rm \frac{\alpha_0^2m^2}{\beta_0s}})$ &   $V_{B0}({\rm \frac{\alpha_0 m}{\beta_0s}})$ & $d_{0}({\rm \alpha_0 m})$  & ${\it \Delta}x_{0} ({\rm \alpha_0 m})$  & ${\it \Delta}t_{0} ({\rm \beta_0s})$ \\ \hline
$1\times 10^{-3}$ & $1\times10^{7} $ & 5 & 500 & 5 & $5\times 10^{-7}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table-3}
\end{table}

\subsection{Velocity distributions}
As we have discussed in the first of the preceding subsection, the remaining task to be performed  is to check the assumption part of statement (B). The assumed simulation parameters are listed in Table \ref{table-3}. The parameter ${\it \Delta}x_0$ given by Eq. (\ref{dx-dt-scale-trans}) such that ${\it \Delta}x_0=\frac{d_{e,0}}{\gamma n_X}\frac{\nu_0}{\nu_{e,0}}\frac{V_{e,0}}{V_0} \;(\alpha {\rm m})$, where $E_{e}$ is replaced by $E_{e,0}$. The time step ${\it \Delta}t_0$ is logically obtained by the second of Eq. (\ref{dx-dt-scale-trans}), however, $\tau_{e,0}$ is experimentally unknown, and therefore, we assume a suitable number for  ${\it \Delta}t_0$.

Figures \ref{fig-4}(a) and (b) show distributions or normalized  histograms of velocities $h(V_x)$ vs. $|V_x|$ and $h(V)$ vs. $V(=\!|\vec{V}|)$. The kinematic viscosity is fixed to $\nu_{\rm sim}\!=\!\nu_0$, while random force strength is varied in the range $0\!\leq\!D_{\rm sim}\!\leq\!1000$. Both $h(V_x)$ and $h(V)$ have two peaks at zero and finite velocities, and the position of peaks at finite velocities moves left as $D_{\rm sim}$ increases. These features are the same as those observed in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}.  A peak at finite $|V|$ appears in $h(V)$ for the region larger than $D_{\rm sim}\!\simeq\!10$ at least, which is not shown in Fig. \ref{fig-4}, and these peak values $h(V)$ are higher than those at $|V|\!\to\!0$ in contrast to the case of the LNS equation in Ref~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}.  Besides this problem of peak heights, two different peaks are clearly observed in  $h(V)$ at $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!50,100,200,1000$. Thus, we find that the assumption part of statement (B) is correct.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=12.0cm]{fig-4-crop.pdf}
\caption{{ Normalized velocity distribution on Lat 1.}  (a) Normalized velocity distribution $h(V_x)$ vs. $|V_x|$ and (b) $h(V)$ vs. $V$ obtained on Lat 1.
Kinematic viscosity is fixed to $\nu_{\rm sim}\!=\!1\!\times\! 10^7$, and $D_{\rm sim}$ is varied in the range $0\!\leq\! D_{\rm sim}\!\leq\! 1000$. }
\label{fig-4}
\end{figure}

The position dependence of $V_x$ on $y$ is plotted in Figs. \ref{fig-5}(a) and (b). The results are almost the same as the exact solution $V_x\propto y$ for the case of zero Brownian force $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!0$. The fact that $V_x\propto y$ is exactly the same as in the simulation results of the LNS equation for vorticity and stream function in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=10.0cm]{fig-5-crop.pdf}
\caption{Position dependence of velocity. Velocity $V_x$ vs. $y$ obtained for (a) $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1,200$ and (b) $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!300,1000$. These are exactly the same as those in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}}
\label{fig-5}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Dependence on time discretization.}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=10.0cm]{fig-6-crop.pdf}
\caption{
 Dependence of (a) $h(V_x)$ and (b) $h(V)$ on time discretization ${\it \Delta}t_0$, which is fixed to $2.5\!\times\! 10^{-7}$,   $5\!\times\! 10^{-7}$ and $10\!\times\! 10^{-7}$,   and correspondingly $D_{\rm sim}$ is fixed to  $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!100, 200$ and 400, respectively. The other parameters are the same as those assumed for  Fig. \ref{fig-2}.
Normalized velocity distributions (a) $h(V_x)$ vs. $|V_x|$ and  (b)  $h(V)$ vs. $V$. }
\label{fig-6}
\end{figure}
In the remaining part of this section, we check that our simulations are correctly performed. First, we check the time dependence corresponding to the parameter $\delta$ in ${\it \Delta}t\!\to\! \delta^{-1}{\it \Delta}t$ in Eq. (\ref{scale-transf}). To see the dependence of the results on $\delta_0$, we fix $\delta_0\!=\!1.5$ and $\delta_0\!=\!2$, respectively, and all other parameters $\alpha_0, \beta_0, \gamma_0, \lambda_0$ remain unchanged. This implies that the physical parameters remain unchanged  from the statement (A), and only time step changes by $\delta_0$.
Accordingly, $D_0$ and ${\it \Delta}t_{0}$ are changed to those listed in the upper part of Table \ref{table-5}. In Table \ref{table-5}, $\nu_{\rm sim}$ and ${\it \Delta}x_0$ are also shown, where ${\it \Delta}t_0$ varies with varying $\delta_0$. From the results $h(V_x)$ and $h(V)$ plotted in Figs. \ref{fig-6}(a), (b),  the invariance under  ${\it \Delta}t\!\to\! \delta^{-1}{\it \Delta}t$ is confirmed.

Checks for the lattice size dependence are unnecessary  because the lattice size change due to $\gamma$ is excluded from the scale transformation in Eq. (\ref{scale-transf}).

\begin{table}[!ht]
\centering
\caption{
 The assumed  simulation parameters $\nu_{\rm sim}$, $D_{\rm sim}$, ${\it \Delta}x_0$, and ${\it \Delta}t_0$ to check the time  discretization dependence.
 }

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\bf Parameters for time discretization} \\
\hline
$\delta_{0}$ & $\nu_{\rm sim}({\rm \frac{\alpha_0^2m^2}{\beta_0s}})$& $V_{B0}({\rm \frac{\alpha_0m}{\beta_0s}})$  & $D_{\rm sim}({\rm \frac{\alpha_0^2m^2}{\beta_0^3s^3}})$  & ${\it \Delta}x_{0} ({\rm \alpha_0 m})$  & ${\it \Delta}t_{0}({\rm \beta_0s})$ &$n_X$ \\ \hline
2&  $1\times10^{7} $  &5& $100$ & $10$ & $2.5\times 10^{-7}$ &100\\ \hline
1 &  $1\times10^{7} $ &5 & $200$ & $10$ & $5\times 10^{-7}$ &100\\ \hline
0.5 &  $1\times10^{7}$ &5 & $400$ & $10$ & $10\times 10^{-7}$ &100 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table-5}

\end{table}

Finally, in this subsection, we show the dependence of velocity distribution on $\nu_{\rm sim}$. Note that the parameter $\nu_{\rm sim}$ is not included in the LNS equation in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. Therefore, there is no result on the dependence of the peaks in $h(V_x)$ and $h(V)$ on  $\nu_{\rm sim}$  in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. However, this dependence is non-trivial in the model of this paper, and hence, we study this problem. Figures \ref{fig-7}(a) and (b) show $h(V_x)$ and $h(V)$, where $\nu_{\rm sim}$ is varied. Since ${\it \Delta}x$ and ${\it \Delta}t$ depend on $\nu_0$, these values also change according to Eq. (\ref{dx-dt-scale-trans}) in Appendix \ref{APP-B}. We find that the peak position moves left (right) with increasing (decreasing) $\nu_{\rm sim}$.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=10.0cm]{fig-7-crop.pdf}
\caption{Dependence of (a) $h(V_x)$ and (b) $h(V)$ on kinematic viscosity $\nu_{\rm sim}$,
which  is varied to $2/3\!\times\!10^7$, $1\times\!10^7$, and $5/3\!\times\!10^7$, while $D_{\rm sim}$ is fixed to $D_{\rm sim}\!=\! 200$. Accordingly, the lattice spacing ${\it \Delta}x_0$ is also varied to $10/3$, $5$ and $25/3$. }
\label{fig-7}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Snapshots of velocity and pressure.}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=10.0cm]{fig-8-crop.pdf}
\caption{Snapshots of velocity $\vec{V}$  and pressure $p$ of convergent configuration for (a) $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1$ and (b) $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1000$ shown in Fig. \ref{fig-4}. The velocity, shown at every other position, is represented by cones, and the pressure is normalized and visualized by blue-pink colors. The mean values $\vec{V}$ and $p$ of $2.5\!\times\!10^4$ convergent configurations are shown in (c) for $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1$ and (d) for $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1000$. The velocities $\vec{V}$ in (a),(c) and (d) are close the exact solution $(V_x,V_y)\!\sim\!(y,0)$, while $\vec{V}$ in (b) is not.  }
\label{fig-8}
\end{figure}

Snapshots of velocity $\vec{V}\!=\!(V_x,V_y)$ and pressure $p$ are shown in Figs. \ref{fig-8}(a) and (b). The pressure $p$ ranging $p_{\rm min}\!\leq\!p\!\leq\!p_{\rm max}$ is normalized such that $0\!\leq\! p\!\leq\! 1$, for visualization. This normalization is defined by $(p+|p|_{\rm max})/2|p|_{\rm max}$, where $|p|_{\rm max}\!=\!{\rm Max}[p_{\rm max},|p_{\rm min}|]$. Note that $p_{\rm min}\!<\!0$ and $p_{\rm max}\!>\!0$, and  $|p_{\rm min}|$ is not always equal to $p_{\rm max}$. Each of  $\vec{V}$ and $p$ is one of the convergent configurations corresponding to the data plotted in Fig. \ref{fig-4}.  The velocity configuration  in Fig.  \ref{fig-8}(a) for $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1$ is close to the exact solution $(V_x,V_y)\!\sim\!(y,0)$ at  $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!0$, and no vortex can be seen. In contrast, the velocity in Fig.  \ref{fig-8}(b) for $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1000$ considerably deviates from the exact solution, and a vortex-like configuration appears. Such a deviation is due to the Brownian motion and is considered the origin of the shape of $h(V_x)$ and $h(V)$ shown in Figs. \ref{fig-4}(a), (b). Hence, those vortex-like configurations are expected to play an important role in the mixing or transporting materials in the Couette flow with a low Reynolds number.

 However, we should note that the mean value of such instantly changing ensemble configurations is close to the exact solution, as shown in Figs. \ref{fig-4}(a) and (b). The mean values of $\vec{V}$ are graphically shown in Fig. \ref{fig-8} (c) for $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1$ and Fig. \ref{fig-8} (d) for $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!1000$, both of which are close to the exact solution. The pressure $p$ is also the mean value in both Figs. \ref{fig-8}(c) and (d). Interestingly, the patterns of $p$ are almost the same though the magnitudes of $p$ are different to each other. This implies that the normalized  $p$ is independent of $D_{\rm sim}$ and is dependent only on the random numbers $\vec{g}_{ij}$  if the other simulation parameters are the same. Indeed, the patterns of $p$ in  Figs. \ref{fig-8} (a),(b) are almost the same, where the same random number sequence is used. The total number of convergent configurations is $1\times10^4$, as mentioned in the text. Therefore, the same random numbers are used for all simulations if the lattice size is the same. This is the reason why the pressure patterns in both Figs. \ref{fig-8}(c) and (d) are almost identical to each other.

\subsection{Results of dimensional analysis}
Now, we present three examples  of application of the statement (B) in Section \ref{dim-analysis}. These examples logically clarify responses of experimental results against the changes in physical parameters $\nu_e, V_e$ and $d_e$. The data (i), (ii) and (iii) are shown in Table \ref{table-5}.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\centering
\caption{Three possible examples for modification of physical parameters $\nu_e, V_e$ and $d_e$ maintaining the condition $\gamma/\gamma_0\!=\!1$,  and the results obtained by the statement (B). }
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\bf Inputs}&\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{\bf Outputs} \\ \hline
& $\frac{\nu_e}{\nu_{e,0}}$ & $\frac{V_e}{V_{e,0}}$ &   $\frac{d_e}{d_{e,0}}$ & $\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_{e,0}}$  & $\frac{\tau_e}{\tau_{e,0}}$  & $\frac{D_e}{D_{e,0}}$& $\frac{\alpha}{\alpha_{0}}$ & $\frac{\beta}{\beta_{0}}$ & $\frac{\gamma}{\gamma_{0}}$ & $\frac{\delta}{\delta_{0}}$& $\frac{\lambda}{\lambda_{0}}$& $\textcolor{red}{\frac{\nu_{\rm sim}}{\nu_{0}}}$& $\textcolor{red}{\frac{D_{\rm sim}}{D_{0}}}$\\ \hline
(i)&2 &2&1&1&$\frac{1}{2}$&2&1&$\frac{1}{2}$&1&1&1&\textcolor{red}{1}&\textcolor{red}{$\frac{1}{4}$}\\ \hline
(ii)&1 &$\frac{1}{2}$&2&1&4&$\frac{1}{4}$&2&4&1&1&8&\textcolor{red}{1}&\textcolor{red}{4}\\ \hline
(iii)&2 &1&2&1&2&$\frac{1}{2}$&2&2&1&1&8&\textcolor{red}{1}&\textcolor{red}{1}\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table-4}
\end{table}
From these data ${\nu_e}/{\nu_{e,0}}$, ${V_e}/{V_{e,0}}$,   ${d_e}/{d_{e,0}}$ and ${\rho_e}/{\rho_{e,0}}$, and Eqs. (\ref{param-ratio-1}), (\ref{existence-parameters-1}), (\ref{existence-parameters-2}) in Appendix \ref{APP-B}, we obtain ${\tau_e}/{\tau_{e,0}}, ... , {\lambda}/{\lambda_0}$  in Table  \ref{table-4}. The density $\rho_e$ is assumed to be the same as $\rho_{e,0}$, as mentioned above, and hence, ${\rho_e}/{\rho_{e,0}}\!=\!1$. Thus, from Eq. (\ref{existence-parameters-3}) and the relations
$\nu_{e,0}=\alpha_0^2\beta_0\gamma_0^{-1}\nu_0,\quad D_{e,0}={\alpha_0^{-2}{\beta_0^3\gamma_0^2}\delta_0^{-1}}D_0$, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{final-results}
\begin{split}
&\frac{\nu_{\rm sim}}{\nu_0}=\left(\frac{\alpha}{\alpha_0}\right)^{-2}\left(\frac{\beta}{\beta_0}\right)\left(\frac{\gamma}{\gamma_0}\right)^{-1}\frac{\nu_e}{\nu_{e,0}},\\
&\frac{D_{\rm sim}}{D_0}=\left(\frac{\alpha}{\alpha_0}\right)^{-2}\left(\frac{\beta}{\beta_0}\right)^{3}\left(\frac{\gamma}{\gamma_0}\right)^{2}\left(\frac{\delta}{\delta_0}\right)^{-1}\frac{D_e}{D_{e,0}}.
\end{split}
\end{eqnarray}
Using these formulas, we have the data in the final two columns (red colored letters) in Table \ref{table-4}. The values of ${D_{\rm sim}}/{D_0}$ and ${\nu_{\rm sim}}/{\nu_0}$ can also be obtained from the model in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} because the scaling relations for $\nu$ for $\gamma\!=\!1$ and $D$ in Eq. (\ref{parameter-scale-1}) are the same as in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering{}\includegraphics[width=10.0cm]{fig-9-crop.pdf}
\caption{An illustration of experimentally observed peak position and its relation to  the boundary velocity $V_e$ (or $V_B$) and velocity $V_{BR}$ from Brownian motion.  (1) ``$V_e \nearrow\; \Leftrightarrow {\rm peak} \rightarrow$'' means that an increment of $V_e$ equivalent with a right move of the peak position,  (2) ``$V_e \searrow\; \Leftrightarrow {\rm peak} \leftarrow$'' means that a decrement of $V_e$ equivalent with a left move of the peak position. In these statements, $V_e$ can be replaced by  $V_{BR}$  if ``$\rightarrow$'' is replaced by ``$\leftarrow$'', and we obtain the statements (3) and (4). Note that $V^{\rm max}\!=\!V_{e}\!+\!V_{BR}$ is normalized to $V^{\rm max}\!=\!1$, which is the reason for the displacements of the peak position  explained by the statements (1)-(4). }
\label{fig-9}
\end{figure}

Here, we intuitively discuss whether the results in Table \ref{table-4} are physically meaningful and suggestive. First, we should note that the second peak in $h(V_x)$ and  $h(V)$  in Figs. \ref{fig-4}, \ref{fig-6} and \ref{fig-7}  correspond to the boundary velocity $V_B$, which is denoted by $V_{e}$. Note also that the maximum velocity $V_x^{\rm max}$ corresponds to $V_B$ plus the maximum Brownian speed in the $x$ direction, where the maximum Brownian speed is independent of $V_B$, as discussed in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. The reason why the peak position changes according to the $D_{\rm sim}$ variation is that $V_x^{\rm max}$ increases (decreases) with increasing (decreasing) $D_{\rm sim}$ and is normalized to $V_x^{\rm max}\!=\!1$, while $V_B$ remains fixed. These relations are intuitively illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig-9}, where the symbol $V_{BR}$ denotes velocity or velocity increment by Brownian motion of fluid particles.

Thus, result (i) in Table \ref{table-4} is suggestive. If the kinematic viscosity and the boundary velocity are increased such that $\nu_e/\nu_{e,0}\!=\!2$ and $V_e/V_{e,0}\!=\!2$, then we have the result $D_{\rm sim}/D_0\!=\!1/4$. This result indicates that the peak position moves right, which implies that $V_x^{\rm max}$ decreases because velocity of the Brownian motion reduces as indicated in Fig. \ref{fig-9}. Moreover, $\nu_{\rm sim}$ remains unchanged due to the assumption that the lattice size remains unchanged, and therefore, $\nu_{\rm sim}$ does not affect the peak position. We should note that these increments of  $\nu_e/\nu_{e,0}$  and $V_e/V_{e,0}$ make no change to the Reynolds number.  On the other hand,  $V_e/V_{e,0}\!=\!2$  moves the peak right because the boundary velocity corresponds the peak position, and $D_e/D_{e,0}\!=\!2$ implies an increment of speed of water molecules, and hence, the maximum speed $V_x^{\rm max}$ is expected to increase implying that the peak moves left.
Therefore, it is unclear whether the peak position moves right or left in $h(V_x)$, where  $V_x^{\rm max}$ is normalized. Thus, the result that $D_{\rm sim}/D_0\!=\!1/4$, implying that the peak position moves right, is non-trivial.

The second result (ii) indicates that the system, in which the boundary velocity is $V_B/2$ in $E_e$, can be simulated by  $\nu_{\rm sim}\!=\!\nu_0$ and $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!4D_0$.  Therefore, the peak position is expected to move left.  On the other hand, the condition $V_e/V_{e,0}\!=\!1/2$ moves the peak position left, while $D_e/D_{e,0}\!=\!1/4$ decreases $V_x^{\rm max}$ moving the peak right. Therefore, it is also unclear whether the peak position moves right or left in the normalized $h(V_x)$, and hence, the result is also non-trivial.

The third result (iii) that $\nu_{\rm sim}\!=\!\nu_0$ and $D_{\rm sim}\!=\!D_0$ indicates that the peak position remains the same as in the original system. This result is also non-trivial for the same reasons as for results (i) and (ii).

These results are obtained by assuming $\gamma/\gamma_0\!=\!1$, and moreover the scaling relation for the simulation parameters are the same as in the model in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. Thus, we find that the results obtained by the dimensional analysis in this paper are consistent with those obtained in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}

\section{Conclusion}
We study the velocity distribution of protoplasmic streaming in plant cells by two-dimensional (2D) Langevin Navier-Stokes (LNS) simulation for velocity and pressure, which is denoted by LNS($V,p$). In this study, the streaming is modified to 2D Couette flow in parallel plates with Brownian random force as in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}, where the LNS equation for vorticity and stream function, denoted by LNS($\psi,\omega$), is simulated. Since LNS($\psi,\omega$) is obtained by differentiating LNS($V,p$), a solution to LNS($V,p$) also satisfies LNS($\psi,\omega$). However, the converse statement is not always true. In other words, the reported numerical data obtained by LNS($\psi,\omega$) are not always reproduced by LNS($V,p$). This implies that we need to check whether numerical solutions of LNS($V,p$) are consistent with those of LNS($\psi,\omega$) or with the reported experimental data. This is why we apply LNS($V,p$) to simulate the 2D Couette flow in this paper.

The simulation results of LNS($V,p$) are slightly different from those of LNS($\psi,\omega$) in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020} in the sense that the shape of velocity distributions $h(V_x)$ and $h(V)$ are not exactly identical with those reported in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. However, this slight deviation is not a failure in the simulation techniques but is considered to be a possible discrepancy, as mentioned above. The critical point is that the experimentally observed fact that there appear two different peaks in $h(V)$ at $V\!\to\!0$ and $|V_x|\!\not=\!0$ is reproduced in the simulations. Indeed,  two different peaks in $h(V)$ are apparently reproduced by the numerical solution of LNS($V,p$).
 Moreover, we obtain valuable information on the solution under a scale transformation, including unit changes, by dimensional analysis of LNS($V,p$) like in the case of LNS($\psi,\omega$) in Ref.~\cite{Egorov-etal-POF2020}. The invariant property of LNS($V,p$) under the scale transformation is also slightly different from that of LNS($\psi,\omega$). Nevertheless, the responses of the solution of LNS($V,p$) reflected in the peak position at $|V|\!\not=\!0$ in $h(V_x)$ under a change of parameters, such as kinematic viscosity, system size, and boundary velocity, are compatible with the case of LNS($\psi,\omega$).

To summarize, we successfully simulate two different and experimentally observed peaks in the velocity distribution of the protoplasmic streaming by 2D LNS equation for velocity and pressure. From the results reported in this paper, we expect that 3D LNS simulations would be meaningful and feasible for a more detailed study of the flow field of protoplasmic streaming.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The author H.K. acknowledges Andrey Shobukhov for the helpful discussions.
This work is supported in part by a Collaborative Research Project J20Ly09 of the Institute of Fluid Science (IFS), Tohoku University, and in part by a Collaborative Research Project of the National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Sendai College.  Numerical simulations were performed on the Supercomputer system "AFI-NITY" at the Advanced Fluid Information Research Center, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
VPA graduate painter awarded $15,000 Joan Mitchell Foundation M.F.A. Grant
Wednesday, May 19, 2010, By Erica Blust
Jon Lee, a 2010 alumnus of the graduate painting program in Syracuse University's College of Visual and Performing Arts (VPA), was recently named a recipient of a $15,000 Joan Mitchell Foundation M.F.A. Grant.
The foundation established the grant program in 1997 to help master of fine arts (M.F.A.) painting and sculpture students further their artistic careers and aid in the transition from academic to professional studio work upon graduation. The grants are given in recognition of artistic quality to artists chosen from a body of candidates put forth by nominators from the academic art community across the United States. Fifteen $15,000 grants were awarded in 2010.
Lee, who also holds a bachelor of fine arts degree in printmaking from Memphis College of Art, has exhibited his work nationally, including solo exhibitions at Jay Etkin Gallery in Santa Fe, N.M., with which he is affiliated. In Syracuse he recently showed work in "MFA MMX" at SUArt Galleries. He will also show work in "white elephant," the New York City exhibition of VPA M.F.A. candidates, from June 2-6 at Dumbo Arts Center in Brooklyn. His work is included in both private and public collections.
The Joan Mitchell Foundation was established in April 1993 as a not-for-profit corporation following the death of Mitchell in October 1992. The foundation strives to fulfill the ambitions of Mitchell to aid and assist the needs of contemporary artists and to demonstrate that painting and sculpture are significant cultural necessities.
Erica Blust


text:
Home	Forum	Formula One General chat Formula One teams 2016 Red Bull Racing team - TAG Heuer - Page 5
Red Bull happy with Renault progress Tue Jun 14, 2016
Red Bull team principal, Christian Horner, has praised Renault for its efforts that went into the vastly improved power unit used since the Monaco Grand Prix. The new engine went through a real test in the power track of Montreal and it proved to be a big step forward which makes Red Bull hopeful for the remainder of the season.
Red Bull replace Kvyat with Verstappen
2016 Red Bull Racing team - TAG Heuer
This forum contains threads to discuss teams themselves. Anything not technical about the cars, including restructuring, performances etc belongs here.
ScottB
Re: 2016 Red Bull Racing team - TAG Heuer
Post Wed Dec 23, 2015 3:14 pm
hemichromis wrote: Well Red bull has had talks with Honda and were very impressed with their development direction and work ethic.
This is why Red bull wanted a Honda engine rather than the Renault.
But presumably they were also impressed by the work Mario Illen did, hence him coming into the Renault program?
I'm inclined to see these sorts of statement as more political posturing than anything else.
hpras wrote:
FoxHound wrote:
But what intrigues me is that out of the last 30 seasons in F1, only one team has won the championship not being affiliated to a manufacturer. That team being Brawn. Both Williams and McLaren had close ties to Honda, and then Renault and Mercedes respectively.
Benetton?
Bang on....I missed them.
Last edited by FoxHound on Wed Dec 23, 2015 4:19 pm, edited 1 time in total.
WilliamsF1 wrote:
FoxHound wrote: the RA109/BGP01 would never have raced.
RA109 had it raced would have won nothing and Red Bull would have won 5 titles
Honda would have been a little better than the Toyota and would have pulled out at the end of 2009.
The Honda was underpowered to the Mercedes, but the car was purpose built around the Honda engine.
Brawn managed to fit the Merc engine and Honda gearbox, but not without compromise.
However, an unnamed senior Brawn GP engineer, after the title winning race in Brazil, was reported saying that significant and unconventional changes were made to accommodate the FO108W engine
Further to this, mating a Honda gearbox designed for a Honda engine, to Mercedes engine designed for a McLaren gearbox had big repercussions.
Unlike Mercedes' other customers Force India who took supply of both the engine and a McLaren-designed transmission, the BGP 001 used a semi-automatic transmission designed in-house at Brawn. This provided seven forward gears and one reverse gear, and was operated using two paddles located on the steering wheel. As with the engine installation, compromises were made with the gearbox. It did not sit in the ideal position because the crank-centre height on the Mercedes engine was different from the Honda
We know the BGP001 was a monster, but it was of the Frankenstein variety. The Honda horsepower differential to Mercedes was approximately 40 Bhp, which at the time was the differential to Renault too.
Given the amount of compromises made, and the fact the BGP01 was almighty around corners, braking and traction zones this advantage would've been furthered with the original design intact. It should also be noted that the car could not fully utilise the Merc V8 as Force India and McLaren due to those compromises. So the like for like engine comparison is not as clearcut as what happens on a bench.
Had it been the RA109, I propose it may very well have been the greatest racing car in F1 existence. But that's pure speculation.
Vortex Motio
ScottB wrote:
The context is that Red Bull don't have a 2017 engine, and that is their primary focus.
Red Bull continued to talk with Honda after deciding to use a Renault engine in 2016, so presumably they were discussing 2017 and beyond.
RBR publicized that they contracted Mario Illien a year ago. Now Renault will contract him for the '16 engine.
Given RBR's AVL Virtual Test Track rig in their bldg9 plus the 40+ engineers working there, they clearly aim to maximize the integration of whichever engines are in their chassis.
But it appears their engine choices for 2017 are somewhat clean sheet, wide open.
djos
Post Wed Dec 23, 2015 11:25 pm
ScottB wrote: I find Newey's comments a bit baffling to be honest...
I don't see why he can apparently have total faith in Honda improving from a much worse standing point than Renault, but then Renault won't improve.
Simple, Honda didnt sit on their hands for most of 2015, they made progress despite their dramas - Renault on the other hand rejected Mario Illien's work and then produced a total flop of an ICE upgrade and then had to go back to Mario with their tail between their legs.
The impossible often has a kind of integrity which the merely improbable lacks.
djos wrote:
And now they'll be getting the Illien upgrade they wanted? Or is the message now that it won't work either? How many times last year did Honda / Mclaren claim they were going to take big steps forward at whatever race? The Honda unit was still as unreliable at seasons end as it was at the beginning, so I'm not sure how Newey can be of the belief that the Honda will be brilliant and the Renault won't improve, or indeed why they rejected a 2015 Ferrari unit he now seems to think will have STR ahead of them...
Really I'm not sure what the point of this interview was for Red Bull, more public complaining about Renault achieves what? Everyone is aware of the problems they've had, we haven't even seen a 2016 car never mind be in a position to comment on comparative performance. I'd have thought after the rebadging and getting Illien involved that they'd be inclined to adopt a less confrontational tone in public, but it seems not!
ME4ME
Post Thu Dec 24, 2015 12:39 am
Renault have indicated they will use a configuration that they know will work for the start of 2016. That probably means it will be a slow start to the season for both Red Bull and Renault. This doesn't mean they will not improve, but for Red Bull is does mean they'll have no realistic chance to fight for the WCC.
Illiens involvement will help in time, but not for the start of the season. Reading between the lines, I think Renault was holding back on putting sizeable resources into the PU-project. Prost confirmed Renault was thinking about pulling out of F1 untill days before Abu Dhabi. Honda on the other hand has been pouring money into the project and have been able to plan exacly what they want to do this winter. Newey is probably just being realistic about their chances, and surely a bit frustrated as well.
Post Thu Dec 24, 2015 5:21 pm
The problem is not just development, it's the turnaround time to get development parts produced and made into a complete engine.
Ferrari have been quoted as saying if engine developments are finalised in October, they'd only just be ready for the testing season in late February. That 3 to 4 months.
Renault have used up tokens they thought would bring an improvement in the middle of November. Plus the added downtime to see where the upgrades have missed target etc, you are looking at December before any concrete decisions are made.
So if Illien's upgrade sees the light of day, I'd assume the earliest would be late March or even April.
And given the schedule of the races, this could be put back to coincide with the European season.
gandharva
Location: Munich
Post Thu Dec 24, 2015 10:01 pm
It's really simple. Honda knows where they have problems and probably can adress that problem over the winter by designing a new MGU-H system. On the opposite, Renault has several different areas where they need to improve (OK, mainly ICE...) but no clue how to adress. See last upgrade Ricciardo was racing...
Post Sat Dec 26, 2015 12:39 pm
gandharva wrote:
As I already said, Honda had a number of upgrades during the year, which didn't really close the gap and certainly didn't improve reliability. Honda would need a substantial improvement to be at Renault's level, never mind leap frog them.
That's not to say that they won't, but I don't see where he's getting the fundamental belief that it will happen on their word alone, as we've heard it before. Hence me seeing it as posturing, not a genuine belief. Though again, what he imagines will be achieved by publicly bemoaning Renault yet again is anyone's guess.
hemichromis
Post Sat Dec 26, 2015 1:09 pm
Hondas problem was a fundamental problem that could not be solved mid season. they have been aware of the problem since august but have been unable to solve it.
Honda's upgrades have been geared toward improving the ICE for next year as most other components will be changing.
lio007
Joined: Mon Jan 28, 2013 10:03 pm
Post Mon Dec 28, 2015 5:10 pm
Have a look at the provisiional entry-list from 30th November 2015:
FIA entry list
2 interesting things:
- RB confirmed on 4th of December their TAG Heuer partnership, and their "Renault deal", on the provisional entry list the engine is TBC, that's reasonable
- on 6th of December RBR confirmed they part ways with Infiniti, BUT it was already obvious with the publication of the provisional entry-list on 30th of Nov. if you have a look on the team name "Red Bull Racing" => without Infiniti
So in terms of the entry list I find it strange that they "confirmed" the split with Infiniti but their engine had TBC
Maybe Renault wanted to handle it that way.
"Well done" Mr. Marchionne...such comments play into the cards of Mr. E and Todt, saying the manufacturers can decide who may be allowed to be competitive and who is not.
Ferrari: Red Bull supply "dangerous"
lio007 wrote: "Well done" Mr. Marchionne...such comments play into the cards of Mr. E and Todt, saying the manufacturers can decide who may be allowed to be competitive and who is not.
And team who paid, designed and built their own engine can choose who uses it. As opposed to a team who don't design or build engines demanding it be theirs to use.
Especially one that throws 500 million dollars at their team for aerodynamic and chassis development only.
If we look at a team like Williams, that sort of budget would yield a full blown engine operation allied to their aero/chassis.
I agree with Marchionne completely.
For Sure!!
Return to "Formula One teams"


Targets are goals that act as markers along your path to help you move from where you are to accomplishing your Mission.Without a Target it's hard to know what to shoot for. The Target tool helps you aim and focus your efforts.
Very little can be accomplished alone. You need a team and the cooperation of others to reach you destination and accomplish your mission.
You are the pilot at the helm of your journey. With the Eye you oversee and choose which tool to use when. And with the Eye you watch to discover how to motivate yourself and others to move toward your Vision so that you can accomplish your mission.
Bliss is experienced more often at work than at leisure. How you tackle your daily activities determines whether you'll have many moments of bliss or burnout. To increase bliss you must be a pathfinder to find a path with a heart in your work. There are three path finding challenges. First is setting the course where you decide where you aim to go and what you seek to achieve. Next is staying the course where you develop a method for assessing progress in order to course correct and by-pass obstacles. Last is traversing the course where you pilot your path finding adventure from here to achieving your purpose–your destiny — while following the path with a heart–the path of many blissful moments.
Setting the course is the initial challenge of personal leadership.Ê Finding a path with a heart involves matching what is really important to you with what must be achieved to define your mission and to develop a vision of what you want to accomplish and where you want to go.
Get Centered: Finding a path with a heart, your path to bliss, begins with yourself and lookingÊ inward to discover what is important to you.Ê This process is commonly called "getting centered."Ê Without a center to begin from, you can easily lose a sense of who you are and where you want to go with your life.
Define Your Purpose: It is from a sense of purpose that you can draw confidence to act.Ê Without purpose, there is little meaning, so that you can find yourself working aimlessly and wondering why you should bother. Conversely, working with purpose adds "heart" to what you do. Decide on a Direction: With a purpose and an idea of how to achieve it, you can set a direction for finding a path with a heart.Ê Decide on your direction by imagining a desirable future-your destination-and moving toward it.
Set Goals: Having a specific target to shoot for focuses your efforts.Ê When you know what you're aiming for, and achieve it, your confidence increases.Ê Accomplishing goals that match your skills and stretch your capabilities promotes bliss.
Accomplishing anything important is usually complicated with many steps.Ê It is easy to get off course or to become blocked by obstacles.Ê Staying on the course takes persistence and skill in course correction. Establish Milestones: Milestones are markers on the way to your destination.Ê They help you lead yourself along your path in a series of easily achievable steps.Ê By counting the milestones you've reached you can see how far you've traveled.
Define Your Purpose: It is from a sense of purpose that you can draw confidence to act.Ê Without purpose, there is little meaning, so that you can find yourself working aimlessly and wondering why you should bother. Conversely, working with purpose adds "heart" to what you do.
Decide on a Direction: With a purpose and an idea of how to achieve it, you can set a direction for finding a path with a heart.Ê Decide on your direction by imagining a desirable future-your destination-and moving toward it.
Accomplishing anything important is usually complicated with many steps.Ê It is easy to get off course or to become blocked by obstacles.Ê Staying on the course takes persistence and skill in course correction.
Establish Milestones: Milestones are markers on the way to your destination.Ê They help you lead yourself along your path in a series of easily achievable steps.Ê By counting the milestones you've reached you can see how far you've traveled.
Think Flexibly: Finding a path with a heart involves different kinds of activities.Ê Sometimes you must brainstorm possibilities, at other times you need to evaluate progress.Ê Getting others' cooperation takes a supportive approach, whereas clarifying your values taps your intuition.Ê Optimizing calls on different mindsets for each activity.
Correct Your Course: You move in a general direction but rarely in a straight line.Ê Getting off course is easy to do, and happens frequently.Ê Expect it.Ê What's important for pathfinding is knowing when you're off course and taking action to correct the course. This is accomplished by checking your progress often.
Getting from where you are to your destination and accomplishing your mission takes motivation and help from others.Ê You've got to get yourself and others moving, and keep the momentum. You guide the process by focusing on your destination and making many choices.
Motivate Yourself: It is easy to lose momentum.Ê Pathfinders keep motivation high by creating meaningfulness and building enthusiasm for accomplishing their mission. They reward themselves for progress.


Re: Belgian Pale Ale. What do experts think?
Topic: Belgian Pale Ale. What do experts think?
Thomasgoffe, welcome to the forum! Listening is good, but asking questions is good too. Roggenbier is an interesting selection for your first BIAB beer - have you brewed this before? Keep the forum posted on how it turns out.
Hi Staffan, glad you found the site. At 15 brews you're probably getting it down pretty good, but there's always a lot to learn!
Welcome to the forum Luisito. There are quite a few small batch brewers here - do a search for Mini BIAB to start. Be sure to read Clear Brewing Terminology and then start diving in (http://biabrewer.info/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=2685). This site is a deep well of knowledge on brewing.
gersondias - welcome to the best beer-centric site on the web. So many knowledgeable brewers (from all over the world) contribute to this site it's truly humbling. Ask lots of questions - you'll get them answered and you're on your way!
Ha! I've been waiting for the report - glad it turned out well. I wonder how close you can come to duplicating the beer?
Hello Eariebird. This group is so knowledgeable and members are so willing to share! Glad you joined. So great to have brewers from literally around the world contributing.
Welcome Dr_Hops! There's a whole lot of information on this site. Ask quetions and you'll always get some good responses back. There seem to be quite a few small batch brewers, which makes sense as BIAB is well suited for experimentation.
Thanks for looking. You were right MS, I plugged in .01 for the Maltodextrin and viola!
Forum: Bags, Mashers, Thermometers, Kettles etc.
EduStephan and villagetorcher - welcome to the forum. There is so much knowledge available for the asking and so many very knowledgeable brewers willing to share. BIAB is an excellent choice!


text:
Tilray and Aphria…
Tilray and Aphria may announce merger and move US headquarters
Cannabis producers Tilray and Aphria surged sharply amid reports of their merger talks. If the deal goes through, 60% of the shares of the combined company will belong to the shareholders of Aphria, and its gene. the director will head the new company.
Tilray (TLRY) and Aphria (APHA) rose 6.8% and 3%, respectively, on Tuesday, following news of a potential merger on Wednesday, Bloomberg reported, citing sources familiar with the negotiations. The companies have not yet officially confirmed this claim.
Tilray and Aphria are the largest Canadian cannabis growers actively expanding their businesses to international markets. Aphria's market cap (as of Tuesday's close of trading) was $ 2.35 billion, while Tilray's market value is estimated at $ 1.09 billion.
The companies are hoping to save up to $ 78.7 million (C $ 100 million) in annual costs as a result of the merger, sources said, while increasing their total annual revenues to over $ 732 million (C $ 930 million).
The combined company will likely use the name Tilray, but will be led by current Aphria CEO Irwin Simon. Tilray CEO Brendan Kennedy may take a seat on the new company's board of directors, but is unlikely to retain any leadership position.
Earlier this year, the media reported that Aphria was in merger negotiations with Aurora Cannabis (ACB), but they did not end with the signing of the deal.
The joining forces will give Tilray and Aphria a greater market share and better compete with the leader, the large Canopy Growth (CGC).
Since the beginning of the year, Canopy Growth is up 26.8%, Aphria is up 55.6%, while Tilray is down 54%.
Cannabis growers rallied in shares as investors expect US cannabis legalization could happen faster. All cannabis stocks have seen strong gains throughout the last quarter as the United States is the largest market and the legalization of medical and recreational cannabis in the United States may be followed by similar moves by other governments.
According to Bloomberg, Tilray and Aphria are planning to move their headquarters from Canada to the United States.
President-elect Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris advocate federal decriminalization of cannabis. In addition, the legalization of medical and recreational cannabis was approved by voters in all five states, where the issues appeared on the ballot papers in November.
This month, the US House of Representatives voted in favor of a bill that would remove cannabis from the list of controlled substances, but must pass in the Senate to be ratified.
Rental scams targeting more Australians during pandemic
May decrees raised salaries of state employees by 1.8 times


text:
Leeds Trinity undergraduate appointed Academy Strength and Conditioning Coach at Castleford Tigers
A student from Leeds Trinity University has been appointed as Academy Strength and Conditioning Coach at Castleford Tigers Rugby League Football Club (RLFC) as part of an ongoing partnership with the professional rugby league club.
21-year-old Jordan Fentiman, from Leeds, has been appointed as Academy Strength and Conditioning Coach at Castleford Tigers RLFC whilst completing an undergraduate degree in Strength and Conditioning at Leeds Trinity.
Jordan is the most recent beneficiary of the partnership between the University and the rugby league club, after first participating through a Strength and Conditioning internship in November 2018, before progressing to his new role within the Academy programme. His aspirations are to become a Head Strength and Conditioning Coach for a professional rugby club.
Jordan said: "I have been at the club for 18 months now and have been given some unbelievable opportunities and experiences. Every single coach at the club and my tutors at the university were all extremely supportive and have all played a part in my development as a coach and a person.
"After a year and a half of hard work, I have just taken one step closer to my goal (to become Head Strength and Conditioning Coach) after becoming the Lead Academy Strength and Conditioning coach at the club. This will undoubtedly be the biggest challenge of my career, but one that I am ready for and cannot wait to get stuck into."
The partnership between Leeds Trinity and Castleford Tigers RLFC was established in 2017 with the Rugby Football League (RFL), to develop a co-funded PhD studentship for Rick Aben, former Academy Strength and Conditioning Coach at Castleford Tigers RLFC. Rick's PhD investigates the fatigue and recovery response of academy rugby league players taking input from Professor Mark Russell and Dr Danielle Davis at Leeds Trinity University, and Professor Ben Jones from the RFL.
The partnership has become pivotal for Castleford Tigers' Youth Development Pathways programme and in advancing academic learnings in the field of sport and exercise science, resulting in a number of scientific articles being published in leading sports journals. Both organisations are currently in talks to determine how the partnership can continue to expand its offering in the future.
Professor Mark Russell, Interim Co-Lead for Research and Knowledge Exchange at Leeds Trinity University, said: "The relationship between Castleford Tigers and Leeds Trinity University has proven especially worthwhile for all involved. When Jordan joined Leeds Trinity he was keen to gain practical experience in a sports team, and it was a great opportunity to use existing research links to enhance the student experience and allow Jordan to apply the principles he had learnt in his degree while also benefiting the club.
"Jordan's new role is a testament to his dedication, willingness to learn and his flexibility to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of professional sport. We look forward to continuing to work with him and Castleford Tigers."
Leeds Trinity University cultivates a research-led culture across all subject areas and research centres, providing an enhanced learning experience for students with world-leading research. If you're an aspiring researcher, find out more about postgraduate research opportunities.


This not for profit organisation based in a Brisbane inner city north side location is now looking for an experienced Financial Accountant to join their warm and friendly team.
Financial annual and quarterly reporting including; profit & loss statements, balance sheets reconciliations, prepayments, and budgeting and forecasting for the business.
To be successful in this role you must be CA/ CPA qualified and have a minimum of 4 years' experience in a similar role with a solid understanding of MYOB or the ability to pick it up quickly is desirable.
You will be a confident communicator as the role required extensive liaison with third parties you will enjoy developing new relationship and the desire to work closely with an in a small team environment is essential.
Experience within healthcare or not for profit organisations will be highly regarded.


Happy Solemnity of our father, Saint Augustine!
It is customary every year on the east coast of the United States that the two communities of New Jersey's Provincial Residence and New York's Tagaste Monastery, gather to celebrate the Order's holy founder.
Tagaste Monastery's Fathers John Gruben, OAR, prior, Fidel Hernández, OAR and John Oldfield, OAR, will be joined by Father Provincial of Saint Augustine Province, Michael Rafferty, OAR, Father Fredric Abiera, OAR and Father Charles Huse, OAR, for a solemn Mass of thanksgiving beginning at 7 pm.
Every year, the Friars are joined by dozens of Third Order Recollects as well as faithful members of Tagaste's Hispanic community and Suffern, New York's Sacred Heart Church.
Following the Mass, the religious and lay people gather downstairs in the monastery's Guild Hall for continued dialogue and fraternity.
Generous members of the Third Order and other friends provide delicious snacks and beverages.
It is always a festive occasion to celebrate our Great Father, Saint Augustine among fellow religious and dear friends!!
Happy Feast Day to the entire Order!!


text:
Angela Hewitt (Ottawa, 26 de julho de 1958) é uma pianista canadiana, muito conhecida pelas suas interpretações da obra de Johann Sebastian Bach.

Biografia
Hewitt nasceu em Ottawa, Ontário, filha de Godfrey Hewitt (de nacionalidade britânica) que foi mestre do coro na Catedral Cristã em Ottawa. Começou a estudar piano aos 3 anos com a sua mãe. Ganhou uma bolsa aos 5 anos. Estudou violino com Walter Prystawski, flauta doce com Wolfgang Grunsky, e ballet com Nesta Toumine em Otava. O seu primeiro recital foi aos nove anos de idade, no Conservatório Real de Música de Toronto, onde estudou de 1964 a 1973 com Earle Moss e Myrtle Guerrero. Foi então estudante do pianista francês Jean-Paul Sevilla na Universidade de Ottawa.

Hewitt apresentou recitais em todo o mundo como solista e com orquestra. É mais conhecida pelas suas gravações de Bach, que começaram em 1994 e terminaram em 2005, cobrindo todas as principais obras de teclado de J.S. Bach. A sua gravação A Arte da Fuga de Bach foi lançada em 17 de outubro de 2014. A sua discografia inclui também obras de Louis Couperin, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Olivier Messiaen, Emmanuel Chabrier, Maurice Ravel, Robert Schumann, Ludwig van Beethoven, Frédéric Chopin, Claude Debussy e Gabriel Fauré. Gravou dois álbuns dos concertos de Mozart com a Orquestra da Camera di Mantova, e um terceiro com a National Arts Centre Orchestra em Ottawa, dirigida por Hannu Lintu. Com a Orquestra Sinfónica Alemã de Berlim e Lintu, também gravou o concerto para piano de Robert Schumann.

A sua temporada de 2007-08 foi dedicada a interpretações completas de "Well Tempered Key" de Bach nas principais cidades do mundo. O DVD da Hyperion na atuação de Bach foi lançado para coincidir com a digressão.

Em julho de 2005, Hewitt lançou o Festival de Música Trasimeno na Úmbria, perto de Perugia, do qual é diretora artística.

Hewitt mudou para os pianos Fazioli em 2002. O seu piano de 4 pedais De F278 Fazioli foi largado pelos transportadores do instrumento em janeiro de 2020 e considerado insalável por Paolo Fazioli, fundador da empresa.

Discografía seleccionada
Johann Sebastian Bach: Goldberg Variations (Hyperion Records, 2016)
Domenico Scarlatti: Sonatas (Hyperion Records, 2016)
Franz Liszt: Piano Sonata & other works (Hyperion Records, 2015)
Johann Sebastian Bach: The Art of Fugue (Hyperion Records, 2014)
Johann Sebastian Bach: Flute Sonatas – with Andrea Oliva (flute) (Hyperion Records, 2013)
Gabriel Fauré: Piano Music (Hyperion Records, 2013)
Claude Debussy: Solo Piano Music (Hyperion Records, 2012)
Johann Sebastian Bach: Angela Hewitt plays Bach (Hyperion Records, 2010)

Ligações externas

Pianistas do Canadá
Naturais de Ottawa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A compilation of the sensational kitesurfing spots in the North-West area of Sri Lanka. Our journey sprawled from the renowned kitesurfing haven of the Kalpitya Lagoon all the way to Mannar Island; cast beneath its shadow lies a sandbar stretching to India!
Things to do in Southern Mindoro; a place for those who enjoy exploring off the beaten track. From kiting to island hopping Mindoro has it all.
Dreamy white sand beaches, endless food options, and a bustling town center are just some of what Boracay has to offer.


To address the challenges presented by next-generation systems and ASIC/SoC design, MCSC Foundation technology delivers performance/power/area comparable to Standard Cell Technology while providing unlimited flexibility for design.
MCSC Foundation Technology are offered across different process nodes and FABs. Each building blocks (IPs) of Foundation Technology has consistent same metal configurability for design flexibility, functional changes with huge advantages over fixed functionality of Standard Cell IPs.
BaySand's Metal Configurable Standard Cells (mcCORE) consists of a library of over 500 ASIC compatible standard cell logic functions. Implemented on a sea of gates, the library provides a comprehensive family of the fundamental metal configurable logic functions required to develop the digital logic and on-chip memory required of advanced ASIC, ASSP and SoC devices.
Functionally compatible with standard cell libraries, BaySand's technology is not FPGA or Structured Logic but standard cell with patented technologies for high density metal configurable circuit routing, multi-Vt device support and multiple drive capability, delivering performance, power, cost, area density and time-to-market advantages over standard cell ASIC.
BaySand's metal configurable cell library (mcCORE) is built around fine grained transistor level metal configuration (the Base Cell – BC) for all core logic cells. Based on the same transistor size as standard cell with minimum transistors per used logic function, it delivers better or equal performance, power and aerial density compared to standard cell ASIC while delivering on unparalleled flexibility for ECO's, design and specification modifications, changing market requirements and families of products with only metal layer changes.
BaySand's MCSC cell libraries are also fully compatible with Industry Standard EDA tools and methodologies such as synthesis, place and route, extraction, clock tree generation, etc. for seamless migration or integration of existing and new designs to BaySand's technology.
BaySand's Metal Configurable Standard Cells have been designed with maximum routing capability and flexibility providing highest density routing for rapid closure on place and route, timing closure and minimized number of metal layers required.
Patented MCSC Technology enables metal level selection of circuit drive strength without requiring base layer mask changes. This allows efficient matching of circuit performance to desired device performance with metal only design changes.
Only used logic is powered with no power to unused cells eliminating static power and minimizing overall design power consumption.
The mcCORE has compatible features and characteristics compared to Standard Cell and the following table list the compatibility.
* Scroll to the right for more info.
The mcCORE has same PPA compared to Standard Cell while maintaining metal only configurability for fast implementation of design ECO, functional changes and derivative designs.
The mcCORE are composed on Base Cell(BC) which has fixed transistors and up-to M1 layers. The cell functional changes and chip level signal routing between cells are accomplished by changing 4 customizable metal layers.
BaySand's MCSC memory support spans support for both off chip and on chip memory. On chip memory support includes Standard Cell compiled memories from memory compilers, BaySand's Block Memory capability and metal configurable cell based Register Files serving a comprehensive range of memory requirements with the flexibility of our MCSC technology.
Using our XPresso (Web-Based Wizard) you can generate desired memory type, width, depth, and other supported features with ease. The memory wizard also create automatic test-bench for isolated simulation for checking compatibilities and functionalities.
BaySand' MSCS technology provides the optimal solution for small or wide memories using metal configurable Register Files. Utilizing BaySand's proprietary cell based routing technology, these strictures can be implemented in 30% less die area and routability than synthesized register file approaches. With no fixed memory block or dedicated location, these memories are scalable and the die area associated with them is fully interchangeable between memory and logic as various product designs require.
Support for SP/DP/ROM/FIFO/Shift Registers etc.
MCSC Block memories are metal configurable memories with various configurability like FPGA block memories. The mcBRAM has following metal configurable features to provide maximum flexibility and re-usability for design ECOs, specification changes and new design.
For multiple products based on a metal configurable platform (mcPLATFORM), unused memory blocks are fully powered off, are fully available for routing and about 30% of areas are available for use for user logic design.
Using BaySand's Xpresso IP Wizard, you can design MCSC configurable on-chip memory blocks to meet chip design requirements.
BaySand's metal configurable I/O technology provides I/O configurability for maximum chip I/O design flexibility and performance.
With features including fully configurable I/O banks with support for all I/O voltage standards, the ability for any I/O to be configured for input, output, power or ground, wire-bond or flip-chip capability, slot-less PWR/GND for pad limited designs, programmable drive strength, DDR/LVDS PHY capability anywhere on the I/O ring and more, your design can be adapted to multiple customer and market requirements with metal only reconfiguration.
mcPLL is wide range PLL that can provide up to 9 output clocks, each of which can be configured to have different frequency and phase. It also support post-silicon configurability for frequency and phase to provide flexibility in system level debug or timing adjustment.
BaySand's MCSC Transceiver Technology includes a metal configurable Physical Media Attach (PMA) sublayer with Communications Management Unit (CMU) and Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS).
BaySand provides a modular PMA to support any combination of RX/TX and CMU. The designs multi-protocol capability provides the flexibility to meet your design requirements. Individual elements can be independent or shared with support for calibration and multiple common clocks.
BaySand provides a soft multi-protocol PCS to enable protocol optimization to your design. The design is optimized for power, performance and efficient aerial density for required protocols per design.
The digital PCS design is independent of the PMA. The modular multi-protocol PMA plus soft PCS allows efficient transceiver metal only reconfiguration and reuse.
Combining BaySand's family of metal configurable digital interface IP's, with BaySand's MCSC transceiver technology provides the ultimate in flexibility in multi-product design.
Specific transceiver availability and performance characteristics are process node dependent. For details regarding a specific process node, please refer to MCSC Foundation Technology in the Solutions tab.
BaySand's metal configurable PHY technology provides high-speed external interface design flexibility and performance.
With features including fully configurable I/O banks with support for all I/O voltage standards, soft PHY using MCSC core cells, your design can be adapted to multiple customer and market requirements with metal only reconfiguration.
BaySand provides Xpresso, which mimics the functionality of IP wizards commonly found in FPGA SW, to facilitate the designers ability to generate the desired IP function for the application and customization. The user interface is intuitive and similar to FPGA IP wizards for various IPs and generates all files need for implementation and verification.


Check out the latest edit from wakeskater Jake Ramsdell. You'll recognize jake from our Okeechobee Runnin' series, as well as some banger clips from the Indmar Trick of the Year reel at Wake Awards. Jake isn't just one of the raddest wakeskaters on the water these days, he's also an awesome dude. With the backing of Leaf wakeskates and Ambush, he's got a new pro model, too.


World Under-23 champion Wout Van Aert scored a poignant victory for the Mol-based Vastgoedservice-Golden Palace team at a dramatic floodlit Zilvermeer on Sunday evening (December 14th). Report: Konrad Manning. Photos: Kristof Ramon.
WORLD Under-23 champion Wout Van Aert scored his fifth victory against senior elite opposition tonight (December 14th) in Mol and it was a poignant victory for the locally-based Vastgoedservice-Golden Palace team (VSGP).
Zilvermeer near Mol is the famous lakeside venue that has hosted dozens of important races such as the Belgian Championships, the World Masters Championship (for many years) and the Boonen and Friends Charity races. It's also in the homeland of the Vastgoedservice-Golden Palace team – a team founded at the beginning of the year by the Peeters family and built initially around Belgian international Rob Peeters.
Sunday's evening race under lights was a successful new concept for the venue but the race organiser – Rob Peeters' father – François 'Swa' Peeters very sadly passed away just two and a half weeks ago. Rob Peeters himself had a very strong ride finishing fifth and was naturally emotional after the race.
"I'm very happy that it's been a success and that's very special," said Peeters before saying that his emotions at this home race had been "worse that at the funeral."
Rob's uncle and 'patron' of the VSGP team is Wilfried Peeters – the Omega Pharma-Quick Step DS - and Wilfried's son Yannick, a former European junior champion who is still only eighteen-years-old, also had an inspired ride finishing in 12th place.
Wout Van Aert said, with maturity beyond his years, after his victory, "Rob should be proud of how it went and his ride today. I did not think it would really be my day today and we thought about riding for Rob." Van Aert, who rooms with Peeters when the team is on tour, added that it was a good result in the hometown of the lead sponsor and that most of the team's riders are local to Mol.
Prior to the race one might have thought it would be a straight showdown between Under-23 rivals Van Aert and Mathieu van der Poel, but Van der Poel had won the Scheldecross yesterday so Van Aert was the 'rested' rider. Perhaps the unluckiest rider was fellow Under-23 Laurens Sweeck (above) who finished runner-up to Van der Poel yesterday, beat him today, only for the fresh Van Aert to beat Sweeck into second place again. For the second day running Tom Meeusen rounded out the podium in third place.
After two laps of the nine-lap race there was still a large lead group and VSGP – referred to as the 'Oranjemen' by race commentators due to their team colours had three riders there with Rob Peeters, Wout Van Aert and Jens Adams. In a repeat of yesterday's action Sweeck was the first rider to start stretching it out and it was a tactic that worked both days – he got out front, stayed out of trouble and held onto a podium place.
By half distance Sweeck had been joined by five others: Meeusen; Van der Poel, Van Aert; Peeters and Philipp Walsleben. In another repeat of yesterday Van der Poel went on the attack after 30 minutes of racing, but today he did not quite have the firepower left to break free.
With three laps to go Sweeck went again just before a mistake by Van der Poel caused disruption and delay amongst the chasers. This allowed Van Aert to start his pursuit of Sweeck alone as Walsleben tried to lead Van der Poel back into contention.
On the penultimate lap Van Aert caught Sweeck and a mistake and forced dismount by Sweeck allowed Van Aert to create a gap and ride in full attack mode all the way to the finish.
At the bell Van Aert led Sweeck by 15 seconds as a large group began the battle for third place. Meeusen was the only one riding over a large ditched concrete hurdle, or 'drempel' (speed hump) as the TV commentators called it, and this 'clearance' gave him the momentum to secure third place ahead of Van der Poel and Peeters.