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The Second Three Years Josh Hall , January 17th, 2012 05:47
In a little under three months, Frank Turner will play to twelve and a half thousand people at Wembley Arena. Billy Bragg will be supporting him. It'll appear neatly symbolic; the old guard of political songwriting handing over to….to what? To a new wave of socially-informed acoustic music? To a fresh-faced young man taking politics to arenas?
In many ways, Bragg will be passing the baton to someone exactly like him: a Home Counties liberal who holds dear an idyllicised vision of a past England. But while (for all his innumerable faults) Bragg once had what he considered to be genuine working class interests at heart, Turner seems possessed of an oddly violent reactionary streak. Bragg is honest about his liberalism. Turner, meanwhile, happily misappropriates Bakunin but baulks when faced with poverty riots at home. He represents an increasingly prevalent anthropological phenomenon: the liberal masquerading as a radical.
The Second Three Years is a collection of b-sides, 'rarities', and covers, the original tracks from which are mainly taken from the 2010 Rock & Roll EP and 2011's England Keep My Bones. The covers portion is entirely without merit, Turner having managed to extract every last atom of enjoyment from every single one of the songs he's chosen. Take That's 'The Greatest Day' becomes a three minute yelp, while a live rendition of 'Last Christmas' is less good than almost any version you're likely to hear in any Lucky Voice in any city centre on any given day of the year. Worst, though, is 'Thunder Road', the original of which has been clubbed to death with meticulously affected glottal stops, only to have its reanimated corpse paraded around some bedevilled home studio. So pallid it would bleed white.
Superfluous covers aside, though, the real meat of the problem lies in the first half of the record. Opener 'Sailor's Boots' sets the bar quite neatly, beginning with Turner's a capella longings for a simple life at sea. "If I had been born / Two hundred years ago / Well I would have been a sailor/ A-sailing I would go," he sings, before mourning the fact that he's a 21st Century pop star rather than a 19th Century Merchant Navy skivvy. It is the sort of trite poeticism that characterises the record, delivered with a shrug that says, "Oh this old thing? Yeah it's nothing, I was just playing around on my travel guitar and OH GOD PLEASE TELL ME HOW INSPIRING I AM."
The album is shot through with this self-conscious romanticising of the quotidian. If he isn't singing about sailing he's giving us tales of good ol' Vaudeville in 'Balthazar, Impresario' ("We aren't just artists / We are something more / We're entertainers." Yes, really.), or the quiet desperation of suburban drudgery in 'Mr Richards'. There is a constant sense of mourning for some lost Albion, Dickensian in its straightforwardness. Everything is either completely right or totally wrong. Teenage romance and punk rock is great; forgotten artisans are demi-gods; office work is shit. "What is this life really all about?" he has Mr. Richards muse before clearing his desk and setting off for a life on the road, as if in a Ladybird Kerouac. Turner thinks he is providing concise encapsulations of humanity, details from the great fresco of life. In reality his characters are thoroughly two-dimensional, entirely without complexity, and therefore utterly unbelievable.
But the lazy characters aren't the most worrying thing here. Rather, that accolade goes to a handful of snippy little throwaway lines – glimpses of what are clearly quite deeply held prejudices. In 'Balthazar', Turner's impresario laments that the stage is suffering because "the young these days are glued to TV screens." It's an odd observation from an artist who goes to great lengths to lampoon tabloid reactionaries, but one that chimes quite nicely with some of his previous utterances on the yoof. In Campfire Punkrock's 'Thatcher Fucked The Kids', for example, he refers to "the kids in our neighbourhood" as "a violent bunch of bastard little shits." Ken Clarke, of course, managed it in rather fewer syllables when he described London's poor as a "feral underclass."
And that is the real problem with The Second Three Years. It's not the songs (really, what were you expecting?), but rather Turner himself. He has tried very hard to cast himself as the lone wolf leftist, battling against stale ideologies. But in reality, his worldview seems as reductive as the very worst of the right. In a recent interview with a Phoenix newspaper he described rioters in Tottenham as "a bunch of fucking evil, violent people." On his own forum he said he is "bored with people talking about deprivation" as a cause of unrest. He claims progressive credentials, but seems content with immersing himself in gawkish approximations of an England that never existed. It's the classic reactionary mindset, one step removed from primitivism: it would all be fine if we could get back to the time when Britain was great – you know, when we were all sailors and the music hall was popular. Then we'd be alright.
There is nothing progressive here, either musically or politically. Just awkward couplets, poorly written stories, and the small-mindedness of the Home Counties liberal.
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Who Is Gavin Casalegno Dating
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Gavin Casalegno is currently dating Russian radio and television personality Anna Nekhlyudova. They were first spotted together in August 2019 at an event in Los Angeles. It looks like things heated up quickly as Anna posted a picture of the two on their monthiversary celebration.
The couple have since been spotted together celebrating New Year's Eve, Valentine's Day, and birthdays. They can often be seen jet setting around the world, having romantic dinners out and enjoying beach days with friends. Most recently they got engaged during a romantic trip to Paris in March of 2021.
Gavin Casalegno is a singer, songwriter, actor, and YouTube sensation known for his hit single "No Matter What". He is currently living in Los Angeles and signed to Hollywood Records.
In addition to his musical career, Gavin has been seen with several different girls over the last few years. It's unclear who he is currently dating or what kind of relationship status he is in. Fans speculate that he might be single or perhaps could have a secret girlfriend. Rumors about him being in a committed relationship have been around for some time but there's no official confirmation from Gavin or anyone close to him about this speculation.
Nevertheless, it will be interesting to see where things go from here as far as his romantic life goes. As of now, all we can do is wait and see!
Background and Early Life of Gavin Casalegno
Gavin Casalegno is a legendary actor, director, and producer from the United States. He is known for his roles in various television series, films, and web series.
He was born on August 19th, 1996, in Pennsylvania to Lori Casalegno and Greg Casalegno. He has an older brother named Nathan who is also an actor. Gavin attended a Catholic high school in Western Pennsylvania before graduating from university in California with a degree in Theatre Arts.
Gavin started his career when he was just 14 after being cast as Young Jacob Black in the hit Twilight Saga film "New Moon". He then went on to appear in further installments of the Twilight Saga before landing more major roles in TV shows such as Gossip Girl and The Vampire Diaries.
Relationship Status of Gavin Casalegno
Gavin Casalegno is currently single, but reports have suggested that he may be in a relationship with actress/model Bruna Marquezine. The two were seen out together multiple times and sparked rumors of dating when they shared pictures on social media of the two together.
It is unclear how serious the relationship is at this point, but it definitely looks like there could be romance blooming between them. However, both stars have yet to confirm or deny the relationship publicly so nobody knows for sure what's going on between them. As more information comes out in the future, fans will be able to learn more about their mysterious relationship.
Past Relationships of Gavin Casalegno
Gavin Casalegno has been linked to several different women in his past. It's been rumored that he dated singer Zara Larsson from 2016 to 2018, actress Hilary Duff from 2011 to 2013, and finally model Yolanda BroJavin during 2021. While Gavin tends to keep his relationships private, it seems as though all three women have shared fond memories of their time with the actor.
In 2016, after meeting online, Larsson took to her social media accounts to publicly declare her love for Casalegno. Their relationship seemed solid until 2018 when it was reported that they had quietly ended things. There were never really any details into what caused their break-up but the two have remained amicable ever since.
From 2011-2013 Casalegno was romantically involved with actress Hillary Duff before they both decided to go their separate ways due to busy schedules and conflicting interests. Then in 2021 previously mentioned model Yolanda BroJavin was seen out with the actor on a few occasions sparking speculation of a possible romantic involvement between them both. However, no official confirmation has ever been made by either party, leading many fans and admirers alike screaming 'Team Golandi'!
Current Partner of Gavin Casalegno
Gavin Casalegno is currently in a relationship with model and reality star, Cara Delevingne. The two were first spotted together in December 2019 at an event in London and since then, their relationship has flourished. They often share pictures of themselves on social media, whether out for dinner or traveling together.
Delevingne recently gushed about her relationship with Casalegno to Vanity Fair magazine saying that it was "honestly the most incredible thing ever." She also discussed the importance of being comfortable with your significant other, saying that Casalegno "has been so supportive of me and I think it's really important to have someone who you can really be yourself around, who won't judge you or anything like that." The couple seems to be very much in love and it looks like they have something very special going on!
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Leonardo (formerly Selex ES) infrared sensors for astronomy: present and future
Author(s): Ian Baker; Chris Maxey; Les Hipwood; Keith Barnes
Many branches of science require infrared detectors sensitive to individual photons. Applications range from low background astronomy to high speed imaging. Leonardo in Southampton, UK, has been developing HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) sensors for astronomy in collaboration with European Southern Observatory (ESO) since 2008 and more recently the University of Hawaii. The devices utilise Metal Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy, MOVPE, grown on low-cost GaAs substrates and in combination with a mesa device structure achieve very low dark current and near-ideal MTF. MOVPE provides the ability to grow complex HgCdTe heterostructures and these have proved crucial to suppress breakdown currents and allow high avalanche gain in low background situations. A custom device called Saphira (320x256/24μm) has been developed for wavefront sensors, interferometry and transient event imaging. This device has achieved read noise as low as 0.26 electrons rms and single photon imaging with avalanche gain up to x450. It is used in the ESO Gravity program for adaptive optics and fringe tracking and has been successfully trialled on the 3m NASA IRTF, 8.2m Subaru and 60 inch Mt Palomar for lucky imaging and wavefront sensing. In future the technology offers much shorter observation times for read-noise limited instruments, particularly spectroscopy. The paper will describe the MOVPE APD technology and current performance status.
Proc. SPIE 9915, High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VII, 991505 (29 July 2016); doi: 10.1117/12.2231079
Ian Baker, SELEX ES Infrared Ltd. (United Kingdom)
Chris Maxey, SELEX ES Infrared Ltd. (United Kingdom)
Les Hipwood, SELEX ES Infrared Ltd. (United Kingdom)
Keith Barnes, SELEX ES Infrared Ltd. (United Kingdom)


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Eva Ortega-Retuerta
UMR7621 Laboratoire d'océanographie microbienne (LOMIC), France
Michael Cunliffe
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Birthe Zäncker
GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HZ), Germany
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Microbiol., 11 September 2020
Sec. Aquatic Microbiology
Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.571983
Large Enrichment of Anthropogenic Organic Matter Degrading Bacteria in the Sea-Surface Microlayer at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica)
Alícia Martinez-Varela, Gemma Casas, Benjamin Piña, Jordi Dachs and Maria Vila-Costa*
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institut de Diagnóstic Ambiental i Estudis de l'aigua, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
The composition of bacteria inhabiting the sea-surface microlayer (SML) is poorly characterized globally and yet undescribed for the Southern Ocean, despite their relevance for the biogeochemistry of the surface ocean. We report the abundances and diversity of bacteria inhabiting the SML and the subsurface waters (SSL) determined from a unique sample set from a polar coastal ecosystem (Livingston Island, Antarctica). From early to late austral summer (January–March 2018), we consistently found a higher abundance of bacteria in the SML than in the SSL. The SML was enriched in some Gammaproteobacteria genus such as Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, and Colwellia, known to degrade a wide range of semivolatile, hydrophobic, and surfactant-like organic pollutants. Hydrocarbons and other synthetic chemicals including surfactants, such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), reach remote marine environments by atmospheric transport and deposition and by oceanic currents, and are known to accumulate in the SML. Relative abundances of specific SML-enriched bacterial groups were significantly correlated to concentrations of PFASs, taken as a proxy of hydrophobic anthropogenic pollutants present in the SML and its stability. Our observations provide evidence for an important pollutant-bacteria interaction in the marine SML. Given that pollutant emissions have increased during the Anthropocene, our results point to the need to assess chemical pollution as a factor modulating marine microbiomes in the contemporaneous and future oceans.
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the uppermost top layer of the marine water column and constitutes the boundary layer where gases and particles exchange between the sea and the atmosphere (Garbe et al., 2014). As a microenvironment thinner than 1000 μm, the SML exhibits distinct, extreme and variable physicochemical and biological features compared to those in the underlying bulk water. The structure and function of SML bacterial residents, known as bacterioneuston (Naumann, 1917), have been poorly characterized, probably due to logistical limitations and the difficulties for sampling the SML. However, the bacterioneuston is thought to play a central role in the mediation of many air-sea exchange interactions and biogeochemical and climate-related processes at regional and global scales (Kuznetsova and Lee, 2001; Brooks et al., 2009; Nakajima et al., 2013). Far from being a benevolent habitat for microbial life, bacterioneuston withstand intense environmental stressors such as harsh ultra-violet (UV) radiation, wind speed driven turbulences, temperature and salinity gradients, as well as the enrichment of toxic persistent compounds such as heavy metals or hydrophobic organic pollutants (OP) (Guerin, 1989; Wurl and Obbard, 2004; Agogué et al., 2005; Cincinelli et al., 2005; García-Flor et al., 2005; Ju et al., 2008; Wurl and Holmes, 2008; Stolle et al., 2011; Cunliffe et al., 2013; Engel et al., 2018; Rahlff et al., 2019). In the SML, in addition to an accumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds, there is an enrichment of organic matter (OM) with surfactant properties, both anthropogenic and biogenic. The accumulation of these pools of OM in the SML, which under calm meteorological conditions can even form visible aggregates or surface slicks, can promote bacterial growth (Stolle et al., 2011; Cunliffe et al., 2013; Kurata et al., 2016; Sabbaghzadeh et al., 2017; Engel et al., 2018; Parks et al., 2020). For instance, fast peptide turnovers (Kuznetsova and Lee, 2001) or degradation of hydrocarbons (Coelho et al., 2011) have been observed in the SML.
In terms of community composition, high similarity between subsurface layer (SSL) and SML bacterial community structure have been observed in a number of oceanic regions (Agogué et al., 2005; Obernosterer et al., 2005; Fan et al., 2018; Zäncker et al., 2018), possibly caused by disruption of the SML and mixing with underlying waters. Uncoupling between bacterioplankton and bacterioneuston community compositions have been observed under low wind speeds conditions and visible surface slicks (Stolle et al., 2010). As bacterioneuston communities can be transferred from the SML into the atmosphere through sea-spray aerosol, then subject to atmospheric transport, the composition of the SML is a key factor for the regional and global microbial dispersion (Aller et al., 2005; Hervas and Casamayor, 2009; Mayol et al., 2014, 2017; Michaud et al., 2018).
The SML is also a direct recipient of atmospherically deposited aerosols, which have been shown to trigger community dissimilarities between SML and SSL bacterial populations in other regions, due to effects of nutrient inputs (Vila-Costa et al., 2013; Astrahan et al., 2016; Marín-Beltrán et al., 2019) and pollination events (Södergren, 1987) on bacterioneuston. The diffusive atmosphere-ocean exchange and snow deposition are the main sources of not only semivolatile OP, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (Galbán-Malagón et al., 2013; Casal et al., 2018,2019), but also other hydrophobic and surfactant-like OPs such as perfluoroalkylsubstances (Casal et al., 2017). All these OP become part of the anthropogenic dissolved organic carbon (ADOC) (Vila-Costa et al., 2020) pool, which due to its hydrophobic and surfactant-like properties is enriched in the SML (Cincinelli et al., 2005; Stortini et al., 2009; Casas et al., 2020). The accumulation of ADOC and other surfactant-like organic matter is driven by rising bubbles with chemicals accumulated at the air-water interface and by ADOC attachment to buoyant particles from subsurface waters (Hunter, 2009). Removal processes of ADOC in the SML are volatilization and sea-spray aerosolization (Ehrenhauser et al., 2014), photodegradation (King et al., 2014; Yuan et al., 2019), settling of particulate matter, and microbial degradation (Coelho et al., 2011, 2013).
Ocean microbiomes harbor a subset of bacteria known to play a central role in the biodegradation of ADOC (Head et al., 2006; Berry and Gutierrez, 2017). Acute pollution events, as well as research with isolates, have revealed the genetic battery required for degradation of various families of ADOC constituents by specific taxa, as well as some of the degradation pathways mediated by these strains (Head et al., 2006; Takahashi et al., 2013; Dombrowski et al., 2016). A key microbial strategy that influences the bioavailability of ADOC is the bacterial production of biosurfactants, amphiphilic biomolecules encompassing a large spectrum of chemical families, that facilitate the solubilization and emulsification of ADOC compounds, mostly hydrophobic, or by changing the properties of the bacterial cell wall (Matvyeyeva et al., 2014; Andualem Bezza and Chirwa, 2015; Wittgens et al., 2017). The accumulation of amphiphilic and hydrophobic compounds in the SML modifies its surface tension, thus modifying the rate of air-water diffusive exchange of gases (Salter et al., 2009; Kurata et al., 2016) and atmospheric deposition of aerosols (Del Vento and Dachs, 2007). All these processes depict the SML as a highly dynamic system for interactions between organic matter and bacterioneuston (Wurl and Obbard, 2004), which has not yet been studied in depth, and never addressed for the Southern Ocean.
The goal of this study was to better understand the temporal dynamics and main environmental drivers of bacterial abundance and community composition in the SML in the maritime Antarctica. This was done by comparing, for the first time, SML and SSL community taxonomical structure during the nutrient-rich upwelling summer season in South Bay (Livingston Island, Antarctica). We characterized microbial communities by flow cytometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and correlated the data with different water and air physicochemical variables, as well as perfluoroalkyl substances, taken as surrogates of hydrophobic and surfactant organic matter, as well as the SML stability.
Site Description and Sampling
Samples were collected during austral summertime 2018, from January 8th to March 1st, at the South Bay of Livingston Island (South Shetland, Antarctica, 62° 39' S, 60° 23' W). SML and SSL sampling was conducted from a rigid inflatable boat at five different locations (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S1). Physicochemical parameters were measured at each sampling station with a CTD probe. The SML was sampled with a glass plate SML sampler. This method was first described by Harvey and Burzell (1972) and has been used in a number of studies for sampling organic matter, microorganisms, surfactants, and organic pollutants related to SML investigations (Knulst et al., 2003; García-Flor et al., 2005; Ju et al., 2008). The pre rinsed plate (40 × 30 cm) was inserted vertically into the water, and then withdrawn slowly allowing the SML adhere onto the glass plate. The glass plate containing the SML sample was then wiped between two polypropylene (PP) plates draining the sample into PP bottles. This process was repeated until obtaining a volume of 1.5 L of SML water. Subsurface layer seawater samples were collected in 2 L PP bottles by submerging the bottles and opening it at 0.5 m depth.
Figure 1. Location of the sampling stations for the SML and SSL at South Bay of Livingston Island (South Shetlands, Antarctica).
The meteorological parameters were provided by the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET) and measured at the meteorological station at Livingston Island (62°39′46.2″S 60°23′24.6″W). The values were averaged coinciding, roughly, with the sampling hours (From 9 am to 11.30 am).
Prokaryotic Cell Abundance
Subsamples of 1.8 mL for quantification of abundances of prokaryotes were fixed with 1% buffered paraformaldehyde solution (pH 7.0) plus 0.05% glutaraldehyde, left at room temperature in the dark for 10 min, and frozen and stored at −80°C until further processing. Prokaryotic cell abundance was estimated by flow cytometry as described elsewhere (Gasol and Morán, 2015).
Perfluoroalkyl Compounds Extraction and Detection
SML and SSL samples were taken simultaneously to the samples used for bacterial analysis. Seawater was analyzed as reported previously (Casal et al., 2017). Briefly, samples were filtered through pre-combusted glass fiber filters (47 mm, GF/F Whatman). The analytes were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) with OASIS WAX cartridges (Waters). After loading 500 mL of SML water and 2 L of SSL water through the cartridges, these were stored at −20°C in sealed bags until their elution with methanol, followed by methanol containing 0.1% ammonia in an ultraclean laboratory. PFAS analysis was performed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) based on an established method with minor modifications (González-Gaya et al., 2014). Details of methods and results of PFAS in the SML and SSL are reported and discussed elsewhere (Casas et al., 2020) and used here when needed.
Sub-samples (15 mL) were taken and kept at −20°C for analyzing dissolved inorganic nutrients, nitrate + nitrite (NO–3 + NO–2), ammonium (NH4–) and Phosphate (PO43–). Analyses were done by standard segmented flow with colorimetric detection (Grasshoff et al., 1999) using a SEAL Analyzer AA3 HR. H3PO4 was added to acidify the sample to pH 2 and the ampoules were heat-sealed and stored in the dark at 4°C until analysis. Samples were measured with a SHIMADZU TOC-5000 analyzer, following the high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) technique (Cauwet, 1994). For the inorganic nutrients analysis, detection limits (defined as three times the standard deviation of 10 replicates at 50% diluted samples) were 0.006 μM for NO–3, 0.003 μM for NO–2, 0.003 μM for NH4+, and 0.01 μM for PO43–.
DNA Extraction, Library Preparation, and Taxonomical Identification of 16S rDNA Amplicons
Samples for 16S rDNA library construction were collected from SML and SSL. 400 mL of each sample were prefiltered through 3 μm pore-size 47 mm diameter polytetrafluoroethylene filters (Millipore, Billerica, MA) to remove grazers and the particle-attached living fraction, and sequentially onto 0.2 μm pore-size 47 mm PTFE (Millipore, Billerica, MA) under filters to capture the free-living bacteria cells fraction, using a peristaltic pump with a flow of <50 mL min–1.
Each filter was placed in 1 mL lysis buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, 40 mM EDTA, 0.75 M sucrose). All filters were stored at -20°C until further processing. After unthawing samples were incubated with lysozyme, proteinase K and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and nucleic acids were extracted simultaneously with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25: 24: 1 vol: vol: vol) and with chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24: 1, vol: vol) as described in Vila-Costa et al. (2013). The resulting solution was concentrated to 200 μL using an Amicon Ultra 10-kDa filter unit (Millipore). Partial bacterial 16S gene fragments of both DNA were amplified using primers 515f/926r (Parada et al., 2016) plus adaptors for Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The PCR reaction mixture was thermocycled at 95°C for 3 min, 30 cycles at 95°C for 45 s, 50°C for 45 s, and 68°C for 90 s, followed by a final extension of 5 min at 68°C. PCR amplicon sizes were checked in tris- acetate-EDTA (TAE) agarose gels. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted at the Pompeu Fabra University Sequencing Service.
DADA2 v1.4 was used to differentiate the 16S V4-5 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and remove chimeras (parameters: maxN = 0, maxEE = 2.4, trunclen = 227,210; Callahan et al., 2016). DADA2 resolves ASVs by modeling the errors in Illumina-sequenced amplicon reads. The approach is threshold-free, inferring exact variants up to one nucleotide difference using the quality score distribution in a probability model. Previously, spurious sequences and primers were trimmed using cutadapt v.1.16 (Martin, 2011). Taxonomic assignment of the ASVs was performed with the RDP algorithm classifier against RDP database release 11.5 (Cole et al., 2014). ASVs classified as Mitochondria or Chloroplast were removed. The final ASV table contained 46 samples, obtaining for the entire sample set 549,256 amplicon sequence variants (ASV) from 16S rRNA gene V4-5 fragments, from which 12,769 were unique. Unique bacterial ASV averaged 291 and 267 per sample in SML and SSL, respectively.
Statistically significant differences between layers of abiotic and biotic parameters were assessed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p < 0.05) using the wilcox.test() function from "dplyr" package in R. Package "ggpubr" was used for spearman correlations significance (p ≤ 0.05) and the bivariate plots from the spearman significant correlations. Shannon Diversity indexes were calculated with diversity() function from "vegan v1.4-4" package. Further graphs were carried out using the "ggplot2" package, also in R environment (Wickham, 2009). Enrichment factors in the SML were calculated as the ratio between absolute values in the SML respect to the SSL. Absolute values were calculated multiplying the 16S relative values of each group by the absolute counts of total bacteria obtained by flow cytometry. Fold changes were calculated similarly using the 16S relative values with function foldchange() from "gtools" package (R Core Team, 2014).
Characterization of the Sampling Domain
The SML and SSL samples were collected during the Austral summer, from early January to early March in 2018, at five sampling sites of South Bay, Livingston Island (South Shetlands), representative of the maritime Antarctica (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S1). Over the sampling period, sea surface temperature (SST) averaged 1.7 ± 0.4°C, and atmospheric temperature and solar radiation were 2.6 ± 1.07°C and 62.9 ± 47.46 Wm–2, respectively (Supplementary Tables S2, S3). Surface seawater from the three most coastal sites (St-3, St-4, and St-5), influenced by terrestrial inputs such as glacial meltdown runoff during the summer season, averaged 33.5 ± 0.2 PSU for salinity, 7.7 ± 2 FTU for turbidity and 1.6 ± 0.2°C for SST. These values were statistically different (p < 0.05, Student's t-test) than those from the most off-shore sites (St-1 and St-2) which averaged in surface waters 34.0 ± 0.4 PSU for salinity, 4.4 ± 1.4 FTU for turbidity, and 2.1 ± 0.5°C for SST.
During summer months, strong upwelling events are caused by the Antarctic divergence and westerly winds inducing nutrient rich waters. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate measures were within the range of those previously reported in Antarctic surface waters (<10 m) during summer months (Garcia et al., 2013), confirming a non-limited nutrient system. Averaged phosphate (PO43–) concentrations showed a significant enrichment in the SML (1.7 ± 0.2 μmolL–1 at SML and 1.4 ± 0.3 μmolL–1 at SSL, P = 0.027, Paired Wilcoxon test). Conversely, Nitrate + nitrite (NO–3 + NO–2) concentrations in the SML were not significantly different than in the SSL (averaged 22 ± 4.1 μmolL–1 at SML and 19.1 ± 5.4 μmolL–1 at SSL), and ammonium (NH4–) showed a large variability across the dataset (averaged 4.3 ± 3.7 μmolL–1 at SML and 6.3 ± 7 μmolL–1 at SSL) (Supplementary Table S4 and Supplementary Figure S1).
The level of pollution by anthropogenic dissolved organic carbon was tracked by taking the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as a proxy of ADOC. PFAS are organic synthetic compounds globally distributed by oceanic currents and by atmospheric transport through marine aerosols and deposition (Casal et al., 2017). PFAS were measured for the same set of samples than bacterioneuston (Casas et al., 2020). Thanks to their amphiphilic nature, PFAS have surfactant properties. In addition, PFAS have been shown to accumulate in planktonic organisms (Casal et al., 2017) due to their hydrophobicity. PFAS also accumulate in the SML (Casas et al., 2020). Surfactants have often been used as surrogates of the occurrence of the SML and its stability (Biffinger et al., 2004; Ju et al., 2008), thus we took PFAS as proxy of a developed SML enriched in ADOC. Specifically, we take the common perfluorooctaesulfonic acid (PFOS) as proxy of a surfactant and anthropogenic chemical. Recently, this compound has also been found to be partially degradable by Antarctic bacteria through desulfurization (Cerro-Gálvez et al., 2020). PFOS concentrations were significantly higher in the SML than in the SSL (50.3 ± 50.8 pgL–1 and 16.5 ± 8.7 pgL–1 respectively, paired Wilcoxon test, p = 0.009). The concentrations in the SSL are comparable to those reported for this region previously (Casal et al., 2017), and in some regions of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (González-Gaya et al., 2014). Enrichment factors (EF), defined as the ratio of PFOS concentration in the SML over the SSL, fluctuated from 1.2 up to 26.3 along the time series. PFOS concentration peaked on 27/01/2018 at 230 pgL–1 at the SML, indicating a very high stable event at the SML over the period 22/01/2018 – 03/02/2018, coinciding with a peak of SST (2.47–1.87°C), atmospheric temperature (2.7–5.6°C) and solar radiation (153.8–136.6 Wm–2) on the 27/01/2018 and 28/01/2018. Contrasting with these conditions, on 20/01/2018, 08/02/2018 and 16/02/2018 minor differences between PFOS concentration at both layers were found, consistent with disruption of the SML, possibly caused by wind speed (>5 ms–1), yielding low SML stability and a breakdown of surface stratification (Supplementary Table S4 and Supplementary Figure S1).
Structure of Bacterioneuston and Bacterioplankton Communities
Pairs of SML and SSL samples showed a significant higher bacterial abundance for bacterioneuston compared to bacterioplankton in all samples (Paired Wilcoxon test, P = 0.004), consistent with observations from other oceanic regions and freshwaters (Cunliffe et al., 2013). Enrichment factors averaged 9.1 ± 5.8 for total bacterial abundance. For high and low nucleic acid bacteria (HNA and LNA), the average abundances were 7.6 × 105 ± 2.8 × 105 cells ml−1 and 6.4 × 105 ± 1.5 × 105 cells ml−1 for SML, and 1.4 × 105 ± 6.7 × 104 cells ml−1 and 4.8 × 104 ± 2 × 104 cells ml−1 for SSL (Figure 2), respectively. Significant higher enrichment factors were observed for LNA cells compared to HNA cells, with an average 16.8 ± 10.6 for LNA, and 6.7 ± 5.1 for HNA. LNA bacteria, with smaller cell size and lower DNA content, have usually been regarded as the inactive fraction of the microbial community, with observed lower LNA specific growth rates and lower production of cell numbers in enrichment cultures compared to HNA (Wang et al., 2009; Vila-Costa et al., 2012). Higher LNA enrichment in the SML could be explained by the smaller cell size of this bacterial fraction, which becomes an advantageous trait for vertical transportation from subsurface waters and accumulation at the top surface layer (Michaud et al., 2018).
Figure 2. Bacterial abundance of LNA, HNA, and total heterotrophic bacteria for SML and SSL during the austral summer. Values are means of duplicates. Error bars show standard deviations.
Significant differences of 16S amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) distribution were observed between sampling stations consistent with the pattern observed with physical and chemical parameters (Permanova test, p = 0.001, Supplementary Figure S2). While Layer (SML vs. SSL) appeared as a modest, yet significant, source of variability (P = 0.044), the interaction of both, sampling Station and Layer, accounted for a significant principal factor of variation (P = 0.001). Concerning the biodiversity, the Shannon index averaged 3.7 ± 0.7 at the SML, and 3.6 ± 0.6 at the SSL. Cell abundances were not significantly correlated to 16S diversity indices as it has been observed for the SML at other sites (Zäncker et al., 2018). This suggests a common core microbiome, enriched in the SML, and a limited number of taxa differentiating between layers and sites.
Bacterial assemblages were dominated by Flavobacteriia (30.5 ± 9.5% at SML and 30.1 ± 10.1% at SSL), Gammaproteobacteria (26.8 ± 15% at SML and 26.2 ± 16.6% at SSL), SAR11 clade (17.2 ± 7.9% at SML and 16.1 ± 9.2% at SSL) and Rhodobacterales (15.5 ± 8.1% at SML and 13.1 ± 5% at SSL) (Supplementary Figure S3). The bacterial composition of SSL was similar to those described previously in this region (Wilkins et al., 2013; Cavicchioli, 2015).
Both the SML and SSL microbiomes included genera with known facultative and obligate ADOC degraders (AD) strains, some of them also associated with biosurfactant production (see Supplementary Table S5 for details). Relative to the total bacterial community, AD averaged 12.3 ± 10.2% at SML and 10.3 ± 7.6% at SSL (for relative abundances of AD within their taxonomical group see Supplementary Figure S4).
At a finer taxonomic resolution, higher relative abundances of specific AD bacteria, known to be stimulated under high ADOC concentrations, were observed at the SML. The fold change of these groups in the SML vs. the SSL ranged from 1.5 to 50 (Figures 3, 4). Specifically, on average, significant higher relative abundances were observed for Gammaproteobacteria AD (FC = 10.26) and Flavobacteriia AD (FC = 1.68) (Wilcoxon paired data test p < 0.05). Other ADOC associated taxonomical groups with >2-fold increase in relative abundances at the SML for the overall data set were Alteromonadales (FC = 6.4), Caulobacterales (FC = 2.5), and Sphingomonadales (FC = 2.16) (Figure 3). Further, in a day-by-day basis, some gammaproteobacterial groups were systematically highly enriched at SML during the austral summer (Figure 4). Gammaproteobacteria AD and the ADOC-associated orders Alteromonadales and Pseudomonadales, taken separately, showed fold changes from >5 to >50 over various sampling days at the SML, and Pseudoalteromonas, Colwellia, Pseudomonas bloomed at the SML from 24th January onward. Colwellia, Pseudomonas, and Pseudoalteromanas are generalist strains with rapid facultative degrading capabilities toward ADOC, but also prompt to degrade other dissolved organic matter compounds. Colwellia have been described as abundant and fast responder following ADOC background concentration exposures in polar environments (Cerro-Gálvez et al., 2019), and to oil spills in marine environments (Gutierrez et al., 2013; Dombrowski et al., 2016; Lofthus et al., 2018; Vergeynst et al., 2018). In fact, Colwellia single cell assembled genomes (SAGs) retrieved from contaminated marine sites have revealed a more specific metabolic activity toward aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as a full set of genes involved with chemotaxis, motility and adaptations to cold environments such as Antarctica (Mason et al., 2014).
Figure 3. Relative abundances in the SML vs. SSL for selected taxa. Flavobactereiia AD and Gammaproteobacteria AD were significantly enriched in the SML, while Alteromonadales, Sphingomonadales and Caulobacterales presented high positive fold changes in the SML (FC > 2). Notice the logarithmic scale of the axes. Data points on the 1:1 dashed line indicate equal contribution to the 16S ASV pool.
Figure 4. Fold change values in relative abundances of specific taxa in the SML vs. SSL during the austral summer.
As some of these taxa are not obligate ADOC consumers, it is relevant to address whether the SML is enriched in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or only in ADOC and biosurfactants. Previous works have shown that DOC in seawater from this region had values of 62 ± 7 μmol C L–1, while DOC concentrations in the SML were of 69 ± 11 μmol C L–1 (Calleja et al., 2009; Ruiz-Halpern et al., 2014). So the differences in concentrations are small in terms of bulk DOC. In Antarctica, several works have reported the enrichment of hydrophobic pollutants in the Southern Ocean SML, such as for n-alkanes, PAHs, PCBs, PFAS and phthalates (Cincinelli et al., 2005; Stortini et al., 2009; Casas et al., 2020). A recent work for the Arctic ocean (Chance et al., 2018), did find a specific enrichment of surfactant-like substances in the SML, but not of the total pool of DOC. These reports suggest that the moderate reported enrichment of DOC in the SML, when occurring, may be mostly driven by the fractions of hydrophobic and surfactant-like DOC, but probably not other pools of DOC.
Environmental Drivers of Community Compositions. Can Anthropogenic and Surfactant-Like Organic Compounds Modulate Bacterioneuston Communities?
Bacterioneuston community composition is controlled by physicochemical and biological parameters, including nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton assemblages and their exudates (Taylor et al., 2014). Bivariate correlations between environmental and bacterial composition variables, considering all measures in the SML and SSL, show that phosphate concentrations were positively correlated to most of the taxonomical groups, and significantly to specific Flavobacteriia AD, while ammonia concentrations were negatively correlated to Bacteroidetes phyla, Flavobacteriia, Alphaproteobacteria, SAR11 Clade and Actinobacteria, pointing to the pivotal role of nutrients as key drivers of microbial compositions (Figure 5; Allen et al., 2012; Cavicchioli, 2015). Further, relative abundances of Alteromonadales and Gammaproteobacteria AD were positively correlated to concentrations of PFOS and other PFAS (Spearman correlation, p ≤ 0.05, Figure 5). Also, Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHXA) correlated negatively to dominant Rhodobacterales and alphaproteobacterial AD, suggesting toxic consequences of part of ADOC toward these taxa. These correlations are consistent with ADOC modulating the structure of community composition and is aligns with the dual effect of ADOC compounds on marine microorganisms (Head et al., 2006; Rodríguez et al., 2018). From one side, ADOC can be a source of nutrients and organic carbon, and on the contrary, ADOC compounds can induce toxicity to bacteria (see e.g., Cerro-Gálvez et al., 2019, 2020; Vila-Costa et al., 2019). Our observations are consistent with previously documented microbial responses triggered by ADOC pollution events and in chronically polluted marine environments (Head et al., 2006; Hazen et al., 2010; Rivers et al., 2013; Joye et al., 2016).
Figure 5. Correlation map between nutrients, PFAS and bacterial abundances and prevalence of bacterial groups. Red and blue sectors represent positive and negative correlations, asterisks indicate significant correlations (Spearman correlation, p ≤ 0.05). In the x axis: PFUDA, Perfluoroundecanoic acid; PFHXA, Perfluorohexanoic acid; PFDA, Perfluorodecanoic acid; PFNA, Perfluorononanoic acid; PFOS, Perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOA, Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFBS, Perfluorobutane sulfonate; LNA, Low Nucleic Acid; HNA, High Nucleic Acid.
The specific SML highly enriched taxa, Gammaproteobacteria AD and Flavobacteriia AD, but also ADOC-associated orders such as Alteromonadales and Pseudomonadales, coincide with those taxonomical groups not only known to be capable of degrading ADOC (such as hydrocarbons) or that have been observed to be stimulated by the presence of oil (Hazen et al., 2010; Neethu et al., 2019) but also with a described resistance to oxidative stress situations such as those originated by UV radiation (Alonso-Sáez et al., 2006; Ruiz-González et al., 2013; Svenningsen et al., 2015). The presence of ROS-resistant ADOC-degrading bacterioneuston have been reported in other studies in aquatic environments, proving ADOC metabolism at the SML (Guerin, 1989; Coelho et al., 2011). To our knowledge, this is the first report of their occurrence in polar regions.
The consistently significant higher enrichment of taxon-specific ADOC degraders at the SML than other taxa in a day-by-day basis coincides with the taxa found at low relative abundances (<3%) in the underlying SSL (examples of these are: on the 25/01/2018 Pseudomonas accounted for 6.3% at SML and 0.1% at the SSL; on the 16/02/2018 Pseudoalteromonas accounted for 46.2% at SML and 0.03% at SSL, among others). This is consistent with the observed growth of ADOC stimulated rare biosphere after oil spills and under ADOC exposure at environmental levels (Wang et al., 2017; Cerro-Gálvez et al., 2019). This large repository of dormant and low abundance bacterial taxa are part of a local seed bank which specially benefits from ecosystem variations such as sudden growth substrate availability or environmental advantageous conditions (Galand and Logares, 2019). The large temporal and spatial variability of the SML may favor the occasional or opportunistic growth of these taxa. In our data set, low abundant taxa (<3%) represented a pool of 2433 and 2546 unique ASVs at the SML and SSL respectively, with 718 ASV shared between both low abundance ASV pools (Figure 6). On the other side, abundant ASVs pools included 18 unique ASV for both layers, and all of them were also present at the low abundance ASV pools. These results point to a rapid growth of opportunist or specialist species at the SML, possibly recruited and transported vertically from the underlying bulk water low abundance biosphere, and with the required resistance traits or fast UV-repair mechanism to withstand SML extreme environmental conditions.
Figure 6. Low abundance and abundant taxa analysis based on 16S rDNA ASV counts. Taxonomical distribution of main taxonomical groups assigned to ASVs with high abundances (>3%) and low abundances (<3%). Overlapping circles indicate the number of unique ASVs shared in the different abundance pools.
Many of the taxa described as ADOC degraders have also been reported to be biosurfactant producers (Supplementary Table S5). Biosurfactants play a role by both promoting ADOC degradation and their detoxification. On the other hand, their amphiphilic properties favor their accumulation in the surface microlayer. The observation of large enrichments of ADOC degrading taxa may lead to a dynamic synergistic interaction between bacteria, pollutants and surfactants. The latter may also have contributions from other planktonic groups (Ẑutic et al., 1981; Wurl et al., 2009). All these processes may show a synergy favoring the fast turnover of ADOC in the marine environment, and future work is required to elucidate its relevance.
We analyzed the bacterial community composition and abundance in paired SML and SSL samples over the austral summer in coastal seawater of Livingston Island (South Shetlands, Antarctica), together with chemical and physical measurements. Whereas total bacterial abundances were higher in the SML than in the SSL, both layers shared a similar taxa composition, which varied spatially among sampling sites. The main significant differences between SML and SSL samples from the same site corresponded to higher relative abundances at the SML of taxa reported to be ADOC degraders, such as Gammaproteobacteria AD and Flavobacteriia AD, and ADOC-associated orders Alteromonadales, Caulobacterales and Sphingomonadales. These taxa showed remarkably higher SML enrichments than the rest of the microbiome. In a day-by-day analysis, we observed that specific gammaproteobacteria taxa were systematically enriched at the SML, while the same taxa were found at low relative abundances in the underlying bulk water, supporting the hypothesis that bacterioneuston composition might be directly sourced from differing adjacent environments indigenous bacterial communities belonging to a low abundant or even rare biosphere. We found significant positive correlations between the relative abundances of Alteromonadales, Gammaproteobacteria AD and Sphinogmonadales and the concentrations of PFOS, used as a proxy of hydrophobic and surfactant-like ADOC. These results suggested that ADOC is a vector modulating bacterial compositions in the SML. While UV radiation, wind speed and organic matter have been proposed as the main influences determining bacterioneuston community composition (Agogué et al., 2005; Stolle et al., 2011; Rahlff et al., 2019), our findings provide field evidence that ADOC accumulation at the SML could also be another, although neglected, community composition driver. ADOC, as a double-edged sword, can become potential growth substrate for microorganisms, but also act as a toxic agent and hamper bacterial growth of other taxa. Our results suggest that, due to its unique interphase position, SML will respond sensitively to an increasing arrival and accumulation of anthropogenic organic pollution to the oceans. While bacterioneuston plays a central role in mediating biogeochemical processes at global scale, chronical ADOC pollution SML enrichments might modify the bacterioneuston's bioreactor functioning, with a relevant biogeochemical role in the surface ocean.
The datasets generated for this study can be found in the online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, PRJNA637489; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, PRJNA648053.
AM-V, MV-C, and JD designed the sampling strategy and wrote the manuscript. AM-V, GC, and JD conducted the field sampling. AM-V performed the molecular work and data analyses. GC quantified the PFAS concentrations. BP performed the statistical analyses. All authors discussed the results and implications and commented on the final version of the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science to GC and AM-V through predoctoral fellowships, and through projects SENTINEL (CTM2015-70535-P) and ISOMICS (CTM2015-65691-R). This research was part of POLARCSIC activities. The research group of Global Change and Genomic Biogeochemistry receives support from the Catalan Government (2017SGR800).
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank the staff of the Marine Technology Unit (UTM-CSIC) for their logistical support during the sampling campaign at Livingston Island. Special thanks to TERNUA for their non-profit collaboration by sponsoring with technical eco-friendly clothing and gear equipment for Antarctic campaigns and for increasing our project visibility.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.571983/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: sea-surface microlayer, microbial communities, organic pollutants, surfactants, amplicon sequencing, bacterioneuston, ADOC
Citation: Martinez-Varela A, Casas G, Piña B, Dachs J and Vila-Costa M (2020) Large Enrichment of Anthropogenic Organic Matter Degrading Bacteria in the Sea-Surface Microlayer at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica). Front. Microbiol. 11:571983. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571983
Received: 12 June 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020;
Published: 11 September 2020.
Eva Ortega-Retuerta, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), France
Birthe Zäncker, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Michael Cunliffe, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2020 Martinez-Varela, Casas, Piña, Dachs and Vila-Costa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Maria Vila-Costa, maria.vila@idaea.csic.es
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text:
import React, { Component } from 'react'
import PropTypes from 'prop-types'
import { graphql } from 'react-apollo'

import WrapperComponent from 'src/components/WrapperComponent'
import AlbumComponent from 'src/components/AlbumComponent'
import SpinnerComponent from 'src/components/SpinnerComponent'
import { getPhotoByType } from 'src/utils'
import { homepageAlbumQuery } from 'src/graphql'

import './HomepageAlbumContainer.scss'

class HomepageAlbumContainer extends Component {
  render() {
    const { data: { loading, error, homepageAlbum } } = this.props

    if (error) {
      return
Error ...

    }

    if (loading) {
      return (

<SpinnerComponent />

      )
    }

    if (!homepageAlbum || !homepageAlbum.id) {
      return
Bla ...

    }

    let photos = homepageAlbum.photos.map(p => {
      const sizeXL = getPhotoByType(p.sizes, '1024')
      const sizes = ['1024', '800', '500', '320']
      const set = p.sizes
        .filter(s => sizes.indexOf(s.kind) !== 0 && sizes.indexOf(s.kind) >= 0)
        .map(s => {
          return `${s.url} ${s.kind}w`
        })

      return {
        src: sizeXL.url,
        width: sizeXL.width,
        height: sizeXL.height,
        alt: p.title,
        sizes: [
          '(min-width: 480px) 50vw',
          '(min-width: 1024px) 33.3vw',
          '100vw'
        ],
        srcset: set
      }
    })

    if (photos.length > 9) {
      photos = photos.slice(0, 9)
    }

    return (
      <WrapperComponent className={'HomepageAlbumContainer'}>
        <AlbumComponent photos={photos} />

      </WrapperComponent>
    )
  }
}

export default graphql(homepageAlbumQuery)(HomepageAlbumContainer)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to properly throw an error from the promise I have one function, which returns Promise:
  updatePassword(currentPassword: string, newPassword: string): Promise<void> {
    return this.fireAuth.currentUser.then((user: firebase.User) => {
      if (user) {
        const credentials = auth.EmailAuthProvider.credential(user.email, currentPassword)

        user.reauthenticateWithCredential(credentials).then(res => {
          if (res) {
            user.updatePassword(newPassword)
          }
        }).catch(err => {
          throw new Error(err)
        })
      }
    })
  }

I call it inside another component:
this.userService.updatePassword(currentPassword, newPassword).then(() => {
        console.log('successfully')
      }).catch(err => {
        console.log('error')
      })

But even when updatePassword() return Error, the function call in component still console log 'successfully' from 'then`. How to properly throw an error in my case?

A: You also need to return your inner promise. Like this:
updatePassword(currentPassword: string, newPassword: string): Promise<void> {
    return this.fireAuth.currentUser.then((user: firebase.User) => {
      if (user) {
        const credentials = auth.EmailAuthProvider.credential(user.email, currentPassword)

       return user.reauthenticateWithCredential(credentials).then(res => {
          if (res) {
            user.updatePassword(newPassword)
          }
        }).catch(err => {
          throw new Error(err)
        })
      }

      throw new Error('USER_NOT_FOUND')
    })
  }

Edit:
I also added throw if you do not get user as safety net.

A: Refactor your function to use async/await, and you don't need to manually throw anything.
You may wish to make those return falses some sort of throw too.
  async updatePassword(currentPassword: string, newPassword: string): Promise<void> {
    const user = await this.fireAuth.currentUser;
    if(!user) return false;
    const credentials = auth.EmailAuthProvider.credential(user.email, currentPassword);
    const res = await user.reauthenticateWithCredential(credentials);
    if(!res) return false;
    user.updatePassword(newPassword);
    return true;
  }

A: If your fireAuth call fails, then throw a Error from the updatePassword catch block.
Check the working snippet attached.

let fireAuth = (pass = false) => {
  if (pass) return Promise.resolve("passed");
  return Promise.reject("failed");
};

function updatePassword(shouldPass = false) {
  if (!shouldPass) {
    return fireAuth(false)
      .then(console.log)
      .catch((err) => {
      console.log('err in fireauth', err)
      throw new Error('OOPS')
    });
  }
  return Promise.resolve("success");
}

let failedResult = updatePassword()
  .then()
  .catch((err) => console.log("failedresult error", err.toString()));

let successResult = updatePassword(true)
  .then((res) => console.log("res is", res))
  .catch();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Competition and regulation economist Donal Curtin says in a blog post there may be unfinished business with the mobile termination rate.
The mobile termination rate is the sum one cellphone company pays another for calls going from network to network.
Curtin is responding to the Commerce Commission annual report on the telco market.
I speculated last year that maybe it is time to revisit our regulated mobile termination rate: it's still unrevisited, at a left-high-and-dry level by comparison to current overseas rates, for no obvious reason that I can see. And there's an ongoing issue with the high cost of mobile data downloads to data-only devices.
It's a good point. Some see the MTR as done and buried. Yet there were always plan to reset the rate. As Curtin points out, the charge in New Zealand is high by international standards.
Yet, I'd argue this is far from the most pressing piece of telephone industry regulation. I'll write more about what should worry the Commerce Commission in another post.
The mobile termination rate is a financial transfer between the three cellphone companies. Vodafone, Spark and 2degrees pay each other.
This was of vital importance when 2degrees was still a fledgling cellular company as it meant the company ended up paying a larger slice of its revenue to its rivals. This made it a barrier to market competition. In effect, the MTR rate penalised 2degrees for being smaller than its rivals.
What matters most about MTRs is not the total payment from one company to another but the net payment. As 2degrees' market share increased, the net handover of MTR money decreases.
If you had three players with identical market share, the net MTR transfers would be zero. We're not at that point, but the market is moving towards it.
It speaks volumes that 2degrees hasn't sought to raise the issue again in recent years. During the company's early years it did a lot of lobbying about MTRs. That can be distracting to a business and imposes a different set of costs.
The lack of noise from 2degrees is not the only reason that MTRs are of less interest.
Curtin mentions mobile data. The cellular market is switching from voice calls to data use at a clip. Data is already more important than voice. In other words, the MTR has less impact. When the Commerce Commission last regulated the MTR, calls were close to 100 percent of the cellular business. Today they might account for 50 percent at most.
Underlining this switch, all three mobile carriers offer affordable unlimited voice plans. Skinny has unlimited calling plans starting at $30 a month. Spark's and Vodafone's start at $60. With 2degrees unlimited call plans covering New Zealand and Australia start at $50.
If carriers can deliver all-you-can-eat mobile plans at these prices, the MTR doesn't seem to be a barrier to competition.
Sure, reducing the MTR would mean a flatter playing field, but in many respects the New Zealand cellular market works fine.


D'Argo finds an Orican, and decides to help restore her life, but at what cost?
Zhaan, D'Argo and Crichton enter a strange building, to be greeted by a guard. He quickly retreats, and they soon find themselves in a room, where they are confronted by a female Luxan, Nilaam, who recognises D'Argo as a General. He quickly tries to leave, because she is an Orican. She tells him not to go, and calls him closer. She's dying, and he says that he will attend her, if she deems him worthy. She judges him, but finds him unworthy, and throws him back proclaiming him a fraud.
D'Argo says that he wants to leave, but Zhaan tells him he shouldn't. She tells Crichton that Nilaam didn't mean to harm D'Argo – she's an Orican; a holy woman revered by all Luxans. D'Argo says that she called him a fraud because he's not a real General, even though the markings on him suggest he is. His General was wounded during his last campaign, and to protect him D'Argo took his mark of rank. Crichton and Zhaan say that Nilaam should understand why he did it, and D'Argo agrees and goes to see her, where he persuades her to listen.
On Moya, Chiana is doing D'Argo's washing. Aeryn asks her to do hers, but she refuses, saying that she does D'Argo's because she likes D'Argo. Meanwhile, D'Argo tells Crichton and Zhaan that he will attend Nilaam, and he will assist her in the Ritual of Passing. Crichton is upset because it could kill him, but D'Argo says it's the highest honour Luxans know. Zhaan says she envies him, because during the ritual he will go part way into the next realm, and then come back. Crichton tries to deter him, but he's made up his mind.
While D'Argo and Zhaan return to Moya, Crichton visits Nilaam, in hopes that she may have died. Crichton says that he's worried that his friend may die. She can't promise that no harm will come to D'Argo, only that she will try to keep him safe. She says that she doesn't want to die, and hasn't seen another Luxan for nine cycles.
Rygel visits D'Argo, as he wants to sell Nilaam some things. Chiana enters and asks D'Argo if the ritual might be dangerous, to which D'Argo lies and says not in the least.
D'Argo returns to Nilaam and they begin the ritual, as Crichton waits outside. D'Argo starts screaming, and Crichton tries to go in, and when he makes it he pulls out his gun, but Nilaam zaps it out of his hand. When Crichton tends to D'Argo, they realize that Nilaam has somehow regained her youth.
Chiana is stuck in the amnexus fluids, which froze during the ritual. Pilot informs the ladies that Moya's fluid systems are failing on a number of tiers.
Nilaam says that she was supposed to die, but on sensing D'Argo's power, she did the Ritual of Renewal instead. She then starts caressing D'Argo, and Crichton makes a hasty exit.
Zhaan can't break down the frozen fluid, and Pilot says that areas of Moya's outer skin are deteriorating, but they don't know why. Nilaam and D'Argo finish up, and she says that she can do anything now, including helping D'Argo find his son.
They still can't free Chiana, as Rygel enters, apparently awoken from his sleep to find the weak spots on the outer hull, which has started to breach. Rygel says that hull breaches are almost unheard of on Leviathans, when suddenly Moya shakes and the hull breaches.
Rygel is sucked away, but gets stuck in the hole, plugging the breach. Nilaam and D'Argo come along, and Nilaam can supposedly help. She tries, but Moya shakes again and the deterioration increases; it doesn't work, so she goes off to pray.
D'Argo goes to Nilaam while she meditates, asking if they caused it. She says that she didn't know at the time, but the power she sensed during the ritual was Moya's, not D'Argo's. but she says that Moya will recover. D'Argo says that Moya is dying, and she wants to go get her scrolls, and o leave because she is a disease to the ship.
As Aeryn and Zhaan discuss Nilaam's involvement, Pilot chimes in and asks to speak to Aeryn in private. Pilot tells her that he is dying, but he doesn't know how they can fix it. Moya is apparently feeling the effects of old age. Aeryn storms off, saying she won't let Nilaam keep what she has stolen.
Aeryn goes after D'Argo and Nilaam, and shoots at her. D'Argo gets in the way, but Nilaam's separates the shot and sends it round them. She surrounds Aeryn and Crichton by ice, and gets D'Argo to leave with her.
Nilaam's incantations are not working, so she wants to get as far away as possible. D'Argo will not leave Moya, as she's more than just "a ship". Nilaam says that she can't lose it, and she doesn't know what to do. Crichton comes to speak with D'Argo, and says they're out of time. He says that he doesn't know what Nilaam intended, but it is murder. D'Argo says that he knows what has to be done, and gets upset.
D'Argo goes to Nilaam, and she says that she treasured the gifts he gave her. She says she's not afraid anymore, and asks for D'Argo's strength on last time. They carry out the Ritual of Passing, and Nilaam dies in D'Argo's arms.
On Moya, Chiana is free, as is Rygel. Pilot thanks Aeryn for her concern. When she asks how long he will live, he says that most Leviathans survive for 300 cycles, but his species live for over 1000. When bonded to Leviathans they live no longer than their host. When Moya dies, so will he, and he wouldn't have it any other way. Crichton visits D'Argo, who says he wants some time alone, but not yet.
We have 115 images from Vitas Mortis online.
Season 2, Episode 2 - "Vitas Mortis"


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There are times when you face issues with even User interface components of Windows. Certainly such issues disturb the overall experience using Windows. The basic issue that you may encounter is Taskbar not working or it freezes, randomly stops or becomes unresponsive then you will be able to learn how to resolve these issues through this article.
Booting your PC in a Clean Boot State is something you can try. Once booted it try to find offender through multiple attempts. You may get successful locating a particular File Explorer addon that is intervening with the efficient working of explorer.exe. Once you come across such addon just remove or disable it.
This is yet another easy method to fix the taskbar not working issue in windows 10. This solution works well if the taskbar issue is not complicated. This method works really well and you don't need to mess up with any settings. All you need to do is.
• Use your keyboard to use the following key combination- Windows key + R and start Run prompt. Now type in taskmgr.exe and press enter which will open the Task Manager.
• On the Task Manager screen go the Processes tab and search for- Windows Explorer.
• Select- Windows Explorer and then click the button- Restart which is located at the right corner in the bottom.
• This will stop the process of Windows Explorer and then restart it after some time.
In case the problem re-appears then you can try out this method to resolve the problem with the help of Windows Powershell. Powershell is generally a command line effective tool that configures the system settings and regulates Windows functions.
• Firstly, set up a system restore point and just follow the following steps to utilize Windows Powershell for resolving the issues related to taskbar.
• Use your keyboard and press- Windows key and then simply type – powershell in the box. Right click on – Desktop app- Windows Powershell and choose – Run as administrator. Hit Yes that appears in UAC window.
• Now paste the command given below in the Powershell Window and press enter.
• Scroll down to find the folder name- TileDataLayer. Delete the folder.
You can try out the above methods to resolve the taskbar issues. You never know which method works for you depending on the issue that you are facing with the taskbar.


text:
<?php

namespace Radius\Error;

use Exception;

class Error extends Exception
{
}


An item was presented for cash at the bank. The handwriting and signature matched our customer's previous checks and signature card. However, the customer is now stating that they did not process this item and it is a forgery. What due diligence does the bank have to follow since we believe this is NOT a forgery but our customer trying to gain funds. The customer has completed and signed an affidavit of forgery. Does the bank have an obligation to give credit back to the customer without an investigation or police report filed? At what point is our customer liable?
A longtime customer came into the Bank and presented the teller with a check. The teller asked the customer about the check and she stated that she had received the check in the mail as part of her winning the Publisher's Clearing House. The letter instructed her to cash the check and submit a portion of the funds back to them while they finalized the issuance of the "large" winning check. This sounded strange to the teller who called a supervisor and through research found the check to be fraudulent. The supervisor retained the fraudulent check refusing to return it to the customer (fearing she would take it to another bank). Does the bank have the right to retain the fraudulent check or should it have been returned to the customer, or should the check be destroyed and documented that such action was taken?
What is the bank's responsibility in regards to customers with diminished capacity? I have an elderly customer with dementia who makes frequent trips to the bank (often multiple times a day) and is in an advanced state of confusion. He often requests to take all of the money from his sizable checking account. While he has every right to his money, we are concerned that he is incapable of managing his finances on his own and is an easy target for criminals. He is walking around with a significant amount of cash in his wallet. While it does not appear that he has been abused financially, he does not have family who is willing to help him out. It is obvious that he no longer needs to be in control of his finances. As his bank, what are our options as far as keeping both the customer and his assets safe?
Bank A issues a cashier's check for $25,000 payable to Smith Jones Construction. Bank B accepts the check for photo deposit into Mr. Jones' personal, private account indorsed with only his single signature. The cashier's check is never endorsed in the name of the payee company. Bank A then accepts the check from Bank B. Mr. Jones quickly withdraws the money from Bank B and misappropriates the funds. The business itself never gets paid. If it matters, this is in Ohio. What banking errors were made here and by whom? The business is asking for recourse.
How long should a bank continue to pay valid checks on an old account that was closed due to fraud from the new account opened by the customer?
In regards to Reg E, we know that we cannot make a customer fill out a police report to dispute a charge to receive provisional credit, however during the course of the investigation if there is true counterfeit card fraud can we then ask the customer to file the report in order for the bank to receive restitution in the event the fraudster is caught?
Our processor says we don't have chargeback rights since a debit card purchase was made using MasterCard SecureCode. Can we deny the claim since the cardholder's password was used?


Missouri is in the middle of the USA and is bordered by Kentucky, Arkansas and Tennessee. Take advantage of its hot summers by visiting the Mark Twain National Forest, camping in one of the many national parks or hunting and fishing along the Ozark Trail.
With many historic sites and first class accommodation it's easy to book a cheap flight to Missouri with Telme Travel and find a warm welcome in Little Dixie. Get your flight to Missouri right now.


text:
Apogon bryx is een  straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van kardinaalbaarzen (Apogonidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1998 door Thomas H. Fraser. Het holotype werd gevangen in 1966 in de baai van Balayan in de Filipijnse provincie Batangas op het eiland Luzon, op 146-155 meter diepte. De standaardlengte (vanaf de kop tot aan het begin van de staartvin) ervan is 42,5 mm.

Kardinaalbaarzen
IUCN-status niet geëvalueerd

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Iowa high school football: Western Dubuque, Don Bosco cruise in semifinals
CEDAR FALLS, Ia. — One year after falling a couple scores short of a Class 3A title, Western Dubuque is emphatically back to give it another shot.
The Bobcats rolled over Lewis Central, 48-14, in Thursday's first 3A semifinal, continuing what's been a season full of dominance. Western Dubuque (12-0) racked up its 10th win of 20-plus points.
After a scoreless opening frame, the Bobcats surged ahead with a 28-point second quarter. Quarterback Calvin Harris racked up three touchdown passes in the quarter, hitting Will Burds for 36 and eight yards and Ben Bryant for four. A 28-7 intermission lead was more than enough cushion the rest of the way.
Western Dubuque accumulated more than 200 first-half yards in a balanced showing. The run game took over after halftime.
More:Solon edges Sergeant Bluff-Luton in Class 3A semifinal thriller
Scoring scampers from Jake Hosch (1 yard) and Jackson Burger (36 yards) — coupled with Tommy DeSollar's 19-yard touchdown grab — turned this one into a rout. Western Dubuque will now get to prove its No. 1 ranking it held all year in 3A. The Bobcats will play Solon at 7 p.m. next Thursday in the UNI-Dome in the state championship game.
Don Bosco 50, Turkey Valley 6: The Dons are off to their sixth title game in the last eight years thanks to a riveting 9 a.m. showing. Four rushing touchdowns from Thomas Even led the charge.
History has shown it's nearly impossible to slow the Dons once they're rolling on the UNI-Dome turf. Thursday's exhibit further hammered home that notion. Turkey Valley's season ends with its first state semifinal appearance.
Audubon 39, St. Mary's, Remsen 28: After falling to St. Mary's in it's second game, Audubon emerged victorious in the playoff rematch The program's first trip to the UNI-Dome since the 1977 3A final will continue.
Senior quarterback Skyler Schultes ran for 205 yards and three touchdowns while throwing for two more on just eight attempts. Wide receiver Ethan Klocke piled up 63 yards and a score on five grabs.
Dargan Southard covers Iowa and UNI athletics, recruiting and preps for the Des Moines Register, HawkCentral.com and the Iowa City Press-Citizen. Email him at msouthard@gannett.com or follow him on Twitter at @Dargan_Southard.


Systems Biology studies the properties and phenotypes that emerge from the interaction of biomolecules where such properties are not obvious from those of the individual molecules. By connecting fields such as genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, mathematics, cell biology, genetics, mathematics, engineering and computer sciences, Systems Biology enables discovery of yet unknown principles underlying the functioning of living cells. At the same time, testable and predictive models of complex cellular pathways and eventually of whole cells and organisms are generated as tools for research. ICYSB will provide a hands-on experience in integrating experimentation and mathematical modelling with an emphasis on kinetic modelling of cellular pathways. The course focuses on yeast because the development of the emerging field of Systems Biology requires suitable model systems for data generation.
I am working at the boundary of wet-labs and mathematical modeling, trying to understand the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. I started working with yeast in a group of Systems Biology (Prof. Edda Klipp, Humboldt University, Berlin). Before that I studied biology, engineering and did research on the nuclear pore complex.
Citation: J R Soc Interface. 2013 Dec 4;11(91):20130971. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0971. Print 2014 Feb 6.
Citation: Mol Syst Biol. 2012;8:622. doi: 10.1038/msb.2012.53.