text:
Making Personalized Blood-Brain Barriers in a Dish
Credit: Vatine et al, Cell Stem Cell, 2019
The blood-brain barrier, or BBB, is a dense sheet of cells that surrounds most of the brain's blood vessels. The BBB's tiny gaps let vital small molecules, such as oxygen and water, diffuse from the bloodstream into the brain while helping to keep out larger, impermeable foreign substances that don't belong there.
But in people with certain neurological disorders—such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease—abnormalities in this barrier may block the entry of biomolecules essential to healthy brain activity. The BBB also makes it difficult for needed therapies to reach their target in the brain.
To help look for solutions to these and other problems, researchers can now grow human blood-brain barriers on a chip like the one pictured above. The high-magnification image reveals some of the BBB's cellular parts. There are endothelial-like cells (magenta), which are similar to those that line the small vessels surrounding the brain. In close association are supportive brain cells known as astrocytes (green), which help to regulate blood flow.
While similar organ chips have been created before, what sets apart this new BBB chip is its use of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology combined with advanced chip engineering. The iPSCs, derived in this case from blood samples, make it possible to produce a living model of anyone's unique BBB on demand.
The researchers, led by Clive Svendsen, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, first use a biochemical recipe to coax a person's white blood cells to become iPSCs. At this point, the iPSCs are capable of producing any other cell type. But the Svendsen team follows two different recipes to direct those iPSCs to differentiate into endothelial and neural cells needed to model the BBB.
Also making this BBB platform unique is its use of a sophisticated microfluidic chip, produced by Boston-based Emulate, Inc. The chip mimics conditions inside the human body, allowing the blood-brain barrier to function much as it would in a person.
The channels enable researchers to flow cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) through one side and blood through the other to create the fully functional model tissue. The BBB chips also show electrical resistance and permeability just as would be expected in a person. The model BBBs are even able to block the entry of certain drugs!
As described in Cell Stem Cell, the researchers have already created BBB chips using iPSCs from a person with Huntington's disease and another from an individual with a rare congenital disorder called Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, an inherited disorder of brain development.
In the near term, his team has plans to model ALS and Parkinson's disease on the BBB chips. Because these chips hold the promise of modeling the human BBB more precisely than animal models, they may accelerate studies of potentially promising new drugs. Svendsen suggests that individuals with neurological conditions might one day have their own BBB chips made on demand to help in selecting the best-available therapeutic options for them. Now that's a future we'd all like to see.
[1] Human iPSC-Derived Blood-Brain Barrier Chips Enable Disease Modeling and Personalized Medicine Applications. Vatine GD, Barrile R, Workman MJ, Sances S, Barriga BK, Rahnama M, Barthakur S, Kasendra M, Lucchesi C, Kerns J, Wen N, Spivia WR, Chen Z, Van Eyk J, Svendsen CN. Cell Stem Cell. 2019 Jun 6;24(6):995-1005.e6.
Stem Cell Information (NIH)
Svendsen Lab (Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles)
NIH Support: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Posted In: Snapshots of Life
Tags: Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, astrocytes, BBB, blood, blood vessels, blood-brain barrier, brain, CSF, Emulate, endothelial cells, Huntington's disease, iPSCs, microfluidics, neurological disorders, neurology, organoid, Parkinson's disease, precision medicine, rare disease, tissue chips
Detecting Cancer with a Herringbone Nanochip
Posted on March 21st, 2019 by Dr. Francis Collins
Caption: Lab on a chip with herringbone pattern. Inset shows exosomes.
Credit: Yong Zeng, University of Kansas, Lawrence and Kansas City
The herringbone motif is familiar as the classic, V-shaped patterned weave long popular in tweed jackets. But the nano-sized herringbone pattern seen here is much more than a fashion statement. It helps to solve a tricky design problem for a cancer-detecting "lab-on-a-chip" device.
A research team, led by Yong Zeng, University of Kansas, Lawrence, and Andrew Godwin at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. previously developed a lab-on-a-chip that senses exosomes. They are tiny bubble-shaped structures that most mammalian cells secrete constantly into the bloodstream [1]. Once thought of primarily as trash bags used by cells to rid themselves of waste products, exosomes carry important molecular information (RNA, protein, and metabolites) used by cells to communicate and influence the behavior of other cells.
What's also interesting, tumor cells produce more exosomes than healthy cells. That makes these 30-to-150-nanometer structures (a nanometer is a billionth of a meter) potentially useful for detecting cancer. In fact, these NIH-funded researchers found that their microfluidic device can detect exosomes from ovarian cancer within a 2-microliter blood sample. That's just 1/25th of a drop!
But there was a technical challenge. When such tiny samples are placed into microfluidic channels, the fluid and any particles within it tend to flow in parallel layers without any mixing between them. As a result, exosomes can easily pass through undetected, without ever touching the biosensors on the surface of the chip.
That's where the herringbone comes in. As reported in Nature Biomedical Engineering, when fluid flows over those 3D herringbone structures, it produces a whirlpool-like effect [2]. As a result, exosomes are more reliably swept into contact with the biosensors.
The team's distinctive herringbone structures also increase the surface area within the chip. Because the surface is also porous, it allows fluid to drain out slowly to further encourage exosomes to reach the biosensors.
Zeng's team put their "lab-on-a-chip" to the test using blood samples from 20 patients with ovarian cancer and 10 age-matched controls. The chip was able to detect rapidly the presence of exosomal proteins known to be associated with ovarian cancer.
The researchers report that their device is sensitive enough to detect just 10 exosomes in a 1-microliter sample. It also could be easily adapted to detect exosomal proteins associated with other cancers, and perhaps other conditions as well.
Zeng and colleagues haven't mentioned whether they're also looking into trying other geometric patterns in their designs. But the next time you see a tweed jacket, just remember that there's more to its herringbone pattern than meets the eye.
[1] Ultrasensitive microfluidic analysis of circulating exosomes using a nanostructured graphene oxide/polydopamine coating. Zhang P, He M, Zeng Y. Lab Chip. 2016 Aug 2;16(16):3033-3042.
[2] Ultrasensitive detection of circulating exosomes with a 3D-nanopatterned microfluidic chip. Zhang P, Zhou X, He M, Shang Y, Tetlow AL, Godwin AK, Zeng Y. Nature Biomedical Engineering. February 25, 2019.
Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer—Patient Version (National Cancer Institute/NIH)
Cancer Screening Overview—Patient Version (NCI/NIH)
Extracellular RNA Communication (Common Fund/NIH)
Zeng Lab (University of Kansas, Lawrence)
Godwin Laboratory (University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City)
NIH Support: National Cancer Institute
Tags: bioengineering, biosensor, cancer, cancer detection, cancer screening, exosomes, herringbone, lab on a chip, microfluidics, nanochip, nanotechnology, ovarian cancer
Taking Microfluidics to New Lengths
Posted on November 6th, 2018 by Dr. Francis Collins
Caption: Microfluidic fiber sorting a solution containing either live or dead cells. The type of cell being imaged and the real time voltage (30v) is displayed at bottom. It is easy to imagine how this could be used to sort a mixture of live and dead cells. Credit: Yuan et al., PNAS
Microfluidics—the manipulation of fluids on a microscopic scale— has made it possible to produce "lab-on-a-chip" devices that detect, for instance, the presence of Ebola virus in a single drop of blood. Now, researchers hope to apply the precision of microfluidics to a much broader range of biomedical problems. Their secret? Move the microlab from chips to fibers.
To do this, an NIH-funded team builds microscopic channels into individual synthetic polymer fibers reaching 525 feet, or nearly two football fields long! As shown in this video, the team has already used such fibers to sort live cells from dead ones about 100 times faster than current methods, relying only on natural differences in the cells' electrical properties. With further design and development, the new, fiber-based systems hold great promise for, among other things, improving kidney dialysis and detecting metastatic cancer cells in a patient's bloodstream.
Tags: 3D printing, brainstorming, cell sorting, devices, diagnostics, electrical fields, fibers, kidney dialysis, lab on a chip, materials science, metastatic cancer, mHealth, microfluidic fibers, microfluidics, microlab, polycarbonate, speedstorming, video, wearables
Red Blood Cells and Mercury
Credit: Courtney Fleming, Birnur Akkaya, and Umut Gurkan, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal and a well-recognized environmental toxin. When absorbed into the bloodstream at elevated levels, mercury is also extremely harmful to people, causing a range of problems including cognitive impairments, skin rashes, and kidney problems [1].
In this illustration, it's possible to see in red blood cells the effects of mercury chloride, a toxic chemical compound now sometimes used as a laboratory reagent. Normally, healthy red blood cells have a distinct, doughnut-like shape that helps them squeeze through the tiniest of blood vessels. But these cells are terribly disfigured, with unusual spiky projections, after 24 hours of exposure to low levels of a mercury chloride in solution.
Posted In: Health, Science, Snapshots of Life
Tags: cardiovascular disease, environmental factors, environmental health, FASEB Bioart 2017, kidney disease, mercury, mercury chloride, metal, microfluidics, red blood cells, scanning electron microscopy, sickle cell disease
Snapshots of Life: A Flare for the Dramatic
Credit: Valentin Romanov, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
Oil and water may not mix, but under the right conditions—like those in the photo above—it can sure produce some interesting science that resembles art. You're looking at a water droplet suspended in an emulsion of olive oil (black and purple) and lipids, molecules that serve as the building blocks of cell membranes. Each lipid has been tagged with a red fluorescent marker, and what look like red and yellow flames are the markers reacting to a beam of UV light. Their glow shows the lipids sticking to the surface of the water droplet, which will soon engulf the droplet to form a single lipid bilayer, which can later be transformed into a lipid bilayer that closely resembles a cell membrane. Scientists use these bubbles, called liposomes, as artificial cells for a variety of research purposes.
In this case, the purpose is structural biology studies. Valentin Romanov, the graduate student at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, who snapped the image, creates liposomes to study proteins that help cells multiply. By encapsulating and letting the proteins interact with lipids in the artificial cell membrane, Romanov and his colleagues in the NIH-supported labs of Bruce Gale at the University of Utah and Adam Frost at the University of California, San Francisco, can freeze and capture their changing 3D structures at various points in the cell division process with high-resolution imaging techniques. These snapshots will help the researchers to understand in finer detail how the proteins work and perhaps to design drugs to manipulate their functions.
Tags: BioArt, cell biology, cell membrane, cells, imaging, lipids, liposomes, membrane biology, microfluidics, Science as Art, structural biology, University of Utah, water droplet


Nike promised that football wouldn't be the same, and now with the launch of the Magista range it seems like a that wasn't an empty threat!
This brand new range from the swoosh replaces the CTR360 range and brings in some exciting new technology spread across four new boots – get comfortable all you creative-players, we're running through the full range of Magista football boots starting at the top.
And the top is the Nike Magista Obra.
This is a pinnacle or elite tier boot and will be the most expensive in the range by some margin – think what the Superfly was to the Vapor 5,6 and 7 or the Elite version of the Tiempo Legend IV was to the regular version.
The Magista Obra promises unrivalled comfort, incredible ball feel and 360 degree rotation agility.
The Magista Obra's upper is Dynamic Fit FlyKnit in the under-layer that creates a sock-like fit and is engineered to mould to the foot. The honey-comb like upper layer is NikeSkin which we've seen on the Hypervenom, bolstering that FlyKnit and offering touch and friction on the ball with an ACC coating.
Midsole comfort comes courtesy of a textile sock liner that mirrors the foot shape for a low profile ride and the compressed nylon and pebax outsole uses a hypervenom-esque soleplate to enhance rotational agility.
Pre-order the Magista Obra, here.
The next tier is – the Nike Magista Opus – a statement level boot that carries over many of the design principles as the Obra.
You won't find any flyKnit, though – the Opus instead uses a combination of Performance mesh, Kangalite and Nikeskin with an amplified texture finish to create a similar effect to the Obra, but without the Dynamic Fit system provided by the FlyKnit.
The rest of the boot is the same, however, with a near-identical mid foot system and the same compressed Nylon & Pebax outsole used to create an agility enhancing soleplate.
Pre-order the Magista Opus, here.
The Nike Magista Orden actually offers a similar package to the now-old CTR360 III with a liberal use of top-quality materials used for a mid-range boot.
The upper is surprisingly Kangalite and does away with the two-layer system used by its two older siblings. This single-tier Kangalite does boast an texturing similar to the the Opus and Obra, so still offers a great touch on the ball that might actually feel better to some players who don't like the idea of two layers.
The midsole system is once again, but the soleplate is constructed differently; this time using a slightly stiffer TPU base with directly injected moulded studs. That said, the Orden is the point in the range where FG, SG, AG and Astroturf models will be more widely available if you play on a variety of surfaces.
Pre-order the Magista Orden, here.
The Magista Onda once again swaps out the upper material, opting for what nike describe as a €˜Trophy' synthetic that wraps the foot for a soft, forgiving fit whilst still offering a great level of protection. You'll also find this version continues the trend of a textured upper following that distinctive honeycomb pattern for an enhanced ball feel.
The mid foot is a die-Cut EVA sockliner that isn't as plush as it's bigger brothers, but still provides enough cushioning to help the boot deal with a variety of surfaces.
Pre-order the Magista Onda, here.
Rounding out the range is the Nike Magista Ola. This boot is set to be only available in certain regions and will mostly cater to junior footballers, so it obviously clocks in at the lowest price-point, with the largest variety of sizes, and greater range of soleplates making them a great option for pick-up games.
The upper is again a trophy synthetic leather, but this time the texture is only a screen-print meaning there's no enhanced feel outside of the synthetics natural properties.
The soleplate uses a combination of conical and oblong studs and is the same as many other of the entry-level Nike boots you'll find at this price-point.
That wraps up our look at the new football boots in the Nike Magista range. Are any boots better than you thought they'd be?
The Opus and Orden are definitely two of the most exciting take-downs we've seen, for sure – but what do you think?


text:
ReviewsLive Reviews
London WC2 Astoria
It's hard not to suppose that the continued dormancy of Beat Happening lends Calvin Johnson's other groups more allure than they intrinsically merit....
By NME
IT'S HARD NOT TO SUPPOSE that the continued dormancy of Beat Happening lends Calvin Johnson's other groups more allure than they intrinsically merit. Though Olympia, Washington's legendary exponent of basso profundity has proved himself an indisputably tasteful lightning rod for Dub Narcotic Sound System and their funked-up roots revels, as well as the less studied pop constructs of The Halo Benders, it's hard to see legions of boy-grrrl outsiders ardently espousing these latest strains of Calvinism as designs for life.
That said, there's nothing wrong and more than just a little bit right with the second full-length DNSS album. Like virtually every recording the good doctor makes at Dub Narcotic studios, it sounds fantastic: R&B scraped back to the bone, calloused fingers lamping merry hell out of a guitar, bass, drums and organ set-up that feels permanently on the point of collapse. Tense. Elemental. And – oh yes – very, very stoned. 'Out Of Your Mind' not only makes good on the premise that people who don't smoke pot have no business making music, it suggests there's little point listening to it unless one has ingested a capacious bowl too.
Thus buoyed, it's possible to evince near limitless wisdom in everything from Calvin's breathing patterns as he tootles his melodica pleasantly on 'Dub Narcotic's Delight' to the sub-Beasties-do-Meters funky jams which account for roughly a third of the album. [I]Sans [/I]crumbly brown friend? Still fun for all concerned, just hardly compelling.
But there's no need to pillage one's herbaceous borders to get the gist of the title track's summertime seduction, as Calvin trades sauce portions with Miranda July, nor to pump a generationally genocidal fist to 'Teenage Time Bomb', effectively The Cramps doing Iggy's 'TV Eye' with an irate bloodhound on vocals. 'Shock Mount', too, is frenzied and fertile. It's at such moments that Johnson truly excels, fuelled by his group's liquid momentum and a still unquenched reservoir of frustration. At others, though, 'Sawed Off"s mantric refrain, [I]"We're wasted"[/I] can't help but seem as much a comment on Calvin's application levels as a celebration of this Narcotic state of mind.
NewJeans: "We want to show the industry that music shouldn't be divided by language"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Sole Proprietorship provides the very least benefits to save on taxes. A Sole Proprietor pays taxes on business profits (income) as well as self-employment tax. This main benefit to this kind of business is the ability to deduct business expenses from your income.
A Partnership or an LLC (Limited Liability Company) doesn't pay income taxes on profits; the members themselves pay FICA taxes on their "guaranteed income," and income taxes on profits. When partners leave profits in the business instead of withdrawing them, these profits are known as retained earnings, and the IRS requires the partners to pay taxes on the retained earnings even though it is not distributed. An LLC taxed as a partnership is a better way to own real property or assets that will appreciate, because it is not a taxable event to transfer the property back to the partners, even if it has grown in value. Corporations are not allowed this benefit.
An S-Corporation is designed for small business owners. The S-Corp itself doesn't pay taxes, the shareholders do. Much like a partnership or LLC, if an S-Corp has profits, the shareholders are expected to pay taxes on the earnings, whether or not they are distributed.
A C-Corporation will owe corporate taxes, and the shareholders will also pay taxes on dividends they receive. The C-Corp can choose to retain earnings and not to distribute profits. A C-Corporation will pay taxes on those retained earnings, depending on the amount at a rate of 15-30 percent tax one time, and then can roll that income back into the business and use it tax free from then on.
If you have questions about business formations, mergers and acquisitions in Boise, please get in touch with our firm today.


Bachelor of Arts and Sciences - recstay's JimdoPage!
At FIX University, the Baccalaureus Artium et Scientiae ("Bachelor of Arts and Sciences," or "BARSC") degree is the most selective undergraduate degree program and one of the most selective in the world. Students must develop a program of study approved by a panel consisting of an Associate Dean and the Dean of the Honors College as well as two faculty members. In this way, each Baccalaureus student's program of study is completely individualized to serve that student's interests and aspirations. Baccalaureus students must satisfy the general education requirements for both the BS and BA degrees, take a language through the third year and sustain a senior thesis.
and submits it to the Dean and an Associate Dean for review.
The reasons why the student's academic and professional goals cannot be met through a standard degree program (for example, a double major).
Establish BARSC Committee. Next, the student establishes his or her BARSC Committee, which consists of (i) the Dean; (ii) one Associate Dean; and (iii) two faculty members invited by the student. The two faculty members should have expertise in two of the disciplines to be pursued through the student's BARSC Program. The student's BARSC Committee receives the student's Statement of Purpose in preparation for meeting to establish the student's program of study.
Aside from these requirements, the student, working with his or her committee, designs an individualized curriculum that has no major, minor, or cognate, but reflects the student's interests, strengths and weaknesses. The Senior Thesis/Project represents the student's effort to pull the strands of this unique educational opportunity together in an extended research/scholarly experience.


text:
Manipulating and Deceiving Viewers with Sound Bites and Images
Manipulating and Deceiving Viewers with Sound Bites and Images In Duguid and Brown's article 'The Social Life of Documents', the authors make mention of how documents usually tend to raise more debate than suppress it. This is true, as there can be an innumerable amount of possible interpretations for one document alone. However, while there is no 'right' interpretation of a document, there has to be a set of standards to abide by to judge all of these competing ideologies. This is where the use of sound bites and images used in news media tend to be a source of debate. First of all, sound bites are defined as 'film segments within a news story that show someone speak without interruption', while image bites are defined as 'film segments within a news story in which someone is shown but not heard' (Esser, 3). Sound bites and images are being re-contextualised and used as tools to manipulate viewers into supporting the viewpoints of the news program. Not only that, but sound and image bites are being utilized to sensationalize stories in order to draw in a bigger audience for the news program. People look to the news to deliver the accurate portrayal of events, but with the increasing manipulation of sound and image bites, the 'truth' is being influenced by the views of the newscasters. Journalistic integrity is being undermined as journalists are taking it upon themselves to shape stories with their own narratives and points of view. The problem with this is that people no longer have access to unmediated information from which they can draw their own conclusions from. By analyzing how sound bites and Green 2 images are used by programs, and by exploring their use in particular cases (9/11, Hurricane Katrina), it will be cl... ... middle of paper ... ...r Coverage on NBC and Fox News Channel." Journal of Communication 60.1 (2010): 144-164. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. Bucy, Erik P., and Maria Elizabeth Grabe. "Taking Television Seriously: A Sound and Image Bite Analysis of Presidential Campaign Coverage, 1992-2004." Journal of Communication 57.4 (2007): 652-675. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. Esser, Frank. "Dimensions of Political News Cultures: Sound Bite and Image Bite News in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States." International Journal of Press/Politics 13.4 (2008): 401-42. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 3 Apr. 2011. Wojcieszak, Magdalena E. "Three Dimensionality Taxonomy of Iconic, Linguistic, and Audio Messages in Television News." Television & New Media 10.6 (2009): 459-	481. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 17 Mar. 2011.
The Confounding Ambiguity Concerning the Status of the "American" Slave
Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Apr. 2011.
Lost in the Funhouse: Or how I learned to stop worrying and love The Lack
Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 26 Apr. 2010.
Ethics in Journalism: The Past and Now
EBSCO. Web. 19 Jan. 2011.
Digital Music Piracy
10 Works Cited
Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 16 Mar. 2011.
Mistreatment of Women
EBSCO. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.
A Career in Biomedical Engineering
Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 21 Apr. 2011.
Feminist Undertones of "Over My Dead Body"
Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 11 Mar. 2011.
What Good Is Glory If It's Forgotten
Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. Kluger, Jeffrey.
THOMAS PAINE, MORE THAN COMMON SENSE
History Today 59, no. 6 (June 2009): 12-18. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed February 27, 2011). Paine, Thomas. "Common Sense."


Who doesn't like the idea of kicking back after a stressful week of work and forgetting about their day-to-day problems? Seeing that most people have a tiring schedule these days, it is important to include a few wellness retreats in your diary, at least every once in a while. Even though you could save a bit of money by creating your own spa experience in the comfort of your own home, nothing compares to being pampered and looked after by a few people who know exactly what they are doing. Whether you like spending time in nature, meditating and practicing yoga, admiring the beauty of animals or just relaxing all day long, you can have a great time if you keep the following pieces of information in mind. If you want everything to go to plan, you need to be organised.
A bit of planning goes a long way when it comes to having the most relaxing time over the weekend. As you want to avoid stress as much as possible, you need to do a bit of planning and organizing. The most important aspect that you need to decide is where you want to travel to. By doing a bit of planning, you can also establish your budget and know how much money you need to put aside or how much money you can spend while you're there.
This tip depends on your preferences. While some people can have a nice time while they are traveling alone, others prefer being in the company of friends in their attempt to explore nature and create some amazing memories. Since you're planning a nice weekend retreat by yourself, you could surprise someone with a relaxing getaway when they least expect it. They will definitely appreciate spending a few relaxing moments in nature while they forget about daily problems.
As most retreat centres are situated in a secluded area, it would be a clever idea to think about some cheap and effective means of transportation. Considering that cars are the most straightforward means of transportation no matter your destination, you could rent a car. You won't have to depend on buses or taxis, and the probability of being scammed is lower. There are companies that operate worldwide, so you don't have to worry about finding a car to drive around.
This is supposed to be a relaxing getaway, not another opportunity to add more stress to your life. If you want to have a good time and enjoy the company of your friends, you should definitely leave anything that reminds you of work at home. This includes laptops, tablets or any other documents. Let people know that you will be away for a few days and they will understand. Everyone needs to focus on themselves every now and them. If you're planning to take pictures, your smartphone should be good enough. Though, remember to put it on airplane mode, so no one bothers you while you are exploring nature.
Planning a weekend escape is not as complicated as some might think. It is true that it requires a bit of planning beforehand, but this ensures a great adventure that recharges your batteries and fills you with positive energy.


The annual maintenance cost of a 1990 Chevrolet Lumina APV is $371. Repair and maintenance costs vary depending on age, mileage, location and shop.
The average repair cost for a 1990 Chevrolet Lumina APV is between $334 and $408.
There are 9 related questions for 1990 Chevrolet Lumina APV vehicles. RepairPal's professional community answers hundreds of questions each day. Below are the most commonly asked questions.
1990 Chevrolet Lumina APV vehicles have 4 known recalls. The most common recall is: Recall 97V058000.


text:
using NMF.Collections.Generic;
using NMF.Collections.ObjectModel;
using NMF.Expressions;
using NMF.Expressions.Linq;
using NMF.Models;
using NMF.Models.Collections;
using NMF.Models.Expressions;
using NMF.Models.Meta;
using NMF.Models.Repository;
using NMF.Serialization;
using NMF.Utilities;
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61968.Common;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Contingency;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Core;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Generation.Production;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Informative.EnergyScheduling;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Informative.Financial;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Informative.InfERPSupport;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.LoadModel;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Meas;
using TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Wires;

namespace TTC2017.SmartGrids.CIM.IEC61970.Informative.MarketOperations
{

    /// <summary>
    /// The public interface for ChargeProfile
    /// </summary>
    [DefaultImplementationTypeAttribute(typeof(ChargeProfile))]
    [XmlDefaultImplementationTypeAttribute(typeof(ChargeProfile))]
    public interface IChargeProfile : IModelElement, IProfile
    {

        /// <summary>
        /// The type property
        /// </summary>
        string Type
        {
            get;
            set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The unitOfMeasure property
        /// </summary>
        string UnitOfMeasure
        {
            get;
            set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The frequency property
        /// </summary>
        string Frequency
        {
            get;
            set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The numberInterval property
        /// </summary>
        int NumberInterval
        {
            get;
            set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The PassTroughBill property
        /// </summary>
        IPassThroughBill PassTroughBill
        {
            get;
            set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The ChargeProfileData property
        /// </summary>
        IOrderedSetExpression<IChargeProfileData> ChargeProfileData
        {
            get;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The BillDeterminant property
        /// </summary>
        IBillDeterminant BillDeterminant
        {
            get;
            set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired before the Type property changes its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> TypeChanging;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired when the Type property changed its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> TypeChanged;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired before the UnitOfMeasure property changes its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> UnitOfMeasureChanging;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired when the UnitOfMeasure property changed its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> UnitOfMeasureChanged;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired before the Frequency property changes its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> FrequencyChanging;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired when the Frequency property changed its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> FrequencyChanged;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired before the NumberInterval property changes its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> NumberIntervalChanging;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired when the NumberInterval property changed its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> NumberIntervalChanged;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired before the PassTroughBill property changes its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> PassTroughBillChanging;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired when the PassTroughBill property changed its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> PassTroughBillChanged;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired before the BillDeterminant property changes its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> BillDeterminantChanging;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets fired when the BillDeterminant property changed its value
        /// </summary>
        event System.EventHandler<ValueChangedEventArgs> BillDeterminantChanged;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If you haven't heard of Commodity, allow me to introduce you... A new fragrance brand, launched only in 2013, that creates unisex scents made to layer (or wear on their own) that are uniquely brilliant and smell amazing. Already located in Sephora's across the US + several other countries, if you haven't tried them, do yourself a favor and go spritz yourself ladies + gents.
I found out about them through Instagram last year and was immediately intrigued. Book, Wool, Rain... they all sound kind of dreamy right? (They are). Soon after, I went into Sephora and picked up the 'Cocktail Kit' which included mini's of the white & black collections to try them all, and well, the rest is history. Commodity has become a go-to for creating my signature scent (currently: Wool + Magnolia) and with as many different ways to layer them all, I don't see an end in sight to this love affair.
Now, they're chasing after my heart even more with the introduction of Bath Bars. Can you say, yes please??
"BEHIND EVERY BOTTLE IS A STORY"
"We believe fragrance today is an extension of ourselves"
"It defines you. It tells your story without words."
Commodity has officially crossed over into body products with the launch of two scented Bath Bars, Tonka and Orris. The Bath Bars are triple milled, vegetable based, and blended with various oils & butters that create a hydrated and clean feel. I particularly love how my body is left with no residue and I feel "squeaky clean" after rinsing off. I'm seriously enjoying my bathing experience these days.
Lastly, Commodity has come out with the perfect solution to creating your very own signature scent. The Storybook features all 15 scents in 1.5ml mini bottles. It features the newest Platinum Collection, along with the classic White and Black Collections as well. What more could we ask for than a chance to try each of their scents to find our very own perfect combination without the big investment? Love this concept!
I've never received so many compliments on my fragrance than when I'm wearing Commodity. With endless possibilities for creating a unique scent for any given occasion, and now with their bath bars-- it's just so good, y'all. And did I mention their products are made in the USA? Bonus!


For those interested in foot massage, we've put together a little guide for an easy massage anyone can do! Trust us, your other half will thank you for it later….
We know that massage is a wonderful gift to give to those you love, and in many cultures it's already something that's long engrained. All across the world, families have utilised massage to help infants develop and to treat those older with aches and pains, or to care for and rehabilitate the individual after sport.
So that's why we've decided to create a short tutorial showing the average Joe how to do a lovely foot massage in a simple, step by step guide.
Tending to an individual's feet has long been a humbling sign of respect, and that's why we think giving a foot massage one of the most caring massages you can give - plus they are really simple to do once you know how. Whilst a foot massage isn't quite in the same league as a full backrub (it's not even the same sport) it's still a really beautiful way to soothe away weekday stress and look after your partner, friend or loved one. Check out our video guide below.
Not much! All you need is a towel and your choice of oil: baby oil is cheap and readily available online or in most supermarkets, or you can opt for grapeseed or almond oil.
The only other thing you need is a few massage techniques to bring to your command and some understanding of foot massage, so you not only know what feels good, but also what not to do! Then when the time is right you can show off your incredible skills and wow your loved one.
Don't be afraid! You can massage any part of the feet, because all skin has nerve endings and so soft touch will always stimulate a relaxing response. The fear comes with pressing hard on bones, which can be painful, so go gently and you can't go wrong.
Be attentive - see how the person reacts to your movements in certain areas, try different pressures and ask them to let you know what they like best. Massage is a very personal act, and every body is different, so all treatments should be bespoke.
So let's get to the massage techniques and movements you can use to give an amazing foot massage straight away. You can also check out our infographic below for some visual pointers on where and how to press for each of the moves.
To start you'll need to oil up your hands and warm up the oil a little, as it can be cold coming straight out of the bottle, so rub your hands together a little first.
Alternating thumbs - The first move demonstrated in the above video (best seen at 3:10) are some alternating thumb movements which are a type of what is called petrissage. To do this rub alternate arcs up and down the top of the foot, ensuring to keep the moves smooth and soft.
Metacarpal sweeps - Next run your fingers up between the bones of the feet (called the metacarpals). Do this by starting just above the gaps between the toes and running your thumbs down the foot in long alternate strokes.
Circular metacarpal movements - Then follow the same lines along the metacarpals up and down the foot but this time doing circular thumb motions, following the movements round to the side of the foot. You can reinforce your thumb by resting the other hand on the back of the massaging hand for a more comfortable and firm massaging position if you wish.
Circular sweeps - Imagine five points along the foot, and then press firmly in a sweeping circle around those five points. See the infographic above for details.
Point presses - Now work your way along the same points, working them through with your thumbs. These points are called meridian points, and massaging these is a way of bringing chi to the individual by releasing stress through these spiritual points.
Cross presses - Sweep your thumbs across the feet horizontally in opposite directions. Travel this movement up and down the feet.
Knuckle rubs - Close your hand into a fist and use the joints of your fingers instead of your thumb for a firmer touch, following the same points as before, up and down the foot.
Coin movements & toe pulls - For this you will do what is called a coin movement, quite simply named for the shape you make (best seen at 4:40). Hold the foot with one hand, and with the other, work down each individual toe rubbing the thumb in small circular coin-shaped motions right down to the end of the toe. To finish each toe, squeeze the toe firmly between thumb and forefinger and pull away from the foot, increasing pressure until you finally let go. Repeat for all toes.
For a bonus move, you can go back and repeat the above motions on the sides of the toes, pulling and rubbing with both thumb and forefinger until you let go. Some may find this ticklish, but if you are firm, it should be a wonderful move since the area between the toes is more sensitive to touch and so this will offer a lovely sensation.
Want to do more? Spend some extra time in these areas to really put the cherry on top!
Rub the heel - spend time firmly massaging the pad at the heel of the foot. You can do this with alternate thumb rubs, knuckle rubs or palm rubs (use the heel of your hand). Whichever movement you choose, work your way around the edge of the pad (which are the more sensitive areas), and press firmly in the centre.
Rub the fleshy part of the foot - once you've spent some time at the heel, move to the middle, more fleshy part of the foot, where lots of people hold a lot of tension.
Foot massage is a wonderful treatment for absolutely anyone, and the absolutely perfect way to show you care, either at Valentine's, or any other time of the year! So why not look after your loved ones and help them de-stress with a relaxing foot caress.


Materiaal Metingen Testgroep, part of the MME Group, has taken it's newly build office in use since 1 October 2013. The new office accommodates the NDT Training Centre. The new building is placed opposite to our existing office in Dintelmond (the Netherlands). The training at the branches in Ridderkerk, Hengelo and Dintelmond are merged into this new building.
With the new building, MME Group has three modern classrooms and three large practice areas at its disposal. The large hall behind the building can be used to inspect large pipes and bends under field conditions, using both radiographic and ultrasonic inspection methods.
MME Group's NDT Training Centre uses the latest teaching tools. Not only are the textbooks modernised, but there are also digital school boards in the classrooms and we started using e-learning as a teaching method. There has been a successful pilot with e-learning within our different courses. This allows students to practice questions and exams at home on a PC, tablet or smartphone, thus increasing the effectiveness of study counselling.
The Training Centre offers the regular NDT courses for certification level 1 and 2 according to SNT-TC-1A and EN473/ISO9712 in all NDT inspection methods. In addition, there are courses in NDT General, providing a general introduction to non-destructive testing, for inspectors, surveyors and quality service employees and for everyone who is interested in NDT and wants to know more about it.
With access to multiple classrooms in one location, MME Group will be able to cater to the specific training needs of companies more effectively.