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Die Chinesische Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba ; Synonym: Ziziphus vulgaris ), auch Chinesische Dattel (oder Kumul-Dattel), Rote Dattel, Azufaifa oder (rote) Brustbeere genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae). Sie stammt aus Nord- und Nordostchina und wird heute weltweit kultiviert.

Beschreibung
Die Chinesische Jujube ist ein Baum oder seltener ein Strauch, der Wuchshöhen bis zu 10 Meter erreicht. Er ist lang und kurz bedornt oder ohne Dornen und lang verzweigt. Die raue, längsrissige bis schuppige Borke ist braun bis grau-braun. Die Rinde junger, biegbarer Zweige ist purpurn-rot oder auch schon grau-braun und weich. Die Nebenblätter sind zu zwei Dornen umgebildet oder fehlen ganz. Lange Dornen sind gerade und bis zu 3 Zentimeter lang. Kurze Dornen entwickeln sich an älteren Zweigen und sind umgebogen.

Die Blütezeit reicht von Mai bis Juli, die Fruchtreife von August bis Oktober. Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24. Häufig ist aber Polyploidie mit 2n = 36 oder 2n = 48.

Blätter
Die wechselständigen Laubblätter sind 1 bis 6 Millimeter lang gestielt, an Jungtrieben auch bis zu 1 Zentimeter lang. Sie sind oberseits kahl und unterseits spärlich behaart. Die eiförmigen bis eilanzettlichen, elliptischen oder rundlichen Blattspreiten sind (abaxial) hellgrün und oberseits (adaxial) dunkelgrün. Sie sind zwischen 3 und 7 Zentimeter lang und 1,5 bis 4 Zentimeter breit und dreinervig, papierartig, mit leicht ungleicher, abgerundet bis stumpfer Basis. Der Blattrand ist fein gezähnt und die Spitze abgerundet bis stumpf, seltener spitz oder bespitzt.

Blütenstände und Blüten
Die Blüten stehen einzeln oder zu zweit bis acht in achselständigen, kurz gestielten zymösen Blütenständen.

Die Blütenstiele sind zwischen 2 und 3 Millimeter lang. Die zwittrigen Blüten mit doppelter Blütenhülle sind fünfzählig, kahl und von gelb-grüner Farbe. Der Diskus ist dick, fleischig und fünflappig. Die Kelchblätter sind breiteiförmig sowie mittig, adaxial gekielt und rundspitzig. Die kleinen, spatel- und kapuzenförmigen, schmalen Kronblätter sind alternierend zu den Kelchblättern angeordnet und etwa so lang wie die Staubblätter die am Rand des Diskusses sitzen. Der Fruchtknoten ist halboberständig und leicht in den Diskus eingesenkt. Der zweiästige Griffel ist bis etwa zur Hälfte gespalten.

Früchte und Samen
Es werden orange-rote bis rote oder rot-purpurne Steinfrüchte gebildet. Sie sind länglich bis schmal-eiförmig und zwischen 2 und 3,5 Zentimeter lang sowie 1,5 bis 2 Zentimeter im Durchmesser. Das Mesokarp ist mehlig-fleischig und dick. Es schmeckt mild-süß oder leicht säuerlich. Der hellbraune, runzlige Steinkern ist an beiden Enden spitzig bis abgerundet. Er enthält zwei Kammern und ist ein- oder zweisamig. Die orange-braunen Samen sind abgeflacht-elliptisch und etwa 10 Millimeter lang und 8 Millimeter breit.

Varietäten
Es sind vier Varietäten bekannt
 Ziziphus jujuba var. jujuba: mit Dornen, süße Früchte
 Ziziphus jujuba var. inermis : ohne Dornen, süße Früchte
 Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa : mit Dornen, saure, kleinere Früchte, kleinere Blätter
 Ziziphus jujuba var. tortuosa : ohne Dornen, mit knorrigen Ästen und viel kleineren Früchten

Verbreitung
Die Chinesische Jujube wächst im Gebirge und auf Hügeln, an sonnigen, trockenen Plätzen in Höhenlagen bis 1.700 Meter. Das Ursprungsgebiet der Pflanze liegt im Norden und Nordosten der Volksrepublik China. Von dort wurde sie zuerst nach Korea, dann nach Japan, und später nach Nordwest-Indien, Iran und Südosteuropa eingeführt. Heute findet man sie außerdem im gesamten Mittelmeergebiet bis in die Südschweiz und nach Südtirol sowie in Vietnam, Indien, Georgien, Afghanistan, Sudan, Brasilien und den südlichen USA.

Geschichte und Nutzung
In China wurden die roten Brustbeeren bereits in dem Buch Shennong ben cao jing (zwischen 300 v. Chr. und 200 n. Chr.) unter dem Namen Zao (枣) als wichtige Arzneidroge beschrieben. Dort, und davon abgeleitet in der weiteren Tradition, wurde den Jujubefrüchten  zugeschrieben, dass sie die Verdauung kräftigen, nach überstandener Krankheit die Gesundheit festigen und bei regelmäßiger Einnahme lebensverlängernd wirken.

Im 18. Jahrhundert wurden die Jujuben-Früchte in Europa Chinesische Datteln genannt.

In der koreanischen Küche werden die Früchte Daechu () genannt und für Tees und für die Hühnersuppe Samgyetang verwendet. In der taiwanischen Küche werden die Früchte ebenso für Suppen und Tees verwendet.

Bereits in der Antike gelangte die Jujube (lateinisch ziziphus) ins Mittelmeergebiet. Columella zählte die rote und die weiße Brustbeere ("rutila, atque alba ziziphus") zu den  Pflanzen, die für Bienen nützlich sind.

Plinius der Ältere berichtete über sie:
"Gleichfalls fremd sind die Brustbeeren [zizipha] und die Tuberes [tuberes], welche beide erst kürzlich, diese aus Afrika, jene aus Syrien nach Italien gekommen sind. Sextus Papirius, den ich als Consul gekannt habe, brachte sie zuerst zu uns in den letzten Lebensjahren des Kaisers Augustus und ließ sie im Lager auspflanzen. Sie gleichen mehr den Beeren als den Äpfeln, dienen aber den Wällen zur großen Zierde, denn sie reichen jetzt schon bis an die Dächer."

Die positive Wirkung der Jujubenfrüchte auf die Brust und auf die Lungen wurde erstmals von Gargilius Martialis beschrieben und später von arabischen Autoren bestätigt.

Im 16. Jahrhundert waren die Früchte in Mitteleuropa bekannt als "Brustbeerlein" (Hieronymus Bock) oder "Rot-Brust-Beerlin" (Clusius und Dodoens). Bei Krünitz sind ausführliche Informationen über rote, schwarze und weiße Brustbeeren zu finden.

Heute gilt die Jujube im Mittelmeergebiet, Südosteuropa und Kleinasien als eingebürgert, in Mitteleuropa gedeiht sie nur in Gebieten mit Weinbauklima, ihre Früchte reifen dort nur in Jahren mit vielen warmen Sommertagen. Besonders bekannt für die Ernte von "Brustbeeren" (ital. = giuggiole) ist das oberitalienische Städtchen Arquà Petrarca bei Padua, in dem einmal jährlich im Herbst die "Festa delle Giuggiole" stattfindet. Dort werden verschiedene Produkte aus den Früchten hergestellt, wie etwa Schnäpse und Konfitüren. In getrockneter Form dienen die Früchte als Brusttee bei Erkältungen; aus diesem Grunde sind sie bei Apothekern häufig auch als Brustbeere bekannt. Das in den Blättern enthaltene Ziziphin hemmt den Süßgeschmack.

Historische Abbildungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 Ziziphus jujuba bei Auroville Virtual Herbarium.
 Ziziphus jujuba bei Useful Temperate Plants.
 Thomas Meyer, Michael Hassler: Mittelmeer- und Alpenflora.
 Tropengarten: Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

Einzelnachweise

Kreuzdorngewächse
Exotisches Steinobst
Heilpflanze

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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2018 Pipe Band Judges
Paul Brown – Drumming judge
Paul Brown, Lives in Fife Scotland, age 44 has been drumming from the age of 7.
Paul began his drumming career with the Ballingry School pipe band under the leadership of Pipe Major Bob Shepherd MBE, winning many major championship titles before progressing to the ranks of grade 1 at the age of 13 with the world famous Dysart & Dundonald Pipe Band.
In 1987 Ballingry High School closed and the pipe band changed it's name to Lochgelly High School, This was a brand new school and the pipe band carried it's successful history with it.
Paul has given his time freely to tutor at the Lochgelly High School Pipe Band for over 25 years. Teaching students at Juvenile and Novice level and has had seen his students win many drumming titles in Novice Juvenile at all of the RSPBA major championships including the worlds. In 2003 it was decided to form a former pupils Pipe Band which became very successful and was promoted to grade 2 after their first season. Paul became a member alongside a few other ex Dysart & Dundonald players. In 2007 Paul moved back into Grade 1 with the St Laurence O'Toole Pipe Band from Dublin, Ireland. Remaining here until his retirement from competitive pipe band drumming in 2015. During this time Paul has won 13 major Grade 1 drumming titles including the grade 1 world championship and a champion of champions title. Paul is also the only Grade 1 drummer in history, outside of Ireland to hold 6 grade 1 All Ireland drumming titles. Adding to these accolades in drumming, Paul was also a member of St Laurence O'Toole during their most successful period to date including the 2010 World Championship win.
Paul is now a fully qualified Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association Drumming adjudicator, tutor and assessor for the Piping & Drumming Qualifications Board. He was one of a group of adjudicators chosen to officiate at the Grade 1 world Championship qualification heats in 2017 and will now adjudicate the Grade 1 medley final in 2018.
Paul is a drumming instructor in Fife for the local authority, Fife Council. He teaches drums to secondary aged students in 7 different high schools.
Pipe bands and drumming has taken Paul around the world playing, holding workshops and now as a full time RSPBA drumming adjudicator.
Donald MacPhee - Bagpiping judge
Donald MacPhee is a member of the RSPBA Adjudicators panel and the Piping representative on the APMB. After a successful pipe band career he retired from pipe band competition at the end 2014 accumulating 34 Major Championships, 8 Champion of Champions titles, 6 World Championships and 2 Grand Slams while a member of the Field Marshal Montgomery.
Some of his solo major successes are Former winner (ceol beag) at both the Argyllshire Gathering and Northern Meeting, The New Zealand Piobaireachd Society's Gold Medal, The Donald MacDonald Cuaich .The Former Winners MSR at the Scottish Pipers Association professional contest, the overall solo piper award at the Cowal Highland Gathering and winner of The Highland Society of London's Gold Medal at the Northern Meeting.
Donald holds a Graduate & Senior Teachers Certificate from the Institute of Piping as well as the Advanced Certificate and Teachers Certificate from the RSPBA. He is also a well respected and traveled solo Adjudicator on the Competing Pipers Association supplemental list of solo Adjudicators for active competitive pipers and a Visiting Assessor and External Verifier (Scottish Bagpipes) with the SQA ( The Scottish Qualifications Authority). He teaches for the Argyll and Bute Council at Hermitage Academy in Helensburgh and lives happily with his wife Christine, a former 6 time World Highland Dance champion in Alexandria where he is a successful Reedmaker.
Brian Williamson – Bagpiping judge
Brian was born and grew up in Ottawa, where he started piping in 1963. His first teacher was Sam Scott of Manotick, then Archie Cairns. Brian also claims significant musical influences from a variety of other top pipers and teachers, including Jimmy McIntosh, Murray Henderson, Bill Gilmour, Scott MacAulay, and Colin MacLellan -- all internationally recognized players whose strong and deep traditional roots in bagpipe music contributed to his musical development.
Brian began his competitive piping career as a juvenile player in 1971 at the Ottawa Piping Club competition where he gained a 3rdprize in the piobaireachd contest for his age group. Brian went on to collect many further prizes at the amateur and professional level, in Canada, the US, and the UK. In addition, he has been a performing member of military and civilian pipe bands, at all competitive levels, including winning performances at the Canadian, US, and North American Championships, and runner-up prizes at the World Pipe Band Championship.
He retired from performance in 2004 after developing a focal dystonia disability that limits finger control – but continues to enjoy good piping as a teacher, judge, or enthusiastic member of the audience.
Brian has been an active bagpipe teacher since about 1974 and continues to teach. Many pupils have gained prizes at all amateur competitive levels, and many others have enjoyed the depth and breadth of piping knowledge that Brian is always glad to share and pass on to anyone interested in bagpipe music.
Brian is a certified judge for solo piping and pipe band competitions by the Pipers' and Pipe Bands Society of Ontario and the Eastern United States Pipe Band Association. He holds the Senior Certificate from the Institute of Piping, in addition to a B.Sc. (Geology) from Carleton University and a Technical Writing Diploma from Algonquin College. Outside the bagpipe world Brian has worked as a geologist with the Geological Survey of Canada and as a technical writer and editor for various high tech companies in Ottawa.
Bob Worrall - Bagpiping/ensemble judge
Bob Worrall is one of North America's leading teachers, adjudicators and performers. Bob is a respected composer, having published three successful collections of bagpipe music. He is featured on three solo piping recordings and was a member of the folk group "Scantily Plaid".
After a piping career with a number of Ontario's leading pipe bands, including the City of Toronto Pipe Band and the General Motors Pipe Band, Bob retired from competitive piping in 1983. His solo accomplishments were extensive, both in North America and Scotland. He won the North American Professional Championship an unprecedented 7 times and the Ontario Professional Championship Supreme title for 12 of his 13 years in the professional class. He was also the 1977 winner of the March and Strathspey/Reel events in Inverness. He was a pupil of Bill Millar, Willie Connell and the late John Wilson.
A member of North American and the Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association's judging panels, Bob has been selected to judge the World Pipe Band Championships in Glasgow on fourteen occasions. For the last twelve years he has been the colour commentator for the BBC's broadcast of the World Pipe Band Championships. He is a member of the Piobaireachd Society's Senior Judges list and has adjudicated major competitions throughout the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Brittany and South Africa. Bob's recent overseas piping ventures have included teaching and performing engagements in Zimbabwe, Australia and Italy. His M.C. skills have been called upon by the Field Marshal Montgomery, Scottish Power, Inveraray and District, and Toronto Police Pipe Bands.
Bob was the senior instructor at the Gaelic College in Cape Breton for 15 years. More recent piping camps have included Kingston (Ontario), the Ohio Scottish Arts School, Lake Diefenbaker (Saskatchewan), Washington State and Oregon, Vancouver Island, Uruguay, Australia and South Africa. Weekend workshops, adjudicating and recitals provide him with a schedule that has taken him to virtually all of the Canadian provinces and 36 U.S. States.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


For the red pepper tapenade: In a food processor, add the red peppers, olives, raisins, olive oil, parsley, capers and brine, vinegar, red pepper flakes, garlic confit and lemon juice and process until combined but still slightly chunky. Season with salt and pepper. Set aside.
For the tortilla: Preheat the oven to 300 degrees F.
In a 12-inch ovenproof nonstick pan, heat the olive oil over medium heat until hot. Add the potatoes and onions, season with salt and pepper and cook, stirring frequently, until the potatoes are tender but not breaking, 8 to 10 minutes. Strain the oil from the potato mixture and reserve 1 tablespoon of the oil. Leave the potato mixture in the pan.
In a small nonstick pan, toast the panko breadcrumbs in the reserved 1 tablespoon oil. Season with salt and pepper.
In a large bowl, whisk the eggs to a smooth, even consistency. Add the Gruyere, cherry peppers, chopped parsley, tomato, toasted breadcrumbs and 1/4 cup of the Parmesan. Season with salt and pepper and stir to combine. Pour the egg mixture into the pan with the potato mixture. Cook over medium-low heat until the eggs are just starting to set, 5 to 6 minutes. Transfer to the oven and bake until the eggs are set, 20 to 30 minutes. Let cool until warm.
Slide the tortilla onto a cutting board or turnout onto a large serving plate and cut into slices. Serve the slices at room temperature topped with the red pepper tapenade, a drizzle of extra-virgin olive oil and a sprinkle of the remaining Parmesan.
Put the garlic cloves in a small pot and cover with the olive oil. Cook over low heat until the cloves are very soft, 50 minutes to 1 hour. Let cool, then store in a resealable container in the refrigerator.


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Released JFK Files Reveal The Shocking Truth That Will Make You Question Everything
Donald Trump shot a jolt of terror through the heart of the Deep State when he ordered the secret JFK assassination files to be made public.
The truth about the possible conspiracy would finally come out.
But one document will make you question everything you thought you knew.
One of the most shocking secrets of the JFK files was the revelation that a then-Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had proposed using a captured Russian aircraft for a false-flag attack on the U.S. military as a pretext for war with Russia.
The Daily Caller reports:
"The U.S. government considered manufacturing or obtaining Soviet aircraft in order to launch an attack on American or friendly bases that could then provide an excuse for war, according to newly released documents.
The documents are part of an October release of thousands of formerly classified files related to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. It describes a March 22, 1962 meeting that discussed "the question raised by the attorney general on the possibility of U.S. manufacture or acquisition of Soviet aircraft."
The meeting was held by the "Special Group (Augmented)," which according to an encyclopedia on the Central Intelligence Agency, included Attorney General Robert Kennedy, CIA Director John McCone, National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Lyman Lemnitzer. And while not members, President Kennedy and Secretary of State Dean Rusk would attend meetings.
The previously top secret documents listed three reasons for obtaining or manufacturing the aircraft.
"There is a possibility that such aircraft could be used in a deception operation designed to confuse enemy planes in the air, to launch a surprise attack against enemy installations or in a provocation operation in which Soviet aircraft would appear to attack U.S. or friendly installations in order to provide an excuse for U.S. intervention."
The notion of using fake Soviet aircraft in a so-called "false flag" attack was first revealed in Robert Dallek's "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963," which was released in 2001. Dallek's book says that the idea to manufacture or obtain Soviet aircraft was suggested by CIA Director McCone, however, the released documents say it was raised by Attorney General Kennedy."
Most of the intrigue surrounding the released JFK files centered on whether they would finally prove that the government had covered up evidence that a second gunman took part in the assassination.
But this revelation may be the most disturbing.
Afterall, is it not bizarre that Robert F. Kennedy would make such a suggestion in favor of inciting war—considering he later made opposing the Vietnam War the centerpiece of his 1968 Presidential campaign?
This new discovery may be the most unbelievable piece of information unearthed in the JFK files.
Tags Joint Chiefs members
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The Indian Health Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs have joined together this year to present the first joint 2010 IHS/BIA National Behavioral Health Conference. This event demonstrates the commitment and renewed energy of both agencies to work in partnership to actively address behavioral health disparities in Indian Country.
Opportunities for professional collaboration and networking.
Important topics affecting Indian Country will be covered, highlighted in five distinct programmatic tracks.
Tribal leaders, doctors, nurses, behavioral health providers, substance abuse program providers, psychologists, social workers, therapists, counselors, social workers, traditional service providers, health program administrators, community health representatives, youth, elders, and other concerned community members are highly encouraged to attend.
Join us for an informative and unique conference experience.
Questions for this event may be directed to Deborah Black.


As a specialist information security company, Loop Secure believes every organisation should have the opportunity to operate and grow in a safe and protected environment.
That's why we help organisations, governments and individuals secure their most important data and assets - wherever they live.
With over 30 years in the cyber security space, we employ highly trained and accredited security specialists, and work with organisations to deliver a comprehensive range of security solutions. Combining the power of our expert staff, together with the world's leading security tools, we enable you to achieve your business objectives more efficiently and more securely in a rapidly evolving technology landscape.
Our Mission: To remain Australia's leading specialist cyber security company.


Staff, patients and families at the Ellenor hospice in Gravesend, Kent, are the subject of a 13-part television series aiming to increase awareness of hospice care and the diverse range of support they provide.
The series has been commissioned by the Together television channel and produced by Knickerbockerglory – the creators of Channel 5's long running GPs: Behind Close Doors series.
The first episode of The Hospice was broadcast in May. Each episode follows the personal stories of children and adults who are receiving end of life care from the hospice via the inpatient ward, day services or in their own homes.
The hospice covers a wide geographical area across Kent and serves a population of one million. It has a 15-bed inpatient ward and tends to have eight to ten patients at a time. Patients can be admitted for end of life care, symptom control and psychological support.
The ward nursing team works day and night. During the day, two registered nurses are on duty along with two to three healthcare assistants. At night, the nursing team consists of two registered nurses and one healthcare assistant.
'In addition, we sometimes have patients known to our community team, who hit a crisis point and come into the ward,' says ward sister at Ellenor, Joanne Bradley.
'Patients can be referred from the community teams and community healthcare professionals including GPs, district nurses and the local hospital. Patients and families can refer directly to us, even if they are not known to any of the other teams.
Community teams provide services for children and adults. There are two adult teams – hospice at home and care home support. The adult hospice at home team includes clinical nurse specialists, registered nurses and healthcare assistants. The team works closely with GPs, district nurses and other community services such as a local neurology service.
The hospice at home team has a night sitting service providing overnight respite for carers. 'It enables carers to get a good night's sleep and that can make the world of difference in terms of coping or not coping,' says head of adult community services at Ellenor, Linda Coffey.
'We also offer crisis support for patients and families and this includes support following discharge from hospital, where a patient who is imminently dying has returned home to pass away.
The care home support team is staffed by registered nurses and healthcare assistants who work alongside care home staff, providing advice and support. The team sees every care home patient for at least one assessment. During the assessment, they will also initiate conversations with patients and families around advance care planning and do not resuscitate orders.
'Our healthcare assistants are very experienced at supporting patients and families, and 90% of the care we give is provided at home,' adds Ms Coffey.
'When you watch each episode, it is not just about one patient or one aspect of the hospice's care, you really get to see what your colleagues do on a daily basis,' says Ms Bradley.
Filming for The Hospice began in January and finished in early April. Two film crew were based at the hospice and used handheld cameras to capture footage and interviews with patients, families and staff. In the community, the teams had to obtain permission from patients to film in their homes.
'Our patients really surprised us with how they wanted to tell their stories,' says Ms Coffey.
'We had the added task of having to do retakes regularly. On one of my takes, I had to put my coat on about ten times because they were filming from every angle. I had to try to remember what I had said in the previous takes.
In November, the Care Quality Commission rated the Ellenor Hospice as outstanding.
'It has been a privilege to be able to promote hospice care and the difference it can make to patients and families,' adds Ms Coffey.
Episodes of The Hospice are broadcast every Tuesday at 10pm on the Together channel. Together airs on Freeview channel 93, Sky 159, Virgin 269, Freesat 164 and via on demand services.
Adults with incurable diseases do not receive palliative care from hospices early enough due to the timing of referrals, research has found.
Funded by the National Institute for Health Research, University of Leeds, researchers looked at the number of days from when patients were referred to community and inpatient hospice services to when they died, based on data from 64 hospices.
The study found cancer patients were referred for hospice care around 53 days before death, while referrals for non-cancer patients happen around 27 days before. It found older patients tend to receive less hospice care – patients under age 50 received 78 days of care, compared to 59 days for patients age 50-75 and 39 days for patients over 75.
There were significant referral variations between northern and southern England. In general, patients in the north of England were referred to hospice care around 35 days before death, compared with 55 days for the south of England and 55 days for the midlands and east.
According to previous clinical trial research, patients with progressive diseases should be referred for palliative care between three and six months before they die to benefit fully from this type of care.
Co-author of the study and head of research at Hospice UK, Sarah Russell, said: 'Palliative and hospice care is not just for people in the last days of life.


The Scottish city of Dundee is famous for many things, from its football teams, its achievement of becoming the UNESCO City of Culture in 2014, to its dormant volcanic plug which nestles beneath Dundee Law. However, there is far more to Dundee than just these few well-known accolades. As far back as the 13th century, the iconic Lord Protector of Scotland and scourge of Edward I, William Wallace actually attended school in Dundee. And he is just one of many famous faces that are connected to these sunny (for Scotland anyway!) North-Eastern shores.
In fact, Dundee has produced a wealth of internationally famous characters such as the iconic wrestler 'Bill Dundee' (William Bill Cruickshanks), chemist Francis Robert Jupp, politician George Galloway and even the well known actor Brian Cox. As well as its people, Dundee also has an internationally recognized and thriving industry whose foundations go far back into Dundee's history. In the 19th and 20th centuries Dundee was one of the richest cities in Scotland, due in large part to its thriving textile and engineering industries.
Cox's Stack, a chimney from the former Camperdown Works jute millDundee was once nicknamed 'Juteopolis' because Dundonian businesses owned the majority of the jute mills in India in the 19th century and the city's textile industry employed over 40,000 people. 'Juteopolis' is one of the three famous Js that Dundee was renowned for at the time: 'Jute, Jam and Journalism', and the industrial focus on these three disparate industries remained throughout the Victorian era. The second 'J', of course, refers to the cities propensity for jam! There is a legend that it was a Dundonian woman, by the name of Janet Keillor, who actually invented marmalade in the 18th century. Whether she invented the now ubiquitous condiment is not known for certain, however what is known is that her son founded the famous Keillor jam factory in Dundee. This made jam another major industry within the city. Finally, the 3rd and arguably most important 'J' is journalism. Whereas jute and jam are no longer such powerhouses of Dundonian industry, Dundee remains world-renowned for its contribution to journalism and literature and within this arena, Dundee is most respected for its comics.
There is one individual who undoubtedly supersedes all other famous Dundonians in terms of his legacy, and that is R D Low. Low was born on 25th August 1895 and died as an octogenarian on 13th December 1980. Born the son of a jute mill mechanic, the family therefore covered two of the three famous Dundonian Js in their business endeavours! Low began his career as a journalist at DC Thomson Co. It was here that he created 'story papers' for children and teenagers; the Adventure in 1921, the Rover in 1922, the Wizard in 1923, the Skipper in 1930 and the Hotspur in 1933. These were hugely popular, perhaps providing entertaining escapism to the troubling political climate of the 1930s and the escalating tensions in Europe at the time.
Following the success of the story papers, Low flexed his creative muscles once again, this time with the help of artist Dudley Watkins. It was these two comic geniuses who first created 'Oor Wullie' and 'The Broons', which became staple reading material in all Scottish homes! Written in the Scottish tongue they became hugely popular, even being made into annuals. I myself grew up reading these hilarious and charming comics. So popular, in fact, that these two literary masterpieces have been published in every Sunday Post newspaper since 1936. And it is said that the character of 'Oor Wullie' was actually based on Low's own, slightly mischievous, son Ron.
Low did not stop there however, as editor of DC Thomson, Low launched the world's longest running comics; The Dandy in 1937 and then The Beano in 1938. The entertaining host of characters within these comics is almost without equal: from Desperate Dan with his giant cow pies to Dennis the Menace and his sling-shot, these characters have earned a real place in the hearts of the nation, although you would be forgiven for being unaware that these two internationally renowned and beloved comics hailed from a small Scottish city, possibly assuming instead the grander origins of Edinburgh or London. But it was Dundee that gave these masterpieces to the world. For those that live and come from Dundee, it is an immense source of pride. There are statues of the inimitable Dennis the Menace and Minnie the Minx in the city center, and there is even the iconic 'Bash Street' in Dundee itself. Low later added the character of 'Rodger the Dodger' whom he co-created with Ken Reid, to the Beano in 1953. The most famous character remains Denis the Menace, who even made it to Hollywood! A film based on the renowned comic was released in 1993 starring Walter Matthau and Mason Gamble.
The publisher DC Thomson has been in Dundee since the mid-19th century and is now Dundee's largest employer. The Thomas family firm was previously established in shipping, but during the mid-19th century began to take an interest in publishing. In 1886 William Thomson bought the Dundee Courier, and so began the family's journey into journalism. The firm is still run by descendants of William Thomson today. In 1905, under William's son, David Couper, the company merged with the other major publishing house in Dundee at the time, which was run by Sir John Leng. The initials of William Tomson's son David Couper were incorporated into the company's title, and it has been DC Thomson Co. ever since.
Dundee has become so synonymous with comics that you can even undertake a Master's Degree in Comics and Graphic Novels at Dundee University, voted Scottish University of the year 2017, and it is the only University to offer such a course. There are also undergraduate modules in comics that you can undertake as part of a wider undergraduate degree. Dundee hosts a 'comic day' as part of a larger literary festival and celebration. There are also those who have been greatly inspired by the works of DC Thomson, such as Alan Moore, Bryan Talbot and Frank Quitley, whereas those such as Pat Mills, John Wagner and Grant Morrison actually started their careers at DC Thomson. The impact that DC Thomson has had, not only on Dundee, but on the world of comics and graphic novels is undeniable, and who would have thought that the cheeky characters of the 1930s would have made it into international fame in the 1990s and beyond!
Read a selection of articles and features about famous British authors, poets and playwrights.
Each January, the life and works of the greatest of all Scottish poets, Rabbie Burns are celebrated. The words of the great man are read out aloud for all to appreciate, whilst little mention is made of William Topaz McGonagall - the bard of Dundee.


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This report offers guidance for increasing your energy, stamina and motivation. You?ll learn the special secret for successful self-assertion, and the key to inspiring others to cooperate with your plans. Find out how to avoid the trap that can interfere with getting what you want.
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Urban Transhumance explores urban farming as viable option for urban renewal. The project proposes reusing Grand Boulevard in Detroit Michigan as a linear urban farm, specifically as a migrating route for sheep, a suitable livestock in urban environment in terms of its behavior and productivity.
Sheep area strong candidate-species for successful urban agricultural practices. Firstly, they are known to be relatively easy to control, sometimes docile enough to be kept in unfenced pastures. Secondly, sheep have a strong lead-follow tendency and behavior as a member of flock. Once flocking in four or more sheep, one person or herding dog can control their movement. And lastly, but most importantly they have a high-degree of agricultural value producing valuable commodities such as meat, milk, cheese and wool.
The project proposes to divide the boulevard into 6 segments based on sheep's one day walking capability and each segment has a small pasture with a barn and wetland for their temporary stay long enough until they can wholly consume grass in the pasture from one night to 15 days.
Construction materials needed for creating landscape for urban pasture are expected to use abandoned building derelict near Detroit area. A variety of methods of controlling sheep against potential predators in city such as cattle guard, bridge etc. are applied for designing routes and barns. At the end of their migratory cycle around the city the sheep are loaded onto a pastoral barge and taken down the Detroit River border to their starting point of Grand Boulevard in Mexican Town.
This project has tried to seek for ways that a city can be self-sufficient. In this regard, this project suggests that Detroit might returning back to agricultural economics.
All facilities are custom-tailored for sheep use. For example, sloping terrain is kept suitable for sheep rather than humans, which is up to 80% slope, and designed to be rugged in order to help sheep to climb well. The rest of work is focused on how to control sheep migration in urban condition. To control sheep effectively, the project includes the research of what attracts and distracts sheep. Attractors such as new green leaves, water and shade are located in the middle of the pasture in order to safely isolate the flock of sheep from the urban disorder. Distractors such as noise and light from urban activity are designed to be minimized by adjusting floor levels and employing blocking devices such as trees and walls. As cars are the most distracting factors in city, migrating routes are designed to be separated below or above from the human traffic level. However, some locations such as intersection are inevitable for the flock of sheep to meet human traffic. Cattle guards, long been used in farms, are installed on the edge of the migrating route and block sheep to access the traffic road.