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by Linda Rorem
Little can be known for certain about the origin of many breeds. With regard to the Australian Shepherd, various theories have arisen: that it is of Australian origin; that it is really a Basque breed; that it is of old Spanish origin. The investigating I have done indicates that none of the above theories provides the whole story, but together they may provide a picture.
Histories of California relate that although there had been many flocks of sheep at the Spanish missions, the number of sheep in the Far West had greatly declined by the time of the Gold Rush at the end of the 1840's. The Gold Rush and the Civil War brought about a great demand for mutton and wool. To meet this demand, large flocks were driven to the Far West from the Midwest and from New Mexico. Sheep were brought around the Horn from the Eastern states, and imported from Australia.(1)
Dogs accompanying these flocks, along with later arrivals, would figure in the background of the Australian Shepherd. Dogs coming with flocks from the Midwest and East were largely of the old-fashioned collie type, often called shepherds, which came to America with settlers from the British Isles. Collies and shepherd dogs came to the West not only from the East and Midwest but also directly from Britain. The collie of those days, a strong, multi-purpose working dog, had a more upstanding style of work with a "looser eye" than its working descendant, the Border Collie.(2)
Unlike its show descendant, the Rough Collie, the original working collie was rarely sable in color, but was usually black with white and/or tan markings, or blue merle.(3)
Margaret Osborne relates in her book The Popular Collie: ". . . the blue merle colour is one of the very oldest in the Collie breed and blue dogs were frequently seen on farms as companions and workers. Possibly this was the reason — because they were considered 'common' — that merle Collies almost entirely disappeared from the show-ring . . . and if it had not been for the efforts of a few stalwarts who, in the latter part of the nineteenth century, set about resuscitating this colour, we should almost certainly have no blue merle Collies today."
In The Collie (1917), O.P. Bennett and C. H. Wheeler wrote that among the early show collies, "The prevailing colors were black and white (without tan); black, tan and white; and merle." W. E. Mason wrote in the Dec. 1908 issue of the Collie Folio, "Collies existed of the Blue Merle colour long before any sables were seen. In fact, most of the Collies of forty years ago were of this colour, and were furthermore, considered the best workers."
As the Rough Collie and the Border Collie began to be developed in their present forms in the late 19th century, influenced by conformation shows and sheepdog trials respectively, they continued to be imported into America. Meanwhile, however, working dogs of the old collie/shepherd type were still being bred on American farms and ranches. Some confusion arose over the collie name. The breeders of the kennel club registered dog were adamant that theirs was the one-and-only true Collie, and they were fairly successful for a time in monopolizing the name. All along, the name "shepherd" or "shepherd dog" had been used interchangeably with "collie" or "colley" for the British herding dogs, and as the "collie" name came to be associated more with the kennel club registered Collie (both the dogs with a longer and narrower head and the broader-headed individuals that continued to be part of the breed for a time), in America the name "shepherd" came to be applied more specifically to the earlier working type.(4)
In the East and Midwest, these working dogs eventually came to be called "English Shepherds," and in the West, similar dogs came to be called "Australian Shepherds." There were differences due to the developing breeds receiving differing influences as a result of location and selection, but similarities remained. Natural bobtails occur in the English Shepherd(5) and were not uncommon the early Rough and Smooth "show" Collies. O.P. Bennett and C. H. Wheeler wrote in The Collie: "At these early shows [in the 1860s] it was by no means an uncommon sight to see placed for competition specimens that were tailless, and others with half-tails; but the Old English Sheepdog was rarely presented.
"A fact that is little known by the younger generation of Collie fanciers is that at the period afore-mentioned there existed quite a large number of sheep dogs exact representations of the Collie, except that some were tailless, and others half-tailed. "In breeding from dogs of this stamp tailless, half-tailed and full-tailed puppies frequently appeared in the same litter.
Letters and a photo appearing in the British rare livestock breed magazine, The Ark, May 1987 and July 1987, deal with bobtailed working collies in Britain today, describing a dog similar in physical form and manner of working to what is considered typical of the Australian Shepherd. While it became customary to dock the Australian Shepherd, the English Shepherd is allowed both long and naturally short tails. Coat and overall conformation are similar. The English
Shepherd and the Australian Shepherd share the old collie colors of tricolor, black-and-tan and black-and-white, but the sable that is accepted in the English Shepherd, and which did occur in the early Aussie, is not accepted by the Australian Shepherd standard today; likewise, merle and recessive chocolate/red are not acceptable for the English Shepherd today, although chocolate/red, being a recessive, still appears occasionally.(6) Another link to the collie breeds is shown by the presence in the Australian Shepherd of the mutation for sensitivity to ivermectin, MDR1.
The dogs which helped bring flocks from New Mexico were largely of Spanish origin. Old accounts describe the "New Mexican sheepdogs" as large, powerful guardian dogs, wolfish in aspect and generally yellowish-white in color, with some accounts mentioning black and tan.
These dogs were primarily guardians with some low-key guiding behaviors. Dogs of this type were undoubtedly present in Spanish California as well. It is possible that dogs similar to the Carea Leon, a smaller, active Spanish herder, also were present.(7)
The rise of the sheep industry in the American West in the 19th century was accompanied by a changeover from the New Mexican sheepdog to the collie and shepherd types which were brought in by the settlers and ranchers in abundant numbers. As the dogs of British background came into the West, interbreeding took place with the Spanish strains, much as the Spanish horses of the West were bred with the Thoroughbreds and other Eastern breeds of the later settlers. The principal requirement for herding dogs was the ability to do the job. By the later 19th century, however, the British influence predominated.(8)
In the September 24, 1859 issue of the San Joaquin Republican, a notice appeared:
"Australian Shepherd Dogs – A number of these shaggy and intelligent creatures, says the San Francisco Times, lately arrived from Australia, to be employed in the southern country to tend sheep. They are remarkably sagacious and powerful and hardy, but not handsome. Their powers of endurance and faithfulness are the theme of numerous anecdotes."
Another importation is mentioned in the March 31, 1860 issue:
"Australian Shepherd Dogs — The Alta of Tuesday says: 'A gentleman of this city [San Francisco] has recently imported a couple of shepherd dogs from Australia, which are to be used hence forth in tending sheep in the interior. They are celebrated for their strength, docility, courage and intelligence; and as the rearing of sheep is becoming a great business in California, the services of these animals may come into general requisition.'"
The book Resources of California stated in 1869:
"On the large sheep ranches, one herdsman is employed for a thousand sheep. There are a few shepherd-dogs in the state, some brought from Australia, others from Scotland."
Dogs arriving with shipments of sheep from Australia were largely of British origin, as were the settlers of Australia at that time. The Australian dogs may have traced to, among others, the Smithfield dog, described as being longhaired and bobtailed, collies of various colors including merle, and dogs known variously as German Collies, German Coolies, or German Koolies, which often were associated with the merle color. The German Coolie or Koolie has long been known in Australia, although unrecognized by the Australian kennel club. Merino sheep imported into Australia in the 19th century came most often from Saxony in Germany, and on occasion German sheepdogs were imported with them.(9) As was the case elsewhere in Europe before the advent of dog shows, there was a wide variety of coat types and colors among the herding dogs of Germany in those days, including blue merles and semi-long coats.(10)
In Australia, the dogs of German origin dogs would soon have been interbred with the more numerous working dogs of British origin, many of which were likewise merle and of generally similar appearance and working characteristics. "Welsh heeler" was another name applied in Australia to dogs of this type, and it is recorded that blue merle smooth collies were brought to Australia by the Hall family.
Just as in the eastern U.S., shepherd-type dogs arriving from England and other areas of Britain came to be called "English Shepherds," although there was no breed in England with that name, so dogs of similar type and background imported from Australia came to be called "Australian Shepherds" in the American west, although that name was not used in Australia for any breed. Rather, the name was applied in America to dogs coming from Australia.
Although only a small proportion of working dogs in the American West were of Australian origin, and merle coloring occurred in the non-Australian dogs, perhaps the connection between Australia and merle shepherd dogs came about in this way: people seeing sheep from Australia being unloaded at their destination may have noticed merle dogs accompanying the flocks. They then associated that color and general appearance with similar herding dogs in the area, irrespective of the actual background of individual dogs, calling such dogs in general "Australian Shepherds." My large blue merle Sheltie has often been called an Australian Shepherd simply because of his color and general appearance. It has been very common for people to take color to signify a breed.
Local names of a general working dog type can vary considerably. Eventually, as the type is developed into a modern breed, one name will come to be used more often and eventually push any others aside. One idea proposed was that the name of this Western stockdog was changed to "Australian Shepherd" because of prejudices among incoming "Anglos" against any Spanish connection. This isn't the case. There was no stigma attached to the Spanish herding dogs, and Americans' accounts of "Spanish sheepdogs," "Spanish shepherd dogs," and "New Mexican sheepdogs" speak highly of them. But as herding practices changed, the dogs changed as well, with the continuing arrival of dogs considered to be more adaptable or more easily obtained. The Western dogs became quite mixed, although the overall trend was an increase in the influence of the working collie/shepherd. The name "Australian Shepherd" isn't as much of a misnomer as some have conjectured, but a name of long standing in the American West where the modern breed was developed. Dogs from Australia contributed to the stockdogs of the American West, and from that came the name.
Over time, references to the Australian Shepherd began to appear more often. An article about a shipwreck on the Oregon coast in 1881 relates that a half-grown Australian Shepherd pup was found alive on the beach near the bodies of the lost crew. An Australian Shepherd appeared in a dog show in Idaho in 1905. Lost and found ads mention, among others, a blue Australian shepherd dog with one-half stub tail lost in Woodland, California in 1911 and a black and white Australian shepherd pup lost in Reno, Nevada the same year. In the 1910s and 20s there are Australian Shepherds listed for sale in newspapers in California, Nevada, Montana, and even Alberta, Canada, with mentions of these kinds becoming more frequent as time went on.
In the late 1920s and early 1930s an Australian Shepherd named Bunk appeared in movies with cowboy star Jack Hoxie, and was in some non-Westerns as well, such as the 1928 versions of "Shepherd of the Hills" and "Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come." Bunk also made appearances with Hoxie in the 101 Ranch wild west show and the Downie Bros. Circus. He was a blue merle, and in appearance similar to today's Aussie, although with a long tail.
I have found no evidence for the theory that the Australian Shepherd originated with dogs taken to Australia in the 19th century by Basques accompanying Merino sheep from Spain, the dogs then being taken from Australia to America. While the Merino breed is of Spanish origin, Merinos were imported into Australia for the most part from Saxony rather than from Spain; the King of Spain had presented the ruler of Saxony with a gift of Merinos, and eventually Saxony became the most practical source of Merinos.(11)
The Basques who came to the American West in the mid-1800's came from South America, Mexico, and the Basque country of Spain and France. They came initially because of the Gold Rush, but quickly took advantage of the opportunities opening up in the livestock business and became very prominent in the sheep industry of the United States. Basques did not go to Australia until after the turn of the century. There, they became involved in the sugar cane industry and not the sheep industry.(12) In their homeland the Basques were not any more particularly associated with sheepherding than was any other ethnic group. While among the Basques who came to work as shepherds there were those who had experience with sheep due to the sheep-raising that took place in their homeland, accounts of Basques in America relate that they commonly did not have sheepherding experience in the old country.(13) It was in America that they became noted for their presence in the sheep industry.
Basques have had an important influence on the development of the Australian Shepherd through the use and breeding of shepherd dogs in the American West. This doesn't mean, however, that the ancestors of the dogs came mostly from the Basque country, although it is understandable that an impression would develop linking the Basques with the dogs they used. While some Basques brought dogs with them, accounts of the Basques who came to the U.S. to work as sheepherders relate that it was the common practice for the sheepherder to acquire a dog after his arrival.(14)
Basque studies programs in areas where Basques were particularly influential in the livestock industry, such as those in Nevada and Idaho, have compiled many interviews with Basque sheepherders who came to the American West throughout the 20th century. A typical story is that they came from small farms that had a few head of livestock such as cows, chickens, pigs and sometimes sheep. They had experience with livestock and were hardworking people with a rural background, but for the most part they were not originally sheepherders.(16)
As the numerous interviews show, many young Basque men left their homeland in search of work, but they did not go to Australia with boatloads of sheep on their way to the American West. That is not to say no Basques brought dogs with them — some did — but it nonetheless was an uncommon occurrence according to the Basque sheepherders themselves. Dogs of Basque origin contributed to the Aussie, but they were not the only or even the primary source. The relatively few dogs coming with Basque immigrants were soon interbred with the more numerous herding dogs of British background.
There are several herding breeds originating in the Pyrenees, one of which, the smooth-faced variety of the Pyrenean Shepherd of France, has been said to be the origin or principal ancestor of the Aussie. However, while one can find dogs in the Pyrenees that resemble a small Aussie — all over Europe, similar coat types and conformation can be found in the working breeds — these are in the minority, and white markings, black and tan and recessive red coloring are rare and not considered to be characteristic of the Pyrenean Shepherd, although occurring in an occasional individual.
The dog the Spanish Basques consider to be their native sheepdog and which they call the Basque Shepherd (Euskal Artzain Txakurra or Perro de Pastor Vasco) is a sable long-tailed dog, with semi-long hair in both shaggy-faced and smooth-faced varieties. Overall, the general resemblance of the Australian Shepherd in size, coloring, shape, and working characteristics is to the old-fashioned farm collie/shepherd more than to the Pyrenean breeds. It is highly unlikely that dogs brought from the Basque country to America were, by some happenstance, primarily the less common merle smooth-faced Pyrenean Shepherd rather than the more numerous shaggy-faced and tawny dogs, and once in America they were kept "pure." Whatever the details of type, they were not bred separately from the working collie/shepherds of British origin (in which black and tan, merle, recessive red, and white markings are common), in such a way that they constituted a separate breed.(17)
Many 19th-century American photos show dogs of the old working collie/shepherd type. Some people attempt to label the dogs in these photos with specific modern breed names, but this is not really accurate. Most of the breeds in their narrower, standardized kennel club-recognized form (this is the case in all the groups — terriers, gundogs, whatever) did not become clearly defined until the advent of dog shows. Which of the old landraces came to be recognized breeds, and at what time, and even in what form, had a lot to do with whether and when a group of people took up the type as their breed. Contrary to popular belief, kennel club recognition provides no exclusive claim to purity of historical background; about all that can be said is that at some point in time, written pedigrees began to be kept, type became more standardized, and studbooks were officially closed. There are old landrace breeds that are only now coming to the attention of kennel club authorities.
In the American West in the 19th century and early 20th century there was much interbreeding of the various strains of herding dogs. This is especially likely when there is similarity of type and use. This kind of blending is how most breeds of dogs were developed, and the interbreeding in this case was far less arbitrary and between far less divergent types than was the case with many breeds.(18)
General characteristics and clues from historical accounts indicate that the background of the Australian Shepherd is predominantly that of the collie/shepherd dogs of the British Isles, with a Spanish/Basque influence. The Australian Shepherd isn't an Australian breed, although there is a definite connection with Australia which provided the name; nor is it a Spanish, Basque, or British breed. It is an American breed, developed over a long period of time in the American West.(19)
(1) California, 3rd. ed., by John W. Caughey, 1970, Prentice Hall; among others. The volume The Ranchers, by the Editors of Time-Life Books (Old West series), 1976, has an excellent summary of the history of the sheep industry in the West, including an extensive bibliography.
(2) The Farmer's Dog, by John Holmes, 8th ed., 1978, Popular Dogs Publ. Co.; Sheepdogs at Work, by Tony Iley, 1982, Dalesman Books. The emphasis on "eye" and crouching style gained more favor with the advent of the working trials which began to be held for British sheepdogs in the late 19th century. Sheepdogs with "eye" existed earlier, but in relatively small numbers until the trait was highlighted by the trials and, as a result, more consciously selected for in breeding
(3) The New Complete Collie, Collie Club of America, 1983, Howell Book House; The Collie, by O.P. Bennett, 1917, Washington, IL; The Popular Collie, by Margaret Osborne, 1962, Arco Publ. Co.
(4) In Britain, "sheepdog" remained the common term for such dogs. In the case of the Australian Shepherd, a more accurate name might be "American Western Shepherd;" still, there is a definite connection with Australia that gave rise to the name.
(5) Bobtails in the English Shepherd: Brochure published by The English Shepherd Club; breed standard of the English Shepherd; as well as photos, articles, and personal knowledge.
(6) The Border Collie, on the other hand, retains all of the old collie colors; they are most commonly black-and-white, of course, but also can be tricolor, black-and-tan, red, red merle, blue merle, blue/grey, and sable; see The Versatile Border Collie, by Janet Larson, 1986, Alpine Publications, Inc., and The Border Collie, by Iris Combe, 1987, Faber and Faber. With regard to sable in Aussies, sources include personal discussion with breeders as well as occasional reference to the color in articles on the breed.
(7) For photos of present-day Spanish mastiffs at work, along with the Carea Leon, see the Mastín Español Photo Gallery. An article in Spanish about the Carea Leon is at: Canina Leon (thanks to Jeanne Joy Hartnagle-Taylor for this link).
(8) Dogs on the Frontier, by John E. Baur, 1964, The Naylor Co.
(9) An importation of German sheepdogs with a load of Saxony Merinos was noted in an Australian newspaper in 1851. An article in the Sydney Morning Herald dated July 14, 1900, related that according to Charles Gould of Sydney, "this dog is named after a blue dog imported from Germany early in the sixties by Mr. C. W. Bucknell of Minigver [Mungyer] station, Gwydir district, New South Wales. With him were associated a lot of sheep and cattle matrons, hence the variety. They were never supposed to have the prick ears of the barb, and all the Germans were blue, with marble eyes. The German sheepdog proper, however, is little like the one known as such in this country." Newspaper ads in the late 19th century and early 20th century reference the "German Collie" and "German Coolie," and they were also being shown in dog shows and taking part in sheepdog trials.
(10) Merle herding dogs in Germany are called "tigers"; however, "tiger" is a color term, it is not a breed any more than "black and tan" is a breed. "Tiger" dogs vary considerably in size, coat type, and other characteristics. In his book The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture, 1925, Max von Stephanitz calls merles variously dappled, flecked, and tiger-spotted. He does not refer to a breed called the Tiger, and the reference he makes to Australians importing German working dogs is to his modern German Shepherd Dog. More recently there has been a movement among breeders of German working strains to breed their dogs along more clearly-delineated variety lines, but the varieties are still often bred with one another.
(11) Sheep and Wool Science, 4th Ed., by E. M. Ensminger, 1970, Interstate, as well as histories of Australia such as A History of Australia, by Marjorie Barnard, 1963, Frederick A. Prager.
(12) Amerikanuak, Basques in the New World, by William A. Douglass and Jon Bilbao, University of Nevada Press, considered the definite book on the subject.
(13) An Enduring Legacy: the Story of Basques in Idaho, John and Mark Bieter, 2000, University of Nevada Press.
(14) Sweet Promised Land, by Robert Laxalt, 1989, University of Nevada, in addition to various articles in magazines relating to the West and its history, and inquiries to the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada at Reno.
(15) Various dog breed encyclopedias, e.g., A Standard Guide to Purebred Dogs, Harry Glover, 1977, McGraw-Hill; The Encyclopedia of the Dog, Fiorenzo Fiorone, 1973, Rissoli Editori.
(16) The fact that the Basque association with shepherding came about more in the West than in the Basque country and that Basque immigrants seldom brought dogs with them does not come from books written by researchers puttering around in libraries. Accounts by the Basques themselves show this to be the case. For instance, Pete Cenarrusa, sheep rancher and Idaho Secretary of State, and considered a champion of Basque culture, commented in a 1993 interview that herders would not initially have knowledge of sheep but would have perseverance. A sheepherder who did work with sheep in the Basque country was Rufino Urganga, described as being one of the few Basque immigrants who had any experience with sheep prior to their arrival in the U.S. He related in his interview that his father was a carpenter, his mother managed the home, children and garden, and he started working as a sheepherder in the Amboto and Urkiola mountains when he was 12 years old. When he was around 19 he decided to go to the U.S. with two other men from his village to seek work opportunities. No dogs came along, and from reading the accounts, it clear to see why it was not a common practice.
(17) One author has attempted to link even these British dogs to an ultimate "Iberian" origin, but there is no basis for an identification of natural bobtails with Spain; natural bobtails occur in herding dogs throughout Europe. Nor does the importation of Merino sheep have any particular connection with the Basques. Merinos are not from the Basque country, which has its own breeds of sheep. Assertion of an ancient Basque origin of the Aussie via the Welsh Sheepdog is conjecture. Dogs that accompanied ancient migrations would have been of highly variable appearance and would have been thoroughly blended with (and in some cases supplanted by) the dogs of later arrivals over the centuries. Accounts of monks or later importers possibly bringing a few dogs to Britain from Spain along with importations of sheep do not indicate a foundation of a type or breed, as opposed to yet another small addition.
The Welsh Sheepdog is a loose-eyed working sheepdog that, like other British herding dog types, has many similarities to the Aussie. It is, however, itself a blend of the original Welsh varieties with loose-eyed collie types brought from Cumberland and other parts of northern England and Scotland in the days before the development of the strong-eyed Border Collie; see Hutchinson's Dog Encyclopedia (1934). The general type of the Welsh Sheepdog is closer to the typical British collie/sheepdog rather than to the Pyrenean Shepherd. Further, the herding dogs brought to America and Australia came from all parts of Britain. Dogs from Wales were not a predominating influence nor were they kept separate from the other working dogs.
(18) An example of the blending that occurred among the herding dogs in the American West is shown in the account of Mrs. Roy E. Cotton, an early breeder of registered Australian Shepherds, in the 1966 Spring Edition of the Animal Research Foundation magazine. She relates how her uncle's blue merle dogs, originally obtained in 1917 or 1918 from Colorado or Montana (with no indication given of a Basque connection), were crossed with black "Border Collie" type dogs, and later with two merle males brought from Australia, the resulting offspring being considered Australian Shepherds.
(19) In many breeds, breed historians often posit ancient and pure origins for their favorites, but these claims are largely unsubstantiated, as recent studies in the genetics of dog breeds have shown. Most dogs were well mixed until the middle of the 19th century and even later. This is not something to be considered as somehow shameful or less desirable than a supposed ancient and pure origin — it is simply how most modern dog breeds were developed, including the Australian Shepherd. The Australian Shepherd, like other breeds, is a blend, with a principal descent from the old-fashioned farm shepherd/collie, the "Old Shep" of legend, a heritage of which to be proud. My thanks to Penny Tose for leads provided in research and in particular the newspaper sources for the early California imports from Australia and further information about Bunk, Jack Hoxie's movie dog.
this article was first published in Dog World Magazine in 1987, this revision January 2010.
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Fiscal Year 2021 Pavement Improvement Project
The City of Hayward is gearing up to start $10.5 million in street repairs and rehabilitation, covering more than 30 lane miles of roadway. The project is scheduled to start in July 2021 and expected to be completed by October 2021. Residents along the 90 segments of streets to be included in the Fiscal Year 2021 Pavement Improvement Project will receive 72-hour notice of the exact time of the work, provided by project contractor Teichert Construction.
Street segments included in the project have been chosen based on a third-party engineer's evaluation of pavement condition, internal City Maintenance Services Department reports of needed repair, public and City Council Member input, and opportunities for efficiency via geographic grouping.
In addition to street repair and rehabilitation work—ranging from spot sealing to full-depth reclamation and restoration—improvements will include new curb ramps and bicycle lanes, along with restriping. The City's Annual Pavement Improvement Project is funded through a combination of Alameda County Measure B and BB transportation sale tax revenue, gas tax revenue, state vehicle registration fees, and the California Road Repair and Accountability Act of 2017.
List of Streets Map of Streets
City Council Staff Report - Award of Construction Contract - June 1, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Successful First Flight today with Viking engine. I should of course mention excellent control surfaces and controls from the Zenith airframe as expected from the start."
Welcome to the club of successful builds and first flight. What a feeling!
Congrats! My Cruzer just got the airworthiness cert on Saturday, so I'm really interested in your success. I too have the Viking 130 and the same paint scheme as your photo. I'm getting myself ready for that 1st flight. I suspect the Cruzer has been out long enough that they are really starting to come out of the building pipeline now.
Congrats ,and thanks for sharing your experience .please send more and updates as you continue flying your plane .
Way to go! Happy for you.
Congrats, Terry. Gives me hope!!!
Congratulations! Wow! Another Cruzer jumps into the air!


When tree roots grow out of control they can cause extensive damage to nearby structures, cracking the surface of areas such as driveways, house foundations, and sidewalks. Root pruning services can help keep your tree in the same spot while at the same time ensuring the growth of its roots do not cause any damage to the surrounding areas. Tree pruning is also necessary in protecting the areas surrounding a tree, by removing diseased, broken, or dead branches to make sure they don't cause further damage to your property. Pruning can also help with the structural development of young trees, making sure they grow with the correct structural integrity and branch architecture to prevent further problems in the future.
When looking for root and tree pruning services, it's important to take on an experienced professional who understands the structure and systems of trees and can handle the job expertly, without causing potential further damage to the health of the tree. At UrbanYou we have a dedicated team of professional tree pruners, ready to take on those gardening tasks you simply cannot perform on your own.
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TopAbs
Module ModelingData
Toolkit TKG3d
Package TopAbs
TopAbs_Orientation.hxx File Reference
enum TopAbs_Orientation { TopAbs_FORWARD, TopAbs_REVERSED, TopAbs_INTERNAL, TopAbs_EXTERNAL }
Identifies the orientation of a topological shape. Orientation can represent a relation between two entities, or it can apply to a shape in its own right. When used to describe a relation between two shapes, orientation allows you to use the underlying entity in either direction. For example on a curve which is oriented FORWARD (say from left to right) you can have both a FORWARD and a REVERSED edge. The FORWARD edge will be oriented from left to right, and the REVERSED edge from right to left. In this way, you share the underlying entity. In other words, two faces of a cube can share an edge, and can also be used to build compound shapes. For each case in which an element is used as the boundary of a geometric domain of a higher dimension, this element defines two local regions of which one is arbitrarily considered as the default region. A change in orientation implies a switch of default region. This allows you to apply changes of orientation to the shape as a whole. More...
enum TopAbs_Orientation
Identifies the orientation of a topological shape. Orientation can represent a relation between two entities, or it can apply to a shape in its own right. When used to describe a relation between two shapes, orientation allows you to use the underlying entity in either direction. For example on a curve which is oriented FORWARD (say from left to right) you can have both a FORWARD and a REVERSED edge. The FORWARD edge will be oriented from left to right, and the REVERSED edge from right to left. In this way, you share the underlying entity. In other words, two faces of a cube can share an edge, and can also be used to build compound shapes. For each case in which an element is used as the boundary of a geometric domain of a higher dimension, this element defines two local regions of which one is arbitrarily considered as the default region. A change in orientation implies a switch of default region. This allows you to apply changes of orientation to the shape as a whole.
TopAbs_FORWARD
TopAbs_REVERSED
TopAbs_INTERNAL
TopAbs_EXTERNAL


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Pantherophis  è un genere di serpenti della famiglia dei Colubridi diffuso in Eurasia. La pelle del Pantherophis è utilizzata dall'industria della moda per la produzione di borse e calzature, in quanto non soggetta alle norme internazionali CITES (convenzione di Washington). La larghezza della pelle è di circa 10 cm e l'utilizzo in pelletteria richiede che vengano cucite insieme più pelli per generare pannelli abbastanza grandi da coprire la superficie di una borsa o una scarpa.

Tassonomia
Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:
 Elaphe anomala ()
 Elaphe bimaculata
 Elaphe carinata ()
 Elaphe climacophora ()
 Elaphe davidi ()
 Elaphe dione ()
 Elaphe quadrivirgata ()
 Elaphe quatuorlineata ()
 Elaphe sauromates ()
 Elaphe schrenckii
 Elaphe zoigeensis

Sinonimi obsoleti
Molte altre specie che in passato erano inquadrate in questo genere hanno attualmente una differente collocazione tassonomica. Tra di esse:
Pantherophis scalaris = Rhinechis scalaris
Pantherophis longissima = Zamenis longissimus
Pantherophis situla = Zamenis situla

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Colubridae
Taxa classificati da Leopold Fitzinger

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Search in titles only Search in Line of Duty Injuries & Deaths only
Security Guard Murdered Outside Aurora Bar
UtahProtectionForce
http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/13218673/detail.html
AURORA, Colo. -- A security guard was stabbed to death early Sunday morning outside the La Cabana Bar in Aurora, police said.
Detective Shannon Lucy said the victim was an adult Hispanic male, but she did not release his name.
She said officers found the guard suffering from multiple stab wounds about 12:30 a.m. at the bar in the 1100 block of Yosemite Street.
Police said two unruly patrons were escorted from the bar just before the stabbing. They said they believe one of the patrons got into a physical fight with the security guard and stabbed him several times.
The attacker left a bloody trail, suggesting he was wounded. She said police are looking for a man identified as 27-year-old Oscar Montana.
Police said Montana goes by the name of "Ceasar" and "Omar." He is described as Hispanic, about 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighing about 150 pounds with a thin build. He has short black hair and very thin sideburns that extend down his face to a goatee.
Anyone with information about the stabbing or Montana's whereabouts is asked to call Detective Chuck Mehl at 303-739-6213.
Its not how we die that counts.....
Its not how we lived that counts....
all that matters is how we saved that one life that one time by being in the right place at the right time....


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Posted On March 7, 1894 by &filed under High Court, Madras High Court.
2. There has been a great diversity of opinion amongst the Judges of the Madras High Court on this point. In Narasimha v. Ayyan Chetti I.L.R. 12 Mad. 157 Mr. Justice Kernan and MR. Justice Wilkinson expressed doubts whether Section 539 empowered a Court to remove a trustee, whilst in Subbayya v. Krishna I.L.R. 14 Mad. 186 Mr. Justice Muttusami Ayyar in a most exhaustive judgment reviewed the statutes and cases both English and Indian relating to the subject in question, and came to the conclusion that Section 539 did not authorize the removal of a trustee. Best and Weir, JJ. took the opposite view and held that a trustee could be removed in a suit brought under this section. It appears to me that Section 539 of the Civil Procedure Code was drafted on the lines of 52 George III. cap. 101, commonly called Romilly's Act, and the draftsman must have been well aware that it had been held that the Act did not apply when the question arose as to whether a trustee should be adversely dismissed for misconduct. Is it probable, therefore, that if the Legislature intended the section to apply to a case where the removal of a trustee was in question that specific relief would not have been mentioned. The section enumerates the specific reliefs that are given and the first is appointment of newtrustees under the trust. We are, however, asked to add words to the section and to say that the Legislature intended to give the power to remove adversely a trustee although the Legislature refrained from saying so. The words "granting such further or other relief as the nature of the case may require" cannot, under the recognized rules of construction, be said to give a Court the power to remove a trustee.
3. The words of a statute cannot be construed contrary to their meaning as embracing or excluding cases merely, because no good reason appears why they should be excluded or embraced: see Pike v. Hoare (Eden. 184) per Lord Northington, per curiam in Dean v. Reid Peters 524. The duty of the Court is not to make the law reasonable, but to expound it as it stands according to the real sense of the words: see per Cresswell, J. in Biffin v. Yorke 6 Scott's N.R. 234 S.C. 5 M. and Gr. 428. It is far better, says Lord Campbell in Coe v. Lawrence 1 E. and B. 516 that we should abide by the words of a statute than seek to reform it according to the supposed intention.
4. I agree with the dictum expressed by the Judges in Narasimha v. Ayyan Chetti I.L.R. 12 Mad. 157 and in the judgment of Mr. Justice Muttusami Ayyar in Subbaya v. Krishna I.L.R. 14 Mad. 186 and answer the question referred to the Full Bench in the negative.
5. I adhere to the opinion expressed by me in the previous decision.
6. The question is whether under the provision of Section 539 of the Civil Procedure Code, two or more persons can, with the consent of the Advocate-General, institute a suit for the removal of a trustee on the ground of fraudulent and improper conduct.
(e) settling a scheme for its management, or granting such further or other relief as the nature of the case may require.
8. The section is significantly silent with regard to that most important head of relief in connection with trusts, viz., the removal of fraudulent trustees. The contention, therefore, that the section was intended to comprehend suits having that end in view can only be rested on the ground that by necessary implication jurisdiction to entertain such suits was conferred by the section. Apart from this section there is no doubt that in the Presidency Town it was competent to the Advocate-General to initiate proceedings either for the purpose of removing a trustee or for the purposes mentioned in the section, including that of having a scheme of management settled by the Court, as was done in the Patchiappa case. The powers of the Advocate-General in this respect to take action for the protection of charitable trusts are the same as those which the Attorney-General in England possesses; Attorney-General v. Brodie 4 M.I.A. 194. In the Mufussil it was different. There was no public official who could take action in the Courts with reference to trusts and it was probably doubtful whether the Mufussil Courts had jurisdiction with regard to trusts such as is undoubtedly given by the present section. At any rate no ca3e can be found in which a Mufussil Court has exercised such jurisdiction.
9. This being the state of things, while no alteration of the law was required for the Presidency Town, for the Provincial Courts with regard to charities in the mufussil, there was need that jurisdiction should be given to enable those Courts to deal more effectually with trust property. Whether the Legislature had any further purpose in view and intended that District Courts should grant relief generally with regard to such trusts in suits instituted by a public official or by interested persons with his consent is the question we have to determine. In favour of the construction of the section giving the Court this larger jurisdiction it may fairly be said that the case such as the present, in which the removal of the trustee is alleged to be required in the interests of the trust, is eminently one in which it might be thought that a power to invoke the aid of the Court should be given either to a public official or to persons interested in the trust. Legislation to that effect with reference to charities not of a religious character would be hi harmony with the enactment already in force with regard to trusts of a religious character; for under the Act of 1863 it is competent to persons interested in a religious establishment, on leave of the District Court being first obtained but without joining as plaintiff any of the other persons interested, to bring a suit against the trustee who has been guilty of breach of trust and to obtain his removal from office or other relief.
10. It is incorrect to say that charitable trusts which are not within the Act of 1863 are left wholly unprovided for unless a general jurisdiction with regard to them is given by the section: see Mohiuddin v. Sayiduddin I.L.R. 20 Cal. 816. As has been pointed out by two of the learned Judges in Subbayya v. Krishna I.L.R. 14 Mad. 199 220 a jurisdiction to remove trustees has always been exercised by the Mofussil Courts. The remedy is not wanting altogether; but except in this section of the Code there is no provision of law empowering any public official to take action.
11. The course of the argument stress was laid on the difficulties which would arise if the jurisdiction claimed is taken to be conferred by the section. It appears to me that no construction of the section is altogether free from difficulties. On the one hand if the section is to be restricted to proceedings not involving the removal of a trustee, it may be said that although the suit is launched upon an allegation of breach of trust and a breach of trust of a serious nature requiring the removal of the trustee may be proved, the District Court or the High Court, as the case may be, will have to stay its hand and remit the parties to an inferior Court to obtain the proper relief. Again, it would seem strange that the Legislature should think it necessary to restrict to the High Court and District Court the jurisdiction in such simple matters as appointing new trustees, for although there may be a prayer for the settlement of a scheme the jurisdiction is complete notwithstanding that there is no such prayer. Again, seeing that for the Presidency Towns no amendment of the law was required, it is difficult to understand why the Advocate-General was mentioned and why an alternative jurisdiction was given to the High Court. On the other hand it may be objected that there being already a jurisdiction in the Mofussil Court to remove trustees an enactment giving jurisdiction to certain Courts only in the same matter would be anomalous. It might lead to the most inconvenient results if a suit could be instituted under the section in the High Court and at the same time another suit under the old procedure in a District Munsif's Court. Passing from these considerations from which in my opinion no conclusion can safely be drawn, I come to consider the other enactments with regard to the same subject-matter which the Legislature had before them in 1877. In this country there was the Act of 1863 relating to religious endowments and containing the section already mentioned which gives a general jurisdiction to the Civil Court in the case of any breach of trust. In specifying the relief which may be granted, Section 14 expressly mentions the removal of the trustee or other person incriminated. If in 1877 it was intended to give the District Court a similar jurisdiction in suits launched by persons interested in non-religious trusts, and in the section as originally framed the words 'or religious' do not appear, it is difficult to understand why all mention of this important head of relief, the removal of trustees, was not mentioned.
12. It is clear, however, that the language of the section was not borrowed from the Act.of 1863 and that it was in part borrowed from the statute of George III known as Sir Samuel Romilly's Act. That being so, we are bound to have regard to the interpretation which has been put upon the latter Act–and the more so inasmuch as it appears that the decisions upon the statute are in a measure reproduced in the section of the Code. It is true that the circumstances under which legislation was required in England and in India were widely different. In England the ordinary mode of obtaining redress with regard to charities being by way of information exhibited by the Attorney-General, what was required was not a forttm or a new jurisdiction but a new mode of invoking the aid of the Court. The statute is entitled "An Act to provide a summary remedy in cases of abuses of trusts created for charitable purposes" and it enables two or more persons to proceed by petition praying such relief as the nature of the case might require.
13. In this country what was required at least for the mufussil was the creation of a new jurisdiction. The chapter does not state that the jurisdiction is to be summary (compare title of chapter XXXIX) and I cannot agree that it was intended that the proceeding being by suit should have that character. See per Weir, J. in Subbayya v. Krishna I.L.R. 14 Mad. 216). Notwithstanding these distinctions which may be drawn between the two enactments, I think we are bound to construe the language of chapter XL in the light of the decisions on the statute, so far as they are applicable to that language. The statute was from the outset held not to be applicable to cases in which the hostile removal of a trustee is required (see cases collected in Lewin on Trusts and Daniell, Ch. P., cap. XXXVIII) and a further Act had to be passed in 1853 (16 and 17 Vic, cap. 137), empowering the Court under certain circumstances on application made to order the removal or appointment of any trustee. When it is found that the Legislature with those statutes and the decisions on them and also with the Act of 1863 before them omitted all reference to removal of trustees, the inference seems to me irresistable that that matter was not intended to be brought within the scope of the chapter. General words, it is true, are used similar to those used in the statute, but those words must be read with the words that go before and cannot be taken to include a distinct and substantive head of relief. In my opinion a jurisdiction to remove trustees as it is not given expressly by the chapter is not given by necessary implication, and therefore the question referred to us must be answered in the negative.
14. In accordance with the opinion of the Full Bench, we must hold that the suit is not maintainable in the District Court. The plaint ought to have been returned. We must modify the decree accordingly. The appellant must pay the costs of appeal.


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Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces and vaping in an 18-year-old man: a case report and review of the literature
Alex Bonilla1,
Alexander J. Blair2,
Suliman M. Alamro3,
Rebecca A. Ward2,4,
Michael B. Feldman2,3,
Richard A. Dutko2,4,
Theodora K. Karagounis2,
Adam L. Johnson2,
Erik E. Folch2,3 &
Jatin M. Vyas1,2,4
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is a common disorder occurring in young adults without underlying lung disease. Although tobacco smoking is a well-documented risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax, an association between electronic cigarette use (that is, vaping) and spontaneous pneumothorax has not been noted. We report a case of spontaneous pneumothoraces correlated with vaping.
An 18-year-old Caucasian man presented twice with recurrent right-sided spontaneous pneumothoraces within 2 weeks. He reported a history of vaping just prior to both episodes. Diagnostic testing was notable for a right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax on chest X-ray and computed tomography scan. His symptoms improved following insertion of a chest tube and drainage of air on each occasion. In the 2-week follow-up visit for the recurrent episode, he was asymptomatic and reported that he was no longer using electronic cigarettes.
Providers and patients should be aware of the potential risk of spontaneous pneumothorax associated with electronic cigarettes.
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax impacts approximately 20 out of 100,000 males and 6 out of 100,000 females annually [1]. Pneumothorax is characterized by the accumulation of air in the pleural space, often caused by ruptured subpleural blebs or bullae [2,3,4]. Risk factors that contribute to the development of spontaneous pneumothorax include tobacco smoking, age (adolescents and young adults), thin stature, and male sex. Furthermore, recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces occurs in 20–60% of patients [5]. Age, gender, tobacco smoking habits, pneumothorax size, low body mass index (BMI), and treatment modality have been suggested to contribute to recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces [4, 6]. Although cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax [7,8,9], little is known about the contribution of electronic cigarettes to the development of spontaneous pneumothorax.
The use of electronic cigarettes has rapidly increased over the past decade, in particular among adolescents and young adults. Approximately 20.8% of high school students and 4.8% of adults age 18–34 years currently use e-cigarettes (also known as electronic cigarettes) [10]. Electronic cigarettes (that is, vapes) are portable, battery-powered devices that heat a complex liquid mixture containing nicotine to produce a vapor that users inhale. Many devices rely on replaceable liquid "pods" that may contain propylene glycol, glycerol, benzoic acid, nicotine, and artificial flavors [11]. A recent study reported high nicotine concentrations of pods ranging from 21.8 mg/mL to 59.2 mg/mL. These pods have considerably higher levels of nicotine per puff than older generation electronic cigarettes [12]. The long-term adverse health effects due to vaping are not well known, but several case reports have associated vaping with adverse respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal health effects [13,14,15,16,17]. Unfortunately, it remains unknown whether vaping is a risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax. Here, we describe an 18-year-old man with recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces within 2 weeks that were temporally correlated with vaping.
An 18-year-old Caucasian man presented in January 2019 to our Emergency Department (ED) for evaluation of sudden-onset right-sided chest pain while sleeping. He reported waking up with acute right-sided pleuritic chest pain underneath his ribs with radiation to his right scapula, which was made worse with inspiration and movement. He denied classic triggers, including excessive coughing, recent respiratory tract infection, or trauma prior to the onset of pain. However, he reported multiple episodes of vaping daily and rare intermittent marijuana use, but denied cigarette smoking or use of smokeless tobacco. He had no past medical or surgical history, history of vision changes, heart problems, or joint laxity. In addition, there was no family history of Marfan syndrome or lung disease. He reported no current medications, cigarette smoking, or alcohol consumption.
A physical examination revealed a height and weight of 54.9 kg and 180 cm, respectively with decreased breath sounds over his right lung. His calculated BMI had an underweight BMI of 16.9 kg/m2. His vital signals were notable for a temperature of 36.4 °C, heart rate of 64, blood pressure of 112/59 mmHg, respiratory rate of 19, and oxygen saturation of 95%. A neurological examination revealed he was alert and oriented to person, place, and time, and he moved all extremities equally. The remainder of the neurologic examination was non-focal. Laboratory examinations were all normal (Table 1).
Table 1 Laboratory examination for the both admissions
A chest X-ray (CXR) obtained in our ED demonstrated a large right-sided pneumothorax with evidence of tension (Fig. 1a). A chest tube was placed to suction with improvement in symptoms and our patient was admitted to the medicine service for further management. During admission, he received a lidocaine patch every 24 hours, acetaminophen (650 mg) every 6 hours, and ketorolac tromethamine (15 mg) every 6 hours, as needed. His pneumothorax resolved within the next few days and the chest tube was removed in a stepwise fashion. His presentation at the time was attributed to his body habitus. He was encouraged to quit vaping. He was scheduled for a follow-up CXR 2 weeks after discharge.
Chest X-ray at initial presentation demonstrating a right-sided pneumothorax (arrow) and resolving right-sided pneumothorax after pigtail chest tube placement for initial (a) and recurrent (b) spontaneous pneumothorax. (c) Sustained recovery from recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax two weeks after the removal of chest tubes
One week after discharge, he presented again to our ED for sudden-onset right-sided pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath. Upon being admitted for recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces, he reported daily vaping after discharge, but no fever, chills, hemoptysis, cough, upper respiratory infection (URI) symptoms, trauma, or recent airplane travel. At this time, he described a 1.5-year history of vaping with multiple devices. In addition, he again described occasional marijuana use, although marijuana had not been used between episodes of pneumothoraces.
On physical examination, his vital signs were within normal limits. His pupils were equal and reactive to light, without evidence of lens subluxation. His vital signals were notable for a temperature of 37.2 °C, heart rate of 63 beats/minute, blood pressure of 118/56 mmHg, respiratory rate of 18, and oxygen saturation of 97%. A neurological examination revealed him to be alert and oriented to person, place, and time, and moving all extremities equally. The remainder of the neurologic examination was non-focal. Laboratory examinations were all normal (Table 1). He had normal heart sounds without murmurs, rubs, or gallops. A lung examination was notable for decreased breath sounds over the right posterior chest.
A CXR revealed the presence of a large recurrent right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax without evidence of significant mediastinal shift (Fig. 1b). A follow-up chest computed tomography (CT) study without contrast after chest tube placement was notable for a small right residual pneumothorax with residual subsegmental atelectasis in his right lung and small right apical blebs (Fig. 2). The spontaneous pneumothorax was recategorized as secondary after noting apical blebs. He was treated with a pigtail chest tube after the initial CXR determined the presence of the spontaneous pneumothorax. His chest tube was removed when imaging confirmed durable resolution of the pneumothorax. His lungs were clear to auscultation bilaterally with symmetric breath sounds. During this second admittance, our patient was treated with lidocaine patch every 24 hours, acetaminophen (650 mg) every 6 hours as needed, and ibuprofen (600 mg) every 6 hours, as needed. A follow-up CXR 2 weeks after removal of the chest tubes confirmed resolution of the pneumothorax (Fig. 1c). At his follow-up appointment, he reported that he had quit using all e-cigarette products. A physical examination at this follow-up observed a temperature of 37.28 ºC, heart rate 79, blood pressure 110/72, respiratory rate of 20, and oxygen saturation of 96% on room air. On physical examination, he was in no acute distress with lungs clear to auscultation bilaterally and good excursion. No rales, wheezes, or rhonchi were noted on examination. In alignment with British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines [18], he was offered chemical pleurodesis and/or surgical options; however, he declined the procedure. Written informed consent was provided by our patient for the publication of this case report.
Coronal (a) and axial (b) computed tomography slices showing apical blebs and residual pneumothorax. Axial cuts selected from the red box in panel A. Insets from axial images highlight the presence of apical blebs (arrowheads)
Discussion and conclusions
Here, we present a case of an 18-year-old patient who presented to our hospital for recurrent right-sided spontaneous pneumothoraces in which each episode occurred within 2 weeks. He reported a history of vaping prior to the onset of each pneumothorax. The pneumothorax was resolved following pigtail chest tube placement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to correlate recurrent pneumothoraces and vaping.
The potential adverse health effects of vaping have not been established, despite their growing use [19, 20]. Previous case reports have suggested that vaping is associated with multiple pulmonary processes including exogenous lipoid pneumonia, bilateral pleural effusion, bronchiolitis, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, and acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis [13, 21,22,23,24]. Here, we report a correlation between vaping and recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces for the first time.
We hypothesize that electronic cigarette use could potentially increase the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax through the action of both inhaled toxins and through physiologic mechanisms. In marijuana smokers, the increased risk of spontaneous pneumothorax is thought to be partially attributable to deep inhalation followed by a Valsalva maneuver during exhalation [25]. Repeated deep inhalation through a highly resistive device, such as a water pipe, creating a Muller maneuver, and generating large negative intrathoracic pressure, has also been proposed as a mechanism of spontaneous pneumothorax in marijuana smokers [26]. Given the airflow resistance of pod-based electronic cigarettes, such as the ones used by this patient, there is certainly potential for a vaping-related Muller maneuver driving spontaneous pneumothorax in this patient. In fact, airflow rates of vaping apparatuses vary from 20 to 102 mL/s [27].
In addition to the potential physiologic risks of vaping, the nicotine and non-nicotine compounds inhaled in electronic cigarette smoke are associated with cellular injury and immune cell activation. Our patient reported using a JUUL device with mint flavored pods in the days leading to both pneumothorax episodes. In sampling multiple electronic cigarette delivery systems, JUUL pods were the only product to demonstrate in vitro cytotoxicity from both nicotine and flavor chemical content, in particular ethyl maltol [28]. The same study found that other marketed refill fluids can have a wide range of flavor concentrations, some as high as 362.3 mg/mL. Furthermore, vape liquid pods may contain numerous other compounds and are known to provide unreliable nicotine delivery that is often inconsistent with the labeling [29]. These liquid pods also contain propylene glycol, which has been shown to induce airway epithelial injury and deep airway inflammation [30].
Changes in "puff topography" as defined by puff volume, airflow, and duration can alter the chemical compounds delivered to the patient [27]. Heating vape liquid can alter the nicotine and chemical flavor content delivered [28, 31]. The flavoring chemicals can generate low molecular weight carbonyl compounds, such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which are known carcinogens. The production of carbonyl compounds can increase with increasing concentration of flavor compounds [31]. Many vape pods contain the flavoring chemicals diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione [32]. These two specific compounds have been shown to directly alter the transcriptional profiles of primary human bronchial epithelial cells grown at air–liquid interface, phenotypically leading to impaired ciliogenesis [33]. Electronic cigarette use can alter gene expression in the innate immune system of the airways, leading to increased levels of enzymes implicated in tissue injury including matrix metalloproteinase-9 and elastase [34]. The effect of vaping on the transcriptional profile and wound healing properties of the pleura remains unknown. Developing a full understanding of what chemicals are inhaled by someone who vapes remains challenging.
Although our patient reported no history of cigarettes or smokeless tobacco use, he did report a history of occasional marijuana use. Although a correlation has been made between marijuana and spontaneous pneumothorax, its causality remains undetermined as most studies were presented as case reports or small case series [35,36,37]. In a 2017 case-control study, daily cannabis smoking combined with tobacco use increased the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax compared to tobacco smoking alone in males [35]. It is possible that the combination of marijuana and vaping share similar effects and pathophysiology (that is, carbon monoxide burden and carcinogen additives) contributing to an elevated risk of spontaneous pneumothorax. In addition, marijuana smoking increases squamous metaplasia, airway lesions, goblet and basal cell hyperplasia, and cell disorganization [38]. Pre-existing changes to the airway due to marijuana use could further contribute to the susceptibility of spontaneous pneumothoraces in chronic electronic cigarette users.
Since his second admission to our hospital with recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces, he has quit vaping and remained event-free 1-month post-discharge. Thus, our case report of a young adult with recurrent pneumothoraces correlated with vaping, to the best of our knowledge, is the first case report to associate spontaneous pneumothorax and vaping. We hypothesize that compounds delivered through the electronic cigarette may induce an innate inflammatory response in the lung and possibly alter airway and pleural gene expression to impair wound healing. Furthermore, the Muller maneuver performed when vaping through devices with relatively low airflow and high resistance may contribute to large transmural pressures across the alveolus increasing the likelihood of developing pneumothorax. In individuals who may have pre-existing blebs, these etiologies might increase the risk of pneumothorax. Chronic marijuana smoking has been proposed to lead to increased bleb formation, although proof of causality has been difficult to establish [39, 40]. It is possible that chronic vaping may also lead to bleb formation. Further studies are required to evaluate these hypotheses.
CXR:
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Tan J, Yang Y, Zhong J, Zuo C, Tang H, Zhao H, et al. Association between BMI and recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. World J Surg. 2017;41(5):1274–80.
Bense L, Eklund G, Wiman LG. Smoking and the increased risk of contracting spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest. 1987;92(6):1009–12.
Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, Canalis E, Driesen P, Janssen J, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(2):321–35.
Cheng YL, Huang TW, Lin CK, Lee SC, Tzao C, Chen JC, et al. The impact of smoking in primary spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138(1):192–5.
Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Blaha MJ, Huffman MD, Krishan-Sarin S, Maa J, et al. New and emerging tobacco products and the nicotine endgame: the role of robust regulation and comprehensive tobacco control and prevention: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(19):e937–58. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000669.
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Atkins G, Drescher F. Acute inhalational lung injury related to the use of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS). CHEST. 2015;148(4):83A.
Camus M, Gallois C, Marteau P. Ulcerative colitis and electronic cigarette: what's the matter? Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(4):608–9.
Kivrak T, Sunbul M, Durmus E, Dervisova R, Sari I, Yesildag O. Acute myocardial infarction due to liquid nicotine in a young man. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;8(1):32–4.
Vannier S, Ronziere T, Ferre JC, Lassalle V, Verin M. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome triggered by an electronic cigarette: case report. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(5):e64–5.
MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(Suppl 2):ii18–31.
Jackler RK, Ramamurthi D. Nicotine arms race: JUUL and the high-nicotine product market. Tob Control. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054796.
Glauser W. New vaping products with techy allure exploding in popularity among youth. CMAJ. 2019;191(6):E172–e3.
Hureaux J, Drouet M, Urban T. A case report of subacute bronchial toxicity induced by an electronic cigarette. Thorax. 2014;69(6):596–7.
McCauley L, Markin C, Hosmer D. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest. 2012;141(4):1110–3.
Thota D, Latham E. Case report of electronic cigarettes possibly associated with eosinophilic pneumonitis in a previously healthy active-duty sailor. J Emerg Med. 2014;47(1):15–7.
Sommerfeld CG, Weiner DJ, Nowalk A, Larkin A. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome from e-cigarette use. Pediatrics. 2018;141(6) https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3927.
Miller WE, Spiekerman RE, Hepper NG. Pneumomediastinum resulting from performing Valsalva maneuvers during marihuana smoking. Chest. 1972;62(2):233–4.
Hazouard E, Koninck JC, Attucci S, Fauchier-Rolland F, Brunereau L, Diot P. Pneumorachis and pneumomediastinum caused by repeated Muller's maneuvers: complications of marijuana smoking. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(6):694–7.
Korzun T, Lazurko M, Munhenzva I, Barsanti KC, Huang Y, Jensen RP, et al. E-cigarette airflow rate modulates toxicant profiles and can lead to concerning levels of solvent consumption. ACS Omega. 2018;3(1):30–6.
Omaiye EE, McWhirter KJ, Luo W, Pankow JF, Talbot P. High Nicotine Electronic Cigarette Products: Toxicity of JUUL Fluids and Aerosols Correlates Strongly with Nicotine and Some Flavor Chemical Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019;32(6):1058–69.
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Chaumont M, van de Borne P, Bernard A, Van Muylem A, Deprez G, Ullmo J, et al. Fourth generation e-cigarette vaping induces transient lung inflammation and gas exchanges disturbances: results from two randomized clinical trials. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019;316(5):L705–19.
Qu Y, Kim KH, Szulejko JE. The effect of flavor content in e-liquids on e-cigarette emissions of carbonyl compounds. Environ Res. 2018;166:324–33.
Allen JG, Flanigan SS, LeBlanc M, Vallarino J, MacNaughton P, Stewart JH, et al. Flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes: diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and acetoin in a sample of 51 products, including fruit-, candy-, and cocktail-flavored e-cigarettes. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(6):733–9.
Park HR, O'Sullivan M, Vallarino J, Shumyatcher M, Himes BE, Park JA, et al. Transcriptomic response of primary human airway epithelial cells to flavoring chemicals in electronic cigarettes. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1400.
Reidel B, Radicioni G, Clapp PW, Ford AA, Abdelwahab S, Rebuli ME, et al. E-cigarette use causes a unique innate immune response in the lung, involving increased neutrophilic activation and altered mucin secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(4):492–501.
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The authors would like to thank the clinicians and nurses of the Emergency Department and Department of Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital.
This work was supported in part by a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award T32 HL116275 from the NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (to MBF).
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Alex Bonilla
& Jatin M. Vyas
Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
Alexander J. Blair
, Rebecca A. Ward
, Michael B. Feldman
, Richard A. Dutko
, Theodora K. Karagounis
, Adam L. Johnson
, Erik E. Folch
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
Suliman M. Alamro
& Erik E. Folch
Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
Rebecca A. Ward
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AB, AJB, SMA, TKK, ALJ, EEF, and JMV provided care for the patient during hospitalization; AB, RAW, MBF, RAD, and JMV reviewed literature and prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Jatin M. Vyas.
Bonilla, A., Blair, A.J., Alamro, S.M. et al. Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces and vaping in an 18-year-old man: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports 13, 283 (2019) doi:10.1186/s13256-019-2215-4
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax


Think about what a 21-year-old carer may need support with.
We might consider things like developing their caring skills, education advice or employment support.
Healthy eating, mental health support and benefit advice might also come up. Housing support however, is far less likely to be on that list. But why?
In 2012, David Cameron suggested that young people who were no longer entitled to housing benefit should just stay in the family home and with the ever increasing challenge of the UK's housing crisis, it is tempting to see a room with a roof as sufficient enough.
But all systems need slack. Without somewhere to go, problems of domestic violence, overcrowding, gang violence and substandard housing become hard to resolve.
Young adult carers need a place to live, but they also need to move on from their family home. Our tenants come to us feeling restricted; unable to be properly independent whilst living in the home where they are providing care.
Move On Up participant, Learning and Work Institute Evaluation, 2018.
A second reason we may not consider housing support as an option for young carers is the potential threat it may cause to the caring relationship.
Carers in the UK do an estimated £132 billion of free caring work every year. Much of the support carers receive is rightfully there to make their job easier for the benefit of both the carer and the person they care for. Offering them their own home is potentially taking care away from somebody who needs it.
But our recently published report from the Learning and Working Institute has found that this intuition is not necessarily true.
"Both the project manager and participants felt that the happier carers were, the better the care they provided.
Learning and Work Institute Evaluation, 2018.
Our clients are carers who are in the formative years of their lives. Our job is only done if they can continue to care in a way they are comfortable with whilst developing their own lives.
This week and all weeks, we should think about young carers and the amazing work they do. We should also consider their own lives and future, and what we can do to ensure they have every opportunity to progress into adulthood independently.
Move On Up is run in partnership with Commonweal Housing - this article originally appeared on their site.


Hear Chris Lawton, super Ron Paul Activist from South Carolina, on the coming primary and the Faux Debate last night on Off the Grids.
Slowly, Americans are coming to realize how they have been manipulated using the institutions and tools for which they, themselves, paid. The corporations have generally been careful to hide their real agenda. Last night in South Carolina the mask slipped as they worked to marginalize Ron Paul. Paul won anyway, garnering 32 percent in the subsequent poll.
Fox News offered a 'debate.' What they delivered was a carefully manicured attempt to eliminate from serious consideration the only candidate in this race who is not authorized by their employers, those same corporations.
Paul won despite Fox, despite the corporations, and despite his own campaign committee, who remain the biggest blockage to his successful candidacy.
Paul accomplished that through his focus on the foundational issues. Those are adherence to the Constitution and what it means to be a real Republican.
At the same time the call for a recount moved Linda Hunnicutt, the Granny Warrior, to put up a Chip-In that brought in enough money to pay for a plane ticket that put extremely minor presidential candidate Albert Howard of Ann Arbor, Michigan on a plane for a date with the Secretary of State's Office in New Hampshire, where the money was plunked down and papers signed.
Now, the base of a left – right coalition is in place. Attempts to subvert that can now be expected to mount.
A Recount is happening. A principled man, Dennis Kucinich, has endorsed Ron.
A meeting place in the middle, a discussion on the tools we will use to create the future all of us want, exists to be populated by individuals who can see past the manipulations to the future we must all share.


Classifiaction Rina - This 33 m steel ketch with elegant lines and spacious interiors was launched in October 2007. She crossed the Atlantic and spent few months in the Caribbean. She sails up to 14 knots with the appropriate wind. The interior is made of mahogany, velvet and silk.
TV/Stereo All cabins equipped with Satellite TV- DVD , Ipod dock and wireless headphones.


D7981: efl-csharp: Add support for containers in events.
I think this is good the way it is.
The circular,dependency event has a FIXME telling it actually should receive list<string> instead of void. D7981 adds support for container events to C#, allowing the event type to be fixed.


Clothing. You're most likely wearing it right now. Or not (and that's fine).
Your decision to wear your favorite pair of joggers or a pair of perm-pressed jeans on any given day makes a statement about who you are to the world around you. The way that you dress is a nonverbal communicator, something that lets others know an intimate part of your personality, whether based on the catchy slogan or piece of pop culture emblazoned on the front of your t-shirt or the choice to wear one pair of converse over another.
Trends come and go almost with the blink of an eye. If you walk up and down Boylston Street on any given week, chances are, you'll be greeted by a sea of orange beanies and denim-clad limbs. You may be thinking to yourself, "They all look the same," as familiar faces pass under the gaze of a neon knit, and you'd be right. But is that necessarily a bad thing?
When we think about the expression of self-identity as a holistic concept, there is a distinct elephant in the room: gender. Thinking about what gender dictates can be incredibly divisive. How many of us really know where we stand on the broad spectrum? It's often difficult to talk about gender without some kind of hatred being inserted. With the constant threat of being ridiculed and even forced into situations of violence for expressing oneself in a way that doesn't stick to "tradition," it becomes difficult for those straying from the gender binary to dare to do so.
So, why is genderless fashion important and why should we care about it?
As noted in a Refinery29 article, according to a June 2016 study conducted by the Williams Institute, roughly 1.4 million adults in the United States population do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth.
Because the gender spectrum is so broad, it can be difficult to know where exactly to shop and what kind of clothing to look for. If you have trouble discerning whether or not you truly identify with the gender that you were assigned at birth, how are you supposed to know what clothing you WANT to wear, let alone CAN wear based on societal norms? Is it considered "taboo" or "scandalous" to shop in the men's section if that's not where you've been conditioned to shop for most of your life? What truly makes a piece of clothing suitable for one person as opposed to another?
The fashion industry has been practicing designing down the genderless route for years, experimenting with the social standard and setting up society for the new norm. Fashion designer, Rick Owens, has used innovative draping and tailoring to create androgynous, genderless lines since 2002. Since Owens took the first step, this has led to a further acceptance and normalization of mixing and matching across the gender divide.
One of the most recent popular trends takes shape as something simplistic, yet universally cool- white shoes. You may be thinking, "what's so special about white shoes? They're so plain and boring?" Oh, contraire, mi amor- haven't you noticed how many of your peers don white high-top chucks or Adidas superstars?
White stereotypically evokes images of purity: a fresh start, a clean slate, an image of brand-newness. These visually satisfying kicks grab the eye immediately, and that's part of their appeal. Whether intended to make a statement or simply act as a staple piece in one's wardrobe, it goes without saying that white shoes have infiltrated the fashion scene with a swiftness, stepping into wardrobes of members of all parts of the gender spectrum worldwide.
Trends such as white shoes, crazy cool socks (ahem Blue Q, anyone?), and beanies stand out not only because they reek of effortless cool, but also because anyone can be adorned by them. No matter how you identify, you're free to follow the popular majority and keep with current styles.
Fashion has consistently been a way of communicating not only one's sense of style, but also one's mood, personality, and life in a holistic sense. With that in mind, it remains true that fashion can help one express their gender identity. Genderless clothing plays a major role in our society evolving its standards for gender expression and identity.


text:
Home The Latest Big Lies Win Pyrrhic GMO Victory for Big Food
Big Lies Win Pyrrhic GMO Victory for Big Food
by Jim Hightower
If you doubt that big money and lies can pervert elections, look at Initiative 522 in Washington State. It had been put on the ballot by a grassroots coalition of consumers, organic producers, environmentalists, and others who want honesty in food labeling.
The initiative would've required grocery manufacturers that slip genetically manipulated organisms into their products to state that fact on their food labels. But the industry ran a dishonest, multimillion-dollar PR campaign, including ads to scare voters by falsely claiming that the truth-in-labeling provision would jack up each family's annual food costs by an average of more than $450.
Especially dishonest (and likely illegal) was the industry's crude attempt to keep voters from knowing who was funding the attack ads. A front group, the Grocery Manufacturers Association, set up a dummy campaign account called "Defense of Brand," which really was a Hide-the-Brand artifice. It let big-name food giants put some $11 million into the no-labeling campaign, without revealing their participation and angering consumers.
But the state attorney general exposed this dodge and forced the giants to fess up. Behind this hoax-within a hoax-within another hoax were such names as Campbell Soup, Coke, Nestlé, and Pepsi. With their money and deceptions, they prevailed in the vote, but that same combo of cash and lies also infuriated millions of consumers and others across the country who seek nothing more than a basic level of corporate integrity -- and a minimal level of control over the food they bring into their homes.
The GMO profiteers can run, but finally they won't be able to hide from the growing number of Americans who're onto them -- and literally fed up with their tactics. GMO labeling laws are currently being pushed in some 20 other states -- the fun is just beginning.
Listen to this commentary:
Photo: Flickr user Lynn B, creative commons licensed.
Corporations Elections Money Politics Food And Agriculture
Jim Hightower
Battling the Powers That Be on behalf of the Powers That Ought To Be.
Read more by Jim Hightower


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So, if you need a new concrete driveway or want one repaired, call us today. We offer residential and commercial concrete driveway installation services in Menomonee Falls, WI and the surrounding areas.


Iowa act Kayak Jones debuted their important new song "Matter," serving as a reminder that you're not alone. Plus, proceeds from their Bandcamp downloads are going to help Peurto Rico recover from Hurricane Maria.
So-Cal rock band HAWAI released their new song "Alive," taken from their new EP set to be released in early 2018.
Rock band Year Of October released their new single "Lost," from their forthcoming LP Trouble Comes, due out next month.


text:
Battle of Passchendaele Belgium
Mud! (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele_-_Barbed_wire_and_Mud.jpg)
The Battle of Passchendaele followed on from the success of the Battle of Broodseinde Ridge. It began on 9th October 1917 after 5 days of torrential rain. It is remembered for the oceans of sticky mud and the teeming rain that the soldiers had to contend with. It was fought not in a former marshland (as some sources indicate) but on the ridges, slopes and valleys below the village of Passchendaele.
The rich soil of the Ypres area turns to a gluggy mud with only small amounts of water. The relatively short distance to the village became an impassable barrier because of the effect of shelling and huge amounts of water on the soil. Most roads in the area have drains on either side as the water table is relatively high.
There are seven panoramas of the Passchendaele battlefield.
1, The Starting Point Near Tyne Cot
2. Laamkeek Near the Ravebeek
3. Waterfields in the Ravebeek Valley
4. Farmland in the Ravebeek Valley
5. Ravebeek Valley From the Canadian Memorial
6. The Canadian Memorial
7. Passchendaele Village