text:
Front Matter The Young Queen Campaigns in Prussia and France The Second Silesian War Plots and Counterplots Battles of the Seven Years' War Close of the Long Struggle Last Days of Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa of Austria - George Upton
Battles of the Seven Years' War
True to his practice of boldly meeting an impending danger, Frederick preferred to open hostilities himself, rather than leave it to his enemies. Why should he hesitate to kindle the flames of war in the land of so bitter an enemy as the Elector of Saxony (also King of Poland) had shown himself to be? Without any formal declaration having been made, therefore, he proceeded to invade Saxony with an army of sixty thousand men in three divisions. His advance, as usual, was rapid; all places of importance were seized, and on September 10, 1756, he entered Dresden. The Elector fled to the fortress of Konigstein, which was considered impregnable, and at the foot of which the Saxon army of seventeen thousand men, all told, was in position.
The Queen alone remained in Dresden. She had the key to the secret archives, and when Frederick ordered them to be seized she placed herself before the door of the room in which they were kept, declaring they should never be taken except by force. She was pushed aside, however, the chests were broken open, and Frederick found the documents, copies of which had been sent him by the traitor already mentioned, and which furnished proof of the secret alliance against him. With the exception of this violence, which, in truth, the august lady had brought upon herself, she was treated with the greatest respect. The poor country fared worse. Although pillage was strictly forbidden, Saxony had to bear all the oppression of a conquered country and meet levies of all kinds. Frederick emptied the arsenals, confiscated all the state revenues, and treated Saxony as if it were part of his own dominions; but he spared the people wherever it was possible. Ignoring the protests of the Emperor and also of France, he pursued his own course, and worked for his own ends firmly and resolutely.
The position which the Saxon troops held at the foot of Konigstein was unassailable. The only way to vanquish them was by starvation, so the King left them well surrounded and marched with his army into Bohemia to prevent any assistance reaching the Saxons from that quarter. There were two Austrian armies in Bohemia—one under the command of Marshal Browne, at Kollin; the other under General Piccolomini at Olmutz, and later at Koniggratz. Browne was Saxony's nearest hope of rescue; but Frederick's sudden and unexpected appearance in Bohemia took him by surprise and found him unprepared for action. Several weeks elapsed, in fact, before he was ready to move, and Frederick made good use of the time. Moreover, the Minister of War, regarded as the most conservative of the Austrian field-marshals, wished to spare the army as much as possible, and to threaten Frederick for the advantage of Saxony without exposing it to long marches and changes of position.
Browne sent a force of eight thousand to Losowitz under Count Wied, while he himself left Kollin and took up a position near Budin. Wied's vanguard met the Prussians at Peterswalde, September tenth; and Browne was forced into an engagement. The battle was fought near Losowitz, October, 1756, but was not decisive, both generals claiming the victory. Meanwhile, the famished Saxons at Konigstein were in terrible straits. They had made an ineffectual effort to escape, and a second attempt was scarcely more successful, for their new position was no better than the one they had abandoned. The Prussians again surrounded them, and Browne, who had hurried forward hoping to rescue the beleaguered army, was compelled to retreat, leaving the unfortunate Saxons with no choice but to lay down their arms and surrender themselves with all their artillery to Frederick.
This blow crushed Saxony's hopes of further resistance, but the King of Prussia, more magnanimous than might have been expected considering his many reasons for irritation against that country, granted neutrality to Konigstein and its occupants. The Elector wisely preferred, however, to retire to Warsaw, and Frederick, for reasons of his own, took good care that he should meet with no interference from Prussian troops on the way thither.
These events closed the campaign. Browne remained in Bohemia and the King went into Winter quarters in Saxony, leaving part of his troops in Silesia. Maria Theresa took the loss of Saxony very much to heart, for she was thereby deprived of a faithful ally. Her army had suffered little and accomplished less, but at least it had escaped great dangers and was safe, and this was some cause for congratulation in Vienna; for, considering the unprepared condition in which the opening of the campaign had found Browne, the outcome might easily have been different and his troops have shared the fate of Saxony's.
At all events, Maria Theresa had received a fresh warning to be on her guard against such an adversary, who appeared with the swiftness of an arrow where he was least expected, and was rarely to be found when he was looked for. With her usual energy she urged on the preparation of the army, and bestowed upon the task all the care and devotion of a mother for her children. But, busied as she was with affairs at home, she was none the less mindful of the value of neighborly help in time of need,—an emergency always to be considered where Frederick the Great was concerned. As a fact, he himself had unconsciously done more for her than her best friend could have accomplished; for the summary methods he had resorted to in Saxony, in defiance of the customary rights of nations, was unprecedented and greatly incensed other rulers, especially the Elector, shut up in his fortress of Konigstein like a bird in a cage, with no hope of escape save by the favor of Frederick and his assurance of safety from attack by Prussian troops, who, to put it mildly, would scarcely have treated him with courtly politeness.
Many of these sovereigns were, no doubt, thinking "What has befallen Saxony might also happen in our own lands any day"; and if it came to the actual question whether such a fate were merited or no, their consciences might not have altogether acquitted them. Be this as it may, there was a general feeling of resentment among them, and the tendency of popular report to magnify matters did its part toward helping Maria Theresa by intensifying the feeling against Frederick. Even the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation condemned his conduct and joined the ranks of his enemies. Frederick, however, understood the nondescript character of the Imperial army too well to be disturbed by this, and his able and active adversary was also sufficiently aware of it to urge on her own preparations the more actively. If the Imperial army had been her only dependence, there would have been little hope for her; but the French alliance had proved most satisfactory, and promised to be of the greatest service to her in the event of the dissolution of the German union. Indeed, its assurance of help was now all the more certain because Frederick's actions were calculated to increase the hatred of France for him.
Sweden also allied itself to France, and Russia had promised to support Austria with an army of one hundred thousand men. With three additional armies, even though Sweden's strength did not count for much, and a total force of four hundred thousand, Maria Theresa's prospects looked very bright, and it was not to be wondered at that her eyes were fixed confidently and expectantly on her beloved Silesia. Prince Charles of Lorraine was put in command of the Austrian army, and under him was Marshal Browne, the former commander-in-chief in Bohemia. This completely altered the plan of campaign that Browne had laid out, and the rapid movements of the active enemy had to be met with the slow-moving and cumbersome army of the allies. After careful and judicious consideration, it was agreed that the best way of utilizing the cooperation of the allied armies was to close in on Frederick from every side, and thus destroy his forces and completely crush him. Was the King aware of this plan? It seems probable from the plans which he adopted. Prince Charles and Browne occupied strong positions and calmly waited for the Prussian attack, while Daun was stationed some distance to the rear—a fact that caused Frederick some uneasiness.
The first battle of the campaign took place in the neighborhood of Prague on May 6, 1 757. The Austrians seemed to have the advantage at first, for their artillery caused deadly havoc among, the Prussians. The gallant Schwerin, seeing the danger, seized the colors of his regiment and rode at full speed against the enemy, urging his men on with shouts of encouragement. A shot found its way to his heart almost instantly, but his words still rang in every ear, his brave example was before every eye, and his death filled every heart with a thirst for revenge. The battle was fierce and bloody, and resulted in a victory for the Prussians; but it was not a decisive one, and Schwerin's fall was a serious blow to them. Frederick said when informed of his death, He was worth ten thousand men to me!" The King was greatly depressed by this loss, and also by the fact that the greater part of Maria Theresa's army was safe within the walls of Prague, which looked like a speedy close to the campaign. Moreover, Daun's division was still fresh, and free now to join the rest of the army, another advantage in their favor.
There was nothing left for Frederick but to lay siege to Prague; but as it promised to be a long and tedious affair for him, he ruthlessly bombarded the city and invoked the aid of two terrible allies—fire and famine. Every day increased the horrors of the situation in Prague. Prince Charles made every effort to encourage and cheer the soldiers and the citizens and persuade them to hold out by promises of speedy relief, but their own sufferings were more powerful arguments than any of his representations. The citizens lost heart, and the troops were continually committing acts of violence and becoming mutinous, so that Prince Charles was finally compelled to have a gallows erected in the public square to warn the marauders. Matters were desperate, when Daun approached with orders from Maria Theresa to relieve the distressed city at any cost.
The case was urgent, for the army and city might soon fall into Frederick's hands, a result he was confidently reckoning upon. Daun must be driven from the neighborhood in order to accomplish it, and how to do that without weakening his besieging army was the problem that confronted him. With his usual skill, however, he solved it by hastening forward with a small detachment to join the Prince of Bevern's division, and with him advancing to meet Daun. The battle of Kollin was the result of their meeting. It was a desperate struggle, and a disastrous defeat for the hitherto victorious King of Prussia. Daun was the victor and Prague was saved.
Maria Theresa received the news with a jubilant heart, and hastened at once with the Emperor to inform the Countess Daun of her husband's victory in person. Nor was this enough. To celebrate the day she established the "Order of Maria Theresa," which was to be won only by deeds of bravery in battle, and which by the infrequency of its bestowal was held as the highest possible honor in the Austrian army. The first cross of the order glistened upon the breast of Daun. As a still further expression of her joy and exultation, the Empress had a jubilee medal coined in commemoration of her victory.
The results of the battle of Kollin were far reaching. The popular belief in Frederick's invincibility received a severe blow, and the courage of his soldiers sank in proportion as that of the Austrians rose. Maria Theresa's forces were continually receiving additions, while the Prussian army began to dwindle. Matters looked somewhat brighter along the Rhine, but the Imperial army with a French auxiliary force was advancing to the rescue of Saxony, and Frederick was forced to march hurriedly into Thuringia to meet them, leaving his army in Saxony and Lusatia under competent generals.
Soubise, so famous for his agility in retreat, fell back at Frederick's approach, and Erfurt opened its gates to him. A few days later Seydlitz surprised the French at Gotha, and drove them away in what might be called headlong flight; for in the ducal palace Seydlitz found the dishes still smoking on the table as they had been left, and he and his officers sat down with a good appetite to enjoy the meal the hungry Frenchmen had been so easily frightened away from. This little exploit of the cavalry afforded unbounded delight to the King and his soldiers, and served as a prelude to what was to follow at Rossbach.
Nothing could equal the scorn with which the French in their overwhelming conceit regarded Prussia's little army; indeed, some of the officers went so far as to question whether it were not derogatory to their honor to engage in serious conflict with such a paltry force. But when the battle really began they took to their heels in a manner that scarcely has its equal in history. Of the noble Imperial army it can only be said that the greater part of it left the field without firing a shot. It was a rabbit-hunt, not a battle of men, in which the Prussians played the parts of hunters and drivers at the same time, with Seydlitz for a leader. That doughty baron's only regret was that he had not been able to catch the gallant Soubise himself; but the swiftest horse could scarcely have done that!
To prove that even flight may lead to glory Prince Soubise, whom even the French themselves had nicknamed "Prince Sottise," received a Field-Marshal's staff after this. The riddle is easily solved, however,—Pompadour! The French continued their flight as far as the Rhine, until they were sure Frederick had been left far behind.
The Austrians had been victorious since the battle of Kollin. Bevern's and Winterfeld's forces had been defeated. Silesia was almost within their grasp, a result they hoped to see accomplished before the end of the campaign. But Frederick had other plans. The battle of Rossbach had restored Saxony to him, but matters had come to the point when he must regain his hold on Silesia or lose all the advantage he had won.
In twelve days he crossed the whole breadth of his dominions, and effected a union with Bevern's force in Silesia. This gave him about thirty-three thousand men, and with these troops, many of them exhausted by their long march, he faced an Austrian army of double their strength near the village of Leuthen. Here the Austrians met a crushing defeat; they lost twenty-six thousand five hundred men, killed or taken prisoners, one hundred and sixteen cannon, fifty-one standards, and four thousand commissary, baggage, and ammunition wagons, beside forfeiting the results of all their former victories. Whole regiments were annihilated or taken prisoners. The contemptuous designation of the Prussian army as the "Potsdam Night-watch Parade" was terribly avenged, and the precept was brought home to the Austrians, as it had been to the French at Rossbach, that "pride goeth before a fall"!
And Maria Theresa?
It was a bitter disappointment she was called upon to bear. She had looked upon Silesia as her own once more; she had seen her army triumph over the enemy; her heart had been full of joy and gratitude,—and now!
Nevertheless, in spite of these misfortunes, her brave spirit did not quail; her faith in the justice of her cause was unshaken. She redoubled her exertions to strengthen the army and make up the terrible losses it had suffered. But were there not quiet hours when with clasped hands she raised her tearful eyes to Heaven in prayer, as a relief to her oppressed heart? Being but a woman, and a devout and pious woman, it must have been so.
The third year of the war began in the early Spring: what terrible sacrifices it was to cost! What bloodshed and suffering, what distress and misery to thousands! Yet there was no thought of peace. Still must the sword reap its deadly harvest, like the scythe in the ripe grain-field, and Maria Theresa was powerless to prevent it. Her funds were low, their replenishment very difficult; and what vast sums were required to fill the gaps that Leuthen alone had caused! Bohemia was exhausted, little dependence could be placed upon the other states for help, and the treasury was slow in filling. She saw nothing but difficulties ahead, and, worst of all, the people were disheartened. The feeling against Prince Charles of Lorraine became so strong that he was forced to resign; but for once the ministry of war, which usually bore the blame of all mistakes and disasters, escaped the unsparing censure that was universally expressed against the commander-in-chief. Count Daun was appointed in his place, and hastened to Vienna to consult upon plans for the new campaign.
A few preliminary skirmishes resulted in favor of the Austrians, but the first important event was the loss of Schweidnitz, their last hold in Silesia. The garrison, reduced by want and distress, were taken prisoners by Frederick, who then advanced against Olmutz. From thence to Vienna was but a step, and one that was seriously considered by many of the Prussians. But Maria Theresa had again put the right man in the right place—two men, indeed, who proved themselves worthy of her confidence, Daun and Laudon. Daun's great skill lay in his choice of positions, and he possessed a caution and deliberation that often put Frederick's patience to the test and defeated his plans. He made no move until he was satisfied as to the fitness of his army, which consisted largely of new troops; but when his preparations were complete he marched to the assistance of Olmutz, which Frederick had besieged. He cut off the supplies of the Prussians by attacking and destroying a heavy train of provisions and ammunition which Frederick was anxiously expecting and depending upon. This loss, together with a sudden attack by Daun, forced the Prussians to raise the siege and retreat. Olmutz was saved.
Maria Theresa was greatly relieved, for she realized the importance of Olmutz, and was correspondingly grateful to her commander-in-chief, whose services she had already had good cause to value. She built fresh hopes, too, on the invasion of Brandenburg by the Russians, which obliged Frederick to divide his forces to meet this new danger. Leaving part of his army to oppose Daun, he marched rapidly against the Russians, who were ravaging Prussia. He defeated them with great slaughter at Zorndorf, wreaked a terrible vengeance upon them, and then returned to Saxony, where he was much needed, for his brother Henry was there and was hard pressed by Daun and the Imperial army. Daun employed his usual tactics in making his own position secure, while his light cavalry continually harassed the King's troops, and in avoiding the decisive action into which Frederick was anxious to force him.
Frederick pitched his camp at Hochkirchen, on a plain directly opposite Daun, a position protested against by all his generals and of which Keith said, If the Austrians leave us here in peace, they all ought to be hanged!" The King paid no attention, however, to this good advice. Dawn's eagle glance was not one to overlook an opportunity that lay within his grasp, but his deliberation seemed to imply that he did not intend to accept the bold challenge, and Frederick had already decided to break up his camp, when Daun suddenly fell upon it in the early morning (October 14, 1758) while the Prussians were still asleep. A desperate struggle followed, at first in total darkness. Then the daylight struggling through a heavy mist, with flames from the burning village, lit up the scene of slaughter where the Austrians had the foe at their mercy. Had not Frederick's army maintained its discipline so well, but a small part of it would have escaped.
It was a brilliant victory for Daun, but he committed a grave error in not following it up, as his adversary would not have failed to do. Too late he realized the folly of allowing his irrepressible foe to escape, only to rally his forces and drive the Austrians from Silesia. Daun hoped to retrieve this blunder by achievements in Saxony. He had the advantage there and advanced to attack Dresden, but the Prussian General Schmettau set fire to the suburbs and showed signs of such vigorous resistance that, rather than see the city destroyed, Daun abandoned the attack and withdrew into Bohemia.
The results achieved by the allied armies in other quarters were not remarkable. Daun by his victory at Hochkirchen bore off the honors of this campaign, nor did he lack laurels in recognition of his services. He had a mistress who rewarded right royally.
Maria Theresa needed the winter's rest to strengthen her position both at home and abroad. Some new alliances and a renewal of the old ones seemed to promise well for the future. Russia made fresh preparations on land and sea; an agreement was made with Sweden and Denmark by which they were to close the passage of the strait against the English, and the Imperial army bestirred itself to repair damages.
Nor did Frederick neglect this opportunity to replenish his treasury, which was much in need of it, and to increase and improve his army.


Follow these steps to install a replacement print bed on your R1+ printer.
First, check to see if what version of the bed you have.
If your bed cable does not have an exposed black connector as pictured below, you have V1. See this article for instructions for replacing the V1 print bed.
If the bed cable has an external connector as pictured below, you have V2. You may continue with the instructions below.
1. First, turn your printer so that the backside of the printer is facing you.
2. Now, unplug the bed from its connector and remove the heat bed from the R1+ by simply lifting up from it's magnetically attached carriage.
3. You will need to glue the four (4) magnets onto your replacement bed. The best way to keep them perfectly aligned and with the right polarization, pre-place all 4 magnets onto the existing magnets on the Y axis brackets.
4. Next, apply glue to the top of all four magnets. Do not overdue it, as it will spill off the sides and glue the magnet down to the plastic bracket.
NOTE: We recommend using EPOXY or a high heat glue to place the magnets onto, as regular glue or superglue will likely melt when the bed is heated.
5. Carefully place your new heatbed inside your unit and be sure to tuck in your cable and feed it through and underneath the X and Y axes as you do so. Take your time with this. Make sure both ends of the bed are parallel with the Y Axis Brackets, and try to keep it centered. Wait for the glue to dry before moving to the next step.
NOTE: Press down on all four corners of the Heatbed to ensure that the magnets maintain flat contact.
6. Connect your new bed cable and you're ready to get printing.


home that will enhance the experience of the people who use services and their carers.
reduce avoidable emergency admissions to hospital.
people requiring care at the end of their lives, and their families and carers.
responses ensuring there is a named person for GPs to contact for care coordination.
community for as long as possible.
effectively with people at end of life to ensure their needs are met.
identify different options for the local population.
services and improved co-ordination across the whole system.


Following the successful men only party last December there´s another Men Only party one coming up under the name "FAB". FAB Party organizers are not new to organising parties and have been involved in some of Iceland´s most successful LGBT events. FAB party simple mission, according to organisers, is to add more diversity to the local gay scene and to create safe, fun and friendly space for gay, bi and trans men. Mark May 27th in your calendar and be sure to attend Reykjavik´s hottest men only party at Ægisgarður.
BEARS ON ICE registration has had a flying start since opened earlier this month with more than half of Full Event Passes already sold. "We´ve been very fortunate in the past and this year seems to be no different. We have limited number of Full Event Passes available which includes all the tours and trips we´re doing during the weekend but there´s no limit on the the Party Passes during the bear weekend which kicks off August 31st" says Frosti Jonsson one of BEARS ON ICE organizers.
The annual Pink Masquerade Party (February 11th) is definitely something not to be missed if you happen to be in Reykjavik this weekend. Glamour, divas and dance with gay icon Páll Óskar (a.k.a. Paul Oscar) performing as well as the Ice-stralian Jonathan Duffy, Sísí Ey and all the local divas from the Drag-Súgur.
Australiana is Jonathan Duffy´s one man show. Entertaining and hearth warming story of a gay guy who moved from Australia all the way to Iceland in 2015 and has since then consistently been answering one question: "Why the hell did you move to Iceland?" In Australiana, Jono will dish the dirt on what it was like growing up in the land down under; what he misses, and ultimately the reason why he said goodbye.
Rainbow Reykjavik has established itself as an important part of Reykjavik´s LGBT scene with events of all sorts taking place over a long weekend in February. The festival welcomes guests from all over the world to enjoy Iceland´s amazing nature, nightlife and northern lights. Highlight of the festival is Pink Iceland´s Pink Masquerade Party whith local and international performers & DJs.
If you´re spening Christmas in Reykjavik, make sure you know which places (restaurants, shopping malls etc.) are open during holidays. Here´s a list of places that may come handy when you´re planning your time in town. Many restaurants are closed on the 24th and 25th so check out the list so you know where to go if (and when) you get hungry. Merry Christmas and enjoy Reykjavik!
Is it the most wonderful time of the year? Members of the Icelandic drag sensation Drag-Sugur will make sure it is by putting on their Xmas special show at Gaukurinn (Tryggvagata 22), December 21st. In the spirit of the holidays: All profits will be donated to Gaukurinn to make the venue wheelchair accessible. More information about the show and Drag-Sugur performers on their Facebook page. Tickets price is ISK 2.000, show starts at 21:00.
There´s never a dull moment when Páll Óskar (Paul Oscar) is around. "Palli" (his nick name) wil be throwing a men only party December 17th at Ægisgarður (Eyjarslóð 5, Reykjavik).


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Virginia State Police seek information on driver after fatal I-64 crash
HAMPTON, Va. - The Virginia State Police was on the scene of a single-vehicle crash early Sunday morning.
Preliminary investigations revealed that the driver of a 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier was speeding, when the driver lost control, ran off the roadway and struck several trees.
The female front seat passenger, 25-year-old Sha'lynn Da' nyce Walker, was not wearing her seat belt and died from injuries sustained by the crash, VSP said. Vidal Mclaughlin was an occupant in the vehicle and also suffered injuries in the crash.
According to Mclaughin, the unknown driver fled the scene of the accident. Mclaughin was transported to Riverside Regional Hospital, VSP said.
The Virginia State Police crash reconstruction team assisted in the investigation.
State Police is seeking the public's assistance in seeking anyone with information or who witnessed the vehicle traveling on Interstate 64 that morning, or witnessed the driver fleeing the scene.
Anyone with information on this crime or identification of the driver, is asked to contact the Virginia State Police at 757-424-6800 or #77 on a cellular phone or by email at questions@vsp.virginia.gov.
This accident remains under investigation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Coming soon! Please do not disturb the occupants!
Coming soon to Riverview! This sprawling ranch is waiting for you to bring it back to life with fresh updates!
This cute bungalow won't last long! This 2 bedroom, 1 bathroom home is the perfect rehab opportunity! Coming soon to South City!
Coming soon to Florissant! This 1 bedroom, 1 bathroom condo won't last long! Bring your updates here!
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Coming soon to Imperial! Bring your updates to this 3 bedroom, 1 bathroom ranch! Make this the home of your dreams!
Coming soon to U-City! This charming 2 bedroom 1 bathroom bungalow is a perfect fixer upper project! Bring your updates here!
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Coming soon to Ferguson! Check out this ranch home with 4 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms! Perfect fixer upper project!
Coming soon to Ballwin! You will not want to miss this 4 bedroom, 3 bathroom ranch, with a finished basement! bring your updates here!
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Coming soon to Chesterfield! Bring your updates to this beautiful 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom home! Coming soon!
Coming soon to Saint Louis City! Please do not disturb the occupants!


When I heard that John McCain had selected Sarah Palin as his running mate, I have to admin that I didn't know who she was. At the time, it didn't bother me much because I'd decided to vote for McCain anyway – primarily as a vote against Obama.
I saw something last night that makes me "smile out loud" as my wife commented on how Sarah Palin reminds her of her childhood dream to be President. Smart. Decisive. Witty. Strategic. All words to describe her speech (and hopefully her as well), but the quality that struck me most was her ability to inspire me to lose the apathy I've built up about this election.
All of a sudden, I find myself freely talking politics with co-workers with passion. What a breath of fresh air in a slugfest that has brought out the worst in many people over the past two years. These last few months are going to be a neat time for our country.
What are your thoughts on Sarah Palin?


summertime means ice cream and there is no ice cream better than rosewater ice cream, akbar mashti style. sometimes i make it completely handmade, but usually i cheat, using softened vanilla ice cream as a base instead of making the cream in a pot and freezing it.
2. freeze heavy cream and chop into one-inch pieces.
3. add frozen cream pieces, rosewater and pistachios to softened ice cream in a large bowl and mix thoroughly.
4. cover and freeze until firm.
this ice cream is heaven. halva ice cream is also deeeelicious. its hard to explain the taste of akbar mashti ice cream because it tastes like roses. picture the smell of roses and think of what they'd taste like. i love it.


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Diophantus of Alexandria (b. between 200 and 214, d. between 284 and 298 AD), sometimes called "the father of algebra", was a Greek mathematician of the Hellenistic period. He is the author of a series of classical mathematical books called Arithmetica and worked with equations which we now call Diophantine equations; the method to solve those problems is now called Diophantine analysis. The study of Diophantine equations is one of the central areas of number theory. The findings and works of Diophantus have influenced mathematics greatly and caused many other questions to arise. The most famous of these is Fermat's Last Theorem. Diophantus also made advances in mathematical notation and was the first Hellenistic mathematician who frankly recognized fractions as numbers.
Little is known about the life of Diophantus. He lived in Alexandria, Egypt, probably from between 200 and 214 to 284 or 298 AD. Most scholars consider Diophantus to have been a Greek, though it has been suggested that he may have been a non-Greek, possibly a "Hellenized Babylonian," Jewish or Chaldean. Almost everything we know about Diophantus comes from a single 5th century Greek anthology, which is a collection of number games and strategy puzzles. Here is one of the puzzles:
This tomb hold Diophantus. Ah, what a marvel! And the tomb tells scientifically the measure of his life. God vouchsafed that he should be a boy for the sixth part of his life; when a twelfth was added, his cheeks acquired a beard; He kindled for him the light of marriage after a seventh, and in the fifth year after his marriage He granted him a son. Alas! late-begotten and miserable child, when he had reached the measure of half his father's life, the chill grave took him. After consoling his grief by this science of numbers for four years, he reached the end of his life.
This puzzle reveals that Diophantus lived to be about 84 years old. We cannot be sure if this puzzle is accurate or not.
The Arithmetica is the major work of Diophantus and the most prominent work on algebra in Greek mathematics. It is a collection of problems giving numerical solutions of both determinate and indeterminate equations. Of the original thirteen books of which Arithmetica consisted only six have survived, though there are some who believe that four Arab books discovered in 1968 are also by Diophantus. Some Diophantine problems from Arithmetica have been found in Arabic sources.
After Diophantus's death, the Dark Ages began, spreading a shadow on math and science, and causing knowledge of Diophantus and the Arithmetica to be lost in Europe for about 1500 years. Possibly the only reason that some of his work has survived is that many Arab scholars studied his works and preserved this knowledge for later generations. In 1463 German mathematician Regiomontanus wrote: "No one has yet translated from the Greek into Latin the thirteen Books of Diophantus, in which the very flower of the whole of arithmetic lies hidden . . . ."
The first Latin translation of Arithmetica was by Bombelli who translated much of the work in 1570 but it was never published. Bombelli did however borrow many of Diophantus's problems for his own book Algebra. The editio princeps of Arithmetica was published in 1575 by Xylander. The most famous Latin translation of Arithmetica was by Bachet in 1621 which was the first translation of Arithmetica available to the public.
Margin Writing by Fermat and Planudes
The 1621 edition of Arithmetica by Bombelli gained fame after Pierre de Fermat wrote his famous "Last Theorem" in the margins of his copy:
"If an integer n is greater than 2, then an + bn = cn has no solutions in non-zero integers a, b, and c. I have a truly marvelous proof of this proposition which this margin is too narrow to contain."
Fermat's proof was never found, and the problem of finding a proof for the theorem went unsolved for centuries. A proof was finally found in 1994 by Andrew Wiles after working on it for seven years. It is believed that Fermat did not actually have the proof he claimed to have. Although the original copy in which Fermat wrote this is lost today, Fermat's son edited the next edition of Diophantus, published in 1670. Even though the text is otherwise inferior to the 1621 edition, Fermat's annotations - including his famous "Last Theorem" - were printed in this version. Fermat was not the first mathematician so moved to write in his own marginal notes to Diophantus; the Byzantine mathematician Maximus Planudes had written "Thy soul, Diophantus, be with Satan because of the difficulty of your theorems" next to the same problem.
Diophantus did not just write Arithmetica, but very few of his other works have survived.
The Porisms
Diophantus himself refers to a work which consists of a collection of lemmas called The Porisms (or Porismata), but this book is entirely lost. Many scholars and researchers believe that The Porisms may have actually been a section included inside Arithmetica or indeed may have been the rest of Arithmetica.
Although the Porisms is lost we do know three lemmas contained in The Porisms since Diophantus refers to them in the Arithmetica. One such lemma is that the difference of the cubes of two rational numbers is equal to the sum of the cubes of two other rational numbers.
On Polygonal Numbers and Geometric Elements
Diophantus is also known to have written on polygonal numbers. Fragments of one of Diophantus' books on polygonal numbers, a topic of great interest to Pythagoras and his followers, has survived. An extant work called Preliminaries to the Geometric Elements, which has been attributed to Hero of Alexandria, has been studied recently and it is suggested that the attribution to Hero is incorrect, and that the work is actually by Diophantus.
Diophantus' work has had a large influence in history. Editions of Arithmetica exerted a profound influence on the development of algebra in Europe in the late sixteenth and through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Diophantus and his works have also influenced Arab mathematics and were of great fame among Arab mathematicians. Diophantus' work created a foundation for work on algebra and in fact much of advanced mathematics is based on algebra. As far as we know Diophantus did not affect the lands of the Orient much and how much he affected India is a matter of debate.
The Father of Algebra?
Diophantus is often called Òthe father of algebra" because he contributed greatly to number theory, mathematical notation, and because Arithmetica contains the earliest known use of syncopated notation. However, it seems that many of the methods for solving linear and quadratic equations used by Diophantus go back to Babylonian mathematics. For this reason mathematical historian Kurt Vogel writes: ÒDiophantus was not, as he has often been called, the father of algebra. Nevertheless, his remarkable, if unsystematic, collection of indeterminate problems is a singular achievement that was not fully appreciated and further developed until much later.Ó According to some historians of mathematics, like Florian Cajori, Diophantus got the first knowledge of algebra from India, although other historians disagree.
Diophantine Analysis
Today Diophantine analysis is the area of study where integral (whole number) solutions are sought for equations, and Diophantine equations are polynomial equations with integral coefficients to which only integral solutions are sought. It is usually rather difficult to tell whether a given Diophantine equation is solvable. Most of the problems in Arithmetica lead to quadratic equations. Diophantus looked at 3 different types of quadratic equations. The reason why there were three cases to Diophantus, while today we have only one case, is that he did not have any notion for zero and he avoided negative coefficients by considering the given numbers a,b,c to all be positive in each of the three cases above.
Diophantus was always satisfied with a rational solution and did not require a whole number which means he accepted fractions as solutions to his problems. Diophantus considered negative or irrational square root solutions "useless", "meaningless", and even "absurd". To give one specific example, he calls the equation 4 = 4x + 20 'absurd' because it would lead to a negative value for x. One solution was all he looked for in a quadratic equation. There is no evidence that suggests Diophantus even realized that there could be two solutions to a quadratic equation. He also considered simultaneous quadratic equations.
Mathematical Notation
Diophantus made important advances in mathematical notation. He was the first person to use algebraic notation and symbolism. Before him everyone wrote out equations completely. Diophantus introduced an algebraic symbolism that used an abridged notation for frequently occurring operations, and an abbreviation for the unknown and for the powers of the unknown. Mathematical historian Kurt Vogel states:
The symbolism that Diophantus introduced for the first time, and undoubtedly devised himself, provided a short and readily comprehensible means of expressing an equation... Since an abbreviation is also employed for the word ÔequalsÕ, Diophantus took a fundamental step from verbal algebra towards symbolic algebra.
Although Diophantus made important advances in symbolism, he still lacked the necessary notation to express more general methods. This caused his work to be more concerned with particular problems rather than general situations. Some of the limitations of Diophantus' notation are that he only had notation for one unknown and, when problems involved more than a single unknown, Diophantus was reduced to expressing "first unknown", "second unknown", etc. in words. He also lacked a symbol for a general number n. Algebra still had a long way to go before very general problems could be written down and solved succinctly. Diophantus
GREEK MATHEMATICIANS INDEX
ANCIENT GREECE INDEX
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS INDEX
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ALL FILES


In November 2010 the average high temperature in Victoria, TX was 77.3°F, and this was 2.4°F warmer than the average of 74.9°F. The hottest day in November 2010 was 2 November when the temperature reached 90.0°F. Overnight the average temperature in November is 52.7°F and in 2010 the average overnight temperature was 3.6°F cooler at 49.0°F.
In November the average monthly rainfall in Victoria, TX is 2.33 inches with rain usually falling on 7 days. In November 2010 there was a total of 1.63 inches of rain, that fell on 4 days.


text:
'use strict';

var cssMyIcons = require('../');
var expect = require('expect.js');
var broccoli = require('broccoli');
var fs = require('fs');
var path = require('path');

var builder;

describe('broccoli cssmyicons', function() {
  afterEach(function() {
    if (builder) {
      builder.cleanup();
    }
  });

  it('should generate a CSS file', function() {
    var tree = cssMyIcons('tests/fixtures', {
      files: ['*.svg'],
      dest: 'icons.css'
    });

    builder = new broccoli.Builder(tree);

    return builder.build().then(function(dir) {
      var actual = fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir.directory, 'icons.css'), {encoding: 'utf8'});
      var expected = fs.readFileSync('tests/mocks/icons.css', {encoding: 'utf8'});
      expect(actual).to.equal(expected);
    });
  });

  it('should generate a CSS file in a destination directory', function() {
    var tree = cssMyIcons('tests/fixtures', {
      files: ['*.svg'],
      dest: 'icons.css',
      destDir: 'assets/style'
    });

    builder = new broccoli.Builder(tree);

    return builder.build().then(function(dir) {
      var actual = fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir.directory, 'assets/style/icons.css'), {encoding: 'utf8'});
      var expected = fs.readFileSync('tests/mocks/icons.css', {encoding: 'utf8'});
      expect(actual).to.equal(expected);
    });
  });

  it('should generate icons path with a prefix to the path', function() {
    var tree = cssMyIcons('tests/fixtures', {
      files: ['*.svg'],
      dest: 'icons.css',
      destDir: 'assets/style',
      prefixPath: '/'
    });

    builder = new broccoli.Builder(tree);

    return builder.build().then(function(dir) {
      var actual = fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir.directory, 'assets/style/icons.css'), {encoding: 'utf8'});
      var expected = fs.readFileSync('tests/mocks/icons-prefix.css', {encoding: 'utf8'});
      expect(actual).to.equal(expected);
    });
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?php

use Symfony\Component\Translation\MessageCatalogue;

$catalogue = new MessageCatalogue('fr', array (
  'validators' =>
  array (
    'This value should be false.' => 'Cette valeur doit être fausse.',
    'This value should be true.' => 'Cette valeur doit être vraie.',
    'This value should be of type {{ type }}.' => 'Cette valeur doit être de type {{ type }}.',
    'This value should be blank.' => 'Cette valeur doit être vide.',
    'The value you selected is not a valid choice.' => 'Cette valeur doit être l\'un des choix proposés.',
    'You must select at least {{ limit }} choice.|You must select at least {{ limit }} choices.' => 'Vous devez sélectionner au moins {{ limit }} choix.|Vous devez sélectionner au moins {{ limit }} choix.',
    'You must select at most {{ limit }} choice.|You must select at most {{ limit }} choices.' => 'Vous devez sélectionner au maximum {{ limit }} choix.|Vous devez sélectionner au maximum {{ limit }} choix.',
    'One or more of the given values is invalid.' => 'Une ou plusieurs des valeurs soumises sont invalides.',
    'This field was not expected.' => 'Ce champ n\'a pas été prévu.',
    'This field is missing.' => 'Ce champ est manquant.',
    'This value is not a valid date.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas une date valide.',
    'This value is not a valid datetime.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas une date valide.',
    'This value is not a valid email address.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas une adresse email valide.',
    'The file could not be found.' => 'Le fichier n\'a pas été trouvé.',
    'The file is not readable.' => 'Le fichier n\'est pas lisible.',
    'The file is too large ({{ size }} {{ suffix }}). Allowed maximum size is {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.' => 'Le fichier est trop volumineux ({{ size }} {{ suffix }}). Sa taille ne doit pas dépasser {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.',
    'The mime type of the file is invalid ({{ type }}). Allowed mime types are {{ types }}.' => 'Le type du fichier est invalide ({{ type }}). Les types autorisés sont {{ types }}.',
    'This value should be {{ limit }} or less.' => 'Cette valeur doit être inférieure ou égale à {{ limit }}.',
    'This value is too long. It should have {{ limit }} character or less.|This value is too long. It should have {{ limit }} characters or less.' => 'Cette chaine est trop longue. Elle doit avoir au maximum {{ limit }} caractère.|Cette chaine est trop longue. Elle doit avoir au maximum {{ limit }} caractères.',
    'This value should be {{ limit }} or more.' => 'Cette valeur doit être supérieure ou égale à {{ limit }}.',
    'This value is too short. It should have {{ limit }} character or more.|This value is too short. It should have {{ limit }} characters or more.' => 'Cette chaine est trop courte. Elle doit avoir au minimum {{ limit }} caractère.|Cette chaine est trop courte. Elle doit avoir au minimum {{ limit }} caractères.',
    'This value should not be blank.' => 'Cette valeur ne doit pas être vide.',
    'This value should not be null.' => 'Cette valeur ne doit pas être nulle.',
    'This value should be null.' => 'Cette valeur doit être nulle.',
    'This value is not valid.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas valide.',
    'This value is not a valid time.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas une heure valide.',
    'This value is not a valid URL.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas une URL valide.',
    'The two values should be equal.' => 'Les deux valeurs doivent être identiques.',
    'The file is too large. Allowed maximum size is {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.' => 'Le fichier est trop volumineux. Sa taille ne doit pas dépasser {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.',
    'The file is too large.' => 'Le fichier est trop volumineux.',
    'The file could not be uploaded.' => 'Le téléchargement de ce fichier est impossible.',
    'This value should be a valid number.' => 'Cette valeur doit être un nombre.',
    'This file is not a valid image.' => 'Ce fichier n\'est pas une image valide.',
    'This is not a valid IP address.' => 'Cette adresse IP n\'est pas valide.',
    'This value is not a valid language.' => 'Cette langue n\'est pas valide.',
    'This value is not a valid locale.' => 'Ce paramètre régional n\'est pas valide.',
    'This value is not a valid country.' => 'Ce pays n\'est pas valide.',
    'This value is already used.' => 'Cette valeur est déjà utilisée.',
    'The size of the image could not be detected.' => 'La taille de l\'image n\'a pas pu être détectée.',
    'The image width is too big ({{ width }}px). Allowed maximum width is {{ max_width }}px.' => 'La largeur de l\'image est trop grande ({{ width }}px). La largeur maximale autorisée est de {{ max_width }}px.',
    'The image width is too small ({{ width }}px). Minimum width expected is {{ min_width }}px.' => 'La largeur de l\'image est trop petite ({{ width }}px). La largeur minimale attendue est de {{ min_width }}px.',
    'The image height is too big ({{ height }}px). Allowed maximum height is {{ max_height }}px.' => 'La hauteur de l\'image est trop grande ({{ height }}px). La hauteur maximale autorisée est de {{ max_height }}px.',
    'The image height is too small ({{ height }}px). Minimum height expected is {{ min_height }}px.' => 'La hauteur de l\'image est trop petite ({{ height }}px). La hauteur minimale attendue est de {{ min_height }}px.',
    'This value should be the user\'s current password.' => 'Cette valeur doit être le mot de passe actuel de l\'utilisateur.',
    'This value should have exactly {{ limit }} character.|This value should have exactly {{ limit }} characters.' => 'Cette chaine doit avoir exactement {{ limit }} caractère.|Cette chaine doit avoir exactement {{ limit }} caractères.',
    'The file was only partially uploaded.' => 'Le fichier a été partiellement transféré.',
    'No file was uploaded.' => 'Aucun fichier n\'a été transféré.',
    'No temporary folder was configured in php.ini.' => 'Aucun répertoire temporaire n\'a été configuré dans le php.ini.',
    'Cannot write temporary file to disk.' => 'Impossible d\'écrire le fichier temporaire sur le disque.',
    'A PHP extension caused the upload to fail.' => 'Une extension PHP a empêché le transfert du fichier.',
    'This collection should contain {{ limit }} element or more.|This collection should contain {{ limit }} elements or more.' => 'Cette collection doit contenir {{ limit }} élément ou plus.|Cette collection doit contenir {{ limit }} éléments ou plus.',
    'This collection should contain {{ limit }} element or less.|This collection should contain {{ limit }} elements or less.' => 'Cette collection doit contenir {{ limit }} élément ou moins.|Cette collection doit contenir {{ limit }} éléments ou moins.',
    'This collection should contain exactly {{ limit }} element.|This collection should contain exactly {{ limit }} elements.' => 'Cette collection doit contenir exactement {{ limit }} élément.|Cette collection doit contenir exactement {{ limit }} éléments.',
    'Invalid card number.' => 'Numéro de carte invalide.',
    'Unsupported card type or invalid card number.' => 'Type de carte non supporté ou numéro invalide.',
    'This is not a valid International Bank Account Number (IBAN).' => 'Le numéro IBAN (International Bank Account Number) saisi n\'est pas valide.',
    'This value is not a valid ISBN-10.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas un code ISBN-10 valide.',
    'This value is not a valid ISBN-13.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas un code ISBN-13 valide.',
    'This value is neither a valid ISBN-10 nor a valid ISBN-13.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est ni un code ISBN-10, ni un code ISBN-13 valide.',
    'This value is not a valid ISSN.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas un code ISSN valide.',
    'This value is not a valid currency.' => 'Cette valeur n\'est pas une devise valide.',
    'This value should be equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur doit être égale à {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be greater than {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur doit être supérieure à {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be greater than or equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur doit être supérieure ou égale à {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be identical to {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur doit être identique à {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be less than {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur doit être inférieure à {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be less than or equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur doit être inférieure ou égale à {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should not be equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur ne doit pas être égale à {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should not be identical to {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.' => 'Cette valeur ne doit pas être identique à {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.',
    'The image ratio is too big ({{ ratio }}). Allowed maximum ratio is {{ max_ratio }}.' => 'Le rapport largeur/hauteur de l\'image est trop grand ({{ ratio }}). Le rapport maximal autorisé est {{ max_ratio }}.',
    'The image ratio is too small ({{ ratio }}). Minimum ratio expected is {{ min_ratio }}.' => 'Le rapport largeur/hauteur de l\'image est trop petit ({{ ratio }}). Le rapport minimal attendu est {{ min_ratio }}.',
    'The image is square ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Square images are not allowed.' => 'L\'image est carrée ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Les images carrées ne sont pas autorisées.',
    'The image is landscape oriented ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Landscape oriented images are not allowed.' => 'L\'image est au format paysage ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Les images au format paysage ne sont pas autorisées.',
    'The image is portrait oriented ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Portrait oriented images are not allowed.' => 'L\'image est au format portrait ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Les images au format portrait ne sont pas autorisées.',
    'An empty file is not allowed.' => 'Un fichier vide n\'est pas autorisé.',
    'This value does not match the expected {{ charset }} charset.' => 'Cette valeur ne correspond pas au jeu de caractères {{ charset }} attendu.',
    'This form should not contain extra fields.' => 'Ce formulaire ne doit pas contenir des champs supplémentaires.',
    'The uploaded file was too large. Please try to upload a smaller file.' => 'Le fichier téléchargé est trop volumineux. Merci d\'essayer d\'envoyer un fichier plus petit.',
    'The CSRF token is invalid. Please try to resubmit the form.' => 'Le jeton CSRF est invalide. Veuillez renvoyer le formulaire.',
    'fos_user.username.already_used' => 'Le nom d\'utilisateur est déjà utilisé',
    'fos_user.username.blank' => 'Entrez un nom d\'utilisateur s\'il vous plait',
    'fos_user.username.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]Le nom d\'utilisateur est trop court',
    'fos_user.username.long' => '[-Inf,Inf]Le nom d\'utilisateur est trop long',
    'fos_user.email.already_used' => 'L\'adresse e-mail est déjà utilisée',
    'fos_user.email.blank' => 'Entrez une adresse e-mail s\'il vous plait',
    'fos_user.email.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]L\'adresse e-mail est trop courte',
    'fos_user.email.long' => '[-Inf,Inf]L\'adresse e-mail est trop longue',
    'fos_user.email.invalid' => 'L\'adresse e-mail est invalide',
    'fos_user.password.blank' => 'Entrez un mot de passe s\'il vous plait',
    'fos_user.password.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]Le mot de passe est trop court',
    'fos_user.password.mismatch' => 'Les deux mots de passe ne sont pas identiques',
    'fos_user.new_password.blank' => 'Entrez un nouveau mot de passe s\'il vous plait',
    'fos_user.new_password.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]Le nouveau mot de passe est trop court',
    'fos_user.current_password.invalid' => 'Le mot de passe est invalide',
    'fos_user.group.blank' => 'Entrez un nom s\'il vous plait',
    'fos_user.group.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]Le nom est trop court',
    'fos_user.group.long' => '[-Inf,Inf]Le nom est trop long',
  ),
  'security' =>
  array (
    'An authentication exception occurred.' => 'Une exception d\'authentification s\'est produite.',
    'Authentication credentials could not be found.' => 'Les droits d\'authentification n\'ont pas pu être trouvés.',
    'Authentication request could not be processed due to a system problem.' => 'La requête d\'authentification n\'a pas pu être executée à cause d\'un problème système.',
    'Invalid credentials.' => 'Droits invalides.',
    'Cookie has already been used by someone else.' => 'Le cookie a déjà été utilisé par quelqu\'un d\'autre.',
    'Not privileged to request the resource.' => 'Pas de privilèges pour accéder à la ressource.',
    'Invalid CSRF token.' => 'Jeton CSRF invalide.',
    'Digest nonce has expired.' => 'Le digest nonce a expiré.',
    'No authentication provider found to support the authentication token.' => 'Aucun fournisseur d\'authentification n\'a été trouvé pour supporter le jeton d\'authentification.',
    'No session available, it either timed out or cookies are not enabled.' => 'Pas de session disponible, celle-ci a expiré ou les cookies ne sont pas activés.',
    'No token could be found.' => 'Aucun jeton n\'a pu être trouvé.',
    'Username could not be found.' => 'Le nom d\'utilisateur ne peut pas être trouvé.',
    'Account has expired.' => 'Le compte a expiré.',
    'Credentials have expired.' => 'Les droits ont expirés.',
    'Account is disabled.' => 'Le compte est désactivé.',
    'Account is locked.' => 'Le compte est bloqué.',
  ),
  'pagerfanta' =>
  array (
    'previous' => 'Précédent',
    'next' => 'Suivant',
  ),
  'VinceTBootstrapFormBundle' =>
  array (
    'Submit' => 'Valider',
    'Clear' => 'Réinitialiser',
    'From' => 'De',
    'To' => 'À',
    'W' => 'S',
    'Custom Range' => 'Personnalisé',
    'Su' => 'Di',
    'Mo' => 'Lu',
    'Tu' => 'Ma',
    'We' => 'Me',
    'Th' => 'Je',
    'Fr' => 'Ve',
    'Sa' => 'Sa',
    'January' => 'Janvier',
    'February' => 'Février',
    'March' => 'Mars',
    'April' => 'Avril',
    'May' => 'Mai',
    'June' => 'Juin',
    'July' => 'Juillet',
    'August' => 'Août',
    'September' => 'Septembre',
    'October' => 'Octobre',
    'November' => 'Novembre',
    'December' => 'Décembre',
    0 => '1',
    'Today' => 'Aujourd\'hui',
    'Yesterday' => 'Hier',
    'Last 7 days' => 'Les 7 derniers jours',
    'Last week' => 'La semaine dernière',
    'Last month' => 'Le mois dernier',
    'Last year' => 'L\'année dernière',
  ),
  'FOSUserBundle' =>
  array (
    'group.edit.submit' => 'Mettre à jour le groupe',
    'group.show.name' => 'Nom du groupe',
    'group.new.submit' => 'Créer le groupe',
    'group.flash.updated' => 'Le groupe a été mis à jour',
    'group.flash.created' => 'Le groupe a été créé',
    'group.flash.deleted' => 'Le groupe a été supprimé',
    'security.login.username' => 'Nom d\'utilisateur :',
    'security.login.password' => 'Mot de passe :',
    'security.login.remember_me' => 'Se souvenir de moi',
    'security.login.submit' => 'Connexion',
    'profile.show.username' => 'Nom d\'utilisateur',
    'profile.show.email' => 'Adresse e-mail',
    'profile.edit.submit' => 'Mettre à jour',
    'profile.flash.updated' => 'Le profil a été mis à jour',
    'change_password.submit' => 'Modifier le mot de passe',
    'change_password.flash.success' => 'Le mot de passe a été modifié',
    'registration.check_email' => 'Un e-mail a été envoyé à l\'adresse %email%. Il contient un lien d\'activation sur lequel il vous faudra cliquer afin d\'activer votre compte.',
    'registration.confirmed' => 'Félicitations %username%, votre compte est maintenant activé.',
    'registration.back' => 'Retour à la page d\'origine.',
    'registration.submit' => 'Enregistrer',
    'registration.flash.user_created' => 'L\'utilisateur a été créé avec succès',
    'registration.email.subject' => 'Bienvenue %username% !',
    'registration.email.message' => 'Bonjour %username% !

Pour valider votre compte utilisateur, merci de vous rendre sur %confirmationUrl%

Cordialement,
L\'équipe.
',
    'resetting.password_already_requested' => 'Un nouveau mot de passe a déjà été demandé pour cet utilisateur dans les dernières 24 heures.',
    'resetting.check_email' => 'Un e-mail a été envoyé à l\'adresse %email%. Il contient un lien sur lequel il vous faudra cliquer afin de réinitialiser votre mot de passe.',
    'resetting.request.invalid_username' => 'Le nom d\'utilisateur ou l\'adresse e-mail "%username%" n\'existe pas.',
    'resetting.request.username' => 'Nom d\'utilisateur ou adresse e-mail :',
    'resetting.request.submit' => 'Réinitialiser le mot de passe',
    'resetting.reset.submit' => 'Modifier le mot de passe',
    'resetting.flash.success' => 'Le mot de passe a été réinitialisé avec succès',
    'resetting.email.subject' => 'Réinitialisation de votre mot de passe',
    'resetting.email.message' => 'Bonjour %username% !

Pour réinitialiser votre mot de passe, merci de vous rendre sur %confirmationUrl%

Cordialement,
L\'équipe.
',
    'layout.logout' => 'Déconnexion',
    'layout.login' => 'Connexion',
    'layout.register' => 'Inscription',
    'layout.logged_in_as' => 'Connecté en tant que %username%',
    'form.group_name' => 'Nom du groupe :',
    'form.username' => 'Nom d\'utilisateur :',
    'form.email' => 'Adresse e-mail :',
    'form.current_password' => 'Mot de passe actuel :',
    'form.password' => 'Mot de passe :',
    'form.password_confirmation' => 'Vérification :',
    'form.new_password' => 'Nouveau mot de passe :',
    'form.new_password_confirmation' => 'Vérification :',
  ),
  'FOSCommentBundle' =>
  array (
    'fos_comment_comment_new_headline_first' => 'Soyez le premier à commenter',
    'fos_comment_comment_new_headline' => 'Ajouter un commentaire',
    'fos_comment_comment_new_submit' => 'Poster',
    'fos_comment_comment_new_cancel' => 'Annuler',
    'fos_comment_comment_edit_submit' => 'Poster',
    'fos_comment_comment_edit_cancel' => 'Annuler',
    'fos_comment_comment_reply_reply_to' => 'Répondre à %name%',
    'fos_comment_comment_reply_cancel' => 'Annuler',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_by' => 'Par',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_voteup' => 'J\'aime',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_votedown' => 'Je n\'aime pas',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_reply' => 'Répondre',
    'fos_comment_comment_vote_score' => 'Score: ',
    'fos_comment_comment_tree_load_more' => 'Afficher plus de réponses',
    'Showing %num% comment|Showing %num% comments' => 'Afficher %num% commentaire|Afficher %num% commentaires',
    'fos_comment_rss_feed' => 'Flux RSS',
    'fos_comment_thread_close' => 'Fermer le fil de discussion',
    'fos_comment_thread_open' => 'Ouvrir le fil de discussion',
    'fos_comment_thread_comment_count' => '%count% commentaire|%count% commentaires',
    'fos_comment_comment_edit' => 'Editer',
    'fos_comment_comment_delete' => 'Supprimer le commentaire',
    'fos_comment_comment_undelete' => 'Restaurer le commentaire',
    'fos_comment_comment_deleted' => '[Supprimé]',
  ),
));

$catalogueEn = new MessageCatalogue('en', array (
  'validators' =>
  array (
    'This value should be false.' => 'This value should be false.',
    'This value should be true.' => 'This value should be true.',
    'This value should be of type {{ type }}.' => 'This value should be of type {{ type }}.',
    'This value should be blank.' => 'This value should be blank.',
    'The value you selected is not a valid choice.' => 'The value you selected is not a valid choice.',
    'You must select at least {{ limit }} choice.|You must select at least {{ limit }} choices.' => 'You must select at least {{ limit }} choice.|You must select at least {{ limit }} choices.',
    'You must select at most {{ limit }} choice.|You must select at most {{ limit }} choices.' => 'You must select at most {{ limit }} choice.|You must select at most {{ limit }} choices.',
    'One or more of the given values is invalid.' => 'One or more of the given values is invalid.',
    'This field was not expected.' => 'This field was not expected.',
    'This field is missing.' => 'This field is missing.',
    'This value is not a valid date.' => 'This value is not a valid date.',
    'This value is not a valid datetime.' => 'This value is not a valid datetime.',
    'This value is not a valid email address.' => 'This value is not a valid email address.',
    'The file could not be found.' => 'The file could not be found.',
    'The file is not readable.' => 'The file is not readable.',
    'The file is too large ({{ size }} {{ suffix }}). Allowed maximum size is {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.' => 'The file is too large ({{ size }} {{ suffix }}). Allowed maximum size is {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.',
    'The mime type of the file is invalid ({{ type }}). Allowed mime types are {{ types }}.' => 'The mime type of the file is invalid ({{ type }}). Allowed mime types are {{ types }}.',
    'This value should be {{ limit }} or less.' => 'This value should be {{ limit }} or less.',
    'This value is too long. It should have {{ limit }} character or less.|This value is too long. It should have {{ limit }} characters or less.' => 'This value is too long. It should have {{ limit }} character or less.|This value is too long. It should have {{ limit }} characters or less.',
    'This value should be {{ limit }} or more.' => 'This value should be {{ limit }} or more.',
    'This value is too short. It should have {{ limit }} character or more.|This value is too short. It should have {{ limit }} characters or more.' => 'This value is too short. It should have {{ limit }} character or more.|This value is too short. It should have {{ limit }} characters or more.',
    'This value should not be blank.' => 'This value should not be blank.',
    'This value should not be null.' => 'This value should not be null.',
    'This value should be null.' => 'This value should be null.',
    'This value is not valid.' => 'This value is not valid.',
    'This value is not a valid time.' => 'This value is not a valid time.',
    'This value is not a valid URL.' => 'This value is not a valid URL.',
    'The two values should be equal.' => 'The two values should be equal.',
    'The file is too large. Allowed maximum size is {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.' => 'The file is too large. Allowed maximum size is {{ limit }} {{ suffix }}.',
    'The file is too large.' => 'The file is too large.',
    'The file could not be uploaded.' => 'The file could not be uploaded.',
    'This value should be a valid number.' => 'This value should be a valid number.',
    'This file is not a valid image.' => 'This file is not a valid image.',
    'This is not a valid IP address.' => 'This is not a valid IP address.',
    'This value is not a valid language.' => 'This value is not a valid language.',
    'This value is not a valid locale.' => 'This value is not a valid locale.',
    'This value is not a valid country.' => 'This value is not a valid country.',
    'This value is already used.' => 'This value is already used.',
    'The size of the image could not be detected.' => 'The size of the image could not be detected.',
    'The image width is too big ({{ width }}px). Allowed maximum width is {{ max_width }}px.' => 'The image width is too big ({{ width }}px). Allowed maximum width is {{ max_width }}px.',
    'The image width is too small ({{ width }}px). Minimum width expected is {{ min_width }}px.' => 'The image width is too small ({{ width }}px). Minimum width expected is {{ min_width }}px.',
    'The image height is too big ({{ height }}px). Allowed maximum height is {{ max_height }}px.' => 'The image height is too big ({{ height }}px). Allowed maximum height is {{ max_height }}px.',
    'The image height is too small ({{ height }}px). Minimum height expected is {{ min_height }}px.' => 'The image height is too small ({{ height }}px). Minimum height expected is {{ min_height }}px.',
    'This value should be the user\'s current password.' => 'This value should be the user\'s current password.',
    'This value should have exactly {{ limit }} character.|This value should have exactly {{ limit }} characters.' => 'This value should have exactly {{ limit }} character.|This value should have exactly {{ limit }} characters.',
    'The file was only partially uploaded.' => 'The file was only partially uploaded.',
    'No file was uploaded.' => 'No file was uploaded.',
    'No temporary folder was configured in php.ini.' => 'No temporary folder was configured in php.ini.',
    'Cannot write temporary file to disk.' => 'Cannot write temporary file to disk.',
    'A PHP extension caused the upload to fail.' => 'A PHP extension caused the upload to fail.',
    'This collection should contain {{ limit }} element or more.|This collection should contain {{ limit }} elements or more.' => 'This collection should contain {{ limit }} element or more.|This collection should contain {{ limit }} elements or more.',
    'This collection should contain {{ limit }} element or less.|This collection should contain {{ limit }} elements or less.' => 'This collection should contain {{ limit }} element or less.|This collection should contain {{ limit }} elements or less.',
    'This collection should contain exactly {{ limit }} element.|This collection should contain exactly {{ limit }} elements.' => 'This collection should contain exactly {{ limit }} element.|This collection should contain exactly {{ limit }} elements.',
    'Invalid card number.' => 'Invalid card number.',
    'Unsupported card type or invalid card number.' => 'Unsupported card type or invalid card number.',
    'This is not a valid International Bank Account Number (IBAN).' => 'This is not a valid International Bank Account Number (IBAN).',
    'This value is not a valid ISBN-10.' => 'This value is not a valid ISBN-10.',
    'This value is not a valid ISBN-13.' => 'This value is not a valid ISBN-13.',
    'This value is neither a valid ISBN-10 nor a valid ISBN-13.' => 'This value is neither a valid ISBN-10 nor a valid ISBN-13.',
    'This value is not a valid ISSN.' => 'This value is not a valid ISSN.',
    'This value is not a valid currency.' => 'This value is not a valid currency.',
    'This value should be equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should be equal to {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be greater than {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should be greater than {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be greater than or equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should be greater than or equal to {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be identical to {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should be identical to {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be less than {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should be less than {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should be less than or equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should be less than or equal to {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should not be equal to {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should not be equal to {{ compared_value }}.',
    'This value should not be identical to {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.' => 'This value should not be identical to {{ compared_value_type }} {{ compared_value }}.',
    'The image ratio is too big ({{ ratio }}). Allowed maximum ratio is {{ max_ratio }}.' => 'The image ratio is too big ({{ ratio }}). Allowed maximum ratio is {{ max_ratio }}.',
    'The image ratio is too small ({{ ratio }}). Minimum ratio expected is {{ min_ratio }}.' => 'The image ratio is too small ({{ ratio }}). Minimum ratio expected is {{ min_ratio }}.',
    'The image is square ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Square images are not allowed.' => 'The image is square ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Square images are not allowed.',
    'The image is landscape oriented ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Landscape oriented images are not allowed.' => 'The image is landscape oriented ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Landscape oriented images are not allowed.',
    'The image is portrait oriented ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Portrait oriented images are not allowed.' => 'The image is portrait oriented ({{ width }}x{{ height }}px). Portrait oriented images are not allowed.',
    'An empty file is not allowed.' => 'An empty file is not allowed.',
    'This value does not match the expected {{ charset }} charset.' => 'This value does not match the expected {{ charset }} charset.',
    'This form should not contain extra fields.' => 'This form should not contain extra fields.',
    'The uploaded file was too large. Please try to upload a smaller file.' => 'The uploaded file was too large. Please try to upload a smaller file.',
    'The CSRF token is invalid. Please try to resubmit the form.' => 'The CSRF token is invalid. Please try to resubmit the form.',
    'fos_user.username.already_used' => 'The username is already used',
    'fos_user.username.blank' => 'Please enter a username',
    'fos_user.username.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]The username is too short',
    'fos_user.username.long' => '[-Inf,Inf]The username is too long',
    'fos_user.email.already_used' => 'The email is already used',
    'fos_user.email.blank' => 'Please enter an email',
    'fos_user.email.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]The email is too short',
    'fos_user.email.long' => '[-Inf,Inf]The email is too long',
    'fos_user.email.invalid' => 'The email is not valid',
    'fos_user.password.blank' => 'Please enter a password',
    'fos_user.password.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]The password is too short',
    'fos_user.password.mismatch' => 'The entered passwords don\'t match',
    'fos_user.new_password.blank' => 'Please enter a new password',
    'fos_user.new_password.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]The new password is too short',
    'fos_user.current_password.invalid' => 'The entered password is invalid',
    'fos_user.group.blank' => 'Please enter a name',
    'fos_user.group.short' => '[-Inf,Inf]The name is too short',
    'fos_user.group.long' => '[-Inf,Inf]The name is too long',
  ),
  'security' =>
  array (
    'An authentication exception occurred.' => 'An authentication exception occurred.',
    'Authentication credentials could not be found.' => 'Authentication credentials could not be found.',
    'Authentication request could not be processed due to a system problem.' => 'Authentication request could not be processed due to a system problem.',
    'Invalid credentials.' => 'Invalid credentials.',
    'Cookie has already been used by someone else.' => 'Cookie has already been used by someone else.',
    'Not privileged to request the resource.' => 'Not privileged to request the resource.',
    'Invalid CSRF token.' => 'Invalid CSRF token.',
    'Digest nonce has expired.' => 'Digest nonce has expired.',
    'No authentication provider found to support the authentication token.' => 'No authentication provider found to support the authentication token.',
    'No session available, it either timed out or cookies are not enabled.' => 'No session available, it either timed out or cookies are not enabled.',
    'No token could be found.' => 'No token could be found.',
    'Username could not be found.' => 'Username could not be found.',
    'Account has expired.' => 'Account has expired.',
    'Credentials have expired.' => 'Credentials have expired.',
    'Account is disabled.' => 'Account is disabled.',
    'Account is locked.' => 'Account is locked.',
  ),
  'pagerfanta' =>
  array (
    'previous' => 'Previous',
    'next' => 'Next',
  ),
  'VinceTBootstrapFormBundle' =>
  array (
    'Submit' => 'Submit',
    'Clear' => 'Clear',
    'From' => 'From',
    'To' => 'To',
    'W' => 'W',
    'Custom Range' => 'Custom Range',
    'Su' => 'Su',
    'Mo' => 'Mo',
    'Tu' => 'Tu',
    'We' => 'We',
    'Th' => 'Th',
    'Fr' => 'Fr',
    'Sa' => 'Sa',
    'January' => 'January',
    'February' => 'February',
    'March' => 'March',
    'April' => 'April',
    'May' => 'May',
    'June' => 'June',
    'July' => 'July',
    'August' => 'August',
    'September' => 'September',
    'October' => 'October',
    'November' => 'November',
    'December' => 'December',
    0 => '0',
    'Today' => 'Today',
    'Yesterday' => 'Yesterday',
    'Last 7 days' => 'Last 7 days',
    'Last week' => 'Last week',
    'Last month' => 'Last month',
    'Last year' => 'Last year',
  ),
  'FOSUserBundle' =>
  array (
    'group.edit.submit' => 'Update group',
    'group.show.name' => 'Group name',
    'group.new.submit' => 'Create group',
    'group.flash.updated' => 'The group has been updated',
    'group.flash.created' => 'The group has been created',
    'group.flash.deleted' => 'The group has been deleted',
    'security.login.username' => 'Username:',
    'security.login.password' => 'Password:',
    'security.login.remember_me' => 'Remember me',
    'security.login.submit' => 'Login',
    'profile.show.username' => 'Username',
    'profile.show.email' => 'Email',
    'profile.edit.submit' => 'Update',
    'profile.flash.updated' => 'The profile has been updated',
    'change_password.submit' => 'Change password',
    'change_password.flash.success' => 'The password has been changed',
    'registration.check_email' => 'An email has been sent to %email%. It contains an activation link you must click to activate your account.',
    'registration.confirmed' => 'Congrats %username%, your account is now activated.',
    'registration.back' => 'Back to the originating page.',
    'registration.submit' => 'Register',
    'registration.flash.user_created' => 'The user has been created successfully',
    'registration.email.subject' => 'Welcome %username%!',
    'registration.email.message' => 'Hello %username%!

To finish activating your account - please visit %confirmationUrl%

Regards,
the Team.
',
    'resetting.password_already_requested' => 'The password for this user has already been requested within the last 24 hours.',
    'resetting.check_email' => 'An email has been sent to %email%. It contains a link you must click to reset your password.',
    'resetting.request.invalid_username' => 'The username or email address "%username%" does not exist.',
    'resetting.request.username' => 'Username or email address:',
    'resetting.request.submit' => 'Reset password',
    'resetting.reset.submit' => 'Change password',
    'resetting.flash.success' => 'The password has been reset successfully',
    'resetting.email.subject' => 'Reset Password',
    'resetting.email.message' => 'Hello %username%!

To reset your password - please visit %confirmationUrl%

Regards,
the Team.
',
    'layout.logout' => 'Logout',
    'layout.login' => 'Login',
    'layout.register' => 'Register',
    'layout.logged_in_as' => 'Logged in as %username%',
    'form.group_name' => 'Group name:',
    'form.username' => 'Username:',
    'form.email' => 'Email:',
    'form.current_password' => 'Current password:',
    'form.password' => 'Password:',
    'form.password_confirmation' => 'Repeat password:',
    'form.new_password' => 'New password:',
    'form.new_password_confirmation' => 'Repeat new password:',
  ),
  'FOSCommentBundle' =>
  array (
    'fos_comment_comment_new_headline_first' => 'Be the first to comment',
    'fos_comment_comment_new_headline' => 'Add New Comment',
    'fos_comment_comment_new_submit' => 'Post',
    'fos_comment_comment_new_cancel' => 'Cancel',
    'fos_comment_comment_edit_submit' => 'Post',
    'fos_comment_comment_edit_cancel' => 'Cancel',
    'fos_comment_comment_reply_reply_to' => 'Replying to %name%',
    'fos_comment_comment_reply_cancel' => 'Cancel',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_by' => 'By',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_voteup' => 'Vote up',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_votedown' => 'Vote down',
    'fos_comment_comment_show_reply' => 'Reply',
    'fos_comment_comment_vote_score' => 'Score: ',
    'fos_comment_comment_tree_load_more' => 'Load More Replies',
    'Showing %num% comment|Showing %num% comments' => 'Showing %num% comment|Showing %num% comments',
    'fos_comment_rss_feed' => 'RSS Feed',
    'fos_comment_thread_close' => 'Close thread',
    'fos_comment_thread_open' => 'Open thread',
    'fos_comment_thread_comment_count' => '%count% comment|%count% comments',
    'fos_comment_comment_edit' => 'Edit',
    'fos_comment_comment_delete' => 'Delete comment',
    'fos_comment_comment_undelete' => 'Undelete comment',
    'fos_comment_comment_deleted' => '[deleted]',
  ),
));
$catalogue->addFallbackCatalogue($catalogueEn);

return $catalogue;


The other day as I looked over at you playing, I found tears springing to my eyes.
You were playing at Kidville, and you were doing everything all on your own. You even shared with another child without prompting. It was as if you had grown up right in front of my face.
And it hit me in that moment how quickly time catches up with you. I admit I have been procrastinating on looking at preschools, because it means you start your journey into spreading your wings.
When you were 6 weeks old I cried as I packed up you 3-6 month clothes. I couldn't believe how fast you were growing, and I needed a moment to mourn the time gone by. I shared my feelings in a Facebook post, and got the most beautiful letter from my mom not to long after.
In it she shared that the two greatest gifts a parent can give their children are the gifts of roots and wings, and talked about the joys and sorrows of letting go.
I know now even after less than 3 short years of life, that parenting is going to be filled with these moments of mourning time past and celebrating accomplishments at the same time.
You are growing into a sweet, active, sometimes crazy, adorable little boy. I can't even properly express how proud I am to see you doing things like playing independently and sharing with your friends.
Roots and wings hand in hand. Parenting in its most simple form.
I love you Squishy man!
Pretty soon he'll be a teen and just as thoughtful. Kids turn out so great, don't they?
They are a real blessing!!
Our 4 year old just started his first classes at the rec center without mom and dad. I was prepared to have him act up since he's never really been away from us, and we have done Tee Ball before, and it was a disaster, he wouldn't let us leave his side. When we dropped him off I think it upset me more that he didn't even say goodbye on his first day, he just ran into the room and started playing with the other kids! They grow up too fast.
What a cutie! Great pics! They grow up way too fast. I look at my son who is 9, and think, it seems like it was just yesterday he was a baby. sigh.
It looks like he had a very fun time!! Your son is adorable.
They grow all TOO fast. I can't believe my oldest will be 8 this June. Seems like she was just my bundle of chub yesterday.
What a great post! It's so true!
Roots and Wings I love this ….its amazing each bump and milestone and just how big our hearts grow with each one. Being a Mom is truly the greatest gift we can have.
He is such a cute little boy! Mine are 6 and 4 and I can't believe how fast the time flew by. I want them to stay little as long as possible!
He's such a cute little guy now!
My little guy is 4 now and he's growing up way to fast. He likes me to tell him I want him to be my baby so he can say I am sorry I am a big boy now.


text:
In New York City, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg is returned to office. He had invited voters to hold him accountable for his stewardship of the city's schools. (A Mayor Unleashed, Poised to Offer an Even Broader Agenda, The New York Times.)
Detroiters pick their first elected school board in six years, made up of four at-large and five district-level members. Their tasks include grappling with the district's financial problems and hiring a new superintendent. (Voters Choose Who Will Lead Schools, The Detroit News.)
Los Angeles voters approve nearly $4 billion in bonds to build schools. The vote will allow the district to complete its ambitious school construction program. (School Bonds, Wesson Win, Los Angeles Times.)
San Franciscans send a chilling message to military recruiters in schools by approving a ballot measure, "College Not Combat," opposing the presence of military recruiters in public high schools and colleges. But it does not ban their presence, which would put schools at risk of losing federal money. (Voters Take Stand Against Guns, Recruiting at Schools, San Francisco Chronicle.)
School board members supportive of the Wake County, N.C., student-assignment policy are re-elected. At least six of the nine seats on the new board will be held by members who support assigning some students to schools on the basis of family income to achieve diversity. (Millberg, Goettee Win in Wake Schools Race, The News and Observer.)
In Dover, Pa., eight school board members who supported a plan that introduced students to the concept of "intelligent design" in science classes are ousted by eight challengers who opposed that policy. The policy in the 3,600-student district was the subject of a closely scrutinized federal trial that concluded Nov. 4. (Dover Says No to Intelligent Design, The Philadelphia Inquirer.)
(Some newspapers may require registration.)
—Compiled by Ann Bradley
School & District Management N.J. and Va. Governors-Elect Turn to Preschool Promises
Christina A. Samuels, November 15, 2005
School & District Management N.Y.C. Mayor's Makeover of City Schools to Continue
Catherine Gewertz & Karla Scoon Reid, November 15, 2005
Education San Francisco Voters Go on Record Against Recruitment
Mary Ann Zehr, November 15, 2005
School & District Management Detroit's First Elected Board in 6 Years to Face Challenges
Karla Scoon Reid, November 8, 2005
First graders at PS 33 in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan sit in a semicircle during a meeting with teacher Danielle Capek. The city education department's directions on teaching literacy, in particular, have raised some educators' hackles.
Todd Plitt for Education Week
School & District Management Grading the Mayor
Catherine Gewertz, October 25, 2005
Education L.A. Schools Seek Bonds
Karla Scoon Reid, October 25, 2005
Here's a look at some recent Education Week articles you may have missed.
Education Letter to the Editor EdWeek's Most-Read Letters of 2022
Here are this year's top five Letters to the Editor.
Gwen Keraval for Education Week
Education In Their Own Words Withstanding Trauma, Leading With Honesty, and More: The Education Stories That Stuck With Us
Our journalists highlight why stories on the impact of trauma on schooling and the fallout of the political discourse on race matter to the field.
Stephen Sawchuk
Kladys Castellón prays during a vigil for the victims of a mass shooting at Robb Elementary School.
Billy Calzada/The San Antonio Express-News via AP
Education In Their Own Words Masking, Miscarriages, and Mental Health: The Education Stories That Stuck With Us
Our reporters share the stories they wrote that rose above the fray—and why.
Crystal Curtis and her son, Jordan Curtis, outside their home in Plano, Texas. Crystal, a healthcare professional whose son attends school in Plano talks about the challenges of ensuring quality schooling, her discomfort with the state and district's rollback of mandatory masking, and the complications of raising a Black child in a suburban district as policies shift.
Allison V. Smith for Education Week


"I think Usagi Yojimbo is one of the most original, innovative, well-executed comicbooks anywhere to be found. Stan's style of artwork, his crisp incisive writing, and his thoroughly professional pacing, all done in a relaxed and absorbed manner, have provided comics with something so rarely seen in this field--a new literary and artistic approach to illustrated storytelling."
CheeHoo Books will be on hand to authenticate signatures and submit comics books to CGC.
The Other Realms Cherry Blossom Usagi LImited Print is 11"x17" on 110# weight paper and can not be rolled for shipping. There will be an additional charge of $18.00 for all USPS Priority Mailed prints (U.S). International orders please inquire for additional shipping charges.
Prints will be mailed out the week of December 12, 2016.
If you are not able to be at the shop for Stan Sakai's appearance, please indicate if you would like your print signed.
There will be plenty of merchandise on hand for Stan Sakai to sign including an exclusive to Other Realms Cherry Blossom Usagi LImited Print shown below!
please join us in welcoming Stan Sakai to our store!
Originally from Hawaii, Stan Sakai began his comic book career by lettering, starting with Groo for Sergio Aragonés. His work led him to meet Stan Lee, who asked him to letter for Spiderman Sunday comics, which he did for over 30 years.
Sakai is most famous for his original creation of Usagi Yojimbo, the epic saga of Miyamoto Usagi, a samurai rabbit living in late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth-century Japan. His work on Usagi has led to multiple awards, including several Eisner's. Since then, Usagi has been featured on television with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and has been named as one of the top comic book characters of all time.
Pre-order your exclusive Usagi Cherry Blossom Limited Edition Print today!
Only 200 will be made.
Pre-Order Price SORRY, PRE-ORDERS ARE COMPLETED.
Call 808-596-8236, go into the store or use the form below to order yours today!


text:
Mad Men: The Final Season
So We Beat On, Boats Against the Current…
"Forecast" (Season 7, Episode 10)
Erika Schmidt
"Now it could be anything."
Congratulations, Ted Chaough: You get the most irresistibly apt line in an episode packed to the brim with them. "The Forecast" is lousy with explicitness. People (mostly Don) are confronted with challenging truths in language so plain it's funny. Don's realtor dissects the state of his life with the cruel precision of a mean girl. Glen bares his soul to Betty and dares her to fend him off when he's on his way to Vietnam. (In a fitting end to their bizarre relationship, she sends him off with perhaps her most maternal moment ever: that classic war-wife smile, steeped in good intentions and dread. "You're going to make it; I'm positive.") Sally's generally on fire, and after taking in some disturbing scenes between her mother, her father, and various teenagers, expertly sums up her parents in one epic burn. Even Mathis gets in on the fun. And Roger hands Don a writing assignment that could apply to the company, yes, but also to Don personally or, you know, America in general.
All this explicitness weirdly has the effect of jump starting things, making it a perversely hopeful episode. Don puzzles over his forecasting assignment throughout the hour. He's searching for the right answer to the question, "What's next?" No one can satisfy him—even Peggy, with her characteristically specific goals, can't see much further than landing the big account or coining the famous catch phrase. As Ted and Don muse over donuts, survival is now all but guaranteed. So now what?
The question consumes Don. But, meanwhile, he seems increasingly galvanized with each crippling indictment that's hurled his way. Finally, in response to Sally's brutal assessment of him, he's driven to give her the best advice of his fatherly career: "You're a very beautiful girl. It's up to you to be more than that."
When Don gets back to his condo that night, his realtor is in the middle of selling the place. To keep him from distracting the new owners as they sign the papers, she literally shuts him out of his own home. He turns away and stares down the hallway to the strains of "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face." This is the first time Don has ever been alone, secure but untethered, and without secrets. Now it could be anything. It is supremely moving, sad, and, yes, hopeful.
Why no mention of Joan, you ask? Why, because I'm about to devote the entire remainder of our time to her…
"That sounds wonderful, but I have some place to be."
As far as Mad Men goes, Joan's arc is the one that rattles me the most. It means too much to me. I get irrational. I become one of those fans who doesn't care about poetry, who can't see the big picture. I just want Joan to have everything she's ever wanted. This makes writing about her difficult. I tend toward hyperbole, such as: "The Other Woman" made me cry harder than I've ever cried; or: seeing Joan order room service while on a business trip made me the happiest I've ever been; or maybe: the revelation of Joan having been married twice is the most shocking development in television history.
This unreasonable Joan-loving side of me has been uneasy for awhile now. It's not actually that I want exclusively to see Joan live happily ever after; I want her journey to be as complex and shaded as Peggy's, Pete's, or Don's. But I badly want to see that journey. We haven't seen a whole lot of Joan since Jaguar. She's made enormous strides in her career, and she's certainly remained fascinating as an individual and as a player in the world of the show, but we haven't really gotten to dig in with her in a long time. I've often worried about whether, as the show winds down, the character will be given the attention she demands. I try to silence that worry, because it's not how I usually react to Mad Men. I trust this show, and I know I should trust it with Joan.
"The Forecast" rewarded me for that trust. The Joan we see in "Severance" is struggling to simultaneously shed her skin and inhabit her new life without compromising what she holds dear. She is an executive, and yet she faces the same demeaning treatment she always has—because she looks the way she does and (according to Peggy) dresses the way she does, she isn't taken seriously. Joan has no real allies these days. Her road remains a lonely one.
But "The Forecast" suggests a new bend in that road. While she undoubtedly has to put up with some difficulty in this episode, Joan is operating in a new sphere here. Note that, as is so often the case, Joan reads as the only adult in the L.A. office, with Dee and Lou ineffectual and nonsensical beside her. Dee gets frozen out when she tries to engage Joan as a peer ("Have you seen Warren Beatty?"). Lou can trivialize Joan's efficiency all he wants to; we all know which of the two will be left standing in the end.
When she meets Richard Burghoff, she shakes his hand swiftly and vigorously, like a man. She says, "I'm Joan Harris. I'm an account executive and a partner." Because she is. This is no secretary angling for a country home; she's meeting this man as an equal, and he accepts her as one unquestioningly. Many of the exchanges that follow are thrilling for that reason alone. The banter, the pillow talk, and even the arguments are free from the core condescension that usually characterizes men's interactions with Joan. He's still a man of his time—he uses some of the same old lines, and generally recalls the vernacular of Duck Phillips (honey, cad, heel)—but his attitude toward Joan is open and plainly respectful. Even when he reveals his weakness in his reaction to finding out about her son, we're seeing something new. The heat of his response is rooted in the clear fact that he cares enough about her to be affected by the details of her life. In the end, he's able to confront the seriousness of his feelings for her, and he bends.
Yes, this man is different. But so is she. When Burghoff explodes over her inconvenient maternal status, Joan, disappointed as she is, stands firm. She is secure in her priorities. He's good at painting a picture (a phrase used earlier in the episode, incidentally, by Ted to describe Don), but he hasn't considered her life in the process. And she does have a life. It is unfortunate, but there's nothing to be done.
(And oh, but she wears disappointment beautifully, doesn't she? "You're right. Nice meeting you." This is something we sometimes see in Betty, too, even in this very episode—this immaculate training that, for all its warping constrictions, also provides these women a scaffolding on which to balance moments of deep emotion.)
In that moment, and later in the determined affection of her tone when she calls to Kevin,"Bye bye, sweetie!" even as she despairs that she'll never find love while she's his mother, Joan's strength crystalizes in front of us. Her meeting Burghoff renders her situation explicit: she's walking away from the promise of one love in service of her promise to another. "That sounds wonderful, but I have some place to be."
We get to see so many shades of this woman in one hour: satisfaction, delight, hope, skepticism, authority, discouragement, anger, defiance, love. We see her use some new tools and some old ones. Watch her tried-and-true coquettishness come out, on the phone with her son, or trying to manage Burghoff's reaction when he learns of her curfew: "I wasn't going to spend the night under any circumstances. That's the kind of woman I am." And watch Burghoff see right through it. It's a different kind of thrill to see her forced to lay down her worn weapons and speak openly with him. This is Joan: she has a four-year-old son. She lives on 12th street. With her mother. And she's been divorced twice. How very right that we wouldn't learn of Joan's first marriage until now, when she is finally secure enough to share it with someone who challenges her to. Someone, finally, who might prove worthy of her risk.
This is a very modern, adult beginning to a romance. It involves history, attraction, a strange certainty, regretted behavior, imperfection, and compromise. There is no guarantee from either party that things will work out. But the stark honesty they're engaging in, here at the very beginning of their relationship, is unlike anything we've seen on Mad Men before. It's an opportunity fit for our queen.
Laced through the mess of "The Forecast"—in Joan's storyline, in Don's, in Sally's, and possibly even in Betty's—is the undeniable feeling of stubborn hope. As Don Draper tells his realtor with the vaguely threatening certainty only he could muster: "I have a good feeling about things!"
Mad Menposts
Erika Schmidt is an award-winning writer living in Berkeley, California. She is the 2013 recipient of the Chicago Tribune's Nelson Algren Award for short fiction. A graduate of Northwestern University's Creative Writing and Theatre Programs, she has trained as a writer at StoryStudio Chicago and Narrative Magazine, and as an actor at the School at Steppenwolf.
Chad Perman·
It Won't Be Cinematic
Erika Schmidt·
That Should Be Fascinating For Everyone Involved
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