text:
FEATURE: Bad Apples Up On Top
NOTE: This post was originally published on Dead Politics Society, a blog for my Political Sociology class in the spring of 2012, as my final paper.
"Let me tell you about the very rich," wrote F. Scott Fitzgerald, "they are different from you and me." If you look at eight movies that specifically tackle economic malaise following the 2008 recession, you would find that Fitzgerald rings true still today. They have Degas paintings in their office (The Company Men), expensive sports cars in their garage (Margin Call), and pools with a $100 bill painted on the bottom above their penthouse (Tower Heist).
Never mind that hundreds of feet below their offices and miles from their mansions, the unemployment rate swelled to 10% and 2.3 million Americans had their homes foreclosed. These films depict the fat cats of corporate America thriving off the misery of the middle-class, setting up two powerful frames for moviegoers to view the tough times. To borrow terms from Diana Kendall (2011), the upper crust is repeatedly portrayed through "bad apples framing" while the middle-class is seen through "victimization framing," a clash which sets up audiences to view the post-recessional landscape as a class conflict.
Each of these films represents a frame that is episodic in nature since they are limited, unrelated narratives dealing with the financial crisis in some way; these reports attribute individual responsibility to large societal problems (Iyengar 1996). So rather than closely scrutinizing how capitalism itself might be responsible for middle-class woes, post-recessional cinema endorsed a theory of "bad apples capitalism." This belief, rooted in the idea that a few people who refuse to play by the rules can ruin an entire system (Baum 2011), allows viewers to direct their anger at a person rather than an abstract concept (Kendall 2011).
Indeed, it is much easier to blame Gordon Gekko, the banker who refers to money as a "b*tch who never sleeps" (Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps), and John Tuld, the CEO who calls money "made up" (Margin Call) than to find the entire capitalistic system guilty for the current American misery. The "bad apples" emphasis allows the movies to rile cages and stir anger without inciting revolutionary sentiment. They villainize the products of corporate America without actually attacking corporate America. (Corporate profits make these movies happen, so "bad apples" is about as close as they can get to critiquing the system.)
To emphasize the corruption of the rich corporate moguls, the movies shower us with lavish descriptions of their lifestyles. They chat about their million-dollar paychecks while the financial system teeters on the verge of collapse (Margin Call), and we hear about their private islands in Belize (Tower Heist) as well as how they make 700 times the salary of the average worker in their company (The Company Men). And all of this has blinded them to the plight of their workers – they claim to work for their shareholders instead of their employees (The Company Men), rob hardworking staff of their pensions (Tower Heist), and claim that massive layoffs present an "opportunity" for those left at the company (Margin Call).
Meanwhile, the middle class, out of their sight and most definitely out of their minds, is shown as trying to preserve their virtues and lifestyles amidst the turmoil. They have to sell their car to get by (Larry Crowne), take on a bartending job at night to put food on the table (Win Win), and move back in with their parents out of necessity (The Company Men). Jason Reitman's Up in the Air takes the most wrenching look at their economic woes, putting real downsized workers in front of the camera to reenact their firings and rehash their financial fears. Current cinema has, in other words, provided a fresh set of faces to fit the bill for the "new poor" archetype that first came to prominence during recessions in the 1980s (Gilens 1999).
(NOTE: Both of these clips show firing scenes with staged actors, but they echo the general sentiment of the truly unemployed.)
However, the middle class is normally defined by their values rather than income (Kendall 2011), and post-recessional cinema makes its depiction go further than just merely downward mobility: the crisis threatens to break the country's moral backbone. The economy forces them to contemplate taking money unethically from the elderly (Win Win), relapse into alcoholism (Everything Must Go), and launches them into depression that ultimately proves suicidal for some (Up in the Air and The Company Men). In the extreme case of Tower Heist, a comedy that borders on farce, fired workers even hire a convicted felon to help them steal $20 million from a rich man who conned them. Sadly, Hollywood showed through this recession that the squeeze forced them to budge on their values.
Ultimately, a hopeful Hollywood ending comes for the middle-class that allows them to reconnect with their values and inherent goodness (Kinkle and Toscano 2011). Yet most films provide a pass to the people who caused the suffering as well. They make over a billion dollars off the crisis (Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps), walk out the door with a $90 million severance check (The Company Men), and giddily look forward to profiting from the meltdown (Margin Call). So why do they get off easy? Honesty.
In real life, these executives not only escaped punishment but also saw their fortunes grow. The filmmakers want us to be angry when the movie ends. So far, it has worked. Polls show that 60% of Americans supported cutting payroll taxes, and over half support raising taxes only on people who make more than $250,000 a year. If Obama ever gets the Buffet rule passed, he owes Hollywood a debt of gratitude.
For full bibliography, see the original post on Dead Politics Society.
Tags: Everything Must Go, Larry Crowne, Margin Call, The Company Men, Tower Heist, Up in the Air, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps, Win Win
Categories : Features
REVIEW: Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps
I have no problem with Hollywood approaching the 2008 financial collapse; look no further than my "A" for Charles Ferguson's documentary "Inside Job." But it's a slippery slope to walk on, and Oliver Stone's slanted "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps" does a total face-plant as its blatantly pointed activism destroys any legitimacy the movie might have. Compared to Ferguson's fascinating investigation and research, Stone's allegory is a cowardly and vicious attack on the system of greed that the original film highlighted in 1987.
There was no reason to resurrect Michael Douglas' Oscar-winning character Gordon Gekko at all, and Stone's haste to use him as an instrument in unleashing a tirade against Wall Street renders his transformation senseless. In the first film, he was a slimy representation of greed and excess, and an antagonist meant to be deplored. Yet in 2010, he has been conveniently reassigned to the voice of the writer and his liberal sensibilities. No matter where you fall on the political spectrum, this move just doesn't work under the basic conventions of storytelling.
The movie's main plot is mostly independent of Gekko, tying him in through a broken relationship with his daughter Winnie (Carey Mulligan). She's engaged to Jake (Shia LaBeouf), a young upstart banker who gets caught up in the idea of creating something from nothing that he ultimately winds up without anything. After the suicide of his mentor, he finds himself reeling and very lost.
Sure, it has its entertaining moments, but the whole movie just reeks of a misplaced sense of political vindication. Stone doesn't challenge, inform, or educate, and there's nothing left for the audience to ponder. The deranged manifesto that is "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps" is just a series of thinly veiled pot-shots on everyone involved in the financial meltdown, less based on the facts than on the opinions and convictions of its hardly neutral filmmakers. C- /
Tags: Carey Mulligan, Eli Wallach, Frank Langella, Gordon Gekko, Josh Brolin, Michael Douglas, Oliver Stone, Shia LaBeouf, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps
"Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps" Poll Results
Looks like we've got a hung jury.
Back in the beginning of September, I pondered Michael Douglas' Oscar chances given all the sympathy stemming from his very public fight against cancer (and the fact that he was getting good notes).
Three people think Douglas could cash in on the sympathy and get a Best Actor nomination while three think he won't. I hesitate to publish a split vote, but it's pretty much where I stand as well. Given the movie's lackluster box office showing and mediocre critical reception, "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps" doesn't really seem to stand a chance. But good performances have been nominated from sequels that didn't light the world on fire – for example, Cate Blanchett for "Elizabeth: The Golden Age."
So while a nomination isn't out of the question, I'd say before precursors hit, it's highly unlikely.
Tags: Michael Douglas, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps
Categories : Marshall and the Movies, Polls
Oscar Moment: "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps"
You absolutely have to love Michael Douglas now. The man is in the fight of his life against Stage 4 throat cancer, and he's talking about it openly to millions of Americans on late night television. Now that's courage.
Here's what doctors have to say about Douglas' future:
Doctors say the therapy is grueling. Many patients develop painful mouth sores that require morphine-like narcotic pain relievers, says Robert Haddad, an oncologist with the head and neck cancer program at Boston's Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
Radiation also can burn the throat, which makes it painful to swallow. About half of patients require a feeding tube, says Haddad, who has no personal knowledge of Douglas' case.
Despite the side effects, Haddad says, Douglas' long-term quality of life "should be excellent."
Although the treatment is tough, it can cure 50% to 80% of patients, depending on the location and other details of the tumor, he says.
Douglas appears optimistic, and everyone in America will certainly be cheering when he beats cancer. But will the Academy be cheering with everyone?
Will an unintended side effect of Douglas' treatment be an Oscar nomination? While we are expecting him to make it through, recovery is not 100% certain. Just think of how many Oscar nominations have been given to people that we have been afraid are going to leave us – Hal Halbrook, Ruby Dee, and Christopher Plummer, just to name a few.
Douglas also has two horses in the stable for an Oscar run this year: the critically acclaimed indie "Solitary Man" and the sequel to the 1987 movie that won him an Oscar, "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps." Having a really good year is always a big plus for the Academy, who often like to reward several performances through one nomination. Case in point: Kate Winslet in 2008 for "The Reader" but also for "Revolutionary Road" and Leonardo DiCaprio in 2006 for "Blood Diamond" but also for "The Departed." (NOTE: One actor cannot receive two nominations in the same category.)
"Wall Street" represents his best chance seeing as "Solitary Man" was released by a very small company that can't afford a big enough campaign. Some have speculated that he will be in the Supporting Actor category for this effort, perhaps to run Shia LaBeouf for leading. I can't really see this happening; I think the most likely outcome will be a co-lead push for LaBeouf and Douglas. He's solid as always, early word says. According to Variety's Justin Chang, "Older, grayer and perhaps a touch less snakelike, Douglas is still insinuatingly good, and his performance lays the groundwork for the film's one spectacularly cynical twist." I'd say he has a great shot, and the somber spotlight (sadly) only helps.
A funny note, no one has ever won two competitive Oscars for the same role. In 1946, Harold Russell, a World War II veteran, won Best Supporting Actor for his role in "The Best Years of Our Lives" and an honorary Oscar for inspiring hope. And the role of Vito Corleone in "The Godfather" saga has given Oscars to two actors, Marlon Brando in 1972 and Robert DeNiro in 1974.
As for the rest of the movie's chances, it gets pretty spotty. Here's Guy Lodge of In Contention after seeing the premiere at Cannes back in May, offering what I see as a pretty accurate representation of feelings toward the movie from across the board:
"Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps" is one of the more pleasantly surprising studio pictures of the year thus far, and a significant improvement on its po-faced (and, 23 years on, now fearsomely dated) predecessor. If the sequel could never have been deemed "necessary," it's certainly as handily timed as can be. As the original served as dumb but not ineffective allegory for the coke-fuelled iniquities of 1980s capitalism, the new film not only does the same for credit-crunch sobriety in the post-2000s, but allows Stone his "Toldja!" moment to boot.
Oliver Stone has two Oscars for Best Director already, so I say there's no chance that he even gets nominated. Best Picture is not entirely out of the question, although I wonder if "The Social Network" will fill the movie of the moment quota. I can see an outside possibility for Shia LaBeouf, but odds are he's too young and people haven't forgotten that he's been in the "Indiana Jones" and "Transformers" series.
Everyone loves Carey Mulligan, and like Douglas, she has two performances in play this year (the other coming from this week's release "Never Let Me Go"). They are much more likely to recognize her for the other movie, but if reception for that is tepid, she could sneak into Best Supporting Actress.
BEST BETS FOR NOMINATIONS: Best Actor (Douglas)
OTHER POSSIBLE NOMINATIONS: Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress (Mulligan)
Tags: Carey Mulligan, Michael Douglas, Oliver Stone, Shia LaBeouf, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps
Categories : 2010 - Oscar Moment, Oscar Moment
What To Look Forward To in … September 2010
Weird to think that the circle is complete and I'm back doing my second September preview post! All strangeness aside, we have emerged from a summer that many people loathed. Now it's up to fall, which begins in September, to redeem the year. With the big film festivals beginning, it's time for the Oscar hopefuls to hit the stage and make it or break it.
September 1/3
Getting a head start on the weekend is Anton Corbjin's "The American," starring George Clooney. The director has only one other film under his belt, "Control," which received enough raves that it's sitting comfortably on my DVR. Nevertheless, it's George Clooney's only movie of awards season 2010, so that makes it worth seeing. Added bonus is the trailer gives very little of the plot away.
Apparently Robert Rodriguez didn't get the memo that more is more when it comes to having old people in action movies, as August's "The Expendables" bloated cast translated into cash. But "Machete," with Danny Trejo as the titular swordslinger along with Steven Seagal (tragically overlooked by Sly), Cheech Marin, and Robert DeNiro, still looks pretty fun. Plus, there's Jessica Alba, Michelle Rodriguez, and America's favorite jail bait, Lindsay Lohan!
"Going the Distance" finds a home in September for Labor Day weekend after August just seemed a little too crowded.
Americans remake foreign movies all the time, but "A Woman A Gun and A Noodle Shop" switches it up on us and remakes an American movie. The source: The Coen Brothers' "Blood Simple." Should be interesting…
Haven't we seen enough "Resident Evil" in the last 8 years? In case we haven't, "Resident Evil: Afterlife" is here. I will give the marketing executives credit for the trailer: they get that people can tell phony 3D from real 3D, and they are selling the fact that this is real 3D.
The prospects don't look much better off the beaten path, either. "The Virginity Hit" just looks like "The 40-Year-Old Virgin" for the YouTube era.
September 15/17
Emma Stone's "Easy A" looks to make "The Scarlet Letter" much more enjoyable for the juniors at my school who have to read it (I was not among those). Hopefully this can make a star out of Stone, best known as Jules from "Superbad."
I have absolutely no idea what to make of the trailer for "The Town" or "Never Let Me Go." But with a cast including the likes of Jon Hamm, Jeremy Renner, and Ben Affleck for the former, which opens in wide release this weekend, I'm definitely in. Ditto for the latter which opens in limited release on Wednesday and stars Oscar nominees Carey Mulligan and Keira Knightley.
"Devil" looks kind of freaky … but I'm wondering how many viewers Universal lost for this movie after "The Last Airbender" was so poorly received. Maybe selling the movie based on M. Night Shyamalan wasn't the best idea…
The weekend also brings Philip Seymour Hoffman's directorial debut, "Jack Goes Boating," starring he and Oscar nominee Amy Ryan. It's a very quirky, melancholy-looking romance. Hoffman would.
Hey, look, another talking animal movie! I'll give "Alpha and Omega" the fact that it has the slight distinction of being Dennis Hopper's last movie. Don't cry; he wouldn't want us to.
I'm interested in "You Again" because it's a different kind of high school movie – one where all the students are out of school. Forced to be around each other, old high school rivals duke it out. And Betty White watches. What could be better?
Is "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps" a zeitgeist-tapping look at our economy? Or just Oliver Stone trying to reclaim his glory days? Carey Mulligan is in it … good reason for me to see it.
Ryan Reynolds inside a coffin for an entire movie? Will it work? I want to see "Buried" if for no other reason than to see how they pull it off.
Wednesday sees the latest film from prolific director Woody Allen, "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger." It has a great ensemble cast, but it didn't get the greatest reviews at Cannes. We'll see how this goes.
I lost so much respect for "Legend of the Guardians" when the filmmakers attempted to convince me that their movie about talking owls was comparable to "The Lord of the Rings." Talk about a stretch…
What are YOU looking forward to in September? Planning on going to the movies at all? Or just clearing out your DVR…
Tags: A Woman A Gun and A Noodle Shop, Alpha and Omega, Buried, Devil, Easy A, Going the Distance, It's Kind of a Funny Story, Jack Goes Boating, Legend of the Guardians, Machete, Never Let Me Go, Resident Evil: Afterlife, The American, The Town, The Virginity Hit, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps, You Again, You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger
Categories : What To Look Forward To


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec-intro}

\textit{Ab initio} calculations of nuclear
structure~\cite{pieper2004:gfmc-a6-8,neff2004:cluster-fmd,hagen2007:coupled-cluster-benchmark,quaglioni2009:ncsm-rgm,bacca2012:6he-hyperspherical,shimizu2012:mcsm,dytrych2013:su3ncsm,barrett2013:ncsm,baroni2013:7he-ncsmc}
face the challenge of describing a complex, multiscale quantum
many-body system.  The goal is to directly solve the many-body problem
for a system of protons and neutrons, with realistic internucleon
interactions~\cite{wiringa1995:nn-av18,entem2003:chiral-nn-potl,shirokov2007:nn-jisp16,epelbaum2009:nuclear-forces}.
However, the nucleus is governed by a
strong, short-range interaction.  Short-range correlations, tightly-bound $\alpha$
clusters~\cite{freer2007:cluster-structures}, and weakly-bound halo
nucleons~\cite{jonson2004:light-dripline,tanihata2013:halo-expt}
introduce dynamics over differing length scales and energy scales,
within the same nucleus, which must be simultaneously described within
the same many-body calculation.

Natural
orbitals~\cite{loewdin1955:natural-orbitals-part1,shull1955:natural-orbitals-helium,loewdin1956:natural-orbital,davidson1972:natural-orbital,mahaux1991:single-particle,stoitsov1993:natural-orbital-correlation}
provide a means of adapting the single-particle basis to better match
the physical structure of the many-body wave function.  Natural
orbitals are obtained by diagonalizing the one-body density matrix,
deduced from a preliminary many-body calculation using an
initial reference single-particle basis.  The Laguerre function
basis~\cite{helgaker2000:electron-structure,mccoy2016:lgalg} has been
used as the starting point for natural orbitals in atomic
electron-structure
calculations~\cite{shull1955:natural-orbitals-helium}, while we start
from the harmonic oscillator orbitals~\cite{moshinsky1996:oscillator}
more familiar to the nuclear structure
context~\cite{suhonen2007:nucleons-nucleus}.  The natural orbital
basis builds in important contributions from high-lying orbitals of
the initial basis~--- for the present application, high-lying
oscillator shells~--- thereby accelerating the convergence of wave
functions, energies, and other observables.

In this letter, we present a framework for \textit{ab initio} no-core
configuration interaction (NCCI)~\cite{barrett2013:ncsm} calculations
with a natural orbital basis and demonstrate improved convergence for
the lightest neutron halo
nucleus~$\isotope[6]{He}$~\cite{jonson2004:light-dripline}.  When used
with recently-proposed infrared (IR) basis-extrapolation
schemes~\cite{furnstahl2012:ho-extrapolation,more2013:ir-extrapolation},
we show that natural orbitals provide improved independence of basis
parameters for predictions of energy and radius observables.

\section{Natural orbitals}

In NCCI calculations, the nuclear many-body Schr\"odinger equation is
formulated as a matrix eigenproblem, where the Hamiltonian is
represented within a basis of Slater determinants, \textit{i.e.},
antisymmetrized products of single-particle states.  Conventionally,
harmonic oscillator orbitals~\cite{moshinsky1996:oscillator} are used,
and the basis is truncated to a maximum allowed number ${N_\text{max}}$ of
oscillator excitations~\cite{barrett2013:ncsm}.  The calculated wave
functions, energies, and observables depend upon both the truncation
${N_\text{max}}$ and the oscillator length $b$ of the basis (or, equivalently,
the oscillator energy ${\hbar\omega}\propto b^{-2}$).  The solution of the full,
untruncated many-body problem could, in principle, be obtained to any
desired accuracy, by retaining a sufficiently complete basis set.
However, the dimension of the NCCI problem increases rapidly with the
number of nucleons and included single-particle excitations, as shown
in Fig.~\ref{fig-dimension}.  Currently available computational
resources therefore limit the convergence of calculated states and
observables~\cite{maris2009:ncfc,maris2013:ncsm-pshell,caprio2015:berotor-ijmpe}.
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\ifproofpre{0.9}{0.5}\hsize]{natorb_fig01}
\end{center}
\vspace{-2em}
\caption{Growth of the NCCI problem dimension as a function of the number
  of oscillator excitations ${N_\text{max}}$ included in the basis, for
  selected nuclides, including $\isotope[6]{He}$~(red curve).
The dimensions
  shown are
  for spaces with zero angular momentum projection ($M=0$) and positive parity.
}
\label{fig-dimension}
\end{figure}

We therefore seek a physically-adapted basis, in which the nuclear
many-body wave function can be efficiently and accurately described,
subject to the constraint of accessible problem dimensions.  The
\textit{natural orbital} basis minimizes the mean occupation of states
above the Fermi
surface~\cite{schaefer1971:brueckner-self-consistency,mahaux1991:single-particle},
thus reducing the contribution of high-lying orbitals in describing
the many-body wave function.  Intuitively, the natural orbitals may be
understood as representing an attempt to recover the basis in which
the many-body wave function most resembles a single Slater
determinant.  Although we cannot expect to reduce the complex,
highly-correlated nuclear wave function to a single Slater
determinant, as assumed in the Hartree-Fock approximation, we may
expect that transforming to a more natural single-particle basis could
enhance the role of a comparatively small set of dominant Slater
determinants, and thereby accelerate convergence within a Slater
determinant expansion.

An NCCI state of good total angular momentum can only, in general, be
obtained as a superposition of several Slater determinants of $nljm$
single particle states (here, $n$ is the radial quantum number, $l$
labels the orbital angular momentum, $j$ labels the resultant angular
momentum after coupling to the spin, and $m$ labels its projection).
Therefore, we cannot, in general, expect the nuclear eigenfunctions to
resemble a single Slater determinant.  Rather, we hope to recover wave
functions which most resemble a single \textit{configuration} of
nucleons over $nlj$ orbitals.  For this purpose, we consider the
\textit{scalar densities}
$\rho^{(0)}_{ab}\equiv\tme{\Psi}{[c^\dagger_b\tilde{c}_a]_{00}}{\Psi}$,
where $c^\dagger_a$ represents the creation operator for a nucleon in
orbital $a=(n_al_aj_a)$ and the brackets $[\cdots]_{00}$ represent
spherical tensor coupling to zero angular momentum.  For a single
configuration $\tket{\Psi}$, the scalar densities are diagonal, and
the diagonal entries give the occupations of the contributing orbitals
[$\tbracket{\scrN_a}=(2j_a+1)^{1/2}\rho^{(0)}_{aa}$]~\cite{fn-number}.  Otherwise, for
the general case of a many-body state $\tket{\Psi}$, natural orbitals
are defined by diagonalizing this scalar density matrix.  The scalar
density matrix only connects orbitals of the same $l$ and $j$,
\textit{i.e.}, differing at most in their radial quantum number $n$,
so the transformation to natural orbitals induces a change of basis on
the radial functions separately within each $lj$ space [$\tket{n'lj} =
  \sum_n a^{(lj)}_{n',n} \tket{nlj}$].

An initial NCCI calculation is carried out in the oscillator basis.
This provides a scalar density matrix for the ground-state wave
function, which is then diagonalized to yield the natural orbitals.
The eigenvalue associated with a natural orbital represents its mean
occupation in the many-body wave function.  We order the natural
orbitals by decreasing eigenvalue of the density
matrix~\cite{mahaux1991:single-particle}, \textit{i.e.}, starting with
$n=0$ for the natural orbital with highest eigenvalue
[$\tbracket{\scrN_{0lj}}\geq\tbracket{\scrN_{1lj}}\geq\cdots$],
thereby providing an $n$ quantum number for an ${N_\text{max}}$-type truncation
scheme (see Ref.~\cite{caprio2012:csbasis}).
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\ifproofpre{0.9}{0.5}\hsize]{natorb_fig02}
\end{center}
\vspace{-2em}
\caption{Radial wave function for the neutron $0p_{3/2}$ natural
  orbital (heavy curve) derived from the $\isotope[6]{He}$ ground
  state calculation in the harmonic oscillator basis, along with the
  contributions from individual oscillator basis functions (gray
  curves).  The squared amplitudes $P(N)$ of these contributions are
  shown in the inset. The initial oscillator basis for this
  calculation has ${N_\text{max}}=16$ and ${\hbar\omega}=20\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$.}
\label{fig-radial}
\end{figure}

The lowest $p_{3/2}$ natural orbital obtained from the
$\isotope[6]{He}$ ground-state one-body densities is illustrated in
Fig.~\ref{fig-radial}, taking an example from the NCCI calculations
presented below.  In a traditional shell-model description,
$\isotope[6]{He}$ consists of two protons and two neutrons in a filled
$s$ shell ($N\equiv2n+l=0$), plus two neutrons in the valence $p$
shell ($N=1$).  In the oscillator-basis NCCI calculations, this
general structure is reflected in a nearly-filled $s$ shell.  The next
most heavily occupied orbital is then the neutron $0p_{3/2}$.  We
observe that the corresponding natural
orbital [Fig.~\ref{fig-radial}] receives extended contributions from high-lying oscillator
shells and thus acquires a substantial large-$r$ tail compared to the
oscillator orbital, as may be expected for a weakly-bound halo
nucleon.

The NCCI calculation using the natural orbital basis is no
more computationally difficult than the original oscillator basis
calculation.  It is simply necessary, in preparation, to carry out a
similarity transformation of the input Hamiltonian, as described in
Refs.~\cite{hagen2006:gdm-realistic,caprio2012:csbasis,caprio2014:cshalo}.

\section{Results}
\label{sec-results}

Several experimental properties of the ground state of
$\isotope[6]{He}$ support the interpretation that it consists of a
weakly-bound two-neutron halo surrounding a tightly-bound $\alpha$
core~\cite{jonson2004:light-dripline,tanihata2013:halo-expt}.  The two-neutron
separation energy for $\isotope[6]{He}$ is only $0.97\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$, out of a
total binding energy of $29.27\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$~\cite{npa2002:005-007}.
Experimentally, the onset of halo structure along the $\isotope{He}$
isotopic chain is indicated by a jump in the measured charge and
matter radii, from $\isotope[4]{He}$ to $\isotope[6]{He}$.  The root
mean square (RMS) point-proton distribution radius $r_p$, which may be
deduced~\cite{friar1997:charge-radius-correction} from the measured
charge radius, increases by $\sim32\%$ from $\isotope[4]{He}$
[$r_p=1.462(6)\,{\mathrm{fm}}$] to $\isotope[6]{He}$
[$r_p=1.934(9)\,{\mathrm{fm}}$]~\cite{wang2004:6he-radius-laser,brodeur2012:6he-8he-mass,lu2013:laser-neutron-rich}.
This increase may be understood as a consequence of halo structure,
arising from the recoil of the charged $\alpha$ core against the halo
neutrons (as well as possible contributions from swelling of the
$\alpha$ core~\cite{lu2013:laser-neutron-rich}).

The initial oscillator basis NCCI calculations from which we derive
natural orbitals for $\isotope[6]{He}$ cover a range of oscillator
basis parameters ${\hbar\omega}=10\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ to $40\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ with truncations
${N_\text{max}}\leq16$, as considered in Ref.~\cite{caprio2014:cshalo}.  The
NCCI calculations are carried out using the code
MFDn~\cite{maris2010:ncsm-mfdn-iccs10,aktulga2013:mfdn-scalability},
with the JISP16 two-body internucleon
interaction~\cite{shirokov2007:nn-jisp16} plus Coulomb interaction.
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\ifproofpre{0.9}{0.5}\hsize]{natorb_fig03}
\end{center}
\vspace{-2em}
\caption{Comparison of $\isotope[6]{He}$ ground state properties
  calculated using harmonic oscillator (HO, dashed lines) and natural
  orbital (NO, solid lines) bases: (a)~energy and (b)~ground state proton
  radii.  These are shown as functions of the oscillator basis ${\hbar\omega}$,
  for ${N_\text{max}}=10$ to $16$ (as labeled).}
\label{fig-scan}
\end{figure}

The ground state energy eigenvalues obtained for $\isotope[6]{He}$
using the harmonic oscillator (dashed lines) and natural orbital
(solid lines) bases are compared in Fig.~\ref{fig-scan}(a). The energies
from the natural orbital calculations are lower (thus, by the
variational principle, closer to the true value) than those from the
harmonic oscillator calculations and are also less dependent
upon ${\hbar\omega}$.  The improvement in convergence afforded by the natural
orbitals ranges from approximately one step in ${N_\text{max}}$ in the vicinity
of the variational minimum (${\hbar\omega}\approx15\text{--}20\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$) to
several steps in ${N_\text{max}}$ towards the ends of the calculated ${\hbar\omega}$
range~\cite{fn-nmax-step}.

For the $\isotope[6]{He}$ proton radius, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig-scan}(b), the natural orbital basis NCCI
calculations lead the harmonic oscillator basis calculations in convergence
by more than one step in ${N_\text{max}}$ at ${\hbar\omega}\approx20\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ and by
several steps in ${N_\text{max}}$ at the high end of the ${\hbar\omega}$ range.
These radii obtained from the natural orbital calculations are also less dependent
upon ${\hbar\omega}$
than those obtained from the harmonic oscillator calculations.

The goal we set out to achieve is to find the true results for
observables as they would be obtained in the full,
infinite-dimensional space. Although full convergence is not achieved,
even with the natural orbitals, the improved convergence motivates us
to attempt to obtain estimates of the converged results via basis extrapolation
methods~\cite{bogner2008:ncsm-converg-2N,maris2009:ncfc,coon2012:nscm-ho-regulator,furnstahl2012:ho-extrapolation}.  Infrared extrapolation
schemes~\cite{furnstahl2012:ho-extrapolation,more2013:ir-extrapolation,furnstahl2014:ir-expansion,furnstahl2015:ir-extrapolations,wendt2015:ir-extrapolations}
are based on the premise that the solution of the many-body problem in
a truncated space effectively imposes infrared (long-range) and
ultraviolet (short-range) cutoffs. For bases with high enough ${\hbar\omega}$
(and ${N_\text{max}}$) ultraviolet convergence is assumed, and any remaining
incomplete convergence is attributed to the failure of the basis to
reproduce the long-range tail of the many-body wave function.

A basis consisting of harmonic oscillator orbitals with no more than
$N$ quanta cannot fully resolve long-range physics beyond the
classical turning point
$L(N,{\hbar\omega})=[2(N+3/2)]^{1/2}\,b({\hbar\omega})$~\cite{furnstahl2012:ho-extrapolation,fn-L-natural}, where
$b({\hbar\omega})=(\hbar c)/[(m_Nc^2)({\hbar\omega})]^{1/2}$ is again the oscillator length, with $m_N$ the nucleon mass.
The calculated energy and observables are expected to depend only on
this cutoff $L$, approaching the true converged values as
$L\rightarrow\infty$.
For energy eigenvalues, it is expected that~\cite{furnstahl2014:ir-expansion,furnstahl2015:ir-extrapolations}
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn-E-ir}
E(L) = \Einf +  a_0 e^{-2 \kinf L},
\end{equation}
where $\Einf$, $a_0$, and $\kinf$ are to be deduced as fitting
parameters from the results of calculations in truncated spaces.
Taking $L\rightarrow\infty$, we extract $\Einf$ as an estimate for the
true energy.  For mean square radii, it is expected that, letting
$\beta\equiv2\kinf L$,
\begin{equation}
r^{2}(L) = \rinf^2 [1 - (c_0+c_1\beta^{-2})\beta^3 e^{-\beta}],
\label{eqn-rsqr-ir}
\end{equation}
for $\beta\gg1$, where $\rinf$, $c_0$, and $c_1$ are similarly
deduced from calculations in truncated spaces, and
$\rinf$ provides an estimate of the true RMS radius.
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\ifproofpre{1}{0.9}\hsize]{natorb_fig04}
\end{center}
\vspace{-2em}
\caption{Infrared basis extrapolations for the $\isotope[6]{He}$
  ground state energy~(top) and point proton radius~(bottom), based on
  calculations in the harmonic oscillator basis~(left) and natural
  orbital basis~(right).  The extrapolations (diamonds) are shown
  along with the underlying calculated results (plain lines) as
  functions of ${\hbar\omega}$ at fixed ${N_\text{max}}$ (as indicated).  Experimental
  values (circles) are shown with uncertainties.  The shaded bands
  reflect the mean values and standard deviations of the extrapolated
  results, at the highest ${N_\text{max}}$, over the ${\hbar\omega}$ range considered.}
\label{fig-extrap}
\end{figure}

The extrapolated values for the $\isotope[6]{He}$ ground state energy
and proton radius are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig-extrap}.  We restrict
ourselves to a straightforward application of~(\ref{eqn-E-ir})
and~(\ref{eqn-rsqr-ir}), based on three-point extrapolation in ${N_\text{max}}$
at fixed ${\hbar\omega}$.  Calculations at low ${\hbar\omega}$ may not provide the assumed
ultraviolet convergence, while poor infrared convergence at high ${\hbar\omega}$
leads to an excessively large correction and thus poor
extrapolation.

The extrapolated $\isotope[6]{He}$ ground state energies from
the natural orbital NCCI calculations [Fig.~\ref{fig-extrap}(b)] are
considerably less ${\hbar\omega}$-dependent than the extrapolated
energies from the harmonic oscillator NCCI calculations
[Fig.~\ref{fig-extrap}(a)].  The extrapolations obtained for different
${N_\text{max}}$ are also considerably more consistent (in the figure, ${N_\text{max}}$
refers to the highest ${N_\text{max}}$ in the three-point
extrapolation).
The extrapolated ground state energies obtained with the harmonic
oscillator and natural orbital bases at ${\hbar\omega}=20\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ (chosen close to the variational energy minimum) and
${N_\text{max}}=16$ are consistent with each other to within their respective
variations, giving $E\approx-28.79\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ and $E\approx-28.80\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$,
respectively.

Once the many-body calculation is under control, any remaining
deviation of calculated values from nature may be attributed to
deficiencies in the internucleon interaction.  Comparing to the
experimental binding energy of $29.27\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ thus indicates that the
JISP16 interaction underbinds $\isotope[6]{He}$ by
$\sim0.5\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$~\cite{fn-he-energy-exp}.  (For comparison, the binding
of $\isotope[4]{He}$ obtained with JISP16 matches experiment to within
$\sim0.003\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$~\cite{maris2009:ncfc}.)

The extrapolated proton radii extracted from the NCCI calculations
with the natural orbital basis [Fig.~\ref{fig-extrap}(d)] similarly
demonstrate a reduced ${\hbar\omega}$ dependence and ${N_\text{max}}$ dependence, as
compared to the extrapolations from the oscillator-basis calculations
[Fig.~\ref{fig-extrap}(c)].  At the highest calculated ${N_\text{max}}$
(${N_\text{max}}=16$), the extrapolated $r_p$ varies only by $\sim0.02\,{\mathrm{fm}}$
across the range of ${\hbar\omega}$ values shown (${\hbar\omega}\approx14\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ to
$40\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$), and the ${N_\text{max}}$ dependence is comparable.
We must emphasize that the variations in extrapolated values at best
provide a rough guide to how well we can trust these extrapolated
values as reflecting the true radius which would be obtained in an
untruncated many-body calculation.  Nonetheless, the
${\hbar\omega}$-independence and ${N_\text{max}}$-independence of the calculations at the
$\sim0.02\,{\mathrm{fm}}$ level is reassuring.

Taking the extrapolated proton
radius at ${\hbar\omega}=20\,{\mathrm{MeV}}$ and ${N_\text{max}}=16$ as representative gives
$r_p\approx1.82\,{\mathrm{fm}}$~\cite{fn-he-rp-crossover}.  Thus, it would appear that the \textit{ab
  initio} NCCI calculations with the JISP16 interaction, while
qualitatively reproducing the increase in proton radius with the onset
of halo structure in $\isotope[6]{He}$, do yield a quantitative
shortfall of $\sim0.12\,{\mathrm{fm}}$ (or $\sim6\%$) for the proton
radius of $\isotope[6]{He}$.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec-conclusion}

Describing the nuclear many-body wave function within truncated
spaces is challenging due to the need to
describe, simultaneously, long-range asymptotics and short-range
correlations.  Natural orbitals, obtained here by diagonalizing
one-body density matrices from initial NCCI calculations using the
harmonic oscillator basis, build in contributions from high-lying
oscillator shells, thus accelerating convergence.

In the present application to the halo nucleus $\isotope[6]{He}$,
improvement is by about one step in ${N_\text{max}}$ near the variational
minimum in ${\hbar\omega}$, and significantly more for other ${\hbar\omega}$ values
(Fig.~\ref{fig-scan}). To put these gains in perspective, we note that
an increment in ${N_\text{max}}$ results in an increase in matrix dimension of
about a factor of $3$--$5$, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig-dimension}, with
much larger increase in the computational
costs~\cite{vary2009:ncsm-mfdn-scidac09}.  Although full convergence is still not achieved, the
calculations using natural orbitals provide improved
basis parameter independence for extrapolations with respect to the infrared cutoff of the
basis (Fig.~\ref{fig-extrap}).

The successful application of natural orbitals to \textit{ab initio}
nuclear NCCI calculations presented here provide a starting point for
exploring ideas (some taken from electron structure theory) which may more fully realize the potential of the
natural orbital approach:

(1)~NCCI calculations based on natural orbitals
yield improved one-body densities which can, in turn, be diagonalized
to yield new natural orbitals.  Natural orbitals constructed through such an iterative
method can rapidly build in additional contributions from high-lying
shells, thereby potentially further accelerating convergence~\cite{bender1966:natural-orbital-iterative-hydride,davidson1972:natural-orbital}.

(2)~An improved reference basis for the initial NCCI calculation
may also boost the convergence of the subsequent natural orbital calculations. For instance, the Laguerre
functions, commonly used as the starting point for natural
orbitals in electron-structure calculations, also have the correct
exponential asymptotics for nucleons bound by a
finite-range potential.

(3)~The structure of nuclear excited states
can vary markedly from that of the ground state.  Natural orbitals
constructed by diagonalizing the density matrices from excited states,
rather than from the ground state,
may more effectively accelerate convergence of those excited
states~\cite{davidson1972:natural-orbital}.

(4)~Finally, natural orbitals are conducive to a more efficient
many-body truncation scheme than the conventional oscillator ${N_\text{max}}$
scheme.  The eigenvalues associated with the natural orbitals, by
providing an estimate of the mean occupation of each orbital in the
many-body wave function, also suggest a means of estimating the
relative importance of Slater determinants involving these orbitals.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank G.~Hupin for valuable discussions on the formulation of the
nuclear natural orbital problem and M.~A.~McNanna for carrying out
informative preliminary studies in one dimension.  This material is based upon work supported by the
U.S.~Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Award
Numbers~DE-FG02-95ER-40934, DESC0008485 (SciDAC/NUCLEI), and
DE-FG02-87ER40371.  This research used computational resources of
the University of Notre Dame Center for Research Computing and of the
National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a
U.S.~Department of Energy, Office of Science, user facility supported
under Contract~DE-AC02-05CH11231.
\end{acknowledgments}

\input{natorb.bbl

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Justice League 3000 #2 (Comics Review)
DC launched its latest Justice League to some fanfare last month, debuting a look at the future a thousand years from now, when Mankind has stepped out into space, made contact with innumerable alien races, and formed a giant galaxy-spanning Commonwealth government. But, there are always dangers, and hence the organisation known as Cadmus has brought back the original Justice League (sans Cyborg) via cloning to deal with the threat of the Five. The first issue was was a bit poor in some respects, notably the art, but was decent overall, so I was quite cautious about picking up the second issue.
You know what though, I think this is a series that I can stick with, despite the flaws. Its really interesting to read about a Justice League team that is out of whack in a lot of different ways and is different while still being somewhat same. In the second issue, the writers pit the League of the future against their first actual threat and show how things don't go exactly to plan. And the characters' interactions with each other remain at the heart of the story. The art is a little better than the last time, but not by much however.
Tags: 31st Century, Amazons, Barry Allen, Batman, Bruce Wayne, CADMUS, Clark Kent, Comics, Comics Review, DC Comics, Green Lantern, Hal Jordan, Hi-Fi, Howard Porter, Justice League, Justice League 3000, New 52, Princes Diana, Review, Review Central, Sal Cipriano, Superheroes, Superman, Supervillain, The Flash

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


WHAT: A 9-session pathway to financial freedom & becoming debt-free!
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Dream Phone was the ultimate 90s mystery game for tween (and maybe teen) girls. The object of the game was to find out which "hot" guy had a crush on you. By using the giant pink electronic phone, players would dial 555 numbers and talk to guys in order to gather clues.
Clues gave out information such as where the crush wasn't eating, what he wasn't wearing, and where he didn't like to hang out. Of course, there were always those jerk guys who would say, "I know who it is, but I'm not telling! HA! HA!" The highly popular Dream Phone game was so reminiscent of the 1960s game for girls called "Mystery Date" that perhaps it was a modern (for the 90s) rip of the same game.
With the help of the clues and the process of elimination, players would guess who had a crush on them and call the guy to confirm their guess. An interesting point in the game is that the crush is the same person for all the players, so the first girl to guess the crush apparently was the girl who the guy had a crush on. This makes little sense but perhaps 90s boys were fickle like that!
The more rugged guys hung out at Jim's Gym including Bob (very handsome) but seemed much older than a guy a tween girl should be dating. Is this a good influence on a girl playing Dream Phone? Oh, but he had that older college guy appeal to him.
As young girls, my sister and I never understood the purpose of wearing a coat to the gym, but we'd imagined maybe he's super rugged, manly, and perhaps getting ready for a rugged forest adventure. Maybe it's what made Bob the dark and mysterious type. Scot wasn't bad looking, either, but he wore a tie to the gym. Maybe it was his first time in the gym.
Reel Movies had an interesting mix of people. Did these guys come to the movies together or separate?
The 90s boys in Dream Phone would hang out at some very 80s and 90s cliché "cool" spots, which included Reel Movies where you had Spencer, Dan, Jamal, and Gary.
As girls, my sister and I thought that Jamal was a square because when this game came out it was in the phase right between grunge and ska. However, Jamal wore a suit and tie to the movies.
Look at Dan! And that bowl cut! That was the epitome of the 90s. After seeing Hugh Grant in "9 Months" I'd thought the bowl cut would NEVER go out of style. Dan sporting that modern, cool hairstyle was near the top of my list in this game.
Bruce, Tyler, James, and Phil all hung out at Eats Snack Shop. I don't know if this town has a no loitering ordinance, but apparently, these kids either have an endless supply of money to spend so much time in a cafe or in the perfect 90s world there is no ordinance. Perhaps they were nerds.
The Eats Snack Shop boys did have that kind of nerdy, but cute appeal about them. They had huge allowances which gave them the ability to stay all day at the snack shop. Was it because of their grades? Did they brown nose? The story lines that we girls would come up with were endless.
Is it creepy that tween girls would pretend call an older looking guy?
Steve was the "hot" one.
At the beginning of the game, each girl is given a sheet listing all the boys in the game and four cards, each with a different boy on it and his phone number.
A game board showing where each of the guys is hanging out, what they are doing, eating, and wearing was also set up.
Each girl takes turns calling different boys, obtaining clues. Boys say things like, "I know who it is, he's not at the mall." In which case, the player would secretly cross off the boys at the mall from her list.
Girls also have cards that can be thrown to have another player skip a turn or share the phone call. The first girl to correctly guess the crush wins.
I missed this game -- I guess I was too old in the 1990s. (Don't tell.) It does, however, actually look like a game of that era.
I always wanted this game but never got it.
Oh wow. Forgot about this game. It was my sister's. Now I'm going to have to call her up and see if she still has it!
Never played but you made me want to!:) your a great writer mel!
I think what you really want to do is go LARPing.
OMG, this game would be fun to larp! Sorta. I just want to look for clues, not like check out guys with bowl cuts.
Wow. Wow. I seriously missed out by not playing this game. It... sounds like a LOT OF FUN! You know what I want to do? Turn this into a full-scale ARG. Because that would be incredible.
Incredible. I remember playing this game at a sleepover but I could've sworn the bros were hotter. Perhaps it was the capri sun goggles. Great summary/explanation of the game!
Haha I'm definitely sharing this with my sister and brother, they'll love it!! Great Hub, Voted UP!!


text:
Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions by Combing Various Sequence- Derived Features into the General Form of Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition
Author(s): Xiao-Wei Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Ma, School of Computer Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, P.R. China. Ming-Hao Yin.
Journal Name: Protein & Peptide Letters
Knowledge of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) plays an important role in constructing protein interaction networks and understanding the general machineries of biological systems. In this study, a new method is proposed to predict PPIs using a comprehensive set of 930 features based only on sequence information, these features measure the interactions between residues a certain distant apart in the protein sequences from different aspects. To achieve better performance, the principal component analysis (PCA) is first employed to obtain an optimized feature subset. Then, the resulting 67-dimensional feature vectors are fed to Support Vector Machine (SVM). Experimental results on Drosophila melanogaster and Helicobater pylori datasets show that our method is very promising to predict PPIs and may at least be a useful supplement tool to existing methods.
Keywords: Protein-protein interactions, principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machine (SVM), protein sequences, prediction
Protein & Peptide Letters
Title:Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions by Combing Various Sequence- Derived Features into the General Form of Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition
Author(s):Xiao-Wei Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Ma and Ming-Hao Yin
Affiliation:School of Computer Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, P.R. China.
Keywords:Protein-protein interactions, principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machine (SVM), protein sequences, prediction
Abstract:Knowledge of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) plays an important role in constructing protein interaction networks and understanding the general machineries of biological systems. In this study, a new method is proposed to predict PPIs using a comprehensive set of 930 features based only on sequence information, these features measure the interactions between residues a certain distant apart in the protein sequences from different aspects. To achieve better performance, the principal component analysis (PCA) is first employed to obtain an optimized feature subset. Then, the resulting 67-dimensional feature vectors are fed to Support Vector Machine (SVM). Experimental results on Drosophila melanogaster and Helicobater pylori datasets show that our method is very promising to predict PPIs and may at least be a useful supplement tool to existing methods.
Xiao-Wei Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Ma and Ming-Hao Yin, "Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions by Combing Various Sequence- Derived Features into the General Form of Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition", Protein & Peptide Letters (2012) 19: 492. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986612800191080


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text:
Q: Homomorphism of groups $f: G \rightarrow H$ where $f(x)=e^{2\pi i x}$ Define a homomorphism as $f: G \rightarrow H$ where $f(x)=e^{2\pi i x}$
$G=\mathbb R$ and $H=\mathbb C\setminus\{0\}$
Checking that it is a homomorphism:
$f(xy)=e^{2\pi i x y}=(e^{2πix})^y=f(x)^y$ this is therefore not a homomorphism.
Is my method suitable here?

A: The group $G$ is here $(\Bbb R,+)$, so that you need to verify
$$
f(x+y)=f(x)f(y).
$$
But this is true. Note that $H=(\Bbb C^{\times},\cdot)$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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I love how the bottom cushions are juxtaposed together – formal and informal. What a unique perspective. Perhaps then, it's not surprising why this piece is a finalist for the ASFD Pinnacle Award.


Abstract: This study investigated the effects of yeast on the growth and body composition of Heterobranchus longifilis. Fingerlings of Heterobrachus longifilis (mean weight 31.89 ± 0.4 g) were stocked ten fish in 35L of water in 54L capacity aquaria and fed varying levels of yeast in floating diets for 56 days. Four treatments having 1.0 g, 2.0 g, 3.0 g and 4.0 g yeast/100 g respectively with a control diet, were investigated in triplicates. The diets had 42.56 %, 43.32 %, 43.69 %, 43.86 % and 43.98% crude protein. The fish fed 4 g yeast /100g and 16.99 g wheat offal/100 g diet showed the best growth. All growth parameters varied significantly (p < 0.05). The carcass composition of the fish showed that the protein and the lipid content were highest with the fish fed the control diet. The survival of the fish was high and it varied significantly (p < 0.05).


The pupils are organised in Home-groups. Their home teacher is the link between school and home.
So a Connected School is organised in houses, which will be made of one home-group from each year to re-enforce a sense of belonging and ensure that even at a pastoral level, stage and not age is what matters most.
Pupils from Preparatory school will be asked to support pupils during the last 2 years of primary within their houses.
This will be facilitated by the fact that all classes from primary to Secondary are expected to have learners that will NOT BE SET. As best as possible, the aim is to distribute evenly the number of G&T learners, learners with SEN and disabilities, from deprived background, who are learning English as an Additional Language, who are in care and with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties. Indeed, the extra support and the school ethos are all about the promotion of tolerance between the students regardless of their aptitudes or their social and cultural background.
There are 5 classes per year group and as many adults in the class whose role moves from teacher in primary spending all their time with the same group, to facilitator in Secondary liaising with the partner schools and the other subject teachers, to guarantee the highest level of success in the GCSEs the learners will get through the English Baccalaureate and the Specialist Diploma.
In Prep-School, the home teachers teach their home-class at least one morning per week and spend at least a third of their time with that same group.


text:
Farges est une commune française, située dans le département de l'Ain en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

Géographie
Cette commune fait partie du parc naturel régional du Haut-Jura. Outre le chef-lieu, Farges, la commune compte les hameaux d'Airans, d'Asserans et de Ferruaz.

Communes limitrophes

Urbanisme

Typologie
Farges est une commune rurale. Elle fait en effet partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.
Elle appartient à l'unité urbaine de Péron, une agglomération intra-départementale regroupant  et  en 2017, dont elle est une commune de la banlieue.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Genève - Annemasse (partie française), dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de  ou plus (hors Paris).

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des forêts et milieux semi-naturels (64,2 % en 2018), néanmoins en diminution par rapport à 1990 (67 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
forêts (62,3 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (14,5 %), prairies (11,8 %), terres arables (6 %), zones urbanisées (3,6 %), milieux à végétation arbustive et/ou herbacée (1,9 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Histoire

Héraldique

Toponymie
Farges : su mot latin Făbrĭca, avec métathèse,  « atelier d'artisan », à l'origine de notre « fabrique », a principalement désigné une forge.

Faits historiques
En 1534, Mathieu Gribaldi, un théologien italien originaire de Chieri (en français Quiers), ville du Piémont qui appartenait alors au duché de Savoie comme le pays de Gex, épouse Georgine Carrax (ou Carrat), dame de Farges, et devient le seigneur de ce fief dont le château lui est cédé par le noble sieur Bon Trombert.

En 1536 les Bernois s'emparent de la contrée dont ils entreprennent de convertir la population au protestantisme.

En 1601, le pays de Gex est rattaché par le traité de Lyon au royaume de France. Les anciens fiefs sont rétablis, et celui de Farges est remis la même année aux deux fils survivants de Mathieu Gribaldi, Pompée de Gribald et son frère Jean-Antoine (qui avaient francisé leur patronyme). Le fief s'étend alors des sommets du Jura jusqu'au Rhône et du Fort l'Écluse jusqu'à la rivière l'Annaz.

En 1639, Jean-Antoine de Gribald vend sa moitié indivise à maître Gaspard Desprez, notaire royal, tandis que Vespasien de Gribald, fils de Pompée, avait hérité de la part de son père décédé. En 1663, l'un des deux conseigneurs de Farges est un avocat protestant, Jean-François de Bons.

La municipalité est créée en 1793 (an II de la République) sous le nom de Farge ; elle est rattachée au canton de Collonges. L'orthographe officielle Farges apparaît en 1801. Au  la filleule de , Napoléone de Montholon, achète de château de Farges.

Hameaux

Asserens
Ancienne paroisse (Curatus priora-tus d'Asserenz, Asserans) aujourd'hui supprimée. Les religieux de Nantua y possédaient un prieuré (prieuré d'Asserens), qui fut ruiné par les Bernois au commencement du .

L'occupation allemande et l'incendie d'Asserans

En , à l'heure de la libération gessienne, le petit hameau d'Asserans connaît un triste épisode de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Comme à Valleiry le , où les troupes allemandes brûlent le village, la tragédie se poursuit à Farges le 18 avec des prises d'otages puis à Asserans le 19, où les habitants vont subir les violences de quelques officiers nerveux, voire revanchards car la France se libère définitivement. Le village sera incendié, les habitants brutalisés et terrorisés, et les frères Mathieu, deux jeunes hommes soupçonnés d'aider les maquisards, seront assassinés, l'un des deux ayant été torturé avant.

Politique et administration

Découpage territorial

La commune de Farges est membre de l'intercommunalité Pays de Gex Agglo, un établissement public de coopération intercommunale (EPCI) à fiscalité propre créé le  dont le siège est à Gex. Ce dernier est par ailleurs membre d'autres groupements intercommunaux.

Sur le plan administratif, elle est rattachée à l'arrondissement de Gex, au département de l'Ain et à la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Sur le plan électoral, elle dépend du  canton de Thoiry pour l'élection des conseillers départementaux, depuis le redécoupage cantonal de 2014 entré en vigueur en 2015, et de la troisième circonscription de l'Ain  pour les élections législatives, depuis le dernier découpage électoral de 2010.

Administration municipale

Démographie

Économie

Lieux et monuments

Patrimoine naturel

La pierre à Baptiste
La pierre à cupules dite pierre à Baptiste, datant du néolithique, est un bloc erratique glaciaire (Würmien), d'origine alpine, présentant une série de cupules reliées par une rigole. D'après certains auteurs ces ensembles cupules-rigoles servaient à recueillir le sang lors de sacrifices en guidant celui-ci vers la déesse mère afin de la féconder. Dans des cas révélés la disposition des cupules représente des éléments de la voûte céleste.

Les gouffres

On trouve sur le versant est du Grand Crêt d'Eau de nombreux gouffres dont le gouffre de la Rasse, le plus profond () du Jura français et suisse, le gouffre Lévrier, le gouffre Bouchet, le gouffre du Charmy, le gouffre des Grands Cerfs. Le gouffre de la Donde à la Dame tire son nom d'une histoire locale qui selon laquelle, un valet jaloux de sa maitresse précipita cheval et cavalière dans le précipice...

Un squelette d'aurochs (l'ancêtre des vaches) fut mis au jour au gouffre du Crâne par les spéléologues de Bellegarde, cette découverte permit après datation au carbone 14 de préciser qu'entre 5 et 225  le Jura était fréquenté par cet animal actuellement disparu.

Monuments

L'église Saint-Brice
L'église date du début du . Son clocher, construit en bois en 1727 a été remplacé par un clocher en maçonnerie au début du .

Le château de Farges
Le château de Farges a été bâti pour partie au . Occupé dans la deuxième moitié du  par Napoléone de Montholon puis par son fils Amblard de Lapeyrouse, il a été transformé au  en un hôtel-restaurant réputé. Abandonné à la fin des années 1990, il a été racheté en 2012 par un promoteur immobilier.

Place Barack-Obama
La place Barack-Obama, au lieu-dit du parking-derrière-l'église, est la première du nom en France.

Personnalités liées à la commune

Mathieu Gribaldi
Mathieu Gribaldi, ayant dû quitter l'Italie à cause de ses opinions religieuses, s'est installé au château de Farges vers 1535. Rejetant le dogme de la Trinité et niant la divinité du Christ, il se brouille avec Calvin, installé dans la Genève voisine, en 1553. Il est mort à Farges en 1564. Sa doctrine est encore d'actualité en Transylvanie, en Angleterre et aux États-Unis. Son ami Giovanni Valentino Gentile fut décapité pour avoir répandu les mêmes idées.

Napoléone de Montholon
Napoléone de Montholon, née le  à Longwood (Île de Sainte-Hélène), résidence d'exil de l'empereur, était la filleule de Napoléon . Elle fut aussi une proche de Napoléon III. Veuve, Napoléone s'est remariée en 1846 avec le comte de Lapeyrouse, à 30 ans, et c'est en 1853 qu'elle achète le château de Farges. Elle y résidera jusqu'en 1888. Son fils, Amblard, sera maire éphémère de la commune de 1888 à 1890, date à laquelle le château sera vendu. Napoléone décédera ensuite à Aix-en-Provence en 1907, mais aura marqué la vie fargeoise durant 35 ans.

Notes et références

Notes et cartes
 Notes

 Cartes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des communes de l'Ain
 Communauté de communes du Pays de Gex
 Aire urbaine de Genève-Annemasse
 Grand Crêt d'Eau

Farges
Commune dans le Pays de Gex
Aire d'attraction de Genève - Annemasse (partie française)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Box Dimensions (LxWxH) 36.0 x 7.0 x 7.0"


Another useful node is the change node, which will allow you to change a message payload or add new properties. You can use this node to affect the properties in a message, either by changing existing ones, deleting them or adding new properties.
In this example, you'll continue with your MQTT theme and see how, now that you have successfully 'switched' the message flow based on the incoming MQTT message, you can add a new message property msg.payload.note.
If you aren't following these examples sequentially, you may want to review Example 3.1 to see how to setup a free MQTT service and configure the incoming MQTT node used in these examples.
First, let's drag and drop a change node and connect it to the second output of the switch node (Fig 3.7). As you will remember, this is the output that fires when msg.payload.analyze is set to false.
Figure 3.7 Adding in a change node to set a new message property.
Now configure it to set the property msg.payload.note to "this is not being analyzed" as shown in Fig 3.8.
When you receive a message that the switch node sends on the 2nd output, it will be modified to contain a "note" element with the string "this is not being analyzed". If you deploy and test the flow by sending the MQTT message from HiveMQ, you'll see the output as shown in Fig 3.9.


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text:
Drama Is Life with the Dull Bits Cut Out
Alfred Hitchcock? Leonard Lyons? François Truffaut? Steven Rattner? Apocryphal?
Dear Quote Investigator: Thrill master Alfred Hitchcock made a brilliant observation about storytelling requiring the excision of "dull bits" or "boring bits" from a narrative. Would you please help me to find a citation that presents the precise phrasing for this remark?
Quote Investigator: In 1956 Hitchcock conducted a preview of his latest film "The Man Who Knew Too Much". Popular syndicated columnist Leonard Lyons praised the taut work and relayed a quotation from the director:[1] 1956 March 2, The Pittsburgh Press, The Lyons Den by Leonard Lyons, Quote Page 19, Column 2, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Newspapers_com)
It's perfect Hitchcock, full of suspense, color and constant interest. The director said after the showing: "Movies have lost a lot by this new trend towards documentary realism at the sacrifice of fantasy. After all, drama is life with the dull bits cut out."
In 1961 the U.K. newspaper "The Observer" published a quiz titled "Who Said That?" containing a sequence of quotations; the goal was to determine the correct ascriptions. Here were two of the items together with the answers:[2] 1961 January 1, The Observer, Who Said That?, Quote Page 14, Column 5, (Answer Key), Quote Page 15, Column 2, London, Greater London, England. (Newspapers_com)
12.—There is precious little in civilisation to appeal to a Yeti.
13.—Drama is life with the dull bits cut out.
12. Sir Edmund Hillary
13. Mr. Alfred Hitchcock
As an aside, the entertaining remark from famous mountaineer Edmund Hillary was spoken in 1960 during a meeting with journalists about locating the elusive Abominable Snowman in the Himalayas.
In 1966 the prominent French director François Truffaut published a volume containing an extensive interview he had conducted with Hitchcock. The English edition appeared in 1967. Hitchcock reiterated the position he enunciated in 1956:[3]1967, Hitchcock by François Truffaut, With the Collaboration of Helen G. Scott, English Translation by François Truffaut, (Original French language edition entitled Le Cinéma Selon Hitchcock, … Continue reading
Making a film means, first of all, to tell a story. That story can be an improbable one, but it should never be banal. It must be dramatic and human. What is drama, after all, but life with the dull bits cut out.
In 1987 "The New York Times" published an article by Steven Rattner that began with a variant statement using "boring" instead of "dull":[4] 1987 August 30, New York Times, From Vietnam to Wall Street: Oliver Stone's Army experiences inspired "Platoon" by Steven Rattner, Quote Page SMA34, New York. (ProQuest)
Alfred Hitchcock once said movies are like life with the boring bits cut out.
In 1992 author Patsy Rodenburg constructed a more elaborate remark and applied it to the Bard:[5] 1992, The Right to Speak: Working with the Voice by Patsy Rodenburg, Chapter 3: The Roots of Habits, Quote Page 26, A Theatre Arts Books: Routledge, New York. (Verified with scans)
Shakespeare's writing could be described as life with all the boring bits cut out of it but all the thrilling bits left in. He might give us thirty seconds of normality in a character's life before plunging them and us into the terrible tests he imposes on them.
In 2000 "The Times Book of Quotations" included another variant attribute to Hitchcock:[6] 2000, The Times Book of Quotations, Topic: Cinema, Quote Page 131, HarperCollins, Glasgow, United Kingdom. (Verified with hardcopy)
Hitchcock, Alfred (1899-1980)
English film director
Cinema is life with the dull bits cut out.
In Simon Rose, Classic Film Guide (1995)
In conclusion, Alfred Hitchcock should be credited with the remarks recorded in the 1956 and 1967 citations. It is possible that Hitchcock employed variants, but QI has not yet found substantive support for the variants given above.
Image Notes: Camera shown against colorful background from geralt at Pixabay. Studio publicity photo of Alfred Hitchcock accessed via Wikimedia Commons.
(After this article was posted QI received a message from researcher Barry Popik who remarked that he had previously located the 1956 Leonard Lyons citation. QI's citation search was conducted independently. Congratulations to Popik on his excellent research efforts.)
Update History: On October 21, 2018 a note referring to Barry Popik's research was added.
1956 March 2, The Pittsburgh Press, The Lyons Den by Leonard Lyons, Quote Page 19, Column 2, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Newspapers_com)
1961 January 1, The Observer, Who Said That?, Quote Page 14, Column 5, (Answer Key), Quote Page 15, Column 2, London, Greater London, England. (Newspapers_com)
1967, Hitchcock by François Truffaut, With the Collaboration of Helen G. Scott, English Translation by François Truffaut, (Original French language edition entitled Le Cinéma Selon Hitchcock, Copyright 1966), Quote Page 71, Column 2, Simon and Schuster, New York. (Verified with hardcopy)
1987 August 30, New York Times, From Vietnam to Wall Street: Oliver Stone's Army experiences inspired "Platoon" by Steven Rattner, Quote Page SMA34, New York. (ProQuest)
1992, The Right to Speak: Working with the Voice by Patsy Rodenburg, Chapter 3: The Roots of Habits, Quote Page 26, A Theatre Arts Books: Routledge, New York. (Verified with scans)
2000, The Times Book of Quotations, Topic: Cinema, Quote Page 131, HarperCollins, Glasgow, United Kingdom. (Verified with hardcopy)
Posted on September 19, 2018 March 15, 2021 Author quoteresearchCategories Alfred Hitchcock, Francois Truffaut, Leonard LyonsTags Alfred Hitchcock, Francois Truffaut, Leonard Lyons, Steven Rattner
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Take a tour of the beautiful Himalayan resort town of Nainital, explore its natural beauty and relax in the soothing weather.
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See the famous Nainital Lake, Naini Peak, Tiffin Top, Naini Devi Temple, Himalayan Botanical Garden and many more during your tour.
Located at an altitude of 2,084 meters, Nainital is a city in the North Indian state of Uttrakhand. Nainital is a valley which is surrounded by mountains. It is believed that the Naini Lake is one of the 64 Shakti Peeths or religious sites where parts of the charred body of Sati (Parvati) fell on earth while being carried by Lord. The spot where Sati's eyes (or Nain) fell, came to be called Nain-tal or lake of the eye. Nainital experiences subtropical highland climate, the summers are very wet and the winters are dry.
Your tour starts with a pick up from your hotel/residence in Delhi, at your specified time slot.
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Slow cooker whole chicken that anyone can make! This is the easiest way to enjoy a juicy, rotisserie like chicken by only using a crockpot. A crock pot is actually a type of slow cooker, so they are very similar, but not all slow cookers are also crock pots. A crock pot is a type of slow... Before you post. This subreddit is for "Crock-Pot®"-type recipes only. Moderators may remove posts/comments at their discretion. When you post a pic of the meal, please include the recipe.
A quick shred of the chicken breasts in the enchilada sauce and topped with cheddar cheese, sliced black olives, and another 20ish minutes in the Crock Pot to melt (or because I'm a hungry anxious preggo I put it under the broiler in the oven to melt the cheese faster!) and boom.
18/02/2014 · You can dice the chicken and make chicken salad or toss it in pasta, shred it and put it in a burrito or soup, or slice it and layer it in a grilled cheese. It's extremely versatile and a quick way to make meals healthier and heartier.
Use a slow cooker or Crock-Pot to make moist and flavorful boneless, skinless chicken breasts without drying out the meat or adding any unnecessary fat.