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TWI521927B - Wireless communication system - Google Patents
Wireless communication system Download PDF
TWI521927B
TWI521927B TW097100513A TW97100513A TWI521927B TW I521927 B TWI521927 B TW I521927B TW 097100513 A TW097100513 A TW 097100513A TW 97100513 A TW97100513 A TW 97100513A TW I521927 B TWI521927 B TW I521927B
protocol data
TW097100513A
TW200847713A (en
巴克尼爾 保羅
彼得 約翰 貝克 馬修
皇家飛利浦電子股份有限公司
2007-01-09 Priority to EP07300711 priority Critical
2008-01-04 Application filed by 皇家飛利浦電子股份有限公司 filed Critical 皇家飛利浦電子股份有限公司
2008-12-01 Publication of TW200847713A publication Critical patent/TW200847713A/en
2016-02-11 Publication of TWI521927B publication Critical patent/TWI521927B/en
238000004891 communication Methods 0 title 1
H04L47/00—Traffic regulation in packet switching networks
H04L47/10—Flow control or congestion control
H04L47/36—Evaluation of the packet size, e.g. maximum transfer unit [MTU]
H04L47/34—Sequence integrity, e.g. sequence numbers
H04L69/00—Application independent communication protocol aspects or techniques in packet data networks
H04L69/22—Header parsing or analysis
H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
H04L69/32—High level architectural aspects of 7-layer open systems interconnection [OSI] type protocol stacks
H04L69/322—Aspects of intra-layer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
H04L69/324—Aspects of intra-layer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the data link layer, i.e. layer two, e.g. HDLC
H04W28/00—Network traffic or resource management
H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
H04W28/06—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information
H04W28/065—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information using assembly or disassembly of packets
H04L47/14—Flow control or congestion control in wireless networks
Wireless communication system
The present invention is directed to a method of transmitting a data signal from a primary station to a primary stage in a wireless communication system.
The present invention is also directed to a primary station for transmitting a data signal to a primary stage, the primary stage and the secondary stage being part of the wireless communication system.
The invention finds application in the field of, for example, mobile communications and more particularly in the field of universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) mobile communications.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of a protocol stack for UMTS. The radio interface is layered into three contract layers: - physical layer (L1); - data link layer (L2); - network layer (L3).
A more detailed description is outlined in the 3GPP specification document TS 25.301.
Layer 2 is divided into the following sub-layers: Media Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), Packet Data Aggregation Protocol (PDCP), and Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC). Layer 3 and RLC are divided into control (C-) and user (U-) planes. PDCP and BMC exist only in the U-plane. In the C-plane, layer 3 is divided into sub-layers, where the lowest sub-layer denoted as Radio Resource Control (RRC) is interfaced with Layer 2 and terminated in UTRAN. A Service Access Point (SAP) for peer-to-peer communication is marked with a circle at the interface between the sub-layers. The SAP between the MAC and the physical layer provides a transport channel. The SAP between the RLC and the MAC sublayer provides a logical channel.
The connection between RRC and MAC and the connection between RRC and L1 are also shown, which provides local inter-layer control services. These interfaces allow RRC to control the configuration of the lower layers. To achieve this, an independent control SAP is defined between the RRC and each lower layer (PDCP, RLC, MAC, and L1). The RLC sublayer provides retransmission capabilities as well as segmentation/reassembly capabilities. The MAC sublayer provides mapping of logical channels to appropriate transport channels, selection of appropriate transport format combinations, and multiplex/demultiplexing of higher layer protocol data units (PDUs) to/from transport channel PDUs (referred to as transport blocks). It means defining a MAC PDU as an RLC PDU plus a MAC header.
The RLC provides three primary delivery services to the higher layers: -TM (transparent mode): no header information is added to the higher layer PDU; however, it can segment the information as needed, where the size of the segment is determined by the transport format.
- UM (Unacknowledged mode): Like the TM above, but also allows higher layer PDUs to be concatenated; therefore a header is required.
-AM (Acknowledge Mode): Provides segmentation and reassembly, concatenation, error correction, sequential transmission of higher layer PDUs, repetitive detection, flow control, and coding.
2 shows the MAC header and data payload as defined by the current version 6 UMTS in the downlink (for High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSDPA). The MAC header includes: -VF (version flag) for expansion capability; - queue ID for identifying reordering queues on the UE (user equipment) side; - TSN (transmission sequence number) for re- Sorting use (ie, the received MAC PDUs are reordered according to their associated TSN); -SID k (size index identifier) indicating the size of the set of consecutive PDUs of the same length; -N k , which represents continuous The number of PDUs; -F k , which is a flag indicating that SID k or PDU is followed (0 = followed by SID, 1 = followed by PDU).
The MAC and RLC have been proposed as follows in the 7th edition of UMTS. The RLC-AM (Radio Link Control Acknowledgement Mode) will be enhanced to support flexible PDU sizes (a PDU containing data and control information passed between layers in a protocol stack). The MAC-hs (i.e., the MAC entity in the base station controlling the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel HS-DSCH) will be enhanced to support RLC PDU segmentation. The SID and N fields need to be updated (the SID identifies the logical channel and the size of the N consecutive RLC PDUs and N is the number of consecutive RLC PDUs) to be able to indicate the size of the RLC PDU. It seems likely that traceback compatibility is maintained by using VF flags in the MAC-hs header.
The design of the RLC should take into account the available memory for a given implementation of Layer 2 data, the maximum supported RLC window size (i.e., the range of serial numbers currently acceptable to the receiver) and the RLC round trip time. If the number of RLC PDUs increases for a given amount of data, the RLC transmission window will advance faster and the receiver will generate more ACK/NACK (positive acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement) in the status report. There has been a motivation to reduce the L2 RLC RTT to avoid abnormal stalling of the RLC window. When the RLC entity has to wait (ie, the window cannot advance) a retransmission of a PDU and an acknowledgement, the RLC window does not stop normally. The maximum sustainable rate can be estimated as follows: Rate = window size x PDU size / RTT (assuming no retransmission at the RLC level).
In a typical assumed RLC window size of 2047 (4095 is the maximum), the 100 ms round-trip delay between the RLC and the UE and the RLC PDU size of 320 bits, the traffic with less error will remain 2047×320/0.1=6.55 The maximum data rate of Mbps (13.1 Mbps for 640-bit PDUs).
As seen above, when MIMO or high-order modulation (64 QAM) is used in the 7th edition of UMTS, the maximum sustainable data rate of the RLC is not high enough to support the expected data rate (greater than 14 Mbps). Therefore, some improvements must be made to layer 2.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method of transmitting a data signal from a primary station to a primary stage in a wireless communication system.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of transmitting a data signal from a primary station to a primary station in a wireless communication system, the data signal comprising a header and a protocol associated with the header A data unit, the header comprising a set of fields, wherein the method includes determining a size assigned to at least one of the fields in the set based on a length of the protocol data unit.
The method reduces the amount of burden in the header by optimizing the fields included in the header as a function of the length of the protocol data unit.
More specifically, this approach suggests a flexible MAC header format that allows for optimization of a range of possible RLC PDU sizes, multiplexes, and segments. Based on all combinations of the contents of the field that can be sent in the MAC header The non-uniformity is applicable to the identification of all situations, and the present invention allows for a reduction in the MAC header size, and thus the MAC header size can be reduced by reducing the size of at least one of the fields. In some cases, this reduction is due to the identification of dependencies between different fields of the header: for example, it can be recognized that in some cases a first field can be signaled to represent a large range of values (required) In the case of a large field size, the range of values required in a second field can be reduced, and thus the size of the second field can be reduced.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the size of the allocation to a segment indication field determined for a first length of the protocol data unit is smaller than a size determined for a second length of the protocol data unit, the second The length is greater than the first length, and the segment indication indicates that the protocol data unit is subdivided into segments.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the size assigned to a transmission sequence number field determined for a first length of one of the agreement data units is greater than a size determined for a second length of one of the protocol data units, the second The length is greater than the first length, and the transmission sequence number is used to reorder the protocol data unit.
The present invention is based on the recognition that if the protocol data unit is large, a smaller range of transmission sequence numbers and more segments is typically required, with a small agreement having a larger range of transmission sequence numbers and few or no segments. The data unit is reversed.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the value of a format field is determined based on the length of the protocol data unit, the format value indicating the size of at least one of the fields assigned to the set.
Advantageously, the wireless communication system is a universal mobile telecommunications system.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, a primary station for transmitting a data signal to a primary stage is provided, the primary stage and the secondary stage being part of a wireless communication system, the data signal including a header and An agreement data element associated with the header, the header comprising a set of fields, wherein the primary station includes a first one for determining at least one field assigned to the set based on a length of the protocol data unit The size of the component.
The primary station can be a mobile phone or a base station. The means for determining is, for example, a controller or a processor.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a data signal for use in a wireless communication system, the data signal comprising a header and a protocol data unit associated with the header, wherein the header comprises: - a length indication indicating the length of the agreement data unit, a transmission sequence number for reordering the agreement data units, and/or a segment indication indicating the number of segments into which the agreement data unit is subdivided, wherein The size assigned to one of the length indication, the transmission sequence number, and the segmentation indication is determined based on the length indication.
The present invention, in turn, relates to a computer program product that can be directly loaded into an internal memory of a primary station, the product including software code portions for performing all of the method steps when the product is executed on the primary station.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the description of the embodiments described herein.
In Release 7 UMTS, to support higher data rates, RLC-AM is undergoing a redesign to be able to use flexible RLC PDU sizes. This would require a new MAC header to support the transmission of RLC PDUs during HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request).
The present invention suggests a flexible MAC header format that allows for optimization of a range of possible RLC PDU sizes depending on the type of data to be transmitted and/or the size of the data packet. It includes, for example, RLC PDU size, and/or available transport block size, and/or logical channels to be transmitted.
The present invention contemplates the following aspects. If the transmittable transmission sequence number TSN range is too small (i.e., the sequence number field is too short in the MAC header), it is possible that the TSN rewinds when transmitting many RLC PDUs and thus the correct order in which the receiving MAC entity cannot re-establish the RLC PDU. On the other hand, if the range of TSNs that can be sent is too large, more than the required number of bits will be used and this increases the amount of signaling burden, and thus reduces the efficiency of overall data transmission. Similarly, if the number of segmentation bits is too small, the number of segments into which the RLC PDU can be divided may be too limited for large packets, and if the number of segmentation bits is large, then for small RLCs that are not segmented. For PDUs, the burden of MAC headers can be increased unnecessarily. Accordingly, one of the goals of the present invention is to reduce the burden on the MAC header while still providing flexible segmentation and sequence numbering.
The present invention is based on the fact that if the RLC PDU is large, a smaller TSN range and more segments are typically required; while a small RLC PDU typically requires a larger TSN range with little or no segmentation.
Figure 3 shows a MAC header structure in accordance with the present invention.
The field N of the sixth edition (representing the number of consecutive MAC-d PDUs) is defined by a length The indicator LI replaces, for example, works on a byte alignment basis, allowing for byte precision in the MAC-hs segment. The length indicator may indicate the length of the entire RLC PDU (if the segment is scheduled to produce a segment of equal size) or the length of the segment of the RLC PDU contained within the current MAC PDU. Also shown is a segmentation field containing, for example, 2 bits, which can indicate up to 4 segments - "first segment", "first" of the MAC-hsSDU in a manner similar to that in the RLC of the sixth edition An intermediate section ", a second intermediate section" and a "last section". Alternatively, if the segmentation is predetermined to subdivide the RLC PDU into only three segments, only three of the four available values can be used.
In the lower half of Figure 3, another 2-bit format (FMT) field in the MAC header is then shown. This format is used to indicate the four possible combinations of TSN and segmentation indication. In the above example, the following four conditions are shown: - Format 0 (eg, 00) corresponds to a 5-bit TSN for the case where no segmentation is performed and thus assumes a small RLC PDU, and thus the maximum number of bits is required Send a TSN to avoid window wrap.
- Format 1 (eg, 01), where 2 bits are allocated to signal the segmentation of the RLC PDU. In this case, since the RLC PDU is assumed to be large, the TSN requires a smaller amount of signaling.
- Format 2 (eg, 10) shows more segments sent, and thus the RLC PDU transmission sequence number will even be smaller than in Format 1.
- Format 3 (eg, 11) exhibits an extreme condition in which the sequence number is not defined and all remaining bits are used for the segmentation indication. However, in this case, the MAC header can usually be shortened more effectively to reduce the overall signaling load. This format can be applied to some streams that do not need to be reordered, such as high latency sensitive Business.
Alternatively and advantageously, the format of the MAC header can be configured by RRC signaling instead of using an FMT field. This will avoid the burden of the MAC header being increased by adding the FMT field. More specifically, the RRC signaling alternative consists in pre-defining the format in a semi-static manner. For example, when an initial connection between a UE and a network is established, a procedure requires a radio bearer to be used for transmitting data in the user or control plane. When this radio bearer is set, the format of the MAC header is also set for the data carried in the radio bearer. Therefore, this header format is typically used for the duration of the life of the radio bearer as long as the radio bearer is being used.
It is also possible to have some combination of FMT fields and the use of RRC signaling, where RRC signaling indicates a range of formats and then a format indicator indicates a sub-range of the identified range.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the dependency between the size of the RLC PDU and the amount of segmentation SEG required is utilized. When the RLC PDU is segmented into a number of parts, then a larger RLC PDU is typically used, which requires more bits to signal the range of possible lengths, and when fewer segments are performed, the RLC PDU will typically be smaller, thereby Need to send a small range of lengths. In summary: - Large RLC PDU -> Large LI, Large SEG - Small RLC PDU -> Small LI, Small SEG
Therefore, it is not necessary to configure the length of the SEG field independently of the length of the LI field, but the length of one can be inferred from the length of the other.
In an extension of this embodiment, as shown by the example in Figure 4, the logic The channel ID (LCid) is used to indicate the size of the LI. For example, the range of LCid is defined as where a portion of the range can indicate the use of a smaller size LI, and a smaller size LI is typically used when transmitting smaller PDUs. In summary: - Large RLC PDU -> Use first LCid set -> Large LI, Large SEG - Small RLC PDU -> Use second LCid set -> Small LI, Small SEG
In the example shown in Figure 4, 5 bits are used for the logical channel ID so that a range of 32 logical channels can be signaled. If, for example, some of their 32 logical channels typically only carry smaller PDUs, the length of the PDU required for the length of the PDU is usually smaller, thus indicating the size of the length field (LI field). It can be equally small. In the illustrated example, when another range 3 LCid is used, the length indicator can be sent separately without a segmentation indication.
In another embodiment, the length of the LI field can determine the interpretation of the SEG field. For example, for large PDUs that may not fit in a MAC-hs PDU, segmentation is more likely to be required. For smaller RLC PDUs, it is generally less likely that segmentation is required. However, when small RLCs are combined into one MAC-hs PDU, there may be space available for transmission of one or more of these RLC PDUs in the same MAC-hs PDU. The SEG field can then be reused to indicate the number of consecutive RLC PDUs in the MAC-hs PDU that have the same LCid. As an example of this situation, Figure 5 indicates two possible conditions for using a segmentation field. In the first example, the RLC PDU is segmented into MAC-hs PDU 1 and MAC-hs PDU2 and the SEG field acts as a segment identifier, while in the second instance, three smaller RLC PDUs (numbered 1) , 2, 3) Connect in series to a MAC-hs PDU. In the second case, the SEG field no longer indicates the segmentation and becomes the exact number (more similar to the multiplex identifier) used to indicate the RLC PDU contained in the MAC-hs PDU. This can be summarized as follows: - if LI length (or a LCid indicating a given LI length) > threshold, then SEG = indication of segmentation, - if LI length (or a LCid indicating a given LI length) <Things, then SEG = indication of the number of consecutively connected RLC PDUs, where the threshold is one of the predefined metrics of LI, and when the threshold is exceeded, the size of the RLC PDU is usually large enough to require segmentation Not in series.
6 shows another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention whereby another 2-bit format (FMT) field is introduced into the MAC header to indicate four possible combinations of length and segment indication. In the above example, the following four conditions are defined: Format 0: LI of 10 bits, used to perform segmentation of up to 3 bits and thus there is a large range of possible RLC PDU sizes, and The maximum number of bits to signal length indication and possible MAC segmentation.
Format 1, where 2 bits are allocated to signal MAC level segments. In this case, the length indication requires a smaller amount of signaling (9 bits).
Format 2 shows that there is no segmented signaling and therefore the length of the RLC PDU size required to be sent will be even smaller (5 bits).
Format 3 shows an extreme situation where only one length of the RLC PDU is defined and no bits are used for length or segmentation indication. This reduces the size of the MAC header and thus reduces the overall signaling load. This format can be applied to some streams that always have a fixed length transport packet size, without fragmentation.
Or as described above, the format of the MAC header can be sent by RRC Configure instead of using an FMT field.
It should be noted that an alternative implementation of the described embodiments is a situation in which no segmentation fields are defined in the MAC header and only the size of the LI field changes.
One or more of the following factors may determine the choice of format for the new optimized MAC header: - the size of the largest RLC PDU to be transmitted; - the logical channel to be transmitted, which may be in the radio channel in the radio channel The bearer settings are defined by RRC; the available transport block size, if smaller, may require more segmentation to enable the RLC PDU to be efficiently transmitted.
Note that although the above description is for "downlink" (ie, transmission from a base station to a mobile station), the present invention is equally applicable to the uplink (ie, from a mobile station to a mobile station). Base station transmission).
It is to be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are illustrative and not limiting, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, an embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for transmitting a data signal from a primary station to a primary station in a wireless communication system, the data signal including a data packet, the data packet including a header and at least At least a portion of an agreement data unit and/or a protocol data unit, the header comprising a set of parameters, wherein the method comprises determining based on a size of at least one other field and/or a value of at least one of the parameters A size assigned to a field for transmitting at least one parameter in the set. The parameter set includes a transmission sequence number field, a segment indication field, a length indication field, and a logic One or more of the channel ID fields.
In the scope of the patent application, any reference signs placed in parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. The word "comprising" and its analogs does not exclude the presence of elements or steps that are different from the elements or steps listed in the claims. Reference to a component in the singular does not exclude the plural referents of the components, and vice versa.
The invention can be implemented by means of a hardware comprising several distinct elements and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In a device request item that enumerates several components, several of these components can be implemented by one and the same hardware item. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different separate items does not indicate that a combination
1 is a block diagram of a protocol stack for UMTS, FIG. 2 shows a structure of a MAC header according to Release 6 UMTS, and FIGS. 3 through 6 illustrate a structure of a MAC header according to various embodiments of the present invention.
(no component symbol description)
A method of transmitting a data signal from a primary station to a secondary station in a wireless communication system, the data signal including a header and a protocol data unit associated with the header The header includes: a length indication indicating a length of the protocol data unit associated with the header; a transmission sequence number for reordering the protocol data unit; and a segment indication indicating that the agreement data unit is subdivided The number of segments, the method comprising determining a size assigned to one of the length indication, the transmission sequence number, and the segmentation indication based on a length of the protocol data unit.
The method of claim 1, wherein the size assigned to a segment indication field determined for a first length of one of the protocol data units is less than the size determined for a second length of one of the protocol data units, The second length is greater than the first length, and the segment indication field includes a segmentation indication indicating the number of segments into which the protocol data unit is subdivided.
The method of claim 1, wherein the size assigned to a transmission sequence number field determined for a first length of one of the agreement data units is greater than the size determined for a second length of one of the agreement data units, the The two lengths are greater than the first length, and the transmission sequence number field including a transmission sequence number is used to reorder the protocol data units.
The method of claim 1, wherein one of the format field values is determined based on the length of the protocol data unit, the format field includes A format value indicating the size assigned to the at least one field in the set of fields.
The method of claim 1, wherein the size assigned to a length indication field determined for a first length of one of the protocol data units is less than the size determined for a second length of one of the protocol data units, the The second length is greater than the first length, the length indicating field containing a length indication indicating the length of the protocol data unit.
The method of claim 5, wherein a logical channel identifier field is used to indicate the size assigned to the length indication field.
The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless communication system is a universal mobile telecommunications system.
A primary station for transmitting a data signal to a primary stage, the primary stage and the secondary stage being part of a wireless communication system, the data signal comprising a header and a protocol data unit associated with the header The header includes: a length indication indicating a length of the protocol data unit associated with the header; a transmission sequence number for reordering the protocol data unit; and a segment indication indicating that the agreement data unit is divided The number of segments (subdivided), wherein the primary station includes means for determining a size assigned to one of the length indication, the transmission sequence number, and the segmentation indication based on a length of the protocol data unit.
The primary station of claim 8, wherein the primary station is a mobile phone.
A machine readable medium having stored thereon for use in a wireless communication system a data signal, the data signal comprising a header and a protocol data unit, wherein the header comprises at least one of: a length indication indicating the length of the protocol data unit associated with the header, a transmission a sequence number for reordering the protocol data unit; and a segment indication indicating a number of segments into which the agreement data unit is divided, wherein one of the length indication, the transmission sequence number, and the segmentation indication is assigned The size of the person is determined based on the length indication.
The machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the header comprises a format field, the format field comprising a format value determined based on the length of the protocol data unit, the format value indicating the transmission The size of the serial number and the size indicated by the segment.
A computer readable medium having stored thereon a computer program directly loadable into an internal memory of a primary station, the computer program comprising means for executing the request item 1 when the computer readable medium is executed on the primary station The software code portion of all steps.
TW097100513A 2007-01-09 2008-01-04 Wireless communication system TWI521927B (en)
EP07300711 2007-01-09
TW200847713A TW200847713A (en) 2008-12-01
TWI521927B true TWI521927B (en) 2016-02-11
TW097100513A TWI521927B (en) 2007-01-09 2008-01-04 Wireless communication system
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Contoured to fit any hiking stick, our metal hiking medallion features the Morton Arboretum name and motto, 'Plant Trees'. Each medallion is die-struck in thin flexible aluminum with a two-tone antique finish, allowing you to adjust the fit to your own hiking stick. Comes with tacks to secure to your hiking stick to commemorate your hike on one of the many trails at The Morton Arboretum.


Frit (Multicomponent Glass) | Products | Tokan Material Technology Co., Ltd.
Frit, a glass coating material available in slurry or powdered form, allows you to add appearances and functions not present in the base material. Currently, frit is mainly used as coating for porcelain enamel products, providing it a delicate and glossy surface touch, with excellent heat resistance. However, using our proprietary know-how, we have developed frit featuring great colors and special physical or chemical properties to further expand its potential. Our technology has received high marks from customers of a wide variety of fields, ranging from housing to automotive manufacturers.
Porcelain enamel frit significantly improves the properties of the base metal such as resistance to acid, alkali, and resistance to hot water. Our porcelain enamel frit product line can be used on a wide variety of base metals, such as cold rolled steel sheets, cast iron, stainless steel, aluminum, and copper, and is available as frit flakes, or fabricated products (general-purpose slip, static glazing slip, RTU (Ready-to-Use), RTM (Ready-to-Mill)) to meet various customer needs. Another major characteristic of our frit products is that they systematically reduce the environmental load. In recent years, the restrictions on environmentally hazardous substances such as heavy metals are becoming tighter in all countries around the world, starting with Europe. Users of our product include many big companies doing business in the global market by clearing such restrictions with advanced technology.
•Main Applications: Household utensils, interior/exterior panels, anti-corrosion heat exchanger elements, water heaters, built-in kitchen unit, kitchen sinks, bathtubs, etc.
For glaze frit to be suitable for use on ceramic tableware as glass coating material, the most important environmental requirement it needs to comply with is being lead-free. Ours comply with "The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65)", one of the strictest law in the world passed in California, USA to prevent the elution of lead from ceramic containers, achieving a high level of leadlessness. Furthermore, we also strengthened our support for a wide variety of ceramics as characteristics vary from one tableware manufacturer to another. Our rich track record of providing custom-made products, fine-tuned to meet individual needs is also a major characteristic of TOMATEC.
•Main Applications: High-end tableware (bone china, stoneware, dolomite ware), tiles, sanitary ware, graphite crucible, spark plug, etc.
Home appliances are now an integral part of our lives. They are made up of electronic parts, which use large amounts of ceramic materials. Our product, frit for electronic devices, is used in places that are normally hidden from view such as Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) and as additives for metal lines. Most are proprietary, custom products made in accordance with customer requests. Though we cannot disclose details, we enjoy high marks from many electronics manufacturers for our sophisticated and high-precision design supporting the latest electronic device development, product development with systematic reduction of environmental load, advanced production technology achieved through special production processes, and advanced quality control.
•Main Applications: Electronic parts (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC), insulation coating, additive for electrode paste), special purpose (low-temperature hermetic sealing, sintering additive, low expansion filler), etc.
Is used to simultaneously fire with low-resistance wiring metals such as silver by lowering the sintering temperature of ceramics such as alumina. It requires strict control in glass composition and granularity as it is used for electronic circuit boards.
Is used to provide insulation and smoothness. It is used as cover coat for metal interconnections on ceramic substrates and circuit boards.
Has enough fluidity even at around 450˚C. It is used for hermetic sealing requiring heat treatment at low temperatures and electrode binders.
Using its technological strength, TOMATEC has widened the fields of application of the frit, which is now found in unexpected fields. One such example is the frit grinding machine, a tool primarily used in the auto, iron and steel, and bearing industries to grind mainly metal parts and materials. Abrasive for these machines includes alumina and silicon carbide, which use a vitrified or resinoid bonding agent. It is in the vitrified whetstone where our frit is used as bonding agent. We also use our advanced technology to provide products meeting the needs of our customers in such a niche field.
By applying our frit technology, we make unique products to meet the needs of our customers. One such example is "AKNAS", the antioxidant and decarburization inhibitor used by major iron and steel manufacturers to prevent oxidation and decarburization of steel and the like under high temperatures. This is a product for steelmaking we developed from our glass coating technology. When applied on the steel before heat treatment, it reduces scale loss (material loss due to rust) and simplifies post-processing (cutting, polishing, pickling, etc.), contributing to the improvement of yield in steel products.
TOMATEC Filler (transparent inorganic filler), used as transparent filler in the production of artificial marble is the result of applying our inorganic material technology into plastics and expanding the world of frit to other materials. It is used in bathtubs and washstands due to its transparency, achieved by adjusting the refraction index of the glass, and superior heat resistance. As an indicator of its potential for new approaches to glass materials by resin manufacturers, we expect its fields of application to be further widened in the future.
When used as an additive, it improves the heat resistance and strength of paints. It is already widely used by leading foreign and domestic motorcycle manufacturers. However, in recent years, its fields of application are widening gradually, and is used, for example, as coating for the outer surface of frying pans. This is a material we want to further widen its fields of application, to where resistance to fire and heat is a primary requirement.
Did you know that glass can slowly dissolve in earth? F∙T∙E (micronutrient fertilizer) is based on this property. Though in tiny amounts, manganese, boron, iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum are six critical elements for crops to grow healthy. By applying our glazing technology, we managed to commercialize these nutrients as a vitreous fertilizer. F∙T∙E is an environmentally friendly composite vitreous micronutrient made to slowly dissolve for absorption during the crop growing season. With F∙T∙E, crops can be grown under the best conditions for each region as we can adapt it for any soil.


The legend of LEGO bricks meets the legendary notebook. Words, sketches and thoughts become the building blocks of your very own world.
Don't be left for dead use a zombie head. These 6-keycaps help keep your keys organized. Even during a zombie apocalypse.


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About McCormick
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Jennifer M. McBride received her Doctorate and Masters degree in Religious Studies at the University of Virginia, with a focus on theology, ethics, and culture, and her Bachelors degree in Religious Studies from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Prior to McCormick, McBride served as the Board of Regents Endowed Chair in Ethics, Assistant Professor of Religion, and Director of Peace and Justice Studies at Wartburg College, an ELCA church-related school in Iowa (2011-2016), and was a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Initiative in Religious Practices and Practical Theology at Emory University (2008-2009). At Emory's Candler School of Theology she served as Program Director for the Atlanta Theological Association's Certificate in Theological Studies at Metro State Prison for Women (2009-2011).
McBride is author of The Church for the World: A Theology of Public Witness (Oxford University Press, 2011) and co-editor of Bonhoeffer and King: Their Legacies and Import for Christian Social Thought (Fortress Press, 2010). She is President of the International Bonhoeffer Society, English Language Section and has served on its Board of Directors since 2008. Her work has appeared in popular publications like The Christian Century and CNN.com and has been featured in the New York Times.
Central to McBride's teaching and research is the interaction of scholars and practitioners, a methodology that is implemented in her book Radical Discipleship: A Liturgical Politics of the Gospel (Fortress Press, 2017). As a Virginia Seminar Writing Fellow through the University of Virginia's Project on Lived Theology, McBride spent a year as a full time participant-observer at the Open Door Community, an intentionally interracial, residential Christian activist and worshiping community in Atlanta, Georgia, that has been engaged in mercy and justice work on behalf of the homeless and prison populations for thirty-five years. Her book is rooted in her experiences teaching theology in a women's prison and participating in the Open Door Community.
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jmcbride@mccormick.edu
Doctor of Ministry Programs; Continuing Education
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Hangout Festival 2014 included the likes of Outkast, The Black Keys, Gary Clark Jr., Wolfmother, Avett Brothers, Flaming Lips, Modest Mouse, Queens of the Stone Age, Wiz Khalifa, Capital Cities, Fitz and the Tantrums, Iron & Wine, Dawes, Amos Lee, Ozomatli, Bastille, Pretty Lights, Tegan & Sara, STS9, Jack Johnson, Trombone Shorty and about 100 more bands. This year had perfect weather and a great crowd. Hangout 2014 sold out about a month before the festival began making it one of the largest festivals in the country. Did some quick edits here (60 images of about 6,000 taken) with more to come including a crowd gallery. Check Jambase and Palladia for more coverage from myself and several others I had the pleasure working with all weekend.


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Clara Ward
born on 21/4/1924 in Philadelphia, PA, United States
died on 16/1/1973 in Los Angeles, CA, United States
This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (November 2010)
Clara Ward (April 21, 1924 January 16, 1973)[1][2] was an American gospel artist who achieved great artistic and commercial success in the 1940s and 1950s, as leader of The Famous Ward Singers.
A gifted singer and arranger, Ward adopted the lead-switching style, previously used primarily by male gospel quartets, creating opportunities for spontaneous improvisation and vamping by each member of the group, while giving virtuoso singers such as Marion Williams the opportunity to perform the lead vocal in songs such as "Surely, God Is Able" (among the first million-selling gospel hits), "How I Got Over" (composed by Williams, and one of the most famous songs in the Black gospel repertoire), and "Packin' Up".
Clara Ward's mother, Gertrude Ward (1901–1981), founded the Ward Singers in 1931 as a family group, then called, variously, The Consecrated Gospel Singers or The Ward Trio, consisting of herself, her youngest daughter Clara, and her elder daughter, Willarene ("Willa").
Clara Ward recorded her first solo song in 1940, and continued accompanying the Ward Gospel Trio, thereafter.
The Ward Singers began touring nationally in 1943, following a memorable appearance at the National Baptist Convention held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, earlier that year. Henrietta Waddy joined the group in 1947, after Willa Ward retired. Waddy brought to the group a "rougher" alto sound and the enthusiastic stage manners learned from her South Carolina church background. The group's performance style, such as the mimed packing of suitcases as part of the song "Packin' Up", condemned by some gospel music purists as "clowning", was wildly popular with their audiences.
The addition of Marion Williams, who arose of the Miami, Florida Pentecostal tradition brought to the group a powerful singer with a preternaturally broad range, able to reach the highest registers of the soprano range without losing either purity or volume, with the added ability to descend "growling low notes" in the style of a country preacher. Williams' singing style helped make the group nationally popular when they began recording in 1948.
In 1949, the Ward Singers toured from Philadelphia to California in their new Cadillac, appeared on national television programs, and recorded for the Miltone Record Company of Los Angeles. The Miltone recordings were purchased in a multi-artist package by Gotham Record Company, which had moved to Philadelphia. Gotham's Irv Ballen recorded some new Ward material, including "Surely God Is Able", and some of the Ward Singers' Gotham recordings were transferred to Savoy Record Company in Newark, New Jersey to settle a contract dispute. When Savoy began contracting with the Ward Singers for new recordings in the 1950s, they were primarily recorded and engineered in Bergen County, New Jersey, by Rudy Van Gelder.
In 1950, Clara Ward and the Famous Ward Singers of Philadelphia made their first Carnegie Hall appearance on a gospel program titled Negro Music Festival, produced by gospel music pioneer, Joe Bostic, sharing the stage with Mahalia Jackson, appearing at the famed venue for Bostic's program in 1952, as well.
Gertrude Ward created a booking agency for gospel acts, sponsored tours under the name "The Ward Gospel Cavalcade", established a publishing house for gospel music, and wrote an instructional manual for churches, detailing how to promote gospel programs. Gertrude created and managed a second group, "The Clara Ward Specials", to accompany the Ward Singers. Although as musical director of the Ward franchise, Clara was willing to share the spotlight with her talented co-singers, she and her mother were allegedly reticent about sharing the group's financial rewards with other members, as well. According to Willa Ward's biography of Clara Ward, with the exception of Gertrude and Clara, Willa and other members of the group were grossly underpaid. In addition, their meager earnings were further reduced as Gertrude and Clara provided the group's housing and charged them for it. Accordingly, stars such as Marion Williams and Frances Steadman not only had to accept second billing and lesser pay for their work, but pay their employers rent out of their earnings.
Williams left the group in 1958, when her demand for a raise and reimbursement for hotel expenses was rejected. She was followed shortly thereafter by the rest of the groupHenrietta Waddy, Esther Ford, Frances Steadman and Kitty Parhamwho formed a new group, "The Stars of Faith". Their departure marked the end of the glory days for the Ward Singers, who later alienated much of their churchgoing audience by performing in Las Vegas, nightclubs, and other secular venues in the 1960s. By this time, gospel singer Albertina Walker formed her group, The Caravans, in 1952, following the advice of her mentor, gospel music great Mahalia Jackson, and their group began to grow in popularity.
In 1963, Clara Ward was the second gospel singer to sing gospel songs on Broadway in Langston Hughes' play Tambourines To Glory(The first being her former group members, which were known as the Stars of Faith, which starred Langston Hughes in the first Gospel stage play and first play that featured an all black cast to be produced on Broadway, The Black Nativity.). She was also the play's musical director.
While performing at the Castaways Lounge in Miami Beach, Florida, in the 1960s, Clara collapsed and was rushed to a local hospital. Told that, if she recovered, she would never sing or walk again, Gertrude Ward telephoned Mother Dabney, a spiritual healer in Philadelphia, PA, and Clara miraculously was restored to health. Details of Clara's recovery were reported in the Gospel News Journal, published by Marvin Bunton. Clara later recounted this experience in a church service at the Wayside Chapel in Sydney, Australia. This testimony was released on an LP issued on the WARD label along with Clara singing "The Lord's Prayer" and other Ward musical selections.
During the group's heyday, however, it was both widely popular and highly influential, emphasizing glamortraveling in over-sized Cadillacs, preferring sequined gowns to choir robes, and wearing wigs and jewelry that more conservative churchgoing women considered too worldlywhile bringing Gertrude Ward's shrewd entrepreneurial sense to the gospel music business at large. Though Gertrude was a savvy negotiator, her understanding of the value of music copyrights was limited. According to Willa Ward, Gertrude was misled into believing that songwriting royalties from Clara's compositions would be minimal and sold them. In her book, Willa has stated that the music was, eventually, controlled by of Herman Lubinsky, founder of Savoy Records (who was known for his allegedly unscrupulous exploitation of recording artists), and became owned by Planemar Music Company.
Clara Ward was the first gospel singer to sing with a 100-piece symphony orchestra in the 1960s. They recorded an album together on the Verve label, V-5019, The Heart, The Faith, The Soul of Clara Ward, and the Ward Singers performed their music live in Philadelphia with the city's legendary symphony and the Golden Voices Ensemble.
Though Clara Ward did not regularly sing secular music as a soloist or with her groups, she did sing backup for pop artists with her sister Willa's background group, most notably on Dee Dee Sharp's smash hit, 'Mashed Potato Time", which reached #1 on Billboard's pop chart in 1962. In 1969, she recorded an album for Capitol Records, Soul and Inspiration, consisting of pop songs from Broadway plays, Hollywood movies and the Jimmy Radcliffe song of hope "If You Wanna Change The World". This album was later reissued on the Capitol's budget Pickwick label minus one track. In the same year, she recorded an album in Copenhagen, Denmark on the Philips label, Walk A Mile In My Shoes, which included the pop title song, other pop songs (such as "California Dreaming") and a few gospel songs. She also recorded an album for MGM/Verve, Hang Your Tears Out To Dry, which included country and Western, blues/folk, pop and an arrangement of the Beatles' hit song, "Help". Her 1972 album Uplifting on United Artists, produced by Nikolas Venet and Sam Alexander, included a stunning interpretation of Bill Wither's pop hit "Lean On Me" and a rearrangement of the Soul Stirrer's 1950's recording of "Thank You, Jesus". Also in 1972 Ward, because she was under exclusive contract to United Artists at this time, provided vocals for a Canned Heat's album The New Age, on the ballad "Lookin' For My Rainbow"; it was released on that album and as a single 45 rpm record.
In 1968, Clara Ward and her singers toured Vietnam at the request of the U.S. State Department and the U.S.O. It was a very popular war-time tour supported by recorded radio broadcasts of the Ward Singers on U.S. Armed Forces Radio. The Ward Singers narrowly missed death when their hotel in Vietnam was bombed and several guests died. However, Clara was never afraid, as because she believed she was bringing joy, consolation, and a religious message to soldiers, many of whom would not return home alive, and they showed their appreciation and enthusiasm for her style of gospel music. When asked during a TV interview what was her favorite concert, Clara responded that these tours in Vietnam during the war were her favorite. She was invited back to Vietnam by U.S.O. in 1969 for several more months. These war-time tours were filmed and all the Ward Singers were given special certificates of recognition by the U.S. Army. The U.S.O did not pay a salary to entertainers, but, following the tours, the Ward Singers went to Japan each year for commercial concerts and released LPs in Japan to coincide with these tours.
Clara Ward co-starred in the Hollywood movie A Time to Sing, starring Hank Williams, Jr., Shelley Fabares, Ed Begley, and D'Urville Martin. She was cast as a waitress in a Nashville, Tennessee cafeteria who inspires a young singer, played by Hank Williams, Jr., to pursue his dream of becoming a Country & Western recording artist. There are also several scenes of the Clara Ward Singers performing gospel songs. This movie was released by MGM in 1968 and Clara's picture appears on lobby cards and other movie advertisements. Other movie appearances include Its Your Thing, starring the Isley Brothers, and Spree, also known as Night Time In Las Vegas.
The late 1960s and early 1970s were an extremely busy and successful time for the Clara Ward Singers. The summer months usually found them at the Golden Horseshoe Club, in Anaheim, California's Disneyland, or touring colleges across the United States. They also toured in Australia, Japan, Europe, Indonesia, and Thailand. They had a one-day TV special in London, England. They were in constant demand on American television programs and appeared on The Mike Douglas Show over a dozen times. They appeared on Oral Roberts' Country Roads TV special, later released as a soundtrack album. Clara continued to perform at her mother's church, the Miracle Temple of Faith for All People in Los Angeles, California, as well as at Victory Baptist Church. Her mother, Gertrude Ward, also had a popular religious radio program in the Los Angeles market.
Despite her career success, Ward's life was an unhappy one. Financial hardships caused her and her family to move 19 times before her adulthood. Sexually abused in childhood by a cousin, and relentlessly driven as prime breadwinner by her mother throughout her life, Clara's life was one of constant work and little joy. According to her Clara's sister, Willa, Gertrude Ward recognized Clara's exceptional musical ability when Clara was a child, and controlled and manipulated her throughout her life. In her biography of Clara, Willa attests that Gertrude worked to prevent Clara from forming any romantic attachments. Although Clara eloped as a teenager (at age 17 in 1941), her mother forced her to tour and the strain caused the always frail Clara to have a miscarriage. Her marriage ended after only one year. Willa describes Clara as explaining her occasional lesbian encounters as the sexual expression likely to escape her mother's notice. Her only real happiness seems to have come from her longtime romance with Rev. C. L. Franklin (with whom the Ward groups extensively toured), the famous Detroit-based preacher and father of the legendary Aretha Franklin.
Ward's poor health forced her to retire in the early 1970s. She died after two strokes in 1973. Aretha Franklin and Rev. C. L. Franklin sang at her funeral in Philadelphia in 1973; Marion Williams sang at her second memorial service held days later in Los Angeles, California.
Clara Ward is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.
In 1977, Ward was honored posthumously at the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City and her surviving sister, Willa, accepted the award in her honor.
In July 1998, in recognition of her status as one of the most famous and loved gospel singers in the world, the United States Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp with her image. The stamp can still be purchased with a CD and other gospel singers' stamps at www.usps.com.
Ward's beautiful alto (with a distinctly nasal tone) in gospel songs and the Methodist hymns of the 18th century continues to delight music lovers. She had a marked influence on later singers, such as her protegee Aretha Franklin, who adopted her moan for secular songs and who saluted Ward in Amazing Grace, the gospel album she made with James Cleveland in the early 1970s.
Soul & Inspiration Digital download released by Stateside Records
Though Clara Ward's birthday has been erroneously reported on the Internet as "August 21, 1924", according to her sister, Willa Ward, Clara's birthday was April 21, 1924.
(1954-1955) "Social Security Death Index". 182-30-7100.
Boyer, Horace Clarence, How Sweet the Sound: The Golden Age of Gospel Elliott and Clark, 1995, ISBN 0-252-06877-7.
Heilbut, Tony The Gospel Sound: Good News and Bad Times Limelight Editions, 1997, ISBN 0-87910-034-6.
Salvatore, Nick, Singing in a Strange Land: C. L. Franklin, the Black Church, and the Transformation of America, Little Brown, 2005, Hardcover ISBN 0-316-16037-7.
Ward-Royster, Willa, "How I Got Over: Clara Ward and the World-Famous Ward Singers", Temple University Press, 1997, Paper ISBN 1-56639-490-2. Highly recommended.
Interview with Willa Ward, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 2, 2006,
Zolten, Jerry "Great God A'Mighty! The Dixie Hummingbirds: Celebrating the Rise of Soul Gospel Music" Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515272-7.
Viale, Gene D. I Remember Gospel and I Keep On Singing, AuthorHouse.
This article uses material from the article Clara Ward from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia and it is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.


Once again, the School of Architecture + Design's programs have been recognized in the most recent professional design education rankings by DesignIntelligence, which publishes the only national college rankings focused exclusively on architecture and design.
The undergraduate Interior Design program is ranked 5th nationally. The undergraduate Landscape Architecture program is ranked 15th in the nation.
The 2017-18 DesignIntelligence rankings are based on survey responses from 2,654 hiring professionals from 1,923 U.S. firms and organizations employing architecture, design, and landscape architecture professionals that were asked, "From your hiring experience during the last five years, which of the following undergraduate/graduate schools [from a list of NAAB, LAAB, or CIDA accredited programs] are best preparing students for a future in the profession?" The firms were also queried about additional issues, such as how programs rate in teaching various skills. In addition to the school rankings by professionals, 215 deans and chairs from 111 academic programs in architecture, interior design and landscape architecture participated in this year's surveys, and 4,359 architecture, landscape architecture, and interior design students completed satisfaction surveys about their education, the data from which is presented separately from the practitioner rankings.
Source: "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools 2017-18," DesignIntelligence Quarterly, Vol. 23, Third Quarter, 2017.


I have seen Roy Harper about 7 times, one of the most amazing performers, 1 man and a guitar can hold a audience's attention for 2 hours. Did you see him when his son was playing with him?
Never had the chance to see hawkwind Love to though!
I listen to a little bit of everything, almost, but one my favorite songs are probably Time To Say Goodbye when Andrea Bocelli sings. I usually don't like much music in this genre, but that song is just fantastic.
The Flaming Lips (specifically: Telepathic surgery, Hit Death in the Future Head), Pere Ubu, The Monks, & Glenn Branca.
Tinariwen. Desert nomads doing rock-n-roll via West African guitar + trad. percussion and singing. They rock.
right now, a band called Hurt. They're easily one of my favorite groups. They have good lyrics and music. Some of my favorites from them are "Rapture" "Alone with the Sea" and "Aftermath"
I'm traditionally a rock and roll and metal guy, though I really do like EDM music, probably cause of my past with retro video games. Though lately, I have been absolutely obsessed with Korean culture and subsequently; music.


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Philipp Bertkau, né le  à Cologne et mort le  à Bonn, est un zoologiste prussien.

Biographie
Il suit des études de sciences naturelles à Bonn où il obtient son titre de docteur en 1872. En automne 1873, il est nommé assistant à l'Institut de botanique de Munich qu'il quitte dès le printemps de l'année suivante pour devenir assistant à l'Institut zoologique de Bonn.
Il obtient son agrégation la même année.

Il participe activement à la Société d'histoire naturelle de la ville et en devient son secrétaire. Le , Bertkau est nommé professeur à l'Académie agricole de Poppelsdorf. En 1890, il devient conservateur à l'Institut de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée, place spécialement créée pour lui.

À 44 ans, il est atteint de troubles nerveux et de paralysie et meurt peu après.

Il a notamment travaillé sur l'anatomie des arthropodes  hermaphhrodites, sur l'odorat chez les papillons et sur l'anatomie et la physiologie des araignées. Il s'occupa de systématique, notamment chez des araignées d'Amérique du Sud et publia quelques listes locales.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Sources
 Pierre Bonnet (1945). Bibliographia araneorum, Les frères Doularoude (Toulouse).

Liens externes

Arachnologiste allemand
Zoologiste allemand
Naissance en janvier 1849
Naissance à Cologne
Naissance dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès en octobre 1894
Décès à Bonn
Décès dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès à 45 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


©1988 Joel Rosenberg (P)2012 Audible, Inc.
I read these books as a kid and remember getting through this book and not continuing. Now I remember why.
I have heard other criticize this book saying that it is not as good as the previous 4, I agree to some extent. But I have yet to read a epic story line that does not have a book in the middle that was just OK and not as good as the first books that got you into the series. It was work my time and I look forward to seeing where the story goes from here.


The Ultimate Tools mod gives you the ability to combine tools and weapons. All Minecraft tools can be combined to save inventory space, and there durability is combined as well. You can even combine a sword with a bow!


lovely post! I love that floral shirt in the first look! I've been trying to find the perfect pair of dungarees for so long!
I love that harrington jacket I have been meaning to pick one up for ages!
They are not cheap! But totally worth it!
Aw thanks gosh! This post has gone down well, so I will definitely do more!
Aw Thankyou! Glad you like it!
This was such a gorgeous post, each outfit looks amazing on you! Really enjoy your fashion posts !
There should be more in the future!
I love it! It's so versatile!
YAY!! I love this post so much, you should do more fashion!! I love your style, it's so cute and inspiring, I can actually imagine me styling dungarees after this, which I never thought I would. Love the feminine look, it adds a nice twist to the outfit. The Harrington is lovely, you pull it off so well, it really suits you!!
These outfits look amazing on you! I have always wanted to wear dungarees but I am so scared I will look like a ten year old aha!
The second outfit is my favourite! I love your style posts, please do more! Also, just to let you know, I've nominated you for The Versatile Blogger Award. You can find out more on my latest post. I would love to hear more about yourself!
I really want a pair of dungarees! Love them paired with the checked shirt.
Love this post so much😍I've wanted to get a pair of dungarees for the longest time.. And I adore how you have styled them! Thanks for the inspiration lovely!


The first rallycross event of 2019 at Killarney International Raceway attracted a mixed bag of contestants, including Clubmans cars, stock cars, the BMW 3 Series luxury sedans of the E36 Group – and even a pipe car!
The even was run over the full World Rallycross circuit, with the sole exception of the big jump; instead the track went into a sharp left turn immediately after leaving the tar at the exit of G-Energy Corner and jinked back onto the blacktop for a short run down to the tight, off-camber entry to the long right-hander inside the joker section – otherwise known as Rose Foundation Corner.
And that nasty little left-hander proved just as treacherous for the local drivers as it did in November for the World Championship contenders; it was responsible for a number of spins and sent a least two cars into the wall between the dirt and the joker section.
Rallycross may look pretty straightforward to rally drivers accustomed to long dirt stages out in the middle of nowhere, but the quick-fire four or six-lap format means the pace is intense right from the drop of the flag (there are no warm-up laps) so it's flat out all the way – and the track surface in the dirt sections changes significantly from lap to lap.
But the big surprise was that the big rear-wheel drive BMWs seemed to handle the conditions better than either the rally cars or the Clubman hatchbacks. Which may lead to a generation of Mad Max-like rear-wheel drive sleds with big straight-six engines, that which would be spectacular to watch – and hear!
But that's all speculation for the future; on the day, Steve Humble and his Harp Motorsport Kadett were worthy winners of the head-to-head final, followed home by Shawn Cope's Volkswgen Golf stock car, Glen Phillips in an ex-Clubmans BMW E36 that's been re-invented for rallies and rallycross, and Sean Kriel in a Daihatsu-engined pipe car that exhibited alarming amounts of body roll in the fast corners but managed to stay on its wheels throughout the day.
The E36 Class final was dominated by Peet van der Walt's Emergency Glass 325, with Robby Ferroli a hard-fought second in the Superbody E36, followed home by Riaan Smit (RDK Plant) and Jacques Victor.


From the collect of January 7, 2015.
Corda nostra, quæsumus, Dómine, tuæ maiestátis splendor illústret, quo per mundi huius ténebras transíre valeámus, et perveniámus ad pátriam claritátis ætérnæ. Per Dóminum.
Vísita, quæsumus, Dómine, habitatiónem istam, et omnes insídias inimíci ab ea longe repélle: Angeli tui sancti hábitent in ea, qui nos in pace custódiant; et benedíctio tua sit super nos semper.
May your holy angels dwell in [this house], who are such as to keep us in peace.


text:
Museums Showoff, Jan 22 – LINE UP ANNOUNCED!
January 8, 2019 November 5, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
Hooray! We're kicking off 2019 with MORE MUSEUM-Y FUN!
We've got another incredible line up of top museum talent. Join us on Tuesday 22 January, downstairs at The Phoenix , where our brilliant performers will entertain, intrigue and amaze you. Doors open 6.45pm, show starts 7.30pm. Tickets are £7 (+ 70p booking fee), get one here: https://www.wegottickets.com/event/460633
Taking to the stage for this extravaganza of wit and wisdom, objects and exhibitions will be
Naomi Paxton – she acts, she does magic, she's an expert on suffrage plays AND she's your compere for the night! Find out more about our multi-talented MC here: http://www.naomipaxton.co.uk/
The Museum of British Colonialism – Introducing you to restorative history, history as verb, and a museum conspicuous by its absence.
Jack Shoulder and Mark Small – It's museums and bums… bums in museums… that's it!
Ellie Miles – Where are all the women? What can London Transport Museum do to represent the women that got, kept, and keep, London moving?
Corinne Harrison – 10 months as assistant curator in the National Portrait Gallery's Archive and Library: disappointing people who've watched too much Cash in the Attic, helping people who think the NPG is Google for portraits, and the deep satisfaction of successful reattribution.
Claire Madge – Back in April 2018 over 30 people completed a Museum Marathon walking to over 26 London museums in one day raising money for Autism in Museums. But how much was raised? What did I spend the money on? Did I just have a nice holiday in the sun? Come and hear about a year spent making the most impact for Autism in Museums with your very kind donations.
Leah Fitzpatrick – What's a badger? How do whales have sex? And why is the general public so obsessed with trying to eat so many animals? Join Learning Volunteer Leah as she talks about some of the funniest questions and answers she's heard at the Natural History Museum.
Rachel MacKay – Have you ever thought "Wow, the Eurovision Song Contest is fantastic; but if only I could learn more about museum leadership by watching it"? Then this session is for you! Indulge yourself with a trip down memory lane as I decode the career enhancing tips of 80's pop sensation Bucks Fizz.
Museums Showoff, Nov 20 – LINE UP ANNOUNCED!
November 1, 2018 November 5, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
HOORAY! It's time for MORE MUSEUM-Y FUN!
We've lined up top museum talent to entertain, astound and intrigue you! Join us on Tuesday 20 November, downstairs at The Phoenix, where our brilliant performers will reveal behind-the-scenes stories, intriguing insights and amazing projects. Doors open 6.45pm, show starts 7.30pm. Tickets are £7 (+ 70p booking fee).
Showing off their all round museum-y awesomeness will be:
Michelle McGrath, Fran Riando & Kayleigh McMahon – Museum as Muck is a network of working class museum workers. We want to bring the issue of CLASS to the sector's attention and so we went to the MA conference and staged an intervention!
Miranda Schiller – History never ends, so why shouldn't a museum talk about the future as well as the past? Experiences from running a series of events about the future of London at London Transport Museum.
James Mansfield – This summer I spent a week at the Museum of the Flat Earth in Newfoundland. I've returned from the other side and believe it offers valuable lessons for all museums, large or small, which I will relate with photographic evidence.
Julia Tubman, Angharad Howell & Amy Dobson – A blatant rip-off of the National Army Museum's "Namstall", Gunnersbury Park Museum presents "Gunnstallation" – the much awaited reopening of the museum after an almost 4 year major renovation project. We will attempt to recall our repressed memories of a traumatic time when we turned a Georgian mansion back in to a fully functioning museum.
Martin Devereux – Going Postal: Doing Digital at The Postal Museum – a wry look at how The Postal Museum developed its digital chops, and what's happening now. From websites to digitisation to VR, Martin will explore the lows and the highs of trying to embed digital thinking and doing into a museum.
Louise McAward- White and Rob Scott – When your system is known as WorkSlow, then you know you've got a software development project on your hands! Rob and Louise explain (through gifs) how they wrangled their colleagues and their software supplier to get results for everyone.
Sheldon Goodman – MUSIC HALL! Premier Victorian entertainment that helped distract long dead audiences from the scourges of cholera, terrible housing and the age of steam. Whereas now we have the likes of Calvin Harris, Kanye West and Adele, back then we were delighted by the likes of Alec Hurley, Nellie Power and Florrie Forde. Who? Exactly. For ten minutes only, hear Sheldon K.Goodman of @cemeteryclub sing some of the old ballads and bangers that would have eased the struggle of what life was like a century ago…'
Magda Oldziejewska – Magda will be talking about the Feminist Library's long, and eventually triumphant, struggle for survival, and its campaign for the move to its new home. Together with a collective rendition of the Feminist Library survival song, this should be an inspiration to other organisations struggling against austerity and other anti-community forces.
Help us do even more!
September 18, 2018 February 22, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
We'd like to apply for funding to do some exciting projects, but we need your help.
If you've been to one of our shows, please could you click on the link below to do a short survey. It should take no more than 10 mins.
https://museumsshowoff.typeform.com/to/rIh3Y9
Museums Showoff, Sept 18 – LINE UP ANNOUNCED!
August 28, 2018 November 5, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
It's time for more museum-y fun, and omg, what an incredible show we've got for you! Join us on Tuesday 18 September, downstairs at The Phoenix, where our brilliant performers will reveal behind-the-scenes stories, intriguing insights and amazing projects. Doors open 6.45pm, show starts 7.30pm. Tickets are £7 (+ 70p booking fee). Get one here: https://www.wegottickets.com/event/448542
Taking to the stage for this extravaganza of wit & wisdom, objects & exhibitions will be:
Gavin Grindon – Last month over 40 artists removed their work from the design museum's 'hope to nope' exhibition in protest at the museum hosting arms dealers. Now they're exhibiting the work themselves. This is the story of what happened. https://nopetoarms.org/
Harriet Braine – Comedy songs about dead people. Well, two songs about dead people and one about the museum I work in, which is the National Maritime Museum.
Emily Barnes & Fran Jeens – There's no such thing as a stupid question – Join Emily and Fran from the Jewish Museum to find out why we encourage our visitors to ask questions, hear some of the weird and wonderful questions we get asked by young people during school workshops, and how a team of Jewish and non-Jewish staff handle some of the more sensitive subjects…
David Hingley & Laura Hutchinson – Admit it. You visit museums and heritage sites. You only ever share memories of poorly laminated, badly written, amusingly misplaced signage. You aren't alone. Join our #SignageSaturday crusade to learn through laughter.. It's time the writing was on, or at least near, the relevant wall and in a semi-readable font.
Jess Starns – Jess Starns discusses using the Wellcome Collection as a starting point for creating the Museum of the Labelled arts-based research project, investigating what's important in the history of labelling people with learning difficulties (neurodiversity) in museum interpretation.
Kevin Baker – Libraries: what do we think they are they for, exactly? For his PhD project Kevin travels the length and breadth of Britain, visiting its most spectacular and beautiful libraries. He will share what these adventures teach him about the role and purpose of book collections – and about the role and purpose of himself, in more emotional detail than you really needed.
Polly Mee, Thomas Saddler, Kate Wilkinson & Sam Potts – The Digital team at Royal Museums Greenwich will be giving you their top tips for making a successful Live stream of the Lunar Eclipse, despite not actually seeing the moon.
Sarah Castle & Michael Odd – Never seen a reason to make it to the end of the Northern Line? Now one exists! The RAF turned 100 this year, and to celebrate the RAF Museum has opened three new exhibitions and redeveloped the landscape to reflect its airfield heritage. Our 'showoff' will involve a bit of shameless promotion of our new and shiny site, but will mainly concentrate on what is afoot in the Access & Learning Department as we will reveal the shift in the schools' programme from History, History and a bit more History to STEM.
Bridget McKenzie – I'll talk about the emerging Climate Museum for the UK, which aims to stir and collect responses to the climate emergency around the UK. It also aims to develop the cultural sector's confidence in engaging with their audiences around this 'defining issue of our time'. I will share the story so far, and invite your suggestions as part of the prototyping model for its development.
Museums Showoff, July 17 – LINE UP ANNOUNCED!
June 28, 2018 February 22, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
We've lined up top museum talent to entertain, astound and intrigue you! Join us on Tuesday 17 July, downstairs at The Phoenix, where our brilliant performers will reveal behind-the-scenes stories, intriguing insights and amazing projects. Doors open 6.45pm, show starts 7.30pm. Tickets are £6 (+ 60p booking fee). Get one here: https://www.wegottickets.com/event/443914
Adam Koszary – 'look at this absolute unit'. This simple phrase and a photograph of a sheep reached millions of people around the world after going viral on Twitter. Hear about the surreal couple of weeks spent dealing with unexpected internet fame from the person at the Museum of English Rural Life behind the tweet.
Lalita Kaplish – What's a museum website for? Most of us would say it's there to promote the museum and to give visitors information about what they can expect when they visit. But the majority of website visitors may never visit the museum, so are we neglecting online audiences by focussing on the physical space? It's time to rethink the museum on the web.
Noeleen O'Gorman – How to move a Museum! In 2018, the Musical Museum celebrated 10 years in their current building. Looking back over 10 years of history we uncovered the story of how the entire collection was transported from a leaky old church to where it is now. We'll tell all at Museums Showoff.
Queerseum – We'll be sharing our practice of Cultural Activism – from demanding a Queer Museum to popping up and reactivating queer history in institutions and on the streets. Featuring cultural activists Damien Arness Dalton,Dan de la Motte (Queer Tours of London), and Andrew Lumsden and Stuart Feather (Gay Liberation Front).
Merri Gordon & Anna Jackson – Work in museums and heritage? Ever tried speed mentoring? Or have no idea what that is but want to find out? We'll have a preview of an upcoming speed mentoring event run by the London Emerging Museum Professionals group, in the works for September 2018. Find out what to expect and how to get the most out of speed mentoring; be the first to sign up as a mentee or mentor; or just come to enjoy #loveisland puns galore.
Sacha Coward – 'Sacha engages with local diasporic communities in a multimodal fashion through intergenerational interactions around problematic themes within our collections…' WTF does that even mean?! Sacha works at the National Maritime Museum and has a job title even he can barely say; Museums love big, grand, evasive words when they try to talk about things that scare them! In his set Sacha wants to explore what Museums really mean when they try to talk about race, gender, sexuality and politics.
Alice Procter – Alice has been running Uncomfortable Art Tours for a year, and is now officially hated by the Daily Mail! She's here to recap a rollercoaster of museum heckling, (not) inventing institutional critique, problematic faves, displaying it like you stole it, and why she's unwelcome in Whitby.
Hannah Cushion – The Art of Failing – Museum Educator Hannah Cushion has worked in museums, galleries and education for the last 10 years and is fed up of hearing 'Is this right?' and 'I was never any good at art!'. What is failing and why is it so important? We've all failed at something and survived so why are we so scared of it and when did 'Fail' become such a dirty word?
Ellie Armstrong – Ever thought that science museums were a bit…..straight? Ellie and Damien Arness Dalton did, and started "Queering the Science Museum" as a guerrilla tour at the Science Museum London. Running every Saturday and Sunday in July at 4pm; the tour uses histories and stories to think more queerly about how we display STEM in the museum.
Museums Showoff, May 22 – LINE UP ANNOUNCED!
May 3, 2018 February 22, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
It's time for lots more museum-y fun, and omg, have we got an AWESOME line up!
Join us on Tuesday 22 May, downstairs at The Phoenix, where our brilliant performers will reveal behind-the-scenes stories, intriguing insights and amazing projects. Doors open 6.45pm, show starts 7.30pm. Tickets are £6 (+ 60p booking fee), get one here: https://www.wegottickets.com/event/439003
Naomi Paxton – your compère for the night, Naomi is an awesome performer and an academic. She acts, juggles, does magic and is an expert on suffrage plays! Find out more here: http://www.naomipaxton.co.uk/
Team Fatberg! – It's the Shit Show! Get insider knowledge on the most talked about exhibition the Museum of London has ever created: Fatberg! Our expert panel will tell its story through crap we said in the media, and consider this conundrum: if Fatberg! was a musical, what would be its theme tune?
Anna Spender – Did you know that croquet, not tennis, was the first sport to grace Wimbledon's lawns? Anna Spender, Collections Manager at Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum, will be talking about their latest exhibition, 'Through the Hoops: Croquet at Wimbledon', celebrating The All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club's 150th anniversary this year.
Sara Boutall – Tutankhamun vs. Netflix – the changing landscape of museum visitation and what factors cultural institutions must take into consideration in order to increase visitor numbers and engagement
Leslie Ewing-Burgesse – Leslie does silly, surreal standup comedy. Tonight she'll be telling you about one of the best museums in her hometown of Ottawa, Canada, and about the books she obsessively borrowed from the library as a child.
Professor Carl Bugenhagen, Director of Tyne & Wear Occult Practice & Psychical Research Facility – Beyond The Museum:Unlocking The Paranormal & Hidden Power of Objects. Professor Carl Budenhagen will be discussing the use of Psychics and Trance Mediums as a valid form of data collection and presenting findings from a recent public event at the Shipley Art Gallery in Gateshead, Tyne & Wear where a psychic was used to find the lost histories of objects with unknown provenance.
Nick Sturgess – Nick will explore the weird, wonderful and frankly annoying aspects of curating a fairground collection and telling people why it doesn't fit in any other museum category. This will entail pretty much everything you can think of as issues with collections management.
Tim Powell – Touchy-feely technology! Buzzwords like 'immersive technologies' generally make people think of screen-based visual experiences. Tim Powell will share some of the curious lessons learnt by Historic Royal Palaces in The Lost Palace and virtual reality experiments – into the emotional power of digital touch and sound (and smell?)
Sarah Dormer – Spare Tyre is taking a creative approach to heritage in order to reflect our diverse and rich history! As a 40-year old organisation we have a lot to cover, but how do we present information in a fun and accessible way…?
Museums Showoff, March 20 – LINE UP ANNOUNCED!
March 1, 2018 February 22, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
It's time for more museum-y fun, and omg, what an incredible show we've got for you! Join us on Tuesday 20 March, downstairs at The Phoenix, where our brilliant performers will reveal behind-the-scenes stories, intriguing insights and amazing projects. Doors open 6.45pm, show starts 7.30pm. Tickets are £6 (+ 60p booking fee). Get one here: https://www.wegottickets.com/event/432925
Frances Sampayo – Do you find yourself waking up at 3am in a cold sweat wondering how visitors will interact with your new exhibition? Do you find yourself distracted by signage strategies whilst out and about? If you answered yes to these questions, then you might be living with Operations Brain. Frances reveals the signs and symptoms of this Ops-centric condition!
Bernard Donoghue – Bernard is the CEO of the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, is the Mayor of London's Culture Ambassador and a trustee of the Geffrye Museum. He's also a lobbyist for the sector and will share gossip, lobbying tactics, insider info in a 9 minute 'The Thick of It' meets 'The Crown".
Anna Faherty – Between the lines: a ripping yarn of automation and gender power struggles unexpectedly embedded in a sleepy nineteenth-century volume from the shelves of the Wellcome Library.
Mike Harris – I'll be talking about the perils of having an interesting job description on your twitter bio and how it can end up with a slot at Museums Showoff. I'll also talk tech – specifically tech at the Royal Academy of Arts and the wide range of projects the developers here are working on. Expect everything from 'the cloud' through to digital signs.
Matt & Jess Turtle – Jess and Matt Turtle will share the story of how they set up the UK's first Museum of Homelessness, documenting the twists, turns and the highs and lows.
Jason Webber – The (inevitable) Zombie Apocalypse is upon us! It could be the end of times? But wait, surely culture can save us? In which London Cultural Institution would it be best to survive the onslaught of the un-dead? Choose wisely or prepare for annihilation!
Miki Webb & Claire Madge – Museum Marathon is taking place on Sunday 15th April and raising money for Autism in Museums. Come listen to Claire Madge and Mikaela Webb (with Mar Dixon cheering on from afar) give an energetic run through of what to expect, how to take part and donate. So put on your trainers, don your sweatbands, put down your pint and limber up for Museum Marathon – 1 day, 20 km and over 30 London museums…
Joe Sullivan – The London Museums Group support and advocate for all Museum staff in London, and we are currently recruiting for new board members. I'll be chatting through what London Museums Group does, the great opportunities its given me, and why you should join us!
Tim Powell – Combining VR with real-time motion capture to create visitor experiences at HRP! Full set details coming soon.
January 9, 2018 February 22, 2019 / Rachel S	/ Leave a comment
We're back for 2018!
We're kicking off the new year with another incredible line up of top museum talent. Join us on Tuesday 23 January, downstairs at The Phoenix , where our brilliant performers will entertain, intrigue and amaze you. Doors open 6.45pm, show starts 7.30pm. Tickets are £6 (+ 60p booking fee), get one here: https://www.wegottickets.com/event/427196
Sacha Coward & Katherine McAlpine – Job rejections suck, and they are always worded so bloody badly! As part of their very own brand of 'group therapy' join Katherine and Sacha as they share their past rejections in the only way they know how. (Slightly drunk slightly x-rated ranting and raving dressed up as spoken word poetry…)
Sheldon Goodman – The City of London had Samuel Pepys as its diarist, but did you know Westminster had one too? Deep in the Westminster City Archives is the hidden history of twenty-year old Nathaniel Bryceson and tales from his extraordinary diary. The only surviving volume from what would have been an extensive record of his life, hear about his middle aged lover, twenty mile walks, love of death and the macabre – Pepys best cover his ears!
Laurence van der Noordaa & Dickon Moore – Tate's Visitor Experience Team has been trying out some new techniques to encourage visitors to engage with art. We'll tell you what we've observed and what we've learned in the process.
Ali Child – Gwen Farrar and Norah Blaney's onstage/offstage partnership was buried deep in the archive at the V&A's Blythe House. Uncovering each new detail of the lives and careers of these forgotten variety stars triggers fresh frissons of excitement in Ali Child. Dare she share?
Christina Ross – January 23rd will be Christina's three month anniversary of working in a museum, and she'll walk you through what she's learned so far.
Nancy Groves has gone to the Darkside, parkside. Hear her lessons learned from a year as Serpentine Galleries' head of press after eight years at Guardian Towers. Expect japes, canapes and a serious allergy to artspeak. Plus a definitive answer to the question Who really drinks more: journalists or PRs?
Julie Flower – What happens when you reignite your interest in architectural history and can't stop saying 'yes'? Welcome to the 'Vortex of Volunteering'…from which there may be no return! Learn how dabbling in the life and work of Arts & Crafts architect and designer CFA Voysey turned into a three-year cataloguing project at the RIBA Drawings & Manuscripts Collection at the V&A.
Julia Mariani – Museums are meant to provoke feelings and reactions…and then what? What are you supposed to do with those? And where can you find out about other visitors' takes? I'll talk about how I think the digital space is the answer to these loud conversations that can happen in the quiet space of the museum.


Langie understands spoken sentences and translates them into 52 languages. It is very accurate both at recognizing speech and translating. It can also pronounce the translated sentences in a loud voice.
Come Langie browses Internet for photos connected to a spoken name such as the Eiffel Tower. It shows you a few first photos found. This function requires an Internet connection.
Langie, thanks to Bluetooth, allows you to join a group conversation with users speaking different languages. This function is great for business meetings or package tours. The function requires the Internet.
Thanks to its built-in dictionaries, Comet Langie can translate without any Internet connection, although the accuracy might be a little less accurate.
Comet Langie is equipped with language tutorials in 38 languages! The phrases are organized into 13 categories such as numbers, calendar, food, body parts, animals, travels, etc.