Following the relocation of residents of Camp Liberty, Iraq in Tirana, Albania, the relocated members of the Mujahedin Khalq Organization (the MKO) find it less difficult to leave the cult-like atmosphere of the group. Thus, leaders of the Cult of Rajavi take action to prevent them from defecting.
Mr. Ebrahim Khodabandeh , former member of the MKO and an expert on destructive cults is writing a series of articles about what is going on inside the MKO based on emails he receives from group members who are willing to leave the cult but they cannot manage due to severe pressure they are exposed to. Khodabandeh's last post includes crucial points about the new agenda of the Cult of Rajavi in Albania.
He states that the group leaders have to focus on members in Tirana base because they mostly include those who has criticized the group's acts and the leaders' decisions; they have asked to leave the group. The MKO leaders see dissident members as creditors who have a claim.
According to Mr. Khodabandeh's information, the MKO has bought a campus called Vitrina in Albanian capital in order to build another concentration camp like Ashraf. This way they can manage their mind control system much better. "Cults need an isolated place where they can cut the contacts between their followers and the outside world and they can absolutely control all aspects of a member's life," suggests Ebrahim Khodabandeh.
Members of the Cult of Rajavi pose questions that leaders do not like to hear. As Mr. Khodabandeh has been informed, residents in Tirana have begun questioning the million-dollar expenses of Maryam Rajavi's meetings in Paris and expensive payments for Western speakers of the group's propaganda shows despite urgent need of several members in Iraq for medical treatment.
"Someone has written to me that the group refuses to pay for medical treatment of an old member saying plainly that there is no money but parties and ceremonies of Maryam Rajavi is held non-stop," Mr. Khodabandeh writes.
Criticism against the system and its leader has turned into a crisis in Albania to the extent that Maryam Rajavi was forced to hold a video conference for members accusing them of being rude, according to the article.
Thus, process of defection from the MKO has been accelerated in Tirana. However, leaders of the cult are endeavoring to keep the cult-like system of manipulation and indoctrination in Tirana as they had kept in Camp Liberty and Camp Ashraf, Iraq. They have enhanced their mind control cult jargons. Self-criticism sessions are held under various titles in the cult's base in Albania. These sessions are aimed to deviate the members' minds from the controversial situation the group is stuck in.
Two groups of residents of Temporary Transit Location (Camp Liberty) relocated to Tirana during the past Two weeks, Nedaye Haghighat website reported.
Each group includes 15 individuals.
The process of MKO members' relocation to third countries was scheduled to be completed within 6 months after the groups' moving to Camp Liberty as a Temporary Transit Location; however the Cult leaders obstructing the procedure has slowed down the relocation process.
He left camp Liberty after 31 years of membership in the destructive cult of Rajavi.
Submitting himself to the United Nation's officials in charge of camp Liberty, Mojtaba stepped in free world.
He was first recruited by the MKO recruiters in Turkey in 1984 when he had gone there to find job. He was trapped by the MKO agents and were sent to Camp Ashraf where he was brainwashed under the cult structure for 31 years.
Mojtaba's brother, Amir was also recruited by the MKO. Last year he defected from the group after he was relocated in Albania.
Mr. Nader Keshtkar declared his defection from the Mujahedin Khalq Organization (the MKO) in Paris.


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Bexel Scores with FIFA World Cup Games
The two-story technical facility complete with two control rooms
With almost a third of the world's population predicted to tune in to watch one or more of the FIFA World Cup soccer matches, the tournament has become one of the biggest international broadcasts of all time. So when the English speaking U.S. broadcast rights holders ESPN wanted to build temporary studio production facilities in Rio de Janeiro, they turned to Bexel, a unit of the Vitec Group's Services Division and a leading worldwide provider of broadcast services and solutions.
The original concept for the project when it launched in November 2012 was limited to a small flypack located near Copacabana beach.
"When the broadcasters saw the beauty of the beachside location, they decided to build their main control room in Clube dos Marimbás, a Brazilian beach club," said Joe Wire, Bexel's vice president of Sales and Account Development. "So what started as just enough camera equipment to fit into a 20-foot shipping container soon grew into a 4,000 square-foot technical facility housed in its own custom-designed building."
Since the FIFA World Cup competition takes place in 12 different stadiums, around the country, there was no central venue that could host the broadcasts. But, by locating the main studio right at the beach, there would always be something interesting happening behind the anchors' and commentators' desks to keep the pictures interesting.
Once it was installed, the studio's entire infrastructure was built around an Evertz EQX 394 X 970 video router with all Grass Valley cameras, a Grass Valley K-Frame Kayenne 4 M/E digital production switcher and a Calrec Artemis 24 fader audio console.
"This project involved tight integration between Bexel and the U.S. rights holder," Wire said, "and by the time we shipped the equipment in late April, the complement included 27 cameras, three control rooms and two production sets, all linked via fiber from the beach club to their main facility in Bristol, Conn."
Once they started to build the gear into the Rio de Janiero location in May, there were two main challenges the Bexel team had to overcome: power and logistics. "Every country to host a large event presents unique challenges and Brazil is no different," Wire commented.
Bexel's crew had to conform to the Brazilian concept of how and when to work. "We learned to adapt to the city's own regulations that keep trucks carrying containers over 6-feet long off the streets between 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 10 p.m." Wire said. "Most of our unloading had to happen during the night. But adapting to those intricacies is just typical of the type of service that people have come to expect from Bexel."
The two-story technical facility complete with two control rooms was completed on June 4 when Bexel's team handed it over to their client after certifying that everything was up and properly functioning.
"Since we had to build the technical infrastructure inside the Clube dos Marimbás beach club, we were working in a defined space," Wire said. "But by the time the games started to air, we had created a world-class broadcast facility on time, and within the specified budget at one of the most beautiful locations on the earth."
About Bexel
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HPD: Suspect charged, wanted with the killing of 24-year-old father outside Houston bowling alley
Dionate D. Banks, a 29-year-old man has been charged with murder and is now wanted in connection with the shooting that occurred outside the Bowlero Bowling Alley on August 14, 2022, that resulted in the death of Gregory Shead.
According to police, charges have been filed against Banks in the 209th District Court.
Gregory Shead, a 24-year-old father was shot and killed during an argument early Sunday morning between two groups of people outside of Bowlero, a Houston Bowling Alley located in the 900 Block of Bunker Hill, just south of I-10, the Katy Freeway.
The shooting occurred at about 1:15 a.m. on August 14, 2022, just after closing. Police say two groups of people got into an argument in the parking lot of the Bowelero on Bunker Hill. During the argument, two shots were fired, and at least one of them struck Greg Shead. He was pronounced dead on the scene.
According to police at the scene, a white SUV was observed leaving the scene which may be connected to the shooting. Police are looking for this vehicle and stated there are several witnesses that remained on the scene to help with the investigation, as well as some security footage that may help identify the shooter.
Police have not released why the two groups were fighting, but Gregory Shead may have been trying to stop the two groups from fighting.
If you have any information about the shooting, you are urged to contact Crime Stoppers of Houston at 713-222-TIPS or the Houston Police Department's Homicide Division at 713-308-3600.
Posted in Houston
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Q: Line regulation of zener diode with jfet How am I able to calculate line regulation (S=dUout/dUin) for zener diode with current provided by JFET with zero gate - source voltage? Schematic below

Lets say it's typical BF256B as JFET and BZX84-B5V1 as Zener diode.
Is it calculable or just equal 0?

A: The FET is being used as a constant current source.
Reference to the datasheet shows the current could be anywhere from 6-13 mA.
Your should read this Siliconix/Vishay app note to understand the elements around setting up a CC source with a JFET. Providing the FET is in saturation (V(DSS) is high enough) you can assume that the conductance is approaching zero.
Your deltaVout/DeltaVin will approach zero providing the FET is in saturation.

A: A JFET conducts when it's gate-source voltage is zero and gradually stops conducting when you take the gate voltage lower than the source voltage. As such, in the data sheet it tells you this: -

If you have a data sheet for the zener you can estimate what variation in zener voltage you can get from the current range listed above.
Or, if you have a simulation tool it might provide better models to work with than just making hand calculations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Osipy-Wydziory Drugie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wysokie Mazowieckie, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

References

Osipy-Wydziory Drugie

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Home Orlando In Memoriam: Orlando remembers Anthony Bourdain
In Memoriam: Orlando remembers Anthony Bourdain
Ricky Ly of TastyChomps.com
Anthony Bourdain passed away at the age of 61 on June 8th, 2018, from an apparent suicide. The death left many around the world who were touched by his work reeling. From giving the public an insider's look into our "culinary underbelly" inside kitchens across America in his best selling novel Kitchen Confidential, to opening our eyes to glimpses of far-flung kitchens and street markets around the world for many for the first time during his many food travel shows, Anthony Bourdian was a trailblazer for the food world in so many ways. Increasingly in recent years his shows have been more about the people behind the food than the food itself, showcasing that no matter where we are in the world, we all have many same commonalities.
I remember my first time seeing Anthony on TV, an episode of a Cook's Tour on the Food Network. It was during college and I had just visited New York for the first time. Here he was in some pub in Tokyo, Japan eating sushi, drinking beer, and overall, having a great time. It was my first time seeing modern day Tokyo and probably was the first time for many other viewers as well, opening our horizons to new corners of the world. I think his adventures inspired so many others to travel, to see new things, to try new foods, and learn from new cultures not only around the world but maybe also down the street from our own neighborhoods, or on the other side of the tracks. For this, to inspire us all to see ourselves in the other, I will be forever grateful to Anthony and his work.
Recently, I asked a few of our local Orlando restauranteurs, writers, food publicists for their thoughts in memory of Anthony Bourdain. The impact he left on our own food scene in Orlando runs deep.
"It was September of 2005. Janet and I had returned from Spain. Hurricane Katrina had spared Key West during this time but went on to wreak famous havoc on New Orleans. We had been invited by Tony to do a show with him on Key West. Janet and I were living there again with the belief we had re-settled 'for good'. Tony was in great spirits. He was becoming quite famous by then and folks on the streets were eager to meet him as we walked Duval. Showing him the place that formed the roots of my cuisine was more deeply rewarding than I can convey. His pirate and writer spirits were perfectly aligned on the Island. As we waited to shoot one scene he asked me if I might help him find a house to rent for a few months. He wanted to write a follow-up to 'Kitchen Confidential'. We joked about all of the fun+trouble we could get into together. It was a fantasy I shall keep forever now … in fantasy land. Rest in Peace my Friend." – Chef Norman Van Aken, 1921 by Norman Van Aken
"Tony was 2 years older than I but we grew with quite similar backgrounds as he lived in in Leonia, New Jersey (one town over from my hometown of Bogota). He spent his summers 2 towns up from me & my family home at the Jersey shore where he & I started our culinary careers. He went on to the CIA to get serious about cooking (I couldn't afford the $12K to go there so I took a scholarship to play Basketball @ William Paterson University in Wayne, New Jersey. Jumping forward, Reading Kitchen Confidential profoundly changed my outlook on Kitchen life & was a sheer delight as he shared all the experiences of growing up in Jersey.
In 2000, my first year of being nominated for a James Beard award, I walked into the Hall at The Marriot Marquis in NYC where the awards were held & after checking in the first people I ran into was Mario Batali who I had known for some years & Tony. It was then that I was introduced to Tony & was able to share all my Jersey stories & shared a lot of laughs & I then passed along my appreciation for all of his work thus far. He shared that he had heard of me & my Texas colleagues who had a Chef's Band & how cool that was. Before I left them, both Mario & Tony put their hands on my shoulders & shared "don't worry Tim, You've got this- we voted for you". Soooooooo Cool.
I also ran into him the next 3 years that I was nominated at the awards & we shared similar moments. Needless to say, I was deeply moved & it remains one of the highlights of my career.
Being a Monster Fan of Tony & Parts Unknown & all that he had achieved, I must say that I was crushed when I heard of his passing. The World lost a great one. God rest his Soul!!" – Chef Tim Keating, Urbain 40
"There's a lot I could say – but I'll keep it simple. I never met Anthony Bourdain, but his outlook on the world really shaped me to who I am today. I didn't grow up traditionally Thai. Like a lot of half-asian kids, I spent a lot of my early teens just wanting to fit in with the white kids. Tony's outlook on the world and his shows like No Reservations helped me see the world differently, and largely made me see that my Thai heritage was something beautiful to be proud of. Not only that, his books and shows taught me that cooking was something honorable to do. I re-read Kitchen Confidential last year when I was staging in thailand. I would read 20 pages every day before I went into work. It made me excited about what I was about to do. It still does." – Dylan Eitharong, Bangrak Thai Street Kitchen
"Kitchen Confidential was published in 2000 and was a huge influence in our lives as we prepared to attend culinary school in New York. We'll never forget the thrill of devouring the book and realizing there was a whole world of people out there having experiences similar to ours. It opened our eyes and was a catalyst that has everything to do with who we are today. " – Alexia and Rhys Gawlak, Swine and Sons
"I have a fair amount I wrote down that day but to keep it short. Anthony was a voice that made us proud to cook and BE cooks or hospitality workers rather than be ashamed of our seemingly endless toil in uncomfortably hot and painful places. All in all, he was an inspiration and like a wise man who had seen it all from our perspective and told the world but also became a voice in the world telling everyone about the adventure, pain, camaraderie, and joy of it all. I'll always feel very lucky he wrote what he did and became who he did because i feel like a whole generation of cooks owe him a lot of our success." – Chef Bruno Zacchini, Pizza Bruno
"I have kept quiet on the Anthony Bourdain situation for the last few days now. While everyone else posted their pictures, memories and condolences, I decided I would like to reflect and figure out the right way to describe how his work has impacted me. Despite the incredible fame he received from his tv shows and the platform they extended to him, I never really watched them. That's not to say I wasn't a fan of Bourdain, that is just to say that, those shows were not why I was a fan of Bourdain. The thing I liked most about him was his unfiltered and completely real portrayal of kitchen life. He was completely transparent in his work whether through interviews, articles, or books about what life is like in the kitchen. He is probably one of the main characters who actually shed light on the barbaric personalities and lifestyle you must live to be in a professional kitchen, at least prior to recent times. Bourdain's biggest contribution to my life was that he showed that a cook can have other talents as well. I have been writing for months now nonstop but have not found anything I wanted to publish. I find it very befitting that this piece might very well be the first thing that I do." – Joseph Roberti, Pizzeria Roberti – read the full piece here: https://medium.com/@josephroberti/in-memory-of-anthony-bourdain-a94dcf14c51b
"Hawkers' entire concept was based on the idea that thanks to Anthony Bourdain and his loyal foodie community, Americans were finally ready to try, even embrace, flavors and textures from global cuisine that had been previously kept secret, shared only by locals. Chef Bourdain had a coolness about him that was palpable. His raw, bold, no-nonsense approach was the only fit for introducing the world to authentic food, cultures, and traditions – no one else could have done what he did. He taught me that pushing the envelope means more than just being adventurous. It means being appreciative and respectful of what other cultures have been enjoying for generations – flavors and foods that we are now lucky enough to enjoy, too. As my 71-year old mother said, "food today is what Rock N' Roll was in the '60s. Everyone is talking about the next hot restaurant or flavors the same way we talked about bands back then."
If that's true, then Anthony Bourdain was our Elvis – an icon to be honored and remembered for his mark on foodie fans across the world. Our hearts go out to his family and friends." – Kaleb Harrell, Co-Founder of Hawkers Asian Street Fare
"Chef Anthony Bourdain was one of the real ones. His passing reminds me of the importance of communing over food, and not just for food. Their are important stories of culture, injustices, and people that can be found in each dish that we consume. I'd like to think that uncovering these important elements of life was a big part of what Anthony advocating for. Sending love and prayers throughout the community. God bless, foodie fam!" – Chauniqua Major, Publicist and Founder of Project Pop
"Anthony Bourdain, I've read all your books, seen all your TV shows, cooked from your cookbook and felt like I knew you. An unapologetic storyteller who told the stories of those who would have never been told. Shed light on issues others did not want to talk about. An inspiration to broadcasters, foodies and travelers around the world. I've worked in the restaurant industry entire life. 14 years as a server & a publicist for restaurants the last six years. You brought my worlds together as writer, telling stories of the industry which had never been done before like it was a underground world. You were a person who appreciated art, music and those who were different. Your words and thoughts have been a part of mine and my husband's life so much. I'll never forget driving through the countryside of Spain listening to your audio books and feeling so inspired. Your wit and sarcasm have become quotable one-liners in my home.
There is a chapter in"medium raw" called "I'm dancing." It tells the story at your daughter's dance class and being the only dad they are among a sea of nannies. You discussed that moment where you danced with you daughter for the first time. I can't get that moment out of my mind because it changed you then. I am really hit hard by this and the world will not be the same. #RIPAnthonyBourdain
One of my favorite @Bourdain quotes from "Medium Raw: "If you are literally serving shit to American children, I've got no problem with a jury of your peers wiring your nuts to a car battery and feeding you the accumulated sweepings of the bottom of a monkey cage." – Maria Wyatt-Uhl, Senior Account Executive, Publicity
"He possessed a disarming intelligence and a no-bullshit eloquence that spoke to many a quiet adventurer. He was our generation's Hemingway. Sadly, both Hemingway and Bourdain died at their own hands at the age of 61." – Faiyaz Kara, Orlando Weekly
"We're not so different, you and I."
Anthony Bourdain probably never said that. But he was a major cinephile, and he probably would have scoffed every time a movie or TV character uttered that cliche. The line makes me chuckle every time, but there is truth in it.
I loved the cinematic quality of Bourdain's food and travel shows, especially Parts Unknown. A lot of episodes were homages to classic films, with the shooting, the editing, even his narration. Some allusions surely went over my head.
But that's what Bourdain did best. He was a raconteur, an adventurer, a storyteller, a tour guide, a journalist. He was one of my favorite writers and personalities. Incredibly witty, insightful, charming, and "woke." He took us places and taught us and fed us, at least metaphorically. He made me think more about food, and definitely made me want to write about food. (Sorry, not sorry!)
In so many brilliant books and three wonderful shows (A Cook's Tour on Food Network, No Reservations on Travel Channel, and Parts Unknown on CNN), he brought us along to all kinds of exotic and not-so-exotic destinations and showed us that everyone has a story that's worth listening to, especially if we stop to listen and talk over a good meal. I think in this isolating age where society feels more divided than ever, he was on to something. Listening. Empathy. Sharing cultures. Food breaking borders and boundaries. Chefs as ambassadors and anthropologists.
And he seemed like such a cool guy. Someone with demons for sure, which gave him an edge, but we thought he had them under control. Maybe he did too. Most people I know have fought with anxiety and depression. Dear friends, family members, people I love more than life itself. I have too. I have moments of pure happiness, but mostly I just shoot for being content, figuring that's the best most of us can ask for. But I apologize more than I should. I walk on eggshells too often. I deal with impostor syndrome, self-doubt, self-loathing at times. Maybe Anthony Bourdain did too, even with everything he seemed to have going for him. You look at these celebrities who seem to have it all, and feel shock when they buckle under the pressure. (They're not so different, them and us.) You wish they had asked for help.
I'm a librarian. My job is to listen and to help if I can. Ask for help, even if you don't ask me. There's no shame in it. You matter, and we don't want anything to happen to you.
We're not so different, you and I." – Louis Rosen, saboscrivner.com
Photo by Chef Bruno Zacchini
"If I'm an advocate for anything, it's to move. As far as you can, as much as you can. Across the ocean, or simply across the river. Walk in someone else's shoes or at least eat their food." – Anthony Bourdain
How to get help: In the US, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255.
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Ricky Ly founded TastyChomps.com in 2008 as a local Orlando food blog dedicated to finding the tastiest bits and pieces of Orlando as well as around the world. His first book, Food Lovers' Guide to Orlando: The Best Restaurants, Markets & Local Culinary Offerings (Food Lovers' Series) is available now on Amazon.com and Barnesandnoble.com. Photography is taken using a Canon EOS 6D and a Sony Nex-3. In 2017, he was inducted into the Orlando Sentinel's Culinary Hall of Fame. He is also featured in the Orlando Sentinel's Central Florida 100, a weekly opinion column featuring 100 of the most influential people in local government, politics and culture. In 2018, he was chosen by the Orlando Weekly as one of the "Ten People Making Orlando a Better Place to Be." E-mail him at tastychomps(at)gmail.com. Google
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If We Had No Moon
Without the moon, humans wouldn't exist. Life, if it had started at all, would be in the earliest stages of evolution.
Days would last four hours, winds would blow at hurricane force and there would be a dense and toxic atmosphere resembling that of Venus.
Luckily, 50 million years after the formation of the solar system, our proto-planet was hit by a celestial body more than twice the size of Mars, which formed the moon.
In this one-hour special, viewers will learn what Earth was like before the moon and what Earth would be like if the moon disappeared.
Moon MysteriesScience - 50 min - ★7.18 The Moon is our planet's closest neighbor. It's responsible...
Do We Really Need the Moon?Science - 60 min - ★7.52 The Moon is such a familiar presence in the sky that most...
How the Universe WorksScience - 300 min - ★8.46 Have you ever wondered exactly how our Universe is put...
Birth of the PlanetScience - 48 min - ★8.28 In this first episode of Catastrophe series, host Tony...
Nig - 09/21/2020 at 06:18
this video is dog****
DustUp - 05/03/2017 at 23:53
at dam up the oceans.
I hope no one's tax dollars went to any of these so called scientists to ponder and theorize on this nor to fabricate this nonsense docu. Great gig ...to make up shyte. So much of it couldn't recall it all but the bucket full tipped over at . Brilliant, kill the oceans, bravo. Not only that, cause the very thing you supposedly are trying to prevent. Ocean currents significantly affect the weather we have on land.
Certainly there are much better questions than "What if we had no moon?": What if people, including scientists, didn't believe all the BS taught to them in school? What if people didn't believe the fake news and propaganda? What if govts were transparent and told the truth? What if scientists, reaching for answers, weren't so certain of evidence meaning one thing when its formation could have other origins? What if the maximum population at any location was 10,000 and such locations had to be at least 50 miles apart? Another question which is more in line with the level of this docu; what if tornadoes were upside down? (who cares, they aren't, same for the moon not being there)
Frank - 11/12/2015 at 09:52
I was thinking some weird stuff:
What if our moon, (wich i heard was planted here in orbid by some people), realy was a / the mars moon before... Transported by the grey's :-)
As you know the moon is exactly in the right golden spot in our solarsystem.
So then there had to be life as we know it on mars before the moon came/ was planted here.... lol makes you wonder right? Did we come from Mars? Would it explain stuff?
Have fun with that brainstorm!
Dank Raven - 07/15/2014 at 15:05
This makes me want to rip my hair out. This video says it's private and the quality of "Do We Really Need the Moon?" is so bad and its unwatchable. What a pity
ChrisArc - 09/28/2013 at 03:11
The protoplanet that hit the Earth and created the Moon is not call Orpheus!
Orpheus is a NEA: 3361 Orpheus (1982 HR) an Apollo asteroid that was discovered on April 24, 1982 by Carlos Torres at Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station.
The protoplanet that hit the Earth forming the Moon is called Theia.
I think that it is the best theory to explain why the Earth and the Moon are so perfectly synced that we away se the same side of the Moon.
R W - 09/28/2013 at 00:37
Has anyone considered that Venus collided with Earth to create the moon; that is why Venus revolves backwards from all the other planets.
If Venus had collided with the Earth then neither planet would be here now. They are to close to the same size so they would have pulverized each other.
They might not have been the same size before the collision. Imagine Earth much larger and both planets spinning the same direction. The larger would cause the smaller to reverse direction of spin and in the exchange loose a large portion of its mass. Resulting in the formation of the moon. Explain why Venus spins backwards
Venus rotates so slowly that one of it's days is longer than it's year. Being closer to the Sun tidal forces slowed down it's rotation until it stopped and started going backwards.
Because Mercury is all rock it was not effected the same way. Mercury does leave a small thin trail behind it like a comet because the Sun is slowly melting it.
Uranus rotates on it side like a football spiraling around the Sun because a large impact knocked it over onto it's side.
I read all those theories, not sure I buy it. No planet has more tidal influence than the Earth and it doesn't spin backwards. All the planets circle the Sun in the same direction. They all spin in the same direction. All the moons circle in the same direction. Just a thought.
The tidal force on Venus comes from the Sun's gravity and it causes a much stronger tidal force than the Moon does to on the Earth.
The Earth has slowed down because of the tidal forces caused by the Moon and the Moon is moving away from the Earth at about 1.5 inches per year. It will eventually escape Earth's gravity, sailing off into space leaving us without a moon.
Not all the Moons circle the same way. Triton circles Neptune in a retrograde direction, probably because it was captured by Neptune's gravity and did not form with Neptune.
Tanin Sultana - 02/25/2013 at 16:11
It was really useful for me.
RCC - 11/12/2011 at 12:44
There is a major hole in their "no moon" theory. They say that Earth would wobble erratically on it's axis without the moon. They use Mars as an example, saying it wobbles because it has no large moon. But......they fail to mention that Venus has no moon and Venus doesn't wobble on it's axis. Of course, if they did mention Venus, their theory would be worthless.
The difference is that Venus is much closer to the Sun and that is what helps keep it stable. The gravity of the Sun effects it like the Moon effects the Earth.
The Suns gravity is also the reason that Venus spins backwards and it's day is longer than it's year. The tidal forces created by the Sun caused Venus's rotation to slow down, stop and then start going backwards.
Lee Walker - 06/15/2011 at 09:15
its an interesting documentary but in the end it has all the scientific value of one asking what if mars were made of cheese. In the final analysis things like this whilst entertaining are at best idle speculation and at worst scare mongering.
NotyourbuddyFRIEND - 06/09/2011 at 11:26
Although the fundamental elements of the moons role in controlling the axis of the earths wobble and tide are sound; this documentary presents far too many "doomsday scenarios" that are inaccurate in the bigger picture. Speculations formed on the what they think formed moons and debris rings around other planets are just that: SPECULATIONS. They try to suggest a causal link between the incidence of crime and the full moon which is completely ridiculous and has no scientific basis, just like half the theories presented before it...
GetBacklinks - 04/28/2011 at 08:50
Cool vid, we need more stuff like this.
Mac - 04/28/2011 at 08:46
Great film, i love astronomy. This is great that i can watch all of these documentaries here. Thanks
Rachelnico - 03/31/2011 at 00:13
Okay doc. Fell asleep half way through! LOL
deg - 01/04/2011 at 08:17
The crash into Tiamat did not create the Moon. The "Reptilians" put it there, and not "Yehway." Read some Zacharia Sitchen wehere he explains it all. Start out with the 12th Planet....
Achems Razor - 02/25/2010 at 07:07
@ Platoson:
You are right! I stand corrected.
Everything is energy, in the vast field of Quantum probabilities
there is no empty space at all in the Universe according to Quantum theory. Even though it seems as such, that we perceive with our physical senses.
When I was talking about an idea, that to, is an energy fluctuation,
albeit sometimes an unactualized possibility.
Platoson - 02/25/2010 at 04:00
great doc, very informative
And by the way, something cannot come from nothing, nor ever will.
Energy existed before the big bang and has always existed. There is no empty space in the universe; all is filled with energy, most of which we cannot percieve.
Good job Vlatko!!
fruity - 02/15/2010 at 16:21
I like the idea that the universe is fractal. so from atoms to galaxy superclusters its all the same.
Taking that idea one step further, it boggles the mind to think that our entire universe could be just an atom like molecule of some strange being (or a rock, or whatever) who in turn inhabits a universe. a universe which, much like ours in shape and design, is a molecule of an even bigger universe - add infinitum.
of course, this would also imply that the molecules that make up you and me were complete universes, within even smaller universes, add infinitum.
perhaps big bangs formed from the matter sucked through black holes (as william macdonald gibb suggested) are the parrallel universes that combine to form the matter of the next universe up.
i know its a bit of a crazy idea but i like it. this fractal like "design" is certainly seen in our universe. from an electron spinnig round an atom , the moon around the earth, the earth around the sun, our solar system around the center of the galaxy etc.
maybe when we split atoms we create something from nothing, whole exploding universes .....
Julian - 02/13/2010 at 23:04
I just love P. Stewart's voice. Engage, Captain!
Very good documentary.
WTC 7 - 01/06/2010 at 12:17
Fascinating! I had no idea that we owe that much to our Moon!
William MacDonald Gibb - 12/15/2009 at 21:24
@JohKen: A cataclysmic collision as Immanuel Velikofsky theorized in 'Worlds in Collision', would not carve a chunk out of the planet. The area of impact would be pulverized into a belt of debris, captured by earths gravity, which over time formed into a moon!
@Vlatko: Great docs!!
JohKen - 12/13/2009 at 20:15
If this scenario were true, and an object twice the size of Mars struck the earth, the inertia would have sent the "moon" flying towards either the sun or Jupiter, depending upon the angle of impact and resulting trajectory of the earth-made flotsam. One of two other options exist; 1)both the Earth and moon resulted from the acquiring accretion disc early on, or 2)the moon was brought here by a civilization hundreds of thousands, if not millions of years more advanced than humans to foster growth upon our planet. It's not too far fetched to believe if you step out of the shackles that bind most imaginations. Just sayin'....
But you need "Orbit Stabilizing Rockets" on both sides to effect an equilibrium. You would not want the Moon to come crashing down on Earth.
Keith Haigh - 11/26/2009 at 19:19
Given that the moon is receding, and it is fundamental to our existence, and that the same face always points toward Earth, then why not fit 'Orbit Stabilizing Rockets' on the Dark Side to compensate for the recession?
That way we don't need to leave Earth!
Instead of 'Orpheus' perhaps Nibiru was the colliding planet, check Lloyd Pye and Z.Stitchin and the Sumerians!
Good Doc. I can't believe it is something that I did not know.
According to this Doc. which is scientifically plausible. It seems that the Moon should be our God! Without our Moon there would not be any humans!
Talk about throwing Religions out of whack, EH!
I also believe in the "lunacy" of the full Moon, since I was on the front lines, medically speaking, for these occurrences.
Kid bill - 04/16/2021 at 01:02
This was really helpful I'm doing an eighth grade project and i really did not need to look up any thing els


text:
Гра́сгоф, Франц (; , Дюссельдорф — , Карлсруэ) — немецкий  и машиностроитель.

Биография

Детство и юность
Франц Грасгоф родился 11 июля 1826 года в семье Елизаветы Софии Доротеи Флорентины Брюггеман () и Карла Грасгофа (), преподавателя классической филологии в . Его дядей был придворный художник Отто Грасгоф. Несмотря на гуманитарное окружение в семье, Франц рано проявил интерес к технике; уже с 15 лет он работал слесарем, посещая после работы ремесленное училище.

В октябре 1844 года Франц Грасгоф поступил в , где изучал математику, физику и машиностроение. Однако в 1847 году Грасгоф, прервав обучение, пошёл на военную службу: год он прослужил добровольцем в стрелковом батальоне, а в 1848—1851 годах служил на флоте матросом и совершил на парусном судне плавания в Нидерландскую Ост-Индию и Австралию. После этого он разочаровался в избранной им было карьере морского офицера (не последнюю роль сыграла близорукость, которой он страдал) и вернулся в Берлин, где с 1852 года продолжал обучение в Королевском коммерческом институте.

Профессиональная карьера
В 1854 году Грасгоф окончил Берлинский Королевский коммерческий институт и остался работать в нём, преподавая математику и механику. В 1856 году группа из 23 молодых инженеров, в которую входил и Грасгоф, основали существующее и поныне  (). Грасгоф стал редактором журнала «Zeitschrift des VDI», учреждённого этим обществом и издававшегося начиная с 1 января 1857 года; в нём учёный опубликовал и ряд своих статей по различным вопросам прикладной механики. В 1860 году Ростокский университет присвоил Францу Грасгофу звание почётного доктора.

В 1863 году после смерти Фердинанда Редтенбахера Грасгоф стал его преемником на посту профессора кафедры прикладной механики и теории машин Политехникума Карлсруэ. Здесь он читал лекции по сопротивлению материалов, гидравлике, термодинамике и конструированию машин, причём — по общему мнению — его лекции отличались точностью и ясностью языка.

В 1883 году Грасгоф перенёс инсульт, последствия которого существенно ограничили его творческую активность. В 1891 году последовал новый инсульт, от которого учёный так и не оправился.

Умер 26 октября 1893 года в Карлсруэ.

Научная деятельность

Работы Грасгофа по кинематике
Основное направление исследований Грасгофа — прикладная механика (в частности, кинематика механизмов). Был сторонником аналитических методов в механике. Из результатов, полученных Грасгофом, в современных учебниках теоретической механики обычно приводится теорема Грасгофа о проекциях скоростей (не всегда — с упоминанием имени автора).

Теорема Грасгофа о проекциях скоростей
Рассмотрим две точки —  и  — некоторой механической системы, и пусть  и  — их текущие положения. Теорема Грасгофа о проекциях скоростей в общем случае формулируется следующим образом: «Если на точки  и  наложена жёсткая связь, то проекции их скоростей на прямую, соединяющую текущие положения этих точек, равны»:

  .

Обычно данную теорему применяют к точкам абсолютно твёрдого тела, и в этом случае её формулируют так: «Проекции скоростей двух произвольных точек твёрдого тела на прямую, соединяющую эти точки, равны между собой».

Приведём доказательство этой теоремы. Достаточно показать, что

(здесь  — скорость точки  относительно точки ).

Дифференцируя по времени  условие жёсткой связи

(представленное в виде условия постоянства скалярного квадрата радиус-вектора точки  относительно точки ), получаем:

  .

Итак,  , то есть  .

Пусть теперь  — единичный вектор оси . Имеем:

  .

Теорема доказана.

Теорема Грасгофа о проекциях скоростей нередко оказывается полезной при решении конкретных задач кинематики абсолютно твёрдого тела. Вот — типичный пример.

Пусть  и  — точки абсолютно твёрдого тела,  и  — углы векторов  и  с прямой . Найти , если известны , ,  (жирный шрифт при наборе  не использовался, так что речь идёт о нахождении модуля вектора скорости точки ).

Имеем:

  ,

то есть

  ;

отсюда

  .

Решение задачи найдено. Подчеркнём ещё раз, что мы нашли только модуль вектора . Полностью найти вектор , пользуясь только теоремой Грасгофа, мы бы не смогли.

Так обстоят дела и в общем случае. Теорема Грасгофа о проекциях скоростей сама по себе не позволяет решать задачи кинематики до конца: всегда требуется какая-либо дополнительная информация.

Работы Грасгофа по сопротивлению материалов
Грасгоф проявлял большой интерес к сопротивлению материалов и в 1866 году выпустил руководство по данному предмету, переизданное в расширенном виде в 1878 году под названием «Теория упругости и прочности» (). Книга стала первой попыткой ввести элементы теории упругости в ориентированный на инженеров курс сопротивления материалов. Причём Грасгоф не ограничивается изложением лишь элементарного сопротивления материалов, но также вводит основные уравнения теории упругости, которыми пользуется при изложении теории изгиба и кручения призматических стержней и теории пластин. В задаче об изгибе стержня Грасгоф находит решения для некоторых форм поперечного сечения, не рассматривавшихся Сен-Венаном. Он продолжает исследования Вейсбаха по изучению сложного напряжённого состояния. В ряде разделов курса Грасгоф находит новые, оригинальные результаты.

Работы Грасгофа по машиноведению
Грасгоф работал также в области машиноведения. Его главный труд — «Теоретическое машиностроение» (тт. 1—3, 1875—1890 гг.), в котором он развил учение Ф. Рёло о кинематических парах и кинематических цепях.

В данном труде Грасгоф рассматривал движение как плоских, так и пространственных механизмов. Анализируя общий случай движения в пространстве, он указывал, что простая замкнутая цепь принуждённого движения с вращательными кинематическими парами должна состоять из семи звеньев, а также обсуждал возможности уменьшения числа звеньев при частных расположениях осей шарниров.

В учебниках по теории механизмов и машин часто приводится теорема Грасгофа о шарнирном четырёхзвеннике.

Теорема Грасгофа о шарнирном четырёхзвеннике
Данная теорема (иногда именуемая также правилом Грасгофа) устанавливает условие существования кривошипа в шарнирном четырёхзвеннике. Речь идёт о плоском механизме из трёх подвижных звеньев (то есть твёрдых тел, образующих механизм) 1, 2, 3 и стойки (неподвижного звена) 0, у которого все звенья соединены между собой вращательными кинематическими парами.

Для звеньев плоских механизмов в теории механизмов и машин используют следующую терминологию:
 кривошип — звено плоского механизма, которое образует вращательную пару со стойкой и может совершать вокруг оси пары полный оборот;
 коромысло — звено плоского механизма, которое образует вращательную пару со стойкой, но не может совершать полный оборот вокруг оси пары;
 шатун — звено плоского механизма, связанное вращательными парами с подвижными его звеньями, но не со стойкой.

Теорема Грасгофа о шарнирном четырёхзвеннике формулируется так: "Наименьшее звено является кривошипом, если сумма длин наименьшего и любого другого звена меньше суммы длин остальных двух звеньев (под «наименьшим» понимается звено минимальной длины).

Поясним данную формулировку. Пусть  — длина самого короткого звена (для механизма, изображённого на рисунке, ),  — длина одного из соединённых с ним звеньев,  и  — длины остальных звеньев механизма.

Предположим сначала, что  и  (на рисунке, где , , , это именно так). Элементарный геометрический анализ показывает, что условием полной проворачиваемости звена наименьшей длины относительно звена длины   является выполнение неравенства

  .

Если же  или , то данное неравенство тем более будет выполняться. Из этих рассмотрений и следует справедливость теоремы Грасгофа в приведённой выше формулировке (рассмотрение предельного случая, когда неравенство обращается в равенство, мы опускаем).

Применяя правило Грасгофа, удаётся подразделить все шарнирные четырёхзвенники на 3 группы:
 механизм будет кривошипно-коромысловым, если длины его звеньев удовлетворяют правилу Грасгофа и за стойку принято звено, соседнее с наименьшим;
 механизм будет двухкривошипным, если сумма длин самого короткого и самого длинного звеньев меньше суммы длин остальных звеньев, и за стойку принято самое короткое звено;
 механизм будет двухкоромысловым, если либо правило Грасгофа не выполнено, либо оно выполнено, но самое короткое звено не соединено со стойкой (то есть оно является шатуном и потому не может быть кривошипом).

Так, изображённый на рисунке шарнирный четырёхзвенник является двухкоромысловым механизмом, поскольку правило Грасгофа для него не выполняется.

Работы Грасгофа по теории теплопередачи
Грасгоф работал также в области гидравлики и теплотехники, где изучал, в частности, процессы конвекции. В теории теплопередачи известно названное в его честь число Грасгофа — критерий подобия, определяющий процесс теплообмена при свободном движении в поле гравитации и являющийся мерой соотношения архимедовой (подъёмной) силы, вызванной неравномерным распределением плотности в неоднородном поле температур, и сил межмолекулярного трения.

Семья
В 1854 году Франц Грасгоф женился на Генриетте Ноттебом (), дочери землевладельца. У них родились сын и две дочери; одна из дочерей, Елизавета, позднее вышла замуж за известного архитектора и скульптора  ().

Память

В 1894 году  учредило в честь Франца Грасгофа (в 1856—1890 годах — первый директор общества) свою высшую награду — памятную медаль Грасгофа, которая вручается в качестве премии для инженеров, имеющих выдающиеся научные или профессиональные заслуги в области техники.

В 1986 году в Карлсруэ был воздвигнут памятник Францу Грасгофу. В честь него названы улицы в Бремене, Дюссельдорфе, Карлсруэ и Мангейме.

Публикации

Примечания

Литература

Инженеры Германии
Машиностроители
Машиностроители Германии
Преподаватели Технологического института Карлсруэ
Слесари
Члены Шведской королевской академии наук


Absorb electrons with the freedom of our grounding mat.
The Grounded Beauty Chair Mat transforms your favorite chair into a grounded chair. Its universal design allows the mat to rest comfortably on any surface, whether it be an office chair or recliner. Ground your body while working at your desk to drain stress and aid blood flow throughout the day. The Chair Mat's compact size makes it a great travel companion.


text:
Q: Getting error on my dashboard after rollback SQL Getting error on my dashboard after rollback SQL

Fatal error: Call to a member function getBlockName() on boolean in /home/pataak/public_html/app/code/core/Mage/Captcha/Block/Captcha.php on line 43

A: class Mage_Captcha_Block_Captcha extends Mage_Core_Block_Template
{
/**
 * Renders captcha HTML (if required)
 *
 * @return string
 */
protected function _toHtml()
{
    $blockPath =   Mage::helper('captcha')->getCaptcha($this->getFormId()->getBlockName());

Mage::helper('captcha')->getCaptcha($this->getFormId()) should return a block instance but because of some reasons it is not returning the block instance. try clearing cache. and also check the permissions of your var folder. also check your logs may be you can get some helpful information there. @Rajiv please share your email id as i could not find email id on your profile(Let's hope its not against the community rules).

A: The root of the error is that the block wasn't found so Mage::getBlock is returning false instead of an instance of a block.  Did you clear your cache after rolling back?  Did you also roll back the code base or just the SQL?


text:
Die Kongskilde Industries A/S ist ein Anlagenhersteller mit Sitz im dänischen Sorø, der in den Bereichen Getreidelagerung sowie im Industrieanlagenbau tätig ist. Die dänische Genossenschaft DLG ist ab 2007 100 % Eigentümer von Kongskilde Industries A/S.

Geschichte
Das Unternehmen Kongskilde wurde 1949 von Mogens Petersen und Hans Tyndeskov gegründet. Man begann damals mit der Produktion von Körnergebläsen. 1956 stieg man durch den Bau von Federzinkeneggen in die Bodenbearbeitung ein. 1997 wurde der Sämaschinenhersteller Becker aus Gieselwerder übernommen. 1998 wurde von der Electrolux-Gruppe der schwedische Pflughersteller Överum übernommen; dessen Anfänge liegen im Jahr 1654. Im Jahr 2000 wurden die Hersteller Howard und Nordsten übernommen, ebenso wurden Anteile an der Tim Maschinenfabrik gekauft.
Der Umsatz lag 2008 bei 928 Millionen Dänische Kronen (rund 124 Millionen Euro), im Krisenjahr 2009 bei 735 Millionen Dänisch Kronen (rund 99 Millionen Euro). Im September 2011 übernahm Kongskilde die Grünlandtechnik des Herstellers JF. In einer Pressemitteilung vom März 2015 gab Kongskilde bekannt, ihre Produkte künftig nur noch unter der Marke Kongskilde zu vermarkten. Die anderen Marken werden nicht mehr vertrieben. Im Juni 2015 wurde die Schließung des JF Werkes in Sønderborg bekannt gegeben, die Produktion wurde nach Polen verlagert. Der Verkauf der Landmaschinensparte an CNH Industrial mit zwei Werken in Polen und Schweden wurde im Oktober 2016 bekannt gegeben und am 31. Januar 2017 abgeschlossen.

Produktpalette und Markennamen
Bei den Landmaschinen vermarktete man die Maschinen unter den Markennamen
 Kongskilde
 Howard
 Nordsten
 Becker
 Överum
 JF
 Juko
 Vitfoss
Zudem erwarb man Anteile an der TIM Maschinenfabrik. In Deutschland erfolgte der Vertrieb durch DANAGRI.
Neben Bodenbearbeitungsgeräten gehörten auch Steinsammler und Einzelkornsägeräte zum Programm.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Landmaschinenhersteller
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Dänemark)
Sorø Kommune
Gegründet 1949


What Will You Put Up in 2015?
Planting could be considered to be the first step of putting up. Now that winter is halfway through, are you looking forward to your spring garden? Now is a good time to start making plans for planting, and eventually putting up!
Try to figure out how much of your favorite veggie varieties you and family will eat fresh from your garden. You may not be able to come up with a very precise quantity, but start by recalling how much you consumed in past years and then add to that the types and amounts of food you want to preserve. For example, if your family didn't eat all the cabbage you grew last year then maybe you don't need to plant so much…or maybe you'll stick with it and try fermenting sauerkraut or canning a relish with cabbage in it.
Measure your space and lay out the garden on paper. Hopefully you did this last year too, so that you can review your records and rotate crops each year to reduce disease and insects. If you are starting a new garden plot, be sure to consider the basic needs of your plants – most vegetables need eight or more hours of full sun (leaf crops like spinach and broccoli require less), and a nearby water supply will make your watering efforts far easier.
Buy seeds from a reputable local seller, and buy the best ones – cheaper seeds may have lower germination rates and may not be adapted to your area. UGA Extension has many more tips about Starting Plants From Seed for the Home Gardener.
If you decide buy transplants later, then buy those from a reputable local seller as well. Inspect the plants carefully for insects and disease, leaving any such signs on the shelf.
Go ahead and contact your local Cooperative Extension office and ask how to take a soil sample to figure out which amendments you'll need to make once those starts are ready to go in the ground. Good soil is like a healthy diet – your plants need it to survive and thrive.
Let us know what you plan to put up in 2015 by commenting on this post, and we will try to support you with specific recommendations throughout the year.
This post was inspired and adapted from Wayne McLaurin's article, Spring Gardening: Getting Ready.
This entry was posted in Seasonal Food Tips and tagged Cooperative Extension, gardening, soil testing, spring gardens, starting seeds indoors on February 3, 2015 by nchfp.
I plan on putting up french cut green beans, salsa, pasta sauce, applesauce, peaches, pears, potatoes, corn, diced tomatoes, strawberry jam.


VERMILLION, S.D. -- Cristina Drey, a senior at the University of South Dakota, is the 2014 recipient of the David Kranz-Argus Leader Media Journalism Scholarship.
A journalism and English major from Herrick, S.D., Drey will receive a $2,000 scholarship honoring long-time journalist David Kranz, who worked as a reporter, columnist and editor for more than 40 years at newspapers in Minnesota and South Dakota. He retired from the Argus Leader in 2010.
Drey will be the news editor of The Volante, USD's student newspaper, this fall. She previously served as the publication's photo editor. The David Kranz-Argus Leader Media Journalism Scholarship is awarded annually to a South Dakota student studying journalism at one of the state's colleges or universities.


This site contains many documents that are in Adobe Acrobat format (PDF). If you do not have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your computer, please visit the Adobe Acrobat web site and download Acrobat Reader for free.
The staff of Superior Court of Santa Barbara County has been inundated by phone calls from various press and media agencies seeking information about high profile cases.
One of the primary purposes of this website is to provide the public with up-to-date and immediate information regarding high-profile court cases. The secondary purpose is to reduce the number of telephone inquiries to the superior court seeking information and/or documents. This website should be the public's primary & immediate source of information.


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The Backstory: Why All-Natural Perfume?
Jan 19, 2018 Jeff Smith
My father was a computer programmer and I've basically been online since I could walk. I had my first custom built machine in fifth grade, and I've been coding and designing ever since. The summer I started Petite Histoire, I had had a few massive computer crashes and lost everything I had been working on — talk about stressful! I first started experimenting with essential oils and raw materials largely because I wanted to create something that wouldn't completely disappear if the power went out.
So, naturals started as a reaction against digital. I wanted something authentic — if it smelled like lavender, there had better be lavender in there somewhere, you know? It was also an exploration of raw materials. I'm a foodie at heart and love/live to eat — for me, doing an all-natural perfume line had the same idea at it's heart.
For me, learning about these global ingredients was the most intoxicating part of the process. Jasmine concrete from Egypt, lavender essential oil from Bulgaria, Rose oil from Morocco — each blossomed in my atelier as I began learning more and more. I'm all about learning the nuances of different materials; I want to know where these ingredients come from, and how their terroir affects the end result.
I wanted this seduction to become the DNA of the brand, and as such, I formulated my first scents with the highest quality ingredients I could find. And when I started working with perfumers, I gave them some of the largest budgets in the industry so they could create wildly intoxicating scents that truly honored the raw materials -- naturals are quite expensive, and a lot of mass-market scents just don't have the budgets to work with them. I wanted to do something different, that was a genuine celebration of raw materials.
At the same time, I've been working in beauty and skincare for nearly 8 years at this point. I've worked with mass-market and all-natural lines, and sort of everything in between, and after 8 seasons working fashion week interviewing beauty experts, I've learned a thing or two about what works, what doesn't, and what some of the nastier ingredients are out there. Without getting too deep into it, there's a whole lot of science out there showing the negative health effects of things like sulfates and parabens — common additions in a lot of beauty products today. Likewise, cheaper, unregulated perfumes can also contain a lot of low quality synthetic ingredients formulated with derivates of things like oil. No thank you.
So, my solution was to build a perfume that 1) was focused on the natural ingredients I so loved and 2) was formulated without the harsh, toxic ingredients I had learned so much about.
I began with a base of fractionated coconut oil, which brings extra moisture to the skin, as most scents are based in an alcohol solution that can aggravate sensitive skin by causing excessive dryness. From there, I worked with the best suppliers to find ingredients that were certified in quality.
For the last 2 years I've been working with Robertet, the leader in all-natural materials, with a global history dating back to 1850. Not only are they experts in harnessing natural materials, they're also dedicated to the growing and maintenance of the plants that yield them, and they're also one of the leaders in sustainability within the perfume world.
Our all-natural perfumes are formulated to the standards of ISO norm 9235, as defined by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA), which defines natural aromatic raw materials as being physically obtained from plants using distillation, expression, and extraction. Our formulas utilize essential oils, oleoresins, distillations, fractions, concretes, and absolutes. IFRA issues rigorous guidelines based on allergens, and is constantly reassessing their clinical studies for safety. Our scents are formulated in strict adherence to these guidelines to ensure safety.
Within the perfume industry, I know there's been some backlash against "greenwashing" of perfume — after all, some natural ingredients can be powerful allergens when not used correctly. Synthetics can be more sustainable, and don't threaten the natural landscapes as much as raw materials — on the flip-side, when regulated and done right, natural ingredients support entire communities with agricultural and cultural enterprise.
We could have a much larger discussion on the issue, but I wanted to at least check in with you and give you a few reasons why I decided to go with naturals for our scents. It was a love of the raw materials, and a lot of access to insider information about the beauty industry, and led me to create Petite Histoire.
Brand Backstory
Jan 19, 2018 By Jeff Smith
FOR THE LOVER YOU'LL BECOME
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DPH Responds to CIAC's Plans for Football; Still Wants Further Discussion With Committee
Published September 14, 2020 • Updated on September 14, 2020 at 5:57 pm
The state Department of Public Health has responded to the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference's latest round of guidance on how to play fall sports this season Monday, with a particular focus on the question of whether there is a way to safely play high school football amid the coronavirus pandemic.
The CIAC's latest fall sports guidance, which was presented to DPH at a meeting Friday, included plans for football players to wear cloth masks during play. The CIAC also proposed the use of plastic face shields that attach to the helmet. These measures would be taken along with efforts to social distance in the team box, no sharing of personal apparel and equipment, and increased cleaning and sanitization of the ball.
As part of the effort to have a fall sports season, sports have been categorized as high risk, moderate risk, or low risk for the spread of the coronavirus.
DPH is still recommending moderate or low-risk versions of sports this fall, and while it did not definitively recommend not to play football, officials said it was unclear whether the CIAC's proposed changes regarding face masks or face shields were safe during play or if they would actually address and reduce the potential spread of COVID-19.
DPH pushed for further discussion with the CIAC's existing Sports Medicine Committee to ensure safety, saying that based on the existing information they had it was not clear if the proposed strategies would make full contact football a moderate risk sports instead of high risk, as it was originally classified.
DPH had originally suggested pushing football to the spring, but the CIAC has said it will not make that move.
The CIAC plan also recommended masks for volleyball players, a suggestion DPH also said should be examined by the Sports Medicine Committee, which previously recommended against face coverings during "vigorous physical activity," according to DPH.
In response to DPH's letter Monday, the CIAC released a statement:
college 9 hours ago
Boost to College Grant Money Comes Amid Increasing Costs
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Young Boy Falls Several Feet Off Ski Sundown Ski Lift
"The CIAC has received DPH's review of the mitigating strategies presented at last Friday's meeting. The letter from DPH has been forwarded to the CIAC Board of Control voting members. The CIAC thanks DPH for its detailed response and guidance. The CIAC Board of Control will convene in the next few days and an update will provided after that meeting."
The issue of how to safely play fall sports, particularly contact sports like football, has come to a head as students head back to school. Last week, more than 1,000 high school athletes and their supporters rallied on the steps of the State Capitol to protest CIAC's decision to cancel full-contact football for the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Friday night was supposed to be Cheshire's first game of the season. Instead, the field is empty. But every player and every team across the state is hoping for a chance to play.
The CIAC had already given a green light for fall sports conditioning practices to begin in cohorts of 10. Officials had hoped that if the COVID-19 metrics in the state remain low, full practices can begin in September, followed by scrimmages, followed by competition in October.
There are specific mitigation strategies and changes outlined for different sports. For more information, visit the CIAC website.
high school footballhigh school sportsCIAC


The work of cinematographers, film editors, and makeup and hair stylists, is so important to the outcome of a motion picture, and it's no different on a short. These artists and artisans deserve their moment in the spotlight, too.
IATSE Local 706 is called the Make-Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild.
On Monday, Academy president John Bailey, a member of the Academy's Cinematographers Branch, explained that "last summer the Academy's Board of Governors committed to airing a three-hour show. I want to reiterate however, that all 24 Academy Award-winning presentations will be included in the broadcast. We believe we have come up with a great way to do this, and keep the show to three hours. While still honoring the achievements of all 24 awards on the Oscars, four categories – Cinematography, Film Editing, Live Action Short, and Makeup and Hairstyling – will be presented during commercial breaks, with their winning speeches aired later in the broadcast.


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Q: Spurious white space from a page number conditional In the example below I've introduced a page number conditional \ifnum\c@page=1\relax\else.... The page number conditional (in this case) checks for page number 1 and does nothing if the condition is fulfilled. The conditional also seems to produce strange vertical white space of height \baselineskip. Replacing \relax with \vskip-\baselineskip gives the intended result, as does placing text, e.g. xyz before the first section heading. Neither of these are really solutions to the problem, since I still don't understand what's going on.
As an aside, changing the conditional to a different page number causes the same issue if no text is before the conditional, e.g. two section headings one after another.
So where is the space coming from?
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[explicit]{titlesec}%
\makeatletter
\usepackage{changepage}
\usepackage{showframe}
\newenvironment{somenevironment}%
  {\begin{adjustwidth*}{0pt}{100pt}%%%<<<<<
  }%
  {\end{adjustwidth*}%%%<<<<<<
  }%
\titleformat{name=\section}%
{}{}{\z@}%
{%
  \ifnum\c@page=1\relax%
  \else%
    \expandafter\clearpage\fi%
%                            ^^^^^^^^^^^
  \begin{somenevironment}%
    #1
  \end{somenevironment}%%%%<<<<
  }%
[\clearpage]
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\section{My section}xyz
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\section{My section}xyz
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\section{My section}xyz
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\end{document}

A: The vertical space at the beginning is caused by adjustwidth. There are simpler ways to do what you want:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{showframe}

\newcommand{\somecommand}[1]{%
  \makebox[\textwidth][l]{\parbox[t]{\dimexpr\textwidth+100pt}{#1}}%
}

\titleformat{name=\section}
  {}{}{0pt}
  {%
   \ifnum\value{page}=1
   \else
     \clearpage
   \fi
   \somecommand
  }[\clearpage]

\begin{document}

\section{My section}xyz
\section{My section}xyz

\end{document}


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UPDATE: Keystone Dam Continues To Release More Water
Friday, May 24th 2019, 7:43 am
By: Amy Kauffman
WATCH: Osage SkyNews 6 HD Flies Over the Keystone Dam
Keystone Dam is currently reading 32 feet above normal, and the release numbers are continuing to increase which means the flooding could be more wide spread downstream.
Yesterday the Corps of Engineers said they were going to release 250,000 cubic feet per second from the Keystone Dam until Sunday and then gradually decrease that number as water levels recede
Friday Morning at 5 a.m., the dam was releasing more than 253,000 cubic feet of water per second.
The Army Corps of Engineers says this is normal because it is hard to get that number exact.
They say there is so much water coming into the dam right now, but they are trying to keep it as close to 250,000 as possible, because they know it's having a large impact downstream.
Tulsa Mayor G.T. Bynum held a news conference Thursday and said people living along or near the Arkansas River should be aware of the larger water release and possible flooding - and be prepared to evacuate if they haven't already.
By Friday morning the inflows, meaning water coming into the dam, were reading at 306,000 cubic feet per second.
But, unfortunately, those inflows could go up even higher if we get any more rain this weekend.
US Senator James Lankford had a chance to tour Keystone Dam Friday morning and says he was happy to see the dam functioning as normal. He says it's in great shape and it's doing everything it's supposed to do.
"People just need to know that amount of water that's coming out 250,000 cubic feet per second will be the flow for the next four days. Because they have to bring the pool down but there's a lot more coming in than there is coming out but they've got to keep this level of flow for about four days," said Senator Lankford.
Senator Lankford is spending his day in Tulsa touring some of the areas impacted by flooding and is also looking to visit shelters and talk with people who had to evacuate.
"This is going to be another four days that the Corps. has to release these levels so what you are seeing now is what you are going to see for the next four days," said Senator James Lankford.
Senator Lankford is encouraging people to listen to emergency management directors and their local police and fire departments and also check on neighbors during this time.
"Oklahomans watch out for their neighbors." Said Senator Lankford. "Before FEMA gets there, before state resources get there, before local gets there, your neighbor gets there and that's what we want to see. Neighbors taking care of neighbors."
Friday morning Senator Lankford and Tulsa City Officials are holding a news conference at 10 a.m. to give an update on current conditions.
River and flooding maps:
https://msc.fema.gov/portal/home
https://www.cityoftulsa.org/rivermaps
http://maps.cityoftulsa.org/MapGallery/
Amy Kauffman The Keystone Dam is currently reading 32 feet above normal, and the release numbers are continuing to increase which means the flooding could be more wide spread downstream.


Well, Rockhopper's visit is about to come to an end. If you haven't had a chance to visit the Migrator yet, go to the Beach right now before his ship departs for Rockhopper Island. Don't forget there is a free item available down in the Ship's Hold. It's the treasure background. Members can purchase some rare items including the Admiral's Hat and Coat which haven't been available in the game for a long time.
so do you know how many levles there is for the black puffle rescue untill you get the black key to enter the door??
i love the game and it is a littel hard!<33hint(the key is on the level on the black one its hard) good luck!!!!!!!!!!!
I REALY WANNA NO COZ I CANT GET THE KEY TO UNLOC THE DOOR!!!
from him i want to sell it but i cant!!!!
I DO NOT SIS ONE MORE TIME YOUR GOING DOWN!!!!!!!!!
How many levels are in the black puffle version?? I got to level 7 then I died… ): HELP!!! If someone helps me I'll tell you where the Sensei, Aunt Arctic, or Rockhopper is!!!
PLEASE CAN SOMEONE TELL ME HOW MANY LEVELS ARE IN THE BLACK PUFFLE VERSION??
Hello everyone and i'm part of rockhoppers crew nobody believes me but i know i am i always go to his island and i think i remember what the next pule is going to be well sea later and hope you believe that I'm rockhoppers servant.
hiya andy thx for telling me i was your fav penguin!
o yes and james thx for telling me i was your best penguin too!


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610 WAGG AM
Jon Stewart Returns As Host Of New Show For Apple TV+
October 30, 2020 5:20 am|
Jon Stewart is returning to TV over five years after leaving as host of "The Daily Show." Stewart…
Scarlett Johansson And Colin Jost Married In Intimate Ceremony
Scarlett Johansson and Colin Jost tied the knot in an intimate ceremony over the weekend, the Instagram account…
Kathy Hilton To Join 'Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills' Season 11
Bravo has confirmed that Kathy Hilton will join the Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills cast for it upcoming…
Richard Pryor Biopic in the Works From 'Black-ish' Creator Kenya Barris
A new biopic about Richard Pryor is in the works at MGM with black-ish creator Kenya Barris writing and…
Netflix Releases Debut Trailer For The George Clooney Film "Midnight Sky"
Netflix has released an official trailer for The Midnight Sky, a new science fiction film directed by George…
Watch The New Trailer For "Selena: The Series" Starring Christian Serratos
On Monday, Oct. 26th Netflix unveiled the official trailer for the two-part Selena: The Series starring Christian Serratos…
Michael B. Jordan In Talks To Make Directorial Debut In 'Creed 3'
Michael B. Jordan is reportedly in talks to not only star in, but also direct, the third installment…
Hilary Duff Announces She Is Pregnant With Third Child
Hilary Duff has announced she's pregnant with her third child. The actress shared the news on Instagram over…
Watch The New Teaser Trailer For Netflix's 'The Prom' Movie Musical
James Corden, Meryl Streep, Nicole Kidman and more star in the teaser trailer for Netflix's upcoming Ryan Murphy…
Netflix Releases Trailer For The Upcoming Holiday Film 'Christmas Chronicles 2'
Netflix has dropped the trailer for The Christmas Chronicles 2, the sequel to Netflix's 2018 movie The Christmas…
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Booth: Curtis Thomas (Tommy)
1915-1916 (Leeds City War-time Guest Player Details)
Inside Forward
Born: Gateshead: 12-10-1891
Debut: v Stockport County (h): 17-04-1908
5�9 1/2� 11st 5lb (1923)
Booth started with Wallsend Elm Villa, joining Newcastle United as a professional in November 1913. He showed early promise with the Magpies, scoring twice in nineteen League appearances before the suspension of official football following the outbreak of the First World War. Newcastle were one of a number of clubs who suspended operations during the conflict, and he threw his lot in with Leeds City for the 1915-16 season, along with a number of St James Park colleagues. He was employed on Tyneside at the time, so there were constant worries that he would be able to get away from work in time to play, but he managed eight appearances between November and March, making his debut in a goalless draw at Grimsby Town on 20th November 1915. Private 39691 Curtis Booth enlisted in the Durham Light Infantry on 8 December 1915 and subsequently underwent basic training before leaving for France in 1916. After seeing action on the Somme and at Third Ypres, Booth was among the troops that helped stem the German advance at Villers-Bretonneux in August 1918. It was during the latter action that Booth, recently promoted to Corporal, was wounded. Booth subsequently made a full recovered from his injuries and was finally discharged from the British Army on 28th August 1919. After the resumption of official football operations in 1919, Booth returned to Newcastle, scoring four goals in fifteen games before joining Norwich City in September 1920 in a deal worth �800. He spent three years in the Third Division with Norwich, scoring eleven goals in sixty-two appearances before taking over as captain and player-manager at Accrington Stanley in June 1923. It was the first time Accrington Stanley had made such an appointment. The former Manager Sam Pilkington was to remain as Secretary, but just the administrative side, while Booth was to play as the club captain and be responsible for the Manager�s duties. In the very first game, at Darlington, on 25th August 1923, Booth badly damaged his knee ligaments, and had to retire from the game as a player. He was unable to return to his duties with the club until the final months of the season, and due to the financial strain on the club he was released in May 1924. After leaving Stanley, Booth was engaged in coaching in various parts of Europe. He left the United Kingdom to make a living coaching abroad, spending time in Germany, Turkey, Egypt, France and the Netherlands. He died on 29 October 1949 in Amsterdam.
War-time Guest Appearances
Principal Tournament 7 0
Subsidiary Tournament 1 0


The Division of Vocational Rehabilitation is a federal program that supports individuals with disabilities succeed at work and live independently. They offer services such as one-on-one vocational rehabilitation counseling and guidance, physical and mental restoration services, and job-related services, including, job-seeking searching resources, job placement, and job coaching.
Ensight providing tools, counseling, and training to those who are blind or have low vision. They aim to empower people towards independent and productive living.
The City of Fort Collins offers a variety of adaptive recreation opportunities including adaptive classes, clinics, and a Paralympics Sports Club.
The Good Day Pharmacy is a local pharmacy that rents out wheelchairs and other mobility devices.
Mobility and More is a local company that provides adaptive devices to those with mobility impairments.
Associates in Family Medicine operates a clinic out of the CSU Health and Medical Center that is open to the general public. The clinic features walk-in urgent care services as well as extended weekday and weekend hours.
Mountain Crest Behavioral Health Center helps adults and adolescents with mental health issues and substance abuse issues achieve a balanced life and a high level of health and well-being. Mountain Crest offers thorough mental health assessments and treatment programs for adolescents, adults, senior citizens, and families. Inpatient and outpatient programs are available.
SummitStone Health Partners is a local non-profit healthcare provider for Larimer County residents who support consumers of all ages through innovation-driven, compassionate, and comprehensive treatment of mental illness, behavioral disorders, and substance abuse.
Salud provides healthcare at a reduced cost depending upon a clients financial means.
SAVA provides crisis intervention, advocacy and counseling for all those affected by sexual violence.
Bustang is an inter-regional express bus service that runs along I-25 and I-70. It connects Fort Collins to Loveland and Downtown Denver. From Denver, riders can transfer to other Bustang routes that connect them to Colorado Spring and Glenwood Springs. Bustang features free WiFi and bathrooms on each bus.
During the academic year, Bustang runs a special weekend route from campus to Downtown Denver.
Dial-A-Ride is a door-to-door paratransit service for individuals who, because of a disability, are prevented from using Transfort's fixed route system. Dial–A-Ride is an application based services and documentation of disability is required. There is a fee associated with using Dial-A-Ride. Fees are dependent on the amount of distance traveled. Dial-A-Ride can transport riders outside of Fort Collins as long the ride originates from within the city.
Transfort is the public bus system in Fort Collins. Routes run around the city and campus, many of which stop on and near campus. The MAX route from the south end of Fort Collins to Old Town and stops on campus.
Yellow cab is a local taxi service that offers rides around Fort Collins and the surrounding area. They also have wheelchair accessible vehicles.


This thing is pretty handy. Check out all the cool things it can do.
(choice of beep, vibrate, or both) begin a new set.
normal comfort zone followed by intervals of easy running or jogging.
benefit from this training as well.
workout at home or in the facility of your choice!!!!
Boxers, Grapplers, and Martial Artists can benefit from the Gymboss personal boxing training timer which allows you to time ANY round time followed by ANY rest time from 2 seconds to 60 minutes.
interest to your workouts - keeping you on the road to fitness.
split-second decision making during competition.
The sky is the limit for the Gymboss Interval Timer and your fitness/exercise program.
another tool to help you reach all of your health and fitness goals.


(C)One Oil Trader - Cone Center Ltd.
The (C)One Oil Trader system is created for companies involved in fuel purchase, transportation and realization. The system is online, paperless and user friendly.
Orient quickly in status of every fuel parcel.


The Italian Grand Prix is one of the highlights of the motorsport season and is held at the famous Monza Park track in Imola, just outside Milan. The Italian Grand Prix is one of the world's longest-running motorsport events and is always a flamboyant and exciting race.
Find out more about Italian Grand Prix today!


text:
Join Our Online Advocacy Community
ChemistryMatters is an online community where industry friends and colleagues can come together on our industry's most pressing challenges-and our most promising opportunities.
Learn more about the many ways that chemistry is applied to keep our communities safe, help our economy thrive, and protect our environment.
Shale Gas Plays an Important Role in the Business of Chemistry
Plentiful and affordable natural gas supplies have transformed America's chemical industry.
Write to Your Elected Official
Let your voice be heard! Take action on issues that are important to you by writing to your representatives in DC.
State Advocacy for Science Based Government Regulations
The American Chemistry Council's (ACC) State Affairs Department advocates for science-based, common sense regulations at the state and local levels. ACC's State Affairs staff is regionally based with offices in Albany, Atlanta, Des Moines and Sacramento. Our regional operations work with member companies and strategic partners to aid state and local governments in their efforts to regulate the business of chemistry and businesses that rely upon chemistry.
ChemistryMatters
ChemistryMatters is an online community where chemical industry friends and colleagues can come together to speak with one voice about our industry's most pressing challenges—and our most promising opportunities.
Mobilizing Grassroots Efforts across the United States
Advocacy is not just conducted in the halls of legislative bodies; grassroots communications is an important aspect of the ACC's efforts. Through plant tours, in-district meetings, and industry roundtable discussions, the ACC's Political Mobilization team connects elected officials to businesses in their communities and showcases the importance of our industry where it matters the most. ACC's Political Mobilization also communicates through ChemistryMatters, which is an online community where chemical industry friends and colleagues can come together to speak with one voice about our industry's most pressing challenges and our most promising opportunities.
Jobs and Economic Impact
The business of chemistry provides 542,000 skilled, good-paying American jobs.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"When did you get to be so old?" was my mother-in-law's question when I reminded her what my age would be this year. I am, after all, the child bride of her second-to-youngest son, replete with fresh young preschool-aged child. I'm not supposed to be pushing this kind of zero. But I am.
Today begins my staring contest with 40. I'm in the company of a number of my favorite bloggers, which I find oddly comforting in a 21st-century way.
A friend of mine, who just turned 40, told me she had the most trouble with the fact she was leaving her 30s. I've loved my 30s too. There's been some hard personal stuff and way too much bad government, but they beat my 20s with an ugly stick. I plan to soak up this last year as much as I can, while keeping a close eye on the women I know in their 40s, 50s, 60s (and 80s!) who make those places look like such fabulous destinations.
And as my mom reminded me this morning, 39 is the age that Jack Benny liked so much, he stayed there for 41 years.


Yes! Not many women can predict exactly when their periods will arrive, and when it's your first period, well there's really no chance of knowing. Modibodi provides you and your daughter a stylish, super comfortable, failsafe way to avoid the most humiliating of circumstances.


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Imaging reveals signs of intracranial hemorrhage
NeedsFixing
Intracranial hemorrhage is one of the most common causes of acute focal neurological deficit in children and adults.1,2 Early and reliable identification of its age and cause is essential when choosing the correct treatment and estimating the patient's prognosis and outcome. Neuroimaging options include ultrasound, CT, MRI, and digital subtraction angiography. A thorough understanding of hematoma evolution and its appearance on neuroimaging studies is essential for determining the age of the hemorrhage. The radiologist or neuroradiologist should also be familiar with the various causes of intracranial hemorrhage.
Intracranial hematomas follow well-described, predictable pathophysiological processes of evolution and resorption (Figures 1 and 2). Five distinct evolutionary phases can be identified: hyperacute (less than 12 hours after onset), acute (12 hours to two days), early subacute (two to seven days), late subacute (eight days to a month), and chronic (more than one month).3,4 Factors that influence hematoma evolution include location (intra- or extra-axial, gray versus white matter), size (punctuate versus confluent, unifocal versus multifocal), etiology (arterial versus venous, trauma versus hypertension), and temporal occurrence of hemorrhage (acute event versus multistaged, recurrent hemorrhage). Biological factors, such as the patient's general physical condition, associated systemic diseases, hematocrit, tissue oxygenation level, pH level, and protein concentration (hemoglobin) may also influence hemorrhage evolution,3 along with medical treatment and interventions.
Hyperacute hematomas consist of a liquid mixture of red and white blood cells, platelet thrombi, and protein-rich serum. Red blood cells keep their normal biconcave shape, while intracellular hemoglobin remains oxygenated. The blood clot will retract over the following hours, expelling serum. Vasogenic edema may develop within adjacent brain tissue in the case of an intra-axial hemorrhage.
Red blood cells lose energy progressively during the acute stage. They shrink, due to dehydration, although the red blood cell membrane remains intact. Intracellular oxygenated hemoglobin also deoxygenates during this stage, increasing the amount of intracellular deoxygenated hemoglobin.
An oxidative denaturation transforms deoxygenated hemoglobin into methemoglobin over the following few days. The red blood cell membrane is still intact at this early subacute stage, leading to an accumulation of intracellular methemoglobin. It is not until the late subacute phase that progressive denaturation of the membrane releases methemoglobin into the extracellular space.
Macrophages and astroglial cells phagocytize the hematoma in the chronic stage. Extracellular methemoglobin is converted into hemosiderin and ferritin, which is stored within the macrophages. Intra-axial hematomas leave a cystic, fluid-filled, or collapsed brain defect.3,5
IDENTIFYING SIGNS
Ultrasound, CT, MRI, and DSA are well-established sensitive methods of identifying and evaluating intracranial hemorrhages.1-10 Imaging appearance and characteristics vary with the stage of hematoma resolution, enabling estimation of the age of the hematoma (Figure 2). Extension, location, and correlation with clinical history usually make it possible to determine the hemorrhage's exact etiology.
Ultrasound is performed mainly on neonates, using the anterior fontanel as an acoustic window to the cranial vault. CT is the most frequently used modality for acute and follow-up examinations of intracranial hemorrhage. Evaluation is rapid, and scanners are widely available and accessible. CT usually provides sufficient information to guide acute treatment.
MRI is typically used as a second-line imaging modality. Its multiplanar capabilities, different tissue contrasts such as T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted sequences (Figures 3 and 4), and functional techniques such as MR angiography and diffusion-weighted imaging provide valuable information for the diagnostic workup of complex intracranial hemorrhages (Figure 5). Its higher sensitivity to tissue changes also permits better evaluation of the exact extent of injury.
DSA is used in the rare cases for which ultrasound, CT, and MRI cannot provide a satisfactory explanation of the hemorrhage. DSA is used mainly in combined diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as embolization of arteriovenous malformations.
CT imaging characteristics depend on the degree of x-ray attenuation of the hemorrhage, which hinges on its temporal resolution. Hyperacute-phase hematomas are isodense to healthy brain tissue. Progressive blood clot retraction increases hemorrhage density during the acute and early subacute phases, while progressive red blood cell lysis during the late subacute phase decreases the density of the hematoma. Progressive resorption of intra-axial hematoma in the chronic phase results in a hypodense brain defect filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Hematoma density is essentially determined by the degree of blood clot retraction, hematocrit, hemoglobin fraction, and protein concentration.5 The oxygenation level or metabolic state of the hemoglobin molecule is not a factor.
Injection of contrast can help identify an isodense hematoma. Peripheral rim enhancement, however, may mimic focal brain tumors or infarctions. The degree of CSF dilution alters the density of extracerebral (subarachnoid, subdural) hematomas. Dilution of the hematomas by CSF may accelerate hematoma resolution.
MRI signal intensity is affected by differing magnetic effects of products formed during hematoma breakdown, hemoglobin oxygenation level, magnetic field strength, and chosen imaging sequence.1-3 In short, the oxidation state of iron within hemoglobin changes as the molecules complete their transformation from intracellular oxygenated hemoglobin to hemosiderin. These various oxidation states of iron produce different signal intensities on MRI and allow estimation of the age of the hematoma. The hematoma will be iso- or hypointense on T1-weighted MRI and hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI during the hyperacute phase. It will be iso- or hypointense on T1-weighted MRI in the acute phase but hypointense on T2-weighted imaging. Both T1- and T2-weighted imaging reveal a hypointense lesion in the early subacute phase, moving to a hyperintense lesion in the late subacute phase. Chronic-stage hematomas appear hypointense on T1-weighted MRI and hyperintense with a hypointense peripheral rim on T2-weighted MRI.
Transient disruption to the blood-brain barrier during hematoma evolution causes peripheral rim enhancement if contrast is injected. T2* gradient-echo sequences, which are very sensitive to paramagnetic susceptibility effects of hemosiderin, may increase the diagnostic accuracy of MRI.3,9 Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences suppress the signal intensity of free water and thus facilitate identification of blood within CSF spaces. This is especially helpful in subarachnoid hemorrhages.3,9
DSA identifies hematomas only indirectly. The diagnosis is suggested if visualized intracranial vessels are displaced or an active contrast leak is displayed. Disruption along the blood-brain barrier during the chronic phase may cause a contrast blush along the hematoma. DSA cannot estimate the age of a hematoma.
Few studies have systematically studied the evolution of hematomas on ultrasound. Exact differentiation between the phases of hematoma evolution is limited. Acute hematomas may appear iso- or hyperechogenic, and blood clot retraction can reduce the signal on follow-up. Hematomas may dissolve completely in the chronic phase, leaving a hypoechogenic CSF-filled brain defect.3
Intracranial hemorrhages result from a variety of intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include accidental head trauma and surgical interventions. Intrinsic factors, which are numerous, include hemorrhagic stroke, hypertensive hemorrhages due to atherosclerosis, rupture of an aneurysm or an arteriovenous malformation, various hematologic disorders, anticoagulation treatment, intracranial neoplasms, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.11 Detailed identification of the location and extension of the hemorrhage provides valuable information about its possible etiology and guides treatment.
Epidural hematomas, located between the skull and underlying dura mater (Figure 6A),12 usually result from accidental head injury with skull fracture. Tears of the middle meningeal artery result in arterial epidural hematomas, and tearing of the dural sinuses may result in a venous lesion. The difference in etiology (arterial or venous) determines imaging appearance on CT and especially on MRI. Epidural hematomas are not diluted by CSF unless a coexisting dural tear connects the epidural space with the subdural or subarachnoidal space.
Subdural hematomas are located between the dura mater and arachnoideal membrane (Figure 6B).12 They are usually of venous origin, resulting from a tear to veins bridging the subdural space, and may occur post-trauma or spontaneously. They may also be diluted by CSF if an arachnoideal tear occurs. Subdural hematomas are typically seen in patients with an enlarged subdural and/or subarachnoidal space due to cerebral atrophy. They are also found in cases of nonaccidental head injury in children, including shaken babies.
Subarachnoid hemorrhages occur between the arachnoideal membrane and pia mater (Figure 6C).12 The most common cause is aneurysm rupture, as most parts of the intracranial arteries run through the subarachnoid space. Subarachnoid hemorrhages can also occur post-trauma if the cortical veins or arteries are ruptured, possibly in combination with a cortical laceration. They are diluted rapidly by CSF. Patients typically describe these hemorrhages as "life's worst headache."
Intraventricular hemorrhages are located within the ventricular system (Figure 6D).12 They may arise from complications to a subarachnoid hemorrhage if a "reflux" of blood from the subarachnoidal space enters the ventricular system. Intraventricular hemorrhage can also result from a ruptured intraparenchymal hematoma, but rarely from a hemorrhaging intraventricular tumor (e.g., plexus papilloma).
Intracerebral hemorrhages are located within the brain parenchyma (Figure 6E)2 and can occur at any site, supra- or infratentorial, within gray and/or white matter. Location, distribution, size, number of hemorrhages, and coexisting lesions provide important clues to the etiology of intracerebral hemorrhages.
Neuroimaging plays an important role in identifying and locating intracranial hemorrhage in the acute setting and in determining the age and etiology of the hematoma to guide treatment.
Ultrasound, CT, MRI, and DSA all contribute to the diagnostic workup of intracranial hematomas. CT is the most commonly used primary imaging modality, with MRI as a second-line tool. MR imaging should include several pulse sequences, particularly a T2*-weighted sequence because of its high susceptibility to blood products. We strongly recommend performing MRA at the same time to exclude vascular anomalies and/or malformations. Ultrasound is reserved for neonates and very young children. DSA is rarely used for diagnostic purposes but plays a critical role in neurovascular interventions. Functional MRI techniques, especially diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging, will be used more routinely to estimate the risk of secondary complications and hemorrhage recurrence, monitor treatment results, and indicate likely prognosis.6,8,9
Unexplained spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage should be followed up with additional examinations after partial or complete resolution of the hematoma. Follow-up may reveal a causative lesion that was initially overlooked due to compression by the hematoma.
DR. HUISMAN is radiologist-in-chief and chair of the department of diagnostic imaging at the University of Zurich Children's Hospital in Switzerland. He is a board-certified radiologist, pediatric radiologist, and diagnostic neuroradiologist.
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