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Madam C.J. Walker: The Woman Behind Hair Care Products for African Americans (Little Inventor) Part of: Little Inventor (6 Books) | by Sally Ann Lee | Aug 1, 2019 4.2 out of 5 stars 3
Walker died of hypertension on May 25, 1919, at age 51, at Villa Lewaro. In 1981, the Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company ceased operations. A line of cosmetics and hair-care products bearing.
The Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company (Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Co., The Walker Company) was a cosmetics manufacturer incorporated in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1910 by Madam C. J. Walker.It was best known for its African-American cosmetics and hair care products, and considered the most widely known and financially successful African-American owned business of the early twentieth. Walker's method of grooming was designed to promote hair growth and to condition the scalp through the use of her products. The system included a shampoo, a pomade stated to help hair grow, strenuous brushing, and applying iron combs to hair; the method claimed to make lackluster and brittle hair become soft and luxuriant WALKER is known for quality, integrity and flat out performance; As an Industry Leading Supplier of fuel delivery components, emission control products, engine sensors, ignition wire sets, ignition coils, and coil-on-plug boots, Walker Products is uniquely positioned to provide solutions to OEM and Aftermarket distribution channels Madam C.J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove; December 23, 1867 - May 25, 1919) was an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist.She is recorded as the first female self-made millionaire in America in the Guinness Book of World Records. Multiple sources mention that although other women might have been the first, their wealth is not as well-documented Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) was the first Black woman millionaire in America and made her fortune thanks to her homemade line of hair care products for Black women. Born Sarah Breedlove.
c.j. walker products. Philanthropy and Generosity: The Legacy of C.J. Walker. Tyrone McKinely Freeman . Her philanthropic legacy didn't make the cut - aside from a few visual footnotes just before final credits roll. Those footnotes touch on her charitable giving to black colleges, social services and activism with the NAACP. While viewers. Madam C.J. Walker looms large among African American pioneers. She was a sharp businesswoman in the late 1800s and early 1900s, becoming the country's first self-made female millionaire after. Let C & J Metal Products provide you with over 50 years of Metal Forming expertise and show you why so many leading Fortune 500 Companies choose C & J Metal Products for their supplier. About Us. We are a world class manufacturer of four-slide, stampings, and wire-form products. Our 50+ years of expertise in the metal forming industry has. http://www.mcjwbeautyculture.com/ Has re-invented a brand that has products for ALL hair types!https://www.instagram.com/madamcjwalkerbeauty/*Hair Playlist-. Madam C.J. Walker's shampoo and conditioner products can be used by different hair types, and can help by enhancing curls to making straight locks. Style your hair after washing with Madam C.J. Walker's Defining Butter Creme
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Madam C.J. Walker's Hair Products Are Still Around, and Available at Sephora The company depicted in Netflix's Self-Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C.J. Walker lives on. By Chloe Foussiane
To promote her products, the new Madam C.J. Walker traveled for a year and a half on a dizzying crusade throughout the heavily black South and Southeast, selling her products door to door, demonstrating her scalp treatments in churches and lodges, and devising sales and marketing strategies
Madam C. J. Walker was born Sarah Breedlove in 1867 to parents who had been enslaved. She spent years as a struggling washerwoman but later achieved fame and fortune by creating a hair care line.
Madam C.J. Walker has single handedly launched a haircare empire that made her the wealthiest African American businesswoman until the time of her death in 1919. Walker developed her own hair and skincare line after battling with extreme dandruff and hair loss. While working with an African American hair-care entrepreneur, she educated herself.
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A year later, Walker moved to Denver, Colorado, where she married ad-man Charles Joseph Walker, renamed herself Madam C.J. Walker, and with $1.25, launched her own line of hair products and straighteners for African American women, Madam Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower
Madam C.J. Walker, 1867-1919: Developed Hair-Care Products for Black Women March 27, 2010 Madam C.J. Walker was the first African-American woman to become very rich
Given Walker's personal hair struggles and the training she received from Poro college, she was inspired to begin considering making and selling her own products. After moving to Denver to sell Poro products, she changed her name to Madam C.J. Walker and started developing her own line of hair products
Madam C.J. Walker Product. Image Source: P Interest. At the time, she was working as the commission agent of an African-American hair-care entrepreneur and owner of the Poro Company, Annie Malone. While working for Malone, Walker learned from Malone and developed her own product line
Updated April 28, 2020. Madam C.J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove; December 23, 1867-May 25, 1919) was an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and social activist who revolutionized the hair care and cosmetics industry for African American women in the early 20th century. By leveraging her beauty and hair care products company, Madam. Self Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C.J. Walker: With Octavia Spencer, Tiffany Haddish, Carmen Ejogo, Kevin Carroll. The inspiring story of trailblazing African American entrepreneur Madam C.J. Walker who built a haircare empire that made her America's first female self-made millionaire
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Madam CJ Walker was a pioneer who created groundbreaking haircare products long before we became devotees of other popular brands that specifically cater to textured hair
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Walker beauty culture in 2016, and then again in 2019 with a line that offers eight new products. Amazon's choice for madam cj walker hair products. Inspired by the life of madam c.j. Walker manufacturing co., the walker company) was a cosmetics manufacturer incorporated in indianapolis, indiana in 1910 by madam c. 4.4 out of 5 stars 83
Madam C. J. Walker. Madam C.J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove; December 23, 1867 - May 25, 1919) was an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist.She is recorded as the first female self-made millionaire in America in the Guinness Book of World Records
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Madam C.J. Walker. Madam C. J. Walker was born on December 23, 1867 in Delta, Louisiana, the daughter of Owen and Minerva Breedlove. Her parents were former slaves working as sharecroppers and both died when Sarah was a child. As a result, Sarah was forced to move from one household to another
Madam C. J. Walker was an African American businesswoman and a philanthropist who had a company that dealt with hair products for black women. Her company was known as Madam C. J. Walker manufacturing company and later on in her career life, she founded a beauty training school by the name Leila college for Walker hair culturists. We will write.
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Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company - Wikipedi
The Rise of Madam C.J. Walker. As Madam C.J. Walker's husband predicted, there was an eager audience for her Wonderful Hair Grower. She began traveling throughout the South, selling a full range of products, known as the Walker System. It wasn't long before sales skyrocketed. When did Madam C.J. Walker start her business
The museum is in two parts. One is dedicated to the memory of Madam C. J. Walker, whose hair and cosmetics products company had a beauty shop franchise at this location. The second part is dedicated to the legacy of WERD, the first black-owned and operated radio station in America, founded in 1949
Madam C.J. Walker had little formal education plus an extremely hard life and yet went on to create natural hair care products for African American women. She went door to door and to churches all throughout the south to sell her products and teach African American women how to use her hair treatment products
Sarah was hired on in 1904 to sell Annie's products, but would separate from her shortly after to create the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company in 1910. Madam Walker didnt just create. The Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company, best known for its African-American cosmetics and hair care products, was founded in 1910 by Madam C.... African-American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist Madam C. J. Walker , made her fortune by developing and marketing a.. Madam C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower SKU: $29.99. $0.50. $0.50. Unavailable per item This product helps grow hair in areas of baldness or hair loss. It is made of beeswax, copper, sulfate,sulfur, violet extract, coconut oil, and carbolic acid.. Madam C.J. Walker, Hair Product Tin, 1925. Sarah Breedlove, better known as Madam C.J. Walker, was one of two women (Annie Malone being the other) who revolutionized the hair care and cosmetics industry for African American women in the early 20th century
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Walker built her empire by selling hair care products to black women at a time when women of color had few options. But Madam C.J. Walker Beauty Culture wants to reach men and women of all. Madam C.J. Walker traveled for a year and a half throughout the South and Southeast, selling her products door to door. She was quick to demonstrate her scalp treatments in churches and lodges, and devising sales and marketing strategies
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1908. Madam C. J. Walker opens Lelia College in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to train other women to use and sell her hair products. 1910. Madam C. J. Walker builds a factory in Indianapolis, Indiana. She also takes up the cause of civil rights for African-Americans. 1917
Madam C. J. Walker created an enduring brand based on total hygiene and beauty and helped create an entirely new category of women's beauty products in a market segregated by Jim Crow laws - cosmetics and hair care for Black women
قاعة الشهرة الوطنية للمرأة (1993) تعديل مصدري - تعديل. سارة ووكر ( بالإنجليزية: Madam C. J. Walker ) (و. 1867 - 1919 م) هي رائدة أعمال أمريكية، توفيت في نيويورك ، عن عمر يناهز 52 عاماً
After More Than a Century, Madam C.J. Walker's Hair Products Are Back. Madam C.J. Walker would be smiling if she were alive today. The nation's first female, self-made millionaire made her.
Madam C. J. Walker - Wikipedi
Madam C.J. Walker was born Sarah Breedlove in 1867, the first child in her family born into freedom after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Her parents and five older siblings were slaves on a plantation in Louisiana. By the time of her death in 1919, Madam Walker was the wealthiest black woman in America and the first self-made. To promote Madam C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower, she and C.J. traveled the South for 18 months selling door to door and doing demonstrations, mostly in churches. Convinced by Walker's before-and-after photos, women snapped up tins of her hair grower for 50 cents each. By 1908, Walker was earning the equivalent of $150,000 a year in today's. Madam C.J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove) was one of the first women to become a self-made millionaire by selling hair care products for African-American hair in the late 1800s early 1900s Early Life. Madam C.J. Walker was born Sarah Breedlove in 1867 — four years after Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and only two years after the end of the Civil War
Pan of old photograph of 1920s era Jazz Band and exhibit featuring Madam C. J. Walker products. [Voice: Female Narrator] Some of the nation's most influential jazz musicians and entrepreneurs were born in these parishes. [video footage] Pan of old photograph of young African-American women with a child in old frame. [Voice: Female Narrator Walker sold Malone hair care products in St. Louis and Denver, according to Bundles' biographical blog, before marrying C.J. Walker and launching her own line. Were Malone and Walker actually. C.J. Walker, familiar with newspaper promotion campaigns, helped develop a marketing plan, design advertisements, and organize a mail order business for his wife's products, but he was not as ambitious as she
Businesswoman Madam C. J. Walker is celebrated for the strides she was able to make at a time where it was very difficult for Black individuals to succeed. As a self-made entrepreneur in the 19th century, Walker built her empire by creating specialized products for African American hair care and marketing them across the United States Netflix's newest mini-series, Self Made: Inspired by the life of Madam C.J. Walker, follows the story of Walker, an African American woman who launched hair-loss products marketed toward Black. Once Sarah had created products that she felt worked well for her, she began to sell them. She renamed herself Madam C.J. Walker and began to advertise her products in Black publications and sold them through a mail order system. She was so happy with how her hair had grown that she put pictures of herself on the packaging
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Sundial Brands purchased Madam C.J. Walker Enterprises in 2013. The Indianapolis Star. More than a century after her secret formula turned Madam C.J. Walker into a self-made millionaire, her iconic brand of beauty products is back. But this time the hair care line is reaching a broader group of consumers Indianapolis-born Fairy Mae Bryant first endeared herself to Madam C.J. Walker as a haircare model, but Fairy Mae's connection to the Walkers grew, and eventually Lelia adopted her in 1912 Madam C.J. Walker, the world's most successful female entrepreneur of her time was an African American entrepreneur, business owner, philanthropist, and activist. She developed Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company, a line of beauty and hair products for black woman, which was also how she made her fortune. Born on December 23, 1867, Walker's birth name [
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The new hit Netflix series Self Made follows the story of Madam C.J. Walker (real name: Sarah Breedlove), a young woman during the turn of the 20th century who wanted to become a salesperson for.
The Fight of the Century: Directed by Kasi Lemmons. With Octavia Spencer, Tiffany Haddish, Carmen Ejogo, Garrett Morris. In the early 1900s, Sarah Breedlove begins making and selling her own hair products for black women but faces competition from Addie, her jealous former mentor
All About Madam C.J. Walker. $5.99. This book takes a unique look at a person who helped change the world. All About Madam C.J. Walker is written for young readers and tells the story of this amazing entrepreneur. Madam C. J. Walker was beloved within her community for her philanthropy and expanding the local black YMCA, but she couldn't have.
About C. J. Walker. Madam C. J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove) (1867 - 1919) was an American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. Walker's business acumen led her to be one of the first American women to become a self-made millionaire and help create the role of the 20th Century, self-made American businesswoman Madam C.J. Walker gave Black women a shot at financial independence, and a way to escape the strenuous physical labor many had to endure after the Civil War. Madam C.J. Walker's Impact. Over the course of a decade, Madame C.J. Walker's business was valued at over $1 million and had employed over 40,000 African American women and men In 1906, she and a new husband, Charles Joseph Walker (C.J.), began selling hair-care products door-to-door in Denver, Colorado, laying the foundation for a business that would serve the cause of.
Madam C.J. Walker (Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons) Throughout the film, Madam C.J. Walker was bullied and shamed by her husband, Annie Malone, a funeral director, male investors and society as a. Jul 23, 2019 - Explore Tiffany Terry's board Madame C J Walker, followed by 266 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about madam cj walker, madame, black history The Legacy of Madam C.J. Walker. Madam C.J. Walker's legacy still lives on 96 years after her death. The manufacturing company she formed still stands as well as the Madam C.J. Walker brand that she built. The company, under the Madame C.J. Walker Enterprises Inc., still manufactures Walker's original line of hair care products On March 20, Netflix debuted Self Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C. J. Walker. Our National Museum of African American History and Culture, our Transcription Center, and our National Portrait Gallery joined forces on social media to share some facts and objects related to Walker's noteworthy life, to capture increased interest in the groundbreaking businesswoman
Madam cj walker is one of the most influential people in beauty history. Amazon's choice for madam cj walker hair products. Free shipping on orders over $25 shipped by amazon. 4.5 out of 5 stars 1,692. Mcjw madam cj walker come through daily foam conditioner 7 oz. Inspired by the life of madam c.j. 99 ($3.53/fl oz) get it as soon as tue, oct 20. Madam C. J. Walker (December 23, 1867 - May 25, 1919), born Sarah Breedlove, was an African American entrepreneur, educator, and philanthropist. She overcame poverty and other hardships to become a self-made millionaire. Her company, the Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company, manufactured, distributed, and sold hair care and beauty products, including skin care items, body powders, lipstick. Madam C.J. Walker Beauty Culture is taking what Madam Walker envisioned more than 100 years ago to a fresh, new level with products and formulas I believe she might have imagined for the twenty. The series follows the extraordinary life of Madam C.J. Walker, and how her invention of revolutionary hair care products made her a millionaire. Fun fact? Those products are still available today. Madam C.J. Walker's remarkable story has been brought to the masses thanks to Netflix's new mini-series, Self Made, starring Octavia Spencer Madam C.J. Walker's hair products were distributed and sold door to door throughout the United States. In 1908, the couple settled in Pittsburgh and opened Lelia College, an institute ran by her.
The line — which goes by the name Madam C.J. Walker Beauty Culture and will be available March 4th — is taking what Walker originally envisioned and elevating it with new, modern ingredients. Madam C.J. Walker, American, 1867 - 1919 Search this Madam C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company, American, founded 1906 Search this A'Lelia Walker, American, 1885 - 1931 Search this Mae Walker, American, 1898 - 1945 Search this Unidentified Woman or Women Search this Medium: ink on paper Dimensions: Sheet: H x W: 21 3/8 x 15 5/16 in. (54.3 x 38.9 cm From Town & Country. In Netflix's Self-Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C.J. Walker, Octavia Spencer stars as America's first self-made female millionaire—a woman who built a haircare empire from scratch.. The real Madam C.J. Walker did indeed make a fortune from selling—and teaching thousands of others to sell—her hair system, which called for scalp massage, Walker's proprietary. Sarah became a commissioned sales agent for Malone's Poro hair care products around 1904, moving to Denver, CO in 1905. Sarah continued to sell Malone's products but also began to develop products of her own, using a formula she said had come to her in a dream. In 1906, Sarah married Charles Joseph Walker and adopted the name Madam C.J. Walker MLA Format. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. Madame C.J. Walker The New York Public Library Digital Collections.1936 - 1941
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Madam C.J. Walker Award for Excellence in Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Beauty Industry Recognizes Latriece Watkins, EVP, Walmart, as DEI Champion. Washington, D.C. - The Personal Care Products Council (PCPC) is proud to announce its first annual Madam C.J. Walker Award for Excellence in Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI). The award. In honor of Women's History Month, Janell Stephens, founder and CEO of Camille Rose, is paying homage to the first black millionaire in America, Madam C.J. Walker, with the launch of the Camille. Madam C. J. Walker sold self-esteem, not hair products. Madam C. J. Walker learned how to communicate value and engender feelings of self-worth in her clients. I left the program wondering if the product was as advertised, or if the experience of buying it drove repeat business. Recruit ment and t rain ing Walker traveled extensively, going as far as the Caribbean and Central America, to increase the distribution of her products and to train new agents. In 1916, she created the Madam C. J. Walker Benevolent Association, staffed by agents of her company, arguing that the beneficial publicity that flowed from charitable work was good for business Hair care entrepreneur Madam C.J. Walker was first exposed to the hair care business in the late 1880s when she moved to St. Louis, Missouri. She worked for Annie Turnbo Malone, an African American hair care entrepreneur and owner of the Poro Company, selling her hair care products for about a year and a half in the city
Addie Monroe Was a Successful Entrepreneur — Just Like Madam C.J. Walker. Self Made chronicles Sarah Breedlove's — aka Madam C.J. Walker — rapid rise to prominence. A saleswoman with bags of charisma and good strategic nous, she managed to turn her hair product line into an enormous success using the profits to found colleges and. C.J. soon followed, and in 1906 the two made it official — marriage No. 3 and a new business start — with Sarah officially changing her name to Madam C.J. Walker When selling her products door-to-door, Walker even gave women proper instructions on hair and scalp treatment at no cost (Madame C.J. Walker, 2008). Althought there is little research on the development of the Glossine, the oil was pressed, therefore some sort of device may have been used to press the oil Madam C.J. Walker, who first started selling a hair grower at the turn of the 20th century, was the first American woman to become a self-made millionaire. Walker was born in 1867 as Sarah Breedlove on the same plantation where her parents had been enslaved before the Civil War. I got my start by giving myself a start, Walker often said.
Jan 16, 2021 - Find great deals up to 70% off on pre-owned Madam C.J. Walker Beauty Culture on Mercari. Save on a huge selection of new and used items — from fashion to toys, shoes to electronics The Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company, best known for its African-American cosmetics and hair care products, was founded in 1910 by Madam C.... Lelia Bundles of DC, holds the iconic photo of her great great grandmother, Madam C.J. Walker Armed with tenacity, beauty education, and $1.25, Madam C.J. Walker launched her own line of hair products developed around her signature product, Madam C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower. She sold her products door-to-door, teaching Black women how to style and care for their locks
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A Tour of Beauty Industry Pioneer Madam C.J. Walker's Indianapolis The hair-care magnate at the center of the new Netflix series 'Self Made' left her imprint on the city where she launched. 1905 - She left for Denver and stopped working for Annie Malone to begin her own company; she married C.J. Walker and changed her name. 1906 - She traveled across the country to promote her products. 1908 - Walker moved to Pittsburg and opened the first Lelia College of Beauty Culture to train her haircare agents How Madam C.J. Walker Became an Epic Success. Money like this was unheard of for female business owners of the era. Rose Heichelbech. Today history buffs know her as Madam C.J. Walker, but she was born as Sarah Breedlove in 1867 in Louisiana. Having been orphaned early in life, the future Madam Walker was made a domestic servant by the time she. Madam C.J. Walker was an African American entrepreneur who established a business selling hair care products to women in the 19th century. Her birth name was Sarah Breedlove, and she was born on December 23, 1867, near Delta, Louisiana. She was the first child in her family to be born free, as her parents had been slaves before the Emancipation.
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With a trio of signature fragrances to perfectly scent strands, Madam C.J. Walker Beauty Culture's Scent & Shine Oil Collection ($26 each) features three silicone-free and antioxidant-packed lightweight oils. Each product in the line provides different benefits geared toward your styling needs and texture of choice. Choose from: Brassica Seed Oil to smooth & [ Madam C. J. Walker and New Cosmetics. by Katherine Krohn. Illustrated by Dave Hoover, Bill Anderson, Charles Barnett III, Richard Dominquez. Tells the story of Madam C. J. Walker, who invented a line of African American hair products and cosmetics that her to become the first self-made female millionaire of any race
Not long after she married Charles Joseph 'C.J.' Walker in early 1906, there was a rift of some kind between the two women that caused Madam Walker to sever ties with Malone. By April of 1906 Madam Walker was selling her own line of haircare products, Bundles writes on her website Her hair care products are still produced today by Sephora and her story was the inspiration to the Netflix series Self Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C.J. Walker and the adult biography On Her Own Ground, both also written by Madam C.J. Walker's great-great-granddaughter A'Lelia Bundles All the more reason (even in March) to be aware of the franchising savant, philanthropist and one of the country's first African-American female millionaires that was Madam C.J. Walker. She still. Madam C.J. Walker is a household name for many Black American families, but the same cannot be said for her place in the consciousness of white America. And to many folks, the details of her life had previously been shrouded in mystery
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Madam C. J. Walker, a Black entrepreneur, built an enormously successful enterprise in hair and beauty products designed specifically for Black women. Walker used her position of influence to advocate for African-Americans A'Lelia Bundles is an engaging public speaker and skilled MC, who brings warmth, intelligence, humor and a strong grasp of current events and history to her presentations. Author and journalist A'Lelia Bundles writes biographies about the amazing women in her family: entrepreneur Madam C. J. Walker and Harlem Renaissance icon A'Lelia Walker Madam C.J. Walker was one of America's first self-made female millionaires, incorporating Madam C.J Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana (the Walker Company), which sold hair and beauty products. Born Sarah Breedlove in 1867, she was African American and by only a few years born free from slavery. But that's where luck ended and. Octavia Spencer explains why and how Madam C.J. Walker, the first self-made female millionaire in the U.S., is getting the Netflix treatment. 10 best new shows See all the glam �� Top 10 movies.
Madam C.J. Walker's Hair Products Are Still Around, and ..
She created her very first product called the Madam C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower. You can learn more about this hair product here. Walker continued to expand her business over many years, donated to those in need and uplifted the black community. Before dying on May 25, 1919, Walker was married three times and had a daughter, A. A'Lelia Bundles is an engaging public speaker and skilled MC. An award-winning journalist and author, she founded the Madam Walker Family Archives, is a Columbia University trustee and immediate past chairman of the National Archives Foundation By: Adrianna Dunn Sarah Breedlove (later Madam C.J. Walker) was born on December 23, 1867, on a plantation in Delta, Louisiana where she lived and worked as a farm laborer and laundress. Orphaned at seven years old when her parents passed away, she lived and worked with her sister in the cotton fields until age Continue reading Entrepreneur from History | Madam C.J. Walker - America's.
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Villa Lewaro, built by Madam C.J. Walker from 1918 to 1918, is a thirty-four-room, 20,000-square-foot mansion located at Fargo Lane and North Broadway in Irvington, New York. The estate is situated near the resident of the Franklin D. Roosevelt family on the Hudson River In the early 1900s, Madam C.J. Walker turned her homemade recipes for hair and scalp-care products into a business empire that made her the USA's first self-made black female millionaire.. A. Madam C. J. Walker, eigentlich Sarah Breedlove (* 23.Dezember 1867 in Delta, Louisiana; † 25. Mai 1919 in Irvington, New York, USA) war eine amerikanische Unternehmerin, Philanthropin und politische und soziale Aktivistin.Sie wird als einer der ersten weiblichen Self-made-Millionäre in den USA gepriesen und war eine der wohlhabendsten Self-made-Frauen in Amerika sowie eine der. Madam C.J Walker moved to Denver, Colorado and she married her second husband Charles Joseph Walker, a newspaper advertising salesman. While there, Walker's husband Charles helped her to create advertisements for the hair care treatment for African Americans that she was perfecting to created specifically hair products for African-American hair Madam C. J. Walker represents all that is possible, according to her biographical sketch. Sarah Breedlove-who later would come to be known as Madam C. J. Walker-was born on December 23, 1867.
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Madam C.J. Walker is the subject of Netflix's latest series called Self Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C.J. Walker. History describes her as a self-made millionaire, but she actually didn. Madam C.J. Walker was a master brand builder long before it was in vogue. She is credited with being the nation's first black self-made female millionaire, and her legacy has outlasted those who.
A Hairstylist's Review of the New Madam C.J. Walker Beauty Culture. If I had to describe Madam C.J. Walker using one word it would be innovative. In 1906, she created her own line of products to help address problems of the hair and scalp for black women. According to A'Lelia Bundles, Madam Walker's great-great granddaughter and biographer. Madam C. J. Walker also known as Sarah Breedlove (her name, Madam C. J. Walker, came as a result of her marriage to Charles Joseph Walker) was an African-American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and a political and social activist. She became one of the wealthiest self-made women in America and one of the most successful women and African-American business owners ever
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محلات الزهور.
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صمغ فيران ساكو.
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calendar icon Mar 12, 2021 4:36:46 PM
2021 Sustainability Awards
Gene Myers: Fearless Leader
Gene Myers and Thrive Home Builders raise the bar on high-performance housing by "just doing the right thing" and, in the process, earned our Sustainability Superhero award.
Ask Gene Myers about what makes him a sustainability superhero, and you'll notice right away that he doesn't brag about his accomplishments. He doesn't need to.
"The key is to not be afraid to try things. Don't be afraid to innovate."
Myers, as CEO of Thrive Home Builders in Denver, has guided his staff to multiple awards in just about every major sustainability arena over the past 20 years: U.S. Department of Energy, EPA, Energy Star, U.S. Green Building Council LEED, National Housing Quality and Green Builder magazine, to name a few.
There are, he says, two reasons for this success. One is his employees, for whom he has the utmost respect and appreciation. ("They really are the thing that's propelled our business over the years.") The other is his customers, who continue to challenge Thrive in unusual ways, forcing the company to become ever more innovative.
Thrive Home Builders, which specializes in high-performance single-family subdivision homes, sees all types of customers. There are Baby Boomers who don't want to buy another house but end up doing so after seeing a Thrive product. Millennials who are buying because their parents are "kicking them out of the house." Gen Xers who simply want to feel like they're doing the right thing with green homeownership.
And the requests? Clean-energy-encouraging solar. Air-freshening HVAC. Environmentally clean all-electric. Net zero. Modern architecture. Unique design. Easy decision making. Affordability. On the surface, not a big challenge for any builder. But making them all work can be hard, depending on what a buyer wants, or thinks they want.
"I'm a civil engineer by training," Myers says. "So, I think I've always brought a problem-solving approach to everything. If a problem looks really big or challenging, you just break it down into its parts and start by examining the little ones, and start solving the little problems. The key is to not be afraid to try things. Don't be afraid to innovate."
That goal carries over to his business. In his 30-plus year career in housing construction, Myers has learned that manufacturers can be great partners. He is more progressive than most when it comes to tying a product into a home's construction and sale. ("For a lot of builders, the answer's a no right off the bat," he notes.) And there have been some great successes, such as partnerships with Panasonic or Broan.
But there have also been some flops. One prominent home battery maker failed to meet its obligation and left Thrive with customers who had paid for the product and waited for up to a year to have it installed. But now there's a similar plan in the works with Sonnen, another prominent home battery manufacturer, one that looks far more stable, Myers notes.
In another case, a solar panel manufacturer offered customers a no-money-down lease, which Thrive worked into its home pricing. But then the company cancelled the program without telling Myers. The "huge mess" was resolved with the help of SunStreet and its similar leasing program.
A lot of the learning process is "fail forward," Myers says. "After situations like that, your thought may be, 'Oh, man, I never going to do that again,'" he notes. "Well, if it doesn't work, you try to find out why it didn't work. That's been pretty typical of our evolution over the years."
Thrive's community standing can't be ignored, either. Over the years, the company has donated more than $1 million dollars in time and homes to Denver-area nonprofits and local building associations and foundations. "Our mantra is to always do the right thing," Myers says. "It's something everyone can believe in."
Thrive Home Builders' award-winning product, such as Panacea, a Green Builder Home of the Year winner from 2019, can be found throughout Colorado. Courtesy of Thrive Home Builders
There are a dozen other reasons why Myers and Thrive Homes have succeeded over the years, through good economies and recessions, through pro-green and science-defying Administrations. But going into all of those here would result in an epic like War and Peace.
He offers some parting advice. "We, as green builders, like to think that if we build these homes, they will come," Myers says. "I think what we've learned is that they might not. The home still needs to be beautiful, emotional, and comfortable. It needs to be all of the things a customer is looking for … We can't coast on sustainability; we can't coast on green building; we can't coast on zero energy homes. It's got to be the whole package."
Myers Advice: Say No to Going Solo
Being a great builder means being part of a group effort.
Gene Myers and Thrive Home Builders have taken on a lot of challenges over the years, and they are ready for whatever lies ahead. Courtesy Gene Myers
Being a successful, high-performance builder is not easy. Thrive Home Builders CEO Gene Myers agrees that the innovation and change-management necessary to move beyond code minimum building is often difficult, frustrating, and grinding. But there's a four-word piece of advice he offers to anyone who wants to be a developer that stands out from the crowd: Don't go it alone.
Myers says it's the most important lesson of his career, and one he's happy to share, along with these other pieces of advice:
Pick a legitimate standard to aim for. Don't come up with your own. Whether it is Energy Star, Zero Energy Ready and/or EPA Indoor airPLUS, these programs are backed by hard science from the national laboratories. "If you come up with your own, you are probably watering down one of these standards," he notes. "Or you are 'winging it' with possible unintended consequences for you and your customers."
All of these programs come with marketing support, with resources that have been developed to tell a customer about the benefits of your product, while ensuring that you are making truthful and substantiated claims.
The programs require third-party verification by an established base of raters. There is a sophisticated and seasoned network of experts behind these programs that is vested in your success. "I liken not being in one or more of these programs to 'performing without a net,'" Myers notes. "Home building is risky enough. I sleep better at night knowing that our homes are field verified to meet the highest building standards in the land."
Plug into the high-performance building community of support. Myers says some of his best friends and best advice has come from interacting with others who are also vested in getting better homes built for people. The Energy and Environmental Building Alliance (EEBA) is where most of that interaction has happened through conferences, training and education, employee certification programs, and EEBA's Builder Benchmark Group.
"Frankly, it has been the only place that convenes the best of building product manufacturers, building science experts, and fellow builders," he notes.
Share your vision and the burden of innovation. Building better homes for your customers and for the planet is a high calling. It requires change in the way you, your team, and your trade partners build. You cannot do this alone.
Bring people in your family and company along with you. Invest in training your people by bringing them along to conferences, celebrating certifications and awards, and "internally marketing" to your team.
"A shared vision is a strong vision," Myers says. "An unshared vision is recipe for loneliness, frustration, and even failure. 'Infecting' your team with the mission shares the burdens…and the successes."
An inspired team will also help to bring along inspired trade partners. Myers says great partnerships can be formed with building product manufacturers who want their products installed right so they perform right. Also, be sure to give your partners some pats on the back.
"Handing out awards and recognition to your trades is a way of thanking and respecting them," he says. "Shining the light on your high-performing trade partners will inspire others."
Share your vision and inspiration with your customers. Your home buyers are consummate consumers who are often educating themselves about high-performance building long before they meet you, Myers notes. Make sure that your sales team is a team of "believers," so that your message is getting through to customers.
calendar icon Mar 12, 2021 4:36:46 PM · Reading time 6 min read

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Aaron founded Binnacle Training in 2005. He has spent the last 13 years as an employer, educator and trainer of youth.
Aaron has nurtured a keen interest in education from a young age - prompting him to combine this passion with a unique entrepreneurial capacity. Aaron graduated from the University of Queensland in 2003 with a Bachelor of Applied Science (Human Movement Studies) - achieving first class honours.
Using fitness as a vehicle, Aaron identified the potential for our youth to achieve academic outcomes and real-life skills through a school to tertiary pathway. Having worked in training for health and fitness professionals (a model he has worked on for over 10 years), Aaron is excited to be driving this model throughout Queensland and interstate.
This passion for youth education was the catalyst for establishing Binnacle Training as a Registered Training Organisation (RTO 31319) to support teachers – initially Health & Physical Education teachers - to deliver vocational education programs in secondary schools.
As an educator, Aaron has worked with students from a range of backgrounds - having delivered training programs in regional and remote communities (including Mornington Island and Palm Island) with resounding success.
Aaron is passionate about 'allowing teachers to teach' – ensuring this support is the cornerstone for all of Binnacle's current and future programs. The challenging day-to-day environment that encompasses teaching was the driving force behind a business idea that sought to ease the administrative and compliance burden - affording teachers the peace of mind to do what they do best...TEACH!
Aaron is excited to be the leader of Binnacle's mission to make life easier for teachers delivering vocational education in schools - assisting schools to deliver upon the mutual objective to build a generation of creative and motivated leaders.
Melissa was introduced as a Director of Binnacle Training in 2007 to comprise a highly effective brother/sister management team. Melissa is a qualified CPA with a dual degree in Commerce and Business Management at the University of Queensland.
Since joining Binnacle Training, Melissa has been instrumental in aiding the growth and development of the organisation through on-going financial and resource management. Along with Aaron, Melissa is passionate about reforming the education and training industry through value-added partnerships with secondary schools.
Aside from her business acumen, Melissa also enjoys a long list of sporting achievements. She is a fomer member of the Southern Stars Australian women's cricket team, remains the most capped player in Queensland women's cricket history, and regularly speaks to various sporting groups about her experiences as a female athlete.
Melissa's partnership with Aaron has ensured Binnacle continues to refine and develop strong business foundations, including the ongoing compliance necessary for a dynamic and robust Registered Training Organisation.
Melissa is particularly passionate about Binnacle's 'Business in Schools' program – and instilling the qualities of leadership, entrepreneurship, and personal management that have been the cornerstone of her business and sporting career.
After completing a double degree in Applied Science (Human Movement Studies) and Education (Secondary) in 2005, Maioha commenced work at St Peter Claver College in Riverview.
He was there for 9 years in various roles including teaching two of Binnacle's programs - Certificate III in Fitness and Certificate III in Sport and Recreation. This working knowledge of our programs will hold Maioha in good stead to work with our partner schools.
His current role is to work with partner schools in South East Queensland, offering advice and support for school teachers and administrators.
Maioha is passionate about sport and fitness and enjoys being active. He is heavily involved in Rugby Union, and is a Level 2 coach. Maioha is currently Head Coach of the U15 Junior Gold Squad for the Ipswich region and is excited about developing the talent in this region.
Away from work and coaching, Maioha enjoys spending time with his family, landscaping and watching his children play sport.
From 2008, Jon worked as a secondary school teacher at Bowen State High School and Murrumba State Secondary College. It was at the former where Jon delivered Binnacle's Certificate III in Fitness program - building key relationships with the Binnacle team and igniting a passion for VET in Schools.
With Jon's impressive skills and personable manner, he was a key acquisition for Binnacle Training in 2016 to join our ever-growing program management team. Possessing a keen eye for detail, it was a natural fit for Jon to transition mid-2018 into Binnacle's pivotal Program Compliance Specialist role for all Binnacle courses.
Outside of work, Jon also enjoys a spot of fishing, a round of tennis and a game of futsal.
Brent has previously owned and run a successful small business (fitness facility) based on the north side of Brisbane. Brent was targetted to lead Binnacle's program development team - ensuring the currency of our materials in an ever changing and rapidly growing industry. To complement his knowledge and experience working as a small business owner in the fitness industry, Brent is also a qualified Trainer and Assessor. Over the past ten years, Brent has delivered Fitness qualifications and through his own business, has employed hundreds of high school students to facilitate the running of school-based fitness programs in their communities.
Brent believes that the qualifications and pathways Binnacle provide are invaluable for the young men and women in their senior years of high school. These qualifications, he says, will build the foundational knowledge and skills to aid their development as healthier, happier adults - no matter the career pathway they pursue.
Brent is also very passionate about sports and coaching. He is actively involved with Strength and Conditioning (specific to Rugby League) and hopes to further pursue this area at a professional level. He is driven to supporting athletes to be the best that they can be - which essentially, as a Coach and Mentor, is what he aims to achieve with all clients and students he is in contact with.
Since 2002, Aaron has been a Health and Physical Education Teacher at St Peter Claver College (Riverview) and Ipswich Grammar School. During Aaron's teaching career, he has demonstrated a passion for Health and Physical Education and VET, which includes delivering the Binnacle Certificate III in Sport and Recreation training package at Ipswich Grammar School for the last five years.
Aaron's passion for Education and VET pathways, sees him extremely excited about his new role as Business Development Manager at Binnacle Training. When combining his teaching and coaching experience, the value added to Binnacle's team and mission 'to make life easier for teachers delivering vocational education in schools' is undoubted.
Away from work, Aaron enjoys spending time with his family and coaching cricket. He is a Level 3 Cricket Australia (High Performance) accredited coach and has recently completed a Master's Degree in Sports Coaching at The University of Queensland. Aaron is the current 15 years & under Queensland Schoolboys Cricket Coach.
Andrew Tazelaar, our newest team member, comes to us in 2019 having completed 6 years working in the Education Queensland system as a health and physical education teacher and sports coordinator at Glenala State High School and Bundamba State Secondary College. Throughout his time working in these schools, he was able to mould and adapt his teaching styles and strategies to see educational and sporting outcomes being achieved by the students that he worked with.
Graduating from Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in 2012, Andrew has taken up a number of roles since as a player, coach, mentor, educator and is a vocal advocate for mental health awareness. In 2017 (whilst teaching at Bundamba State Secondary College), he launched the LIVINWELL Program that worked closely alongside the non-for-profit charity LIVIN It Ain't Weak To Speak and its Directors Sam Webb and Casey Lyons. This Program - aimed at reducing the stigma associated with mental health illnesses that many individuals experience at different moments throughout their life - grew in its initial years from 16 student elected leaders to a whopping 46 leaders in the beginning of 2019. He is excited to see how this program continues to develop from a distance and the support it provides for students and staff to feel comfortable seeking assistance when need be.
In his role as a teacher, Andrew has been a Binnacle Training Programs deliver of the Certificate III in Fitness and Certificate II/III in Sport and Recreation for the past 4 years. Binnacle's programs were instrumental to the successes of his senior students obtaining 100% QCE status and he is extremely excited to come on board as the new Program Manager in SEQ. Andrew aims to support teachers and students with the delivery of all Binnacle programs and hopes that his service will 'make life easier for teachers delivering vocational education in schools'.
Away from work, Andrew enjoys spending time with his family, wife, friends and plays First Grade Men's cricket for Western Suburbs District Cricket Club. He also enjoys pursuing a series of entrepreneurial aspirations that he hopes to see develop in the coming years.
Coby Liddell has worked in the Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector for over 12 years as a Qld Schools Head of Department, Trainer/Assessor, RTO Manager, Resource Developer and Consultant.
She has worked for a range of organisations in the areas of RTO compliance, including conducting internal audits and reviews, developing training and assessment materials, conducting Certificate IV in Training and Assessment workshops and Qld Schools consulting.
Coby holds qualifications in Master of Training and Development, Bachelor of Education (Secondary) and Certificate IV in Training and Assessment and is currently employed by Binnacle Training as the Quality Manager – Programs.
Brodie is a natural leader – having joined the Australian Army at the age of 19 and completing 6 years of full-time service.
Previously a national level distance runner, Brodie has always had a passion for Fitness. During her time in the Army, Brodie qualified as a Combat Fitness Leader – taking responsibility for the physical training of Defence Force personnel. Having separated from the Army, Brodie completed her Graduate Diploma in Secondary Education whilst working as a personal trainer and then commenced full-time employment as a high school physical education teacher. Brodie worked in schools for two years before later joining Fitlink as a Trainer and Assessor.
It's fair to say Brodie loves a challenge – and not just of the work variety! In her 'spare' time, Brodie has previously run a marathon, entered two bodybuilding competitions and is also still an active member in the Army reserves. Combine this asset with her love of meeting new people and it's abundantly clear Binnacle has scored a real coup with Brodie's acquisition on the leadership team!


That's why Canada hasn't sent a ministerial-level trade delegation to restore Canadian canola exports to China. An official in a position to know says the Chinese government hasn't agreed to such a meeting.
However, the official speaking for background, said Canadian and Chinese government officials have been communicating via teleconferencing.
At press time Canada announced it has asked China to meet with Canadian Food Inspection Agency officials to try and restore Canadian canola shipments to Canada's largest canola seed market. A letter requesting a face-to-face meeting between technical officials was sent to the Chinese government March 31, an official in Agriculture Minister Marie-Claude Bibeau's office said at press time Monday.
Bibeau also announced the creation of a working group to help reopen the Chinese market.
But the ball is clearly in China's court.
China has a reputation for hardball. After Norway in 2010 awarded a Nobel Peace Prize to imprisoned democracy advocate Liu Xiaobo, it took six years for the nations to normalize relations. During that period China boycotted Norwegian salmon, costing the country billions of dollars.
Opposition parties, some farm groups and Manitoba Agriculture Minister Eichler have called on Ottawa to send a delegation.
The Chinese government says it's blocking canola because shipments from Richardson International and Viterra contained weed seeds and canola diseases — a charge both companies and the Canadian Food Inspection deny, based on samples retained from those shipments.
It all started with China blocking canola exports shipped by Richardson in early March.
March 21 the canola council announced China had stopped buying any Canadian canola seed. March 25 Viterra confirmed China had removed it from the list of companies approved to deliver canola.
Many presume the ban has more to do with China's displeasure over Canada's decision to arrest Meng Wanzhou, vice-president of Chinese technology firm Huawei, at the request of U.S. government.
Last week the federal government was talking tougher.
"The restrictive measures imposed by China are said to be rooted in science," Public Safety Minister and Saskatchewan MP Ralph Goodale said in a statement. "We have asked for the evidence. To date, none has been supplied. We will keep pushing as hard as we can on this vital point.
Meanwhile, following a meeting with Richardson in Winnipeg March 27, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said he was concerned about the ban and he could send a delegation to China for discussions.
The Conservative opposition wants that and fast.
"We fear that if this issue is not resolved expeditiously, farmers will suffer significantly because of the prime minister's ongoing mishandling of the Canada-China relationship," Conservative MPs said in the letter requesting an emergency meeting of the Commons agriculture committee on March 29.
There are other plausible explanations for the ban besides Huawei, including markets. Perhaps all are factors.
China has slowed imports of Canadian canola before. The speculation was China wanted to push up domestic rapeseed prices.
University of Saskatchewan agricultural economist Richard Gray says it's possible a decline in Chinese hog production due to African swine fever is a factor. He's more confident that's why world oilseed prices are down, including for Canadian canola.
The canola council doesn't see a link with Chinese hog production. Canola is an oilseed not a meal seed, council vice-president Brian Innes said in an interview.
But Gray said soybeans drive world oilseed prices, including canola. Moreover, it might be cheaper now for China to import vegetable oil than crush Canadian canola.
"If you resolved this (canola ban) issue tomorrow unless something else happened in the world oilseed complex it's not going to return prices where we were a few months ago because the hog herd is really in trouble in China," he said.
As further evidence Gray points to the fact that Canadian crush margins are just $11 a tonne higher than a year ago.
Gray stressed however, that China's actions are not helping Canadian farmers.
"I don't want to discount the fact that even 10 per cent lower prices can be really tough and may even be the end of some farmers too," he said.
That's why the Agricultural Producers of Saskatchewan (APAS) is calling for improvements to AgriStability and the cash advance program.
In 2016 fewer than 40 per cent of Saskatchewan farmers were enrolled in the safety net program, APAS said in a news release March 29. It blames funding cuts and red tape.
Government to be prepared to make interim payments.
APAS also wants to revise the cash advance program year limits to ensure farmers can receive an advance on stored grain from 2018 production with flexible repayment terms while still having access to the full $400,000 limit for 2019 spring advances.
APAS also wants an increase in the interest-free portion of the advance.
With spring seeding looming Chuck Fossay, president of the Manitoba Canola Growers Association, urged farmers to not overreact.
"Don't make the wrong decision based on headlines," he told the Co-operator.
He said that the situation, while concerning, could be resolved before seeding even starts, never mind harvest next fall. He added farmers are used to planting crops in the face of uncontrollable variables like weather and prices.
He said many farmers will undoubtedly go ahead with their seeding plans and planned input purchases, citing rotation concerns and limited flexibility this late in the winter.


Properties of signals. Basic circuit elements: voltage and current sources. Kirchhoff's laws, linearity, superposition. Thevenin and Norton's theorems. Circuit simplification. AC steady-state analysis: impedance, admittance, phasors, frequency response. Transient response of RL and RC circuits: form of response, initial and final conditions. RLC circuits: resonance.
Precludes additional credit for PLT 2005.


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Log in via SAVIR
Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence
D C Thompson1,
R S Thompson2,
F P Rivara1
1Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
2Department of Preventive Care, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle
Correspondence to:
Diane C Thompson, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Box 359960, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
dct{at}u.washington.edu
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.7.2.86
risk compensation theory
Many readers of Injury Prevention are quite familiar with the debate over bicycle helmet use. The core of this debate is the opinion on one side that helmets are effective and thus should be worn, countered on the other side by the belief that risk compensation negates this protective effect of helmets. A systematic review on helmet effectiveness has been published in the Cochrane Library.1 The objective of the Cochrane review was to determine whether bicycle helmets reduce head, brain, and facial injury for bicyclists of all ages involved in a crash. The principles required of high quality evidence based reviews were followed: a comprehensive literature search, pre-established study selection criteria, and most importantly a critical review of study methods. A well conducted systematic review identifies and considers all the literature (peer reviewed, government reports, and unpublished papers), and rates the study quality. Appropriately, such reviews only include better designed and conducted studies. The evidence is then summarized across all the studies.
The literature search for the Cochrane review yielded five studies meeting the pre-established criteria for inclusion. The strengths and weaknesses of five case-control studies of bicycle helmet effectiveness were carefully evaluated. The scientific evidence which indicates that bicycle helmets protect against head, brain, severe brain and facial (upper and mid-face) injuries has been well established. Additionally, the evidence indicates that helmets provide injury protection in all type of crashes including those involving motor vehicles.
Based on this review the authors recommended that as a policy bicycle riders of all ages should be encouraged to wear helmets. The purpose of publishing health research, and discourse about it, is to improve the health of the public. We believe that the evidence indicates such a strong protective effective of helmets, that the net effect on the health of the public will be positive.
What about the theory of risk compensation?
WHAT IS RISK COMPENSATION?
Risk compensation is frequently raised during debates about helmet promotion and legislation. Briefly put, risk compensation theory suggests that individuals provided with a protective device such as a bicycle helmet or an automobile seat belt will act in a riskier manner because of the sense of increased protection from the helmet or seat belt and thereby nullify the protection afforded by the helmet or seat belt. The theory of risk compensation is not applicable to case-control studies of helmet effectiveness per se. Its potential applicability is to the impact of widespread use of helmets, particularly legislation to require helmet use, and its net protective effect.
WHAT ARE THE ARGUMENTS FOR RISK COMPENSATION?
The theories of risk homeostasis and risk compensation are well summarized by Gerald Wilde and John Adams.2–4 Those who argue that risk compensation must be taken into account before bicycle helmets are adopted as a safety measure have said:
Encouraging helmet use would have serious adverse consequences on the public health, without making any significant difference to the dangers of riding.5
Wearing of a helmet influences cyclists' behaviour, thereby affecting the likelihood of them being involved in such an incident in the first place. Cyclists are less likely to ride cautiously when wearing a helmet owing to their feeling of increased security. In this way, they consume some, if not all, of the benefit that would otherwise accrue from wearing a helmet.6,7
There have been no systematic reviews of the evidence for the relevance of risk compensation to bike helmets. Mayer Hillman states the evidence for risk compensation is "overwhelming".6
WHAT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR RISK COMPENSATION BEHAVIOUR?
If risk compensation plays a role, one would expect the gains from helmet effectiveness to be erased or strongly mitigated by increasingly risky riding habits of helmet wearers which would neutralize any protective effect provided by helmet wearing. What do the empiric data show?
(A) Bicycle riders
The evidence from time series studies in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the United States indicates that increased rates of helmet use resulting from multifaceted educational campaigns and/or legislation are linked to significant decreases in bicycle related head injuries.8–13 Given that helmets are very effective, cyclists would have to increase their risk taking fourfold to overcome the protective effect of helmets. This seems unlikely.
(B) Motorcycle riders
The closest analogy to bicycle helmet use is mandatory motorcycle helmet use laws in the United States. Although there is general agreement that motorcycle helmets reduce head and brain injury when a crash occurs, many motorcyclists dislike helmets. Risk compensation theory would propose that a motorcyclist might drive more recklessly if legislation requires helmet use. Motorcyclists may also be considered vulnerable road users, since motorcycle crashes usually result in serious injury to the motorcyclists themselves and not to cars and other motor vehicle passengers. In the United States nearly all 50 states passed laws requiring motorcycle helmets in the mid-1960s. In 1976 almost half of the states repealed their laws. This provided an opportunity for a natural experiment. Fewer motorcyclists wore helmets following the repeal of motorcycle helmet laws. This resulted in a 25% to 40% increase in motorcycle deaths.14–18 These results strongly imply that wearing a helmet does not lead to large increases in risk taking.18
(C) Motor vehicle drivers and passengers
An extensive systematic review of automobile safety interventions by the non-federal national Community Preventive Services Task Force has been sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 1996. The task force looks at both the benefits and the risk for any given intervention. Based on results of systematic reviews, the task force makes recommendations on population based interventions to promote health and prevent disease, injury, disability and premature death, and to reduce environmental hazards. The task force found that child safety seats, seat belts, and alcohol laws all contributed to substantial reductions in motor vehicle injuries and deaths. The task force recommended a number of community-wide information and enforcement campaigns to promote these measures.19
Based on risk composition theory, John Adams has long opposed seat belt legislation.3,4 The Adams essay published on the Cato Institute web site discusses risk compensation and seat belt legislation. The essay explains the theory of risk management and uncertainty but it is not a critical systematic review. Information on the United States experience with seat belt legislation is omitted from the discussion. The reason provided in reference number 3, is that "calls by Cato staff to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to obtain research results about how many lives have been saved through seat belt use were unsuccessful".4 However, this information is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. It is also indexed in the Transportation Research Information Service (TRIS) database.20,21 Authors of a systematic review would obtain and evaluate all available research before arriving at a conclusion.
Summary and conclusion on risk compensation theory arguments
In summary the empirical evidence to support the risk compensation theory is limited if not absent. There are a number of studies in the traffic literature that point out problems or show data at odds with the risk compensation/homeostasis theory. No systematic review of the evidence for risk homeostasis has been conducted.
We recommend that interested readers consult a comprehensive discussion of the risk compensation debate presented by James Hedlund at the Fifth World Conference on Injury Prevention and Control.22 James Hedlund provided his personal view: "I believe the evidence is overwhelming that every safety law or regulation is not counterbalanced by compensating behavior". We suggest risk compensation is an appropriate area for systematic reviews.
Conclusions on recommending the use of bicycle helmets
Based on the solid empirical evidence for bicycle safety helmet effectiveness, we are confident in recommending their use, and policies to encourage their use. However, additional criticisms of our Cochrane review have been raised by Bill Curnow and Dorothy Robinson. These criticisms and our replies are published on the Cochrane injuries group web site (http://www.cochrane-injuries.ich.ucl.ac.uk/HelmetComment.htm). Criticisms from Richard Keatinge and Mayer Hillman will be published along with author's replies in the next edition of the Cochrane reviews. Please read this series of interesting debates. In our opinion, we have provided well founded answers to the criticisms.
We feel there is strong scientific evidence for recommending or mandating bicycle helmet use. This is a first step in reducing bicycle related head injuries. Encouraging cycling, building a bicycle friendly infrastructure, and promoting safe cycling instruction are also important activities. These activities are not mutually exclusive. Promoting bicycle helmet use does not exclude other road safety approaches. There are many aspects to bicycle injury prevention, helmet use is just one technique, one which has proven effective.
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson R. Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists (Cochrane review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2000. Oxford: Update Software.
Wilde G. Target risk. Toronto: PDE Publications, 1994.
Adams J. Risk. London: UCL Press, 1995.
Adams J. Cars, cholera and cows: the management of risk and uncertainty. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, No 335, 1999. http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-335es.html
Keatinge R. Comment 3, Cochrane injuries group web site 2001. http://www.cochrane-injuries.ich.ucl.ac.uk/HelmetComment.htm.
Hillman M. Comment 4, Cochrane injuries group web site 2001. http://www.cochrane-injuries.ich.ucl.ac.uk/HelmetComment.htm.
Hillman M. Cycle helmets: the case for and against. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1993.
Vulcan AP, Cameron MH, Watson WL. Mandatory bicycle helmet use: experience in Victoria, Australia. World J Surg 1992;16:389–97.
Carr D, Skalova M, Cameron M. Evaluation of the bicycle helmet wearing law in Victoria during its first four years. No 76. Melbourne: Monash University Accident Research Center, 1995.
Pitt WR, Thomas S, Nixon J, et al. Trends in head injuries among child bicyclists. BMJ 1994;309:877.
Ekman R, Schelp L, Welander G, et al. Can a combination of local, regional and national information substantially increase bicycle-helmet wearing and reduce injuries? Experience from Sweden. Accid Anal Prev 1997;29:321–8.
Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Patterson MQ, et al. Prevention of bicycle-related injuries: helmets, education, and legislation. Annu Rev Public Health 1998:19:293–318.
Scuffham P, Alsop J, Cryer C, et al. Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law. Accid Anal Prev 2000;32:565–73.
Evans L. Traffic safety and the driver. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 199l.
General Accounting Office. Highway safety: motorcycle helmet laws save lives and reduce costs to society. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office, 1991.
Fleming HS, Becker ER. The impact of the Texas 1989 motorcycle helmet law on total and head-related fatalities, severe injuries, and overall injuries. Med Care 1992;30:832–45.
Kraus JR, Peek C, McArthur DL, et al. The effect of the 1992 Calfornia motorcycle helmet usage law on motorcycle crash fatalities and injuries. JAMA 1994;272:1506–11.
Evans L. Cycle helmets and the law: even when the science is clear policy decisions may still be difficult BMJ 1994;308:1521–2.
US Community Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001 (in press).
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fourth report to congress: effectiveness of occupant protection systems and their use. Washington, DC: NHTSA, May 1999.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Effectiveness of lap/shoulder belts in the back outboard seating positions. (DOT HS 808 945 NHTSA technical report.) Washington, DC: NHTSA, June 1999.
Hedlund J. Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior. Inj Prev 2000;6:82–90.
Response from Adams and Hillman
We did not accept that bicycle helmets are effective in reducing head injuries. We had hoped that by putting it in italics they would have noticed our rider in the event of an accident. For evidence of their predisposition also to include inadequate science supportive of their argument see our letter in the BMJ.1
We wish them luck in their systematic review of all the tens of thousands of articles that have a bearing on risk compensation. In undertaking this review we suggest that in devising inclusion and exclusion criteria for their more refined filters they be wary of the following1:
Studies that deal with small subsets of populations—such as the oft cited study of admissions to 16 hospitals in Sweden after the introduction of a seat belt law, which concluded that the law had reduced injuries and fatalities. The fact that in Sweden as a whole the number of deaths and injuries suffered by car occupants increased after the law suggests that it must have been possible to find other sets of hospitals which found the opposite result.2
Claims based on statistical significance. One time in 20 researchers who use the conventional 5% test of significance will find "significance" by chance. Given the well known desire of researchers to "prove" their hypotheses, one in 20 is probably a generous estimate of the ratio of tests published to tests done.
Studies that ignore system effects. Prohibiting motorcycling, for example, would prevent the loss of lives in motorcycle accidents. But to demonstrate that it had saved lives one would have to track the alternative forms of transport and thrill seeking adopted by the banned motorcyclists—everything from sky diving to driving old bangers in a way that pumps as much adrenaline.
Empirical evidence of risk compensation. In Britain there is one cycling fatality for every 25 million kilometres cycled—not all of them of course due to head injuries. The risk compensating behaviour required to offset the claimed benefits of helmets would require an extra fatal error once in many millions of kilometres—a behavioural change unlikely to be directly observable.
Hedlund, whom they cite respectfully, having surveyed the debate about risk compensation, says "if experiments cannot provide useful evidence, and if evaluations are contaminated by poor data and uncontrolled factors, we are left with theory". The theory supporting risk compensation is well supported by empirical evidence in cases where the risks are large: trapeze artists will attempt manoeuvres with safety nets that they would not contemplate without them. The contention of those who would introduce measures that would criminalize self risk (for example, riding without a helmet) is that this effect vanishes when the risk is smaller. Given the dismal record of the prohibitionists, we suggest that the burden of proof lies with them.
Adams J, Hillman M. Bicycle helmets. BMJ 2001;322:1063–4.
Adams J. Risk. London: UCL Press Ltd, 1995: 113–34.
"Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence" (Thompson, Thompson, and Rivara) and "The risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets" (Adams and Hillman) plus authors' responses have been republished electronically in a different order at the authors' request to avoid any potential confusion. They can be found in June 2002 (Injury Prevention 2001;8:e1).
Copyright 2001 Injury Prevention
ELECTRONIC PAGES
D C Thompson R S Thompson F P Rivara
Injury Prevention 2002; 8 e1-e1 Published Online First: 01 Jun 2002. doi: 10.1136/ip.8.2.e1


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Watch This Amphibious Vehicle Belly Flop Into the Ocean
The Indonesian marines really know how to run their vehicles hard. Maybe too hard.
It's a shenanigan that would probably make the U.S. Marine Corps' vehicle maintainers blow a gasket. In the video below, Indonesian marines race their American-made amphibious assault vehicles off a dock, sending them flying into the ocean. The vehicles are actually suspended in the air for a few brief moments before sending up a tremendous splash of water.
The amphibious assault vehicles belong to Indonesia's marines, or Korps Marinir. The country relies upon its navy and marines capable of projecting military power across its vast 17,508-island archipelago.
The Korps Marinir consists of two reinforced marine brigades plus vehicles like this LVTP-7, an older version of the U.S. Marines' AAV-7 amphibious vehicle. The LVTP-7 has a crew of three and can carry up to eighteen fully loaded combat troops from ship to shore.
Apparently, it can also belly flop. To be clear, this is a complete stunt, and a poorly thought-out one at that. The stress of the 29-ton vehicle flopping into the water at 20 miles an hour can't be good for the LVTP-7's aluminum hull and suspension. A huge splash like that will also force corrosive seawater into every nook and cranny on the vehicle, which will have to be hosed down with fresh water and then re-lubricated.
Also, please think of the poor driver, who, unless he was strapped down like a convict at an operating table, was probably tossed around the all-metal interior of the armored vehicle. In a car with leather, cushion, and plastic interiors this stunt would be jarring enough, but the inside of an LVTP-7 is hard and unforgiving.
Finally, this is an excellent way for the LVTP-7 to throw a track. Just before the vehicle hits the water you can see the track come off the idler wheel. If the track comes totally loose someone is going to have to fish all several hundred pounds of it out of the Pacific Ocean.
Reckless or not and regardless of whether the driver survived, it's a great recruiting stunt for the Korps Marinir. Let's face it, it beats the U.S. Marine Corps' infamous lava monster commercial:
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I appreciate the opportunity to comment on FINRAs proposed changes to amend FINRA Rule 2267. I am an attorney who concentrates his practice on representing investors in securities arbitration and litigation.
I support FINRA's proposed rule. Requiring that firms provide links to the BrokerCheck website will be a beneficial tool to investors. This information is already public, so it should not further harm the registered representatives. The proposed rule will inform customers of public disclosures that they may not be aware of, and I support greater disclosure of material, relevant information. Furthermore, the cost should be relatively minimal to the member firms, who simply just need to provide a hyperlink to BrokerCheck on their websites.
There are some registered representatives who may feel that this is unfair. However, a broker who was been wrongfully accused of misconduct can seek to expunge such accusations from his or her CRD. Moreover, the vast majority of brokers who do not have negative marks on their record should welcome this proposed change.
I would add that the proposed rule should go further and provide the BrokerCheck website on the client's account statements. This should also be a de minimis expense to member firms who are already required to provide these statements to customers.
I want to thank you again for the opportunity to comment on this proposal.


"In what can only be characterized as astonishing emulation of a Cold War-era, Eastern European security chief, Acting ICE Director Thomas Homan yesterday asserted that elected state and local officials should be held 'personally accountable' for immigration integration policies – with which Homan disagrees – through federal criminal prosecution. Homan's statements expose that he is completely unfit for the position to which he has been nominated.
In the United States, state and local elected officials are held 'personally accountable' by voters, not by threats of unwarranted criminal prosecution. In California, the chief target of Homan's unhinged vitriol, voters can decide not to reelect officials with whom they disagree, or even to recall them prior to the next election. In the United States, unlike dictatorial regimes operating behind a thin facade of democracy, national officials do not threaten to prosecute local and state elected officeholders whose policy views differ from their own.


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the record player song meaning
A record player works by guiding a stylus along a spiral groove in the record.
Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin. "HMV Seeks Budding Nipper." The song tells a sort-of story of 10 characters (Marky, Sharon, Cherie, Mikey, Bobby, Tommy, "Another Mikey," Flipper, an unnamed "football player-rapist," and Paulie) and the fates they meet.
(8 Sept. 2009)http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/musictech1.php, Morton, David. What Are the Different Types of Record Player Needles.
I think all that he... 3 hours ago @elviscostello. What Are the Best Tips for Selling Vinyl Records? In the film, it was lip-synced by Angela Bassett and Laurence Fishburne (who played Ike and Tina), but on the recording, Tina's sax player Tim Cappello did Ike's bass vocals. (8 Sept. 2009)http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/culture.php, Morton, David. 8 Sept. 1999. "History of the Music Recording Industry."
THE+RECORD PLAYER | High-Grade Turntable System Project We Love Boston, MA Product Design $57,905. Ed.
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. Jan 10, 2008. "Phonograph." You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. 28 March, 2004. Chimaira – Six. A record player, also called a phonograph, is an electric device used to play audio recordings. This song was originally recorded for "Goodbye Cruel World" in fast waltz time. Electrohome . World of Invention. Please refer to our. (8 Sept. 2009)http://www.victor-victrola.com/History%20of%20the%20Victor%20Phonograph.htm, Encyclopædia Britannica. A young friend of mine decided to open up a "vintage and vinyl" store downtown, and I would spend as much time as I could helping him to price all of those old vinyl records fairly. Thomson Gale, 2006. "Pepper" doesn't even mention or refer to pepper, unless it's a Tex-Mex cuisine reference since they're "doing it in Texas." Because they were made of polyvinyl chloride, these records earned the nickname "vinyl.". But really, the lyrics are kind of impenetrable after that. (3 Dec. 2009)http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/440596.stm, Dell, Kristina.
They also were free from the record's tendency to skip when jolted, meaning that recorded music could be played in the car. Be the first to know about new lyrics, song meanings & more! Gale (2 Sep. 2009), Morton, David. The 45, a 7-inch (18-cm) disk, played at 45 revolutions per minute, as the name implies.
With the introduction of electricity into the home, the record player was born.
Foreigner – Waiting For A Girl Like You. Vinyl phonograph records are placed on the record player's turntable and spun at a constant speed, and sounds are reproduced through a stylus or needle that runs along the record's spiral groove. 1998-2006. BBC News. Gale Encyclopedia of Science.
There's just something about the pops and crackles of a vinyl album that make it sound more authentic.
High-fidelity sound reproduction hit the scene and motivated countless people to add a record player to their home. 80s Video Director Jay DubinSong Writing. Thomas Edison is credited with the invention, in 1877, of the phonograph, a mechanical wind-up machine that played recordings made on tinfoil cylinders. The first country song to win a Grammy for Record of the Year was "Not Ready To Make Nice" by The Dixie Chicks in 2007. This little known plugin reveals the answer.
(3 Sept. 2009), McGrath, Kimberly A. and Travers, Bridget. The New York Times.
June 26, 2008.
"Making vinyl records the old-fashioned way." A lot of people threw away their vintage record players when cassettes and CDs became popular. 1998-2006. A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English), or simply a record, is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. Student Resource Center - Bronze. It was during this era that Electrohome released its famous space-aged Apollo Record Player along side their classic wooden stereo consoles. Sound quality made dramatic improvements in sound quality during this period as well, and high-fidelity (hi-fi or hifi) recordings removed much of the hiss and distortion of the early records.
To tell you the truth, Cageybird, I'd much rather listen to my old vinyl albums on a used record player than get the same material on CD.
Pledge US$ 5 or more About US$ 5 Support the +MISSION Support the +MISSION to put high-performance phono playback in the hands of serious vinyl lovers! By the 1990s, records and record players had become difficult to find.
(2 Sept. 2009), Edie, Paul C. "History of the Victor Phonograph." (31 Aug. 2009), Schoenherr, Steven E. "Leon Scott and the Phonoautograph." The New York Times. "Vinyl Gets Its Groove Back" Time. I had a blast going through thousands of albums I grew up listening to, and he appreciated having someone around who actually remembered vinyl records. CNET News. New innovations and designs allow improvements that carry forward and... Electrohome Kinsman Jukebox Featured on the Price ... Electrohome's Top 10 Artists from the 1980's Here'... Top 10 Reasons to Buy Records at Your Local Record Store.
15 Jan. 2004.
EC heavily rewrote the lyrics, changed it to a slow march, and gave it to Roy Orbison.
"Phonograph." "Phonograph."
Dec 2, 2008 (2 Sept. 2009)http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/technology/techspecial2/02table.html?ref=techspecial2, Lerner, Lee and Wilmoth, Brenda, "Phonograph". As the stylus follows this track, variations in the groove cause the needle to vibrate. (3 Dec. 2009)http://faculty.cua.edu/Gitelman/sousa.pdf, Terdiman, Daniel.
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I love First Avenue. It's my downtown danceteria even if I don't dance. But this is not a fangirl post. It's about email marketing.
Like you, my email inbox clogs up with messages I've opted in to. I subscribe to Teresa Boardman's real estate blog just because I like her photos. Business news comes from Fast Company's Co.Design, and concert news from First Avenue. You get the picture. I get a lot of email.
Admittedly, I scan them from my preview pane. Most I delete.
I opened today's missive from First Avenue, On Sale This Week because I saw the word "December." No that's not a band. It just means local band holiday shows are coming soon. I'm hoping Trampled by Turtles will play in town because the Dakotas (and the U.K.) are just too far away.
Tomorrow everyone can buy tickets to Mason Jenning's December 22nd show. But today, me–I'm special. I have the secret code. I could buy tickets at noon today!
Well maybe I'm not all that special, because I'm sure I'm not the only email subscriber of First Avenue's concert preview. But I still feel special. I feel important. I feel thankful and appreciated. Why? In addition to the value of the news; I'm getting first dibs on tickets to a concert that will surely sell out.
Your opted-in customers are loyal and valuable; don't take them for granted.
Test messages in your email campaigns. Do you get more clicks due to placement? or does content rule? What do your customers value? What offer will make them act?


Our Christmas gift guide is packed full of bargains and great gift ideas for professionals and DIYers.
The directors and staff wish you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. We thank you for your support during 2018 and look forward to seeing you in 2019.
Grab your prize draw entry form, print it out, fill it in and bring in-store. You could win one of many superb prizes. Good luck!
A different promotion every day between the 17th and 21st December.
Still not sure what to buy?
Still not sure what to buy someone for Christmas? Why not buy some gift vouchers instead?


Gaze: On the Verge of the Visible explores the intimate conversations and works developed during the Gaze: Analogue/Digital Photography workshop led by artist Jennifer Martin. This is an opportunity to publicly discuss Gaze the project which queries the site where epidermis, vision, and apparatus meet. Martin will be in conversation with Showroom Curatorial Fellow Teresa Cisneros.
The project encompasses a series of workshops, which directly engage with histories of racialised representation. Working collectively, where participants seek to disturb visibility and find approaches to impeding an inherently racialised sight. Together, they approach the question of how does one refute racist typologies governed by sight whilst working with the visual? The workshop process engages with testimony, discussion, and creative working on methods of representation.
The Gaze: Analogue/Digital Photography workshop focuses on racialized representation within photography. In approaching the digital photograph, participants explore methods of manipulating the digital image in its making rather than in the editing of the image. Utilizing a range of materials and tools, participants are prompted to navigate from a place of 'truth' or 'accurate representation' towards what they believe constitutes the opposite of this.
Gaze is supported by the Durham Wharf Foundation and ReachOutRCA (the Royal College of Art's outreach programme) and will take place between August and October 2017 across London with support from South London Gallery and The Showroom.


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17 Unbelievable Before and After Pictures of Celebrity Jaw Surgeries
Posted by Denette Wilford. Updated on June 11, 2019
Going under the knife may still be taboo in Hollywood, but celebs are getting better at talking about it. Because, let's be serious, they're in the public eye long enough, people are going to take notice if they appear a little different.
Whether there have been nips and tucks, complete overhauls, fillers and/or implants, the proof is in the pictures. When it comes to jaw surgeries and chin augmentations, they can be subtle or vastly tweaked. These are the celebs who have either confirmed or are rumoured to have had work done on the bottoms of their faces. You be the judge; just don't judge.
Sarah Palin's daughter debuted her new face at an afterparty for the White House Correspondents Association dinner in 2011, five months after having corrective jaw surgery that she explains was "necessary for medical reasons ... so my jaw and teeth could properly realign." She admitted to Us Weekly, though, that it "improved" the way she looks and she no longer obsesses over her face.
"I am absolutely thrilled with the results," she added at the time. "I look older, more mature, and don't have as much of a chubby little baby face!"
RELATED: 15 non-surgical cosmetic treatments that will be big in 2019.
Nic admits to using Botox in the past, but quit going under the needle. Her jaw, on the other hand, is tighter and her neck a little smoother, rumoured to be courtesy of a mini face-lift.
SEE ALSO: 11 beauty treatments you can do in under one-minute.
Despite being a former model (he's got the height), Kutcher is rumoured to have had jaw implants. Admittedly, it does seem less long now.
Never one to shy away from enhancements, the Vanderpump Rules star revealed that while chin implants may look good, they aren't always easy to maintain. Stassi's altered chin can get a little numb, resulting in some potentially messy situations.
RELATED: just how rich are the stars of Vanderpump Rules?
Anyone with working eyes knew Simpson had a nose job but rumour has it she had some tweaking down to her chin, making a big difference in the overall look of the face.
The Teen Mom star's had work on her nose, her chin and her boobs. And her boobs once more.
Side note: remember when Farrah wore that superhero outfit to the VMAs?
The runner-up to Ruben Studdard may look a little different than when he first appeared on American Idol. That's because he had had work done — both for health and for superficial purposes. Aiken told Andy Cohen, "I had operative surgery on my jaw for a TMJ thing and I had them suck the fat out of my chin while they were in there." YES.
The adage "less is more" didn't apply to the reality star, who opted for 10 plastic surgery operations, beginning in 2009, including brow lifts, ear-pinnings, rhinoplasty, boob jobs and a chin reduction. The glee she felt about her new, freaky Barbie doll image lasted mere months before she started to regret the work she'd had done, and she told Ryan Seacrest the following year that she felt "very weird about hugging people" and described her body as "very plastic fragile."
Clearly she didn't learn from her sister-in-law, Heidi Montag. While Stephanie never admitted to going under the knife, her appearance changed so much that it was easy to believe those rumours about a nose job, chin implant and lip fillers.
Nothing confirmed but you'll notice Kristin once had a rather pointed chin and now her jawline is wider and more squared off, which may be indicative of a chin augmentation.
The country singer proudly talks about the work he's had done, including liposuctions to his chin and midriff, noting it was "probably a middle-age crisis."
It's widely believed Liz had a chin tuck and augmentation.
Of course, none of this changes the fact that she's one of those famous old hollywood couples that remind us how love used to be.
Vicki Gunvalson
Divorce didn't get the Real Housewives of Orange Country star down; she reportedly got her chin tweaked as part of an $8,000 "breakover."
The actress has always been open about her nose job but her jawline does earn a double take. She has denied it, chalking it up to maturing but is that enough for its newly pointy shape?
YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: 10 best self-tanners to achieve that JLo glow.
Like Gonzalez, Joel has never denied her nose job but she calls all the other plastic surgery rumours, particularly that squared off jawline, false, saying it's all thanks to the magic of makeup.
Speaking of, here are contour mistakes you're making (and how to fix them).
There are some who stand by Zellweger's word that her changed appearance is due to aging and lifestyle changes. Then there are those who think the actress looks like a completely different person due to plastic surgery, including fillers plumping up her jawline, which give her a fullness she never had before.
Back in the day, the gorgeous legend had work done on her chin and neck and had the bags removed from under her eyes but tried to throw people off by getting a short haircut so people would think all the changes were because of her "new hair." A joker, a class act and a stunner. A true triple-threat.
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South Africa out of recession… where to from here?
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Adds the Greenlandic national team and league to Football Manager 2018. Complete with continental (CL+EL) qualification.
New 2019 edition of the Greek football leagues and cups to use with FM 2018. Created by KoKostas.
3D jerseys for AFC Champions League teams, as well as some jerseys for African and South American clubs. To use with FM 2018.
Handcrafted in Symi, Hellas. Page created in 1.168 seconds.