text:
code-local.com
Is Police Uniform Blue Or Black?
Why do cops wear blue?
What color is today?
Why do police wear black uniforms?
What is the British FBI called?
What is the British police called?
Can off duty cops carry guns in banks?
What side do police officers wear their badge?
Can police officers fly with their guns?
Do the British police carry guns?
Does a police officer have to identify himself UK?
What does wearing colors mean for police?
What is the black American flag?
What Colour are British police uniforms?
What color is law enforcement blue?
Do cops wear badges off duty?
Does police officer have identify himself?
Does a police officer have to tell you why you are being detained?
Can police ask for ID UK?
The History of Police Uniforms These first police officers, the famous "Bobbies" of London, were issued a dark blue, paramilitary-style uniform.
The color blue was chosen to distinguish the police from the British military who wore red and white uniforms at the time..
Color of the dayDayColor of the dayGod of the dayTuesdaypinkMangalaWednesdaygreenBudhaThursdayorangeBrihaspatiFridaylight blueShukra3 more rows
Equipment that was once any color but black was marketed as the "tactical" model, usually meaning that it was painted black. Most police uniforms are dark blue, not black. Tactical uniforms are often black, as that color came to be associated with anything "tactical," or as it's sometimes said, "tacti-cool."
secret intelligence serviceMi5 is about affairs that happen on British soil. Mi5 is often referred to as security service or ss. On the other hand Mi6 deals with current affairs overseas and are often referred to as secret intelligence service or sis kind of like the FBI but the sis does not shed names or appearance of their agents.
In Britain today all policemen are commonly referred to as 'Bobbies'! Originally though, they were known as 'Peelers' in reference to one Sir Robert Peel (1788 – 1850). Today it is hard to believe that Britain in the 18th century did not have a professional police force.
Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Wyoming, and Vermont allow on and off-duty out-of-state officers to carry concealed weapons. California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Wyoming allow carry-concealed permits or rights for retired …
leftUnlike in the United Kingdom, where officers both in and out of uniform carry – but do not publicly display – paper or plastic warrant cards, US police badges are the official symbol of office and are prominently worn over the left chest of the uniform (or, in the case of plainclothes officers, displayed from a …
To qualify to fly armed, unless otherwise authorized by TSA, federal regulation states that a law enforcement officer must meet all of the following requirements: … Be authorized by the employing agency to have the weapon in connection with assigned duties.
The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales (which make up Great Britain), and Northern Ireland. … In the rest of the United Kingdom, only some police officers carry firearms; that duty is instead carried out by specially-trained firearms officers.
The police arrest procedure If you're arrested the police must: identify themselves as the police. tell you that you're being arrested. tell you what crime they think you've committed.
The color of the day is a signal used by undercover officers of some big city police departments in the USA. … An undercover police officer will wear a headband, wristband or other piece of clothing in the same color as the "color of the day"; this color is told to officers at the precinct before they start work.
Untitled (African-American Flag) is a vexillographic artwork by David Hammons from 1990, combining the colors of the Pan-African flag with the pattern of the flag of the United States to represent African American identity.
All officers wear a black and white (red and white for the City of London Police, blue and white for Cathedral Constables) diced band (called Sillitoe Tartan) around the hat, a distinction first used in Scotland and later adopted by all forces in Great Britain.
Graham & Brown Police Box Blue / #374f6b Hex Color Code. The hexadecimal color code #374f6b is a medium dark shade of cyan-blue. In the RGB color model #374f6b is comprised of 21.57% red, 30.98% green and 41.96% blue.
Badges are routinely handed down from father to child in police families. As rookies, officers are taught to guard them closely and generally to keep them on hand, on duty or off.
Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see sting operation).
The police do not have to tell you that you are a suspect or that they intend to arrest you, but if they use force or a show of authority to keep you from leaving, they probably consider you a suspect, even if you were the person who called the police.
The police do not have the right to demand your name or address without a reason. Generally, a police officer can only ask you to give your name and address if they believe you: have committed an offence. are about to commit an offence.
Question: Why Does My Mouse Freeze Up?
What do you do when your mouse freezes on your desktop?
Quick Answer: What Is The Purpose Of 911?
Is 911 funded by police? The quickest way to receive
Quick Answer: Is B612 Chinese App?
Is VidMate a Chinese app? Is VidMate Chinese.
Question: Who Was The Real Captain Of The Flying Dutchman?
How did Jack Sparrow die? Jack sparrow did not die.
Is It Safe To Mix Rubbing Alcohol And Hydrogen Peroxide?
What can you not mix with rubbing alcohol? Don'
Question: What Is The Original Language Of The Bible?
What is the original Bible? Textual history The oldest
How Much Is Scottie Pippen Worth?
How much is Dennis Rodman's net worth?
What'S The Difference Between A Shift Leader And A Manager?
Is a shift lead a manager? A manager generally handles
Question: Is Deemed University Degree Valid For Govt Job?
Is deemed university certificate value? Yes the infrastructure
Quick Answer: How Many Pallets Can You Fit On A 53 Foot Trailer?
How many Euro pallets can you fit on a trailer?
What Is The Best Business To Start In Saudi Arabia?
Can you take a Bible to Saudi Arabia? The public practice
What Does The Nine Of Cups Mean In Tarot?
What is the meaning of 9 of Swords in Tarot?
Question: Can Rust Be Reversed?
What liquid removes rust? White vinegar. The acetic
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Real estate is Tim Colleran's chosen profession. In 1978, immediately after attending the University of Colorado with studies in Finance and Real Estate, Tim entered the real estate business. During his thirty year career, close personal attention to his clients has been a key to his success. With career sales in excess of $600-million, Tim's experience level is high. Because of this substantial foundation, the information and counseling he offers his clients is reliable and beneficial. The decisions his clients must make in buying and selling a home are made more confidently when they have been given the correct facts about the current real estate market and how to proceed in it. Tim's valuable knowledge is continually updated through his energetic activities in listing and selling properties. Tim is comfortable working in every price range. His proven marketing plan gets homes sold for top dollar and his complete knowledge of the market gives him an uncanny ability to match his buyers' wishes with the most exceptional properties.


text:
Presented by Northrop Grumman Corporation
freedom trail sites
launch celebration
The St. Augustine Four
The civil rights movement brought forth many heroes who set an example for America and the world. Some were old. Some were middleaged. Some were young. Among the youngest of those heroes of the 1960s were "The St. Augustine Four": Audrey Nell Edwards, JoeAnn Anderson Ulmer, Willie Carl Singleton, and Samuel White.
Young people formed the shock troops of the civil rights movement, and many efforts were made to suppress them. One of the most discreditable legal efforts in this regard took place in St. Augustine, Florida in July 1963 when a local judge tried to force young teenagers who had been arrested for trying to order a hamburger at the "whitesonly" lunch counter of the local Woolworth's to promise that they would take part in no more demonstrations. They were also pressured to say that movement organizer Dr. Robert Hayling was guilty of contributing to the delinquency of minors. Had they done so, said Dr. Hayling, "my goose would have been cooked".
Several others were arrested that day, and some were intimidated by the judge. But the St. Augustine Four, with the support of their families, refused to go along with this injustice. So the judge had them first jailed, then sent to reform schools in Marianna and Lowell. When NAACP lawyer Earl Johnson of Jacksonville attempted to get them released, the judge claimed that they were beyond the jurisdiction of the legal system. National newspapers like the Pittsburgh Courier and The New York Times wrote about the case of the St. Augustine Four. It finally took a special action of the Florida governor and cabinet to get them released in January 1964 after they had missed Thanksgiving and Christmas at home with their families.
Martin Luther King called them "my warriors." Jackie Robinson praised them for their courage — and he was certainly someone who knew about courage! Robinson and his wife took Audrey Nell Edwards and JoeAnn Anderson to their home in Connecticut to recover from their ordeal. The two St. Augustinians can still remember going to the New York World's Fair of 1964 with Jackie Robinson. It took four decades without amends being made, or honor being given where honor was due, but finally in 2004 a proper tribute was paid to the St. Augustine Four, in a ceremony sponsored by ACCORD at the First Baptist Church, a great historic civil rights landmark on St. Francis Street. The three surviving members of the St. Augustine Four (and their families) attended, along with relatives of the fourth, the late Willie Carl
Singleton. Gifts were sent to each of them by Mrs. Rachel Robinson, the widow of Jackie Robinson. In 2007 when Samuel White of the St. Augustine Four passed away, his death was front page news in the St. Augustine Record, and his funeral was held in the same historic church building. The St. Augustine Four are heroes of the freedom movement whose sacrifices should never be forgotten.
— Copyright © 2007, David Nolan
Co-Chair & Historian, ACCORD Freedom Trail
THE MOVEMENT PART 1 | THE MOVEMENT PART 2 | DR ROBERT B HAYLING | THE TWINES
KATHRYN FENTRESS | CLYDE JENKINS
© 2010 ACCORD, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kleist's Letter of April 1801
JL Hibberd
Publisher: London: Modern Humanities Research Association
Hibberd, JL. (2001). Kleist's Letter of April 1801. Modern Language Review, 96, 397 - 408.
Hibberd, JL. / Kleist's Letter of April 1801. In: Modern Language Review. 2001 ; Vol. 96. pp. 397 - 408.
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text:
students.uu.nl / Humanities / Applied Ethics / Practical information / Academic policies and procedures
All Master's programmes have established Education and Examination Regulations. Every programme has its own Education and Examination Regulations, in which the specific rules and regulations of that programme are described. There are also general Education and Examination Regulations that all programmes have to adhere to.
If you wish to deviate from the standard study programme -as established in the Education and Examination Regulations-, you must request approval from your study programme's Board of Examiners. If you have accumulated credits before you were registered as a student at Utrecht University, you may be eligible for exemption of some parts of the standard study programme.
If due to illness or special circumstances you are unable to take (part of) a test, you must report this prior to the test or tutorial. Please note! Absence due to illness or special circumstances does not automatically give you the right to take (part of) a make-up test.
Final grades are indicated on a scale from 1 to 10. Grades below 5 are not rounded off, grades above 6 are rounded off to half grades, grades below 6 to whole grades.
A 5 (or lower) is a failing grade, a 6 (or higher) is a passing grade. Read more on rounding off final grades.
Your UU grades abroad: grading tables
Your UU-grades abroad
To help foreign universities to interpret the value of our grades, UU publishes Grading Tables:
a table for Bachelor's courses and
a table for Master's courses.
The Grading Tables provide statistical distributions of grades awarded at Utrecht University. They show which percentage of all passing grades that were awarded in the three most recent academic years were (rounded-off) a 6.0, a 6.5, a 7.5, etc. The tables will be published on the International Diploma Supplement of all students who graduate after September 1st 2017.
In addition to the Grading Tables, UU also publishes a weighted average grade on the ten point scale on your International Diploma Supplement.
What do Grading Tables not show?
Grading Tables do not show whether you belong to the 10% (or any other percentage) of your class. The tables do not contain information about the average either, nor are they just about your fellow students.
The most recent Grading Tables
Grade Point Average substituted by Grading Tables
Until 1 September 2017, Utrecht University published a Grade Point Average (GPA) to provide help institutions abroad to interpret UU-grades. Many Anglo-Saxon universities use this four point scale to express their weighted average grade. The GPA always needs clarification. The standards according to which the GPA is calculated differ between (international) universities.
The Final GPA was published on the International Diploma Supplement, an addendum to your diploma, for all students who started their Bachelor's or Master's programme after September 2007 and who graduated before September 1st 2017. The GPA was calculated by firstly averaging your grades, weighted in study points. This weighted average grade was then converted to a Grade Point Average expressed in two decimals according to this table.
Calculating the GPA
The GPA of Bachelor's students was calculated slightly differently from that of Master's students. For Bachelor's students, results obtained during the first year of their studies were not included in the final GPA.
Fraud and plagiarism
Utrecht University considers any form of academic dishonesty to be a very serious offense. Utrecht University expects each student to be familiar with and to observe the norms and values that ensure academic integrity.The most serious forms of deception that can impair this integrity are fraud and plagiarism. Plagiarism is a form of fraud and is defined as the wrongful appropriation of another author's work without proper citation. See the further elaboration on what may be considered fraud or plagiarism.
If the university discovers a case of fraud or plagiarism, then the study programme's Board of Examiners may implement sanctions on the offender. The most serious sanction that the Board of Examiners may implement is the submission of a request for expulsion to the Executive Board.
Complaints, objections and appeals
If you feel you have not been treated properly by someone employed by Utrecht University, or if you disagree with a decision that affects you personally, you can respond in a number of ways. You can submit a complaint, an objection or an appeal.
For the full details about the various procedures and which procedure is applicable for your situation, visit Complaints, objections and appeals.
Utrecht University processes a substantial volume of personal data. In accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) the university is responsible for ensuring that personal data is processed properly. Also see the Privacy Statement on the Utrecht University website.


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, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the fifth group, Gokyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo.
It is classified as a hip throwing technique, Koshi-Waza.

Technique description
In Judo's version, tori lifts uke by lifting with the core and abdomen, and then guides uke to the ground in front of tori.

Technique history

Similar techniques, variants, and aliases
Aliases:
Choke Slam

References

 Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006) Judo Unleashed basic reference on judo. .

External links
 The Techniques of Judo
 Ushiro goshi images
 Ushiro goshi demonstration

Judo technique
Throw (grappling)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Twtpickin, Inc. provides Listly - the service that makes lists social, fun, and embeddable through our website located at list.ly. For simplicity, we'll refer to any or all of this as "Listly".
Listly respects the intellectual property rights of others and expects its users to do the same. It is Listly's policy, in appropriate circumstances and at its discretion, to disable and/or terminate the accounts of users who repeatedly infringe or are repeatedly charged with infringing the copyrights or other intellectual property rights of others.
In accordance with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, the text of which may be found on the U.S. Copyright Office website at http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf, Listly will respond expeditiously to claims of copyright infringement committed using the Listly website (the "Website") that are reported to Listly's Designated Copyright Agent.
If you believe that content on the Website (as defined in our Terms of Service) infringes one or more of your copyrights, please notify us by providing a written notice ("Infringement Notice") containing the information described below to the designated agent listed below. If Listly takes action in response to an Infringement Notice, it will make a good faith attempt to contact the party that made such content available by means of the most recent email address, if any, provided by such party to Listly.
You can report copyright violations to our email (preferred) or send to our copyright agent address.
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If an Infringement Notice is valid, we are required by law to respond to it by disabling access to the allegedly infringing content. If you are a user and access to portions of your content have been disabled for this reason, we will notify you via a message on your profile page. You then have the option to send us a written counter-notice stating why your content does not infringe copyrights and asking for access to be reinstated.


text:
Natasha Shangwe Olson-Thorne (born 6 October 1992) is a Hong Kong rugby union player. She represented Hong Kong at the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup in Ireland, Hong Kong's first World Cup appearance. Olson-Thorne created history when she scored Hong Kong's first World Cup try in their match against Wales.

Biography
Olson-Thorne began playing rugby at the age of 15 while attending Sha Tin College. She made her international debut for the Hong Kong women's national rugby union team in 2010. She then made her sevens debut at the 2011 Hong Kong Women's Sevens.

In 2015 she graduated from the University of Hong Kong with a Bachelor of Science in Exercise and Health. She captained the sevens team for the first time at the 2016 Hong Kong Women's Sevens, it was her sixth appearance at the tournament. Olson-Thorne was also in the sevens team vying for a spot at the 2016 Summer Olympics via a repechage tournament in Dublin. She was in the 2021 sevens squad that 'narrowly' missed their chance on qualifying for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

She co-captained the Hong Kong sevens team at the 2021 Asia Women's Sevens Series, it was a qualifier event for the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens. However, they lost to Japan in the semifinal and missed their chance.

Olson-Thorne was named in the fifteens squad that played in a two-test series against Kazakhstan in December 2022.

References

1992 births
Living people
Hong Kong people
Hong Kong rugby union players
Hong Kong female rugby union players
Hong Kong female rugby sevens players
Rugby union players at the 2018 Asian Games


text:
TC Welcomes Insurance Litigation Partner Victor Anderson, III to Los Angeles Office
Thompson Coe is pleased to announce the addition of Partner Victor Anderson, III to the firm's Los Angeles office. As a skilled litigator with over 30 years of experience, his addition to our firm profoundly enhances our capacity to provide superior services to our clients in California. His practice focuses primarily on Insurance Litigation and Coverage and he has successfully defended clients in litigation involving bad faith, extra-contractual liability, wrongful death, negligence, unfair business practices, product liability and premises liability.
Mr. Anderson has significant trial experience, as he has been lead trial counsel in over 50 trials involving breach of contract, bad faith, misappropriation of name and likeness, defamation, premises liability, wrongful death, unfair business practices and wrongful termination, among others.
"Victor is a talented attorney with exceptional litigation skills and a tremendous ability to analyze and resolve coverage and bad faith matters. He will be of great value to our clients," said Frances O'Meara, Managing Partner of the firm's Los Angeles office.
In 2016, the Litigation Counsel of America, a diverse, peer-selected honorary society of 3,500 of the best trial lawyers, awarded Mr. Anderson the Peter Perlman Service Award in recognition for his efforts to improve the lives of others through his community service and charity work. Mr. Anderson is a Prime member of Association of Defense Trial Attorneys, which is a statement of the high regard in which he is held by his peers in the defense trial bar of Los Angeles and California. Mr. Anderson has been a member of the Federation of Defense and Corporate Counsel (FDCC) since 2006. In 2015, he was elected to the FDCC Board, holding the distinction of being the first African American Director in the organization's 75-year history. Mr. Anderson also serves on the Board of The Langston Bar Association.
We are proud to welcome Victor to the Thompson Coe family. Please do not hesitate to reach out to our new colleague to discuss your needs in California.
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: What Is and What Is Not an Effective Stowers Demand
Looking Forward to 2019 - "Texas-Sized" Verdicts in 2018
"Everything's bigger in Texas." To many, this phrase is not merely a colloquialism, but rather a defining characteristic of the Lone Star State. Yet, for much of the state's recent history, this "Texas-sized" perception...
Texas Supreme Court Issues Two New Opinions Addressing Appraisal Award
Property Insurers: Beware Getting Stuck In Texas State Court
Analysis: Texas Supreme Court Broadens Liability Under TPPCA Claims in Barbara Technologies, Ortiz


Bryan is the voice of Hoover Middle School, or our "hype man." He can often be heard doing morning announcements, making us all laugh, DJing Hoover dances and public events, and motivating students in our WEB program as we welcome 5th graders to our building. People really appreciate the high energy Bryan brings to his work for Hoover Middle and the wider community. Bryan is not "all flash" ... He serves as Department Chair for Special Education, safeguarding the rights of students and coordinating testing schedules, accommodations, etc. Bryan also co-chairs our Student Council, and in that capacity, leads our whole school community in our annual Food Drive, Candy Cane sales, School Spirit Weeks, and a recent cereal collection as part of the Jerry Starr Sleep-Out. Bryan adds laughter and an infusion of positive energy to every day at Hoover Middle!


text:
Home National Minister: 1,846 expelled from TÜBİTAK due to Gülen links
topheadline
Minister: 1,846 expelled from TÜBİTAK due to Gülen links
Minister of Science, Industry and Technology Faruk Özlü
Minister of Science, Industry and Technology Faruk Özlü announced on Friday that a total of 1,846 people have been sacked from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) due to their alleged links to the faith-based Gülen movement.
TÜBİTAK has around 4,500 employees.
In a statement on Friday Özlü said that 440 people were expelled from his ministry for the same reason.
The minister said the firing of employees at TÜBİTAK and the ministry began in February 2014 following the eruption of a corruption scandal in which senior government members were involved in late 2013.
Both for the corruption investigation and a failed coup attempt on July 15, the government along with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan blames the Gülen movement, while the movement strongly denies any involvement in either.
In the currently ongoing post-coup purge, over 135,000 people, including thousands within the military, have been purged due to their real or alleged connection to the Gülen movement, according to a statement by the labor minister on Jan. 10. As of March 1, 93,248 people were being held without charge, with an additional 46,274 in pre-trial detention.
A total of 7,316 academics were dismissed and 4,070 judges and prosecutors were purged over alleged coup involvement or terrorist links.
Faruk Özlü
Gülen
tubitak
Previous articlePACE rejects Turkey's candidate list for post of judge at ECtHR
Next articleTerror prosecutor to investigate Hürriyet over controversial story
Information about Turkish asylum seekers in Georgia leaked to Turkey
Number of unemployed in Turkey reaches record high with 4.4 million
Critical journalist says Erdoğan ordered her dismissal from CNN Türk
New ISIL propaganda video targets Turkey's Erdoğan
New İstanbul mayor welcomes prominent Kurdish football team
İmamoğlu says municipal vehicles exchanged for cheaper models before he took office
Turkey says it killed nearly 3,800 PKK terrorists over 2 years: report


Snow lovers rejoice! This was the scene at 9:49 this morning on the Grand Mesa. If you've been suffering withdrawals, your wait is over. In the event you're a sun lover, sorry, we have some bad news for you.
The Grand Mesa received a light dusting of snow this morning. While this shouldn't be surprising considering the Mesa's altitude and the fact that it's late September, it still catches one off guard. Snow? Weren't we all getting sunburns about a week ago?
Take a look at the photos below. These were taken on May 29, 2016.
That's right, only 117 days between the two sets of photos. Keep in mind, the snow remained on the Mesa long after I took the photos on May 29.
Love it or hate it, winter is on its way. Get up on the Grand Mesa as soon as you can. Some campgrounds have already closed. Others will be closing next weekend. Get the summer out of your system, enjoy the fall colors, and get ready for winter.


In the 2nd seal, peace is taken from the earth. It's the same idea as when God made a covenant with Israel. He said He would drive out the Canaanite, Exod 34:10,11.
Bible covenants were linked to sevens like the 7 ewes that Abraham gave to Abimelech in Genesis 21, and the 7 annual Sabbaths that God gave to Israel in Leviticus 23 The person seeking the covenant gives the 7's, as God initiated the covenant with Abraham in Genesis 15, as a burning lamp He went between the sacrifice pieces, but Christ tells us to have our lamp burning, Lk 12:35.
God took Israel out of Egypt, a type of Babylon, and we are called out of Babylon, Rev 18:2-4. In seeking a covenant with Christ, we give Him the 7's —topics that have a 7-fold emphasis as we consider here.


text:
SuperMarket XXXV: The Editor's Cut
Created Jan 22, 2017 | Updated Jan 29, 2017
Hello, and welcome to the latest edition of SuperMarket, the update of everything exciting taking place in h2g2's own Flea Market.
This edition is brought to you by me, SashaQ, after Bluebottle invited me to contribute to the series.
When planning this Entry, I delved into h2g2 history - I am a relative newcomer to the site, having joined in 2009, so I enjoy looking back at past conversations and Entries as much as I enjoy rummaging in the Flea Market. I found that the first edition of SuperMarket appeared in 2013, after Bluebottle hiked through h2g2. Before that Matt produced a roundup of the status of the Flea Market. Matt's Entry, from 2012, celebrated the 200th Flea Market Rescue. At the end of 2016, according to the SuperMarket annual report, there had been 294 Rescues in total, so we are well on target to reach the 300 mark this year!
If you browse through the Flea Market, you might find a specific Entry to rescue, or you might just find inspiration for an Entry of your own. Topics people have started to write about include: where they live, places they have visited, or their favourite bands.
H2G2 History
The SuperMarket Archive provides a wealth of information about the Flea Market, including interviews with Scavengers as well as perfectly punned titles. Other Entries that I found on my travels through time are not directly linked to the Flea Market but contain information about the Edited Guide processes, of which the Flea Market is a part.
In 2001 The h2g2 Editors created a chart of the number of Conversations in Peer Review, the Flea Market, and the Workshops since their creation that year. The Flea Market appeared on the chart in October 2001 with 150 Entries in it - the number has fluctuated over time, but today it contains 514 Entries. The chart starts in July 2001 when Peer Review contained more than 200 Entries, but by the end of November 2001 there were just over 100 Entries available for review. In contrast, today there are 27 Entries in Peer Review.
Related to that, I found an Entry that is almost 10 years old, but which could well have been written today - the h2g2 Researchers Group was an effort in 2007 to find new writers within h2g2 and encourage established writers to contribute regularly to Peer Review and the Edited Guide.
Another fascinating chart I found was the average length of each month's Edited Entries from 1999 to 2001 (although the chart gives the number of characters rather than the number of words). It shows a steady rise in the length of Entries, from something like the Old Writing Team's February 1999 Entry on Oxford Street - a mostly harmless 829 characters - to the much more informative DNA Fingerprinting Entry of October 2001 - 6359 characters. In January 2017 the average length of the eight Entries that were published on the Front Page was 22,700 characters. That doesn't mean all the Entries were long, though - one Entry was just over 700 words in length.
New Entries in the Flea Market
Since the last edition of SuperMarket, seven more entries are now in the Flea Market, waiting for someone to come along and rescue them. If you would like to take one on but have questions about how to get started, just ask!
A Guide To Really Bad TV and 'Made For Video' Movies by Atlantic_Cable
Obsidian: video game by TanisNikana
Fatal Frame: PlayStation2 by TanisNikana
Torpedo Range: video game by TanisNikana
Good Toys and Bad Toys by raymondo
Golden Sun - the Video Game Series by Jozcoz
The Rise & Fall of Sega Video Game Consoles by Researcher 170550
Don't forget, if you see an Entry that you think might qualify for inclusion in the Flea Market, let Bluebottle know.
And Remember...
The Flea Market needs You!
Flea Market Archive
SashaQ
A flea and a fly in a flue
SashaQ - happysad
The H2G2 Editors
Bluebottle
The Rise & Fall of Sega Video Game Consoles
DNA Fingerprinting
Length of Edited Entries Since Launch
Review Forum Sizes
Good Toys and Bad Toys
Torpedo Range: video game
Fatal Frame: PlayStation2
Obsidian: video game
A Guide To Really Bad TV and 'Made For Video' Movies (And How To Avoid Them)
Golden Sun - the Video Game Series
The h2g2 Researchers' Group
Scavengers Celebrate Reaching the 200 Mark!
Hiking Through h2g2 - The Flea Market
SuperMarket: Welcome
Fleamarket Archive
SuperMarket XXXIV: Quantum of Rescues


Wall Street analysts are all singing the same tune when it comes to Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) today. There seems to be a concensus among them regarding the company's future-it is bright and rosy red! Although, some predict cuts in iPhone,Mac, or iPad estimates, they all agree that Apple is doing fairly well in a weak market.
Hendi Susanto of Gabelli & Co. estimated a 3/4 million unit cut from the projected 15.5 million suggested by a previous projection. She blames the cut on the poor economy, but still believes that Apple will show nearly $39 billion in revenue for the quarter at a price of $10.55 per share. She also projected cuts in the sales of iPhones because of the launch of the new model in October of this year. Susanto further predicts that the sale of the mini iPad will not hurt its larger sibling,the iPad, but will rather "open up new market opportunities" for the company.
Another respected analyst, Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray also believes Apple has a strong base to build on. He has projected 28 million plus iPhone units sold last quarter. This estimate is above the average of 25-27 million. He has however, joined in with most of the other "gurus" in forecasting a report of 16 million iPad units. Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) will have to show around $39.7 billion in this report, in order to keep up with its "normal" outperformance record of 6%. Munster, does not believe this will be the case, as he has projected earnings of $37.1 billion and a share price of $10.17. He estimates a drop of just less than a billion dollars for next quarter, if Apple follows the trend it has set since 2006. He does mention that he expects a more conservative quarter this year, due to the release of the new iPhone 5 in the following quarter.
Matthew Hoffman of Cowen and Co is still standing firm by his previous predictions of outperformance by Apple. He projects a revenue of nearly $38 billion dollars and $10.16 per share. He says his surveys are showing that many consumers are joing the growing tablet trend. This accounts for his model, showing iPad sales at 18.5 million. He says that iPhone sales will be down 20%, quarter over quarter.
William Power, a top analyst for R.W. Baird also believes Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) will again outperform this quarter. His projections include $36.2 billion in revenue, and $10.19 per share. He raised this price per share from a previous projection of $9.90 and says he believes that the U.S. market for iPhones will liquidate 7 million iPhones in Fiscal Quarter 3 for this year. He states that Apple sold around 15.3 million iPads last quarter. He further suggests that iPhone unit sales could be as high as 25.1 million units for the 4th quarter, while the general feeling of most analysts seem to indicate 27 million to be a closer figure.
There you have it. The analysts all agree. Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) is a strong company with a "bulldog" attitude in a slow economy. The company is definitely holding its head above water, while many others go down in the flotsam of a soft economy. This may be one time when it's ok to disregard the old proverb, and go ahead and put all your "Apples" in one basket.


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Homebuyer program, Hackathon help Highland lure interest
Year in Review 2015: Southwestern Illinois
By DENNIS GRUBAUGH
HIGHLAND — Seven homeowners so far have jumped at the chance to be part of the city's plan to reinvest in its oldest housing.
The Highland Community Development Department's Homebuyer Down Payment and Closing Cost Assistance Program is getting widespread interest, Assistant City Manager Lisa Peck said.
"We've had seven closings. There have been people who have moved into town because of the program," she said. Some of the houses were foreclosures and "in pretty rough shape." They are now being renovated.
The program, launched in the middle of 2015, is for assistance with non-rental, owner-occupied properties. It is not limited to first-time homebuyers and there are no upper income limitations. Eligible properties are within a historic area of the city bordered by Hemlock Street on the west, Poplar Street on the east, Sixth Street on the north, and 21st Street on the south.
Most of the houses closed to date have been north of Broadway, she said.
"Everybody loves the fact that in this area you can walk to anything — the schools, the pool, the library, the theater, the grocery store," Peck said.
The program aims to help stabilize assessed valuation by preserving the older housing stock by encouraging homeownership in existing single family homes, using forgivable, five-year, $3,000 loans.
The program provides assistance with the down payment and closing costs. Many people are able to afford monthly house payments, but not the up-front cash, Peck said.
The housing program was a highlight of a busy year in the city, which saw many new businesses and renovations, including at two major car dealerships.
Tri Ford, 12610 State Route 143, has a new, $1.3 million showroom, offices and repair shop. Korte & Luitjohan Contractors Inc. of Highland rebuilt the slightly larger facility.
Steve Schmitt Chevrolet Buick GMC is nearing completion on 11,300-square-foot auto body and paint shop and service area at 12631 State Route 143. Plocher Construction of Highland was awarded the $1.2 million project.
This year will continue good things, Peck said, pointing out that the second annual Highland Gigabit Challenge will take place March 11-13 and will feature Southwestern Illinois' first "Hackathon." Tech-savvy competitors will match wits to see who can best help businesses solve complex coding, app and security problems.
The city is negotiating with major sponsors to put on the event, which will be held at 2491 Industrial Court, the former Tri-Onics site.
Anyone wanting more information may contact Peck at (618) 654-3592 or lpeck@highlandil.gov or Nancie Zobrist of the Highland Chamber of Commerce, nancie@highlandillinois.com or (618) 654-3721.
Posted in The Year In Review 2015
Center for Humanities, Fab Lab make great year for Lewis and Clark Community College
St. Louis Downtown Airport planning taxiway improvements for larger craft
SWIC dean says cybersecurity effort places region in important realm
Sheppard Morgan & Schwaab marked award-winning year in 2015
NAI DESCO says Gander Mountain location is becoming a regional draw


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Q: How To Create Pull Request From Part Of A Branch? We have a main, shared branch called "develop" and I've created a branch off of it called "feature." At this point, we've decided that we want to only create a pull request for part of the "feature" branch so that it can go back in to "develop" and easily be reviewed by other teammates. The rest of the "feature" branch will not be thrown away and will need to have its bits merged back into "develop" at some point in the future. How can I accomplish this?
Should I create a new branch off of develop and then use "git checkout" to only pull certain files out of the "feature" branch and commit them to this new branch (that way I can make a pull request for it)? If so, then is there a better strategy for bringing the future bits of "feature" back to develop than to manually remember what has been brought over and what hasn't?
This blog post was a good reference point.
Thank you in advance.

A: Ok... assuming feature branch has n (doesn't matter the number, actually) revisions after it was split from develop:
git checkout -b branch1 feature
git reset --soft $( git merge-base HEAD develop ) # go back to the last common revision
# at this point all files changed on develop will be on index
# reset the files that you want on the other branch only keep on index the files you want to keep on branch1
git reset filec filee # will keep filea, fileb and filed on this branch
git commit -m "branch 1 - blah blah"
# there you have your branch1 with changes on filea, fileb and filed
git checkout -b branch2 feature
git reset --soft branch1 # so that we don't need to pick the files for this branch
git commit -m "Branch2 - blah blah" # will commit changes for filec and filee

At this point the revisions are one after the other, if you would like to have them separated, run this after the previous ones:
git rebase --onto branch1~1 branch1 branch2

That will move branch2 into a parallel branch.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The TOY TWISTER MIXER UPPER is back and ready to challenge your eyes and Dunny knowledge!
The TOY TWISTER MIXER UPPER is back. Enter to win a 12-inch Smokey signed by artist Frank Kozik.
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Kidrobot founder and president, Paul Budnitz sat down for a pre-release signing of his 2nd toy anthology, I AM PLASTIC, TOO.
A culture jamming street art campaign by TrustoCorp has strategically positioned some cynical yet clever road signs throughout New York and Miami.


The Football Supporters' Federation (FSF) opposes laws and rules which discriminate against fans and "dry trains" – where alcohol is banned – fall into that category. However, we also believe it's vital that fans know the lay of the land and a recent change in BTP policy means those who are "obviously drunk" or try to "smuggle" alcohol onto dry trains will be refused travel.
British Transport Police (BTP) and the train operating companies do not implement dry trains unless intelligence and previous experience indicates that it is absolutely necessary to prevent and reduce disorder. The decision to implement dry trains is not taken lightly or without real reasons for doing so - dry trains have a real impact on passengers - both football supporters and other passengers.
There will be a different approach to dry trains from BTP and the train operating companies this season with dry trains being properly enforced. This means that when there is a dry train, we will warn people about trying to conceal alcohol in an attempt to take it onto the train past the BTP and train operating company staff at the alcohol check point, in contravention of the drink prohibition imposed on the train.
Being obviously drunk and so unsafe to travel, or trying to conceal drink in this manner and with this intention, will lead to people being refused travel. Obviously, people who make a genuine mistake will be asked to dispose of the alcohol rather than being refused travel.
Our intention is to deal with those people who pose a risk of alcohol-related disorder, or to the safety of the train, themselves and others by their behaviour – evidence of which is the deliberate act of concealing alcohol in an attempt to take it onto the train and/or being so drunk that they pose a disorder or safety risk.
The new approach will also mean that as well as the first station where the train departs, there will be an enforced alcohol ban imposed at all subsequent stops as well, before it reaches the match destination. This will prevent the problem of passengers not being allowed to board the train with alcohol at the first station, with nothing then in place at other stations on its route.
As much warning as possible will be given to all passengers about a dry train. This will include staff and posters at the platform 'gate line', and announcements on 'forward' trains as most dry trains are the 'return' trains.
Trying to take alcohol onto a dry train will not lead to arrest or prosecution, but arrests and prosecutions will take place if offences or disorder occurs when the individual is challenged.
What it will lead to, however, is an increase in the number of people who will be refused travel - as those who are obviously drunk or who try to 'smuggle' drink onto the train will be refused travel.
We do not expect there to be any increase in the number of dry trains as a result of our new approach.
The BTP have promised to inform the FSF of every BTP-requested dry train (some of are enforced by the rail companies rather than BTP). Keep an eye on the FSF Facebook page and Twitter @The_FSF for updates.
Thanks to alli_cat for the image reproduced under CC license.


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7thSpace
he properties of quantum states of light are already leveraged by such highly sophisticated leading-edge technologies as those of the latest sensitivity upgrades to LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, deployed to detect gravitational waves since September 2015, or the encryption keys used for satellite on-board security.
"We show that oscillators based on these atomic amplifiers can generate intense beams of light with quantum correlations," Marcelo Martinelli (https://bv.fapesp.br/en/pesquisador/8144/marcelo-martinelli), a researcher in the University of São Paulo's Physics Institute (IF-USP), told. Martinelli is a co-author of an article published (https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.083601) in Physical Review Letters describing the main results to date of a Thematic Project for which he is the principal investigator and which is supported by São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (https://bv.fapesp.br/en/auxilios/92229/exploring-quantum-information-with-atoms-crystals-and-chips/).
Both crystals and atomic vapors can be used to produce quantum correlated pairs of light beams. Investigating the behavior of these sources is a challenge. The behavior of light below a certain level of power resembles that of the light produced by a bulb. Above a certain threshold, its characteristics are similar to those of a laser. "It's as if the crystals or atomic vapor converted the light from a lamp into laser light. It's easier to investigate this transition in the atomic medium than the crystalline medium since more intense beams can be produced in an atomic medium," Martinelli said.
"This offered two advantages in comparison with the old crystal-based cavities - more quantum efficiency so that the number of photons supplied by the output window easily surpassed the number of photons lost to the environment, and a chance to investigate more subtle details of the transition between light with heterogeneous frequencies and the production of intense laser-like beams. It was as if we had opened a window on to the quantum dynamics of the phase transition," Martinelli said.
The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) is a public institution with the mission of supporting scientific research in all fields of knowledge by awarding scholarships, fellowships and grants to investigators linked with higher education and research institutions in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. FAPESP is aware that the very best research can only be done by working with the best researchers internationally. Therefore, it has established partnerships with funding agencies, higher education, private companies, and research organizations in other countries known for the quality of their research and has been encouraging scientists funded by its grants to further develop their international collaboration. You can learn more about FAPESP at http://www.fapesp.br/en and visit FAPESP news agency at http://www.agencia.fapesp.br/en to keep updated with the latest scientific breakthroughs FAPESP helps achieve through its many programs, awards and research center
Fonte: http://7thspace.com/headlines/1370292/research_produces_intense_light_beams_with_quantum_correlations.html
Phys.Org (Reino Unido) Scienmag Science Magazine (Reino Unido) Science Codex Bioengineer (Reino Unido) Xsjk (China) Optics Journal (China)


Record high October temperatures were measured on Sunday in Paris and western France, as an autumn heatwave sent the mercury soaring above 27 degrees Celsius, the French weather service said.
A temperature of 28.8 degrees C (83.8 degrees Fahrenheit) was registered in Paris, surpassing the previous record of 28.4 C measured in October 1921.
In Rennes in the west of France, the mercury rose to 27.4 C, beating the 1946 record of 27.3 C, and in Ploumanach to 30 C from 26 C in 1959, Meteo France official Michel Daloz told AFP.
Across the English Channel, the record for Britain's hottest October day was broken Saturday as temperatures reached 29.9 degrees Celsius in Gravesend, southeastern England, the Met Office said.
The Netherlands also measured its hottest-ever first day of October on Saturday with temperatures reaching 26 degrees Celsius at its central meteorological hub.
"The situation is mainly the result of a high pressure system over eastern Europe from Poland to France, the south of England and the Mediterranean Basin," said Daloz.
The unseasonably warm weather should last until Monday, followed by the first clouds arriving Tuesday from the west.


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Posted inHORSES
The Story of Barrel Racing Legend, Martha Josey
No obstacles are too great for this remarkable cowgirl.
by Emily Fought October 5, 2018 May 22, 2020
The incredible story of Martha Josey isn't one you want to miss! This barrel racing legend changed rodeo history. She's a professional barrel racer with numerous titles from the National Finals Rodeo, Women's Professional Rodeo Association, and National Barrel Horse Association. From a near career-ending accident to world titles, her story is filled with adventure, loss, and a lot of cowgirl determination.
Early in life, Martha had a love for horses. Her father was one of the first directors for the American Quarter Horse Association. He died when she was only 10 years old. Fortunately, her mother kept one of the family's horses, CeBe Reed. While in her teens, she became inspired to turn this gelding into a barrel racing horse.
Together, CeBe Reed and Martha had 52 consecutive wins. They competed in the National Finals Rodeo and earned $3,421 in prize money in 1969. She claims this horse allowed her to go pro and quit her day job.
In 1988, Martha suffered a serious accident while at a rodeo in Austin, Texas. She had two skull fractures, a broken pelvis, a punctured lung, and broken ribs. Doctors didn't think she'd ever walk again. Not only did she prove them wrong, but she continued competing professionally.
Martha and her husband reside in Texas on Josey Ranch. They train and market barrel racing and roping horses. She claims to have assisted over 80,000 students in clinics and ranch competitions. Martha also has written books, recorded several videos, and has been featured in magazines.
Watch her story by Purina Mills:
Vera McGinnis: The Most Daring Cowgirl Who Ever Rode The West
Steel Can Jockey: Tana Poppino
Read More of
Long Live Cowgirls
We Are In Love With Classic Equine's New Black Leopard Pattern
Simple Exercises For Strengthening Your Horse's Back
Inspiring Cowgirl: Amberley Snyder
Star-studded Class Inducted Into ProRodeo Hall Of Fame
Meet The Five Cowgirls Headed To Their First Wrangler NFR
Tagged: barrel racing, barrels, career, cowgirl, history, horses, inspiring, Marta Josey, professional, Purina Mills, story, video, watch, YouTube


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What do Sydney's grid constraints mean for new developments?


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Home > BJMLSPA > JOURNALS > RBJPA > Vol. 5 (2016) > Iss. 1
Stand Your Ground in Florida: The Effect of Race, Location and Weapons on Convictions
Kevin M. Wagner, Florida Atlantic University
Dukhong Kim, Florida Atlantic University
Jeremy C. Hagler, Florida Atlantic University
The implications of laws allowing citizens to respond with deadly force when they believe they are threatened is the subject of significant conjecture in the media and scholarship. The adoption of "Stand Your Ground" laws has increased across the nation despite little data or findings that attempt to capture the ramifications of enacting this policy. This research explores the effect of the "Stand Your Ground" legal defense on criminal convictions in Florida. After exploring the historic assumptions and motivations behind the adoption and use of the Stand Your Ground law in Florida, we use data gathered from local newspapers, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement and the national census to assess the impact of the new law on self-defense convictions in Florida. We test some of the claims made by the media and political pundits regarding how the law is used and how effective a defense it has been in Florida. Our data has over 200 "Stand Your Ground" cases in 28 counties in Florida. Our analysis shows two significant factors weighing on the success or failure of the use of the law to defend a charge in a criminal case. Initially, we find that race is a significant predictor of success. When the victim is a minority, the perpetrator is less likely to be convicted when using the "Stand Your Ground" defense in Florida. White victims lead to a higher likelihood of conviction. At the county level, the importance of race is evident as well. In counties with higher minority populations, there is a higher probability of conviction under the "Stand Your Ground" defense. Secondarily, we found a significant predictor relating to the use of firearms. A perpetrator is less likely to be convicted when using a gun rather than a knife or other weapon. Shoot, but don't stab! In Florida, if you stand your ground, then who you are, where you are, and how you defend yourself are important factors. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Wagner, Kevin M.; Kim, Dukhong; and Hagler, Jeremy C. (2016) "Stand Your Ground in Florida: The Effect of Race, Location and Weapons on Convictions," Ralph Bunche Journal of Public Affairs: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 2.
Available at: https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/rbjpa/vol5/iss1/2
Environmental Policy Commons, Other Political Science Commons, Public Affairs Commons, Urban Studies Commons, Urban Studies and Planning Commons
All Issues Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Vol. 5, Iss. 1 Vol. 4, Iss. 1 Vol. 3, Iss. 1 Vol. 2, Iss. 1 Vol. 1, Iss. 1


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Q: Como executar uma função javascript no fechamento do browser? Estou desenvolvendo uma aplicação web e preciso executar uma função quando o cliente clicar no X do browser ou simplesmente fecha-lo.
Para ser mais especifico preciso executar uma chamada ajax nesse fechamento.
Existe alguma forma de se fazer isso?

A: Não é possível distinguir entre o usuário clicar no CLOSE do navegador, quando ele fecha a aba ou quando ele sai do seu site através de um link, mas, felizmente, é possível detectar quando um destes eventos acontecem, e é através dos eventos onunload e onbeforeunload.

*

*onunload: executado em concorrência com o fechamento do browser. Pode ser ruim em navegadores como o IE, pois algumas vezes ele simplesmente ignora o javascript que você quiser executar ao mesmo tempo.

*onbeforeunload (recomendado): executado antes do browser iniciar seu fechamento. É mais recomendado pois o seu JS pode ser executado antes, e evita alguns problemas com IE.
Recomendo o uso com jQuery, pois você já trata possíveis diferenças entre os browsers:
http://api.jquery.com/unload/


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UK voters believe economic damage is price worth paying to get their way on Brexit
Greater number of Leave voters willing to risk their own or family members' jobs than those unwilling, poll finds.
A man finishes his pint as he stands in front of a large British flag in the 'Bar None' pub on July 26, 2017 in Benalmadena, Spain | Leon Neal/Getty Images
By Saim Saeed
August 1, 2017 4:25 pm CET
Three out of five Brexiteers and one in three Remainers would be happy if the British economy sustains "significant damage" in order to be proven right on Brexit, according to a YouGov poll published Tuesday.
According to the poll — which surveyed 2,043 Leave and 2,248 Remain voters between July 12-19 — 61 percent of Leavers think "significant damage" to the British economy is "a price worth paying for bringing Britain out of the European Union." Only 20 percent of Leave voters said damaging the economy was too high a price for Brexit. About 19 percent said they didn't know.
Results were different when Leave voters were asked if they personally were willing to endure economic hardship as consequence of Brexit. About 39 percent said they are happy to risk their own or their family members' jobs to take the U.K. out of the EU, while 38 percent said they would not risk their jobs.
On the Remain side, 34 percent of respondents said they would consider significant damage to the economy to be a price worth paying to keep the U.K. in the EU. About 38 percent said they would not consider damage to the economy, and 27 percent said they didn't know.
Among the Remainers, almost a fifth of respondents said significant damage to the British economy was worth teaching Brexiteers a lesson, compared to 64 percent who said it was not.
The prospect of potential negative consequences for the British economy as a result of the Brexit process has created divisions within British Prime Minister Theresa May's cabinet. Chancellor Philip Hammond, who voted Remain in last year's Brexit referendum, called for a transition period to help the U.K. adapt to its new economic reality once it formally leaves the EU in 2019, while hard Brexiteers like International Trade Secretary Liam Fox have rejected any notion of a transitional deal on free movement post-Brexit.
UK could lose 40,000 banking jobs after Brexit: report
By Zoya Sheftalovich
More from ... Saim Saeed
Babiš plays on fears of war with Russia in long-shot Czech presidency bid
Brexit British politics Economic performance EU referendum National Politics Poll
Liam Fox Philip Hammond Theresa May


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Renal Artery Embolism: Prospective Study of 41 Patients Based on a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Algorithm
Joan Fort1, *, Alfons Segarra11, Manel Matas2, Antonio Segarra3, Joaquim Camps1
1 Department of Nephrology
2 Department of Vascular Surgery and
3 Department of Interventional Angiography., Hospital General Universitari Vall dHebron., Universitat Autnoma., Barcelona., Spain
First Page: 9
Publisher Id: TOUNJ-1-9
Revision Received Date: 7/2/2008
Electronic publication date: 21/2/2008
Full-Text HTML Views: 983
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
open-access license: This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Nephrology., Hospital General Universitari Vall d'Hebron., Universitat Autónoma., Pº Vall D'Hebron 119-129., 08035., Barcelona., Spain, Tel: +34934893000., Ext. 6476, Fax: + 34 932746204, E-mail: 9159jfr@comb.es
Renal artery embolism (RAE) is an underdiagnosed condition leading to acute renal failure in patients with a single functioning kidney. We prospectively studied 41 patients according to a previously validated algorithm based on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) determination., which enables us to identify RAE patients and allocate them to a different protocolled treatment.
The most frequent symptom was atypical low back pain. Atrial fibrillation was present in 65.8% of patients. The most frequent site of the embolism was the main renal artery of a single kidney. Surgery was performed in 13 patients., fibrino-lytic treatment in 17 and anticoagulation in 11. Mean LDH levels were 1690 ± 1108 U/L. Oliguria was present in 15 pa-tients. Hemodialysis requirements were not different between patients with main RAE or intrarenal embolism., or according to treatment group.
Our results indicate that the use of a diagnostic algorithm based on LDH values is useful for identifying RAE patients. Further randomized trials are needed to compare results on treatment.
Keywords : Nephroureterectomy, laparoscopic, oncologic outcomes.
View Abstract Download PDF Download ePub
Renal artery embolism (RAE) involves diagnostic and therapeutic problems that still remain unresolved. First, post mortem studies have shown that RAE is an underdiagnosed pathology [1]. It is suspected in patients with low back pain, which may or may not be associated with renal failure, and certain risk factors, such as emboligenic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, or aortic atheromatosis [2]. Nevertheless, when the clinical presentation is atypical and there are no evident associated risk factors at the time of the acute episode, the embolism can remain undetected if the diagnosis is not considered systematically.
Second, the appropriate type of treatment for each situation is controversial. Since the publication of the first reference to renal embolic disease in the related literature [3] several case series have been reported in descriptive, mainly retrospective studies, in which the patients are treated without predefined criteria [4-8]. No data are available from prospective studies in which patients are treated according to the same criteria.
The present study describes the clinical application of a previously validated diagnostic algorithm for renal artery embolism and the long-term follow-up of a prospective cohort of patients with this condition, treated according to a single therapeutic protocol.
Materials and Methodology
During the period of April 1992 to April 2004, a prospective follow-up was performed in all patients diagnosed with RAE in the emergency room of a third-level referral hospital with a catchment population of approximately 500.000 inhabitants. The diagnosis of RAE was made according to a previously validated algorithm by our group based on emergency lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) determination and the presence of clinical risk factors [9] (Fig. 1). In all cases, the diagnosis of renal embolism was confirmed by CT angiography and/or selective renal arteriography.
Fig. (1).
Diagnostic algorithm by LDH determination.
All patients underwent electrocardiography and transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography to determine the origin of the embolism and to rule out the presence of valvular disease and dilated myocardial disease.
After the diagnosis had been established, all patients were allocated to one of the following treatment groups according to the location of the embolism and whether or not there was a single functioning kidney (Fig. 2).
Therapeutic protocol. ARF: acute renal failure.
1. Surgical Embolectomy
Patients with embolism of the main renal artery without major contraindications for surgery.
The surgical procedure consisted in renal artery arteriotomy without clamping of the aorta, followed by embolectomy with assessment of retrograde flow and intra-arterial administration of a bolus of 300.000 units of urokinase (UK) in saline solution.
Contraindications for surgical embolectomy:
More than 85 years of age.
Hemodynamic instability or circulatory shock with a mean arterial tension less than 100 mmHg.
Severe heart failure, NYHA functional class III-IV
Coagulation alterations; thrombopenia, less than 50.000 platelets per x10E9/L.
Contraindication for anesthesia as assessed by the anesthesiologist, and severe respiratory failure.
2. Fibrinolytic Agents
Fibrinolytic treatment was indicated in patients with a single kidney, intrarenal embolisms and no contraindications for systemic fibrinolysis, and in patients with embolism of the main renal artery (with or without concomitant intrarenal embolisms) and contraindications for surgery.
Patients were administered an intra-arterial bolus of 250.000 units of UK through a catheter placed in the main renal artery, followed by perfusion of 1000 U/Kg weight/hour of UK for 24 hours. If images of thrombosis persisted at the 24-hour radiological control, the fibrinolytic perfusion was maintained an additional 24 hours. If the thrombus had lysed, the catheter was removed and sodium heparin was given for 24 hours by perfusion pump.
Contraindications for fibrinolytic treatment (The exclusion criteria for fibrinolytic therapy are those described in the Consensus and Development Conference of 1980):
Absolute contraindication: active hemorrhage, recent cerebral vascular accident or active intracranial process.
Major relative contraindication: major surgery, postpartum, recent puncture biopsy of any organ, recent gastrointestinal bleeding or severe arterial hypertension.
Minor relative contraindication: recent cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers, presence of left heart mural thrombi, bacterial endocarditis, more than 75 years of age and hemorrhagic retinopaty.
3. Anticoagulation Treatment
Group 1: Patients with two kidneys, unilateral renal embolism, and normal renal function.
Group 2: Patients with contraindications for surgery and fibrinolytic treatment.
These cases were treated according to non-interventional criteria and received a prophylactic anticoagulation regimen to prevent future embolisms.
Outcome Assessment
The results obtained were evaluated from two perspectives:
Clinical outcome-defined by evidence of improved renal function, as assessed by glomerular filtration in the affected kidney, which was measured by Tc-99m-DTPA isotopic renography at 8 weeks after revascularization.
Technical outcome-defined as revascularization of the renal arteries, as determined by selective renal arteriography or CT angiography.
Student t-test was used to compare two means and analysis of variance followed by Student t-test with the Bonferroni correction for repeated comparison was used to compare more than two means. Dependence between quantitative variables was assessed by Pearson correlation test.
A total of 41 cases of RAE were diagnosed over the study period. The main demographic and clinical data of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The most frequent reason for the initial consultation (85.3%) was atypical low back pain, accompanied by non-specific abdominal pain in 11 patients and macroscopic hematuria in 3 patients. The mean interval between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis were 84 hours. Sixteen patients (39%) had gone to the emergency room of other centers on one or more occasions over the days prior to the diagnosis because of low back pain (n= 6) or abdominal pain (n=10). The most frequent origin of the embolism was the atrium in 29 patients (70.7%), followed by a valvular origin, aneurysm, ventricular thrombosis and renal artery thrombosis in 1 patient each (2.4% each), and an indeterminate location in 8 (19.5O%). Atrial fibrillation was present in 29 patients (70,1%) From these, only 31% of patients were under anticoagulant treatment at the time of the embolic episode. The location of the embolism is summarized in Table 2. The most frequent site was in the main renal artery in patients with a solitary kidney of a single kidney (46.6%). Previous embolic episodes of different localizations were reported in 10 patients (22%) Mean levels of LDH were 1690 U/L, being higher than 600 U/L in all patients. Mean serum creatinine levels were 353,6 μmol/l. Oliguria was detected in 15 patients (35,6%). Of these 39% had a solitary functioning kidney.
Clinical and Laboratory Variables
66±14
Gender 41
21 women
20 men
History valvular disease 21/41 44%
Low back pain 35/41 85%
Atrial fibrillation ( AF) 29/41 70.7%
Anticoagulation in patients with AF 9/31 29%
Prior embolisms 10/41 22%
Time between symptoms and diagnosis 84±78 hours
Patients with oliguria 15/41 32%
Creatinine mmol/l 353.6±265.2
LDH U/L
LDH >600 U/L + diagnostic Arteriography 1690±1108
AF: Atrial fibrillation.
Location of Embolism
Main renal artery unilateral 46.6% 19
Intrarenal artery unilateral 22.2% 9
Main renal artery bilateral 4.9% 2
Intrarenal artery bilateral 2.4% 1
Main renal + intrarenal artery unilateral 14.4% 6
Main renal + intrarenal artery bilateral 7.1% 3
Main renal + intrarenal artery contralateral 2.4% 1
Surgery was performed in 13 patients, fibrinolytic treatment in 17, and anticoagulation in 11 patients.
Fig. (3), Fig. (4), Fig. (5), Fig. (6), show images before and after systemic fibrinolytic treatment of two different patients, one suffering from partial emboli occlusion of main renal artery and the other, multiple segmentary intrarenal emboli.
Selective arteriography of a right renal artery showing partially emboli occlusion at bifurcation of the main renal artery.
Total emboli lysis after 24 hours of systemic fibrinolytic treatment.
Left selective renal arteriography showing multiple segmentary intrarenal emboli.
Emboli lysis after fibrinolytic treatment with partial recuperation of perfusion of the parenchyma.
The clinical characteristics of the patients, as well as the technical results, clinical outcome, complications and mortality in each group are shown in Table 3. The group of patients treated with anticoagulation included 2 patients in whom the embolism occurred in the acute phase of a myocardial infarction and 3 patients in whom it occurred as a complication of dilated myocardial disease with poor systolic function. The presence of mitral valvular disease was significantly more frequent in the surgical and fibrinolytic groups as compared to the anticoagulation group. The incidence of complete arrhythmia due to atrial fibrillation at the time of the embolism episode was similar in the three groups (P=.12).
Treatment Outcome., Complications and Mortality
U/L
Valvul
mmol/l
Technical Results
Hemato
Hemorr
Surgery 13 67.9 ± 12 1900 ± 847 15% 10
(77%) 61% 424.32 ± 150.28 5
(38.4%) 13 (100%) 3
(23%) 1
Fibrinol 17 63.1 ± 14 1513 ± 1074 31% 12
(70%) 56% 344.76 ± 89.28 12
(70%) 15 (75%) 3
(17.4%) 0 0 0
Anticoag 11 67.6 ± 15 1640 ± 640 18% 5
(45%) 9% 335.92 ± 247.52 2
(18%) 6 (54%) 0 5
(45.4%) 0 4
LDH : Lactate Dehydrogenase at the time of the diagnosis, Hist emb: history of confirmed episode of renal embolism or embolism at another site, AF: evidence of atrial fibrillation at the time of the diagnosis, Valvul: Known valvular disease at the time of the diagnosis, Creat: Creatinine concentration at the time of the diagnosis, Clinical results: vascularization according to DTPA, Technical results: evidence of revascularization of the arterial territory dependent on the occluded artery. Hemato: hematoma. Hemorr: Hemorrhage
Ten of the 27 patients with embolism of the main renal artery (37.03%) versus 3/14 (21.4%) patients with intrarenal embolism required hemodialysis treatment during the acute phase (P=.68). By treatment group, 8/13 (46.5%) patients in the surgical group, 2 /17 (13.3%) in the fibrinolytic group and 3/11 (27.3%) in the anticoagulation group required hemodialysis during the acute phase of embolism (P=.12). Finally, among these patients renal function did not recovered in eight patients, which required permanent renal replacement therapy.
The frequency and type of complication, and the mortality observed in each group are described in Table 3. The complications were qualitatively different in the various groups, but there were no significant differences as to frequency: surgical embolectomy (n=9; 69.2%) versus fibrinolytic therapy (n=3; 17.6%) and anticoagulation (n=5; 45.4%) (P=.6).
All the bleeding complications observed (n=6; 14.6%) occurred in patients with embolism of the main renal artery. Three cases involved postoperative bleeding and 3 others were associated with intra-arterial fibrinolytic treatment lasting more than 48 hours because patency had not been documented on radiologic monitoring at 24 and 36 hours.
Overall mortality was 14.6%, 2 patients in the surgical group (15.4%) and 6 patients in the anticoagulation group (36.4%). The causes of death were sepsis (n=3), massive mesenteric embolism (n=1) and multiorgan failure (n=2).
This study is the first to describe the clinical experience of a large prospective series of patients with renal artery embolism, diagnosed with a previously validated algorithm and treated in a protocolled manner according to established criteria. The clinical data regarding the presence of risk factors for embolism, characteristics of the acute episode, and location of the emboli were similar to the reported data for another series [6,8], with the exception of the origin of the emboli. Our series had a higher percentage of atrial origin, which may be attributable to the fact that transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography were used to investigate the origin of the embolus in all cases. Our data are also in keeping with the recently reported underuse of anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation [10].
The first finding of interest from the present study is the confirmation that systematic determination of serum LDH levels in patients consulting for atypical low back or abdominal pain is highly useful clinically, even when there are no evident emboligenic risk factors. Elevated serum LDH concentration has been described as a sensitive marker of tissue infarction [9,11] (acute myocardial infarction, renal infarction pulmonary embolism). Nevertheless, it is not a specific marker because increases also occur in various situations involving cellular lesion, such as hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis and acute hepatitis. In renal infarction, LDH concentration reaches maximum levels a few hours after the acute episode and then follows a decreasing curve, remaining elevated during 3 to 7 days [12]. The maximum LDH value depends on the size of the renal infarction and the time since onset; hence, it is difficult to define the LDH concentration with the greatest sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of renal embolism. Very high values can lead to numerous false-negatives results and low values to false-positives [9,11]. In a previous study carried out by our group [9] in order to validate an algorithm based on emergency LDH determination and presence of clinical risk factors for RAE, we observed that the cut-off value for LDH with the highest sensitivity and specificity for screening purposes was >600 U/L. Even though this value is clearly lower than that observed in the acute phase of renal embolism, it has some important advantages. When it is associated with atypical abdominal or low back pain, few false-positive results are produced, and it allows identification of patients in a later phase when LDH levels are decreasing, as well as patients who experience smaller infarctions. It is important to note that an elevated percentage of patients included in the present study had been seen for atypical low back or abdominal pain once or several times in other centers during the same episode. In these cases, the use of a routine algorithm in the emergency room led to the diagnosis of RAE even after a lengthy delay. This delay also explains why the mean time between the onset of symptoms and the start of a therapeutic intervention was so long in our series.
The second relevant aspect of our study refers to the analysis of treatment outcome. Currently, there is no agreement as to the optimum treatment [13,14]. The reported therapeutic interventions are difficult to assess because most of the studies are retrospective and there are no controlled trials comparing the various available options [4,6-8]. In intrarenal embolism there is no consensus regarding the indications, dose and duration of fibrinolytic treatment, and in main renal artery embolism, some authors suggest surgical embolectomy [15], whereas others have described favorable results with local fibrinolytic treatment [16,17].
Even though we used essentially arbitrary predetermined criteria to establish each of the treatment indications, the present study has the advantage that all the patients included were treated according to the same protocol; hence, the outcome achieved with each of the therapeutic interventions could be analyzed in a more homogeneous manner. On the other hand, we recognize its limitations in that it is an uncontrolled study and consequently no definitive conclusions regarding different treatment options can be reached.
In the cases of embolism of the main renal artery, revascularization was achieved in all the patients who underwent surgical embolectomy, whereas only partial revascularization was attained in 2 of the 4 patients treated with local fibrinolytics because of contraindications for surgery. In these 4 patients, fibrinolytic perfusion had to be maintained for more than 48 hours because a favorable response had not been achieved at 24 or 36 hours, and in 3 patients the therapy was discontinued because bleeding complications had developed. In the light of these results, we believe that embolectomy should be the treatment of choice in patients with embolism of the main renal artery with a solitary functioning kidney and no surgical contraindications because it provides a better technical outcome and shortens the period of renal ischemia. Successful revascularizations have been described in patients with a prolonged time of embolism [18, 19]. This is attributed to partial irrigation of the renal parenchyma by collateral circulation (ureteral, suprarenal or perirenal arteries) or the fact that the occlusion was not complete. When renal flow is re-established in the absence of massive infarction, renal function can improve once the concomitant tubular failure has resolved. For this reason it is difficult to establish a maximum period of time after which surgery is not recommendable.
Local perfusion of fibrinolytics is being used with increasing frequency and has yielded satisfactory results. Although some authors have suggested that fibrinolytic treatment should be used as the first treatment of choice in all cases of renal embolism [4], there is no consensus as to the indications or the duration of this therapy. In our experience with the local fibrinolysis regimen utilized, technical revascularization was achieved in all patients with intrarenal embolism in less than 36 hours and without evidence of bleeding complications. Therefore, it can be concluded that for patients with intrarenal embolism and no absolute contraindications, this therapy is effective and safe, and is likely to be preferable to conservative treatment with anticoagulation, since it is associated with a better technical outcome and no increase in mortality.
Systemic anticoagulation has been widely applied to treat RAE. Although its use as an effective measure for thrombus lysis is formally questionable, it allows physiological fibrinolysis and prevents subsequent embolic episodes [20]. Thus, we believe it should be used in all patients with contraindications for the other treatment options, but not for anticoagulation.
Definite mortality rates for each type of treatment are not available in the literature; however, the overall mortality observed in our series is within the values described by other authors [4]. Because of their elevated comorbidity, mortality was higher in the group of patients who could not undergo surgery or fibrinolytic therapy, as compared to the remaining patients.
Other published studies all include a small number of patients ranging from 11 cases [7], 17 cases [4, 6], and the most recent, 44 cases [8], all of a retrospective nature in which the clinical background of patients is analysed, the RAE diagnosis appearing in these patients' discharge report or in diagnosis made through necropsic findings. Hazanov's study [8], the most comprehensive of the four, published in 2004 in Medicine, with 44 cases studied retrospectively, also contains a thorough review of the other three studies mentioned. It should be pointed out that there are many other publications about isolated cases, both descriptive as well as on aspects of treatment by surgery, with fibrinolytics or with anticoagulants, but being isolated cases or at most describing two or three patients, no conclusions can be reached [13,21-27]. When we compare the characteristics of patients with RAE in our prospective study with the other four retrospective studies and the total 130 patients (Table 4), we can establish that the age is similar in all of them, with an average age of 65.8, with a slight predominance of prevalence in women and 23-24% of patients with previous episodes of embolism. Lumbar pain is common in all patients (89.2%) with no differences between the studies. Renal insufficiency, defined by creatinine equal to or above 132,6 μmol/l was found in 50.7% of all patients. The percentage of patients with renal insufficiency in our study was similar to that of Hazanov [8], with Lessman's study [4] showing a greater percentage of patients with oliguria and/or renal insufficiency. We found a greater percentage of patients with oliguria, probably resulting from the large number of patients with a single functioning kidney in our study. Regarding LDH figures we found a high level in all our patients in our study since it was a prospective study based on diagnosis by means of an increase in LDH. However, the other studies also showed an increase in 90.6% of patients, which reinforces the usefulness of LDH in diagnosing RAE. Our study, together with that of Lessman [4], was the one that showed the greatest number of patients with end-stage chronic renal disease, with the total average of all studies being 13%. Mortality in our study was similar to that of the other studies, on the whole around 11.6%. Mention should be made of the greater percentage of mortality in Lessman's study [4] and the absence of mortality in the studies by Domanovits [6] and Korzets [7] (Table 4).
Demographic., Clinical., Analytical Data and Patients' Evolution from the Main Studies
Male/
mmol/l >132.6
U/L >400
>48h
ESRD
Lessman 1978 17 58 12/5 4 13 9 15 14 12 4
23.5% 4
Domanovits 1999 17 68 8/9 6 17 2 6 14 4 0 0
Korzets 2002 11 67.4 5/5 3 10 0 3 9 7 1
Hazanov 2004 44 69.5 22/23 7 41 3 23 41 19 3
7.8% 5
Fort 2007 41 66.2 15/26 10 35 15 19 41 30 8
Total 130 65.8 62/68 30 116 29 66 119 72 16
13% 15
Pat: Patients. Prev embo: previous embolisms. Olig: oliguria. Creat: creatinine. Diag: diagnosis. ESRD: end stage renal disease.
The data from our cohort confirms that the use of a diagnostic algorithm based on serum LDH levels determined on an emergency basis is useful for identifying renal embolism patients who present an atypical clinical picture.
Despite the obvious limitations of an uncontrolled study, we believe that until randomized clinical trials are available comparing the results of embolectomy versus fibrinolysis in main renal artery embolism and local fibrinolysis versus systemic anticoagulation in intrarenal embolism, we suggest surgical embolectomy for patients with main renal artery embolism and no surgical contraindications, since it can provide the best technical outcome in the shortest time possible. In the case of intrarenal embolism, we believe that the indication for local fibrinolysis or anticoagulation should be determined by the extent of the embolism and the severity of renal failure. In patients with a single kidney or multiple intrarenal embolisms, local fibrinolytic treatment is likely to shorten the duration of renal ischemia and preserve renal parenchyma; hence it should be the treatment of choice in this population. In cases of unilateral intrarenal embolism without compromise of renal function, the choice of treatment is complex, since the risk associated with intrarenal perfusion of fibrinolytics may surpass the potential benefit obtained with revascularization.
RAE	=	 Renal Artery Embolism
LDH	=	 Lactate Dehydrogenase
CT angiography	=	 Computed Tomography
[1] Hoxie HJ, Coggin CB. Renal infarction Statistical study of two hundred and five cases and detailed report of an unusual case Arch Int Med 1940; 65: 587-94.
[2] Gleen JF, Boyce WH, Kaufman JJ. Salvat Inc Cirugía Urológica Barcelona 1986; 297.
[3] Traube L. Uber deu Zusammenhaug von Herz und Nierenkrankheit Berlin A Hirschwald 1856; 77
[4] Lessman RK, Johnson SF, Coburn JW, et al. Renal artery embolism: clinical features and long-term follow-up of 17 cases Ann Inter Med 1978; 89: 477- 82.
[5] Fort J, Segarra A, Camps J, et al. Embolismo de arteria renal como causa de fracaso renal agudo Diagn stico factores pron sticos y tratamiento Nefrologia 1992; 12((Suppl 4)): S194-8.
[6] Domanovits II, Paulis M, Nifkardjam M, et al. Acute renal infarction Clinical characteristics of 17 patients Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78: 386-94.
[7] Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, et al. The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction Isr Med Assoc J 2002; 4: 781-4.
[8] Hazanov N, Somin M, Attali M, et al. Acute renal embolism forty-four cases of renal infarction in patients with atrial fibrillation Medicine (Baltimore) 2004; 83(5): 292-9.
[9] Fort J, Segarra A, Camps J, et al. Diagnóstico precoz del embolismo de arteria renal mediante determinación de lacto deshidrogenasa en urgencias de un gran hospital Nefrologia 1998; 18((Suppl 3)): S26.
[10] Hart RG. Atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention N Engl J Med 2003; 3459: 1015-6.
[11] Winzelberg CG, Hull JP, Agar JW, et al. Elevation of serum Lactate Dehydrogenase levels in renal infarction JAMA 1979; 242: 268-9.
[12] Gault MH, Steiner G. Serum and urinary enzim activity after renal infarction Arch Intern Med 1972; 129: 958.
[13] Gasparini M, Hofmann R, Stoller M. Renal artery embolism: clinical features and therapeutic options J Urol 1992; 147: 567-72.
[14] Lacombe M. Surgical versus medical treatment of renal artery embolism J Cardiovas Surg 1977; 18: 281.
[15] Boutier S, Valverde JP, Lacombe M, et al. Renal artery emboli the role of surgical treatment Ann Vasc Surg 1988; 2: 161-8.
[16] Blum U, Billman P, Krause T, et al. Effect of local low-dose thrombolysis on clinical outcome in patients with acute embolic renal artery occlusion Radiology 1993; 189: 549.
[17] Rouviere O, Berger P, Beziat C, et al. Acute thrombosis of renal transplant artery: graft salvage by means of intra-arterial fibrinolysis Transplantation 2002; 73: 403.
[18] Perkins RP, Jacobsen DS, Feder FP, et al. Retourn of renal function after late embolectomy. Report of a case. N Engl J Med 1967; 276: 1194.
[19] Fort J, Camps J, Ruíz P, et al. Renal artery embolism successfully revascularized by surgery after 5 days' anuria Is it never too late Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 1843-5.
[20] Moyer JD, Rao CN, Widrich WC, et al. Conservative management of renal artery embolus J Urol 1973; 109: 138.
[21] Gutiérrez A, García M, González de Garay M, et al. Fibrinolisis local en el embolismo de arteria renal An Med Interna 1999; 16: 253-5.
[22] Boyer L, Ravel A, De Fraissinette B, et al. Recanalisation percutanée d'artères rénales occluses J Mal Vasc 2000; 25: 377-81.
[23] Cheng KL, Tseng SS, Tarng DC. Acute renal failure caused by unilateral renal artery thromboembolism Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 833-55.
[24] Rossique P, Moreno MJ, Martínez FJ, et al. Fibrinólisis local y angioplastia transluminal en embolismo de la arteria renal Med Clin 1988; 91: 267-9.
[25] Marrón B, Ubeda I, Gallego J, et al. Functional renal recovery after spontaneous renal embolization in a sole kidney Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: 2417-9.
[26] Morris D, Kisly A, Stoyka CG, et al. Spontaneous bilateral renal artery occlusion associated with chronic atrial fibrillation Clin Nephrol 1993; 39: 257-9.
[27] Nicholas GG, DeMuth WE. Treatment of renal artery embolism Arch Surg 1984; 119: 278-81.
Surgical Embolectomy
Anticoagulation Treatment


text:
FIA press conference schedule - Azerbaijan
Ferrari name the date for their 2022 car launch
Kimi Raikkonen - who fell one lap shy of a podium in Baku last year - is among the six drivers facing the press on Thursday - as are Stoffel Vandoorne and Esteban Ocon, both of whom will be racing on the Baku City Circuit for the first time this weekend. On Friday, meanwhile, it's the turn of the team bosses - including Sauber's Beat Zehnder...
The line-ups in full:
Thursday, June 22, 1500 hours local time (1100 GMT)
Part 1: Kimi Raïkkonen (Ferrari), Stoffel Vandoorne (McLaren), Daniil Kvyat (Toro Rosso)
Part 2: Valterri Bottas (Mercedes), Esteban Ocon (Force India), Romain Grosjean (Haas)
Friday, June 23, 1900 hours local time (1500 GMT)
Part 1: Eric Boullier (McLaren), Robert Fernley (Force India), Cyril Abiteboul (Renault)
Part 2: Jock Clear (Ferrari), Beat Zehnder (Sauber), Robert Smedley (Williams)
The qualifying and post-race conferences with the top three drivers will take place immediately after the respective sessions.
As always, Formula1.com will bring you full transcripts.
F1 Esports graduate Cem Bolukbasi secures Formula 2 drive for 2022
WATCH: Everything you need to know about the new 2022 F1 car
FIA confirm 'detailed analysis' of 2021 Abu Dhabi GP under way


text:
Sardar Dost Muhammad Mazari (born 15 August 1980) is a Pakistani politician who served as the Deputy Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab, from August 2018 to July 2022 before being removed via a motion of no confidence. He had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab from August 2018 till January 2023. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013.

Political career
He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-175 (Rajanpur-II) as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 78,427 votes and defeated Sardar Nasrullah Khan Dreshak.

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly from Constituency NA-175 (Rajanpur-II) as an independent candidate in 2013 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful. He received 73,885 votes and lost the seat to Hafeez Ur Rehman.

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) from Constituency PP-297 (Rajanpur-V) in 2018 Pakistani general election. Following his successful election, PTI named him for the office of Deputy Speaker of the Punjab Assembly. On 16 August 2018, he was elected as Deputy Speaker of the Punjab Assembly. He received 187 votes against his opponent Malik Muhammad Waris Kallu who secured 159 votes.

On 6 April 2022, a no confidence motion was filed against him by the his own party due to circumstances arising from the 2022 constitutional crisis in Punjab, Pakistan. The motion was tabled on 29 July 2022, which led to Mazari's removal by 186 votes.

References

1980 births
Living people
Dost
Baloch politicians
Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013
Punjab MPAs 2018–2023
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MPAs (Punjab)
Deputy Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab


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