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Cambridge University Press praises Sidney Loney
Most of Sidney Loney's books were published by Cambridge University Press and, as most publishers, they selected extracts from reviews to advertise the books. Below we give a number of these extracts. In each case we give the publication from which the review came but we do not give which of Loney's books it refers to nor the date of the review. We list these in alphabetical order of the publication:
1. Review by the Athenaeum.
This is one of the best and most complete treatises on elementary dynamics which have come before us for a long time. The principles of the subject are stated with great clearness, and the illustrative examples are very appropriate. We have been particularly struck with the manner in which the author combines perspicuity with brevity in his short chapter on "units and dimensions," a subject which, though apparently very simple, often presents considerable difficulties to a beginner. Special praise is also due to his chapter on the "hodograph" and "normal accelerations.
2. Review by the Cambridge Review.
Mr Loney may be congratulated on the production of a most valuable text-book, at once simple and complete. The earlier chapters on uniformly accelerated motion and the laws of motion are treated with extreme simplicity. ... A chapter of wrought-out examples clears up many difficulties which the beginner experiences in tackling problems, but which could scarcely be explained in the text. We are glad to see that the method of the hodograph is used in treating of normal acceleration, and that cycloidal motion is considered as a case of simple harmonic motion.
3. Review by the Educational Review.
The author has not made a special point of developing any one particular branch of the subject, but his work is of uniform character throughout, and, we may add, of uniformly good quality. ... The arrangement of sections is excellent; the attention is clearly directed to important points, and the style in which the book is produced may be fairly described as luxurious.
4. Review by the Glasgow Herald.
Students reading for the different examinations at Cambridge, for the London University Matriculation, and Intermediate Science, and for the Woolwich Entrance Examinations, will find a statement of the part of the book to be read on this subject. Mr Loney deserves much praise for the uniformly high standard he has shown in this his latest effort.
Mr Loney's text-book is sure to be widely used in the several mathematical classes where sound work is expected. The publisher's part of the work is also most admirably done.
6. Review by Nature.
It would be difficult to find a better introduction to Plane Trigonometry.
7. Review by the National Teacher (Ireland).
Seldom do such books come under the notice of the reviewer. For conciseness and clearness it has few compeers. It is deep without dullness; comprehensive without wearisomeness. It comes before us with a newness and freshness almost amounting to novelty.
8. Review by the Practical Teacher.
Among its numerous competitors it cannot fail to attain a deservedly high and popular position.
9. Review by the School Guardian.
It is a model of method, clearness, and accuracy; and the simplicity of its explanations, its numerous illustrative diagrams, and its large and varied collection of exercises and examples combine to render it especially suitable for the use of young pupils and private students. ... The typography of the volume is in every respect admirable.
10. Review by the Schoolmaster.
Mr Loney, using the soundest judgment in his choice of matter, presents it with inimitable brevity and clearness; the publishers, too, have vied with the author in their efforts to excel, and, as a result, the book is in every way worthy of commendation.
11. Review by the School Review.
The author has succeeded in his purpose to produce "a fairly complete elementary text-book on Plane Trigonometry." The faithful student of this treatise "will have little to unlearn when he commences to read treatises of a more difficult character." The style is clear and simple; even when it is diffuse, the author never hides his thoughts with words either large or small. It is a work that will well repay the reading.
12. Review by the Science And Art.
In the analytical part of the subject, considerable attention has been given to complex quantities, and the author is to be congratulated on the lucid way in which he has treated them. ... The book may be strongly recommended as a first-rate text-book.
13. Review by the Scotsman.
It expounds the subject with a skill and fullness which give evidence of a peculiar experience in teaching and of a special appreciation of the needs of students.
14. Review by the Speaker.
Mr Loney as a writer of elementary mathematical treatises maintains a high standard. His Elementary Dynamics is marked by its brevity and clearness and deserves its success. ... The Cambridge Press has every reason to be proud of its achievement.
15. Review by the University Correspondent.
It is well written and the chapters relating to the changes of sign and magnitude of trigonometrical ratios in different quadrants are especially deserving of praise.
JOC/EFR September 2018


We'll follow it up with our annual Resurrection Feast!
Everybody brings delicious food and drink to share and celebrate into the afternoon.
All welcome! No need to RSVP, just show up. If you are unsure about what food and drink would be helpful to bring, just ask.


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Home/POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS/Conflict Resolution And Amnesty Programme The Quest For Sustainable Development In The Niger Delta Of Nigeria
Conflict Resolution And Amnesty Programme The Quest For Sustainable Development In The Niger Delta Of Nigeria
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GROWTH INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN NIGERIA
POVERTY AND YOUTH RESTIVENESS IN NIGERIA: AN EVALUATION OF THE BOKO HARAM CRISIS
EXAMINATION OF THE EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT MADE BY MULTI-PARTY SYSTEM IN NIGERIA POLITICAL SPHERE
Format: Ms Word Document
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This issue of crisis is a global phenomenon but the method and approaches employed in managing and controlling the crisis at any given time is the points of significant which make the different, hence the peculiarity and important attached to any crisis situation depend largely on the publicity and consequence of the crisis.
This research work will attempt to examine the role of amnesty introduced by the federal government of Nigeria. However this research work is divided into four chapters in which chapter one is the introduction of the study, statement of the problem, chapter two is the literature review and theoretical frame work, while the chapter three is the dimensions of the conflict in the Niger Delta and chapter four is the assessment of Amnesty program in Niger Delta, summary and conclusion.
1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUNG
Virtually all the native races of Africa are represented in Nigeria, hence the great diversity of her people and culture. It was in Nigeria that the Bantu and Semi Bantu, migrating from southern and central Africa, intermingled with the Sudanese. Later, other groups such as Shuwa-Arabs, the Tuaregs, and the Fulani's, who are concentrated in the far north, entered northern Nigeria in migratory waves across the Sahara Desert. The earliest occupants of settled in the forest belt and in the Niger Delta region. Today there are estimated to be more than 250 ethnic groups in Nigeria. While no single group enjoys an absolute numeric majority, four major groups constitute 60% of the population, Hausa-Fulani in the North, Yoruba in the West, and Igbo in the east. Other groups include Kanuri, Binis, Ibibio, Ijaw, Itsekiri, Efik, Nupe, Tiv, and Jukun, Nigeria became an independent nation on Oct. 1, 1960, and a republic in 1963, with a federal structure and three regional governments based on the compass points of North, East, and West. A fourth region, the Midwest, was later added.
The country's political structure was increased to twelve states in 1967, to nineteen states in 1976, within Abuja as the new federal capital. Between 1987 & 1991, a total of eleven states were created and in 1996, six additional states were added, bringing the administrative structure of the federation to thirty-six states. Abuja, in 1976, was selected by the federal government to become the new seat of government, and in 1992, the first of four stages of this move to Abuja was launched with most of the senior government officials now in Abuja. Besides being the administrative seat of government, Abuja is a beautiful city surrounded by rolling hills, with sample mountaineering, potential. The Gwagwa Hills, Near Suleja, the Chukuku Hills, the Agwai Hills and the famous Zuma rocks are just some of the awe-inspiring manifestation of nature's beauty in the area. Bida is a lively town, famous for its bandicrafts and colorful market, and is the principal city of the Nupe people. Bida is famous for its glass beads, cloths, silver and brass work, its carved 8-legged stools made from a single piece of wood, and decorative pottery. Bida's market truly stands out as a traditional showcase of local commerce in Nigeria. Gurara falls is on the Gurara river in Niger State, on the road between Suleja and Minna. Particularly impressive during the rainy season, the falls span 200 meters across with a sheer drop of 30 meters, which creates a dazzling rainbow effect as the water cascades over the top into a cloud of spray below.
The Niger Delta, an area of dense mangrove rainforest in the southern tip of Nigeria has been a centre of violent conflict for some years now. The Nigeria government, like a doctor, has over 50 years tried to solve the problem in the region. During the colonial era the will link commission was set up following the agitation by the minority over what they saw as imbalance in political and economic structure of Nigeria. In 1962 the Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB) was set up to serve in advisory capacity and provide government with information that would lead to the alleviation of the plight of the area in conjunction with the development Act of 1960's and the Late 1980's. Nothing significant was done to solve the developmental problems of the Niger Delta. In 1989, the military government of General Ibrahim Babaginda, in an attempt to assuage the fear of the people of the Niger Delta, set up to the oil minerals production Areas Development Commission (OMPADC) but failed to actualize its objectives due to wastefulness and corruption. During the Obasanjo's administration, the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was established in 2000 with the sole mandate of developing the oil rich in Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria. Like (OMPADEC) a magnifying lens will be needed to see its performance.
This has made by federal Government to create a new ministry called the ministry of Niger Delta in 2008, to address the Niger Delta issue, in spite of the presence of these institutions, militant activities, violence and rebellion which portray a looming civil war have been the order of the day in the region. This has resulted in the military approach to ensuring peace in the area, using the joint military force (JTF). The military approach has not been successful in bringing peace to the region. In pursuance of the seven point Agenda, the federal government inaugurated a technical committee headed by Ledum Mittee on September 8, 2008 to distill the various reports, suggestions and recommendations. On the Niger Delta from the Willinks Commission Report of 1958 to the present and give summary of the recommendation. The militant commission was to come up with short medium and long term solutions to the problems in the Niger Delta and make any other recommendation that will help to achieve sustainable development, peace, human and environmental securing in the Niger Delta region. On December 1, 2008, the report was submitted to President Yar'Adua and the assured the nation that the crises in the region would be finally resolved. Following the report of this committee, the federal government is presently pursuing the policy of Amnesty for militants as solution to the Niger Delta Crisis. Since the efforts of the federal Government and multinational corporation to get the Niger Delta out of the shackles of underdevelopment violence and rebellion have been a mirage it becomes pertinent that a closer attention be given to the root causes of the problem.
The Amnesty programme which is one of the recommendations of the mittee committee report is based on the need to achieve sustainable development, peace, human and environmental security in the Niger-Delta region. This sentiment was expressed by the chairman of the Amnesty implementation panel, General Godwin Abbe (RTD) that the goal of the Amnesty programme is to achieve peace, reconciliation, reintegration, healing and sustainable development in the trouble region of Niger-Delta. The Niger-Delta has suffered various forms of hardships and injustee over the years resulting to violence and destruction of lives and properties. Amoda expressed the view that the amnesty approach to security, polities and conflict is a legal approach and asserts that amnesty is a general pardon of offence by government, a deliberate over looking of offences against a government. To pardon is to release the criminally culpable from the just punishment of the law, it is to cancel or not to exact punishment due for the offence committed. This is the nature of the relationship assumed by the government between it and the Niger Delta militants. The militants are pardoned instead of being punished. Based on this conception, the amnesty is conceived out of the need to prevent insurgent who ought to have been punished for engaging in criminal activities from facing the wrath of the law in other to roster peace and progress in Niger Delta region.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The Niger Delta area of Nigeria had been prone to many conflicts arising from agitation for resource control to self determination. A major problem is that the various agitation and conflicts have criminalized the area such that there exist many factors and groups each claming to represent the interest of the people in the area. While the struggles fought by the various ethnic militants groups formed by the aggrieved citizens and youths of the areas on behalf of the people of the area and to force the government to recognize their needs and demands can be accepted as a legitimate option when conditional and other legitimate avenues have been closed by government's insensitivity to their plights and demands, the recent form which the struggles have taken delegitimize the struggles.
Sabotage of oil pipelines, assassinations, kidnappings, arson and burning of police states, attacks on government's building and other installations have criminalized the struggles thereby leading to the government declaring them criminals. However, the civilian government of Yar'Adua in a bid to bring sanity to the area and to show government's concern, have offered the militants amnesty. Amnesty, therefore had been used as a means of conflict resolution. How far can this go in actually resolving the problem in the Niger Delta area? This is the major issue which this project intend to look at deeply.
The objectives of this research are as follows.
To examine the problems militating the developing of Niger Delta region.
To examine the prospects of peace in the Niger Delta through the Amnesty granted the militants by the federal government.
To examine the measures taken by the federal Government in meeting the immediate and future needs of the militants that are granted Amnesty.
The importance of the Niger Delta to the nation cannot be overemphasized. In the terms of man, money and materials that the conflict is causing Nigeria may never be rightly quantified. Thus, all have agreed that the conflict had to be resolved urgently so that peace can return to the region. Therefore, when the government announced its policy of granting the militants a reprieve through an amnesty, there was a collection sign of relieve. The significance of this study, is that it proposes to assess and by so doing to also evaluate the effectiveness of the government's amnesty policy and to profer suggestions that could make the policy workable.
1.5 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The methodology used in this research is basically based on secondary data which are derived from such secondary sources as journals, magazines, reports, governments publications and statements, bulletins, critical, and textbook, libraries, and internal extracts.
This study is scope to examining the impact of the amnesty programme as both to policy and strategy of conflict resolution and how far it can possibly resolve the fundamental problems faced by the people of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.
1.7 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
Attempt is made in this section to clarify some of the key terms and concepts used in this study research work.
Amnesty is a situation in which a government agrees not to punish or to no longer punish people who have committed a particular crime against the state. A period of time during which people can give something illegal such as weapons to someone in authority or can admit that they have been involved in something illegal without been punished. The Amnesty already presented to repentant militants in the Niger Delta region is a pactage that includes rehabilitation and capacity-building programme to equip the militants with necessary skills for reintegration into various industries.
NIGER DELTA
The Niger Delta is in the south-south geographical zone of Nigeria. This area covers a geographical distance of approximately 85,000 square kilometers are along the coast and stretches in land forming its delta estuary, Niger Delta is the third largest wetland in the world and cover an area of over 70,000 square kilometers comprising sandy coastal ridge barriers and brackish or saline mangrove.
According to Morton conflict exists where incompatible activities occur an action that is incompatible with another action prevent obstruct interferes eliminations or in some way make the later less likely to be effective.
SUSTAINABLE PEACE
Sustainable peace and development can be seen as the desire to uphold honor and stand all outstanding memorandum of understand (M.O.U) treaties and peaceful treaties resources enter into parties (in the past and present) by various parties to bring about calmness quietness and freedom of all sort. However there cannot be sustainable peace without first resolving, conflict that have arise in both and present hence it is only if and when this is done that there can be sustainable peace and development to this very end, development can be define as multi-dimensional process that normally can change from a less to a more desirable state.
Development as a concept has provoked debates by scholars. Some see it purely economic terms, others view development as encompassing every aspect of peoples lives. Prof Ojo defined development as the manifestation of change in the distinctive character of a phenomenon, resulting in qualitative and quantitative improvement in the nature and condition of the phenomenon.
Tags -quest-sustainable-development-niger-delta-nigeria AMNESTY conflict-resolution-amnesty-programme
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The assaults took place when the girls were aged between 12 and 16 years of age, mainly in Leonard's car and in the girls' family home.
Leonard's two victims last week waived their rights to anonymity to enable him to be named.
Judge Elizabeth McCaffrey said that when one of the sisters went with a friend to report the abuse to her parish priest in 1987 in the White Chapel, he "told her to keep her mouth shut, not to break up the family, which I must say I find rather concerning".
She added: "It was a dreadful experience. I did not know at the time when I reported the abuse to my local priest who told me to shut up that he was in fact advising my sister and Leonard in terms of marriage counselling.


A fun DIY from Mark Steines and Matt Iseman.
2. Cut all pieces based on and assemble with glue and nails.
1. The wings are made from one 2' x 4' panel, Measure 15" from top of one side and 15" from bottom of one side.
2. Intersect the points and cut along that line.
3. At ends of each wing piece glue and attach 41" x 2" dowels vertically to ends. (similar to X-wing guns) these will also be bar top supports.
4. Attach wings to main body.
5. Using right angle "L" brackets, attach wings to side of main body.
7. Paint all with "Star Wars" feel.


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Stories tagged: Spanish league
Sun., April 29, 2018, 7:33 p.m.
Barcelona wins Spanish league title with Lionel Messi hat trick
Unbeaten Barcelona added to its domestic dominance by winning the Spanish league title for the third time in the last four seasons on Sunday.
Sun., Nov. 6, 2016, 5:24 p.m.
Madrid to extend Cristiano Ronaldo's contract until 2021
Real Madrid has reached a deal to extend Cristiano Ronaldo's contract until June 2021, when the three-time world player of the year will be 36.
Fri., Sept. 9, 2016, 6:55 p.m.
Newsmakers: Christiano Ronaldo to play 1st match since injury at Euro 2016
Soccer star Cristiano Ronaldo will play in his first match of the season on Saturday after recovering from the left knee injury he picked up in the European Championship final.


On behalf of Robinson & Clapham posted in special education on Friday, April 21, 2017.
Having a child with special needs can be challenging, especially for those who don't know how much help is available today. That help includes the classroom. Special education classes provide accommodations and modifications for children with special needs in Providence, Rhode Island.
Setting accommodations are very important for children in special education classes. These accommodations provide the child the best learning setting, such as sitting near the teacher, taking a test in a small group, using special lighting or sounds, taking a test in a quiet room with no other students and using sensory tools to help the children expend their energy.
Timing accommodations are also important for students in special education classes. Timing accommodations include giving students more time to complete a project or test than other students, providing students with frequent breaks after completing tasks and allowing extra time for processing directions.
Other types of special education classroom accommodations and modifications include organization, curriculum, assignment and scheduling. All special education students in the state of New Hampshire are legally permitted to attain these accommodations. If any are withheld, speak with an attorney for your child's rights.
Visit our site today to learn more about special education and the common classroom accommodations for students in Providence, Rhode Island.


Your alarm goes off. You hit snooze and then snooze again. Before you know it, you're rushing to get out the door so you're not late for the train or stuck in crazy traffic.
If this sounds like you, every morning can seem like a toss-up between sleep and being late to work. But you don't necessarily have to choose. As a time-management coach, I've learned a thing or two about simplifying your morning routine so you can head out the door without stress and get to work on time, every time. Here are three of them.
Activities like packing your lunch, ironing your outfit, prepping your gym bag, and getting your kid's backpack ready for school are all things you can plan to do the night before. If that sounds like a recipe for never getting to bed on time, try dedicating one day each week to lunch prep, another one to ironing your outfits, and so on–this way those chores don't all get jammed into a single weeknight or end up staring at you every single morning for the rest of the week.
However you plan to tackle your departure-prep to-do list, getting these items checked off beforehand means there's less to do in the morning and a lower likelihood of time-consuming delays.
If you find that you're running late most mornings, your phone may be to blame. It's easy to get wrapped up in reading articles or emails, and before you know it 30 minutes have whizzed by. So try to avoid looking at your phone until you're completely ready to go–or just impose a consistent limit on the time you can spend on it. For example, set a vibrating alarm to go off when you need to get out the door.
You can apply the same strategy to your computer or TV. Both can slow you down significantly. Committing to a tech-free or tech-limited morning can get you up and out as quickly as possible.
Mornings can seem like the only time to do small chores that are harder to plan for than the stuff you'd put on your departure-prep list–things like paying bills, washing dishes, doing last-minute laundry, or going through the mail. When small, not-so-routine tasks slip your notice in the evening, they can suddenly (and falsely) seem urgent in the morning.
To avoid this pattern, set aside some intentional time on the evenings, weekends, or your lunch break to get personal to-do items done. Consider devoting a certain evening each week, like Monday night, to pay bills and go through the mail. Or maybe throw in a load of laundry first thing after work so you can move it along during the evening. You can even set a rule that you don't go to bed until the dishes are done (but will deliberately bypass any other niggling tasks in order to do them).
You don't have to revamp your morning routine to take control–it just takes a few small changes to see dramatic results. If it's hard for you to remember these tasks, put them in your calendar as a recurring event. Try incorporating just one small change to start, and once it becomes habitual you can add another. Slowly but surely, you'll find yourself less rushed in the morning and ever more on time.


When writing academic works know your audience; what may be common knowledge for a group of scientists, may not be known by a group of poets.
Statistics, numerical data, complete quotes or ideas are NOT common knowledge and must be cited.
When in doubt cite your sources.
Take careful note of your sources during your research process. Include author(s), title, place of publication, publisher, internet source if applicable, page numbers. More is better, you can always discard unneeded information later. Be sure to indicate which phrases and ideas are yours and which are the work of others. Decide on a strategy for documenting your resources and follow this procedure throughout your research.
For further guidance check with your instructor, your department's approved citation guide, your librarians.
80% of "high-achieving" high school students admit to cheating.
Kerkvliet, J., & Sigmund, C. L. (1999). Can we control cheating in the classroom? Journal of Economic Education, 30(4), 331-351.
When you borrow a piece of writing verbatim that someone else wrote you are quoting. If you choose this option, it's very important to use the identical words of the original writer, without leaving out such essential words as 'not,' since that would confuse your reader.
Distinguish quoted material in your paper by using quotation marks (" ") or, for a lengthier passage, by indenting the quoted text. Additionally, you must cite quoted material with either footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citations.
Since quotes strongly highlight how something is stated by someone other than yourself, use them sparingly. Limit their use to times when you are willing to let another voice speak for you due to the exceptional preciseness and clarity of their language.
Paraphrasing and summarizing rather than quoting are often the norm today in the sciences and social sciences.
"Like soldiers in a just war, soldiers in a holy war were guiltless of the sin of murder (provided their motives were proper), but more than that, holy warriors could earn salvation by their actions." Alfred J Andrea, Encyclopedia of the Crusades (United States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003), 161.
When you summarize a book or an article you share its essential points with your reader – the gist of what it's all about – entirely in your own words.
Before writing a summary, read the original, making notes on the main ideas discussed.
Article abstracts are a common example of summarizing.
Keep your summary very short, aiming to capture the essential points of the original work.
Always cite the work summarized.
By combining the concepts of the secular just war developed by the Romans, and the Old Testament holy wars fought to further God's Divine Plan, the Crusades were seen by the medieval Christian West as both just and holy.
Andrea, Encyclopedia of the Crusades, 160-161.
When you put someone else's thoughts and views on a topic in your own words, you're paraphrasing.
Paraphrasing another person's ideas and opinions doesn't make it your own work.
In addition to changing the wording and sentence structure of the original, provide a citation.
Whereas having a thesaurus on hand may be helpful, never simply replace words from the original with synonyms.
While striving to capture the essential points of the original, reconfigure both the wording and sentence structure.
Use simpler sentences and more common terms, and don't feel compelled to follow the original's organizational structure or restate all of it, only what's needed.
Take care not to distort the meaning of the original by changing its emphasis or omitting qualifying words that could confuse your reader.
Why paraphrase rather than quote from the original?
Paraphrasing gives you the opportunity to use your own voice when you write, unlike a quote, when another voice takes over.
You demonstrate more understanding of the breadth and depth of the original work when you paraphrase rather than quote.
Read the original in its entirety, highlighting or making notes in the margins as needed.
Once you have absorbed the information, write down the main ideas without looking at the text.
Write up the essential points coherently for a reader to understand, utilizing your notes.
Compare your paraphrase with the original to assure they are sufficiently different from each other.
Original: As helpful as the military orders were in shoring up the defenses of the crusader states, they were independent of any direct control by the lords and kings whom they assisted, and for that reason alone these same lords needed to create armies that they, and they alone, controlled.
Paraphrase: Lords and kings of the crusader states saw the need to call up armies reporting directly to them, given that military orders, while helpful, were totally independent.
Andrea, Encyclopedia of the Crusades, 212.
"Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's words, ideas, or work - whether accidentally or deliberately - as your own work. Source material obtained from internet sources requires the same attentiveness to documentation as from all other sources. Every cadet scholar must properly document the sources of information and ideas received. When in doubt, a good rule is to document any assistance in question."
Document in detail as you work; this will ensure complete citations and will preclude forgetting the specific passage, page, or URL of original idea.
This is the official plagiarism checker used in Blackboard.


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Source: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Follow / Flickr
Macedonia: between international legal obligations and political opportunism
The refugee/migrant crisis of 2015 and its aftermath in 2016 isn't a 'typical' refugee crisis. The development of the crisis leads to the conclusion that Europe and the world face a phenomenon of refugee migration or movement of peoples unprecedented in recent history. In this definition of the crisis, not just the numbers have played a role. Although most of the people were indeed trying to escape war, unlike 'usual' refugees finding a 'safe harbour' in the first safe country, it wasn't their final goal. Most of them embarked on a long journey through several south-eastern European countries, determined to reach the 'desired destination for a better life', and in almost all cases these were western European countries, especially Germany. Furthermore, alongside refugees fleeing from war, there were many refugees fleeing from extreme poverty, insurgency or long-lasting instability. Finally, Europe, or more precisely the European Union, failed to adequately address the crisis, both in their definition of the crisis (a refugee issue, mass migration or a mixed phenomenon) and in terms of effective and functioning common European asylum policies.
The divisions in the EU and the lack of a united approach affected all Balkan countries, small in territory and resources but, more importantly, weak in institutional capacity. The Republic of Macedonia, a country with weak and fragile institutions, a problematic rule of law and already in deep internal political crisis since 2014, found itself on the 'brink' of the 'battlefield'. The Greek-Macedonian border became a symbol for the desperate attempts of thousands of men, women and children trying to cross the border and continue to their dream destination in the European Union.
The response of the Macedonian authorities to the crisis was as chaotic and disorganised as the common EU approach to the crisis appears to be. If we take the types of responses to the crisis as a criterion for evaluation, Macedonia passed through three phases in the crisis of 2015. Yet these phases weren't planned and they occurred spontaneously: local crisis management entailed actual day-to-day decisions, very often varying between desperate efforts to get international European support in dealing with the crisis, situations of clear disregard for international legal obligations and political opportunism for internal purposes.
The first phase commenced at the start of the crisis in early spring 2015 and lasted until the beginning of the summer. Refugees or migrants were predominantly treated as persons illegally crossing the borders and only secondarily as asylum seekers. Unfortunately, the temporary detention centre for asylum seekers – located in Gazi Baba, a suburb of Skopje, and established almost a decade ago in order to fulfil requirements from the European Commission to get the desired visa liberalisation (alongside repatriation contracts with all EU member states and integrated border controls) – apparently was never meant to be functional. In reality, the centre served only as 'window dressing'. Refugees/migrants were detained in very bad conditions (lack of space, bad hygiene) and the authorities didn't have a clue how to deal with people who were not actually looking for asylum in Macedonia, but wanted to proceed further to the EU.
The beginning of the second phase corresponds with the intensification of the flow of refugees, when large numbers of persons in groups transited, mostly by train, to Serbia and further to EU countries. Contrary to the previous 'rigid' attitude when refugees/migrants were detained in the transit centre, after almost three months the Macedonian authorities, realising that the refugees/migrants were heading towards Germany and other EU countries, gave up the effort to shut the Macedonian part of the Balkan route without, at the outset, any proper registration of those transiting through Macedonia. Later on, registration did start, with some assistance from FRONTEX.
The third phase, which began in autumn 2015, is marked by the building of the metal fence, as well as violent clashes between the police and army forces on the one hand and groups of aggressive refugee men on the other, when tear gas and anti-clash devices were used. During this phase, the 'internalisation of the refugee/migrant issue' in domestic politics began. The crisis was used by the right-wing conservative 'populist' government in two directions. The first was to build an image of Macedonia, among European right-wing populist political forces, as a 'gatekeeper' of the European Christian world, while at the same time complaining about the lack of understanding in the EU of its 'historical mission'. The second direction entailed the crisis being used as an argument by the government to reject pressure from the opposition and civil society in the country, as well as from external actors – notably the EU but also the USA and certain international organisations such as the OSCE – to implement necessary rule of law reforms and de-politicise the state institutions and public administration. These were seen or framed as impeding national methods for dealing with the migration crisis.
The outcome of the crisis has had, at least in the short term, a mostly negative impact on Macedonia's democratic development and European integration. The disorganised EU approach to the crisis will further discredit the transformational capacity of the EU integration process. Indeed, it will give more ammunition to right-wing populist and anti-European forces to discredit European politics as pure trade-offs motivated by selfish national interests. Moreover, it will provide public distraction for the government from Macedonia's own internal democratic and institutional crisis, which also needs to be resolved.
Aleksandar Lj. Spasov is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law 'Iustinianus Primus', University 'Ss. Cyril and Methodius' in Skopje and Programme Manager of Progress-Institute for Social Democracy in Skopje
Aleksandar Lj. Spasov
EU ForumEurope and the EU
A perspective from the Sahel on the EU's migration policy


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Q: Why is a file present within my web application locally, but not present when the application is deployed to the web server? Please could you explain this concept I can't seem to get my head around...
Within a C# ASP.Net web application written in Visual Studio, I have added an XML file which is being read by the code. To add the file, I physically copied it into the relevant folder within my web application, and then in Visual Studio added a reference to it within an "xml" folder, which is in my "_resources" folder.
The C# code is accessing the XML file in the following way:
using System.Web.Hosting;

string path = HostingEnvironment.MapPath(WebConfigurationManager.AppSettings["XMLFilePath"]);

The XMLFilePath value is set in the Web.config file as follows:
<add key="XMLFilePath" value="~/_resources/xml/anXMLFile.xml"/>

The file is successfully accessed when I'm testing locally. I then check it in, (into my source control system), then the application builds automatically on the web server. Then comes the problem... the file cannot be found and is not in the folder I would expect it to be in on the web server. If the automatic build is happening correctly, (which is quite a big if right now), am I right to assume that, as the file is present within the web application, it would then be present on the web server?

A: Right click the xml in Solution Explorer, go to Properties and make sure its Build Action is Content

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A small country by the sea finds an enormous supply of oil off its coast. An oil bonanza lies on the horizon. Mindful of the fact that the proceeds to be had from this black gold are of a temporary nature, the country's government decides to store the revenues in a fund. The money amassed will be invested in a 'knowledge economy' so that future generations may profit from the proceeds generated by the oil find. The government's revenues and its expenditure are available publicly and are decreed by Parliament. In the ideal world.
But often things take a different turn. The discovery of oil or gold in a country without good governance generates inequality and conflict rather than prosperity and peace. This phenomenon is known as the curse of raw materials. The chances of quick gain from the trade in raw materials leads to corruption. Executives filling their pockets have no interest in regulating the mining of raw materials. And why should they set up a system to levy income tax – with the risk that taxpayers demand accountability for the money spent – if they simply can trade a few extra barrels of oil to buy off protests to poor public amenities?
The focus on fluctuating profits from raw materials curbs investments in other sectors. Economic diversification is also hampered by the Dutch disease: competitiveness is undermined by the increase in value of the national currency as a result of the export of raw materials, as the Netherlands experienced after the discovery of a natural gas field in the 1960's.
A country such as the Democratic Republic of Congo could well become rich thanks to its mineral resources. The Congolese soil is rich in coltan, gold, tin, tantalum and wolframite, minerals indispensible in our computers and mobile phones. However, the trade in raw materials is laden with corruption. All layers of civil administration get a piece of the pie. The incumbent powers are challenged by rebel groups, who fight the government and each other bitterly, supported by neighbouring Rwanda. The rebels finance their jungle war with the illegal trade in mineral resources, the so-called conflict minerals. Meanwhile, the Congolese population looks on helplessly as their soil is being plundered and the country remains in the grip of corruption and conflict.
Wars over raw materials are not confined to Africa. The Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research calculated that out of 414 conflicts going on in 2013, 90 were linked to natural resources. In Afghanistan rebel groups get their revenues from the trade in precious stones like emerald and ruby. Control over goldmines earns the Colombian FARC some 20 percent of its income. Mines under rebel rule are the most damaging for man and the environment, owing to a complete lack of legislation. The mining of conflict minerals often goes hand in hand with slavery, exploitation, child labour and sexual abuse.
If the mining of raw minerals so often leads to gross violations of human rights and damage to the environment, wouldn't it be better to do away with pickaxe and shovel? At least until such time when countries have established the institutions to make sure the money earned from raw minerals is used for development? But what about the mineworker making his living and the government seeing the bottom of the coffer? As long as poverty is rife and international demand for raw materials increases, appeals to leave the mineral resources in the soil fall on deaf ears. To mine or not to mine, it's a decision taken by countries independently. And who would dare hamper the opportunities of a given state to develop itself? After all, we know that mining can generate wealth and prosperity. The discovery of diamonds in Botswana has saved a large part of the population from destitution. By trial and error, Botswana is trying to keep a larger share of the value chain in the country itself. Apart from exporting rough stones, it is attempting to keep the polishing process inside the country.
Botswana was relatively well-governed the moment that mineral resources were discovered. Development on the basis of raw material revenues can only come from within and is only possible if the countries rich in raw materials succeed in creating democratic political and economic institutions, says James Robinson, economist and co-author of the best-seller Why Nations Fail. He doesn't foresee the latter happening quickly. The economist Paul Collier, author of The Bottom Billion, is more optimistic. He believes governments in mineral rich countries realise more than ever that they have to use the revenues in order to make their economies less dependent on mining and that economic diversification is needed to become less vulnerable to fluctuations in the prices of raw materials.
So, warding off the curse of raw materials is first and foremost a national concern. Efforts from the outside, however, can indeed help to break through the negative spiral of the mining of raw materials, corruption and conflict, and turn the curse into a blessing. Development cooperation aimed at good governance, fighting tax evasion by multinationals, the conclusion of fair trade treaties – all of this lies within the responsibility of the industrialised countries buying the raw materials.
Transparency is a prerequisite in tackling the evils. That's why the 2014 European transparency and accounting directive commits multinationals in the oil, gas, mining and forestry sectors to country-by-country reporting. The companies have to publicise payments settled in countries in which they are active. Consequently, it's easier to pillory both multinationals channelling profits and governments embezzling revenues related to raw materials.
In addition, legislation is needed for chain transparency. Since the introduction of the US Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, businesses quoted on the stock exchange are forced to disclose details on the use of minerals from the Democratic Republic of Congo and its neighbours. The companies concerned have to publish whether the minerals in their products contribute to the financing of rebels. The obligation to report is based on directives for sound supply chains of minerals from conflict areas, set up by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
As early as 2010 the European Union pledged its support for the OECD directive, but a legislative initiative was long in the making. After repeated appeals by the European Parliament the European Commission in 2014 presented the long-awaited proposal. Unfortunately, this merely concerned a voluntary reporting scheme for only a small number of companies using conflict minerals. The interests of trade and industry lobbying against new 'administrative burdens' were given priority over the maintenance of human rights in conflict zones.
Voluntary initiatives won't work, as development economists Robinson and Collier agree. A SOMO study (Dutch Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations) indicates that since the publication of the OECD directive only thirteen per cent of European companies using minerals have adhered to the guidelines. Binding rules can really achieve something, Collier argues. The US led the way, but American legislation alone cannot clean the whole market. Robinson believes that noncommittal systems only function as window–dressing.
Businesses would only benefit from unambiguous legislation. The costs companies run up for reporting on conflict minerals – 0.014% to 0.154 % of turnover in the first year and 0.011% to 0.127% in consecutive years, according to European Commission estimates – will drop considerably if companies participate. Companies wanting to play the game fairly no longer need to wait to go it alone in finding the origin of their minerals, but can work together with other players in the field. An end will be made to unfair competition by reckless firms who couldn't care less about human rights.
In the case of conflict minerals, the consumer can hardly be expected to take responsibility in his search for clean laptops, smart phones and GPS systems. Conflict-free electronics are hardly to be found on consumer markets. Governments should take responsibility by introducing rules which make the entire market conflict free. Then it's up to companies to adhere to these rules and up to the consumers to pay a little more for clean products.
The European Parliament chose to opt for a different course from the Commission's. In May 2015 it voted for an ambitious package of measures, forcing all companies using gold, tin, tantalum and wolframite to report about the minerals' origins. In line with the OECD directive, companies have to ensure from beginning to end that they play no part in wrong-doings. In forcing all the companies to participate, we can clean up Chinese industry in the process: those who supply Europe with minerals will have to comply with European demands.
Now that the European Parliament has taken a stand, it's up to the 28 member states in the Council of Ministers to formulate their position. The talks between the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers have started this autumn and will, in all probability, still be going on during the Dutch presidency of the Council in 2016. Ms Liliane Ploumen, the Dutch minister for Trade and Development Cooperation, will then be able to prove that she's serious about her agenda on corporate social responsibility. Unfortunately, she's taking sides with the wrong people, namely conservative trade and industry. The Dutch government's viewpoint is totally in line with the feeble proposal submitted by the European Commission. The Dutch Parliament has said that the position taken by the Commission is too weak. That's why we're hopeful Ms Ploumen will dedicate herself to legislation which will genuinely make the minerals in our products conflict free.
The mining of finite raw materials such as metallic ores may lead to our descendants being left empty-handed. In developing countries, future generations are doubly disadvantaged if the mining of raw materials leads not to economic development, saving the population from widespread destitution, but instead to corruption and conflict. As long as grinding poverty exists, it is pointless to plead for the reserves to be left untouched. The fact of the matter is, however, that the proceeds are much needed. What's more, every state has the sovereign right to determine what it does with its mineral riches. The possibility to turn the curse of the raw materials into a godsend does indeed exist. Developing countries must not be denied that opportunity.
From the Netherlands to China, the industrialised nations, wholesale users of raw materials, are responsible for the sustainable mining of raw materials, safe for man and environment. Transparency in terms of mining is a prerequisite. Binding laws of transparency can sap rebels' incomes and force multinationals to operate responsibly in developing countries, increasing the chance of mining to act as a driving force for local development.
Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail, New York 2012.
Paul Collier and Jamie Drummond, 'Tackling corruption will fast-track progress on the millennium development goals', in: The Guardian, 22 December 2010.