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J. energy South. Afr. vol.29 n.3 Cape Town Aug. 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v29i3a3310
The energy transition patterns of low-income households in South Africa: An evaluation of energy programme and policy
Sylvia Israel-Akinbo*; Jen Snowball Gavin Fraser
Faculty of Commerce, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
The transition to modern energy carriers like elec- poverty; electricity tricity is an important way to achieve to eradicate energy poverty. This study investigated energy transition patterns and trends in low-income South African households. The marginal effects of the different determinants on the probability of choosing a specific energy carrier were computed and the influence of some endogenous characteristics in transitioning to modern energy carriers was explored. It was found that energy ladder behaviour exists for cooking while energy stacking was most likely for space heating and the pattern for lighting tended towards energy stacking. Dwelling type, household size and geographical location were among the key determinants of the energy transition pattern. Policies to reduce energy poverty need a multi-pronged approach and not only a focus on electricity access.
Keywords: energy ladder; energy stacking; energy
Energy choices have a major impact on the energy system of a country and its economic development (Joyeux and Ripple, 2007; Lay et al., 2013). If a household relies mainly on traditional fuels for cooking, space heating or lighting, economic activities may be hindered (Lay et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2013; Van der Kroon et al., 2013). Shifting to modern energy carriers is associated with welfare improvement and is an important developmental goal to achieve, in order to eradicate energy poverty (Kowsari and Zerriffi, 2011; Liu et al., 2013). Provision of electricity in developing countries is generally recognised as a necessary foundation to eradicate energy poverty.
The South African government, in addressing the electricity imbalance in the residential sector, introduced several national programmes to widen access to electricity (Department of Energy [DoE], 2013), including the National Electrification Programme and the Integrated National Electrification Programme. The main objective of these programmes was to connect to the grid rural and urban low-income houses deprived of access to electricity during the apartheid period. The programme expected that the residents of the electrified houses would switch to electricity as the main energy source for their household needs. To address affordability problems related to electricity, the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) in 2003 launched the Free Basic Electricity (FBE) programme. This provides 50kWh of electricity per month free of charge to poor households connected to the national electricity grid (DME 2003; Inglesi-Lotz, 2010; Ruiters, 2009).
Energy transition has been conceptualised in the form of the 'energy ladder' or 'energy stacking' models (Kowsari and Zerriffi. 2011; Lee et al., 2015; Van der Kroon et al., 2013). The energy ladder model aligns with the economic theory of the consumer and describes a linear transition of household energy choices from a traditional energy carrier to a transitional one and then to a modern one as income improves (Hosier and Dowd, 1987; Lee et al., 2015; Van der Kroon et al., 2013).
The energy stacking or multiple fuel use model, on the other hand, was developed based on findings that households choose to use a combination of energy carriers on both upper and lower stages on the energy ladder as income rises or depending on their preferences or needs (Arnold et al., 2006; Davis, 1998; Kowsari and Zerriffi, 2011; Lee et al., 2015; Martins, 2005).
Understanding the energy choices of low-income households is important in designing suitable policies to support the transition process and targeted measures to eliminate energy poverty. The presence of energy ladder or stacking transition patterns could lead to different sets of conclusions and policy recommendations. Moreover, the few empirical studies on household energy choice and transition in South Africa do not use panel data (Davis, 1998; Madu-bansi and Shackleton, 2006; Uhunamure et al., 2017), which among other things, enables the control of unobserved effects and explains energy choice over time.
This study aims to investigate whether the energy transition patterns by low-income households in South Africa follow the energy ladder or energy stacking models for cooking, heating and lighting energy services. If income is the major determinant of the transition to more modern energy sources, then specific energy policy may not be needed beyond providing access. The energy transition patterns in low-income households will therefore determine whether the development of an energy policy is necessary, bearing in mind that the main goal is sustainable energy use and energy poverty alleviation. Section 2 presents the data and methods while, Section 3 provides the results and discussion, and Section 4 presents conclusions.
2. Data and methods
2.1 Data description
The data employed for the analysis comes from the four waves of the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS). The survey began in 2008 (the baseline wave), with a nationally representative sample of 28 000 individuals in 7 300 households across the country. The survey is repeated every two years with the same group of households or individuals, using a combination of household, adult, child and proxy questionnaires (Brown et al., 2012; Leibbrandt et al., 2009; NIDS, 2012).
2.2 Model specification
An ordered logit model, also known as the proportional odds model, is a statistical technique that takes ordering into account and the odds ratio of the event is independent of the category j (Greene, 2008). An ordinal logit regression considers the probability of the event and all others above it in the ordinal ranking. In other words, an ordinal logit regression is concerned with cumulative probabilities rather than probabilities for discrete categories (Agresti, 2010).
Households face choices between traditional, transitional and modern energy carriers for cooking, heating and lighting and are assumed to maximise their utility by choosing one of the energy carriers as their main energy source for the specific end-use. Following the approach of O'Connell (2005), suppose data (Yi, Xii . . . Xki) for observations i = 1, . . . , n, where Y is a response variable with C ordered categories: j = 1, . . . , C, with probabilities, P (Y= j) = nj) and X1 . . . Xk are k explanatory variables and observations Yi are statistically independent of each other. Consider the C - 1 cumulative probabilities in Equations 1 - 3.
The following holds for Yiff)= P (Yi < j ) for each unit i and each category j = 1, . . . , C-1, giving Equation 4.
Assume that the observed ordinal variable Yi is related to the latent variable according to Equation 5.
The model for the cumulative probabilities is therefore given by Equation 6.
The intercept terms must be a (1) < a (2) < . . . < a (C-1), to guarantee that Y(1) < Y(2) < . . . < Y (C-1). The parameters a, called thresholds are in increasing order (a (1) < a (2) < . . . < a (C-1)), ßi, . . . , ßk are the same for each value of j. This is good for the parsimony of the model because it means that the effect of an explanatory variable on the ordinal response is described by one parameter (Agresti, 2010).
In the case of three ordered categories, Equation 6 simplifies to Equations 7-9.
By maximum likelihood, estimates for a and ß can be obtained. The likelihood function for each ith observation can be expressed as Equation 10.
The parameters for an ordered logit model can be difficult to interpret, therefore, reporting marginal effects after an ordered logistic regression can make the results more understandable (Greene, 2008; Long and Freese, 2014). The marginal effects for the present study were calculated at the mean values in a covariate model showing how P(Y=1) changes as the variables changes from 0 to 1, holding all other variables at their means, i.e., the marginal effect approximates how much the dependent variable is expected to increase or decrease for a unit change in an explanatory variable so that the effect is presented on an additive scale (Buis, 2010). The marginal effects are derived by taking the partial derivatives of Equations 7, 8 and 9 and Equations 11, 12 and 13 are obtained.
The predicted probabilities are estimated as in Equations 14, 15 and 16.
In which the basic equation is written according to Equation 17.
Based on the assumptions of the 'energy ladder', modern energy carriers should be the source most preferred (being on top of the ladder) by the low-income households for cooking, heating and lighting. Transitional energy carriers are assumed to be moderately preferred, being in the middle of the ladder, while traditional energy carriers will be less preferred because they are at the bottom of the ladder.
2.3 Procedures and technique of analysis
The description of low-income households for the allocation of FBE is households where the gross monthly income of all the members of the household does not exceed two old age pensions (DME, 2003). The dataset for low-income households from the NIDS study contained 10 804 observations. A balanced panel data model was used for the analysis to track the energy transition of the low-income households. A panel is said to be balanced if it had the same time or periods, t = 1 ... T, for each cross-sectional observation (Hsiao, 2014). A balanced panel dataset will contain all elements observed in all period allowing an observation of the same household across the years of survey. An average observation of 760 low-income households was used for the analysis.
The independent variables or the endogenous characteristics to be used were first tested for multi-collinearity. (See the supplementary information for the description and measurement.1) The independent variables include income, age, gender, rurality, household size and dwelling type. The variable 'Year' is also included as part of the independent variables. The variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance value were used to detect whether multi-col-linearity existed among the variables. A variable whose VIF value is greater than 10 or the tolerance value is lower than 0.1 means that there is a linear combination of other independent variables and thus may merit further investigation (Gujarati and Porter, 2009). The test result shows that the VIF for each independent variable is less than 1.5 and the tolerance value ranges from 0.7 to 0.9. Multi-collin-earity, is as such, not a threat for the regression analysis.
3. Results and discussion
The sample households used different types of energy carriers for their cooking, heating and lighting. Modern energy carriers include electricity from the grid, gas, solar energy and electricity from a generator. Transitional energy carriers comprise paraffin and coal, while traditional energy carriers include animal dung and wood. A definition of the different energy choices by South African low-income households for cooking (Panel 1), heating (Panel 2) and lighting (Panel 3) from 2008 to 2014 is given in terms of Figure 3.
The use of modern energy for cooking was predominant across the waves. Wave 3, year 2012, had the highest percentage (67%) of low-income households using modern energy carriers. There was, however, a sharp increase in the use of transitional energy carriers, from 10% in 2012 to 34% in 2014. This could mean that substitution of modern energy for transitional energy occurs because of an increase in the price of modern energy carriers, forcing a change in energy choice. Traditional energy carriers in 2014 were used in a small percentage of households (13%) as the main energy source for cooking.
Modern energy carriers for space heating were the most common across the waves, with 2014 recording the highest proportion (66%) for low-income households. In the same year, households used fewer of the transitional energy carriers for space heating, in 9% of cases, compared with other waves. These trends illustrate energy substitution strategies in which modern energy carriers become increasingly used for space heating. More households (42%) used traditional energy carriers for space heating in 2008 than in other years but the use of modern energy carriers for space heating in the same year was relatively low (44%). The use of transitional energy carriers for space heating appeared to be phased out.
The use of traditional energy carriers for lighting doesn't feature, and as such, no case of the households across the waves was observed. The use of modern energy carriers for lighting was predominant across the four waves and increasingly so: by 2014 the largest percentage (84%) ever of households was using this source. The use of candles for lighting seems to be phased out as the number of households using candles for lighting declines. Transitional energy carriers for lighting were no longer often used by households.
3.1 Marginal effects for energy choice for cooking
The marginal effects after ordered logistic regression with respect to cooking are shown in Table 1. These provide the amount of change in Y that will be produced by a unit change in Xk holding other independent variables constant at their reference points. The reference point for dwelling type is modern dwelling, gender - female, geographical location -urban and household size - small (1-4 persons). Income and age are set at their means, which are respectively - ZAR 825.88 (per month) and 50.82 years. For the 'year' variable, Stata (a statistical software that enables users to analyse, manage, and produce graphical visualisations of data) sets a mean for 2010, 2012 and 2014.
All of the following independent variables are expected to have negative signs for traditional and transitional energy carriers holding other independent variables constant at the reference points. This will be the case for all situations considered. For gender, rurality, household size, and dwelling type, it is expected that the marginal effect will be that low-income households with a female household respondent, in an urban settlement, having a small household size and living in a modern dwelling will make less use of traditional and transitional energy carriers for cooking and heating. For lighting, it is expected that the marginal effect will be that low-income households with a female household respondent, in an urban settlement, having a small household size and living in a modern dwelling are expected to use few candles plus transitional energy carriers. The expected signs are presumed to be negative, knowing that health and safety risks are associated with traditional or transitional energy carriers and candles compared with modern energy carriers (Kowsari and Zerriffi, 2011; Swart and Bredenkamp, 2012).
Age is an ambiguous variable as it is unknown a priori if it positively or negatively influenced household energy choice for cooking and heating. For household income, the a priori expectation with respect to the sign is also ambiguous, depending on which energy transition model holds (energy ladder or energy stacking).
For the 'year' variables, it is expected that low-income households in 2010, 2012, and 2014 will use less traditional or transitional energy carriers than they did in the base year 2008 for their cooking and heating. For lighting, it is expected that low-income households in 2010, 2012, and 2014 will use fewer candles.
Furthermore, the a priori expectations of each independent variable for a modern energy carrier is different from those for traditional and transitional energy carriers. Thus, for gender, rurality, household size, and dwelling type, a positive sign is expected. Therefore, the marginal effect is expected to be that low-income households with a female household respondent, in an urban settlement, having a small household size, and in a modern dwelling are more likely to use modern energy carriers for their cooking, heating, and lighting. Positive signs are expected for modern energy carrier usage because it impacts on human well-being by reducing the health and safety risks associated with traditional or transitional energy carriers (Kowsari and Zerriffi, 2011; Swart and Bredenkamp, 2012). The use of modern energy carriers could decrease time budget constraints on household members particularly women and children, increase labour productivity, and improve gender inequality and literacy (Howells et al, 2003; Swart and Bredenkamp, 2012).
Household income and age may be either positive or negative, as with the a priori expectations for traditional and transitional energy carriers.
Finally, for the 'year' variable, low-income households in 2010, 2012, and 2014 are hypothesised to have positive signs for modern energy carriers. The marginal effect is expected to be that low-income households are more likely to use modern energy carriers for cooking, heating, and lighting in 2010, 2012, and 2014 than was the case in the base year 2008.
In the interpretation of the results, household income is an important variable, as it determines the energy consumption for low-income households. Therefore, if low-income households move up the energy ladder as their income increase, the 'energy ladder' model is confirmed. This is assessed if income is statistically significant in relation to a household's decision concerning the energy choices for cooking, heating and lighting, holding other variables constant. From a policy point of view, if income were the major determinant of a complete transition to modern energy sources, the implication is that energy transition will take place automatically as household income increases, thus reducing energy poverty. Beyond providing access, specific energy policy may not be needed.
The 'energy stacking' model, on the other hand, hypothesises that households continue to use a mixture of energy sources, even if their income increases. Therefore, if income is not statistically significant in relation to the household's decision concerning energy choices for cooking, heating, and lighting, this may provide support for the 'energy stacking' model. In this case, one cannot assume that an increase in household income will automatically result in a transition to cleaner and more efficient modern carriers, in which case more specific energy policies may be needed. The marginal effects with respect to cooking energy service are presented in Table 1.
Real income is statistically significant for both traditional and modern energy carriers at the 10% level of significance. This result has partly confirmed an 'energy ladder' behaviour with respect to cooking. The implication is that as real income rises, there is transition up the energy ladder for the choice of energy source for cooking. Therefore, households initially using a traditional energy source for cooking will switch automatically to a transitional or a modern energy carrier as their income rises.
Dwelling type (modern), rurality (urban) and household size (small) have negative signs and are statistically significant at 1, 1 and 5 percent level of significance respectively for traditional and transitional energy carriers. For dwelling type, for example, low-income households living in modern dwellings are 10% less likely to use traditional energy carriers and 8% less likely to use transitional energy carriers for cooking than their counterparts living in non-modern dwellings. For a modern energy carrier, the sign for modern dwelling type is positive; therefore, low-income households living in modern dwellings are 19% more likely to use a modern energy carrier than low-income households living in traditional or informal dwellings for their cooking. Thus, the expectation that a modern dwelling enhances the probability of choosing a modern energy carrier for cooking was substantiated, even when income was held constant.
For rurality, urban low-income households are 15% less likely to use traditional energy carriers and 11% less likely to use transitional energy carriers for cooking than rural low-income households. For the modern energy carrier, the sign for urban is positive. In consequence, urban low-income households are 27% more likely to adopt a modern energy carrier for cooking compared with rural low-income households.
For household size, small low-income households are 5% less likely to use a traditional energy carrier for cooking than their larger counterparts. Small low-income households are 5% less likely to use a transitional energy carrier for cooking than larger low-income households. For modern energy carriers, the sign for small household size is positive. It implies that small low-income households are 10% more likely to use modern energy carriers for cooking than their larger counterparts, even holding income and location constant.
The 'year' variables, 2010, 2012 and 2014 have negative signs for traditional and transitional energy carriers. The implication is that in 2010, 2012 and 2014, low-income households were respectively 3%, 4% and 4% less likely to use traditional energy carriers for cooking than in 2008. Low-income households were 3% less likely to use transitional energy carriers for cooking in 2010, 4% less likely in 2012 and 2014 than in 2008. For the modern energy carrier, however the signs for 2010, 2012 and 2014 were positive. This implies that low-income households were 6% more likely to use modern energy carriers for cooking in 2010 than in 2008 and 8% more likely in 2012 and 2014 than in 2008.
South Africa, therefore recorded progress in terms of improving the use of modern energy sources.
The study further analysed the predicted probabilities of the low-income households for the choice of energy for cooking to see their probability of preference and to determine if the result of the logistic regression makes sense. The predicted probabilities for energy choice for cooking are presented in Table 2.
The interpretation of the result was that there was a 64% probability of the choice of modern energy carriers being most preferred for cooking by low-income households, holding other variables constant at their reference points. There was also 18% probability that low-income households would choose transitional energy carriers, which was a moderately preferred energy choice for their cooking, holding other variables in the model constant at their reference points. There was, lastly, 18% probability that the low-income households would choose the option of traditional energy carriers for cooking, which was a less preferred option, holding other variables in the model constant at their reference points. This conforms to expectations.
3.2 Marginal effects for energy choice for heating
Table 3 presents the marginal effects after ordered logistic regression with respect to heating energy service.
Real income was not a statistically significant determinant of household energy choice for heating, therefore even if household income rose, the switch to modern energy sources would not be automatic, as explained by the energy ladder theory. Other variables such as being in a modern dwelling type, located in an urban area and having a smaller household size all increased the probability of using a modern energy source for heating, and were statistically significant at the 1, 1 and 5 percent level of significance respectively.
For dwelling type, low-income households living in modern dwellings were 18% less likely to use a traditional energy carrier, 8% less likely to use transitional energy carrier for heating, and 27% more likely to use a modern energy carrier for space heating.
Similarly, urban low-income households were 21% less likely to use traditional energy carriers for heating, 9% less likely to use transitional energy carriers and 30% more likely to use modern energy carriers.
Low-income small households were 7% less likely to use traditional energy carriers, 5% less likely to use transitional energy carriers and 18% more likely to use modern energy carriers for heating. Therefore, with household size, as found with the energy choice for cooking, small household size implied less energy demand and therefore the low-income households would prefer to use a modern energy carrier for space heating.
The inference for the 'year' variables is that low-income households were 8% less likely to use traditional energy carriers in 2010 than in 2008 and 6% less likely in 2012 and 2014 than in 2008. For modern energy carriers, low-income households were 15% more likely to use them for heating in 2010, 11% more likely in 2012 and 12% more likely in 2014 than 2008.
As found with the choice of energy for cooking, the variables, age and gender of the household head were not statistically significant, indicating they were not relevant in influencing the choice of energy carriers (traditional, transitional or modern) for heating by low-income households, holding all other variables in the model constant.
The predicted probabilities for the energy choice for heating by low-income households are given in Table 4. In Table 4, the outcome showed a 54% probability that a modern energy carrier would be chosen for heating among low-income households -considerably less than for cooking. There was a 19% probability that a transitional energy carrier would be chosen and 28% probability for the option of a traditional energy carrier for space heating, holding other variables constant at their means.
3.3 The result of marginal effects for energy choice for lighting
Table 5 presents the marginal effects for lighting energy service to be compared with those in Tables 1 and 3.
Energy choice for lighting was also not statistically affected by income. While heating is very energy intensive (and thus expensive), lighting is very energy efficient and thus affordable for almost all low-income households. Figure 3 shows that a clear majority of low-income households (84% in 2014) used a modern energy source for lighting. Dwelling type (modern) and rurality (urban) were, however, statistically significant determinants of energy choice at the 1% level of significance and had negative signs for traditional and transitional energy carriers.
Low-income households living in modern dwellings were 17% less likely to use candles, 3% less likely to use transitional energy carriers and 21% more likely to use modern energy carriers for lighting than those living in non-modern dwellings.
Similarly, urban low-income households were 6% less likely to use candles for lighting, 1% less likely to use transitional energy carriers and 7% more likely to use modern energy carriers than rural low-income households, holding other variables in the model constant. This marginal effect implied that there was much less difference in the probability of using modern energy carriers for lighting between urban/rural than there was for cooking and heating.
Table 5 shows that 2014 was statistically significant at the 1% level of significance for candles and the 5% level of significance for transitional energy carriers and had negative signs. Thus, in 2014, low-income households were 5% less likely to use candles compared with 2008 and 1% less likely to use transitional energy carriers compared with 2008. For the modern energy carrier, the marginal effect suggests that the low-income households are 6% more likely to use modern energy carrier for lighting than in 2008, holding other variables in the model constant at their means. Unexpectedly, 2010 and 2012 were not statistically significant for the three energy choice options as they were for cooking and heating. This may be caused by electricity supply crises faced by the country with emergencies in supply declared in 2008/2009.
Finally, in addition to the 'year' variables, age and gender of the household head and the size of the household were statistically insignificant, indicating they were not relevant in influencing the choice of energy carriers for lighting by low-income households.
The predicted probabilities for energy choice for lighting by low-income households is thus shown in Table 6. Notably, in making the energy choice for lighting, 'less preferred' is associated with candles, 'moderately preferred' with transitional energy carriers and 'most preferred' with modern energy carriers. The result from Table 6 implied that there was a 77% probability that a modern energy carrier would be chosen for lighting and less than 1% probability that the low-income households were likely to opt for transitional energy carriers. Lastly, there was 19% probability that low-income households would choose candles for lighting. For cooking, the predicted probability was 60%; it was 54% for heating and 77% for lighting. These percentages reflect the energy intensity needed for each service considering electricity as the source of energy.
The quantitative insight on energy ladder behaviour for cooking is one key finding in this study; low-income households that originally used traditional or transitional energy carriers would shift up to transitional or modern energy carriers for cooking as their income increases. The importance of low-income households adopting energy ladder behaviour is the reduction in the use of traditional or transitional energy carriers; this in turn has positive external results for society, including less deforestation and reduced greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere (Bai-yegunhi and Hassan 2014).
The implication of the finding regarding energy stacking is that even in South Africa, where most people have access to electricity; some households still demonstrate energy poverty. The use of energy efficient appliances for heating could assist in the switch to modern energy carriers. Policies to reduce energy poverty need a multi-pronged approach, not only a focus on electricity access. Rural low-income households have greater access to wood than urban ones, and could be using fuelwood as energy security or for some cultural preferences (especially when it comes to cooking).
The type of dwelling and geographical location could aid the adoption of modern energy carriers by low-income households. Suitable measures to combat energy poverty should therefore be urban-rural specific. This information is important for providing support for the design and implementation of effective energy policies for the residential sector.
1. A supplementary file containing the variable description and measurement, literature on energy transition patterns and determinants of energy choice by low-income households in developing countries is available at: https://journals.assaf.org.za/jesa/article/view/4389.
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* Corresponding author: Tel: +27 74 457 3979; email: akinboso@yahoo.co.uk

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March 3: OMSI After Dark
February 28, 2010 by Dave Leave a Comment
This month's first installment of OMSI After Dark takes place Wednesday, March 3rd. (One of these days I'm going to make it to this event, but not this month – I'll be at Ignite 8, which is going on at the same time.)
OMSI After Dark is an opportunity for the 21-and-over crowd to explore the museum in a child-free environment. Here's your chance to shoot off water rockets, play with robots, and enjoy the wonders of OMSI with no kids in sight! Enjoy a glass of wine or a pint of local beer while learning about electricity, tornados, and fossils, or taste and learn the science behind food and beverage favorites with local artisans. The OMSI Market Cafe will be open and cash bars will also be available for those who want more than just a taste!
Hours are 6pm to 10pm, and it costs $10 for nonmembers (free for members). You can buy tickets online, but you can also get them at the door (no reservations necessary).
Recently Heather and I did visit OMSI, but during regular hours, on a Sunday (Superbowl Sunday, as a matter of fact), and it was packed to the gills with rugrats. It was my first trip to the "new" location (doh, it's been there since 1992!); I was hoping for some nostalgic reminiscences, but the gems and rocks aren't all under black lights! And where is the giant walk-through heart? Where are the bees and baby chickens?! I was disappointed. The best things, several hands on electrical and optical exhibits, were hidden on a catwalk overlooking what seemed more like a giant children's playground than a science museum. Sigh. The giant globe thing was pretty cool though. And the spinning thing, which you can see in the video below, looks like it'd be a lot of fun after a few beers:
OMSI Visit from Mile73 on Vimeo.
Maybe I'll make the next OMSI After Dark, which appears to be scheduled for March 31st. Hmm, the preview promises Stoopid Beer Tricks; I'm so there!
February 26-28: Seafoodpalooza, Nano Beer Fest, and BAM
Seafood, beer, and movies: sounds like a great weekend!
Beer and Movie Fest
Taking place at theater pubs around town from February 10 through the 26, including The Academy Theater, Bagdad Theater, Cinema 21, and Mission Theater, the goal of BAM is to integrate two thriving industries, craft beer and Hollywood entertainment. [More]
Chowder Challenge and Seafoodpalooza
Lompoc Brewing has expanded the annual Chowder Challenge to two days, and are now calling it, fittingly, Seafoodpalooza!
The Fifth Quadrant (3901-B N Williams) is the place to be on Friday, February 26 if you like shrimp, andouille sausage, and beer (and who doesn't!?). From 6pm until 9pm they are hosting an all you can eat Shrimp Boil. Cajun music is included in the $12 price, though the special beers on tap will cost you extra. [More]
Friday, Saturday, and Sunday
Nano Beer Fest
It takes a lot to get me to willingly venture into the suburbs; Max's Fanno Creek Brew Pub out in Tigard (12562 SW Main) may have finally come up with something that will do the trick: The first ever Winter Nano Brew Fest. [More]
Portland Timbers Roundup (02/26/2010)
The biggest story this week was S – C – O – T. As the roster filled up and opening day approached, the Timbers faithful collectively worried that Scot Thompson might not be signed. A Facebook page was started to pressure the team, Twitter was abuzz with ultimatums to the Timbers front office to do the right thing. And lo and behold . . . .
SCOT is Back!! By Kip Kesgard at OregonLive.com
As I arrived home from work, my wife greeted me with a big smile and some big news. SCOT is back! It was officially announced by the Portland Timbers that defender Scot Thompson has agreed to a one year deal to return to the team, bringing the team's official roster to 19 signed players and 1 inactive player. Scot will have a dual role for the team as a player and community ambassador. [More]
Timbers' Thompson returns for 2010 with dual role at PortlandTimbers.com
PORTLAND, Ore. – The Portland Timbers today announced that Scot Thompson will return for the 2010 season in a dual role as a community ambassador and player. The upcoming campaign will mark the defender's seventh season in Portland. [More]
Timbers Release 2010 Kits by mao at Mao's Football
The Portland Timbers today released their 2010 kits featuring a new sponsorship deal with the German solar panel company SolarWorld. As is their custom the Timbers will wear green at home and white away. There will also be a black third kit, the same as 2009. [More]
Timbers sign veteran goalkeeper Adin Brown at PortlandTimbers.com
PORTLAND, Ore. – The Portland Timbers have signed veteran goalkeeper Adin Brown for the 2010 season, it was announced today pending USSF approval. A former member of the U.S. National Team, Brown has played the last five seasons for Norway's Aalesund FK. [More]
Better Know a Timber: Ross Smith by paulsepp at Dropping Timber
Another big free-agent signing by the Timbers this off-season, Ross Smith will bring experience and steady play to the Timber's defensive backline. [More]
Timber Bits – More Stadium Porn by paulsepp at Dropping Timber
PGE Park Renovations – Pictures were taken on the morning of Sunday, February 21st. You may think that the renovations picture are redundant and uninteresting, but any day we add new stadium pictures our traffic nearly doubles. [More]
Interview: Andrew Curtis
February 25, 2010 by Dave 1 Comment
Andrew Curtis is a local photographer and self described experimenter. A couple years ago I came across his amazing timelapse footage of the Cinco De Mayo Carnival. You may have seen it too, I featured it on my blog, and KATU plugged the video on the air.
Last Thursday at the Portland premiere of The Waiting List, Heather and I had the pleasure of meeting Andrew in person, when Mike Vogel introduced us. Heather came up with the idea for this, and subsequent, interviews (Mike will be the subject of our next one!). Andrew is a local guy doing very interesting things. If we're fascinated by his work, we'll bet you will be too . . .
Cinco De Mayo Carnival from Andrew Curtis on Vimeo.
To the interview:
We're most familiar with your time lapse videos; what other kinds of photography do you do?
Like my Flickr profile says; "I'm not a photographer, I'm an experimenter." I work as a machinist by day (or night, as I frequently work graveyard shift) and I'm constantly sacrificing my lunch breaks to make contraptions for my camera. I like to explore different techniques, most of which don't seem to yield any results. I think because my failure rate is so high with photography, that when the successes do come, even if by accident, its all the more satisfying to me. I'm not afraid to waste an evening trying something even if I'm not confident it will work. An example I'm most proud of is a set of fireworks photos I shot last 4th of July, where I spent the whole time twisting the focus ring on my lens at random, and not knowing if anything good would come out of it.
For those not familiar yet with your time lapse photography work, can you describe the process?
Basically I just take a series of still images at set intervals, anywhere from 1 to 30 seconds, and string them together into a video. The process however requires quite a bit of planning, attention to detail, and some time dedicated to post-processing. I would advise anyone interested in learning about timelapse to visit the Timescapes Forum.
If your fairy godmother came and offered the photography equipment of your dreams, what would it be?
It would have to be the new RED Scarlet camera, with all the accessories of course. Currently I'm shooting with a Nikon D90, so I'd settle for Nikon's as yet unannounced D700 replacement.
Of the videos on Vimeo, do you have favorites?
I think my favorites are the videos that reveal patterns that aren't apparent in real time. An example of this is the second shot of the Gorge Fog video, where you see the clouds rolling in and out like waves.
Gorge Fog from Andrew Curtis on Vimeo.
Another video from the same location, Gorge Light Show shows some incredible interaction between the fog and the car headlights. I like to hang out and take in the scenery while the camera is going, but both of these times I was completely unaware of what was taking place right before my eyes.
Gorge Light Show from Andrew Curtis on Vimeo.
What video(s) posed the most challenges for you?
One of the harder videos for me to pull off was The World Leaves Portland Behind. I had planned out many more shots than I was able to get, and chasing the ship down the river was pretty tricky. I figured that the ship would pass under each bridge one at a time, leaving me plenty of time to follow it. Turns out they lifted all the bridges at the same time, which I thought would have made for a traffic nightmare. After the first shot I had to race up to Cathedral Park and I barely made it in time.
The World Leaves Portland Behind from Andrew Curtis on Vimeo.
The music choices for your videos are quite eclectic, and all seem to fit with the subject matter. How do you find or decide what music to add to your videos?
My music choices are usually culled from things I'm listening to at the time or have recently discovered, and a few old favorites. I usually don't have a plan for what music to use until I get to the editing phase. I will compile the video and watch it over and over while playing different songs. Once I find one that works, I will edit them to fit together.
When we met at the Portland premiere of Mike Vogel's The Waiting List, you mentioned you weren't particularly happy with the footage you filmed for his film. Why not? After seeing it on the big screen, did your view of it change?
For those that haven't seen the film, it takes place in a school near Oregon City. Mike contacted me out of the blue, and wanted to know if I could do a timelapse of the stars overnight in the playground behind the school. I was setting up a shot in front of the swingset, and accidentally managed to capture a meteorite that came blazing down right in front of me. I was hoping that bit of luck would set the tone for the evening, but unfortunately I had problems. The shoot was cut short due to my lens fogging over, and after looking at the results I felt there was just too much light pollution. I told Mike that the shot didn't turn out, and that I would try again. Long story short, I was unable to try again, and Mike contacted me and asked if I had gotten anything useful, even a still. I put the video together and sent it off to him with a big apology, and to my surprise he ended up using it. While I still don't consider it my best work, seeing it on the big screen definitely changed my mind. It seemed to fit very well with the film and didn't look as bad as I remembered!
Are there any projects you're working on right now that you'd like to mention?
I'm always thinking about timelapse, and I'm shooting as much as I can. Right now I'm working on a piece about the Hawthorne Bridge, just trying to find time to get more shots done. I made up a little teaser video, mostly to motivate myself to finish it. As of now I can't say when it will be done. I'm also working on constructing some custom motion control devices to try and take my shots to the next level. Beyond that, I'm loosely working on an all-inclusive timelapse film about Portland, but that's probably even further out than the Hawthorne Bridge. If anyone reading out there with connections can get me into some cool places to shoot (top of Big Pink anyone?) please, please contact me. I will timelapse this town red!
Hawthorne Bridge Teaser from Andrew Curtis on Vimeo.
All of the videos on this page, and a host of others, can be found on Andrew Curtis' Vimeo page – in HD! You can also find his work on Flickr, Facebook, iTunes, and at his website: www.ffwdtime.com.
February 26-28: Nano Beer Fest
It takes a lot to get me to willingly venture into the suburbs; Max's Fanno Creek Brew Pub out in Tigard (12562 SW Main) may have finally come up with something that will do the trick: The first ever Winter Nano Brew Fest.
Many BIG BEERS from eleven small breweries will be available for your tasting. A HEATED TENT will be set up behind the pub with a tunnel tent leading to the gathering room inside the pub. Don't miss this chance to experience some of the finest beers crafted in the Pacific Northwest.
The festival takes place Friday through Sunday, February 26-28 from 11:30am to close. A tasting mug sets you back $2, with 4 ounce tasters costing $1.25. The regular pub menu will also be available.
The featured breweries and beers are intriguing:
Calapooia Brewing – Albany
Ol' Lickspigot Barley Wine
Kringle Krack Strong Ale
Fort George Brewing – Astoria
Cavatica Bourbon Aged Stout
Oakshire Brewing – Eugene
Ill Tempered Hoppy Brown
Bend Brewing – Bend
Outback X
Upright Brewing – Portland
Oregon Trail Brewery – Corvallis
Double Mountain Brewery – Hood River
India Red Ale
Imperial Chaos
Caldera Brewing Company – Ashland
Old Growth Imperial Stout
Block 15 – Corvallis
Wizenbock
Heater-Allen Brewing – McMinnville
Mt. Tabor Brewing – Portland
Rocket Blonde Ale


The force of nature that blends in, but also stands out.
Human nature tends to discard the unknown, which is a paradox, really. Take Auchroisk 10YO for example. While you probably assume you have yet to try this Whisky, we are almost certain that most of you already have. We're not being presumptuous. It's just that this Spirit is a part of many famous blends, most notably J&B. And you've had one or two of those in college, haven't you? We know, we know... college, but definitely not later.
Let's escape the (dim) distant past for a sec and focus on the present. Because that's exactly what this Whisky is — a gift! Semantics aside, there's also the matter of pronunciation. Auchroisk? Othrusk. Just so... Official distillery bottlings have been sold under the name The Singleton up until the early 21th century, in large part to free potential consumers of any potential mispronunciation headaches.
A force of nature, its distinguished quality is due in no small part to the land and the spring on which the distillery was built back in 1974. Seeing as this is one of the youngest such establishments in Speyside, even the whole of Scotland, the range of products is small. Nowadays Auchroisk is owned by Diageo, who incorporated the 10 YO into its Flora & Fauna range, which promotes the company's lesser known single malts. Good thing they did too because this dram doesn't just blend in, it also stands out.
Like the distillery itself, the Whisky is young and fresh. On the one hand, it's extremely approachable, making for an excellent dram for newcomers. On the other hand, its full flavour and depth make this a complex treat for experienced aficionados. Come to think of it, the right term for the duality of this dram isn't paradox, it's synergy.
What does Auchroisk 10 YO Flora and Fauna taste like?
The Flavor Spiral™ shows the most common flavors that you'll taste in Auchroisk 10 YO Flora and Fauna and gives you a chance to have a taste of it before actually tasting it.
By far the smoothest of the bunch. The flavors slipped from sweet through mellow with a wonderful transport through a range of notes. A whishlist item for sure!


These are the same stylishly slim cut pants featured in our Mod Suit set. A true staple for any formal occasion.
Featuring an adjustable elastic inner waistband, zip fly with hook and bar tab closure, slant pockets on the sides and buttoned welt pockets on the back.


All week, we'll be previewing the shows by MDC writers that will be featured in the upcoming Kansas City Fringe Festival, July 16-26. Click here for a complete schedule of Fringe shows by MDC playwrights (and staff!).
It's been eighteen months since Trevvor's ex, Sue, left him. Since then, he's done everything she had wanted -- quit drinking, watched his diet, stayed on top of his diabetes. He's even named his new dog after her. Tonight, his planned "surprise" meeting is set to happen at her office. Will Sue take him back? Will it backfire? Because, as everyone knows, love can be great, but sometimes, love bites.
Following its first staged reading at MDC in December, the Fringe staging of Sue Aside... is a co-production between Vodrey's Lot In Life Productions and Phoenix KC Theatre. It will be directed by Warren Deckert and features Scott Cox and Laura Jacobs.


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Bikepacking Tech Random
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Electric cars & wind turbines please
Neil Oliver wrote an article in the Sunday Times today where he pines for a past of 'no cars and no electricity' as a roundabout way of saying he does not like wind farms or electric cars. I like the battery/wind future we are heading for, and wanted to question Oliver's arguments.
Posted: Sun 16 Jun, 2019, 14:50
I've been buying the Sunday Times for several years now. Mostly because it is an amusing antidote to the Guardian which can be every slightly too right-on sometimes. The Sunday Times offers an interesting slant with plenty of good (and entertaining) writing (Camilla Long & Jeremy Clarkson), even though I rarely agree with the politics.
Today I read Neil Oliver's column and then had to read it again, so full of misdirection and vaguely concealed climate-change denials, that it was not clear to be exactly what his point was. The article begins by noting that they are set to build a new battery to store some of the wind power generate at Whitelees Windfarm above Glasgow. Essentially, he seems to be saying that although dirty, smelly, noisy, polluting conventional cars are not great, a world of electric cars would simply awful for the environment too. More generally, he seemed to be using his column to throw his hand up in the air and question why we need to use so much electricity?
It's an enlightening article and revealed a view point I was honestly surprised to hear someone articulate. He was vaguely equating the inevitable environmental damage caused a lithium mine in Bolivia, to that incurred by our seeking and usage of fossil fuels. The wrong-headedness of this argument is so clear on so many levels I had to write a quick blog about it.
He says 'I dream of less electricity'. You mean less electricity and therefore continued fossil fuel dependency? Oliver is clearly happier with things are they are and is not in favour of moving to a future of electric cars. This is confirmed by his final sentence, 'We will fill our roads with silent cars and weave our way through forests of windmills'. He couches his 'dream' in a nostalic pining for a past when there was no electricity and we all read by candlelight, but this reveals his true objection is to windfarms and the notion of an electric powered transport future. He says looks, if this is future, can we just not to back to no transport, no lights, no cars. What? I want wind farms and silent cars, thank you very much Mr Oliver.
He is anguished by the environmental damage of lithium extraction - 'We will surely rip up the Bolivian salt flats and make giant batteries'. Sure but this is surely preferable to what we are doing now. There are two enormous differences between lithium versus oil as a fuel. Lithium extraction is like any mining, there is a big hole in the ground. Compared to oil extraction where we are extracting oil at the edge of our capabilities where things can go very wrong, very quickly (see Oil Sands and Deep Water Horizon and many more), it is environmentally negligible. The refinement process is then massively polluting and then of course, the second big difference, the fuel can be used only once and all waste fumes are immediately expelled into our atmosphere. Lithium batteries are reusable and expel nothing. Scotland has enough wind farms that we can be confident of zero CO2 emissions.
Attempting to in any way equate the environment damage caused by fossil fuels to that caused by creating a lithium car battery (or wind farm battery) is disingenuous and wrong. We take responsibility for making our own power on our own shores in Scotland, via renewable energy. And anyway, this is all just a stepping stone (in all likelihood) to solid state batteries that do not even need lithium. Whatever way you look at it, electric is the future. To read an article dismissing this before it is hardly off the ground is mildly alarmist at best and at worst actively perpetuating our dependence of noisy, smelly, dirty cars.
Looking at our array of wind turbines on an otherwise bleak moor makes me optimistic for the future, and yet for Oliver it is a blight on the landscape I suspect. To question the elegant self-sufficiency of this and suggest that conventional cars (or no cars like 200 years ago!) are preferable is nonsense. Oliver clearly objects to windfarms and electric cars, and has engineered some obscure 'why use electricty at all?' argument to make people question whether this is a future we want. The answer is Yes, this is emphatically the future we want Neil. It's so blindingly obvious that only a backward thinking, head-in-the-tar-sands Tory could think any different.
@donaldbmcintosh
donaldbmcintosh@yahoo.co.uk


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US judge bans Christian car plate
South Carolina's plate was similar to the one rejected for use in Florida
A US judge has ordered South Carolina not to issue a vehicle number plate with a Christian image and slogan.
The state legislature had approved a licence plate with a cross in front of a stained glass window and the words "I Believe" written along the top.
District Judge Cameron Currie said that the plate violated the First Amendment, which enshrines the separation of church and state.
A similar bid by a group in Florida last year did not pass state lawmakers.
'Unconstitutional'
The case was brought by Americans United, which backs the separation of church and state, on behalf of several individuals and Hindu and American-Arab groups.
It began after Lt Governor Andre Bauer helped pass legislation allowing the number plate in early 2008.
Describing it as a "freedom of speech issue", he argued that given the state already permitted 103 speciality vehicle plates it was "ridiculous" that there was not one for Christians.
According to local media reports, several hundred people had registered to buy the plate.
But Judge Currie ruled that the law amounted to state endorsement of a particular religion.
And she hit out at Mr Bauer, saying: "Whether motivated by sincerely-held Christian beliefs or an effort to purchase political capital with religious coin, the result is the same.
"The statute is clearly unconstitutional and defence of its implementation has embroiled the state in unnecessary (and expensive) litigation."
South Carolina Lieutenant Governor
TOP AMERICAS STORIES
US lifts lid on WikiLeaks probe
Iran scientist heads home
Argentina legalises gay marriage


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∞ https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf100001g2/
Finding Aid to the Frederick W. Dohrmann Family Papers, 1896-1936
BANC MSS 91/29 c
Collection contains incomplete corporate records from various companies the Dorhmanns were involved in; containing portions of each company's and Mr. Dorhmann's personal records relating to his business interests. These early California department store companies reflect San Francisco business history and the management and personnel tensions of the day. Collection includes a commemorative scrapbook documenting F.W. Dohrmann's career.
Frederick W. Dohrmann was born in Germany in 1842 and came to Davenport, Iowa in 1858. In April of 1862, he settled in San Francisco where he worked as a clerk in a grocery store located at Fifth and Howard. He became involved in the general merchandise business in Oakland and in the manufacturing of breakfast foods.
Number of containers: 3 cartons, 1 oversize folder, and 1 oversize volume. Linear feet: 3.75
Copyright has been assigned to The Bancroft Library. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Head of the Manuscripts Division. Permission for publication is given on behalf of The Bancroft Library as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the reader.
Series 1: Emporium Files, 1869-1933.
Board of Managers/Directors Records, ca.1895-1926
Correspondence and Memoranda, 1895-1930
Subject Files, 1895-1927
Stock & Stockholders Records, 1908-1933
Financial Records, 1869-1914
Miscellaneous, 1896-1921
Series 2: Emporium Capwell Corporation Files, 1913-1937
Administrative Records, 1913-1936
Series 3: Nathan Dohrmann Company Files, 1869-1921
Miscellaneous, 1910-1921 & undated
Series 4: Dohrmann Commercial Company Files, 1869-1936
General Correspondence, 1879-1934 & undated
Financial Correspondence and Records, 1869-1935
Series 5: B. Nathan Company Files, 1863-1928
Series 6: Files Regarding Related Organizations, 1894-1922
Records Of Syndicate Stores, 1906-1922
Records Of Unidentified Companies, 1894-1911 & undated
Records of Merchant Associations, 1908-1911 & undated
Series 7: Personal Papers of F. W. Dohrmann Family, 1841- 1938


text:
package com.google.gerrit.sshd.commands;

import static com.google.gerrit.sshd.CommandMetaData.Mode.MASTER_OR_SLAVE;

import com.google.gerrit.server.restapi.project.ListProjects;
import com.google.gerrit.sshd.CommandMetaData;
import com.google.gerrit.sshd.SshCommand;
import com.google.gerrit.util.cli.Options;
import com.google.inject.Inject;
import java.util.List;

@CommandMetaData(
    name = "ls-projects",
    description = "List projects visible to the caller",
    runsAt = MASTER_OR_SLAVE)
public class ListProjectsCommand extends SshCommand {
  @Inject @Options public ListProjects impl;

  @Override
  public void run() throws Exception {
    if (!impl.getFormat().isJson()) {
      List<String> showBranch = impl.getShowBranch();
      if (impl.isShowTree() && (showBranch != null) && !showBranch.isEmpty()) {
        throw die("--tree and --show-branch options are not compatible.");
      }
      if (impl.isShowTree() && impl.isShowDescription()) {
        throw die("--tree and --description options are not compatible.");
      }
    }
    impl.displayToStream(out);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Editor's note: This article was updated on Dec. 19 with a response from Airbnb.
Sarasota County Commissioner Nancy Detert made it clear to her colleagues this week that she does not believe the county should bring suit against Airbnb over Tourist Development Tax (TDT) revenue owed to the county by individuals who rent accommodations through the internet service.
"There's a point of diminishing returns when you're going to chase tax dollars [through litigation]," she told her colleagues on Dec. 13.
Detert just began her term on the board on Nov. 22.
Meanwhile, Rob Lewis, the county's director of community and intergovernmental relations, won unanimous approval to amend the commission's Florida Legislature priorities to indicate the board's determination to maintain local authority to collect revenue generated by internet booking transactions.
Detert initially offered her comments after County Attorney Stephen DeMarsh provided the commissioners an update on Dec. 13 regarding the status of county negotiations with Airbnb over TDT revenue. That process has been going on for about a year. DeMarsh explained during his report to the board that his office has been coordinating with Tax Collector Barbara Ford-Coates. "A couple of counties have entered into agreements with Airbnb," he pointed out, through which the internet-based service collects TDT revenue from the renters with whom it works and then remits the money to those counties. However, he added, Airbnb provides no data that would make audits of owners' activities possible, in an effort to determine whether they were turning over the appropriate amounts of money. That has been a concern of Ford-Coates and her staff, he said, and a concern of other tax collectors in the state.
Over the past few months, DeMarsh continued, he and his staff have been evaluating litigation options with other counties, "although we have not moved on that." He pointed out that his office would instigate no litigation without the commission's approval.
Commissioner Charles Hines, who chairs the county's Tourist Development Council and has engaged with Ford-Coates in discussion of the issue, told his colleagues he was hopeful that after the beginning of 2017, the Office of the County Attorney could provide a recommendation to the board on how best to proceed. "There is money being left on the table," Hines added.
"I have kind of a different spin on the problem," Detert responded. "No. 1, I don't support suing [Airbnb]." Second, she continued, "This is kind of the new economy." Entities such as Airbnb and Uber, which operate through the internet, have become commonplace, she pointed out.
On Dec. 14, when Lewis appeared before the board members for an update on their federal and state governmental priorities, he pointed out that FAC has not included the Airbnb issue among its top legislative matters for 2017. However, when he recently spoke with FAC's legislative director, he said, he learned that FAC is keeping an eye on the matter.
He added that he also had participated in a Dec. 12 conference call with Ford-Coates, an attorney with the Office of the County Attorney and an Airbnb representative.
Detert then told Lewis that she expected he already knew of her comments the previous day. "If you can work out agreements with Airbnb that are acceptable to people, I would say that would be the way to go," she added.
"I will make sure our staff understands that," Lewis replied.
Vice Chair Paul Caragiulo then pointed out what the board also had discussed on Dec. 13 — that Airbnb is not the only entity that should be collecting revenue owed to the county as a result of people offering services through an online provider.
"In today's world, with the technology and tools that are available, we'll see lots of things," Lewis agreed.
Lewis said he felt sure the Airbnb representative with whom he had spoken would become aware of the Dec. 13 and Dec. 14 discussions.
Caragiulo raised the point again that other internet-based entities collect "TDT-related fees and revenue from booking transactions …" He suggested modifying the language of the board's legislative priorities. "Our 'bed tax' is predominantly generated, at this point, by the short-term rentals and not by the hotel rooms," Caragiulo noted.
Lewis replied that he felt the discussion merited his effort to review the wording of those priorities to determine whether they should be amended. If he felt change was warranted, he would draft new language, he said, and provide it to County Administrator Tom Harmer, who then could present it to the board for consideration.
Hines seconded the motion, and it passed unanimously.
Lewis said he would be back before the board in January 2017 for another update in preparation for the Legislature's 2017 session. That will open at noon on March 7, 2017. Interim committee meetings began Dec. 5 and will conclude on Feb. 24, 2017, the Florida Bar has reported on its website.


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Queen's Awards For Enterprise
Diagnostic and Recovery
Surveys and Analysis
Continuous Commissioning
Expert Advice – Doses of Information
Elizabeth Romano, Group Head of Marketing, Hurley Palmer Flatt Group, discusses the unique perspective and advancements that podcasts can afford the construction and design industries.
The continual bombardment of data and information is one of the greatest challenges for any marketing department. With more content being generated and more channels with which to disseminate it, there is great skill in selecting the correct conduit for a particular message. Hurley Palmer Flatt Group is always looking for new ways to disseminate the great wealth of expertise we have, and continue to develop, to our clients and across the industry. For the 50th anniversary of Hurley Palmer Flatt we released a series of podcasts featuring our experts exploring the current and future of the company, the industry and important topics in which they specialise.
Whilst podcasts are not currently commonplace in our industry, it is a technological advancement that is greatly popular across a wide range of sectors, with increasing availability on digital platforms. As this is not something that many others in our industry have started to do, we are embracing our culture of innovation and going 'beyond engineering' as we explore this new and exciting avenue.
The series starts with '50 at 50 – An interview with Paul Flatt' where Hurley Palmer Flatt's Group Chairman and CEO Paul Flatt discusses his long relationship with the organisation, the changes he has seen in the industry over the years, and where the company is heading in the future. Divisional Director Paul Scriven and Associate Director Annie Marston explore the impact and implications of zero carbon legislation in the sector in the second podcast of the series 'The Road to Zero Carbon'. The episode deliberates the road to zero carbon, the issues around creating zero carbon buildings, decarbonising existing building stock and why we need to take a long-term strategy.
The third episode explores the intriguing and burgeoning building type, the data centre. 'Data Centres – the most vital building type of the 21st century'. 'Smart Buildings, what will our buildings look like and how will they behave' forms the focus for the fourth instalment of the series with Executive Director Paul Roche. All podcasts within the series are hosted by esteemed writer and Editorial Director Grant Gibson, who interviews all participants on the chosen topics. Alongside positive feedback, we have also received interest from clients who are looking to be part of future podcasts alongside our team, which is a testament to the podcasts hitting the mark and being highly received.
Podcasts are unique in the way that they act as an educational, empowering and diverse tool that fits into our busy lives. The podcasts reach out to an audience with digestible, relevant content in an easy to assess format, whilst engaging our current and potential clients. Whether engineering is your field of expertise, an interest or the complete unknown, our podcasts will help and utilising podcasts within your own marketing strategies is sure to elevate your work.
Elizabeth Romano is Group Head of Marketing at Hurley Palmer Flatt Group, with responsibility for strategic marketing programmes, brand management and delivery across the entire group. Prior to joining Hurley Palmer Flatt Group, she held several senior marketing roles delivering strategic marketing and building marketing functions primarily in the insurance industry. Elizabeth holds a Master's degree in Strategic Marketing and is a Chartered Marketer.
First published by – Architecture Magazine March 2019 Edition. Original article can be found here.
To listen to our podcast series, please follow the link.
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DIG Events
Humor: 2016 so far…
Bryce Page
It's June, which means two things. One, the most important anniversary in human history takes place – June 22, the date I emerged into this mortal plane, hell bent on bending it to my will.
The other important note is that we're halfway through the year, meaning it's time to take stock of how 2016 has stacked up so far. It's time to look over the calculations for whether your year has been great or crap, and if you need to pull up from a nosedive or hang on for dear life.
Maybe you lost your job, giving you plenty of free time to work on your "World of Warcraft" character (just kidding, no one plays WoW anymore; how's "Dark Souls 3" going?). Maybe you just graduated and are frantically looking for that apartment in New Orleans to just rent out on AirBnB.
But that's for you to decide, and I don't know you. I don't necessarily not want to, but I feel that I can safely assume you might be terrible. It's just statistics.
No, I'm going to be performing the autopsy on the top half of 2016's pop culture. Music, movies, TV and politics. Oh, politics.
Let's start there in fact. North Carolina introduced a really dumb law, and now all the United States can talk about is bathrooms. Anthony Scalia died, and now we've got a vacant seat on the Supreme Court with this stupid bathroom law probably going there before Christmas. Basically, politics still suck.
The presidential primaries are wrapping up and sweet lord has it been depressing. On one side, you have a candidate with a late swell in popularity seemingly stymied by the party establishment. The other side is Donald Trump's new reality show, titled "How Long Will This Charade Last?"
Seriously, what is going on with our presidential election? The Republicans seem to have caved on all that morality talk just so they can beat Hillary Clinton, who has been seemingly using all her connections to keep her presumed nomination hers. I won't comment on the actual credentials or politics of the candidates because the average person won't either.
Just about everyone in this race is unlikable to a significant portion of the country. Fortunately, you have plenty of time to mull over whom you hate less for when you don't vote in November.
The only good thing from the primaries have been the memes. It's mostly been Trump, but a lot of the memes have been from last year. As far as this year's memes are concerned, it's been… well it's been weird.
There was the "Damn, Daniel" thing which died off pretty quickly; the Internet isn't known for its positivity, after all. The best meme of the year is still Squidward Dabbing, which you should pull up on your phone NOW if you have not seen it. It is literally
applicable to every situation.
You landed a big job? Post Squidward dabbing. Got dumped? Let Squidward dab on that schmoe. House burned down, lost all your earthly possessions? At least you can still go to the library and watch Squidward hitting that dab perfectly.
I know that memes may seem silly and immature, but we pay more attention to a frog on a unicycle than the Gaza Strip, and use these dumb images to communicate now. If you aren't keeping track of how the Internet is leaking into day-to-day life, you're a bit behind the curve. Pretty soon everything's gonna be virtual reality headsets and 360 degree videos and you'll be shaking your fist at the kids on whatever stupid way to avoid walking comes around in the next six months.
Traditional pop culture has been sort of a mixed bag. "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" sucked worse than its title, and the Oscars basically missed the point. But Radiohead released a new album that reminded us how insane Thom Yorke still is! "Game of Thrones" came back, and everyone forgot to stay off Twitter.
In terms of world events, the only thing I can make jokes about is Mexican drug kingpin El Chapo, because everything else is suicide bombings and ISIS. Which, y'know, isn't funny.
The fact that El Chapo escaped capture via a drug running tunnel late last year was funny. First his capture in early January, then the video of his escape – He just disappears behind a curtain and hasn't been heard from since? Hilarious.
The sports world was eclipsed by two major events this half year: the Golden State Warriors breaking the record for wins in a season set by Michael Jordan's 1996-97 Bulls and Beyoncé's Super Bowl halftime show. I was at a party full of old white folks — I thought someone was going to set something on fire during that. Which means it slayed.
Overall, the first half of 2016 has been sort of a downer. I mean, Prince died. That sucks. It hasn't been catastrophic, and with the Summer Olympics in a few weeks, it can only get better. I'm giving the first half of 2016 a solid six out of 10 – it wasn't terrible but it wasn't good either. Just put that Squidward video on again and you'll feel better, I promise.
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MINISTERS are publishing plans for a multi-billion upgrade of the rail network in the north of England today.
The plans include a 'TransNorth' network – with sections capable of speeds up to 225kmh (140mph) - linking Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Newcastle and Hull. With such a network journey times between Liverpool and Manchester could come down to 20 minutes; Manchester to Sheffield and Leeds could both be 30 minutes; Leeds to Hull could be 45, and Sheffield to Hull 50 minutes. Journey times from Manchester to Newcastle could be cut by 25 per cent.
The development of the second phase of HS2 to Leeds and Manchester could also be accelerated, following a call from HS2 chairman David Higgins for phase 1 to be extended from the West Midlands to Crewe.
But opposition politicians are warning that the Northern Hub project is falling behind schedule, while unions dubbed the announcement 'electioneering'.
Chancellor George Osborne and transport secretary Patrick McLoughlin are launching the proposals in Liverpool today. The transport secretary said: "This dynamic change, led by the Chancellor with Northern leaders, transforms the way government looks at transport solutions for the North. No government has given such attention to the infrastructure of our great northern cities and how to deliver a world-class, integrated transport network for the north. The proposals announced today will reduce journey times while increasing capacity and connectivity, enabling growth.
The report, produced in partnership with the new local authority group Transport for the North, sets out a 'revolution' in the region's transport, according to its sponsors. The plans include a new line between Sheffield and Manchester.
Supporting studies by Network Rail set out for the first time the different options for creating such a network and set out indicative costings. Options range from radically upgrading existing routes to building completely new lines which could be the basis for the already-discussed HS3.
The Government also pledged to simplify fares, by 'streamlining the system of regulated fares. Work will also begin on developing contactless travel cards that can be used across Northern cities as well as on providing simpler, more unified information for passengers, making it easier for them to plan and make their journeys'.
'it will now fund further development of the options identified'.
Critics of the plans have been quick to step forward. Shadow transport secretary Michael Dugher said the announcement was a "desperate, last-ditch attempt to win votes in the North," while RMT general secretary Mick Cash said rail services in the region were "lumped with clapped-out, overcrowded trains" which were not destined to be replaced for a long time yet, and Mick Whelan of Aslef said the plans were "fanciful in the extreme" and a "blatant piece of post-Budget electioneering".
Meanwhile, shadow rail minister Lilian Greenwood said that the Northern Hub project was in danger of falling behind schedule because of the delay in gaining Transport and Works Act approval. She also warned that the cost of electrification in the west of England is set to double.
Addressing a meeting in Manchester, she welcomed moves by Ministers to devolve responsibility to the city regions, but said that they were taking too long and did not go far enough.
She claimed TransPennine electrification was now at least a year behind schedule, and Great Western electrification was going to cost at least double the original budget.
She also said that the Northern Hub project was in danger of falling behind schedule because of the delay in gaining Transport and Works Act approval, which Ministers were not resolving following objections by English Heritage to the impact of the scheme on Manchester's Transport Museum – which is also the original terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, built 185 years ago.
Ms Greenwood said that if a Labour government was elected, a National Infrastructure Authority would be included in its first Queen's Speech.
One cannot say an electrification scheme is up and running until and UNLESS the first shovels are put into the ground. Anything else is just politicians' windbagging. So we shall see what comes of the great northern wiring schemes. However I must say that many of the vast collection of schemes listed by the recent Committee are simply ridiculous and invite ridicule from Westminster, e.g. Middlesbrough to Whitby. All the lines in their Third Tier are equally nonsensical.
But let work start on the First Tier immediately.
Quite apart from mew infrastructure,it would be useful to brimg Intercity services between the Northern conurbations up to standards elsewhere by utilising faster, better quality trainsets.
On EMT's Liverpool-Mancherter-Sheffield axis. 158's might be replaced by 5-car "Meridians", with some of these going on to East Amglia via Retford and ECML. Nottingham ( and Leicerter) to Mancherter could be catered for by extending some St Pancras - Nottinghams via the Totley curve and Hope valley.
The Liverpool-Mancherter-Leeds-Newcasle/Hull corridor could benefit substantially if initially the 185's on this service could be replaced with "Super Voyagers"cascaded from Virgin ( who recently obtained additional "Pendolinos" to cover Birmingham-Glasgow/ Edinburgh). After completion of transpennine elactrification,these too could be taken over by 6 car "baby Pendolinos", The tilt capability of both these could save time on the sinuous Mancherter-Leeds section, whilst theit 125 mph potential could be utilised north of York.
If people think we don't think we need a High Speed trains to travel between London, Birmingham and the north, what are they going to make of Liverpool to Manchester. You won't have sat down before it's time to get up again?


When it comes to depression, many people truly believe that it is all about mind over matter.
That is to say, overcoming your struggles through sheer willpower.
Many people will tell you how depression is a sign of weakness, how you are not the only one who has a difficult time in life and how you need to stop pitying yourself.
Depression is not a weakness, it is a mental disorder.
Every bit the same as Eating disorders, addictions or even PTSD.
You won't see anyone approach a war veteran and make fun of him because of his traumatic experiences from the war, so why do so many people mock depression?
Depression is a condition that we are all familiar with in some way, shape or form.
Not necessarily because of personal experience, but rather due to how often it is discussed in media.
If you were to go to Facebook right now you could probably find, quite literally, millions of posts mentioning the word depression, with just as many people claiming to be depressed.
Depression is not taken seriously and is even viewed as a weakness at times because of how misinformed, or even ignorant, people are of this issue.
But that isn't so much that those around us are malicious or anything.
There are several causes for this ignorance, all which stem from either false information or assumptions that we have made.
Let's review some examples to see what I mean.
When it comes to mental disorders, depression is easily one of the most common ones.
In the entire world, there are 350 million people who suffer from a depressive disorder at any given time, 16 million of which are from the U.S alone.
This number makes depression more common than Aids, diabetes, and cancer, even when put together.
Statistically speaking, it is likely that you know at least one person who experiences clinical depression at this very moment.
It goes without saying that if you add those who experienced a depressive episode throughout their lifetimes this number skyrockets.
In some way, the fact that depression is so common makes some people think that it is normal.
After all, they might know a couple of people who are just like you! For many, this takes away from the concept of depression quite a bit.
Many people judge the world around them based on tangible things.
That is to say, things that they can see with their own eyes and feel with their own hands.
For example, if they have experienced anger themselves then they are likely to recognize anger in others.
This empathic ability is powerful and it makes humans natural pattern recognizers.
This is all well and good, but at times it can actually make us far less understanding of others.
In the case of mental health, many people genuinely can't recognize the difference between the emotions that they experience personally and mental conditions.
For those people, someone who seems out of touch, withdrawn and sad looking is, in fact, sad.
The same can be said about feeling stressed and having an anxiety disorder.
To be diagnosed with depression you need to demonstrate certain symptoms for an extended period of time.
As such, when people mistake depression with sadness, they are obviously confused.
After all, they have experienced similar negative feelings before and they were not nearly as bad as you describe them to be.
Based on their observations, you are either overreacting, seeking attention or are just a weak person that can't overcome the everyday struggles that everyone experiences.
Go to Facebook, Twitter or any other social media and search for people who mention the word depression.
You will quickly find many in their 20s or even 30s who talk about how depressed they are.
They will say that waking up at 7 am in the morning makes them depressed, that their partner is going on a trip and is leaving them behind, and how depressed it makes them.
The list goes on and on, but the point here is that most of these people haven't the slightest clue as to what depression actually is.
In fact, most of them are probably not suffering from clinical depression based on all of the sad smileys that the put next to the word "depressed".
Sadly, these posts are a part of a much bigger cycle of ignorance.
They make depression seem common and unimportant, with how carelessly the term gets thrown around.
Because of that, when discussing depression, the immediate thing that comes to mind is that one post on Facebook.
The fact that the word "depression" also describes an emotion doesn't help either.
Unlike what many people think, depression is not a weakness.
It is a real disorder that shapes the way that you think and act.
Depression is not a choice and you can't overcome it through sheer will alone.
Depression changes the basic way that your brain functions.
These are not metaphorical changes, either. The brain physically shifts and changes based on how severe the condition is.
Aside from that, there are many factors that contribute to depression, with only a few of them actually being under our direct control.
Many of our traits can be traced back to our families and bloodlines.
Not only in the physically, but in the mentally as well.
As it turns out, there are certain factors in our genetics that increase the likelihood of having a mental disorder.
According to studies, chromosome 3p25-26 is shown to be strongly associated with depression.
Seeing as you can't change your genetics, you can experience a depressive disorder regardless of how "strong" you are.
After all, it can literally run in the family.
Depression is not any more of a weakness than any other hereditary disease.
Some of us have experienced traumatic things in our pasts.
I don't necessarily mean anything dangerous or the like, but rather things that have shaped the way that we think and behave to this very day.
For example, a child that was bullied may develop certain habits based on those experiences alone.
Many of those who suffer from social anxiety were victims of bullies.
In a sense, these experiences can be compared to being forced to be around smokers, as a non-smoker, and getting sick as a result.
These experiences are, in many cases, out of our control.
This fact makes them inherently unavoidable, and extremely difficult to just overcome.
A war veteran might suffer from PTSD and will require therapy to actually get better.
No one will call the veteran out for being "weak", but the same people think that depression is a weakness.
Depression is on the rise, becoming significantly more common than ever before seemingly out of nowhere.
Sure, you could argue that people are getting softer because of how privileged we are compared to just even thirty years ago, but that would do the issue injustice.
As it turns out, there are many speculated causes to this change, and some of them may surprise you.
Society as a whole is shifting, and for some of us it isn't for the best.
Our values have changed, our goals became more outlandish and we lost the meaning of having a strong community.
We are more exposed to anxiety and stress than ever before, not to mention the fact that these are quite uncertain times.
For example, 100% years ago, people would have no trouble finding a job and staying at the same working place until retirement.
These days you would be lucky to have the same job for even 5 years.
The fact is that the world is in motion, and the dynamics of our society and lives are changing and can actually affect our mental health more than ever before.
Although depression is not caused by any particular thing that you did wrong, it can weaken your resolve.
Many depressed individuals find themselves overwhelmed by their condition, and not without a good reason.
The unfortunate part is that many of these people don't try to do anything about it.
According to studies, even in the richest countries in the world, only 1 in 5 depression sufferers sought care.
The sad truth is that most depressed people become comfortable with their disorder, to the point where actually doing something about it becomes very difficult – So they just don't.
The first step to overcome depression is to learn to help yourself, because without action you will not get better.
I highly recommend that you try out the Destroy Depression System.
In it, you will find guides, tips and even entire working plans that will help you overcome your condition for good.
If you actually want to get better then you should check it out!
If you got any further questions then feel free to get in touch with me via Email and I will get back to you as soon as possible.


text:
Q: Parameter in MVC Controller is empty after repost [HttpPost]
[Route("{appId}/Contract/Create")]
public ActionResult Create(ContractViewModel vm, string appId)
{
    // ...
    if (!ModelState.IsValid)
    {
       return View("Create", vm);
    }
    // ....
}

If the controller is called the 1st time string appId is perfectly filled with the RouteDictionary value {appId}. But if the ModelState is not valid and the client have to post a second time the parameter string appId is empty. (The RouteValues still contains the correct {appId}, the Form keeps the correct action url.) What am I doing wrong?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dekmantel launches Selectors, a new intimate festival and a compilation series. The concept of Selectors focuses heavily on Dekmantel's support for the art of DJ'ing, celebrating the extra-ordinary DJs that turned collecting and playing music into an art form. The festival will take place at the Garden Resort in Tisno and will host just 1500 people with amongst others Aroy Dee, Carlos Souffront, Helena Hauff, I-F, Traxx, Intergalactic Gary, Juju & Jordash and Motor City Drum Ensemble on the bill. The latter is also responsible for the first Selectors compilation.
Ticket sales start the 25th of January, 2016. Capacity for Selectors is very limited so pre-register via www.dekmantelselectors.com to be among the first in line to buy tickets.
A small amount of Early Bird Full Weekend Ticket will be on offer for the very affordable price of €100 (service costs excluded).


The X-10 and Z-Wave networks are technically different: X-10: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Z-Wave communicates using wireless technology designed specifically for remote control applications. Z-Wave operates in the sub-gigahertz frequency range, around 900 MHz. This band competes with some cordless telephones and other consumer electronics devices, but avoids interference with Wi-Fi and other systems. Z-Wave is a mesh networking technology where each node or device on the network is capable of sending and receiving control commands through walls or floors and use intermediate nodes to route around household obstacles or radio dead spots that might occur in the home. Z-Wave uses a source-routed mesh network topology and has one or more master (primary) controllers that control routing and security. Devices can communicate to another by using intermediate nodes to actively route around and circumvent household obstacles or radio dead spots that might occur. Example: A message from node A to node C can be successfully delivered even if the two nodes are not within range, providing that a third node B can communicate with nodes A and C. If the preferred route is unavailable, the message originator will attempt other routes until a path is found to the "C" node. This allows a Z-Wave network to span much farther than the radio range of a single unit; however, with the use of several hops a delay could occur between the control command and the desired result. (Z-Wave, 2011) For more information on the Z-Wave, technologies go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Wave.
1. Press and Release SW5 on the 5800Zbridge a. The LED will begin to flash Green.
1. Press the respective button (SW1, SW2, SW3, or SW4) for the Node you want to "Include" a. The LED will start flashing green.
Notes before you begin: • If you need help wiring your thermostat, please call 1-800-468-1502, and choose the option for contractor. o If required please have a licensed professional install your product for you.
3. Used the following buttons to program: Use the Up and down arrows to scroll through the questions (fields). Use the Up and down arrows to enter the desired value.
The LED on the Z-Bridge will begin flashing green.
4. On the Thermostat, change the 0 to a 1 to learn the Z-Bridge.
Change this value to a 1.
1. Make sure you are following the proper programming procedure defined above. 2. Verify the Green LED is flashing 3. Make sure you are using one of the transmission modules identified in the 5800ZBridge Overview note 4. 4. Verify the panel programming is correct and the transmission module enabled on the 6150/6160rf keypad or the 5883H dipswitch number 6 is on. 5. Unplug the 5800Zbridge count to five, and then plug back in. 6. If still unsuccessful, see the Installation Instruction for the procedure to reset the 5800Zbridge.
1. Was this a new Z-Wave device? a. If yes follow the enrollment process on your Z-Wave device. b. If no, then you must exclude the device first, see question #2. 2. Was this an existing Z-Wave device that was enrolled into a previous Z-Wave network? a. If no, verify that you are properly "Including" the device, follow steps established by the manufacturer of the Z-Wave node. b. If the answer is yes, you have to "Exclude" the device from the old Z-Wave network.
2. Press the "Exclude"(enrollment) button on the "Node" (see node instructions) a. Example: Using the Honeywell Zstat you would press the Down Arrow at the rF10 prompt in programming: i. In the example below the 14 represents the Node ID and the 1 underneath is represents the Z-Wave feature is enabled. Pushing the down arrow next to it will disable the Z-Wave feature and exclude the device.
3. Now you can "Include" the device into you 5800Zbridges network as shown on Page 5.