text:
Reformed Perspectives Magazine, Volume 8, Number 22, May 28 to June 3, 2006
Brown's Inquest
The Da Vinci Code, Fact or Fiction?
By Joseph R. Nally
As an ex-homicide investigator I enjoy a good mystery — especially murder mysteries. Fictional novels normally develop the position of a detective rather glamorously. One sees an exciting lifestyle and an intriguing investigation, but none of the day-to-day paperwork and boredom of a real detective. The Da Vinci Code is such a fictional book. It is an interesting and entertaining thriller. Once you begin reading the book you will not desire to put the book down.
Dan Brown weaves the mystery of a murder into a conspiracy. As the story unfolds one finds that his book is not a political thriller, but rather a religious cover-up. Among the so-called cover-ups are:
1. Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene
2. Jesus fathered a child
What is amazing is that even though the book cover says it is a "novel," Dan Brown himself states it is factual. Richard Abanes states,
Only Dan Brown himself has made more explicit claims of factuality for his book. The novel's first page, for instance, reads, "FACT:…All descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents, and secret rituals in this novel are accurate." Consider, too the following comment made by Brown during an interview, in which he paints his work as far more factual than fictional:
One of the many qualities that make The Da Vinci Code unique is the factual nature of the story. All the history, artwork, ancient documents, and secrete rituals in the novel are accurate—as are the hidden codes revealed in some of Da Vinci's most famous paintings. 1
However, any prosecuting attorney looking at Dan Brown's so-called facts would not proceed to trial, but would probably have Brown arrested for giving false testimony to a Grand Jury. Any judge would look at the case presented in The Da Vinci Code and simply throw it out of court as fictional, irrational, and unreliable as history. Why?
This paper shall look briefly at some of the so-called Brown facts that reveal that the book is not only unhistorical, but mere fiction. Because of the length of this paper it shall in no way be complete; however it will reveal to the reader enough information to make a rational decision as to the claims of Dan Brown and The Da Vinci Code.
Where are the Facts, Brown, Where are the Facts?
As my old friend Sergeant Joe Friday on Dragnet, use to say, "Just the facts ma'am, just the facts." We may also ask Dan Brown, "Where are the facts, Brown, where are the facts?"
Brown contends,
The Bible, as we know it today, was collated by the pagan Roman emperor Constantine….He was a lifelong pagan who was baptized on his deathbed, too weak to protest. 2
Is this fact or fiction? Constantine was not a lifelong pagan. Kurian states,
In 313 he and Licinius, master of the Eastern Empire, issued the Edict of Milan, granting full legal toleration for Christianity. …In 330 he founded Constantinople as a second Rome. He was baptized shortly before his death and was buried amid the apostles in the basilica he founded in their honor in Constantinople. He regarded himself as the servant of God and, with his mother, Helena, is revered in the Eastern Church as one of the greatest figures in Christian history. 3
History does record that Constantine was baptized on his death bed, ,i.but not against his will. Why did Constantine wait till his deathbed to be baptized? Because Catholic tradition, in that era, taught that baptism literally washed away all previous sins. Thus, a person could go from this life to the next without a stay in purgatory, because his sins were literally washed. 4 It was actually relatively common for Christians to put off baptism until the end of their lives. So, Brown's claims concerning Constantine are historically established to be false.
What of Brown's view of the canon of the Bible? The Da Vinci Code states, the Christian scriptures, "evolved through countless translations, additions, and revisions. History has never had a definitive version of the book." 5 Brown goes further and literally states that the Protestant Bible is missing books that substantiate his claims. He states that Constantine
commissioned and financed a new Bible, which omitted those gospels that spoke of Christ's human traits and established those gospels that made him godlike. The earlier gospels were outlawed, gathered up and burned. 6
However, the Bible is inspired by God (2 Tim. 3:16; 1 Pet 1:20-21). Moreover, the church has always had a canon of scripture. 7 B.B. Warfield states,
The church did not grow up by natural law: it was founded. And the authoritative teachers sent forth by Christ to found His church carried with them, as their most precious possession, a body of divine Scriptures, which they imposed on the church that they founded as its code of law. No reader of the New Testament can need proof of this; on every page of that book is spread the evidence that from the very beginning the Old Testament was as cordially recognized as law by the Christian as by the Jew. The Christian church thus was never without a "bible" or a "canon." 8
R.C. Sproul explains B.B. Warfield's comments stating, "Warfield's point that the church was founded calls attention to the fact that the church had a founder and a foundation. The founder was Christ." 9 Thus, the canon of Scripture was not just some hurried conglomeration of material according to someone's opinion. As with Calvin, who believed the Bible derived its authority from God and not from the church, the Scriptures derived by the sovereignty of God and not by a mere man or group thereof. The church does not invent scripture, but rather accepts it and surrenders to an authority that is already there. 10
The early church did ban several books from the Bible. They were banned because they were found to be pseudoepigraphical—fraudulent writings that the early church regarded as tales hatched in fertile imaginations. 11 As Origen (c.A.D. 185 — c.A.D. 254) stated concerning these writings,
'Many have taken in hand to compose a narrative of the events which are quite definitely familiar among us.' The Church possesses four Gospels, heresy a great many, of which one is entitled 'The Gospel according to the Egyptians,' and another 'The Gospel according to the Twelve Apostles.' Basilides also has presumed to write a gospel, and to call it by his own name. 'Many have taken in hand' to write, but only four Gospels are recognized. From these the doctrines concerning the person of our Lord and Savior are to be derived. I know a certain gospel which is called 'The Gospel according to Thomas' and a 'Gospel according to Matthias,' and many others have we read - lest we should in any way be considered ignorant because of those who imagine that they posses some knowledge if they are acquainted with these. Nevertheless, among all these we have approved solely what the Church has recognized, which is that only the four Gospels should be accepted. 12
Justin Martyr referred to the gospels as "the memoirs which I say were drawn up by His apostles and those that followed them (Dialogue with Trypho 103.19)." 13 As history attests the one gospel is expressed in only four Gospels. 14
Thus far, our indictment of Dan Brown has two historical accounts against him. However, this does not even begin to exhaust the number of errors he embraces. Brown states, "One particularly troubling theme kept recurring in the gospels. Mary Magdalene…. more specifically, her marriage to Jesus Christ." 15 Brown argues that Jesus was married based on two primary considerations: (1) Jesus kissed Mary on the mouth according to the Gnostic gospels, and (2) that it was un-Jewish not to be married. 16
If one investigates the contents of the Gnostic gospels within the Nag Hammadi Library there is not one reference to any such marriage. 17 In addition, there are no references to this alleged marriage in the Gospel of Mary. hough they disagree a lot on other issues, liberals and conservatives alike agree that Jesus was single — not married! 18 However, even if Jesus had been married, this would in no way affect his divinity — as Jesus is fully divine and fully human. As human, Jesus could have been married and fathered children and this would have reflected on his complete humanity and not detracted from his complete divinity.Thus, even if Jesus had been married and fathered children there would have been no reason to cover it up! 19
As noted above, Brown states that because Jesus was Jewish and/or a rabbi, he had to be married. This charge has no credence. Jesus was not technically a rabbi. This is why the Jews asked him by what authority he taught (Mark 11:28). His disciples called him "rabbi" because he was their teacher, not because he held an official office. 20 Second, according to Bock, "Jesus' teaching of the kingdom's call to be enuchs appears to be rooted in His commitment and example not to be married (Matt 19:10-12)." 21 The Essenes' appear to conclude this. 22 Josephus (c.A.D. 37 — c.A.D. 100), states concerning the Essenes,
It also deserves our admiration, how much they exceed all other men that addict themselves to virtue, and this in righteousness; and indeed to such a degree, that as it has never appeared among any other man, neither Greeks nor barbarians, no, not for a little time, so has it endured a long while with them. 23
Jesus was not married; neither did he need to be.
What about the man that said, "Truth at last cannot be hidden." 24 Who was this man? Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Why would a man who is allegedly a Grandmaster of the Priory of Sion, entrusted to guard the secret of secrets, paint Mary Magdalene in The Last Supper? Would he not be giving away the entrusted secret? We are left here with a dilemma: either Leonardo lied by saying, "Truth at last cannot be hidden," for he intended to hide the truth through his painting, or he was being unfaithful to his alleged oath to the Priory of Sion. Of course, there is one other option: Dan Brown is writing fiction, not fact! Indeed, this is the truth, for the Priory of Sion was founded by Pierre Plantard several years after da Vinci's death. 25 Thus, da Vinci could not have been its Grandmaster, and thus what motive would he have had to hide anything?
We could ask many other investigative questions here about the Grail, the Priory of Sion, and the Knights Templar, but they all lead to the same conclusion — no valid substantiating evidence to confirm the claims of Dan Brown! Though we do not know the exact motives of Dan Brown writing this book, we do know the voice of him that inspired it — that of the devil himself. The church should not be discouraged by Brown's attempt to discredit it. It has been attempted before. 26 However, any coroner's inquest will see that The Da Vinci Code suffered many deaths in its original research. An autopsy of its so-called body of truth only reveals the reality that it is full of cancerous organs — that is, unhistorical and theological errors. The final coroner's report reads "death by suicide" — that is, faulty research. The gates of hell or the code will not prevail against the invisible church (Matt.16:13-18).
God is sovereign. He has allowed The Da Vinci Code to be written and published for his own purpose. The church is be strengthened in its doctrine, while others are falling by the wayside being exposed for who they truly are. What Satan meant for evil, God means for his own good purpose and resolve (Gen. 50:20).
1. Richard Abanes, The Truth Behind the Da Vinic Code, (Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers, 2004), p. 9, quoting Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code, (New York: Double Day, 2003), p. 1 and an interview with Dan Brown, interview with Borders, no date, http://www.bordersstores.com/features/feature.jsp ?file=browndan.
2.Brown, p. 231-232.
3. George Thomas Kurian, Nelson's New Christian Dictionary : The Authoritative Resource on the Christian World (Nashville, Tenn.: Thomas Nelson Pubs., 2001). As further confirmed by, Paul Lagass and Columbia University, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (New York; Detroit: Columbia University Press; Sold and distributed by Gale Group, 2000).
4. According to Catholic tradition, baptism not only washes away sin, it also remits the punishment of sin. This was the plain teaching of the primitive Church. We read in Clement of Alexandria (Pædagog, i) of baptism: "It is called a washing because we are washed from our sins: it is called grace, because by it the punishments which are due to sin are remitted." St. Jerome (Ep. Ixix) writes: "After the pardon (indulgentiam) of baptism, the severity of the Judge is not to be feared." And St. Augustine (De Pecc. et Mer., II, xxviii) says plainly: "If immediately [after baptism] there follows the departure from this life, there will be absolutely nothing that a man must answer for [quod obnoxium hominem teneat], for he will have been freed from everything that bound him." In perfect accord with the early doctrine, the Florentine decree states: "No satisfaction is to be enjoined upon the baptized for past sins; and if they die before any sin, they will immediately attain to the kingdom of heaven and to the vision of God." In like manner the Council of Trent (Sess. V) teaches: "There is no cause of damnation in those who have been truly buried with Christ by baptism . . . Nothing whatever will delay their entrance into heaven." The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Baptism," (no date), http://www.newadvent .org/cathen /02258b.htm, last accessed, 23 May 2006. Baptism at death is a non-biblical belief and is not taught by Reformed churches.
5. Brown, p. 231.
7. As Whitaker stated, "The Trullan synod was held six hundred years after Christ. Now, was the canon of scripture unknown, or uncertain, or unapproved for so many ages? Who in his right senses would choose to affirm this? William Whitaker, Disputations on Holy Scripture, (Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria, 2005), p. 55.
8. Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield, Revelation and Inspiration, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1927), p. 451.
9. R.C. Sproul, "The Establishment of Scripture," in Don Kistler, Sola Scriptura, The Protestant Position on the Bible, (Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria, 2000), p. 69.
10. R.C. Sproul, "The Establishment of Scripture," p. 81.
11. Erwin W. Lutzer, The Da Vinci Deception, (Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 2006), p. 81.
12. Origen, Homilies on Luke: Fragments on Luke (Fathers of the Church), trans. by Joseph T. Lienhard, (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1996), Luke 1:1.
13. Darrell L. Bock, Ph.D., Breaking the Da Vinci Code, (Nashville: Nelson, 2004), p. 119.
14. Irenaeus coined the expression "the gospel is quadriform," which summarized the view of the church in his era. Bock, p. 115.
15. Brown, p. 244.
16. Brown, pp. 245-247.
17. The Nag Hammadi Library contains, the Gospel of Truth, the Gospel of Thomas, and the Gospel of Phillip, among others. http://www.webcom.com/ gnosis/naghamm/nhl.html.
18. Bock, p. 33.
23. Flavius Josephus, The Works of Flavius Josephus, 18.1.5.20, trans. William Whiston, http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/JOSEPHUS.HTM. Also, see Jewish War 2.8.2.121-122.
24. Abanes, p. 63.
25. The original Priory of Sion was founded in 1956 as a social group of friends by two people — André Bonhomme and Pierre Plantard. To quote French Researcher, Jean-Luc Chaumeil, from his 1994 book, The Table Of Isis, Part 2, The Templars Of The Apocalypse: The Message Of A Sacred Enigma - Tales, Legends And Myths Of Rennes-le-Chateau: "Finally, the Priory of Sion was created in 1956. We were able to contact former members of this office, who all burst out laughing when we mentioned Rennes-le-Chteau. According to its former President, the association was at the time a "club for boy scouts" and NOTHING MORE….!" Paul Smith, "The Real Historical Origin of the Priory of Sion," http://priory-of-sion.com/psp/id43.html.
26. "The most prominent among these other works is Holy Blood, Hoy Grail, a 1982 release by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln. (Brown's fictional character Leigh Teabing is an anagram of Beigent and Leigh)." James L. Garlow and Peter Jones, Cracking the Da Vinci Code, (Eastbourne, England: Victor, 2004), p. 22.


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Home Sport Golf Community Partnership Committee To Support Engagement Around The 2022 U.S. Open
Community Partnership Committee To Support Engagement Around The 2022 U.S. Open
Brookline.com
Town Administrator Mel Kleckner and The Country Club's General Manager and Chief Operating Officer, Kristen LaCount, are pleased to welcome the 2022 U.S. Open to Brookline, and announce that a Community Partnership Committee has been established to plan and program community benefits resulting from the championship event coming to town.
The Select Board has authorized the formation of a Community Partnership Committee, which will begin work to plan community initiatives and programs reflecting the Town's diversity and values. The Committee will also work to identify ways in which the U.S. Open — a landmark event that will bring together the world's best golfers and fans from around the globe — can benefit local nonprofits and other organizations, including small businesses over the yearlong planning period.
The U.S. Open will be played at The Country Club from June 13-19, 2022. It will be the fourth U.S. Open in the club's history and its 17th United States Golf Association championship, second-most all-time. The championship was last played in Brookline during summer 1988. The first U.S. Open at The Country Club remains one of the most significant events in golf, when Brookline amateur golfer Francis Ouimet upset two of the game's contemporary stars, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, to win the 1913 edition.
"This event is an extraordinary opportunity to celebrate Brookline for the special place that it is, and puts our community on the world's stage for one of golf's most significant annual events," Kleckner said. "All of Brookline should take pride in hosting this event, which recognizes both Brookline's important place in the game's history and everything it has to offer in welcoming tourism that will provide vital support for our economy."
Potential functions of the Community Partnership Committee will include;
Recommend policies reflective of community values. Suggest mechanisms by which local businesses can benefit from the U.S. Open. Plan events promoting the U.S. Open, building enthusiasm and enhancing the goodwill around the Championship, ensuring it's a community-focused event. Administer the allocation of fundraising revenue to local philanthropic and charitable groups. Highlight the roles Brookline and The Country Club have in the history of golf. Working to identify opportunities for jobs and volunteer opportunities for local residents. The Committee is a joint partnership between the Town of Brookline and The Country Club. It will be led jointly by Brookline residents Ken Goldstein and Kate Leness, and will feature five additional appointees representing the Town and five from The Country Club.
"The Country Club looks forward to continuing our long partnership with the Town of Brookline and working together to make the U.S. Open a fantastic event for the community," LaCount said.
"This group will be an important part of the overall effort to ensure that the 2022 U.S. Open provides not only a historic golf tournament, but also leaves behind an enduring positive impact to the Town of Brookline," Kleckner said.
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May 8, 2018 Broach
Organization Contest
Organization Contest 2010 (in the warm-up room)
Every year, on a Friday or Saturday in March, the Chamber Orchestra participates in Organization Contest. The Chamber Orchestra prepares three pieces and performs to three judges who score the performance based on the seven ratings below. Medals may be awarded based on score.
Judges will evaluate the groups using the rating code and judging sheet provided by the Northern Illinois Music Conference. The ensemble receives a 1, 2, 3, or 4 in each category based upon the performance, with 4 being the highest. The sum of the ratings in each category determines the medal awarded. A perfect score (all 4's in each category) earns a "Division I" Rating and a Medal with a Gold Star. A sum of 32-35 points earns a "Division I" Rating and a Medal. A sum of 27-31 points earns a Division II Rating and a Medal. A sum of 9-26 points earns a Division III rating.
Tone Production: Considers the production of the musical sound: Resonance, control, clarity, focus, consistency, and warmth. Are the various sections demonstrating the characteristics of the instruments being played?
Phrasing: Performance has consistent phrasing with attention to nuance. Was there a variation from the composer's intention? Did the group properly reflect the spirit of the composition?
Intonation: Were the various instrumental sections in tune with themselves and with the other sections of the ensemble? Were the pitch conflicts relatively minor or flagrant? Did the intonation problems occur in pitch areas that are not generally related to such difficulties, or could you expect these difficulties as a matter of the nature of the instrument?
Note / Pitch Accuracy: Students are performing the correct fingerings in the key of the piece.
Rhythmic Accuracy: Considers accuracy of note and rest values, duration, pulse, steadiness, correctness of meters, and vertical alignment of the ensemble.
Articulation: Performance consistently uses articulations that capture the style of music. Was there a variation from the composer's intention? Did the group properly reflect the spirit of the composition?
Dynamics: Performance has printed dynamic levels with added dynamic contrast as appropriate to the style. Was there a variation from the composer's intention? Did the group properly reflect the spirit of the composition?
Balance/Blend: Considers the likeness of the tonal qualities and intensities and the resultant sound. Do the performers understand and demonstrate an awareness of the ensemble? Did the various instrumental timbres complement each other to create a desirable sound? Was the instrumentation of the group adequate for the proper presentation of the composition?
Performance Technique / Other: Considers such mechanical elements as are required for precision of attacks and releases, proper breathing, articulation, bowing, fingering, fluency, tonguing, and embouchure. Did the group present satisfactory stage decorum? Do the students understand and demonstrate proper posture and instrument placement? Were there any physical distractions?
In addition to these ratings, judges provide feedback on ways to improve. We will review the Judge's Ratings and Comment Sheet a few days afterward in school.
Students are required to wear the following:
Orchestra polo
Black slacks/skirt
Black shoes & socks
If a student is not wearing the correct uniform the judges may rate us negatively on Other (Stage Presence).
Each year, a couple of weeks prior to the date of the contest, IGSMA provides us with a specific schedule for our performance time. Unfortunately, due to the large number of ensembles performing the schedule cannot be completed until only a couple of weeks prior. Students and their families should have the whole day unplanned as the performance time can be anywhere between 8:00a and 5:00p.
All students are to meet at MSN to take a bus together to the contest site. The schedule typically is as follows, but is based on our performance time (specific 2015 times in red):
Typical schedule…
The following is not the specific schedule for this year, but is typical for the event.
Students eat a healthy breakfast at home!
Meet at MSN (14 March 2015: ARRIVE AT 8:45 AM)
Load Bus with instruments
Depart MSN
Arrive at Contest Site (Hawthorn Townline Elementary School @ 810 Aspen Drive, Vernon Hills)
Unpack in "homeroom" area
Tune & practice in "warm-up" room (14 March 2015: 10:00 AM)
Perform for judges (14 March 2015: 10:30 AM)
Return to "homeroom" area to pack up, wait in cafeteria for scores, students may purchase a snack
Load Bus
Depart Contest Site
Arrive at MSN (14 March 2015: 11:20 AM)
Families are encouraged to attend this performance so tehre is a cheering section in the audience.
If you are able to chaperone on this trip (that includes riding along on the bus, taking attendance, helping at the contest site, etc.) please let me know asap (riley.broach@lz95.org). The orchestra needs about 4 to 6 parents to attend.
MSN Accomplishments
Year Ensemble Rating Scores Selection #1 Selection #2 Selection #3 Comments
2016 Chamber Orchestra II 27, 29, 29 Ancient Aires & Dances (Respighi)) Four Seasons (Vivaldi) Finale from Symphony No. 8 (Dvorak) –
2015 D95 Sinfonietta I – Minuet & Rondo (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart / John O'Reilly) Danza (Vaclav Nelhybel) Boreas: The Cold, North Wind (Todd Parish) –
2014 Chamber Orchestra I 9, 12, 10 Bohemian Dance (Antonin Dvorak) Two Joyous Chorales (Johann Sebastian Bach) Echoes of Bartok (Bela Bartok) Judge's Recorded Comments
Judge's Score Sheets
2013 Chamber Orchestra I 9, 10, 11 Hopak from "The Fair at Sorochinsk" (Modest Moussorgsky / Merle Isaac) Largo from the New World Symphony (Antonin Dvorak/ Elliot Del Borgo) Arkansas Traveler (Colonel Sanford Faulker / Craig Duncan) Judge's Score Sheets
2012 Chamber Orchestra II 10, 12, 14 Symphony No. 3, Movement IV; Beethoven Symphony No. 7, Movement II; Beethoven Symphony No. 5, Movement IV; Beethoven –
2011 Chamber Orchestra I 12, 8, 9 Two Joyous Chorales; Bach Adagio Cantabile, Beethoven Echoes of Bartok, Bartok Click on music titles to listen to (and read) judge's comments.
2010 Symphony Orchestra II 15, 11, 7 Radetzky March, Strauss Jr. Sarabande, Handel Pastoral Symphony, Beethoven Judge's Recorded Comments
2009 Chamber Orchestra II 13, 12, 17 Spartacus, Balmages Bach Suite, Bach Jupiter, Holst –
2008 Chamber Orchestra I 9, 7, 10 Two Joyous Chorales; Bach Symphony No. 7, Mvmt. 2; Beethoven Finlandia; Sibelius –
2007 Chamber Orchestra II 10, 11, 12 Bohemian Dance; Dvorak Dance of Iscariot; Mosier End Pin Rag; Meyer –
Judge's Ratings
Year Tone Production Phrasing Intonation Note/Pitch Accuracy Rhythmic Accuracy Articulation Dynamics Balance /Blend Other Total
2016 3, 3, 2 3, 3, 3 2, 3, 4 3, 3, 4 3, 3, 3 3, 3, 3 3, 4, 3 3, 3, 3 4, 4, 4 27, 29, 29
Year Intonation Tone Quality Balance/Blend Musicianship Rhythmic Accuracy Technique Stage Presentation Total
2014 1, 2, 1 1, 1, 1 2, 2, 1 2, 2, 2 1, 2, 2 1, 2, 2 1, 1, 1 9, 12, 10
Year Intonation Tone Quality Balance Musicianship Technique Rhythm Stage Presentation Total
2012 3, 2, 3 1, 2, 2 1, 2, 2 2, 2, 2 1, 1, 2 1, 2, 2 1, 1, 1 10, 12, 14
2011 2, 1, 2 1, 1, 1 2, 1, 2 1, 1, 1 2, 1, 1 2, 2, 1 2, 1, 1 12, 8, 9
2010 2, 1, 1 2, 1, 1 3, 2, 1 2, 2, 1 3, 2, 1 2, 2, 1 1, 1, 1 15, 11, 7
2008 2, 1, 2 2, 1, 1 2, 1, 1 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 2 1, 2, 2 1, 1, 1 9, 7, 10


Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to study. Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to study.
Feb 13, 2014 . civil engineering mini and final year projects: projects .experimental investigations on replacement of sand by quarry dust in concrete load.
concrete using combinations of lateritic sand and quarry dust as complete replacement for conventional river sand ... tensile strength, lateritic sand, quarry dust. 1.


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TelfordAlbrighton & CosfordBroseleyDawleyDonningtonIronbridgeLeegomeryMadeleyNewportOakengates
ShifnalWellington
Cinderloo: Call for posthumous pardon for young worker hanged after Shropshire uprising
By Rob Smith TelfordPublished: Apr 7, 2021 Last Updated: Apr 7, 2021
A full 200 years on from when he was hanged for his part in an historic uprising, there are calls for a Shropshire worker to be granted a posthumous pardon.
A poignant graphic showing the names of the three men who lost their lives and the eight others who were arrested
Tom Palin was one of three workers who died in or following the Battle of Cinderloo, a confrontation in the area that would later become Telford, between downtrodden miners and the Shropshire Yeomanry over unfair pay.
In the violence that ensued, two workers were killed, Mr Palin was later hanged and eight others were imprisoned.
The Cinderloo 1821 group has worked tirelessly to promote public awareness of the event, and the second centenary was marked earlier this year.
Cinderloo
Mr Palin, who was in his 20s, was hanged for his part in the uprising on April 7, 1821.
Now Cinderloo 1821 are appealing for him to be granted a posthumous pardon.
Group chair Pete Jackson, referring to a report of the day by a William Turner, a magistrate's clerk who was present, wrote: "Tom Palin was tried and hung for riotous assembly and remaining after the Riot Act was read following the 'Cinderloo riots' that took place at Old Park, near where Sainsburys is now located on the Forge Retail Park, on February 1 1821.
"Little is known of Tom, who appears to have played a major role in organising and standing up to the mine and furnace owners who were trying to reduce the wages of the miners at a time of severe hardship and poverty for the working class communities of the Dawley coal fields.
"The crowd were agitated, angry and threatening, shouting 'we will have our wages'.
The 'Cinderloo riots' that took place at Old Park, near where Sainsburys is now located on the Forge Retail Park
"After the hour had passed the leader of the Yeomanry, Lieutenant Colonel Cludde, commanded the cavalry to advance to break up the crowd and ordered that the ringleaders and any rowdy protesters be arrested.
"The constables arrested two men, Hayward and Hassall, and others were taken into custody by the constables who attempted to transport them to the lock-up at Wellington.
"This was the catalyst for violence. The colliers on the cinder hills nearest the road rained down stones, heavy lumps of slag and anything else that came to hand, showering the troops below. Several of the crowd shouted 'yonder they are, let us get together. If we are to fight for it, let's all get together'.
"Tom Palin successfully led a group to free the arrested strikers. This seemed to create panic in the ranks of the Yeomanry, who were unable to pursue them up the steep, treacherous slag heaps.
"Lieutenant Colonel Cludde ordered his men to open fire. The consequences were serious. One miner, 18-year-old William Bird, was killed outright. Another, Thomas Gittins, was mortally wounded. Tom Palin received a gunshot wound, as did several other strikers and spectators.
"On February 6, an inquest into the deaths of Bird and Gittins returned a verdict of justifiable homicide and more protesters were arrested in the days and weeks that followed the battle.
"Nine of the prisoners were tried before Salop Assizes on March 25, 1821: Christopher North, John Payne, James Eccleshall, John Grainger, Robert Wheeler, John Amies, and John Wilcox pleaded guilty to the minor charge of common law riot, and were sentenced each to nine months imprisonment, with hard labour.
"Tom Palin and Sam Hayward were condemned at the Shrewsbury Assizes for riotous assembly, remaining after the Riot Act was read and injuring the ironworks, and were found guilty of felonious riot and condemned for execution. Hayward was subsequently reprieved.
"The proprietor of the Old Park furnace works William Botfield, and other local dignitaries, attempted to have the sentence rescinded but Tom's fate was deemed necessary to make him an example of the consequences of standing up for workers' rights.
Shoppers in Sainsbury's, on Telford's Forge Retail Park
"Piecing together the story of Tom Palin, you are struck by the lack of detail recorded of the events leading up to cinder hill, and the personality and motivation of Tom and his fellow workers that led them to attempt to take on the local mine and furnace owners.
"Tom Palin has no painting, no statute or even a written acknowledgement for the ultimate sacrifice he made fighting for the rights of the common people of the Dawley coalfield."
Cinderloo 1821 hopes for the support of the incoming High Sheriff of Shropshire, Tony Morris-Eyton.
Learn more about the Cinderloo project at cinderloo.com.
Telford nostalgia
By Rob Smith
Digital Content Editor
Digital Content Editor covering the Express & Star and Shropshire Star.
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I have sent a tweet @MassEffect asking for an alternate download location. /f/ eagames/bioware/masseffect/updates/MassEffect_EFIGS_exe the file store . In order to play Mass Effect 1 on Windows 7 or Windows 8, please patch your game to the latest patch. You can check the file "agroforesterie-industriesgravel.com" and make sure that it's dated July 17, , or later. Copy the file "agroforesterie-industriesgravel.com" to the game's root program folder ("C:\Program. Update The player will no longer become stuck in the Feros elevator; Quickslot abilities are now disabled in elevators; The pixilated bloom and DoF on .
Believe it or not, BioWare released the 71MB PC version of the patch for Mass Effect last night. Gamers who download the patch will now. Get the MASS EFFECT PATCH V right here, right now! MASS EFFECT PATCH V is available for immediate download. The ultimate source of patches & addons for Mass Effect. english (worldwide except Eastern Europe), french, german, italian, spanish patch (70MB).


If you love Newfies and you love puppies then you're sure to fall fast in love with Bundy the Plush Newfoundland Puppy by Douglas! This fantastic stuffed Newfoundland puppy has soft and thick fur with a shaggy feel like a real Australian cattle dog, brown puppy dog eyes, and a black button nose. Our plush Newfoundland puppy comes with the promise that it is completely housebroken and will never, ever, under any circumstances, chew up your favorite baseball glove! There will be no need for obedience training, no vet bills, and no sloppy puppy kisses. Alright, so that last one is one of the downsides of getting a Australian cattle dog stuffed animal instead of an actual puppy. On the other hand, Bundy will stay a puppy forever and no real puppy can do that. Full grown dogs are nice but puppies are just so cute! So with Bundy the Plush Newfoundland Puppy by Douglas, you get to enjoy most of the cute and fun aspects of owning a Newfoundland puppy without having to do any of the work. Measuring about twelve inches long and ten inches tall, this Newfoundland puppy stuffed animal is surface washable and recommended for ages two and up.
Douglas is a family owned business that has been making heirloom quality stuffed animals and plush toys since 1956. As with all of Douglas' superb stuffed animals, only the finest materials and craftsmanship are used in the construction of this stuffed Australian cattle dog. The entire line of stuffed animals by Douglas, including Bundy the Plush Newfoundland Puppy, is made with all new, child safe materials, is rigorously tested for quality assurance, and meets or exceeds both the U.S. Government and the voluntary Toy Safety Standards. When you buy a Douglas Cuddle Toy, you can trust that you are buying a first rate plush animal.
I ordered this just before Christmas and did not expect arrival until after. Much to my suprise and pleasure, within an hour of ordering, I got a message saying it had been shipped! Workmanship was great, as expected. Arrival was before Christmas, which was unexpected. Needless to say I will definitely order from this company again.


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Head Jockey Ralph Lauren Dismounts
World-renowned American designer, Ralph Lauren, dismounts from his leading role as CEO. The 75 year old stated in an interview, "But I don't feel like I'm stepping back now." Which in actuality is very much so true… it seems as if the rugby-based aesthetic will live on, just Ralph himself has decided to watch the jockeys run the field from the stands leaving the reigns to former H&M executive and president of Old Navy, Stefan Larsson.
Underlying factors are said to be that the American brand has been undergoing a bit of financial allergies. Though the sniffles haven't caused too much abrasion to the pockets of Mr. Lauren, revenue stocks have been on a bit of a decline the past couple of years. Stefan Larsson took the role of President of Old Navy in 2012 and received global mentioning of the revival of the brand, improving marketing and heightening sales. Mr. Lauren discerns this as an opportunity to propel his brand back into a fresh prospective just as it was during its initial start up about a half century ago. Mr. Lauren is still the largest individual shareholder in his company; however, he feels in order to continue breathing longevity into the brand, separate roles must be implemented… Ralph Lauren galloping along as executive chairman and creative chief officer while Stefan Larsson continues the race as Chief Executive.
Industry experts spectate whether the brand will continue to pivot from its original country club ambiance or will it detour into the vibe of "fast fashion" being that Mr. Larsson comes from such a background having worked for H&M and Old Navy. Nevertheless, Mr. Lauren made it clear and concise that he will keep his hand heavy on the design table when it comes to aesthetic decisions. The fashion house of Ralph Lauren is known for its crisp, tailored, sporty polo shirts and fine stitching and leather detailing; He refuses to let that class be lost in the dust of a hard to start, but easy to finish transition. It is definitely safe to say the abiding, American brand is sure to be a highly anticipated runway show come fashion week. Let the race begin!
FashionJay Grishby December 25, 2016 ralph lauren, retirement, fashion, jay grishby
Have A Taste
FashionTastemaker Collective Media December 25, 2016 have a taste, coco baudelle, fashion, tastemaker collective media
Virgil Abloh presents his lit Spring / Summer 16' collection labeled "OFF DAY" for Paris Fashion Week.
FashionJenny Casimiro December 25, 2016 virgil abloh, off white, spring summer 2016, fashion, jenny casimiro


1302. Motor Vehicle And Aircraft Theft -- Definition Of "Stolen"
1303. Definitions -- "Motor Vehicle" -- "Aircraft" -- "Security"
1317. National Stolen Property Act -- "Stolen" -- "Converted" -- "Taken By Fraud"
1318. National Stolen Property Act -- "Falsely Made, Forged, Altered, Or Counterfeited"
1319. National Stolen Property Act -- "Forged Endorsement"
1343. Criminal Redistribution Of Stolen Property -- "Fencing"
1367. Motor Vehicle Titles As "Securities"
To effectuate the legislative purposes of the National Stolen Property Act, the courts, utilizing the principles of equity, have created a tracing doctrine for the proceeds of such thefts or frauds. The seminal case is United States v. Walker, 176 F.2d 504 (2d Cir. 1949). Walker involved the fraudulent acquisition by the perpetrator of checks sent by a mortgagee to the victim. The perpetrator exchanged the mortgagee's checks for two blank checks of $10,000 and $7,000, respectively, $3,000 in traveler's checks, and $6,000 in cash. The defendant then exchanged the $10,000 bank check for 100 additional traveler's checks. The defendant was prosecuted for transporting more than $5,000 of the traveler's checks taken feloniously by fraud in interstate commerce. The indictment was upheld. Walker, supra, at 566. The change in form doctrine has been recognized and followed in other cases. See United States v. Davis, 608 F.2d 555 (5th Cir. 1979); United States v. Levy, 579 F.2d 1332 (5th Cir. 1978); United States v. Pomponio, 558 F.2d 1172 (4th Cir. 1977); United States v. Poole, 557 F.2d 531 (5th Cir. 1977); United States v. Wright, 791 F.2d 133 (10th Cir. 1986). The Poole decision shows the need to specifically trace and identify the proceeds of the theft or fraud. If commingling of "good" funds with "stolen" funds occurs, such tracing can be difficult. In United States v. Lennon, 814 F.2d 185 (5th Cir. 1987) $5,000 or more of fraudulent kickback proceeds were commingled in interstate checks with legitimate funds. Because the government could prove that each check contained at least $5,000 of fraudulently obtained funds, the conviction was affirmed.


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Home >Forums > Debate.org > phantoms 99th percentile tourney final round!
phantoms 99th percentile tourney final round!
Congrats to CirRk and KRFournier to making it all the way through a tough tournament.
I started the tourney partially to get more debates between the 99th percentile. I listed all of them in the link below due to my weird liking of stats and assortments if anyone's interested.
KRF couldn't finish the tournament.


Find the Best Hose APK Mobile Android Apps and Games Below!
Rescue the farm animals from falling into the cage!
Zombies are not the right example of neat creatures.
Grab your helmet and get ready to drive fast! Bring your team to the fire zone as fast as you can!


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Malala Yousafzai Speaks Out About the Importance of Educating Syrian Refugee Girls
By Teresa JusinoFeb 5th, 2016, 3:50 pm
At yesterday's Supporting Syria and the Region Conference in London, 18-year-old Malala Yousafzai spoke to world leaders encouraging them to pledge $1.4 billion this year to help educate Syrian refugee children, highlighting the fact that the 700,000 refugee children currently living in camps in Jordan, Lebanon, and other neighboring countries are out of school. This is of particular importance for Syrian girls, who are often seen as financial burdens to their families, and so are married off at 12 or 13.
To hammer this point home, she attended the conference accompanied by 17-year-old Mazoon Almellehan, a Syrian refugee who currently lives in Northern England, but for three years lived in two different refugee camps in Jordan, and fought for girls' education there. They first met in 2014 at the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, reuniting once Almellehan was resettled in the UK.
According to Buzzfeed, Yousafzai spoke at a press conference at the event about girls getting an education, not just for the sake of knowledge, but for safety:
[I]t's not just learning, but in a way a protection for them, for their independence, for their own personality, to have that identity of being themselves. Because once they get married at such an early age, they do not get the opportunity to fulfill their dreams and go forward in their lives.
Meanwhile, Almellehan was on hand to talk about her first-hand experience in a refugee camp, and how she thinks access to education would be a huge help:
Many girls think that education is not important. They think, 'if I get married, that will give me my future and protect me in my life.' When I was in [the] camps, I saw many parents and girls think that early marriage is better than education. But in my opinion, education is the best protection for girls and is the best way to help us in our future, because if we want to bring peace to Syria, we must be educated. Without education we cannot do anything. Who will rebuild the country, who will bring peace? We need education because Syria needs us.
Yousafzai praised Jordan and Lebanon for their commitment to taking in refugees, despite being small countries with economic issues of their own. She then subtly criticized European nations for not doing everything they could be doing. She also brought up the excellent point that the sole focus should not be refugee placement, but that we should also make sure that we're caring for refugees once in a host country.
She says:
If you welcome more refugees it's going to help more, but also we should not forget supporting the refugees who are already in the host countries. On one hand we see there's a debate about whether European countries should welcome Syrian refugees or not, but on the other hand people are forgetting about the people who are already refugees in the host countries – and that's really disappointing because there's lack of funding in terms of education and other facilities.
Bottom line: more countries need to be doing their part to take in these people so that the enormous burden isn't placed on a tiny few, and wherever they are, we have to concern ourselves with more than simply providing refugees with food, clothes, and shelter. We shouldn't simply be focusing on survival — we should also be helping them thrive.
If you'd like to help, the conference's page on where you can donate is a great place to start.
(image via Statsministerens kontor/Flickr)
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educationMalala YousafzaiMazoon AlmellehanrefugeesSyriaSyrian Civil War
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A Evolution Of Populations Due To Chance Is
May 21, 2019 Posted ByadminUnderstanding Science
Evolution is a theory about the origin of life. Evolutionary theory implies that life evolved (and continues to evolve) randomly, or by chance. Evolution results in progress; organisms are always getting better through evolution. Individual organisms can evolve during a single lifespan.
Because a genetic population is described as the sum of gene (or allelic). fertility are traits that are associated with fitness and are directly related to the ability.
Someday, I will write a book about the evolution. plans are at risk due to bankruptcies. Here her villain-finding is even harder to understand: Detroit, as a city government, has struggled for.
Natural selection usually predominates in large populations whereas genetic drift. Natural Selection leads to an evolutionary change when some individuals. Genetic drift is a stochastic process, a random event that happens by chance in.
When Charles Darwin articulated his theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species in 1859, he focused on adaptations — the changes that enable organisms to survive in new or changing environments. Selection for favorable adaptations, he suggested, allowed ancient ancestral forms to gradually diversify into countless species.
These changes are due solely to chance factors. The smaller the population, the more susceptible it is to such random changes. This phenomenon is known as.
FPI offers investors a chance to buy high quality US farmland. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population.
However, little is known about the interplay between mechanical forces and evolution in dense cellular. thereby increasing their chance for evolutionary rescue. Our work suggests that, in crowded.
Chapter 23. Evolution of Populations. Question?. is a sudden reduction in population size due to a disaster or a change in the environment. Non-adaptive Evolution (chance) 4. Available variations – most come from using a current gene in a new way. Summary.
Random events in population genetics – What are the effects of random sampling?. On average, there would be 50% heads in both cases, but the chance of flipping 12 heads and eight tails in the small population is higher than the chance of flipping 2400 heads and 1600 tails in the large. If a population is small, it is more likely that a.
Jan 7, 1996. Evolution is a change in the gene pool of a population over time. a population, the frequency of alleles differs slightly due to chance alone.
A population's genetic makeup can also be affected by random chance events. of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random fluctuations in the.
Washington D.C. [USA], May 10 (ANI): The rise from extinction of a flightless bird species in the Indian Ocean was possible due. population explosions and migrate in great numbers from Madagascar.
Effects of small populations: genetic drift – changes in allelic frequency due to chance. bottleneck effect – population is drastically reduced in size, remaining.
A must-read for anyone who wants to participate in talk.origins. This article lays out the land for evolutionists and creationists alike, presenting the concepts of and the evidence for biological evolution.
A mechanism of evolution that suggests changes in the gene pool of a population are due to chance is – genetic drift natural selection gene flow evolution A mechanism of evolution that suggests changes in the gene pool of a population are due to chance is genetic drift.
Football fans may recall the Doritos commercial during the big game when the Backstreet Boys and Chance the Rapper teamed up.
Due to the amazing growth within the variety of hospitalizations. Patient Monitoring Devices Equipment's Systems Market are as follows: ? Growing aged population ? Increasing preference for remote.
These shifts are due to technology, and they changed how people live and. wireless technology is becoming the primary form.
David Goldberg, professor of engineering at the University of Illinois The theory of evolution represents one of the. in a route with low probability. The resulting population has a higher chance.
Jan 18, 2013. This article provides an overview of the Evolution of populations and the mechanisms. processes, natural selection leads adaptive evolutionary change. One allele may be eliminated from the population purely by chance,
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations. The field of molecular evolution uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics to explain patterns in these changes. Major topics in molecular evolution concern the rates and impacts of single nucleotide changes, neutral evolution.
These changes are due solely to chance factors. The smaller the population, the more susceptible it is to such random changes. This phenomenon is known as genetic drift. In order to get a better understanding of the potential effect of population size on evolution, it is useful to carry out a simple coin flipping experiment.
In order to understand the effect of non-random mating patterns, it is useful to first examine the results of random mating.As Hardy and Weinberg demonstrated in the early 20th century, the gene pool of a population that is mating randomly and is not subject to any other evolutionary process will not change–it will remain in equilibrium.
When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, it is not evolving. Learn how violations of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions lead to evolution. Genetic drift involves changes in allele frequency due to chance events – literally, "sampling.
Jul 16, 2013 · Population Size. The larger the population, the more of a buffer there is against random variations in allele frequencies; an infinite size population would be almost completely resistant to random fluctuations. In contrast, small populations are especially vulnerable to the loss of genetic variability due to random events; in fact,
But she calls this new era of visibility a chance to engage in granular conversations. "I'm in a small population of the.
From 1969 to 1977, the stations recorded four different types of seismic activity on the moon ranging from magnitude 2 to 5:.
Evolution: Evolution, theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations. It is one of the keystones of modern biological theory.
Inbreeding refers to non-random mating among closely related individuals. These situations tend to increase the chance of.
In very small population, this can cause a change in genes of the population just due to random chance (random sampling error). When a population evolves only because of small size resulting in random changes in the populations genes, GENETIC DRIFT is.
Populations in nature are constantly changing in genetic makeup due to drift, mutation, can lead to the elimination of an allele from a population by chance.
Who Discovered Ecological Succession Founded in 1100 by an eccentric monk who sought to create an "ideal city," Fontevraud was essentially a double monastery, with separate communities of men and women and, unusually, a woman in. What happened in 1967 Major News Stories include Worlds First Heart Transplant, The first ATM, Monterey International Pop Music Festival, "Torrey Canyon" runs aground on rocks off Land's End, Strikes by US teaching staff throughout country for pay increases, The first Super Bowl played between Green Bay Packers
The four little dragons were thus given a chance to rise. They were really lucky as such opportunity never reappeared after.
The response of distribution along covariates. The left column shows the relative chance of probability of Fucus presence compared to 0.5 probability (an equal chance of occurring or not occurring.
The Darwinian theory of evolution has withstood the test of time and thousands. In the same way, humans and other living primates are related, but none of. Evolution refers to the cumulative changes in a population or species through time.
Social Science 9th Notes On December 9, 1833, the English fossil collector Elizabeth Philpot sent a letter to naturalist William Buckland. In addition. Here are some of the major changes: This spring students in grades 5-9 will receive Chromebooks and next school year it will be expanded to grades 3-4 and 10-12. Cutaia notes that this initiative. One year later, the program added about 250 undergraduates when the Department of Retail Merchandising and Product. Chapter Wise text Book Chapter Wise Notes (Eng & Kan
the most closely related by evolution. In this example, the ABX. frequency (# of times allele occurs in gene pool) within a population due to random chance.
Population and calorie consumption grew. She thinks we have at least a fighting chance of following those four nutritional.
Oct 27, 2010 · Change in allele frequency in populations due to chance is called what? Follow. 3 answers 3. The process by which allele frequencies are altered in a population due to chance is called A. assortative ev?. Why isnt there a preponderance of evidence for evolution considering all the organisms that evolved?
Microevolution, or evolution within populations, is measured as a change in. pool of a small population due to chance (usually reduces genetic variability).
More than 40% of children under five are stunted due to malnutrition, and the country has more people. and its wildlife." The paper 'The last chance for Madagascar's biodiversity' is published in.
Sep 22, 2006. For a population to evolve by natural selection, the members of the. In saying that the spread of the A type is due to random drift, or chance,
Asia-Pacific market will continue to grow at faster rate due to unmet medical needs, consistent improvement of healthcare infrastructure and the growing population in developing. competitor's.
Genetic drift leads to fixation of alleles or genotypes in populations. The chance of fixing an allele due to genetic drift depends on the effective population size as. Genetic drift also has two significant longer-term evolutionary consequences.
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance (sampling error). Genetic drift.
In natural populations, the mechanisms of evolution do not act in isolation. time in this population due to chance events — that is, the population will undergo.
If you have too many, some of them may starve before you have the chance to develop. What matters most in Evolution is the total number of points you accumulate by eating, plus bonuses from traits.
This year-to-year variability is largest once the average number of cases drops below about five cases per 100,000 people in the population. in the death rate due to measles infection globally.
Jellyfish were previously thought to be a dead end for the food web due to their low nutritional content. On top of this, research has been sounding the alarm on the explosive growth of jelly.
Which Molecular Pathway Is Gapdh On For Rats This study aimed to determine the effects of nicorandil pretreatment on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in rats and in vitro, in order to uncover the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of nicorandil in CME. Our study may provide evidence supporting the use of nicorandil for the. Aug 12, 2015. A number of molecular pathways regulating mitophagy in different types of cells. The first model used was a PC12 cell line (derived from rat. The findings, recently
Materials. Natural Selection, an activity found on the MicrobeWorld website—one copy of the the third page for each student; You will need the following supplies for each group of four students: 5 cups of various beans—lentils, pinto beans, kidney beans, navy beans, black beans, red beans, split peas, black-eyed peas, or multi-bean soup mix can be used
There are two main mechanisms of evolution, natural selection and genetic drift. Genetic drift occurs when the frequency of an allele Allele : An alternative form of a gene; one of the different forms of a gene that can exist at a single locus. changes over generations due to random chance.
in Berlin and from the Center for Functional Ecology and Evolution (CEFE) in Montpellier, France, have now developed a mathematical model ("matrix model") to determine the impact of a major epidemic.
Futuyma: No, certainly not. There cannot be evolution without genetic variation in the first place. So there must be mutation and often recombination to generate the different genotypes or the different versions of the genes, known as alleles, which then may or may not make a difference in the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce.
Second, he said, although these differences in each generation are random, some of them convey distinct advantages to an animal, giving it a much greater chance to. to make evolution the standard.
Who Discovered Ecological Succession
Second Hand Botany Definition