From front to rear, this model exhibits grace and agility. A turbocharger is also included as an economical means of increasing performance. Lincoln infused the interior with top shelf amenities, such as: leather upholstery, a power seat, and the power moon roof opens up the cabin to the natural environment. It features all-wheel drive versatility, an automatic transmission, and a 2.3 liter 4 cylinder engine.


text:
Q: Oozie shared libs in MS Azure Blob Storage When creating structure in HDFS (Azure Storage Blob) using standard HDFS commands we were able to created directory structure.
But using standard inicialization procedure using we weren't able to install oozie shared libs.
Any suggestions? Thanks in advance.
[oozie@XXXXX oozie-server]$ ./bin/oozie-setup.sh sharelib create -fs "wasb://blob-hdfs@XXXXX.blob.core.windows.net"
  setting OOZIE_CLIENT_OPTS="${OOZIE_CLIENT_OPTS} -Doozie.connection.retry.count=5"
  setting CATALINA_BASE=${CATALINA_BASE: -/usr/hdp/2.2.0.0-2041/oozie}
  setting CATALINA_OPTS="${CATALINA_OPTS} -Xmx2048m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m"
  setting CATALINA_TMPDIR=${CATALINA_TMPDIR:-/var/tmp/oozie}
  setting OOZIE_CATALINA_HOME=/usr/lib/bigtop-tomcat
  setting OOZIE_LOG=/var/log/oozie
  setting CATALINA_PID=/var/run/oozie/oozie.pid
  setting OOZIE_DATA=/var/db/oozie
  setting JAVA_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/lib/native/Linux-amd64-64
/usr/hdp/current/oozie-server/conf/oozie-env.sh: line 29: CATALINA_BASE: -/usr/hdp/2.2.0.0-2041/oozie: syntax error: operand expected (error token is "/usr/hdp/2.2.0.0-2041/oozie")
  setting OOZIE_CLIENT_OPTS="${OOZIE_CLIENT_OPTS} -Doozie.connection.retry.count=5"
  setting CATALINA_BASE=${CATALINA_BASE: -/usr/hdp/2.2.0.0-2041/oozie}
  setting CATALINA_OPTS="${CATALINA_OPTS} -Xmx2048m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m"
  setting CATALINA_TMPDIR=${CATALINA_TMPDIR:-/var/tmp/oozie}
  setting OOZIE_CATALINA_HOME=/usr/lib/bigtop-tomcat
  setting OOZIE_LOG=/var/log/oozie
  setting CATALINA_PID=/var/run/oozie/oozie.pid
  setting OOZIE_DATA=/var/db/oozie
  setting JAVA_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/lib/native/Linux-amd64-64
log4j:WARN No appenders could be found for logger (org.apache.hadoop.util.Shell).
log4j:WARN Please initialize the log4j system properly.
log4j:WARN See http://logging.apache.org/log4j/1.2/faq.html#noconfig for more info.
SLF4J: Class path contains multiple SLF4J bindings.
SLF4J: Found binding in [jar:file:/usr/hdp/2.2.0.0-2041/oozie/libserver/slf4j-simple-1.6.6.jar!/org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder.class]
SLF4J: Found binding in [jar:file:/usr/hdp/2.2.0.0-2041/oozie/libserver/slf4j-log4j12-1.6.6.jar!/org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder.class]
SLF4J: See http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#multiple_bindings for an explanation.
SLF4J: Actual binding is of type [org.slf4j.impl.SimpleLoggerFactory]
the destination path for sharelib is: /user/oozie/share/lib/lib_20160121102113

Error: E0904: Scheme [wasb] not supported in uri [wasb://blob-hdfs@XXXXX.blob.core.windows.net]

Stack trace for the error was (for debug purposes):
--------------------------------------
org.apache.oozie.service.HadoopAccessorException: E0904: Scheme [wasb] not supported in uri [wasb://blob-hdfs@XXXXX.blob.core.windows.net]
        at org.apache.oozie.service.HadoopAccessorService.checkSupportedFilesystem(HadoopAccessorService.java:601)
        at org.apache.oozie.service.HadoopAccessorService.createFileSystem(HadoopAccessorService.java:467)
        at org.apache.oozie.tools.OozieSharelibCLI.run(OozieSharelibCLI.java:158)
        at org.apache.oozie.tools.OozieSharelibCLI.main(OozieSharelibCLI.java:56)
--------------------------------------

A: In oozie-site.xml property must be set:
 <property>
  <name>oozie.service.HadoopAccessorService.supported.filesystems</name>
  <value>hdfs,hftp,webhdfs,asv,wasb,asvs,wasbs,swebhdfs,adl</value>
 </property>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
League Statement on Historic Midterm Election
Washington, DC – On Tuesday, Americans elected more female candidates to office than ever before. Across the country, voters selected women to represent them at every level of government, from local and state office to Washington, D.C.
"We could not be prouder to see so many women elected to public office this year," said Chris Carson, President of the League of Women Voters. "This is an inspirational moment for women, and we will not stop until the number of women in elected office reflects the makeup of our communities."
Americans are sending at least 117 women from both parties to Washington, including the first Muslim and Native American women ever elected to Congress, the first female Senators from Arizona and Tennessee, the first female African-American Congresswomen from New England, and the first Latina Congresswomen from Texas.
"It's not just that women won big this year, but it's how they ran and won," said Virginia Kase, CEO of the League of Women Voters. "These are powerful, amazing women who ran strategic, smart campaigns, and they ran as their authentic selves. This year we saw women of all walks of life – women of color, veterans, doctors, mothers – who stood up and said it is our time to lead."
The final voter count is not yet available, but the New York Times estimates 114 million votes were cast compared to 83 million in 2014. Voter engagement was also at historic highs, as the League's voter information site, VOTE411.org, surpassed the number of users from the 2016 presidential election by more than a million voters.
"Our democracy is strongest when everyone participates, and this year voters had their voices heard," said Carson. "All year long, League volunteers worked hard registering more voters than ever before and reaching out to more candidates in order to provide voters with the information they needed to cast their ballots. Our work is never done, but we are so encouraged by the turnout and renewed enthusiasm across the country for our elections."
While more women than ever before will serve in Congress, there is a long way to go before women will reflect the full population of the country. Women make up 52% of the electorate, but in the 116th Congress they will still represent less than a quarter of all Senators and Representatives. At the state level, at least nine women were elected Governor Tuesday night.
"We believe the 2018 elections will inspire future generations of women to run for office, because now more women can see themselves in these positions of power," said Kase. "For now, we hope these newly elected officials will stand up and represent the American people and set a new tone for our country."
Contact: Sarah Courtney | 202-263-1332 | scourtney@lwv.org
League of Women Voters of the Lower Cape Fear serves Brunswick, New Hanover, and Pender Counties.
North Carolina Politics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We Must FOCUS on Ohio!
• Our #1 Goal is Protecting the President – because he is the only one looking out for the Average American.
• The #1 way we do that is to make sure that we do NOT lose ANY of the 12 Ohio Republican US House seats.
• The #3 way we do that is by making sure not to give control of the voting process in Ohio over to the Left and instead elect Frank LaRose Secretary of State.
Now please listen to me. It doesn't matter if you like your Republican Congressional candidate, it doesn't matter if you like Jim Renacci or not, it doesn't matter what Frank LaRose's voting record is – this is about US, you and I, NOT THEM. It is what is in our own best interest. We MUST do our job and Protect the President and everything else will take care of itself!
So, what does this mean to you? First, the best way to support your local incumbent Congressman and Renacci is by volunteering to make calls or knock doors for the NRA. Click on this link and signup and Dave Conte will give you the tools you need.
Second, we all need to turn off the talking heads on the idiot box, quit spending hours arguing with idiots on social media, and get the hell out of our personal silo's and engage the public to get out the vote this election. They are talking about a 45% turnout in most locations for this general election, that is down from 71.33% in 2016! That means that 2.26 million Ohioans who voted in 2016 are going to stay home and not vote! That would be great if they were all Democratic voters, but it's up to us to make sure that NONE of them are Trump voters!
Like I said at the top – it's time to get back to basics. We would be much better off if each of us picked up a yard sign, or made one, for our Congressman, and/or Renacci, and/or Frank LaRose and just stood on a busy street corner holding it for the same amount of time you spend watching FoxNews or listening to Rush or Hannity or tweeting or looking at Facebook! Here's the best part, you can go out and hold the sign WHILE you are listening to Rush or Hannity or watching FoxNews or tweeting or Facebooking using your IPhone or Android smart phone! Life is good in America! So, why don't we do that for the next 12 days??? Don't you think that would have a big effect on voter turnout this election? I do.
What if you just sat down tonight and wrote a personal note to people on your Christmas card list in Ohio and encourage them to vote, telling them if they don't know who to vote for they can just go to www.OhioESlateCard.com to get a personalize slate card customized to their own ballot. Then mail the cards this weekend so they get them in time to vote.
I don't have all the ideas, but you get my drift. Keep it simple and do something to get visible in your community. Get our candidates names out there. Make sure that people understand what is at stake in this election – for THEM. Make it personal. They need to vote for their own best interest and that means supporting the President if they like the way the country is headed since the 2016 election. Tell them how to do that.
I didn't mean to get too preachy, I just got the sense that too many of us were losing our focus in the midst of all the insanity. We have a very important job to do and only 12 days to do it. I don't want to just win on November 6th, I want to beat the "socialist democrats" so bad that we make the anchors on CNN and MSLSD cry when their boy Sherrod Brown goes down in flames. It's time to show the nation that Ohio is NOT a Purple State, we are a RED STATE NOW thanks to Donald J. Trump!


Showing latest 50 of 170 images tagged with Sunlight tag.
Sunlight and shadows on an early March afternoon.
Sunlight on Alton Water near to Stutton, Suffolk.
Sunlight along felled rows of trees, in the same area as SX8783 : Woodland near Bramble Brook.
An April shower passes in the distance.
Where Regent Street, out of which the sun is shining, meets Den Promenade.
Shining on mature spruces by the loch.
November sunlight shining through mature spruces.
Stained glass sunlight coming into the cathedral.
Afternoon sunlight illuminates a tree at the top of the hill.
A scene on Windmill Ride. The view quickly passes into TQ2372 in the background.
Afternoon sunlight filters through the steep oak wood.
West of Pickworth Road, south of Mounts Lodge.
Looking towards the Howgill Fells as a fleeting patch of sunlight passes over.
At the end of the day, the last rays of sunlight highlight the outline of Snowdon.


text:
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Samsung Showcases Do What You Can't in Feature Film, "Julian and His Magical Skates"
Do What You Can't campaign continues to push the boundaries of emotional storytelling with a brand film based on a young champion's true story, created on the Samsung Galaxy Note8 S Pen.
To Samsung, the phrase Do What You Can't carries a very profound meaning – to never be complacent, to keep defying barriers, and ultimately achieving the impossible. With a goal to empower consumers in realising their ambitions, Samsung stops at nothing to create innovative technologies so that people can do impossible things.
Mr Yoonsoo Kim, President of Samsung Malaysia Electronics, opening the media session with a congratulatory note to Julian
"We are reaching out to this generation of doers, people who go out and make things happen. We want them to know that if the phone in your pocket can do anything, so can you. When the opportunity to support our first national figure skater Julian Yee came about, we jumped at the chance because Julian is a prime example of what it means to Do What You Can't. Against all odds, Julian is today an Olympic contender in a sport that isn't even common in Malaysia – and for that we are very proud of him and we hope others would see him as an inspiration to achieve greater things," said Mr Yoonsoo Kim, President of Samsung Malaysia Electronics.
"Just like how Julian was able to achieve what many thought was unrealistic, we decided to remain in that spirit, and produce a beautiful and creative video from a mobile device. Both Julian and the video have shown us at Samsung that with the right mindset, attitude and support, Doing What You Can't is something very attainable after all," Mr Yoonsoo Kim added.
Elaine Soh, Julian Yee, Chan Woei Hern, and Jin Lim from JinnyBoyTV discussing the significance of "Julian and his Magical Skates" and what it means to Do What You Can't
In view of the coming Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018, Samsung prepared a short feature film entitled "Julian and His Magical Skates", a special tribute to the rising star. The video was fully recorded and illustrated with the Samsung Galaxy Note8 and its S Pen, further cementing Samsung's progress in innovation and of doing the impossible.
The Galaxy Note8 is Samsung's ultimate productivity device, the very tool to help you push boundaries and break past your limits. With its one-of-a-kind S Pen, it allowed the creative team behind the video to bring the beautiful illustrations to life. Thanks to its large and gorgeous Infinity Display, there was a clear canvas big enough for the artists to place their quality work on.
ALSO READ I Purple You: Introducing Samsung Galaxy S20+ and Galaxy Buds+ BTS Editions
Mr Chan Woei Hern, Executive Creative Director of Ensemble Worldwide Malaysia, who was commissioned to produce this brand film, shared that, "The best technologies are often the simplest ones. Like a pair of skates or the S Pen. Two seemingly ordinary tools, but in the right hands or in Julian's case, feet, it can capture people's attention and imagination. As we heard Julian's story, we wanted to get into the mood of Do What You Can't as well. And that meant scripting, sketching and creating the story entirely from scratch with a Galaxy Note8 and S Pen. That's the magic of technology at work. We'll be releasing a behind-the-scenes video soon, shot entirely on a Galaxy Note8 as well, so everyone can experience the journey as we brought the video to life."
The team and inspiration behind the short feature film "Julian and His Magical Skates"
"My story is a tale of Do What You Can't because I really did; and I want to remind everyone out there that young or old, you CAN achieve your dreams and you will be surprised that you CAN actually do what you never thought you could. With innovations and advanced technology in today's world to help make things easier, none of us should be held back by "ifs", "buts", or "maybes". We should all have that burning spirit to achieve the impossible – and from here on out, it should be "yes", "can", and "Do What We Can't"!" said Julian Yee.
"Julian and His Magical Skates" is the telling of Julian's journey to the Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018,and a reiteration of Samsung's "Do What You Can't" message to inspire others to break barriers to fuel meaningful progress and realise their dreams.
To view the short feature titled "Julian and His Magical Skates", visit http://www.samsung.com/my/magicalskates/. Let's bookmark this video as a reminder to continue pursuing what we are passionate about, and to continue supporting Julian as he represents Malaysia on the global Olympic stage.
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Welcome and thank you for visiting my page. I am an estate planning, probate and elder law attorney with offices in Horseshoe Bay and Dripping Springs, Texas. I serve the hill country/Highland Lakes and surrounding areas including the cities of Horseshoe Bay, Marble Falls, Kingsland, Sunrise Beach, Granite Shoals, Burnet, Dripping Springs, Driftwood, Spicewood, Bee Cave and Lakeway, and the counties of Llano, Burnet, Hays, Travis and Williamson.
If you need to speak with a lawyer about a matter within my areas of practice, I'd be happy to set a consultation with you.


Anyone can clean a floor. Or at least pretend like they're cleaning it.
But only serious professional tile and hard surface cleaners like Wash King use the special equipment for cleaning of tiles and hard surfaces, which is a must have in this business. These kinds of machinery are strong, dependable, have a long life span, and can be used for cleaning of different premises.
Generally the floor area of a warehouse is quite large, so cleaning it is a hard, time consuming job. If you need this kind of job done properly, you will get best value from Wash King, who have the equipment required to do a great cleaning job in a reasonable period of time. Wash King has specialist equipment designed to make cleaning large areas a breeze.
Your warehouse floor becomes not only nice looking, but also safe and properly cleaned to meet the requirements for storage of any kind of materials.
Factory floors are regularly cleaned the traditional way, but from time to time a thorough professional cleaning of the tiled surfaces is needed. This is when Wash King's special equipment for cleaning of tiles and hard surfaces is a must-have. Taking into account all the activity in a factory and the incidence of accidents that involve accidental spillages, a professional clean by Wash King is definitely a good investment.
The exterior areas of a building are in permanent contact with dirt, dust, mud and so on, sometimes in very large quantities. This issue should be given proper attention before the situation becomes serious.
Wash King's specialised equipment and unique processes for tiles and hard surfaces again provide the best solution. It can be used for cleaning of parking areas, walking lanes, as well as other hard surfaces. This is important both from an aesthetical point of view and from the safety point of view.
Above you have seen just a few of the best ways to make use of Wash King's powerful and professional cleaning surfaces – and you'll be rewarded with a great looking floor or exterior surface which will make people feel good just looking at it.
And a great looking floor, once the job is done, means it looks like it was cleaned by someone who really know what they were doing, not just pretending!


text:
Q: How to select the line with the max(date)? the data looks as following:
id group date
1  a     2013-01-01
1  b     2014-01-01
2  a     2012-01-01
2  b     2013-01-01

My database is mysql, for each id, I need to select the line with max(date), I wrote the SQL as following:
select id,group, max(date)
from table1
group by id;

But it does not work well.

A: SELECT B.* FROM
(
    select id,max(date) date
    from table1 group by id
) A INNER JOIN table1 B USING (id,date);

You should create this index to help this run faster
ALTER TABLE table1 ADD INDEX (id,date);

Sample Data Loaded
mysql> use test
Database changed
mysql> drop table if exists table1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table table1
    -> (id int not null,
    -> `group` varchar(10) not null,
    -> date date,
    -> key (id,date)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into table1 (id,`group`,date) values
    -> (1,'a','2013-01-01'),
    -> (1,'b','2014-01-01'),
    -> (2,'a','2012-01-01'),
    -> (2,'b','2013-01-01');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from table1;
+----+-------+------------+
| id | group | date       |
+----+-------+------------+
|  1 | a     | 2013-01-01 |
|  1 | b     | 2014-01-01 |
|  2 | a     | 2012-01-01 |
|  2 | b     | 2013-01-01 |
+----+-------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

Here is the query executed
mysql> SELECT B.* FROM
    -> (
    ->     select id,max(date) date
    ->     from table1 group by id
    -> ) A INNER JOIN table1 B USING (id,date);
+----+-------+------------+
| id | group | date       |
+----+-------+------------+
|  1 | b     | 2014-01-01 |
|  2 | b     | 2013-01-01 |
+----+-------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

Give it a Try !!!


text:
Q: How to run a method within a subclass from a superclass? I have two java files. The Main Activity Contains the following:
    String randomEvent;

    public void randomTrigger(){

        int min = 1;
        int max = 100;

        Random randomTrigger = new Random();
        int randomNumber = randomTrigger.nextInt(max - min) + min;

        RandomEvent obj = new RandomEvent();

        if (randomNumber == 7) {

            // What do I put here to call the method randomEvent(); in RandomEvent.java ?

        }

    }

    saveSettings();{
        SharedPreferences settings = getSharedPreferences("com.******.******", MODE_PRIVATE);
        settings.edit().putString("randomEvent", randomEvent).commit();
    }

The second activity called "RandomEvent.java is a subclass of MainActivity:
package com.******.******;

import android.content.SharedPreferences;

public class RandomEvent extends MainActivity {

    public void randomEvent() {

        MainActivity obj = new MainActivity();
        obj.randomEvent = "You've received a pay raise!";

        payRate = payRate * 1.1f;

        saveSettings();

    }
}

My question is, how do I properly execute the randomEvent(); method that is located in the RandomEvent.java class file from within the superclass MainActivity ?

A: It can be achived by doing this:-
public class MainActivity{
 public void randomEvent() {}

}

public class RandomEvent extends MainActivity{
 @Override
 public void randomEvent() {
    //You stuff
 }
}

In this approach, you can call the randomEvent from the MainActivity.
But it's better to do this in that way:-
public interface Events{
  public void randomEvent();
}

public abstract class MainActivity implements Events{

}

public class RandomEvent extends MainActivity{
  @Override
 public void randomEvent() {
    //You stuff
 }
}

It's better if you keep your code clean in that way or what else you can do is:-
public interface Events{
  public void randomEvent();
}
public class MainActivity{
      public Events getEvents(){
        return null;
      }

      public void randomTrigger(){

            Events events = getEvents();
            if(null != events){
               events.randomEvent();
            }
        }

    }
    }

public class RandomEvent extends MainActivity implements Events{
  @Override
 public void randomEvent() {
    //You stuff
 }
 @Override
 public Events getEvents(){
    return this;
  }
}

Best one is last one.


text:
SPS Needs a High School Czar
I'm not kidding.
There are bell time issues, 24-credit fulfillment, reaching more students with advanced learning opportunities, the reopening of Lincoln and the boundary alignment and enrollment issues that will involve.
I had a good conversation recently with a director on many issues and one topic I asked about was who is overseeing all these changes to high schools. The director said there really wasn't a single person so I asked how parents could be sure that there was alignment of all the details and oversight for the big picture. Not sure.
I am truly worried about how this will all play out. High schools are usually big enough entities with strong principals and manage on their own. But this is a plethora of new issues and some that will not (cannot?) be in control of principals.
I urge you to ask the Board for the district to appoint one staff member to oversee all this change.
Here's another curve ball for ya.
High school sciences courses are to undergo big change and be rolled out over the next three years. Those changes come as the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) are to be enacted in Seattle Schools.
One key term is "three-dimensional learning."
The National Research Council's (NRC) Framework describes a vision of what it means to be proficient in science; it rests on a view of science as both a body of knowledge and an evidence-based, model and theory building enterprise that continually extends, refines, and revises knowledge. It presents three dimensions that will be combined to form each standard:
Dimension 1: Practices
Dimension 2: Crosscutting Concepts
Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas
Conceptual Framework for NGSS.
Parent guides.
FYI, the point person for sciences in SPS is Mary Margaret Welch.
It's a big lift but here's what the NGSS' website says:
For most teachers, schools, and districts, the NGSS represent a major change from current practice and thesteps required for a successful transition will depend on local context, existing resources, and current and potential capacity. Thanks to generous support from theS.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, Achieve has designed resources to help school and district leaders effectively manage their transition to the NGSS.
The timeline appears to be this:
- 2016 starts the "understanding shift in practice and building 3D Assessment"
- 2017 NGSS aligned launch units 1 of 3 per grade (this may be voluntary)
- 2018 MS field-test new NGSS aligned web-based curricula. (I'm confused as to how curricula can be web-based and 3-D.) Implement new HS course titles (more on this later in the thread).
It hard to say if science teachers are for or against these changes. Most of them have, over years, developed their own curriculum so it will be a sea change.
I find some aspects of this disturbing.
1) Why would the district - for something like standards - choose to have schools' HSAT representatives (High School Alignment Team) determine a plan for each school to inform parents and students"?
2) They are renaming courses. I'm being told Physical Science will be renamed Physics 1 or Chem 1. (I need to get verification of this but my source is sound.) What will that mean on transcripts?
3) As far as Earth, Space Sciences and Engineering, it sounds fairly vague. Nothing should be vague at this point.
District FAQs
What is this pedagogical shift that we keep hearing about?
NGSS' motto is having students figure it out rather than telling about. The standards are 3 dimensional engaging learners in a practice for every content thread. Cross cutting concepts are the lens through which content is presented and these CCC's weave through the disciplines. We will engage our HS teams in experiences that will make this shift clear.
What kind of supports will teachers have?
We hope to have a launch day this spring where all HS teachers will be invited to participate as learners in an NGSS series of lessons. At this meeting we will roll out the timeline and opportunities to dig in and learn about the shifts in practice required by the NGSS.
How will this be rolled out?
We anticipate that we will begin our work this summer and continue through the next 3 years. The actual course sequence will be adopted in the fall of 2017 and phased in at the HS over the following 2 years.
How will stakeholders (counselors, principals, etc.) be informed?
The HSAT will present their work to the principals on April 18. We will have an informational meeting and training for counselors no later than January 2018. The HSAT representatives will determine a plan for each school to inform parents and students.
What will differentiation look like?
This will be work that will be embedded in our alignment work as we develop our NGSS aligned units.
What about HCC, IB, AP, and IEP kids?
HCC as always will be 2 years ahead. They will enter HS with the first 2 years of science completed and start with the 3rd year of HS science. HCC MS teachers are full participants in the HS alignment work.
IB and AP pathways will be discussed in the HSAT meeting in May. Likely these students will begin AP/IB work as their third year of HS science.
IEP kids, as always, will receive extra support and differentiated instruction.
How will teachers get the content knowledge needed to teach Earth and Space Sciences and Engineering?
We will use our internal ESS specialist to help teach their peers. We will also partner with our colleagues at the UW to help with this support.
How will out of district transfer students navigate our models?
This will be determined as the other districts roll out their plans. From what we see at this time many districts will follow a similar path to SPS.
What has been done in other districts that we can learn from?
Most of the WA districts are in the same place as SPS. MMW continues to represent SPS in State meetings and brings her learnings back to the HSAT for their consideration.
What about kids who failed a course or two?
With the semester approach, kids would be expected to repeat the one semester that they failed. We intend to promote the passing of the core classes rather than pass students off to non-standards aligned electives that might simply fulfil seat time in a science class.
Will this mix grade levels in each course?
Perhaps. It depends on the school's pathway.
How will these credits transfer to colleges?
Same as they currently transfer.
Update: I did leave out yet another high school issue - one central to Lincoln. The district owns the parking facility to the north of the building but it is leased to a non-profit. The non-profit is one that Speaker Frank Chopp has supported for decades.
The district was going to allow the continuation of that lease but that was challenged by neighbors. (You can see how there would be concerned over how Lincoln staff would park for work and what happens in the neighborhood during special event time.)
I'm told that the City hearing examiner told the district they could have the lease BUT that some space should be given over to the school. (Apparently, the non-profit uses some of the parking space as storage space, showing that they don't utilize all the parking spaces as such.) Despite the Superintendent having received this ruling, there has been no announcement of what is to be done.
I would hope that the district remembers the needs of the district first.
NGSS' motto is having students figure it out rather than telling about.
Is that an SPS interpretation? SPS tends to embrace "inquiry" yet dismiss the needed content. How does one "figure it out" without some base level knowledge? Part of the NRC's intent is to better explain and extend what is meant by "inquiry" in science and the range of cognitive, social, and physical practices that it requires. Well, hooray!
NGSS use words and phrases like "explicit," "coherent," "scientifically-based," and "knowledge." Core ideas should be "teachable and learnable over multiple grades at increasing levels of depth and sophistication." All well and good. So why do I not trust SPS to use these standards to improve science instruction?
One question I have: How will they ensure coverage of content during the transition? Will students still have a pathway to cover physics, chemistry, and biology if courses change mid-high school?
-parent
Parent, all good questions that should be addressed.
The NGSS Standards were already on the mind of my Ballard 9th grader's Physical Science teacher. At parent night, she discussed that these new standard coming and the teachers were guessing as to what would be tested so they are teaching as broad of content as possible. The students are being advised to keep their notebooks as reference for the test they will have to take several years from now.
For students who started HS in Biology, they may be at a disadvantage by NOT having had Physical Science in HS as many of the topics on the NGSS aren't covered in Biology, Chemistry, and other typical science course pathways.
QA Parent
Just a little context on the Lincoln parking issue, I believe you're talking about the lot for the Solid Ground building. That building houses Solid Ground, which used to be Fremont Public Association. Frank Chopp was their ED before heading into politics and lives in Wallingford, so of course he supports it. But there's more. The building also houses the neighborhood food bank and family center, FamilyWorks, and also a branch of the Seattle Public Library. There's quite a lot of activity going on there during the weekdays. After hours the lot isn't used as much as most of the building occupants are 8-5ish type operations. Shouldn't be an issue for after-hours events. The lot attached is pretty small, and it is fenced off from the much larger Lincoln parking lot. I don't know why the larger Lincoln lot isn't sufficient for staff parking. It remains in the current plans, doesn't it? It certainly seems bigger than the lot at Roosevelt, which will basically disappear completely next year when more portables are added.
Wallingfordian
Wallingofordian, I think you are probably right on all counts but the issues is the clarity of what access Lincoln will have to parking. It was noted by the hearing examiner that some parking spots were being used for storage.
5/17/17, 12:10 PM
A high school "Czar"? More SPS administrative overhead? I'd go along with it if we started with a 30% reduction in central administration staffing and then added back in one high school czar. Otherwise, I vote for putting our resources into the schools, not the administrative money pit.
Regarding the "test they will have to take several years from now," does this mean HCC students should be saving their 7th grade notebooks for a test they'll take at the end of high school?
Thanks Melissa for bringing up the high school issue. There are many overwhelming issues to contend with now as capacity/equity/contract/state requirements converge. This is one admin position that would be worthwhile.
good fit
No, Priorities, I meant an existing staff member who would be directly responsible for all aspects of high school changes.
Or, there is a point person about high school issues from Enrollment, Transportation, T&L and Capital, all coordinating together.
Wow. I know Seattle is behind the times, but really? The state timeline for NGSS alignment is to be fully aligned by this year. The NGSS test is piloting this spring, with full roll out scheduled for '18 (against NSTA recommendations, they wisely want the test to wait until there's been a full k-11 progression by students), to be taken by juniors as core-24 also implements the 3 credit science piece. There were released items for 5th, 8th, and 11th grade made available last year that gave a sense of how the test intends to be integrated and it feels a little more process (CCC's and SEP's, see below) heavy than content, though the content was definitely still rough.
The standards are designed around a series of performance tasks that apply the content knowledge (DCI's), Cross-Cutting Concepts (the CCC's--basic things found in all disciplines such as patterns, equilibrium, etc), and Science and Engineering Principles (SEP's -- models (draw a cell), questioning, using data). It doesn't have to be "student discovery" the way a lot of people wrongly interpret (and implement) inquiry, but it should be student centered, with students formulating questions and leading their own process as much as possible. There are some science and engineering standards that are somewhat stand-alone that are huge overshoots as far as easy implementation, but because Washington was pretty heavily involved in the creation of of the NGSS it's not a huge shift. There are some grade-band shuffles, and a bit of new content around stand-alone Engineering standards (variations on solve a real-world problem, which can bundle with any content), but that's about it.
Presentation is the real shift, not just that students do the investigations, but in how science disciplines and "skills" connect to each other and how it connects to engineering and technology (but engineering skills doesn't mean building bridges, it can be extrapolating from graphs, data analysis, draw a picture model, etc) in order to solve a problem or accomplish a task.
The biggest question is how the test will be written, and how we get students to be able to apply the information in the way that the test is looking for. The preview items went down in flames, and I haven't seen anything since, though I can't say if that's silence on the NGSS side or my district having re-organized. The major concerns I had about the test items were organization on the page (scrolling, remembering where things were, messy presentation), disjointed questions, lack of clarity around note-taking, and that you couldn't go back and check work after leaving a page. It really broke all the rules of test-taking, and was stressful just in understanding the directions. Additionally, questions that were student-answered on one page were correctly answered on subsequent pages (label the axes on the graph, then the same graph used with correct labels), so students will know immediately if they get some questions right or wrong. For my lower-skills lower-tenacity students, or any with test anxiety, they will have a really hard time not completely shutting down if this is kept.
Outta Seattle
Poor test design didn't slow down SBA and PARC one bit. These test peddles don't care if children miss items due to test design flaws or knowledge deficits, so long as they get a decent little bell curve in the end. Since no one is allowed to see the tests, they can use all sorts of manipulation in grading to get the scores that they need.
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text:
Q: Upgrading already existing app on Google Play I have uploaded an app on Google Play already. I need to scrap this existing project and create a new one and upload it as v 0.2 ? I have the old self signed certificate. What should I do in order to upload a whole new app as new version ?

A: First check your using the same name package and also
you must have the same key (release/debug), because the key is what identifie your app, then if you change or register your app with a new key then google play will think it's a new App, and won't override the old one, also don't forget to change the android:versionCode & android:versionName in the manifest.
You should read this post about what can't change once the app is published Things that cannot change

A: If you want to completely change package names, you will also have to change play store listings.
If you want to save your listing, and just change apks, all you need to do is update version code in your manifest file
Change the code from (for example)
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="0.1"

To:
android:versionCode="2"
android:versionName="ANYTHING YOU WANT"


The Federal Government has ramped up its efforts to force local councils to hold citizenship ceremonies on Australia Day.
Immigration Minister David Coleman has announced he will update the code that governs how citizenship ceremonies are conducted, to ensure they are held on January 26.
Several councils around the country — including Melbourne's Yarra and Darebin — have already been stripped of their power to host citizenship events after voting to move the ceremonies to a less contentious day.
Yarra City Council replaced its citizenship ceremony with an event "marking the loss of Indigenous culture".
The Government says any breaches to the new code will see more councils lose the ability to host the ceremonies throughout the year.
"New citizens should be given the opportunity to become an Australian on our national day," Mr Coleman said.
"While most councils already hold citizenship ceremonies on Australia Day, becoming an Australian on our national day is a great privilege and I want more people to have that opportunity.
Councils will have the opportunity to provide feedback on the proposed changes to the code.


june 2018 finds is here, one day early, as never!
1.the summer has settled in already. these wonderful henri salvador songs sound very appropriate.
2. i've read a romanian book this month. interior zero by lavinia braniste is the easy to read story about the sad life of a girl. i thought it was interesting. i recommend it to my romanian readers.
3. i ran across these cool making-of videos for isle of dogs. if you like them, you can find more on foxsearchlight's youtube channel!
4. i spent less than 2 weeks in bucharest, working and seeing friends.
5. i took many long subway trips. so i managed to read the izakaya book from the oishinbo series. i loved it!
6. also in bucharest, we were lucky to be there for the opening of a big wood block print show. now that i'm faintly more knowledgeable, i can tell you that the collection spanned centuries, schools and important authors.
7. nine inch nails is touring europe as we speak. so mr. reznor is out and talking to the press about their new album, bad witch. click here to read his interview in the guardian.
8. as part of the cinema jove festival that's still going on in valencia, we saw denmark by kasper rune. frustrating photography and storyline. we left half way through. i wanted to like it, but i just stopped caring about it all.
9. i saw the first two batman films, both by tim burton. the 1989 one sucked in spite of jack nicholson's joker and prince's involvment – both forgetable.
but batman returns was so good, my all time favourite batman movie! i can't get enough of danny de vito's penguin, but i'm in love with michelle pheiffer's explosive catwoman. meow!
10. i finally registered on the bof website. but even so, only part of their content is available. well, this month i liked tim blank's article about martin margiela, helmut lang and how their heritage trickled down until the present.
11. i went to bucharest knowing i wanted to eat very romanian things. there, i realized my actual list was very short. i only really wanted to eat ciorba. everybody told me about the new ciorba bar in town called ciorbarie. it's amazing! great menu, fast service, several locations. definitely check it out!
12. rosalia is a 25-year old barcelona-born flamenco artist. check out her latest video for malamente which plays with catholic imagery. also, her breakthrough single, de plata. watch out for her. she's part of the new flamenco movement, find a video about that below.
13. i like made to measure. these are just two of their videos, but check out their channel for more.
14. youtube recommended me vice espana. it's not bad. i found at least four compelling videos.
15. ricard camarena is the best chef in valencia. he has 4 places with different price points. we had visited three of them several times. but we have only eaten at the new restaurant ricard camarena this month.
the restaurant currently has one michelin star. they hope to get more. they have a new location as part of the bombas gens complex. and the new location makes possible a more complex experience.
i recommend the experience. the place is very nice, the food is interesting and locally-sourced. i liked our very young local sommelier – a girl! i would definitely go back.
this was my month. how was your june?


The global obesity pandemic has public advocates and policymakers grappling with the question of how best to respond. Among the various policy options, unhealthy food and beverage taxes have gained attention as a potentially effective intervention to reduce non-nutritive caloric intake, while raising government funds for health promotion programs at the community level. Yet in many countries, including in Israel, such proposals have not gained broad support. Cities in both United States and Mexico have found that taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages reduce consumption. Yet the food industry has successfully fought many such policies. Looking forward, those supporting taxation policies will need to provide clear evidence, a compelling use of funds raised, a convincing answer to industry claims, and attention to equity in implementation. With no easy fixes in sight to obesity, it is likely that taxes will remain viable – if contested – options for the foreseeable future.
With more than a quarter of global mortality now attributed to diseases related to obesity, including cardiovascular disease and stroke , it is no surprise that policymakers are considering a range of potential responses. Of growing interest are proposals that would increase the price of unhealthy foods in order to lower their consumption. Advocates for these policies often cite as a model the experience of cigarette taxes, which have been established as effective and widely adopted to reduce tobacco-related disease .
Tamir et al. recently published a qualitative assessment of key stakeholders' views on taxes on unhealthy food and beverages in Israel . The researchers found that a broad range of interested persons -- including legislators, healthcare providers, parents and families -- agreed that obesity was a problem of significant public concern. However, few believed that taxes on unhealthy food and beverage would lead to lower consumption. Moreover, legislators appeared particularly skeptical that such taxes would be acceptable to Israelis.
This research introduces two important questions: Do taxes on unhealthy foods improve the diet? And if so, why is there not more support for imposing them?
Evidence on effectiveness comes primarily from experience in the United States and Mexico . U.S. jurisdictions that have a tax on sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), include four in California (Albany, Oakland, Berkeley, and San Francisco), the cities of Seattle, Boulder, and Philadelphia, and the Navajo Nation. The first city to adopt the SSB tax was Berkeley, California in 2014, with a $0.01 per ounce excise tax on SSBs, of which an estimated 47% of the tax was transferred to retail customers through sales prices . Within 4 months of policy implementation, the city saw a 21% reduction in the consumption of SSBs and a 68% increase in the consumption of water. These changes were concentrated in lower socioeconomic communities, where the burden of obesity is highest . Philadelphia observed similar results following its tax legislation . Mexico's 2014 excise tax on SSBs yielded a 5.5% reduction in the purchase of taxed beverages over the first year and a 9.7% reduction in the second year, with the largest decrease in purchases observed among lower socioeconomic households . Mexico's 8% sales tax on unhealthy foods also resulted in a 5.8% decline in the purchase of taxed foods among households of medium socioeconomic status households, and a 10.2% decline among households of lower socioeconomic status . It is too early to assess the impact of these taxes in the context of market and policy changes on overall dietary change and obesity rates.
With clear evidence that taxes reduce consumption of unhealthy food and beverages, why is their adoption so contested? In part, the controversy reflects a sustained campaign of opposition by the food industry, including manufacturers of SSBs. A primary message of this campaign is that taxation is an undue restriction of individual choice and is unfair towards low-income families. Lobbying groups echo the message of the food industry [9, 10] and frame taxes as an unwarranted violation of Americans' freedom, with one website proclaiming "all of us are tired of the government trying to control us."  A survey study of Americans' opinions of policies aimed to reduce SSB consumption found that 65% of people responded favorably for calorie labeling, which would afford greater choice to the consumer, but 76% opposed SSB taxes . Most recently, following intense lobbying from the American Beverage Association, California imposed a ban on further soda taxes until 2031 .
Whether advocates of taxes on unhealthy food can overcome opposition depends on their ability to develop and disseminate a compelling case. In addition to the evolution of the scientific evidence, two factors may play an outsized role in the outcome of policy debates.
The first factor is how the revenue raised from taxes will be spent. As a public health intervention alone, a tax on unhealthy food may not be broadly appealing. However, in all US cities where the tax is employed, millions of dollars in revenue are being collected by local governments, who have earmarked funds for health promotion in low income communities, through health education, parks and recreation development, improved drinking water access, pre-kindergarten education, and chronic disease prevention. Philadelphia used the $72 million in tax revenue to send 2400 children to pre-school . In San Francisco, $4.5 million of the expected $10 million revenue from sugar sweetened beverage taxes will fund grants supporting community-based organizations and $2.5 million will be given to the San Francisco Unified School District to provide healthy meals, water fountain maintenance and oral care in schools .
The second factor is whether advocates can provide an effective response to arguments against taxes. One promising approach is for supporters of taxes to acknowledge that there is a trade-off between individuals' access to marketed products and the community's ability to take action against significant threats to health. This view argues that as with cigarette taxes, modest restrictions of individual choice are justifiable when they support individual and community health and well-being.
This argument can be extended into a response to concerns that the taxes are unfair to low-income families. Tobacco taxes also disproportionately burden those with limited income. However, in part because such taxes also disproportionately reduce smoking and the burden of tobacco-related diseases in low-income communities, such taxes have been broadly accepted. More controversial are regressive taxes on necessities, such as groceries, with the majority of U.S. states exempting such products from general sales taxes. Thus the perceived fairness of a SSB tax may depend on whether SSBs are seen more like tobacco products (harmful, not necessities) or more like groceries (necessities). The heavy burden of diabetes and obesity in lower socioeconomic households, along with the evidence linking SSB and unhealthy foods with these diseases supports the need for a policy level intervention, such as a tax, to improve the health of these very communities. Resolving difficult questions of equity requires engagement with communities that would be most affected by the policy in policy discussions, to assess their preferences and priorities. Policymakers should consider earmarking funds from taxes on unhealthy foods specifically to benefit lower socioeconomic communities.
The pace of change in responding to obesity reflects both the relative strength of the evidence and the changing acceptability of various options. Given the difficulty in changing diets and reducing obesity, the lack of "easy" solutions, and the potential for a convincing case to be made for adoption, there is every reason for communities to consider taxation of unhealthy beverages and foods as part of a comprehensive approach to diet and health.
All authors contributed to the writing and approved the manuscript.
Selvi Rajagopal is a pediatrician, resident in preventive medicine, and MPH candidate at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Anne Barnhill is a Research Scholar with the Global Food Ethics and Policy Program at the Berman Institute at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Barnhill is a philosopher and bioethicist who works on food ethics, food policy, and public health ethics.
Joshua Sharfstein is Professor of the Practice in Health Policy and Management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is the former health Commissioner of Baltimore City, Principal Deputy Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and Health Secretary of the State of Maryland.
Your Cart Your Choice archives. Americans for Food and Beverage Choice website. 2017. https://yourcartyourchoice.com/filter/your-cart-your-choice/. Accessed 22 Oct 2018.
Kaplan, J. Soda wars rage on in Philly, where tax is blamed for job losses. Bloomberg.com. 2018. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-09/soda-wars-rage-on-in-philly-where-tax-is-blamed-for-job-losses. Accessed 25 Sept 2018.


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Inside Amazon's clickworker platform: How half a million people are being paid pennies to train AI
By: Issac Avila
Internet platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk let companies break jobs into smaller tasks and offer them to people across the globe. But, do they democratize work or exploit the disempowered?
Each morning when she wakes up, Kristy Milland powers up her home computer in Toronto, logs into Amazon Mechanical Turk, and waits for her computer to ding.
Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), which has been around for over a decade, is an online platform where people can perform small tasks for pay.
Milland is looking for job postings, or "HITs"—and the alerts tell her when a listing matches her criteria. "The alerts go off once a minute," Milland said. "I break from what I'm doing to see if it's a good HIT before I accept the job."
Sometimes, a group of HITs is posted. "If a batch comes up and it's lunchtime, or I have a doctor's appointment, or my dog needs to go out," said Milland, "I drop everything and do it. I'm literally chained to my computer. If this is how you feed your children, you don't leave."
She has been doing this for 11 years.
Milland is one of more than 500,000 "Turkers"—contract workers who perform small tasks on Amazon's digital platform, which they refer to as "mTurk." The number of active workers, who live across the globe, is estimated to run between 15,000 and 20,000 per month, according to Panos Ipeirotis, a computer scientist and professor at New York University's business school. Turkers work anywhere from a few minutes to 24 hours a day.
Download this article as a PDF (free registration required).
Who are Turkers? According to Ipeirotis, in October 2016, American Turkers are mostly women. In India, they're mostly men. Globally, they're most likely to have been born between 1980-1990. About 75% are Americans, roughly 15-20% are from India, and the remaining 10% are from other countries.
"Requesters"—the people, businesses, and organizations that outsource the work—set prices for each task, and the tasks vary widely. They include, but are not limited to:
data categorization
metadata tagging
email harvesting
ad placement on videos
For instance, a recent task for Milland was to transcribe the contents of a receipt. According to Milland, the company that asks for that work will then sell the information to marketing and research departments at companies like Johnson & Johnson, P&G, and others. (The pay for that specific task was three cents.)
The early days of AMT
Milland calls herself a digital native. "I hit puberty, [and] I was on the internet," she said. And Milland said she's always "hustled online," using platforms like eBay for extra income. So when she came across an article about the opportunity to do click work when Amazon Mechanical Turk launched in 2005, it seemed like a perfect fit.
In those early days, Milland saw it as "more of an experiment" than real work, she said. But during the 2008-2009 recession, that changed. Milland, who had been running a daycare center, had to move—and lost her income. At the same time, her husband lost his job. She began working on AMT full-time. For Milland, that meant 17 hours a day, seven days a week.
"We started viewing it as work," she said. "And we really started questioning it as work."
Rochelle LaPlante, based in Los Angeles, has been working on AMT full-time since 2012. Echoing Milland, LaPlante agreed that the work is unpredictable. "You never know when work will be posted," she said. "It could be at 3 am. And there's absolutely nothing to do at 9 am."
"I'm not as hardcore as some people," LaPlante said, "because I do value my sleep." Others, she said, set alerts. "If a requester posts at 3 am, their computer will ding, their phone will ding, and they'll get out of bed to do that work. It completely controls their day."
Neither Milland or LaPlante experience a "typical" day—primarily because they're usually setting a goal for how much money they need to make. During a normal day, LaPlante may work eight hours. "But it's 10 minutes here, 20 minutes there—it all runs together," she said.
So what do Turkers make, on average? It's hard to say. But Adrien Jabbour, in India, said "it's an achievement to make $700 in 2 months of work, working 4-5 hours every day." Milland reported that she recently made $25 for 8 hours of work, and called that "a good day." Just over half of Turkers earn below the US federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, according to a Pew Research Center study.
LaPlante talked about the difficult choices she needs to make, juggling work and life. "I have to decide: Do I take that job, or do I go to my family dinner?"
"For people living paycheck-to-paycheck on this kind of thing, on the edge of being evicted," she said, "those decisions are difficult."
Master Turkers
For those working on AMT, there's a frustrating reality: Not all Turkers are created equal.
Amazon's system designates certain workers "Master's Level." When a new requester posts a HIT, it's automatically defaulted to find Turkers at this level—which costs more for the requester, and pays more for the worker.
If you don't have that designation, you are eligible for far fewer jobs.
One weekday in March, Milland said, there were 4,911 available tasks on Mechanical Turk. She was eligible for 393 of them—just 8%.
So how does one attain a "Master's Level" designation? No one knows.
Milland has seen unqualified people—those with a low number of completed tasks, low approval ratings, false accounts, or suspensions—all earn a Master's Level.
"There does not seem to be any rhyme or reason," she said.
Amazon won't reveal their criteria to attain this level. (TechRepublic reached out to Amazon for comment, but after initially agreeing, the company later declined to be interviewed for this story.)
There are various theories floating around on Turker forums about how to get to Master's Level. Sometimes, a batch of HITs will be posted, and high-performers on that batch break into the Master's Level. "It's a matter of being in the right place at the right time," said Milland.
Beyond the Master's designation, where you live also disqualifies you for certain jobs. Being outside of the US is an obstacle, for instance, since many requesters restrict their tasks to US-only.
"No two Turkers are alike," said LaPlante. "Some come for essential income, and some people just use it for play money."
William Little is a moderator for TurkerNation, an online community for Turkers from Ontario, Canada. He uses AMT for extra cash. Little aims to make $15 a day for three hours of work. "Most of the time, I can achieve that," he said, "which is better than someone starting out."
"No two Turkers are alike. Some come for essential income, and some people just use it for play money."
ROCHELLE LAPLANTE, AMT WORKER IN LOS ANGELES
Still, the payment process is a major issue for many Turkers.
Right now, only Turkers in the US and India are paid in cash. All others, including Milland and Little in Canada, are paid via Amazon gift cards.
Little will drive 45 minutes to a US border store, where he can receive free shipping from Amazon, to pick up his packages. There are also workarounds for those who actually need the cash—although they mostly involve taking a loss on the earnings. Different websites, like purse.io, can convert the Amazon gift cards into bitcoins, for instance.
"You put your 'wish list' up on purse.io. I see that list and say 'I'll buy that for Hope.' I purchase that product and ship it to you," said Little. "The bitcoins are held in escrow. When you receive the product, I receive the bitcoins."
Then Little could sell the bitcoins, receive cash by PayPal, and transfer it to his bank. "I'm taking a loss on the transaction twice," he said. "It's not really worth it."
Another problem? Unpaid labor. A job might be rejected with no explanation. And beyond that, Turkers often spend time assessing whether a job is good. Searching, looking up the requestor. Loading scripts, adding tools, checking statistics.
Slaves to the machine
Miland and LaPlante are part of an invisible, online workforce—one that is increasingly in demand for their vital role in helping train intelligent machines.
Smart systems are gradually coming into everyday use, as artificial intelligence (AI) begins to be put to use across society. Today's narrow version of AI powers everything from voice-controlled virtual assistants, such as Amazon's Alexa and Microsoft's Cortana, to the computer vision systems that underpin the Autopilot in Tesla automobiles.
These systems are being taught to carry out tasks that historically would have been too complex for a computer, tasks that can range from understanding spoken commands to spotting a person crossing the road.
A common technique for teaching AI systems to perform these tricky tasks is by training them using a very large number of labeled examples. These machine learning systems are fed huge amounts of data, which has been annotated to highlight the features of interest. These examples might be photos labeled to indicate whether they contain a dog or written sentences that have footnotes to indicate whether the word "bass" relates to music or a fish.
This process of teaching a machine by example is called supervised learning and the role of labeling these examples is commonly carried out by Turkers and other online workers.
Training these systems typically requires vast amounts of data, with some systems needing to scour millions of examples to learn how to carry out a task effectively. Training datasets are huge and growing in size—Google's recently announced Open Images Dataset has about nine million images, while its labeled video repository YouTube-8M links to eight million labeled videos. ImageNet, one of the early databases of this kind, has more than 14 million categorized images. Compiled over two years, it was put together by nearly 50,000 people—most of whom were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk—who checked, sorted, and labeled almost one billion candidate pictures.
Because of the scale of these datasets, even when the labeling is spread across many workers, each individual can be repeating essentially the same simple action hundreds of times. It's menial and often mentally wearing work.
Beyond labeling, Turkers and other online workers also clean up the often messy datasets ready for use in training machine learning systems—deduplicating, filling in gaps, and other tasks needed to sanitize the data.
As AI becomes ubiquitous, every big name firm in the tech industry is engaging people in this sort of microwork to support their machine learning efforts. Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, IBM, and Microsoft—all of the major tech companies—either has their own internal crowdworking platform or contracts tasks to external alternatives, such as the two biggest, Amazon Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower.
"If anybody hears the 'ding' that indicates high-paying work, they say, 'Go, go, go!'"
KRISTY MILLAND, AMT WORKER IN TORONTO
These internal microwork platforms, such as Microsoft's Universal Human Relevance System (UHRS) or Google's EWOK, are used for a considerable amount of work. Around the time UHRS was launched, some five years ago, the platform was listed as being used within Bing and across various product teams in Microsoft and as orchestrating 7.5 million tasks per month.
According to Mary Gray, senior researcher at Microsoft, the firm's UHRS is "very similar" to Amazon Mechanical Turk. Gray said the firm uses UHRS to source labor in regions where "Amazon Mechanical Turk doesn't have the best reach" or where the work is sensitive and needs to be carried out in secret.
"Every company that has an interest in automating a service has access to or uses some sort of platform like Amazon Mechanical Turk. Indeed, many of them use Amazon Mechanical Turk," she said.
Chris Bishop, laboratory director for Microsoft Research Cambridge, said that UHRS gives Microsoft "a little bit more flexibility" over third-party platforms such as AMT, saying the firm is using AI to automatically identify strengths and weakness in crowdworkers, such as relative levels of expertise, which in turn helps Microsoft decide whether to attach more or less importance to different workers' results.
Beyond helping train AI, platforms like AMT are used by household names, everyone from eBay to Autodesk, to offload an assortment of repetitive, small-scale grunt work, which has made up the bulk of microtasks on AMT for many years.
This low-skilled, monotonous works spans many tasks: the occasionally traumatic process of screening user-generated images and other content, completing marketing and academic surveys, deduplicating entries, and checking product descriptions and images for online retailers—Amazon created Mechanical Turk to help with its inventory management, categorizing images and products, writing website descriptions, extracting names from emails, translating text, transcribing text from speech or images, correcting spellings, verifying geolocations, giving feedback on web design, leaving reviews for products, choosing thumbnails for videos, or letting companies track which part of an ad you view.
The idea of humans working to help machines carry out tasks they would otherwise find impossible is nothing new.
While the recent AI explosion has magnified demand for data labeling and curation, these sorts of microtasks date back more than two decades, said Gray, when work revolved around trying to improve spelling and grammar checking in word processors like Microsoft Word.
The wider history of click working and microtasks goes back to the rise of online retailers during the dotcom bubble of the late 1990s and early 2000s.
In 2001, Amazon, looking for new ways to more efficiently organize products on its rapidly growing store and solve difficult inventory problems that lay beyond the ability of computers, patented a hybrid machine/human system.
Four years later, Amazon realized its goal of building a digital platform to provide on-demand access to the huge pool of labor available online, with the launch of Amazon Mechanical Turk.
Estimate for the active MTurk population from June to October, 2016.
Image: Panos Ipeirotis
Being able to tap into Amazon's pool of "artificial artificial intelligence"—Amazon's description of Mechanical Turk's USP—appealed to a broad range of companies, everyone from online retailers to porn sites looking for affordable ways to sort their products, particularly at the low price for which Turkers would carry out microtasks.
In 2015, an average of 1,278 people or organizations were posting jobs to Amazon Mechanical Turk each day. While the amount of work being carried out by crowd laborers is increasing, particularly via sites like CrowdFlower, the exact amount remains unclear, since much work goes unrecorded or is contracted out multiple times.
And while more than 500,000 people may be signed up to work for Amazon Mechanical Turk, according to Amazon's website, these numbers don't reveal how people use crowdworking platforms—whether it's a full-time gig or something people do to earn cash on the side.
The World Bank report, The Global Opportunity in Online Outsourcing, estimated that the two large microtask platforms—Amazon Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower—had a combined annual gross revenue of about $120 million in 2013. Professor Vili Lehdonvirta, associate professor and senior research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, estimates this is about 5% to 10% of the overall online crowd labor market, but again stresses the difficulty of sourcing accurate figures that account for employment via non-English language platforms globally.
The other cost of click work
Beyond the dull nature of click work for the people doing it, there can be more costly consequences. It can take a severe toll on the physical and mental health of some workers.
"I would wake up, ignore everything else," said Milland. "My family would prepare food and leave it here for me so I could eat while I worked. I would eat at the computer and I wouldn't see my family. If my daughter needed homework help she'd have to go to her dad. It got so bad that I developed a ganglion cyst in my wrist. I've got a repetitive strain injury in my arm, but that's what you do."
"I was lucky that I was doing it at the peak when my husband was home, because he was unemployed," said Milland. "If anybody hears the 'ding' that indicates high-paying work, they say, 'Go, go, go!'"
A Turker from southern India, Manish Bhatia, has been a volunteer moderator for MTurk Forum for almost two years, and currently moderates two forums.
The strangest thing he'd been asked to do? Film himself lying in a bathtub with rose petals. "That was really weird," he said. In terms of the graphic content, Bhatia also reports seeing disturbing images. "You don't get to know beforehand," he said. "You can opt out afterwards." But, then you don't get paid for a job you don't complete and it wastes time.
Milland reported similar experiences. "People say to me 'Oh my god, you work at home? You're so lucky,'" said Milland. "You can't tell them 'I was tagging images today—it was all ISIS screen grabs. There was a basket full of heads.' That's what I saw just a few months ago. The guy on fire, I had to tag that video. It was like 10 cents a photo."
Milland isn't the only one tasked with tagging graphic or grotesque images.
"In the YouTube batch yesterday," said LaPlante in March, "there were a lot of beheadings. There's a check-box at the bottom that says 'Inappropriate Content,' and you push 'Submit," she said.
This kind of work can be important, since it has the potential to prevent objectionable material from appearing online. Still, it can be pretty traumatic to the people doing it, and the pay doesn't necessarily match the value it's providing to YouTube or its users.
Little said he would often have to tag photos or videos for pornographic content. "The only time I would take any exception to that is if there was child pornography," said Little. "Then I would report that to the requester and Amazon."
But in terms of gore or mutilation, for instance, it's "par for the course to see stuff like that," said Little.
Once a task is completed, it's impossible to know what happens with the result. "I wonder, is somebody going to review this? Hopefully, this is going to be reported or removed," LaPlante said. "Someone came across some child pornography, and they checked the box, but is that going to be ever checked into or looked into? You just don't know."
Since requesters use pseudonyms, no one knows who is asking for this work to be done. LaPlante calls it "the wild, wild west." And while requesters rate Turkers, there is no way for Turkers to rate or review requesters.
"You could be tagging faces in a crowd, but maybe something is being built for a malicious purpose or something," she said. "You don't know what you're doing, exactly, because there's no information."
Full-time click work has key challenges, as Toronto AMT worker Kristy Milland has learned over the past decade.
Image: Sam Santos/George Pimentel Photography
"It's called vicarious traumatization," said John Suler, a psychology professor at Ryder University who specializes in behavior in cyberspace. "The same thing happens with first responders, and this is another example. When people see horrible images online, they become traumatized."
But we are not always aware of the psychological toll, he said. "Our conscious mind goes numb," said Suler. "But our unconscious mind doesn't—it picks up on things. We're underestimating how all these things we see online impact us at a subconscious level."
Workers have found online community forums to connect with each other and share stories, commiserate, and support each other. "There are so many questions around things like pay [and] content moderation," said Milland.
"It's a place to find social support," she said.
Each of the community platforms has a slightly different vibe. MTurk Forum has a "watercooler feel." On the other hand, Mturkgrind "seems to be more focused on production and efficiency and work," Milland said. At TurkerNation, she said, "the focus seems to be on answering questions and helping new users navigate and understand the system. They're a little more production-minded."
There's also a closed Facebook group called Mturk Members, with 4,436 members. The group uses the page to ask questions, post earnings, and cheer each other on.
LaPlante and three other women created MTurk Crowd, a worker forum for Turkers that helps them locate resources to enable them to do the best work they can on the platform. And there are many other forums, subReddits, and organizing platforms online, as well.
There's also an organizing site for workers: WeAreDynamo.org. It's where the "Dear Jeff Bezos" campaign was initiated. That campaign was an attempt to humanize Turkers, giving a voice to people actively engaged in the platform, where they stated their experiences and voiced concerns about the nature of their work.
Unfortunately, the campaign had very little impact: Although Indian workers were able to receive bank transfers after the campaign, neither Amazon nor Jeff Bezos ever directly addressed the initiative.
Communicating with Amazon is, for all practical purposes, virtually impossible. "The lack of support we have is disturbing," said Bhatia. "There's no live chat, no phone number." The only way a Turker can make contact is through email, which prompts a boilerplate response.
"I am utterly baffled by the choices they are making," said Little, "and the number one choice they are making a mistake in is a lack of communication. Why do they want to be so hands off? It can't because of the risk of a lawsuit, because their terms of service clearly state 'No class action lawsuits.'"
Milland talked to lawyers, but "none of them would ever take on a single worker against Amazon," she said. And Amazon still refuses to talk. "Not even about rejections, not about improvements, not about how we think they could make more money," she said. "Nothing."
Lilly Irani, who teaches at UC San Diego, explores the "cultural politics of high-tech work practices." Irani co-authored a 2013 study looking at forums for Turkers. The work aimed to understand how collective actions could work, looking at things like Dynamo, the collective platform for Turkers, and Turkopticon, which allows Turkers to review and rate available jobs. In a paper called "Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk," the authors stated: "We argued that AMT is predicated on infrastructuring and hiding human labor, rendering it a reliable computational resource for technologists."
Despite the poor working conditions, people like Milland rely on the income AMT provides. And she has a disability that makes her doubt her chances of being hired for a traditional job. "I applied at McDonald's, and they won't hire me," she said.
Humans working alongside AI
Helping fuel demand for this piecemeal, on-demand employment, predicts Microsoft's Gray, will be the growth of human/AI systems that promote a symbiotic relationship between people and machines.
Kristy Milland's pay chart. "Submitted" means the job has not been adjudicated yet. "Approved" jobs will be paid. "Rejected" means the work was completed but the requester did not accept the work, or pay for it.
Image: Kristy Milland
She cites the emergence of virtual assistants such as Facebook M or customer service chatbots like IPsoft's Amelia, where humans either handle queries with the aid of AI or an AI handles queries and the human takes over when there is an issue the machine can't handle. Over time these smart systems can also learn from human responses, and gradually increase the breadth of queries they can tackle.
Services that use narrow AI to handle easier tasks and humans to handle the more complicated demands are on the rise. One of the major hubs for crowdsourced labor, CrowdFlower, recently launched a machine learning platform to automate certain tasks that previously would have been carried out by manual workers, leaving human workers to "focus on the harder cases and help the [machine learning] models learn". This approach results in significant amounts of manual work being automated, but the more optimistic forecasts predict that, while on a job-by-job level the human's share of the work is reduced, overall employment opportunities won't fall, due to increased demand for these joint AI-human services.
How long will machines need people?
But, for how long will humans have a role to play in training the smart systems of tomorrow?
As intelligent systems gain the ability to perform tasks that once had to be carried out by people, the nature of the work offloaded to humans on platforms like AMT changes.
In 2006, one year after AMT launched, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos said a human was needed to spot whether a person was in a photo, a task that can now be carried out by deep learning, neural networks run by the likes of Baidu, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft. So does this mean that the microtasks that offer employment today will gradually be taken over by machines?
The Oxford Internet Institute's Lehdonvirta sees little prospect of demand for AI-focused microtasks being sated. He forecasts that as machine learning is applied to more and more tasks, there will be an ever-increasing amount of data needing to be labeled.
"We see this industry of work that's sourced, scheduled, managed, paid for, and shipped through an API."
MARY GRAY, SENIOR RESEARCHER AT MICROSOFT
"It's a moving target. There are so many applications that I don't think we'll be running out of that work anytime soon," he said.
Microsoft's Bishop said that in the near-future, AI systems will likely be trained using a mix of human-led, supervised learning and unsupervised learning. Microsoft's Gray believes there will be a long-lasting need for humans in the loop: "If anything, we would predict they're going to go up because the amount of things we're trying to automate is going up," she said. "If we take those early cases of natural language processing and image recognition as a bellwether or as a benchmark, we see a pretty steady amount of work in the system."
Dr. Sarvapali Ramchurn, associate professor in the Electronics and Computer Science department at the University of Southampton, uses the example of image recognition to illustrate just how much data will still need labeling.
"We are nowhere close to hitting a limit. Image labeling for example still relies on human labeling for every type of context in which pictures are taken," he said.
Such is the range of different settings in which images can be captured—in light, in shadow, obscured, unobscured—that "even after classifying 50 million pictures, only very few items in pictures will be accurately classified in all possible contexts," he said.
Expand that need for data to be labeled in a multitude of contexts to speech, natural language understanding, emotion recognition, and all of the many areas that machine learning is being applied, and there is no danger of the work drying up, he said. Especially as society finds new uses for machine learning.
"Demand is likely to keep growing and we will see more systems combining human and machine intelligence in novel ways to address real-world problems."
Jobs as a service
Whether or not people are needed to help train AI in the long run, the rise of platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk reflects a wider, ongoing shift in working practices.
Just as the advent of faster global telecommunications links in the late 1990s made it possible to outsource and offshore a far greater range of business roles, so online crowd labor platforms and an abundance of people with access to broadband and a computer at home will again reshape the world of work, said Microsoft's Gray.
"We are able to, for better and for worse, break up jobs that use to be full-time occupations and turn them into work that can be done 24x7 by a range of people in different time zones, in different locations," she said.
"We've not so much dismantled or deskilled the work that we do, so much as we've created modules of it that different groups of people can pick up."
In the long run, Gray sees individuals chopping and changing between microtasks as being a much more common way of working. The practice of software managing the task of splitting jobs into chunks and then farming out the resulting microtasks to individuals via online platforms, as and when the need arises, is a natural progression from the outsourcing practiced by firms today, she said.
"We have yet to grapple in any substantive way with how they completely reorient the vast majority of people on this planet to how they work."
"Technologically, we are there and we have been there for the last decade in some areas of customer service," she said, citing the shifting of customer relations from call centers to live web chats and referencing a similar proportion of software-managed manual roles in retail, marketing, and events industries.
As these online platforms become better at rapidly connecting employers with the skills they need for specific tasks, a key appeal of the practice for firms today, so the use of microwork will grow, she said.
"We see this industry of work that's sourced, scheduled, managed, paid for, and shipped through an API [Application Programming Interface]," said Gray. "It's exploding underneath our noses."
The Oxford Internet Institute's Lehdonvirta shares Gray's perspective that it will become increasingly common for computer systems to orchestrate labor.
"Some of these same practices and ways of organizing the work, the computer mediation—the use of platforms to mediate the working relationship—those kind of things seem to be on the rise," said Lehdonvirta.
As online connectivity and crowd labor platforms continue to grow, enabling full-time jobs to be broken into smaller packets of contract work, it's time for governments to start paying attention to the human impact of this shift in the way we work, said Gray.
"We have yet to grapple in any substantive way with how they completely reorient the vast majority of people on this planet to how they work," she said.
"It's been going on for the last 30 years," Gray said. "We weren't paying attention because, frankly, it didn't hit the kinds of jobs that people in power have and their children have."
Source : techrepublic.com
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text:
Q: How to add a new custom resource to routes Rails 3 How do I add a custom route for a new resource in the Rails 3 routes?
I know how to do it for collections and members but this style doesn't seem to be working for new resources. Is this a bug or am I doing something wrong?
So these work:
collection do
  get :wish
end

member do
  get :wish
end

But this doesn't work:
new do
  get :wish
end

A: Try this:
resources :<resource name> do
  member do
    get '<custom action>'
  end
end

As an example lets see you have a controller called 'main' and if you have a custom action 'dashbord'
resources :admin do
  member do
    get 'dashbord'
  end
end

A: In other words you want to match to something like:
example.com/foos/new/custom rather than example.com/foos/1/custom/ or example.com/foos/custom
That's not RESTful, which just means there isn't an automatic route for it. You should be able to do it using non-resourceful routing, ie something like this should work:
match 'resource/new/custom'=>'resource#custom'
... where 'custom' is the action name in your controller.
See the rails guide for more options and details.


text:
ACM Reviews Shine in Latest Impact Factor Re
By Eric M. Alexander on August 5, 2022 Educational Association
image: Association for computer machines
see After
Credit: Association for Computing Machines
Reviews from ACM, the Association for Computing Machinery, have demonstrated strong performance in recent Journal Citation Report from Clarivate Analytics, published June 28, 2022. Of the 36 ACM journals indexed in the JCR, 32 saw their impact factor increase in the latest release. 12 ACM titles are in the first quartile in one or more JCR subject categories.
Flagship title Communications from the ACM excelled in all of its categories, receiving an impact factor of 14.065, placing it first of 110 journals in the Computer Science, Software Engineering category, second of 55 in the Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture category, and fifth of 109 in the Computer Science category, Theory & Methods category.
Other highlights include ACM Computer Investigations with an impact factor of 14,324, a 39% increase from 10,282 the previous year and placing it third out of 109 journals in the Computer Science, Theory & Methods category. ACM transactions on intelligent systems and technology more than doubled, with an impact factor of 10.489, which places it 13th out of 145 journals in the Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence category and 36th out of 163 in the Computer Science, Information Systems category. ACM transactions on charts increased its impact factor to 7.403, ranking 10th out of 110 journals in the Computer Science, Software Engineering category.
ACM claps Clarivate's recent announcement that all Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) journals, including 13 ACM titles, will receive impact factors in the 2023 version of the JCR. ACM journals indexed in ESCI include several titles from ACM's innovative journal Proceedings of the ACM journal series, which publishes conference papers that have undergone a peer review process comparable to that of traditional journals.
"We are proud of the JCR's latest results, which are the result of the hard work and dedication of our journal editors, editorial boards, ACM Board and Publications Committees, and our authors and reviewers. ", commented ACM's director of publications, Scott Delman. "The high level of citation activity for our journals reflects the immense value of these publications to the research and practice communities. As ACM continues its journey to become an open access publisher, we anticipate that our journals will be read and cited even more widely in the future.
ACM, the Association for Computing Machinery, is the world's largest educational and scientific computing society, bringing together educators, researchers, and professionals to inspire dialogue, share resources, and address challenges in the field. ACM strengthens the collective voice of the IT profession through strong leadership, promotion of the highest standards, and recognition of technical excellence. ACM supports the professional growth of its members by providing opportunities for lifelong learning, career development and professional networking.
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