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Home / Sport / Jamie Carragher criticises Maurizio Sarri for 'turning Chelsea into Arsenal'
Jamie Carragher criticises Maurizio Sarri for 'turning Chelsea into Arsenal'
Rachel Hardy | Monday, February 11, 2019
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Super CMV (Cr-Mo-V) and Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al- 4V), are examined
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.9.2015.3.0151
Prediction of residual stress using explicit finite element method W.A. Siswanto 1, M.Nagentrau 1* and A.L. Mohd Tobi 1
1 Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
*Email: nagentrau.rau17@yahoo.com Phone: +60174039241; Fax: +6074536080
This paper presents the residual stress behaviour under various values of friction coefficients and scratching displacement amplitudes. The investigation is based on numerical solution using explicit finite element method in quasi-static condition. Two different aeroengine materials, i.e. Super CMV (Cr-Mo-V) and Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al- 4V), are examined. The usage of FEM analysis in plate under normal contact is validated with Hertzian theoretical solution in terms of contact pressure distributions. The residual stress distributions along with normal and shear stresses on elastic and plastic regimes of the materials are studied for a simple cylinder-on-flat contact configuration model subjected to normal loading, scratching and followed by unloading. The investigated friction coefficients are 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9, while scratching displacement amplitudes are 0.05 mm, 0.10 mm and 0.20 mm respectively. It is found that friction coefficient of 0.6 results in higher residual stress for both materials. Meanwhile, the predicted residual stress is proportional to the scratching displacement amplitude, higher displacement amplitude, resulting in higher residual stress. It is found that less residual stress is predicted on Super CMV material compared to Ti-6Al-4V material because of its high yield stress and ultimate strength. Super CMV material with friction coefficient of 0.3 and scratching displacement amplitude of 0.10 mm is recommended to be used in contact engineering applications due to its minimum possibility of fatigue.
Keywords: Friction coefficient; sliding amplitude; Cylinder-on-flat; Ti-6Al-4V; Super CMV
Residual stress in contact mechanics is one of the crucial and interesting subjects in fatigue life, part distortion and corrosion resistance are influenced by residual stress, especially in engineering applications such as automotive, machining, nuclear power plant and aeroengine field [1]. Residual stress can be defined as the stress that remains in a body after the removal of the original source of the stress. The influences of the residual stress might be beneficial or detrimental depending on the magnitude and distribution of the stress [2]. Fatigue life of material is influenced by residual stress where a number of studies demonstrated the effect of residual stress in prediction of fatigue life [3-6].
Advancement in numerical residual stress prediction approach is essential as experimental method has numerous limitations such as intensive labour, time consuming, limited sample size, shape, accuracy of measurement, machine capacity and operator skill [1, 3]. So, a wide range of engineering problems is solved using finite element approach [7-10]. It is necessary to study the effect of friction coefficient and scratching or sliding
displacement amplitude on the residual stress. Super CMV (Cr-Mo-V) and Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) materials have been examined by a number of researchers because of their wide range of applications in aeroengines and gas turbines [11-18]. A number of studies demonstrated the response of residual stress influenced by the coefficient of friction and scratching or sliding [19, 20]. Proper numerical model and contact formulation must be employed to signify the contact residual stress behaviour using finite element simulations [21, 22]. A stress-based finite element model of friction behaviour effect on residual stresses is presented by Yang and Liu [3], where significant role of residual stress in determining the fatigue life is reported. Meanwhile, Liu and Guo [23]
demonstrated the sensitivity of residual stress prediction depending on friction coefficient in the study of finite element analysis of the effect of sequential cuts and tool-chip friction on residual stresses in a machined layer. In addition, the obtained residual stress in the proposed semi-analytical method for rolling and sliding contact by Foletti and Desimone [24] gives good agreement with finite element method considering non-linear kinematic hardening model. The study of directional development of residual stress and surface fatigue during sliding contact was investigated by Linz et al. [25], which shows that transversal residual stress increases to 250-300 MPa after the 10th cycle and remains constant for any further increment in sliding cycles. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, far too little attention has been paid to compare the friction coefficient and displacement amplitude on residual stress simulation responses on elastic-plastic half- space of advanced alloys, including aeroengine materials such as Ti-6Al-4V and Super CMV alloys.
In this paper, von Mises residual stress along with normal and shear stress distributions using various values of friction coefficients and scratching displacement amplitudes for a cylinder-on-flat contact configuration model under quasi-static condition are predicted for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V alloys using explicit finite element approach. The contact pressure distributions for both material models is verified and compared to Hertzian contact theoretical solution. The effect of friction coefficient and scratching displacement amplitude on residual stress is compared and studied.
FE MODELLING APPROACH
A commercial FE software ABAQUS/Explicit is employed to analyse the residual stress along with normal and shear stress distributions in quasi-static condition as explicit approach is suitable for complex contact problems with material degradation and failure [26]. At first glance, it appears that the implicit solver would be the appropriate choice for modelling highly nonlinear static problems. However, explicit solvers are more efficient for this class of problems as explicit finite element method is suitable for solving wave propagation analysis and high-speed (short duration) dynamics, drop tests and crash analyses of structural members, large, nonlinear, quasi-static analyses, deep drawing, blow molding, and assembly simulations, highly discontinuous post buckling and collapse simulations, structural acoustics and coupled temperature-displacement. A cylinder-on-flat contact configuration model based on earlier experimental studies [13, 14] is employed throughout the simulation. Figure 1 illustrates the corresponding 2D Finite element model consisting of rectangle as a substrate with dimension of 12 × 6 mm and half-circle as an indenter with 6 mm radius, R. Two different aeroengine materials, i.e. high strength steel Super CMV (Cr-Mo-V) and light weight alloy Ti-6Al-4V, are examined in this study.
As explicit algorithm requires density, the density values, ρ of 7.94 x 10-9
tonne/mm3 and 4.43 x 10-9 tonne/mm3 are taken for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V respectively. The modulus of elasticity, E of 200 GPa and 115 GPa assigned for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V. Meanwhile, similar Poisson's ratio, v of 0.3, is employed for both materials [13, 27]. The plasticity data for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V material is obtained from the study presented by Leen et al. [28]and Benedetti & Fontanari [29] as shown in Table 1.
Figure 1. Partitioned 2D Finite element model.
Table 1. Plastic properties of Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V [28, 29].
Yield stress, MPa (Super CMV)
Plastic strain (Super CMV)
Yield stress, MPa (Ti-6Al-4V)
Plastic strain (Ti-6Al-4V)
1240.36 0 744.57 0
1419.01 0.000401 811.43 0.001539
The plane strain, explicit linear quadrilateral elements were used at the contact region throughout the simulation as high reliability contact performance can be achieved, especially for frictional contact problems. The size of the mesh assigned at the contact region is about 5 µm, while edge seeding is practiced for mesh transition from fine to course. A study on mesh sensitivity has been carried out on the influence of element size in the contact region where the size of the element varied from 10 µm to 1 µm. In addition,
5 µm mesh size is considered appropriate for this study as the additional mesh refinement gives a negligible effect on predicted stress distributions, but increases the computational time. Mesh module is refined at the contact region in order to obtain better residual stress prediction with reasonable CPU times as shown in Figure 2. The cylinder (indenter) and flat surface (substrate) are assigned as master and slave surfaces respectively. The surface-to-surface contact technique with finite sliding formulation is used for contact interactions. In addition, Penalty friction formulation with friction coefficient, µ = 0.3 is employed. The side and bottom surfaces of the flat plate are fully constrained from any translation and rotation motions.
Figure 2. 2D Finite element mesh module.
Dynamic explicit steps with time period of 0.00015 s are assigned. The calculated kinetic energy term should remain below 5% of the total internal energy of the system for a quasi-static deformation process and this condition is achieved when t = 0.00015. The simulation is performed with three steps, i.e. loading, scratching and unloading. A concentrated force, P of 1000 N/mm applied at the indenter during loading throughout the analysis. Besides that, a displacement amplitude, δ of 0.1 mm is applied during scratching. A smooth step function is used to ramp up the loading and displacement progressively from zero to its maximum amplitude as shown in Table 2 to avoid undesired sudden dynamic effect. The Equation's type constraint is used to make sure the indenter moves concurrently with the point load. The friction coefficient of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9, while scratching displacement amplitudes of 0.05 mm, 0.10 mm and 0.20 mm applied in the FE simulation to study the influence on residual stress along with normal and shear stress distributions. The FE model is validated with Hertzian theoretical solution by verifying the contact pressure distributions.
Table 2. Smooth step amplitude table
Time, s Load amplification factor
0.00015 1
The von Mises residual stress along with normal and shear stress distributions are predicted using different friction coefficients and scratching displacements amplitude using explicit finite element approach. Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials contact conditions are examined. The contact pressure distributions are taken from the surface of the substrate whereas von Mises stress, residual stress, normal stress and shear stress are taken from the specific element at the subsurface of the substrate.
Validation of Contact Variables
Figure 3 shows FE predicted contact pressure distributions for Super CMV and Ti-6Al- 4V compared to Hertzian theoretical solution. The trend of the graph for both materials shows that the maximum contact pressure occurred at the center of the contact region.
Based on Hertzian contact theoretical solution, 1707.315 MPa of maximum contact pressure, po and 0.1865 mm of contact half-width length, a calculated for Super CMV while, 1294.636 MPa of maximum contact pressure, po and 0.2459 mm of contact half- width length, a calculated for Ti-6Al-4V. The FE predicted maximum contact pressure, po for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V are 1704.54 MPa and 1286.24 MPa, whereas 0.195 mm and 0.255 mm of contact half-width length, a is obtained respectively. The predicted contact variables give good agreement with Hertzian theoretical solution as the percentage error less than 5 % is achieved, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Contact variables results and percentage error
The maximum contact pressure, po, and half- width contact length, a, display good agreement with Hertzian theoretical solution with lower percentage errors for both materials. In addition, the maximum contact pressure occurred at the centre of the contact region as the stress intensity is higher at the contact point during loading process [31].
The higher contact pressure occurs on Super CMV compared to Ti-6Al-4V because of its high strength. Besides that, the contact half-width length, a of Ti-6Al-4V higher than Super CMV for same amount of loading as Super CMV has higher hardening curve of the material compared to that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In addition, Super CMV material has higher elastic modulus and ultimate strength where it can withstand higher loads
Material Super CMV Ti-6Al-4V
Maximum Contact pressure, MPa (HERTZ) 1707.315 1294.636 Maximum Contact pressure, MPa [30] 1704.540 1286.240
% error 0.163 0.649
Contact half-width length, mm (HERTZ) 0.187 0.246
Contact half-width length, mm [30] 0.195 0.255
compared to Ti-6Al-4V. The percentage errors for maximum contact pressure and contact half-width length are due to the elastic half-space assumption employed in the Hertzian contact theoretical solution.
Figure 3. Contact pressure and contact half-width length comparison between FEM analysis and Hertzian contact theoretical solution for (a) Super CMV and (b) Ti-6Al-
Influence of Friction Coefficient and Displacement Amplitude on Normal Stress Distributions
Figure 4 illustrates normal stress history using different coefficients of frictions for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials. The graph shows a trend where negative normal stress is recorded as the force acts downwards in –y direction normal to the substrate. The normal stress acting on Super CMV is higher than Ti-6Al-4V. The normal stress increases during loading for all cases, whereas the effect of friction coefficient obviously can be seen during scratching for both materials. The higher coefficient of friction reduces the normal stress, where lower normal stress is noted for 0.9 friction coefficient compared to 0.6 and 0.3, especially during scratching. The normal stress of substrate is relaxed after the removal of load for all conditions.
Figure 4. The normal stress history for different friction coefficients.
Figure 5. The normal stress history for different displacement amplitudes.
Figure 5 illustrates normal stress history using different scratching displacement amplitudes for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials. The trend of the graph shows that negative normal stress is noted as the load acts downwards in –y direction normal to the surface of the substrate. In addition, the normal stress acts on Super CMV is greater compared with Ti-6Al-4V. The normal stress rises during loading for all the conditions, whereas the effect of displacement amplitude is noticeable during scratching for both materials. The higher displacement amplitude reduces the normal stress, as lower normal stress is predicted for displacement of 0.2 mm compared to 0.1 mm and 0.05 mm, mainly during scratching. The normal stress of the substrate is gradually reduced after the unloading for all the displacement conditions.The effect of friction coefficient and scratching displacement amplitude is significant in normal stress graphs. The compressive stress acting on the sub surface's element during loading causes the normal stress to be higher during that specific step. Friction coefficients and displacement amplitude do not influence the compressive normal stress during loading. Meanwhile, a visible effect of friction coefficient and displacement amount can be noticed during the scratching as normal stress reduces during that particular period. This is mainly due to the occurrence of the tensile normal stress during scratching. Such effect can be noticed significantly for higher amounts of friction coefficient and displacement amplitude.
Normal stress is based on compressive stress. Higher the compressive stress results in high normal stress. During scratching step, the tensile stress occurs together with compressive stress. The tensile stress reduces compressive stress, thus resulting in a drop in normal stress. In addition, the response of friction coefficient is more obvious compared to displacement amplitude due to higher surface traction. Furthermore, the normal stress occurring on Super CMV material is higher for all the steps and conditions because of the high ultimate strength compared to Ti-6Al-4V.
Influence of Friction Coefficient and Displacement Amplitude on Shear Stress Distributions
Figure 6 shows shear stress history using different coefficients of frictions for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials. The trend of the graph shows that shear stress is similar for the entire friction coefficient during loading according to the material. The shear stress is higher during earlier stage of the scratching for friction coefficient of 0.3 and slowly decreases; while for the 0.6 and 0.9, the shear stress is higher at the final stage of the scratching. The shear stress distribution is almost similar for friction coefficient of 0.6 and 0.9 according to the material. The shear stress acting on Super CMV is higher than Ti-6Al-4V. The higher coefficient of friction increases the shear stress, where lower shear stress is noted for 0.3 friction coefficient compared to 0.6 and 0.9, particularly during scratching. The shear stress of the substrate is reduced gradually during unloading, but higher friction coefficient causes more fluctuations for both materials.
Figure 7 shows shear stress history using different scratching displacement amplitudes for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials. The trend of the graph displays that shear stress is similar for all the displacement amplitudes during loading according to the materials. The shear stress is higher at the initial stage of the scratching and slowly decreases. The reduction in shear stress during scratching is very significant for higher displacement amplitude for both materials. Besides that, the shear stress acting on Super CMV is higher than Ti-6Al-4V. The higher scratching displacement amplitude increases the shear stress, where lower shear stress is recorded for 0.05 mm displacement compared
to 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm, mainly during scratching. The shear stress of substrate is reduced progressively during unloading.
Figure 6. The shear stress history for different friction coefficients.
Figure 7. The shear stress history for different displacement amplitudes.
The shear stress is also influenced by the effect of the friction coefficient and scratching displacement amplitude for both materials. There are no significant changes on shear stress due to alteration of analysed variables. The shear stress distribution is
mainly affected during scratching as element stretched during that particular step. The higher friction induced and causes shear traction due to higher friction coefficient which results in significant shear stress. Meanwhile, higher displacement amplitude reduces the shear stress as the initial shear traction passed to the following elements of the subsurface parallel to the displacement directions and motion. Higher friction coefficient causes more friction on the substrate when the indenter is scratching on it. Higher friction results in shear traction on the surface and causes the value of the shear stress to become more significant.
Influence of Friction Coefficient and Displacement Amplitude on Von Mises Stress Distributions
Figure 8 illustrates von Mises stress history of different friction coefficients for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials. The trend of the graph shows that Von Mises stress is increasing simultaneously for all the friction coefficients during loading according to the material. The maximum stress is recorded during scratching for all the friction cases.
Higher friction coefficient displays higher von Mises stress while lower stress is noted for friction coefficient of 0.3. Meanwhile, only an insignificant difference is noted between 0.6 and 0.9 respectively. The von Mises stress acting on Super CMV is higher than Ti-6Al-4V. The unloading process causes gradual drop in stress, where residual stress can be noticed.
Figure 8. The von Mises stress history for different friction coefficients.
Figure 9 illustrates von Mises stress history of different scratching displacement amplitudes for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials. The trend of the graph shows that von Mises stress is increasing concurrently for all displacement amplitudes during loading stage according to the materials. The maximum stress is predicted during scratching for all the displacement cases. Higher displacement amplitude exhibits higher von Mises stress especially at the earlier stage of scratching. In addition, the reduction in von Mises
stress during scratching is visible in Super CMV material compared to Ti-6Al-4V. The predicted von Mises stress acting on Super CMV is greater than Ti-6Al-4V. The unloading process causes sudden drop in stress, where residual stress can be detected.
Figure 9. The von Mises stress history for different displacement amplitudes.
The effect of the friction coefficient and scratching displacement amplitude can be seen in the von Mises stress graphs. The von Mises stress increases constantly during loading for all conditions as the result of the force acts on the material. The maximum stress is achieved during scratching stage as the effect of frictional force increases the stress for higher friction coefficients. Meanwhile, higher displacement amplitudes show that stress is reduced as the load propagates from one place to another; thus, stress concentration is distributed along with the displacement, especially in Super CMV material. The higher yield stress and ultimate strength of Super CMV properties cause this kind of effect where the effect of tensile stress is more significant in Super CMV material compared to Ti-6Al-4V. The higher yield stress and ultimate strength of Super CMV records higher von Mises stress compared to Ti-6Al-4V.
Influence of Friction Coefficient and Displacement Amplitude on Von Mises Residual Stress Distributions
Figure 10 shows von Mises residual stress history using different coefficients of frictions for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials. The residual stress can be noticed at the complete unloading. Super CMV material displays lower residual stress compared to Ti- 6Al-4V. The residual stress recorded for Super CMV with friction coefficient of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 are 42.189 MPa, 265.989 MPa and 224.334 MPa, while for Ti-6Al-4V are 240.878 MPa, 349.275 MPa and 328.695 MPa respectively, as shown in Figure 8. Higher residual stress is predicted for friction coefficient of 0.6 for both materials.
Figure 11 shows von Mises residual stress history using different scratching displacement amplitudes for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials respectively. The residual stress can be observed after complete unloading. Super CMV material
demonstrates lower residual stress compared to Ti-6Al-4V. The residual stress recorded for Super CMV with scratching displacement amplitudes of 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm are 42.634 MPa, 44.380 MPa and 58.229 MPa, while for Ti-6Al-4V are 233.005 MPa, 236.682 MPa and 278.541 MPa respectively as shown in Figure 12. Higher residual stress is predicted for higher scratching displacement amplitudes for both materials.
Figure 10. The von Mises residual stress history for different friction coefficients.
Figure 11. The Von Mises residual stress history for different displacement amplitudes.
The von Mises residual stress is also affected by the friction coefficient and scratching displacement amplitude. The residual stress is noticeable after the complete unloading. The residual stress in both materials is higher for friction coefficient of 0.6 because the effect of the frictional force is significant at the subsurface of the substrate, while for 0.9 friction coefficient, the effect is mainly on the surface because of its higher surface traction force. In addition, the residual stress is greater for higher displacement amplitude as the stress is applied on extended contact length compared to lower displacement contact length. Thus, higher remaining stress is captured for 0.2 mm of displacement. The different materials properties lead to lower residual stress in Super CMV than Ti-6Al-4V alloys.
The main aim of the present study is to examine the influence of friction coefficient and scratching displacement amplitude on the von Mises residual stress along with normal and shear stress distributions for Super CMV and Ti-6Al-4V materials using cylinder-on- flat contact configuration FE model. FE model using both materials gives a better agreement with Hertzian maximum contact pressure and contact half-width length where less than 5 % of error is recorded. It is found that the effect of higher friction coefficient and displacement amount can be noticeable during the scratching where normal stress reduces due to tensile normal stress. The higher friction coefficient causes shear traction and results in significant shear stress, while initial shear traction is reduced due to higher displacement amplitude as the displacement progressed from one element to another. The higher residual stress is recorded for friction coefficient of 0.6 and 0.2 mm scratching displacement amplitude. Super CMV material with friction coefficient of 0.3 and scratching displacement amplitude of 0.10 mm is recommended to be used in contact engineering applications due to its minimum possibility of fatigue.
The authors would like to convey their appreciation for the financial support provided by the Ministry of Education Malaysia and Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. This research is supported by the Research Acculturation Collaborative Effort (RACE), Vot. No. 1441.
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[20] Kim JW, Lee YZ. The residual stresses on lubricated sliding surfaces during break-in and up to scuffing. Wear. 2001;251:985-9.
[21] Borst RD, Crisfield MA, Remmers JJC, Verhoosel CV. Non-linear finite element analysis of solids and structures.Wiley, 2012.
[22] Wriggers P, Zavarise G. Computational contact mechanics. Encyclopedia of computational mechanics. 2004.
[23] Liu CR, Guo YB. Finite element analysis of the effect of sequential cuts and tool–
chip friction on residual stresses in a machined layer. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2000;42:1069-86.
[24] Foletti S, Desimone HJ. A semi-analytical approach for two-dimensional rolling/sliding contact with applications to shakedown analysis. Wear.
2007;262:850-7.
[25] Linz M, Winkelmann H, Hradil K, Badisch E, Mücklich F. Directional development of residual stress and surface fatigue during sliding contact.
Engineering Failure Analysis. 2013;35:678-85.
[26] Hibbitt H, Karlsson B, Sorensen P. ABAQUS theory manual, version 6.3.
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA. 2006.
[27] Nagentrau M, Siswanto WA, Tobi M, Latif A. Investigation on the effect of linear kinematic hardening model on plasticity prediction of reciprocating sliding contact. 2014.
[28] Leen S, Richardson I, McColl I, Williams E, Hyde T. Macroscopic fretting variables in a splined coupling under combined torque and axial load. The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design. 2001;36:481-97.
[29] Benedetti M, Fontanari V. The effect of bi‐modal and lamellar microstructures of Ti‐6Al‐4V on the behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from edge‐notches.
Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures. 2004;27:1073-89.
[30] Matos R, Vargas J, Laursen T, Saboya F. Optimization study and heat transfer comparison of staggered circular and elliptic tubes in forced convection.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2001;44:3953-61.
[31] Johnson KL, Johnson KL. Contact mechanics: Cambridge university press; 1987.
Journal of
The remaining energy is split into residual stress (1-2%), to overcome sticking friction (0.67%) as well as sliding friction (0.33%) in the shear zone [2], MWFs also perform the task
DEEP BEAM
The results such as load-displacement curve, normalised shear strength versus effective depth's curve, von Mises stress contour, concrete tension damage contour and
BIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATE (LCP) VERSUS DYNAMIC COMPR...
Contour plots of the Von Mises Stress (VMS) for tibia bone for both DCP and LCP is illustrated in Figure 4. In general, the contour plots of all the configurations
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Stress point in pullout box under over pressure and pull out force 278 Figure 4.243: Maximum horizontal displacement versus maximum shear stress 282 Figure 4.244: Maximum horizontal
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE
Figure 6.20: Interface shear capacity versus normal stress (hollow facing unit with plastic pins, different types of in-fills and Geogrid 1) ....
Figure 4-12: Von Mises Stress on the proposed frame after exerting with bump force Figure 4-13: Maximum displacement on the proposed model is 2.526mm after exerting with bump
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
The result which includes Von Mises stress and bending stress obtained were compared with the result generated from AutoPIPE, commercial finite element software using in
Max Von Mises Stress versus Internal pressure
The scope of study of this project is failure predictions which include the study of remaining strength of corroded offshore pipeline by using finite element analysis software
3 2.2 Shear Strength
The stress strain relationship and shear strength parameters (angle of internal friction and cohesion) were determined using Direct Shear Test with different amount of water
 The possible reason of failure are predicted due to the overpressure of the hose assembly that causes maximum Von Mises stress and deformation to occurs near
Figure 4.1: Von Mises stress on Slocum with Aluminium alloy body 15 Figure 4.2: Displacement vector on Slocum with Aluminium alloy body 16 Figure 4.3: Von Mises stress on Slocum with
IMPROVED MACHINABILITY OF TITANIUM ALLOY TI-6AL-4V THROUGH WORKPIECE
To investigate the influence of cutting parameters on tool life, surface roughness and cutting force in end milling of titanium alloys Ti-6Al-4V using uncoated
(1)FYP FBKT
Effect of space holders on fabrication of porous titanium alloy-hydroxyapatite c...
Effect of high-speed parameters on uncoated carbide tool in finish turning tita...
Influence of iron on phase stability and corrosion resistance of Ti-15%Cr alloy
Pengujian kesesuaian taburan normal berdasarkan statistik cramer-von mises = Tes...
MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORS OF TITANIA AND TANTALA NANOTUBULAR ARRAYS DE...
Steel Highest Von Mises Stress vs Blade length
Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY COATED WITH BIOCERAMICS BY USING RADIOFREQUENCY PLASMA
The Integration of the Morphological Aspects of Sand to It's Shear Strength and...
at the beginning and end of the process
View of The study on the influences of residual stresses on fatigue crack propag...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An insight I picked up from Jeff Patton during his user story mapping workshop at Agile 2011.
Jeff used "Kung-Fu Fighting" as backing/timing music for one of the group exercises.
When I got home I sat at my computer trawling my music collection for perfect facilitation tunes ranging from 3 to 10 minutes long.
There's an important trick to these though. They have to be the "right" tempo and style to match the activity and team – generally upbeat and well-known enough that team members can "feel" the end of the tune coming.
If there's any of these you don't own, buy them now or cue them up on your favourite online station! I've added links to the hardest-to-find tracks.
Note – If you're not feeling so cheerful, It's important you don't stop part-way through.
For anyone who's a fan of "High Fidelity", the art of the compilation tape is the journey you're taken on. This one will only leave you happy if you make it to the end!
This entry was posted in Music, Musings and tagged 2011, conference, music by The Captain. Bookmark the permalink.


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PETA Thanks Lake Elsinore for Rejecting Cruel, Dangerous Bull Run
Lake Elsinore, Calif. — Lake Elsinore city leaders will be receiving flowers and a box of vegan chocolates from PETA, thanks to their decision to deny a permit to hold The Great Bull Run at Lake Elsinore Motorsports Park in March 2014. City Manager Grant Yates believes that participants would be at a high risk for injury. His concerns are justified: Two people were hospitalized, including one man who was trampled, following a similar event in Virginia in August.
"Bull runs mean collisions, falls, broken legs, trampling, and other potentially fatal outcomes for everyone involved, from the bulls to the bystanders," says PETA Foundation Director Delcianna Winders. "PETA commends Lake Elsinore for recognizing these risks and sending this cruel outfit packing."
The Great Bull Run is meant to mimic the notoriously cruel Running of the Bulls in Pamplona, Spain. After having been loaded onto trucks, hauled across potentially hundreds of miles, and forced into an arena filled with hundreds of screaming, often intoxicated people, the panicked bulls, chased by lasso-wielding riders on horseback, will bolt out of the pen after the starting gate opens in a state of confusion and terror. As they rush through the chute, they can crash into the barriers, fall and break their legs, or collide with and injure one another.
The denial of a permit to hold the barbaric bull run isn't the first time that Lake Elsinore has taken action to protect animals. Last December, following a two-month PETA investigation, city officials worked with PETA and other animal-protection groups to get help for more than 16,000 rodents and reptiles at the now-defunct Lake Elsinore–based Global Captive Breeders, LLC (GCB). At GCB, animals were forced to live amid their own accumulated waste, routinely drowned because of faulty equipment, bludgeoned, slammed against hard surfaces, and tossed—sometimes alive—into trash cans. PETA's investigation led to the largest seizure of rats in U.S. history and the largest-ever seizure of animals in California. In July, the owner and the manager of GCB were each arrested and charged with 106 counts of felony cruelty to animals.
For more information, please visit PETA.org.


Splish the frog longs to read but just doesn't seem to get it...Is there a child in your life who faces this same challenge? Or maybe you remember facing it yourself? Gena Suarez, the author of And then Mama Said...it Takes Time to Learn to Read, has created a delightful little book that models acceptance of others as well as acceptance of one's own personal limitations and reminds us to open our hearts to God's plan in all things, including reading. Does Splish finally learn to read? You bet he does! But it happens when it's meant to happen and he has the loving support of his homeschooling family all the way.
And then Mama Said...it Takes Time to Learn to Read is available from the Schoolhouse Store in softcover for $9.95.


The Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University presents Fred Eversley: Black, White, Gray from February 17 through June 11, 2017. For more than four decades, Fred Eversley (b. 1941) has produced innovative and visually stunning sculptures that consider materials, light, and the optical qualities of shapes and colors as part of a broad investigation of individual perceptual experience. This exhibition examines for the first time a series of black, white, and gray cast-resin sculptures that Eversley began in the early 1970s, works that prompt us to consider the symbolic values of color and how we ascribe meaning to it. Curated by Rose Curator Kim Conaty, the exhibition is a collaboration between Art + Practice in Los Angeles and the Rose.
A Brooklyn native and engineer by training, Eversley moved to Los Angeles in 1963 to work in the aerospace industry; four years later, inspired by the burgeoning bohemian culture of Venice Beach, he decided to shift careers and become an artist. Since that time, Eversley has pushed the boundaries of sculpture, bringing his technical expertise and keen aesthetic sensibility to bear on the remarkable objects that he produces. In his groundbreaking experiments with plastic in the late 1960s, Eversley demonstrated how this modern, industrial material could be tinted with vibrant hues and cast into parabolic "lenses" using centrifugal force, creating the transparent, multi-colored sculptures for which he is best known today. This spirit of innovation permeates all of Eversley's work, and his investigations into the optical qualities of shapes and colors are among his most compelling contributions.
Eversley's embrace of synthetic materials, machined surfaces, and the luminosity of forms tie his work to the West Coast style of minimalism that emerged in the 1960s and came to be known as the Light and Space movement. He was a key figure in this movement, and his sculptural work was shown alongside that of other artists associated with this style, such as his friends and contemporaries Larry Bell and John McCracken.
At the Rose, Eversley will present an important series of monochrome sculptures in black, white, and gray. The series was initiated in 1972 when Eversley began to explore the qualities and beauty of the color black, a departure from the rich magenta, amber, and blue hues that distinguished his previous work. Experimenting with a can of black pigment given to him by John McCracken, who had used black in many of his signature "plank" sculptures beginning in the late 1960s, Eversley produced opaque and translucent sculptures of varying thickness, underscoring the tonal range that could be expressed through the refraction of light and curves of the form. Following the success of the initial black sculptures, Eversley expanded his investigation of this achromatic palette, experimenting with opaque white and gray tones.
Alongside a central grouping of parabolic lenses, the exhibition includes a small selection of cast, sliced cylinders along with examples of the artist's wall arcs and stepped sculptures from the late 1970s, when he was working with pre-cast polyester resin in regular shapes that could be stacked and layered. The works have cosmological associations—"stars expanding their energy and becoming black holes, white dwarfs, and neutron stars," Eversley explained at the time—but the lenses' intimate human scale also prompt us to consider how color might relate to identity. As lenses through which we see and mirrors in which we are reflected, these works challenge us to think not only about what we see but also how we see it.
Fred Eversley (b. 1941, Brooklyn) received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now, Carnegie Mellon University) in 1963. From that year through 1966, he worked at Wyle Laboratories in El Segundo, CA, where he supervised, among other major projects, the design and construction of high intensity acoustic test laboratories at NASA facilities. He began his artistic career in 1967.
The first solo exhibition of Eversley's work was held at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1970. His work has been featured in subsequent one-man museum shows at the Santa Barbara Museum of Art (1976), the Oakland Museum of California (1977), the Palm Springs Museum of Art (1978), and the National Academy of Science (1981), and in over two hundred solo and group exhibitions internationally, in venues such as the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; the Jewish Museum, New York; the Indianapolis Museum of Art; the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, and the Museo Nacional Centro del Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid. It was also featured in several group exhibitions dedicated to the work of African American artists, including Contemporary Black Artists in America at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1971, one year after his solo museum exhibition, Fred Eversley: Recent Sculpture, was held there. He was appointed the first Artist-in-Residence at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. (1977–80) where he worked in a large custom-built studio in the museum and resided in the Barney Studio House (now the Latvian Embassy). His work is in the permanent collections of some thirty museums, and he has executed over fifteen large-scale public art commissions. His largest public sculpture, the 35-foot-tall Parabolic Flight (1980), was recently refurbished and re-installed at the Miami-Dade International Airport. He has been selected to create the Entrance Plaza sculpture for the new District Square Center, at Crenshaw Boulevard and Rodeo Road, Los Angeles.
In March 2018, Eversley's work will be the subject of a major survey exhibition Fred Eversley: Seeing Through Sculpture, at the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. He lives and works in Venice, California and New York, New York.
Founded in 1961, the Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University is among the nation's premier university museums dedicated to collecting, preserving, exhibiting, and interpreting 20th and 21st century art. A center of cultural and intellectual life on campus, the Museum serves as a catalyst for artistic expression, a living textbook for object-based learning, and a site for scholarly innovation and the production of new knowledge through art. American painting of the post-war period and contemporary art are particularly well represented within the Rose's permanent collection, which is now more than 8,000 objects strong.
Major paintings by Willem de Kooning, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Helen Frankenthaler, and Andy Warhol anchor the collection, and recently acquired works by Mark Bradford, Al Loving, Jack Whitten, and Charline von Heyl build upon this strength while reflecting the Museum's commitment to works of both artistic importance and social relevance. Through its collection, exhibitions, and programs, the Rose works to affirm and advance the values of global diversity, freedom of expression, and social justice that are hallmarks of Brandeis University.
Located on Brandeis University's campus at 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, the museum is free and open to the public Wednesday through Sunday, 11 AM – 5 PM. For more information, visit www.brandeis.edu/rose/ or call 781-736-3434.
Conceived and founded by artist Mark Bradford, philanthropist and collector Eileen Harris Norton, and social activist Allan DiCastro, Art + Practice (A+P) is an arts and education private operating foundation based in Leimert Park, Los Angeles. A+P's mandate is to create a developmental platform that, on one hand, supports the acquisition of practical skills for foster youth, and, on the other, stresses the importance of creative activity within a larger social context. For more information visit www.artandpractive.org.


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Juicing is an easy way to be healthy. Juicing helps you place all the nutrients from vegatables and fruits into a convenient package that makes it an easy task to consume. This informative article contains information regarding juicing so you can do it yourself.
Add cucumber to dark leafy greens for improved flavor.Many leafy greens use a distinct and slight unpleasant flavor. Cucumber can mask the leafy green flavor and also add a refreshing element for your juice.
Add cucumber to dark leafy greens for improved flavor.A lot of the leafy greens don't taste really good.Cucumber will help in masking the flavor and adds a refreshing twist in your juice.
Make your juicer where you could look at it. This will likely help keep you remember to use from it.
Each vegetable and fruit provides different minerals and vitamins. You will get the proper nutrients and like a tasty drink.
Juicing for your fridge is a great idea, however, refrigeration can cause color alterations in the juice.
Should you be having any bladder condition or urinary tract infection, apply certain cranberries in your juicing routine. Rely on them immediately after finding you sense problems coming on.
Use cranberries in your juicing routine if you suffer from the bladder problems. Utilize them soon while you feel problems coming on.
Ginger is an excellent gastrointestinal distress. Ginger has several anti-inflammatory properties that can also help to heal any damage performed to this enzymatic system by acid reflux disorder.
Cucumber juice is useful for maintaining healthy hair and hair. There may be a considerable amount of the mineral silica seen in cucumbers. Silica is not only great for skin and hair, as well as being great for bones, tendons, muscles and ligaments.
Masticating juicers are best for making fruit juices. These juicers have supplemental features which other juicers might not have like milling, puree and grind and also create frozen deserts. These features will increase the assortment of juices that will make juicing more fun.
Don't let your juice past the boundary before whenever you drink it. It comes with a far better taste the quicker it is actually served just after it's made.
Wash any dirt off of them and make sure they are thoroughly dry vegetables before sealing them in bags for storage.
Don't help make your juice sit for too long before serving it. It should be served after making it.
You need to know that certain juices may affect the shade of your teeth. This is important because certain juices will stain your teeth.
While green juices are known for their healthy properties, they likewise have the trustworthiness of not tasting very good. This may not have to be true all the truth. You may juice additional ingredients to alter the flavor while still having the vitamins and nutrients.
Drink juice before eating a meal.You receive more health benefits from juicing and provide your body with a decent tasting snack as well. The juice can help you to manage your appetite at you'll and mealtimes consume less throughout the meal.
Make sure that you remove any stones and pits before adding these to the juicer if your juicer is heavy duty and takes whole fruits. The repair bill could possibly be quite high, or require a new juicer altogether or else. You must also cut apples to take out their seeds, as trace numbers of cyanide happen to be in apple seeds.
Don't use extremely sweet fruits when creating your very own juices. Even though they are delicious, they can be rich in sugar and can boost your blood glucose to unhealthy levels. A good way to avoid this is certainly to choose some vegetables that you simply enjoy and juice those instead. They will be avoided most of the time, even if you can continue to use fruits occasionally when you need to take care of yourself.
Juicing can improve practically anyone's health and nutrients. Maintain your juicer out on your counter so you are more inclined to utilize it daily.
Fruit peels and skins are chock filled with antioxidants, and full of nutrients and antioxidants. Actually, there are more nutrients available within the skin, than the remainder of it. The main exception is designed for the peels of citrus fruits, however, which can not be used in juice. These peels contain toxic substances and may also provide had pesticides used on them.
There are numerous tactics for clearing your juice without fruit and pulp bits. Cheesecloth or possibly a coffee filter gives a handy approach to strain the pulp through your juices to become clear. This will likely also get rid of the foam that takes place when juicing.
Ginger adds an exclusive flavor and may even cover any strong vegetable tastes. Ginger might have several cardiovascular benefits, reduce the growth of atherosclerosis and benefit your heart in a few other ways.
Fresh pineapple juice is a diet regime.You could add in apple or berry juice with it for a great combination. It is going to significantly help if you make sure you can find equal amounts. The simplest way you can drink pineapple juice is finished ice.
A highly-constructed low speed juicer is the perfect type to look for. It is because juicers which may have highers speeds could overheat, and therefore excessive heat may consequently destroy and or breakdown the primary minerals and vitamins you will be juicing for to start with.
A well-made juicer that works well at lower speeds is the greatest equipment for juicing. This is because juicers which may have highers speeds could overheat, and this excessive heat may consequently destroy and even breakdown the fundamental nutritional supplements you will be juicing for to begin with.
You are aware that juicing may be the best way to get the best of the nutritional great things about fruit and veggies without having to eat numerous servings of those every day. You could start experiencing the great taste and the benefits of juicing, by simply following the pointers in the following paragraphs.
Following a juice cleanse can provide a short-term boost for starting a new healthy eating program or a quick reset after a few days of indulging, but it is not recommended as a long-term weight loss program. While following a juice fast for three days may provide short-term weight loss, it does not teach skills, like healthy meal planning and preparing, needed for sustained weight loss. AKASHIC RECORDS ✧ 741Hz ✧ Cleanse Infections, Remove Toxins ✧ Full Body Detox Frequency
After the juice is filtered, it may be concentrated in evaporators, which reduce the size of juice by a factor of 5, making it easier to transport and increasing its expiration date. Juices are concentrated by heating under a vacuum to remove water, and then cooling to around 13 degrees Celsius. About two thirds of the water in a juice is removed.[6] The juice is then later reconstituted, in which the concentrate is mixed with water and other factors to return any lost flavor from the concentrating process. Juices can also be sold in a concentrated state, in which the consumer adds water to the concentrated juice as preparation.[7]
Many juice cleanses limit you to around 1,000 calories a day (or less). When people limit their calories, "they tend to start feeling a little bit weaker," Buse says. Low calorie-intake can also make you feel irritable, Leslie Schilling, RDN, LDN, Memphis-based dietitian and owner of Schilling Nutrition Therapy, LLC, and yoursuppersolution.com, told BuzzFeed Life in an email.
Preparation: For three to five days before the cleanse, you will gradually eliminate certain foods, such as coffee, refined sugar, meat, dairy products, wheat, alcohol, and nicotine to reduce headaches, cravings, and other withdrawal symptoms. It's also recommended to increase your intake of fresh vegetables, fruits, and fluids during the pre-cleanse.
Juice is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables. It can also refer to liquids that are flavored with concentrate or other biological food sources, such as meat or seafood, such as clam juice. Juice is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or flavoring in foods or other beverages, as for smoothies. Juice emerged as a popular beverage choice after the development of pasteurization methods enabled its preservation without using fermentation (which is used in wine production).[1] The largest fruit juice consumers are New Zealand (nearly a cup, or 8 ounces, each day) and Colombia (more than three quarters of a cup each day). Fruit juice consumption on average increases with country income level.[2] The spiritual cleansing of the body
Kidney stones: Cranberry extracts contain a significant concentration of oxalate and calcium. This amplifies the chances of developing calcium-oxalate stones and uric acid stones in certain people. People who have kidney stones or have a history of kidney stones should consult a medical professional before consuming cranberry supplements or a large amount of the juice. One study conducted by Martha Kennedy Terris and colleagues from Stanford University Medical Center has provided evidence that the juice can raise the level of oxalate in the urine by up to 43 percent. How to get a SMALLER Waist with ONE exercise // The STOMACH VACUUM
This is less about the juice cleanse and more about what can happen when you go vegan. "Switching to an organic, plant-based diet allows cells to work optimally to re-establish efficient internal messaging and manufacturing processes," says Merrell. "This allows the mitochondria to create energy without having to fight off a plethora of free radicals and inflammation, and reduces some of the impediments to proper DNA functioning." Exercise vs Diet
For US markets, cranberry juice from concentrate is a blended mixture of cranberry juice or cranberry juice concentrate, water, sweeteners, and ascorbic acid.[38][39] The cranberry juice or concentrate in the mixture must be produced from clean, sound, mature, well-colored, and washed, fresh or frozen cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon).[38][39] One or more of the following sweetening ingredients may be added: sucrose, liquid sugar, invert sugar syrup, or high fructose corn syrup (40% or greater).[38][39] The use of food additives (color, flavours, or acids) into cranberry juice depends on the percentage of cranberry juice or concentrate by volume.[38] Cranberry juice mixtures with 25% or 27% contain none of the mentioned additives, except for ascorbic acid. Cranberry juice mixtures with 22% contain no added color or flavors, but citric acid may be added. Cranberry juice mixtures with 20% may contain color, flavors, and citric acid.[38] The finished cranberry juice from concentrate product should yield a minimum of one part cranberry juice concentrate to three parts water with a minimum Brix level of 12°.[38][39] Additionally, each cranberry juice product should be fortified with Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), with each serving size delivering not less than 100% of the current US Referenced Daily Intake.[38][39] The minimum titratable acidity of the cranberry juice product must be 1.67% wt/wt, measured as citric acid.[39]
Cranberry juice consists of proanthocyanidins that stop the growth of different kinds of cancer cells. Research and studies have found out that diet containing flavonoids decrease the risk of cancer mortality. The juice has anti-carcinogenic a property that inhibits the cancer cells growth. It is particularly helpful to treat prostate and colon cancer. Proanthocyanidins content is useful to inhibit the tiny tumours to develop in blood vessels. Compounds found in cranberry juice prevent the acceleration of cells in breast cancer.
You know how a tangerine can help your body absorb the iron in spinach? That kind of food-combo teamwork is a real thing and can be really affected by a juice cleanse. "Good fats are very important for the correct functioning of our body's internal processes. Removing these from the diet can mean the body can't perform at its optimum level," says nutrition expert Emma Brown."For example, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, K and E require fats in the diet in order to be absorbed. If your diet does not include some fat, the uptake of these vitamins from food will be limited." 6 Exercises To Get Flat Stomach In No Time | Six Pack Abs Workout
Did you know that natural cranberry juice can fight tumors? The little berries contain antioxidant compounds called polyphenols, which can help to stop the growth and spread of carcinogens. This means that you can effectively prevent the formation of tumors, and you'll find that the little berries can fight against lung, colon, breast, prostate, and a number of other tumor types.
When you're fasting or aren't eating enough carbohydrates (typically less than 50 grams of carbohydrates a day, and more for people who work out a lot), your body can go into a state called ketosis. That's essentially when your body creates another form of energy (molecules called ketone bodies) to use as fuel. Your brain normally uses glucose for energy; but in the absence of enough glucose (from fasting, and not eating enough carbs), your brain can use ketones as fuel, too. "Some people when they fast have a sense of feeling drunk or woozy — part of that is from the ketones," Buse said. Slim Waist POP Pilates | Cocktail Dress Series
After the juice is filtered, it may be concentrated in evaporators, which reduce the size of juice by a factor of 5, making it easier to transport and increasing its expiration date. Juices are concentrated by heating under a vacuum to remove water, and then cooling to around 13 degrees Celsius. About two thirds of the water in a juice is removed.[6] The juice is then later reconstituted, in which the concentrate is mixed with water and other factors to return any lost flavor from the concentrating process. Juices can also be sold in a concentrated state, in which the consumer adds water to the concentrated juice as preparation.[7] Video: Do Sit-ups Give You a Flat Stomach?
When eating a low-calorie diet, water stored in your muscles with glycogen gets used up—which causes your skin to feel dry. "Balance is the key," says Antonia Burrell, associate lecturer in the chemistry of aromatherapy at the London College of Fashion. Burrell says that a prolonged juice cleanse can lead to a drier skin and potentially prematurely-aged skin because of the lack of essential fatty acids being consumed. Yikes! 2 Weeks Slim Waist Transformation: How to get a flat stomach fast
Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial conducted in Canada looked at the effectiveness of cranberry juice for the prevention of UTIs in children showed that the variety of juice with a high concentration of proanthocyanidins was effective. Forty children aged 5 to 18 years old, who were given proanthocyanidin-rich cranberry juice, showed a 65 percent reduction in the risk of UTI according to this study. 12 Minute Flat Abs at Home! Burn That Belly Fat with Dani! Beginners Ab Workout, No Equipment
^ Weiss, Ervin I.; Kozlovsky, Avital; Steinberg, Doron; Lev-Dor, Ron; Bar Ness Greenstein, Ronit; Feldman, Mark; Sharon, Nathan; Ofek, Itzhak (2004-03-12). "A high molecular mass cranberry constituent reduces mutans streptococci level in saliva and inhibits in vitro adhesion to hydroxyapatite". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 232 (1): 89–92. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(04)00035-7. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 15019739. Women Diet Like Kardashians For 30 Days
Processing time of the juice is calculated by multiplying the number of pulses with the effective pulse duration.[10] The high voltage of the pulses produce an electric field that results in microbial inactivation that may be present in the juice.[10] The PEF temperatures are below that of the temperatures used in thermal processing.[10] After the high voltage treatment, the juice is aseptically packaged and refrigerated.[10] Juice is also able to transfer electricity due to the presence of several ions from the processing.[10] When the electric field is applied to the juice, electric currents are then able to flow into the liquid juice and transferred around due to the charged molecules in the juice.[10] Therefore, pulsed electric fields are able to inactivate microorganisms, extend shelf life, and reduce enzymatic activity of the juice while maintaining similar quality as the original, fresh pressed juice.[10] HOURGLASS AB WORKOUT - 5 Exercises for a Flat Tummy!
Bubblegum flavor, Fruit Loop flavor, Motts apple juice flavor. — Kristen Jordan Shamus, Detroit Free Press, "Vaping shops will lose in Michigan's e-cigarette ban, but is public health worth it?," 4 Sep. 2019 Toasting creates a crisp barrier so that the sauces and meat juices don't make the bun soggy. — Popular Mechanics Editors, Popular Mechanics, "The Science of the Perfect Burger," 1 Sep. 2019 Tea, coffee, and other beverages Tea bags, alcohol, and bottled or packaged juice are easy enough to keep on hand, but coffee requires forethought. — NBC News, "What to have on hand to be ready if a natural disaster strikes," 28 Aug. 2019 The thickness this adds to smoothies or juices has been shown to suppress hunger more than thinner versions of beverages with the same calorie levels. — Cynthia Sass, Mph, Health.com, "7 Chia Seed Benefits, According to a Nutritionist," 27 Aug. 2019 Sometimes this valve remains open, allowing the contents of the stomach and digestive juices to flow back up into the esophagus and cause irritation, Scott Gabbard, M.D., a gastroenterologist at Cleveland Clinic, tells SELF. — Carolyn L. Todd, SELF, "Is Late-Night Snacking Really So Wrong?," 23 Aug. 2019 The orange flavoring adds citric flavors ranging from grapefruit zest to straight-up orange juice. — Jay Brooks, The Mercury News, "California's latest beer news — plus Oktoberfest fun," 21 Aug. 2019 Cloudy with a Chance of Showers, made with ginger beer, lime juice and molasses ice cubes. 1 Lake Ave., Colorado Springs, 719-623-5112, broadmoor.com Jungle Mauby Tepache, made with mauby bark, tepache, ancho chili, cinnamon and nutmeg. — Sarah Kuta, The Know, "What to drink when you're not drinking: 12 zero-proof cocktails at Colorado bars and restaurants," 20 Aug. 2019 When Gwyneth Paltrow tells her followers to stay away from nightshade vegetables and promotes juice cleanses, she's considered a nutcase. — Alex Kuczynski, Harper's BAZAAR, "Inside Silicon Valley's Dangerous New Obsession With Fasting," 17 Aug. 2019
^ Weiss, Ervin I.; Kozlovsky, Avital; Steinberg, Doron; Lev-Dor, Ron; Bar Ness Greenstein, Ronit; Feldman, Mark; Sharon, Nathan; Ofek, Itzhak (2004-03-12). "A high molecular mass cranberry constituent reduces mutans streptococci level in saliva and inhibits in vitro adhesion to hydroxyapatite". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 232 (1): 89–92. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(04)00035-7. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 15019739. HOW TO GET A SLIMMER WAIST IN 3 DAYS
We've seen how cranberries are loaded with antioxidants and PACs, and it has long been established that these nutrients are effective at combating the effects of aging. Your body naturally tends to decline as it gets older, but the nutrients in the cranberry juice can stop the degeneration of brain cells, skin cells, and even organ tissue. The juice can stop age-related memory loss and motor function decline, and prevent the damage done to your body by free radicals.
Vitamin C is one of the best antioxidants to improve your immune function, and cranberry juice is LOADED with Vitamin C. You'll find that the PACs in the juice is also very effective at boosting your immune system, and the antibacterial properties of the fruit will help to fight off infections. Cranberry juice is even effective at dealing with and preventing the common cold and flu viruses. Deep Magnetic Cleanse & Healing Of Body & Mind | Reconnection To Your Soul | Guided Meditation
During growth, cranberry quality can be affected by various pests including: weeds, insects, mites, vertebrate animals, and diseases, resulting in the need for physical, biological or chemical treatments to reduce these impacts.[15] Canada has a "Pesticide Risk Reduction Program" where the AAFC (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) and the PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency) work to confront the dangers pesticides pose to the environment and human health.[16] Flooding and irrigation often remain the best technique to deter pesticide resistant pests in the cranberry cultivation process.[16]
You know how a tangerine can help your body absorb the iron in spinach? That kind of food-combo teamwork is a real thing and can be really affected by a juice cleanse. "Good fats are very important for the correct functioning of our body's internal processes. Removing these from the diet can mean the body can't perform at its optimum level," says nutrition expert Emma Brown."For example, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, K and E require fats in the diet in order to be absorbed. If your diet does not include some fat, the uptake of these vitamins from food will be limited."
Depending on trends and regulations, beverages listed as 100% juice may actually contain unlisted additives. For example, most orange juice contains added ethyl butyrate (to enhance flavor), vitamin C (as ascorbic acid), and water (if from concentrate). When fruit juice is too sour, acidic, or rich to consume, it may be diluted with water and sugar to create an -ade (such as lemonade, limeade, cherryade, and orangeade). The 'ade' suffix may also refer to any sweetened, fruit-flavored drink, whether or not it actually contains any juice. Detox Your Aura l Cleanse Infection l Remove Toxins From Body l Spiritual Healing Music
When you're on a juice cleanse, you're not eating a diet that contains all of the nutrients found in a balanced diet. That will some significant consequences but one change you'll notice first is that your hair and nails aren't growing as quickly. "Protein, fats, and carbohydrates. We need all of these for healthy skin, hair, and nails," says Schapiro. ALL 7 CHAKRAS HEALING MUSIC || Full Body Aura Cleanse & Boost Positive Energy | Meditation Music
Warfarin (Coumadin): Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug used as a blood thinner, and it lowers the chances of blood clots occurring in the body. These blood clots can further result in serious conditions like cardiovascular disorders or clots in the legs, lungs, and other parts of the body. Guidelines for warfarin clearly state that people who take the drug should be cautious regarding the intake of cranberry, as they are at high risk of bleeding. Excess consumption of cranberry juice is not recommended for these people as it may affect the efficacy and safety of warfarin in the body. In such cases, it is always advisable to regularly get your blood tested in order to consume the correct dose of the medication. 3 things I wish I knew before I started my weight loss journey (tips that actually work)
Many juice cleanses limit your calories to less than 1,000 a day, putting you in a deficit. When this happens, your body begins using up your stored energy: First, it pulls from the short-term energy called glycogen (stored in your muscles and liver); then, after a day or so when all your glycogen is depleted, it turns to the longer-term energy sources — triglycerides from your fat cells and proteins in your muscles. Hence, some loss of fat, and some loss of muscle mass.
Vitamin C is one of the best antioxidants to improve your immune function, and cranberry juice is LOADED with Vitamin C. You'll find that the PACs in the juice is also very effective at boosting your immune system, and the antibacterial properties of the fruit will help to fight off infections. Cranberry juice is even effective at dealing with and preventing the common cold and flu viruses.
Did you know that natural cranberry juice can fight tumors? The little berries contain antioxidant compounds called polyphenols, which can help to stop the growth and spread of carcinogens. This means that you can effectively prevent the formation of tumors, and you'll find that the little berries can fight against lung, colon, breast, prostate, and a number of other tumor types. How Simple Lifestyle Changes Can Help You Lose Weight
Juices are then pasteurized and filled into containers, often while still hot. If the juice is poured into a container while hot, it is cooled as quickly as possible. Packages that cannot stand heat require sterile conditions for filling. Chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide can be used to sterilize containers.[7] Plants can make anywhere from 1 to 20 tonnes a day.[6] MY WEIGHT LOSS JOURNEY | What I did to lose weight
Bacterial Infections: Drinking unpasteurized juice or juice that has not been otherwise treated to kill bacteria can make some people sick. This is particularly a problem for people will chronic illnesses, elderly people, and young children. If you are making your own juice, be sure to wash produce properly before juicing. Store unused juice in a tightly sealed container and drink within 24 hours.
Vitamin C is one of the best antioxidants to improve your immune function, and cranberry juice is LOADED with Vitamin C. You'll find that the PACs in the juice is also very effective at boosting your immune system, and the antibacterial properties of the fruit will help to fight off infections. Cranberry juice is even effective at dealing with and preventing the common cold and flu viruses. 10 At-Home Exercises to Get Rid of Belly Fat In a Month
Cranberry juice container labels have the following information printed: product name and code, nutrition facts table, lot/drum number, date of packaging, brix, acidity, net weight, manufacturer name, manufacturer address and country of origin.[31][32] According to Canada's composition claims, a "no preservatives" claim can be added to cranberry juice products if it only contains naturally-occurring constituents that provide a preservative function such as benzoates.[33] arbonne essentials 7 day body cleanse | how I detox
Fed up with all of the torment he and his friends have endured, Bishop decides that the group must go on to do bigger things in order to win respect. However, Q is unsure if he wants to become involved in a life of crime. One Saturday night, under Bishop's persistence, the friends decide to rob a local convenience store to teach the owner, Fernando Quiles, a lesson. At first Q hesitates to go through with the robbery, unsure whether it will be successful. He also fears it will affect his chances of participating in a DJ competition in which he has yearned to compete for years. After being pressured by his fellow crew members, he decides to join in. Q manages to sneak out of the nightclub where he is working as a DJ and joins his friends. During the heist, Bishop shoots the owner in the head, killing him. 5 Tips to Get a Flat Belly
For Canadian markets, cranberry juice is regulated as a processed product under fruit juices.[34] Cranberry juice must be made from sound, clean, and ripe cranberries. One or more of the following dry sweetening ingredients may be added: sugar, invert sugar, and dextrose.[34][35] According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), the common name of this product may appear as "cranberry juice drink/cooler" if at least 25% of the named juice is contained within the net quantity of the product.[36] Dr. Oz Discusses the Total 10 Rapid Weight-Loss Plan


What kind of AV Project are you wanting to create? Browse through the different types of designs we specialize in below. Want to know more about how the design and engineering process typically works? Learn about the process here.


This form's target pH = 6.5. Please check our pH Ranges for Plants to see if 6.5 pH is outside of the appropriate range.
Note: Limit lime application to no more than 2.5 tons/acre/application. Maximum two applications/year if done spring and fall.
If using a University of Vermont soil test where none of the values needed above are given, Use the form below to determine your CEC, acidity, and a lime application rate (tons/acre) based on calculated values. NOTE: It's unlikely that the lime application rate suggested in this form will match UVM's recommendation which is based on reactive aluminum (Al). Click To view UVM's Lime Application Rate Table.
If the Ca:Mg ratio is in between 7 and 10, look at the base saturation of Mg and Ca. If Ca saturation is below 65%, use calcitic lime. If Mg saturation is below 10 %, use dolomitic lime. If both are above or both are below these minimums, use calcitic lime. Most calcium lime in the Northeast contains 3-5 percent Mg so some Mg is usually being applied.


Upon entering the boisterous scene, I made a beeline for the USBGNY booth to sip on some scotch cocktails before diving into straight pours. As expected, the drinks were complex and delish–I sampled Meaghan Dorman's "Bagpipe Dream" (Compass Box Asyla scotch, fresh lemon juice, ginger maple syrup), Jolene Skrzysowski's "Rustic Plums" (Woodford's Reserve bourbon, Domaine de Canton, plum wine, pear nectar), and Hal Wolin's "2009 Scotch Odyssey" (Glenmorangie 10 Year scotch, Laphroaig scotch, mole bitters, demerara syrup). I also had a fantastic Old Fashioned by USBGNY President Jonatha Pogash, but forgot to write down the ingredients.
John Glaser, creator of Compass Box Whisky, said the recent evolution of fine scotch as an ingredient in cocktails has made for a positive addition at WhiskyFest. "You would never have seen this five years ago," he said.
So which whiskies did I try? Let's see, from what I can recall there was Michael Collins Irish Whiskey Single Malt, Compass Box Spice Tree, Glenmorangie Nectar D'Or, Ardberg 10 Year, The Balvenie Portwood 21 Year, Glenrothes 1991 (they were out of 1985), Tullamore Dew 12 Year, Blanton's Single Barrel bourbon, Highland Park 18 Year, Yamazaki 18 Year, and a most delicious Signatory Glen Grant 1976 from the Bar & Books booth. I also had Zacapa Rum, BrewDog Paradox Smokehead stout aged in Scotch casks, and more scotch cocktails mixed by kilted bartenders from St. Andrews Restaurant & Bar. There were so many more drams I wanted to try, if time and liver capacity were of no concern.
The crowd was, from my approximation, 90 percent male, 40 percent Orthodox Jewish (maybe more), and 70 percent over the age of 40, not that it matters or anyone's counting. Thanks to Malt Advocate for organizing the event and to Kate Laufer for the invite. Slainte!
Lynnette Marrero really wants some Ardbeg 10 Year!


Hey guys, ltns. Thought I'd run a benchmark of my (relatively) new rig.
Not sure why my min FPS dipped so low. On the first run through it actually froze on me. Not sure if it's a problem with my setup or the benchmark.


Winstron, a Taiwanese PC manufacturer has just unveiled a new netbook prototype, named as Firstbook based on Qualcomm's Snapdragon processor during the Mobile World Congress event held in Barcelona. If you recall, Snapdragon is an ARM mobile processor based on Cortex instruction set that stands a great advantage in terms of lower TDP (Thermal Design Power) as well as ultra small form factor which is best suitable for mobile computing when low power consumption and long life battery are desired.
The new ARM based netbook will be powered by 1GHz Snapdragon running with open source Linux OS. It will be equipped with a 11.1-inch widescreen display and featured with some wireless technologies capabilities such 3G mobile broadband, Bluetooth as well as Wi-Fi network connectivities. Interestingly, all these features come built into processor core itself without the need of additional chipsets that make the whole system design much simpler and constrained in slimmer size targeted for mobile applications. That is not all, it has been enhanced with HD (High Definition) hardware decode functionality which is crucial for media playback with greater visual experience for mobile web surfing.
No detail on availability and pricing yet, but some do believe that that it will reach market space soon to compete against Intel solution based on famous Atom X86 architectures.


text:
Q: 404 page not found codigniter 3.1.6 i am new and learning codeigniter i am trying to take a simple exercise of CRUD downloaded from the net but i am stuck on the routing. i tried my best to look the solution from previous posts and answers but failed.
Here is my Stud_controller.php
 <?php
 class Stud_controller extends CI_Controller {

  function __construct() {
     parent::__construct();
     $this->load->helper('url');
     $this->load->database();
  }

  public function index() {
     $query = $this->db->get("stud");
     $data['records'] = $query->result();

     $this->load->helper('url');
     $this->load->view('Stud_view',$data);
  }

  public function add_student_view() {
     $this->load->helper('form');
     $this->load->view('Stud_add');
  }

  public function add_student() {
     $this->load->model('Stud_Model');

     $data = array(
        'roll_no' => $this->input->post('roll_no'),
        'name' => $this->input->post('name')
     );

     $this->Stud_Model->insert($data);

     $query = $this->db->get("stud");
     $data['records'] = $query->result();
     $this->load->view('Stud_view',$data);
  }

Here is my Stud_model.php
<?php
class Stud_Model extends CI_Model {

  function __construct() {
     parent::__construct();
  }

  public function insert($data) {
     if ($this->db->insert("stud", $data)) {
        return true;
     }
  }

  public function delete($roll_no) {
     if ($this->db->delete("stud", "roll_no = ".$roll_no)) {
        return true;
     }
  }

  public function update($data,$old_roll_no) {
     $this->db->set($data);
     $this->db->where("roll_no", $old_roll_no);
     $this->db->update("stud", $data);
  }
}
?>

Here is my route.php
 $route['default_controller'] = 'welcome';
 $route['stud'] = "Stud_controller";
 $route['stud/add'] = 'Stud_controller/add_student';
 $route['stud/add_view'] = 'Stud_controller/add_student_view';
 $route['stud/edit/(\d+)'] = 'Stud_controller/update_student_view/$1';
 $route['stud/delete/(\d+)'] = 'Stud_controller/delete_student/$1';
 $route['404_override'] = '';
 $route['translate_uri_dashes'] = FALSE;

my config.php
 $config['uri_protocol']    = 'REQUEST_URI';

my .htaccess file is
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [L]

my url = http://localhost/testing/index.php/stud
but the error is 404 page not found
please help me thanks

A: The problem is the name of the controller. Rename the controller file Stud.php then change the first line of the class declaration to...
class Stud extends CI_Controller {

All the other code can remain as shown in the question except in config.php you should use
$config['index_page'] = '';

One side note: The model does not need a __construct() method.
A call to parent::__construct() is only needed when a child class needs to setup something for itself inside a __construct() method. Perhaps the PHP documentation explains it better.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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I visited the Maryland State Archives for a client this week, in search of an elusive marriage record that the client's family had sought for more than 60 years. I did my homework beforehand and knew exactly what to ask for when I showed up. The archives website provided all the information I needed to prepare ahead of time.
From the homepage, I clicked on Reference and Research in the left-hand sidebar. In the How to Find Specific Records section, I clicked on the link for Marriage Records.
There is an enormous amount of historical background available on this page! Be sure to read the information on how and when the state and counties started tracking marriages — it will make your search that much more fruitful if you are armed with this knowledge.
Since I knew the exact date and county of the marriage record I sought, I found the appropriate date range (Marriage Records 1776-1886) and then clicked on the links for the appropriate county (in this case, Talbot).
Here's an example "Pull Slip" for one of the records I needed to search. I printed these pull slips out and took them with me to the archives. It was hard for me to tell from the information given in what format the records would be, so I was able to go over the pull slips with one of the archives staff. Some of the records were available online (some password protected and some not; the archives staff make the password available upon request).
In this particular case, I found two records referring to the marriage in question. One was a hand-written copy of the index and licenses transcribed from the original in the year 1861. I was able to view scans of this index online at the Archives and printed out the pertinent pages for my client. The other record contained the original pages from the county marriage license files, preserved and stored at the Archives. I was able to page through the book and take photos of the pages my client needed.
It was useful for my client to have both versions of the record. Why? She had found the marriage license indexed on Ancestry.com, but one of the surnames was spelled completely different. The client felt certain it was the right record because the other name, the date and the location all were correct. It appears the Ancestry.com record was indexed based on the 1861 hand-written copy, where we could see that a spelling error was introduced after comparing it to the original record, which showed the correct spelling of the name.
If you are seeking similar records from a Marylander ancestor, I highly recommend exploring their site to see if you too can find the tools there to break down your brickwall. There are folks like me who can go to the archives for you to search for records (advisable if you need someone to do a bit of extra hunting because of missing or misinformation, as in the case above) or you can order them yourself.
I've posted previously on how to order death records from the MSA. If you live in Maryland, I highly recommend stopping by the archives and getting acquainted with all they have to offer. Be sure to use their web site first to make your trip a productive one!
Daniel's parents are as yet unknown to me. He raised his family of seven kids in Carter County, Tennessee. That is where Della stayed to raise her fam as well — in Elizabethon/Elizabethtown, specifically. In the 1880 U.S. census, young Daniel and Mary, with their first child, Elizabeth (Bessie) H. Crow, can be found living with Mary's mother and a few of her siblings.
I have posted the various surnames I am investigating on Twitter on a few different Surname Saturdays. Today, I decided to be a bit more proactive and seek out others investigating the same lines. Today's post will be about what I discovered about the CORLEY line in Virginia, where we can be traced back to the 1600s, Illinois and Iowa.
I tried some searches on Twitter specifically and didn't find anyone else looking for Corley line information, but there sure are a ton of other Corleys of various ilks on Twitter!
I've been avoiding searches on Google lately now that I'm subscribing to several genealogy databases/services and because Google can often send you on a wild goose chase. Still, there are juicy tidbits to be found if you're patient and know what to look for. The following are what I found via basic Google searches combining the family name, place names and sometimes the word 'genealogy' to help narrow results.
Found partial text of a book mentioning one of my ancestors — Valentine — parish records from Cumberland Co., Va. The full text is available at the Library of Congress.
These results reminded me that there is a Corley, Iowa (Shelby Co. there as well). I haven't established a firm connection between my Corley clan and this locale.
Found full text of a book mentioning Richard Corley Jr. in St. Paul's Parish (Va.).


BurnettTurner is excited to announce that Michael Burnett has been named Texas Super Lawyer for the 6th consecutive year for their legal services in the area of family law.
Super Lawyers selects attorneys using a patented multiphase selection process. Peer nominations and evaluations are combined with independent research. Each candidate is evaluated on 12 indicators of peer recognition and professional achievement. As a result of this process, only truly outstanding attorneys make the cut. And only the best are selected repeatedly.
Michael Burnett was also honored as one of the Top 50 Super Lawyers in Central/West Texas, and as one of the Top 100 Super Lawyers in the state of Texas. He is currently the only family lawyer in Austin to receive this distinction. Michael spent his first decade of legal practice in complex commercial and business litigation, giving him a unique advantage in dealing with marital estates involving valuation, tracing, and characterization issues.
nextBurnettTurner Selected to the 2017 Best Law Firms in America by Woodward White.


text:
Q: How to save result of query in csv file in client machine in oracle? I write my queries on the client machine that is connected to a database on the server.
Sometimes I need to join some huge tables so I can't get my entire output at once and I run my query in a loop for smaller parts of data (for example for each city code) and then Aggregate the data.
Sometimes the query needs to run for hours and it leads to break the execution of query.
my question is:
Is there any way to add result of each part to a csv file in my queries and so if my query broke I run it for remaining parts?
The database is oracle and I use toad for oracle to run my queries.
Here is a simplified form of my query:
DECLARE
TYPE br_data IS RECORD (brnchcod NUMBER, c100 NUMBER);
TYPE result IS TABLE OF br_data INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
bd br_data;
rs result;
begin
     for cur_br in (select a.ABRNCHCOD from Afbranches a)
     loop
         Select
             Br.ABRNCHCOD, Sum(K.CARD100)
         INTO bd
         From Afbranches Br
         Left Join
         K
         On Br.ABRNCHCOD=K.ABRNCHCOD
         where Br.ABRNCHCOD = cur_br.ABRNCHCOD
         Group by Br.ABRNCHCOD;
         rs(rs.COUNT) := bd;
     end loop;
    dbms_output.put_line(bd.c100);
end;

A: dbms_output.put_line adds the string you pass to an array on the server (in your session's private area). Your tool should at the end read this array and print it's content. This is what tools like sqlplus do.
Now, if your query returns too many rows, this array can get well past the limits of your session's memory, and your connection can break, usually giving you an error. Sometimes the network will break your session without telling you (e.g. some firewalls have rules allowing them to break connections that are inactive after some minutes).
As the first commenter said, you are better off using just a SQL statement and getting the rows spooled to a file.