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Morphological and phenotypical characterization of human endothelial progenitor cells in an early stage of differentiation
Bellik, L., F. Ledda, et al. (2005), FEBS Lett 579(12): 2731-6.
Abstract: The exact phenotype and lineage of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are still a matter of debate and different expansion protocols are used to obtain them. In this study, EPC expansion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed within the first week of culture. Both the adherent and suspended cells, of which the latter usually discarded, were considered. We provide, for the first time, a systematic study of EPC phenotype and functional features within the first 3 days of culture. Moreover, within the 2nd day, both cellular fractions displayed a significant increase in endothelial marker expression which correlated with EPC properties.
Morphological and topographic effects on calcification tendency of pHEMA hydrogels
Lou, X., S. Vijayasekaran, et al. (2005), Biomaterials 26(29): 5808-17.
Abstract: Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels were prepared in the presence of varying concentrations of water, or a co-monomer ethoxyethyl methacrylate at different strengths of crosslinking agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Calcification tendency and its correlation with monomer mixture composition, topography and porosity of these materials were investigated. Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study topography and porosity respectively. Calcification and calcium diffusion ability in to the hydrogels were investigated by light microscopy, SEM and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) after incubation of the materials in a metastable calcifying solution for 48 days. Polymer and solvent volume fractions were also studied to determine if a correlation existed between porosity and calcification. Most of the series of hydrogels showed surface irregularities. Internal structure showed evidence of a porous structure in one of the series. Calcification studies indicated diffusion of calcium ions in some of the series. The diffusion of calcium is limited to 30-40 microm in most calcified specimens. For hydrogels that exhibited substantial surface irregularities and micro channels, the infiltration of calcium up to 200 microm was observed. Attempts to detect porosity by electron microscopy failed in some of the hydrogels due to difficulty in sample processing and sectioning. However, collaboration of the results with different techniques used, indicated that surface defects are the major contributors to calcium deposition. Decrease in porosity reduces the amount of calcium deposits and infiltration with decreasing solvent volume fraction which is associated with crosslinking concentration and initial water content of the polymer.
Morphological changes occurring during thrombogenesis and embolization on biomaterials in a canine ex-vivo series shunt
Lelah, M. D., C. A. Jordan, et al. (1983), Scan Electron Microsc(Pt 4): 1983-94.
Abstract: An acute canine ex-vivo femoral A-V shunt technique was used to study thrombus formation and embolization on a number of porous and non-porous polymer surfaces over a one-hour blood contact period. The technique allows for simultaneous exposure of all the surfaces under similar physiological and hematological conditions. This makes comparisons between surfaces more reliable. SEM was used to study changes in the morphology of platelets and thrombi present on the polymer surfaces. Quantitative information was obtained using radiolabeled platelets. In general, platelet deposition, activation, and aggregation was followed by thrombus formation which peaked at about 15-30 minutes of blood contact. Thrombi were composed mainly of platelets with few leukocytes present. Embolization was observed on Silastic (SIL), polyvinylchoride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and oxidized polyethylene (OX-PE) surfaces between 20 and 60 minutes of blood contact. The mechanism for embolization involved clot retraction under the influence of a shear field. Leukocytes did not appear to be necessary for the initiation of embolization but were present during the embolization phase on OX-PE, possibly due to chemotactic factors. Although extensive thrombus formation was observed on the porous PTFE materials (GORE-TEX and IMPRA), the thrombi formed were flat and did not significantly block the lumen. By 60 minutes of blood contact, only minimal embolization had occurred on the PTFE surfaces. SEM examination of the sequence of thrombus formation and embolization was found to correlate well with trends in platelet deposition measured using radiolabeling techniques.
Morphological characterization and in vitro biocompatibility of a porous nickel-titanium alloy
Prymak, O., D. Bogdanski, et al. (2005), Biomaterials 26(29): 5801-7.
Abstract: Disks consisting of macroporous nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi, Nitinol, Actipore) are used as implants in clinical surgery, e.g. for fixation of spinal dysfunctions. The morphological properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by synchrotron radiation-based microtomography (SRmuCT). The composition was studied by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The mechanical properties were studied with temperature-dependent dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). Studies on the biocompatibility were performed by co-incubation of porous NiTi samples with isolated peripheral blood leukocyte fractions (polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes, PMN; peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes, PBMC) in comparison with control cultures without NiTi samples. The cell adherence to the NiTi surface was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The activation of adherent leukocytes was analyzed by measurement of the released cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cytokine response of PMN (analyzed by the release of IL-1ra and IL-8) was not significantly different between cell cultures with or without NiTi. There was a significant increase in the release of IL-1ra (p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.05), and IL-8 (p<0.05) from PBMC in the presence of NiTi samples. In contrast, the release of TNF-alpha by PBMC was not significantly elevated in the presence of NiTi. IL-2 was released from PBMC only in the range of the lower detection limit in all cell cultures. The material, clearly macroporous with an interconnecting porosity, consists of NiTi (martensite; monoclinic, and austenite; cubic) with small impurities of NiTi2 and possibly NiC(x). The material is not superelastic upon manual compression and shows a good biocompatibility.
Morphological response of the peritoneum and spleen to intraperitoneal biomaterials
Guo, W., R. Willen, et al. (1993), Int J Artif Organs 16(5): 276-84.
Abstract: The present study was performed to evaluate the morphological response of the peritoneum and spleen to biomaterials. Silicone elastomer, knitted dacron or rubber was implanted, respectively, into a rat's peritoneal cavity and the morphology of the peritoneum and spleen was studied at 4 hours and on the 1st, 4th, 7th and 21st day after surgery. The morphological changes were identical among groups with different implanted materials. After intraperitoneal implantation of biomaterials from 4 hours and on, an infiltration of inflammatory cells was found in the slackened edematous superficial part of the peritoneum. Also noted in the spleen were stasis, vessel dilatation and fibrin deposition. With the help of scanning electron microscopy, a marked denudation and separation of the mesothelial cells, with infiltration of inflammatory cells, were observed. Peripheral leucocytes significantly increased in number one day after intraperitoneal implantation. Three weeks after intraperitoneal implantation, the materials were completely encapsulated and the morphological aberration of the peritoneum and spleen disappeared. The findings reveal the consequence and the resolution of the host-biomaterial interaction, which could contribute to the explanation of various pathophysiological alterations, including the translocation of enteric bacteria and the development of infectious complications after intraperitoneal biomaterial implantation.
Morphological studies of oligodeoxyribonucleotides probes covalently immobilized at polystyrene modified surfaces
Munoz-Serrano, L., A. R. Guadalupe, et al. (2005), J Biotechnol 118(3): 233-45.
Abstract: The immobilization of short ss-DNA (18- and 36-mer) and their hybridization were studied at gold and glassy carbon substrates modified with low molecular weight (approximately 12, 18 and 24 kg/mol) polystyrene thin films. Amino-modified DNA was attached to the surface by reaction with succinimide ester groups bound to the polystyrenes. A ferrocene modified DNA target was used to confirm the probe-target hybridization. Atomic force microscopy studies showed significant morphological changes after probe immobilization and hybridization compared to the featureless structure of the polystyrene film. Single-stranded DNA samples had a globular morphology with an average density of 3.8 and 2.2 (x 10(11)) globules/cm2 for the 18- and 36-mer, respectively. The formation of a porous structure with a 2.0 and 1.0 (x10(11)) average pore density corresponding to the 18- and 36-mer was observed after hybridization. A surface composition analysis was done by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm and support the images interpretation. Ferrocene oxidation (+323 mV/18-mer, +367 mV/36-mer, versus Ag/AgCl) proved the presence of ds-DNA at the modified surfaces.
Morphology and gelation of thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels
Crompton, K. E., R. J. Prankerd, et al. (2005), Biophys Chem 117(1): 47-53.
Abstract: The morphology of physical hydrogels is often difficult to examine due to the delicate nature of the system and therefore has not been studied in detail. Chitosan/GP (glycerophosphate salt) is a significant hydrogel in the biomedical and cosmetic fields as it is thermosensitive and contains less than 5% polysaccharide. The morphology of this system was examined with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to image the gel morphology. The images indicate that the gel is quite heterogeneous, and power spectra reveal a fractal-like morphology. A study of composition found that increasing chitosan concentration increased the amount of polymer-rich phase present in the gel, and that the smallest aggregates decreased in size.
Morphology and growth of murine cell lines on model biomaterials
Godek, M. L., N. L. Duchsherer, et al. (2004), Biomed Sci Instrum 40: 7-12.
Abstract: All biomaterial implants are assaulted by the host "foreign body" immune response. Understanding the complex, dynamic relationship between cells, biomaterials and milieu is an important first step towards controlling this reaction. Material surface chemistry dictates protein adsorption, and thus subsequent cell interactions. The cell-implant is a microenvironment involving 1) proteins that coat the surface and 2) cells that interact with these proteins. Macrophages and fibroblasts are two cell types that interact with proteins on biomaterials surfaces and play different related, but equally important, roles in biomaterials rejection and implant failure. Growth characteristics of four murine cell lines on model biomaterials surfaces were examined. Murine monocyte-macrophages (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1), murine macrophage (IC-21) and murine fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cell lines were tested to determine whether differences exist in adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, spreading, and fusion (macrophage lineages only) on these surfaces. Differences were observed in the ability of cells to adhere to and subsequently proliferate on polymer surfaces. (Monocyte-) macrophages grew well on all surfaces tested and growth rates were measured on three representative polymer biomaterials surfaces: tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), polystyrene, and Teflon-AF. J774A.1 cultures grown on TCPS and treated with exogenous cytokines IL-4 and GM-CSF were observed to contain multinucleate cells with unusual morphologies. Thus, (monocyte-) macrophage cell lines were found to effectively attach to and interrogate each surface presented, with evidence of extensive spreading on Teflon-AF surfaces, particularly in the IC-21 cultures. The J774A.1 line was able to proliferate and/or differentiate to more specialized cell types (multinucleate/dendritic-like cells) in the presence of soluble chemokine cues.
Morphology and metabolism of Ba-alginate encapsulated hepatocytes with galactosylated poly(allyl amine) and poly(vinyl alcohol) as extracellular matrices
Kang, I. K., J. S. Moon, et al. (2005), J Mater Sci Mater Med 16(6): 533-9.
Abstract: Lactobionic acid, bearing a beta -galactose group, was coupled with poly(allyl amine) to provide synthetic extracellular matrices together with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The hepatocytes were encapsulated in Ba-alginate capsules with galactosylated poly(allyl amine) (GA) and PVA as extracellular matrices. From microscopic observation, it was revealed that the microcapsule prepared has a highly porous structure with interconnected pores and pore sizes ranging between 50-150 nm on both the surface and the cross-section. It was found, from the permeability experiment of microcapsules using FITC-dextrans with different molecular weights, that the capsule has a molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 120 kDa, showing the potential that it can function as an immunoprotecting wall. The hepatocytes, cultured with GA and PVA in the core of the microcapsule, rapidly aggregated within a day, thus resulting in good metabolic functions such as albumin synthesis and ammonia removal.
Morphology and metabolism of hepatocytes microencapsulated with acrylic terpolymer-alginate using gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol) as extracellular matrices
Moon, J. S., H. M. Jeon, et al. (2005), J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 16(10): 1245-59.
Abstract: Microcapsules with good mechanical stability were prepared using an appropriate mixture of alginate and acrylic terpolymer. It was found from the microscopic observation that the microcapsules had a porous structure with interconnected pores, with a size of 50-150 nm. The results of the permeability experiment of microcapsules using FITC-dextrans showed that the capsule had a molecular mass cut-off of 120 kDa. The hepatocytes encapsulated in both alginate and acrylic terpolymer with gelatin and PVA rapidly aggregated in the core. The aggregated cells showed high albumin synthesis and ammonia removal, suggesting good metabolic function.
Motility and fertility of alginate encapsulated boar spermatozoa
Huang, S. Y., C. F. Tu, et al. (2005), Anim Reprod Sci 87(1-2): 111-20.
Abstract: Ejaculated boar spermatozoa are vulnerable to cold shock. Prolonged storage of boar spermatozoa at low temperatures reduces survival rate, resulting in a bottleneck for the extension of artificial insemination in pig husbandry. This study evaluated whether alginate microencapsulization processing can improve the longevity of boar spermatozoa stored at 5 degrees C and the fertility of microencapsulated spermatozoa in vivo. Sperm-rich fraction semen from three purebred boars were concentrated and microencapsulated using alginate at 16-18 degrees C, and then were stored at 5 degrees C. Following storage for 1, 3 and 7 days, the microcapsule was taken out to assess sperm release under 37 degrees C incubation with or without 110 rpm stirring. The percentage of sperm released from microcapsules with 110 rpm stirring was higher than without stirring (81 versus 60%) after 24h of incubation. In another experiment, semen was also microencapsulated to evaluate the sperm motility. The motility of spermatozoa was assessed at 10 min, 8, 24, 32, 48, 56 and 72 h following incubation at 37 degrees C for nine consecutive days. The fertility of the free and microencapsulated semen was assessed by inseminating sows, and the reproductive traits (conception rate, farrowing rate, and litter size) were recorded. The motility of encapsulated spermatozoa was significantly higher than that of free semen after 8h incubation at 37 degrees C after storing for over three days (P<0.05). No significant difference existed in conception rate, farrowing rate, and litter size between the microencapsulated and non-encapsulated semen after four days of storage. In conclusion, microencapsulation can increase the longevity of boar spermatozoa and may sustain in vivo ova fertilization ability.
Moving beyond the cost per quality-adjusted life year: modelling the budgetary impact and clinical outcomes associated with the use of sirolimus-eluting stents
Shrive, F. M., W. A. Ghali, et al. (2005), Can J Cardiol 21(9): 783-7.
Abstract: Restenosis is a major limitation to the long-term success of percutaneous coronary intervention. Drug-eluting stents are the most recent technological advance in restenosis prevention. While they are effective, their use is associated with a significant incremental cost, and a recent economic evaluation performed by the authors suggested that their use is associated with a cost per quality-adjusted life year of $58,721. How should decision-makers react to this value, particularly given that the use of sirolimus-eluting stents appears more attractive in certain patient subgroups, such as those with complex coronary lesions? In the present paper, the authors explore an alternative method of presenting the results of their economic evaluation, rather than the usual cost per quality-adjusted life year rubric, in an attempt to assist decision-makers in deciding whether, and for whom, to fund sirolimus-eluting stents. Several issues that decision-makers and providers may wish to consider when making such funding decisions are discussed.
Mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide: in-vitro/ex-vivo studies
Gavini, E., G. Rassu, et al. (2005), J Pharm Pharmacol 57(3): 287-94.
Abstract: Microparticulate delivery systems designed for the nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide hydrochloride, were prepared. Microspheres composed of sodium alginate, chitosan hydrochloride, or both, were obtained using a spray-drying method; some batches of drug-free microparticles were prepared as a comparison. The morphology, in-vitro swelling behaviour, mucoadhesive properties and drug release from microparticles were evaluated. Ex-vivo drug permeation tests were carried out using sheep nasal mucosa; permeation test of the drug solution was performed as comparison. During ex-vivo permeation tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were carried out on the nasal mucosa to study the morphological changes of epithelial cells and tight junctions, while the change in microsphere morphology was examined using photostereo microscopy (PM). Spray-dried microparticles had a mean diameter (d(vs)) in the range of about 3-10 microm. They showed good in-vitro mucoadhesive properties. In-vitro release profiles and swelling behaviour depended on their composition: the drug release occurred in 1-3 h. Ex-vivo studies showed that drug permeation through the mucosa from microparticles based on chitosan was higher than from those consisting of alginate alone. This can be related to the penetration enhancing properties of chitosan. Complexation of chitosan with alginate led to a control of the drug release. Microscopy observation of microspheres during the permeation tests revealed that microparticles swelled and gelled, maintaining their shape. TEM analyses of the mucosa after exposure to the microparticles consisting of alginate/chitosan showed opened tight junctions. This preliminary study shows that alginate/chitosan spray-dried microspheres have promising properties for use as mucoadhesive nasal carriers of an antiemetic drug.
Mucosal targeting of allergen-loaded microspheres by Aleuria aurantia lectin
Roth-Walter, F., I. Scholl, et al. (2005), Vaccine 23(21): 2703-10.
Abstract: Murine intestinal M-cells express alpha-L-fucose residues. We constructed alpha-L-fucose-targeting particles for oral immunotherapy of IgE-mediated allergy. Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-microspheres were loaded with birch pollen allergens, and functionalised with the alpha-L-fucose specific Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL). The AAL-microspheres had a size of 1-3 microm, protected the entrapped allergens from gastric degradation and released 46.6+/-1.3% allergen over 21 days in vitro. Oral gavages of AAL-particles to naive BALB/c mice induced birch pollen-specific IgG2a, but not IgG1 antibodies. We conclude that targeting allergens to alpha-L-fucose-receptor bearing cells using AAL-microspheres induces specific Th1-antibody responses possibly counteracting Th2-dominated allergy, and therefore provides a potentially useful formulation for oral immunotherapy.
Multiblock copolyesters as biomaterials: in vitro biocompatibility testing
Saad, B., O. M. Keiser, et al. (1997), J Mater Sci Mater Med 8(8): 497-505.
Abstract: Cell adhesion, cell growth and cell activities of macrophages and fibroblasts, cultured on newly developed degradable multiblock-copolyesters were studied to examine the biocompatibility and the possible use of these polymers for medical applications. The biocompatibility and the biodegradability of the polymers were confirmed by subcutaneous implantation of polymer foils in rats.The newly developed polymers, two polyesters (DegraPol/bsc43 and DegraPol/bsd43) and a polyesterether (DegraPol/bst41), were found to exhibit good cell compatibility; the cell-to-substrate interactions induced neither cytotoxic effects nor activation of macrophages.The adhesion and growth of fibroblasts and macrophages were different among the substrate. Fibroblasts adhered on the polyesters to about 60% of control cell cultured on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and proliferated in the same doubling time as on TCPS. On the polyetherester cells exhibited weak adhesion; however, they proliferated up to day 4 after plating at the same doubling time as on TCPS (of about 42 h), and then decreased their doubling time to 27 h. Macrophages attached to the polyesters to about 40-60% of TCPS but no significant change was seen in the doubling time of cells cultured on TCPS and the polyesters. Again on the polyetherester, macrophages exhibited relatively low adhesion (25% of TCPS) and high doubling time (about 100 h).Fibroblasts produced high amounts (up to 500% of control cells) of collagen type I and type IV, and fibronectin. Macrophages responded to lipopolysaccharide treatment by the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), indicating that the cell-to-polymer interactions allow fibroblasts and macrophages to maintain their phenotype.All three test polymers exhibit favourable tissue compatibility. The formed capsule was just a few cell layers thick (<30 microm). After 2 months implanted subcutaneously in rats, the molecular weight of the test polymers was reduced by >20% depending on their chemical structure.Taken collectively, the present data demonstrate that the newly developed multiblock copolyesters are biocompatible and biodegradable.
Multielectrode arrays with elastomeric microstructured overlays for extracellular recordings from patterned neurons
Claverol-Tinture, E., M. Ghirardi, et al. (2005), J Neural Eng 2(2): L1-7.
Abstract: Multielectrode array technology constitutes a promising approach for the characterization of the activity-dependent neuronal plasticity underlying information processing in the nervous system. For this purpose, long-term monitoring and stimulation of cultured neuronal networks with one-to-one neuron-sensor interfacing is advantageous. Existing neurochips that meet these specifications have made use of custom 3D structures requiring clean-room intensive microfabrication techniques. Low-cost fabrication procedures with potential for mass production would facilitate progress in the area. To this end, we have developed a sandwich structure comprising an elastomeric film, microstructured by replica moulding and microhole punching, for neuronal patterning, and a standard planar microelectrode array (MEA), for stimulation and recording. The elastomeric film includes microwells for cell body confinement, and microchannels capable of guiding neurites for network topology specification. The device is formed by overlaying the elastomeric structures on planar arrays. The combination of replica moulding, rapid prototyping and planar MEAs results in low-cost neurochips accessible to most neurophysiology labs. Single neuron patterning and recordings of extracellular potentials are demonstrated.
Multielectrode microprobes for deep-brain stimulation fabricated with a customizable 3-D electroplating process
Motta, P. S. and J. W. Judy (2005), IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 52(5): 923-33.
Abstract: Although deep-brain stimulation (DBS) can be used to improve some of the severe symptoms of Parkinson's disease (e.g., Bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors), the mechanisms by which the symptoms are eliminated are not well understood. Moreover, DBS does not prevent neurodegeneration that leads to dementia or death. In order to fully investigate DBS and to optimize its use, a comprehensive long-term stimulation study in an animal model is needed. However, since the brain region that must be stimulated, known as the subthalamic nucleus (STN), is extremely small (500 microm x 500 microm x 1 mm) and deep within the rat brain (10 mm), the stimulating probe must have geometric and mechanical properties that allow accurate positioning in the brain, while minimizing tissue damage. We have designed, fabricated, and tested a novel micromachined probe that is able to accurately stimulate the STN. The probe is designed to minimize damage to the surrounding tissue. The probe shank is coated with gold and the electrode interconnects are insulated with silicon nitride for biocompatibility. The probe has four platinum electrodes to provide a variety of spatially distributed stimuli, and is formed in a novel 3-D plating process that results in a microwire like geometry (i.e., smoothly tapering diameter) with a corresponding mechanically stable shank.
Multilayer nanocapsules of polysaccharide chitosan and alginate through layer-by-layer assembly directly on PS nanoparticles for release
Ye, S., C. Wang, et al. (2005), J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 16(7): 909-23.
Abstract: Polysaccharide multilayer nanocapsules have been fabricated in aqueous media by the layer-by-layer self-assembly of chitosan (CHI) and sodium alginate (ALG) on monodisperse polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles with a diameter of 180 nm as template, followed by removal of the templates through dissolving in THF. The pH and added salt concentration of the polyelectrolyte deposition solutions were optimized to ensure the alternating deposition. Consequently, the most suitable pH values were found to be 6.0-8.0 for ALG and 3.5 for CHI and were used in the deposition. The concentration of added NaCl used in the adsorption solutions was 0.5 M, which led to an average thickness of about 13 nm for 5 bilayers of CHI/ALG shell-wall. zeta-potential indicated the stepwise and alternating adsorption of CHI and ALG to form multilayer film on the PS nanoparticles. The characteristic bands of PS residue almost disappeared in the IR spectrum of the nanocapsule after dipped in THF, confirming thorough removal of PS templates from the core-shell particles. TEM, SEM and AFM were utilized to observe the nanocapsules of about 225 nm in diameter (by TEM). A hydrophilic drug model, acridine hydrochloride (AH), was chosen to investigate the loading and release properties of the nanocapsules. The positively charged AH spontaneously deposited into the capsule due to the electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged styrene sulfonate residues from the PS template inside the capsule. The rate of AH release became slightly slower when the capsule wall was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, but the accumulative released amount for the cross-linked capsule was obviously reduced. These nanocapsules made from nature polysaccharides have a potential application in controlled drug release.
Multilayers of a globular protein and a weak polyacid: role of polyacid ionization in growth and decomposition in salt solutions
Izumrudov, V. A., E. Kharlampieva, et al. (2005), Biomacromolecules 6(3): 1782-8.
Abstract: Thin films obtained from a layer-by-layer deposition of a weak polycarboxylic acid and a positively charged globular protein were studied by in situ ATR-FTIR. The system was chicken egg lysozyme (Lys), bovine pancrease ribonuclease A (RNase), or bovine gamma-globulin (IgG) self-assembled with polycarboxylic acids. When the pH value was lowered below a critical point, the growth of films and their tolerance to decomposition by added sodium chloride improved dramatically. Stabilization of protein/polyacid films in salt solutions at lower pH values occurred due to the onset of nonelectrostatic interactions to intermolecular binding within protein/polyacid multilayers and was controlled by polyacid ionization within the film rather than the pH of the external solution. A fractional ionization of polyacid in the pH-stabilization region was lower with protein-containing films than for polyacid/linear polycation films, reflecting hindrance of the inter-association of protonated carboxylic groups by protein globules. Practical ramifications of the pH-stabilization effect might extend to areas of biotechnology and biomaterials.
Multilineage differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in a three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold
Li, W. J., R. Tuli, et al. (2005), Biomaterials 26(25): 5158-66.
Abstract: Functional engineering of musculoskeletal tissues generally involves the use of differentiated or progenitor cells seeded with specific growth factors in biomaterial scaffolds. Ideally, the scaffold should be a functional and structural biomimetic of the native extracellular matrix and support multiple tissue morphogenesis. We have previously shown that electrospun, three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds that morphologically resemble collagen fibrils are capable of promoting favorable biological responses from seeded cells, indicative of their potential application for tissue engineering. In this study, we tested a three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold fabricated from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) for its ability to support and maintain multilineage differentiation of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro. hMSCs were seeded onto pre-fabricated nanofibrous scaffolds, and were induced to differentiate along adipogenic, chondrogenic, or osteogenic lineages by culturing in specific differentiation media. Histological and scanning electron microscopy observations, gene expression analysis, and immunohistochemical detection of lineage-specific marker molecules confirmed the formation of three-dimensional constructs containing cells differentiated into the specified cell types. These results suggest that the PCL-based nanofibrous scaffold is a promising candidate scaffold for cell-based, multiphasic tissue engineering.


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Business News›NRI›NRIs in News›How Indian American community of Houston is helping in rehabilitation in the wake of Hurricane Harvey
How Indian American community of Houston is helping in rehabilitation in the wake of Hurricane Harvey
Ishani Duttagupta
, ET Bureau Last Updated: Sep 10, 2017, 01:57 PM IST
Indian community organisations like Sewa International, which has chapters across the US, will have their hands full in the days ahead with relief and rehabilitation work.
As you read this, Hurricane Irma would have roared into Florida, and Hurricane Jose and Hurricane Katia would have slammed into the Americas — the Caribbean Islands (once again) and Mexico, respectively.
These storms accompanied by torrential rainfall and floods come barely a fortnight after Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Houston, a disaster that the Texas governor estimated would call for up to $180 billion to rebuild the battered parts of the state. Indian community organisations like Sewa International, which has chapters across the US, will have their hands full in the days ahead with relief and rehabilitation work.
They were busy in Houston, too, distributing free meals and helping with hardware suppliers.
"Our volunteers have already put in 23,000 hours of work towards various relief and rehabilitation projects and we have raised around $2,50,000. We plan to support rebuilding efforts of homes that need to be fixed through a public-private partnership with US government agencies and many of the Indian American entrepreneurs in Houston," says Gitesh Desai, president of Sewa in Houston. Vivek Sharda, who went to the city as a student of the University of Houston (UH) from Ahmedabad and now works at an engineering firm, has been volunteering for various activities at Sewa for the last two years.
(Members of the Dawoodi Bohra community help evacuate people from a flooded neighbourhood)
"Over the last few days we have been engaged in rescue and moving people to safer locations. After this we will join rebuilding and relief efforts in the coming weeks," he says. Renu Khator, UH's chancellor and president, recounts the challenge that came her way on August 27 when Anupam Ray, the Indian consul general in Houston, reached out to her through social media.
Ray informed her that about 200 students — many of whom had just arrived in the US — were stranded in two apartment complexes in a flooded area. The Houston area is host to over 3,000 Indian students. "The way many Indian American families reached out and took many of these students into their homes was truly heartwarming. Those who chose to stay back had meals sent to them by different Indian American organisations, including the Dawoodi Bohra Masjid, the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple and Sewa International," recollects Khator. For Ray, it was a huge challenge to reach out to roughly 1,50,000 Indians spread across a large area in Houston in the aftermath of the hurricane. "It was not very difficult to mobilise key members of the Indian American community in Houston, some of whom are business leaders and top professionals," Ray told ET Magazine from Houston.
( Volunteers from the Sikh National Center Gurdwara have been involved in various rebuilding effort)
Rebuilding efforts
Ray has now become the focal point to coordinate larger relief and outreach efforts by the Indian American community, and a bridge between different organisations involved in rebuilding and relief efforts and many of the victims.
"The Indian American community here is also using this opportunity to give back to the larger Houston community that has accepted them with open arms and also reached out to support India on many occasions," says Ray. Even as organisations such as Sewa, Sikh National Centre Gurdwara, BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir and the Dawoodi Bohra community in Houston step up efforts in rehabilitation after Hurricane Harvey, Indian American business owners and companies in the region are carrying out a consolidated fund-raising effort to contribute to the Mayor's Fund and the Governor's Rebuild Texas Fund. The target is to raise $1 million, and contributors include local business owners as well as Indian corporations — private and public sector — such as Gas Authority of India, Mahindra North America, Oil India USA, ONGC Videsh and Wipro. The Indian community comprises 2-3% of Houston's population of roughly 2.4 million.
"This is now one of the largest hubs for Indians in the US, with many students and professionals on H-1B visas coming in every year. Many don't know that after the Latur earthquake in India people of this city adopted a village in Gujarat which is now called Houston," adds Ray. Jiten Agarwal, an IIT alumnus and founder of data analytics firm Expedien in Houston, was one of the first to respond to the consul general's call for support. He also evacuated an American family with a child on a ventilator during the storm and is now pitching into the fundraising efforts in a big way.
"From my own experience, I feel that Indian Americans should be better integrated in the mainstream community in Houston and this is a big opportunity to associate with some of the community efforts such as those by churches to help in rebuilding public buildings and homes. Many American families have helped Indians who needed help, and now it should be our turn," says Agarwal. Harish D Katharani, a healthcare entrepreneur and founder of Southside Group of Companies, is supplying essential medicines to hospitals and people affected by the hurricane. For instance, Katharani shipped a rare and expensive drug all the way from Orlando, Florida, to Texas Children's Hospital, for a child who urgently needed it.
"Some areas around Houston are still flooded, and we have been delivering free medicines at shelters and health centres. We will continue with our free healthcare services efforts for at least another month to help people facing crisis in the aftermath of the storm." Sikh organisations in Houston have been at the forefront of efforts to help people affected by Hurricane Harvey.
"Our gurdwara was not submerged by the waters. We volunteered to cook and put together food packets. During the worst days of the hurricane we were supplying 1,000 meals daily to churches and shelters," says Tej Kour, a volunteer at the Sikh National Center Gurdwara. In the following weeks, through an outreach to gurdwaras across the US, truckloads of supplies of fresh fruit, vegetables and building material will pour into Houston from California and other American states. The Sikh National Center is engaged in community rebuilding efforts, which include repairing senior centres, churches and playgrounds.
(Volunteers from the Dawoodi Bohra Masjid reached out to help American friends and neighbours despite facing hardships themselves)
"We will continue food distribution and collection of materials such as toiletries and bed linen for people who have lost everything in the flooding. Many of us are volunteering in collection drives and clean-up of homes and other buildings," adds Kour. As three other hurricanes batter parts of the US, the Indian American community will be out in numbers tending not just to its own but to all citizens of the country it calls home.
Hurricane HarveyHouston communityIndian studentsIndian American businessFloridaHurricane JoseSunday ET
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
using System.Reflection;
using Microsoft.Practices.ServiceLocation;

namespace OpenCube.Nbt.Mapping.Converters
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Factory for creating the build in conversion of the NBT mapping system
	/// </summary>
	public sealed class BuildInConverterFactory
		: IBuildInConverterFactory
	{
		private readonly IServiceLocator _serviceLocator;
		private readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<Type, TypeMap> _typeMaps;

		/// <summary>
		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="BuildInConverterFactory"/> class.
		/// </summary>
		public BuildInConverterFactory()
			: this(ServiceLocator.IsLocationProviderSet ? ServiceLocator.Current : new NullServiceLocator())
		{
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="BuildInConverterFactory"/> class.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="serviceLocator">The service locator to use for creating instances</param>
		public BuildInConverterFactory(IServiceLocator serviceLocator)
		{
			Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(serviceLocator != null);
			_serviceLocator = serviceLocator;

			_typeMaps = ImmutableDictionary<Type, TypeMap>.Empty
				.AddRange(
					new[]
					{
						MapConverter<bool, sbyte, BooleanConverter>(),
						MapConverter<DateTime, long, DateTimeUnixLongConverter>()
					});
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Create a new converter for the provided model type.
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="modelType">The model type to create a converter for.</param>
		/// <returns>The created converter.</returns>
		public INbtTypeConverter Create(Type modelType)
		{
			// try to get a build-in converter
			TypeMap map;
			if (_typeMaps.TryGetValue(modelType, out map))
				return (INbtTypeConverter)_serviceLocator.GetInstance(map.ConverterType);

			// when not a build in, but of type enum
			// then use the enum convert based on the type of the enum
			if (modelType.GetTypeInfo().IsEnum)
			{
				Type enumConverterType = typeof(EnumConverter<>).MakeGenericType(modelType);
				return (INbtTypeConverter)_serviceLocator.GetInstance(enumConverterType);
			}

			// when not a build in, but of type class that is not string
			// then a sub-class
			if (modelType != typeof(string) && modelType.GetTypeInfo().IsClass)
			{
				Type nestedConverterType = typeof(NestedConverter<>).MakeGenericType(modelType);
				return (INbtTypeConverter)_serviceLocator.GetInstance(nestedConverterType);
			}

			// when none found, create the pass through converter
			Type passthroughConverterType = typeof(PassthroughConverter<>).MakeGenericType(modelType);
			return (INbtTypeConverter)_serviceLocator.GetInstance(passthroughConverterType);
		}

		private KeyValuePair<Type, TypeMap> MapConverter<TModel, TNbt, TConverter>()
			where TConverter : class, INbtTypeConverter
		{
			TConverter converter = _serviceLocator.GetInstance<TConverter>();

			if (!converter.CanConvertToModel(new[] { typeof(TNbt) }, typeof(TModel)) || !converter.CanConvertToNbt(typeof(TModel)))
				throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot add " + typeof(TConverter).Name + " as the default converter between " + typeof(TModel).Name + " and " + typeof(TNbt));

			return
				new KeyValuePair<Type, TypeMap>(
					typeof(TModel),
					new TypeMap(typeof(TNbt), typeof(TConverter)));
		}

		private struct TypeMap
		{
			public TypeMap(Type nbtType, Type converterType)
				: this()
			{
				NbtType = nbtType;
				ConverterType = converterType;
			}

			public Type NbtType { get; }

			public Type ConverterType { get; }
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Ministry of Justice has published the privacy injunction statistics for 2018. These record a total of 5 new interim privacy injunction applications. Of these 3 were granted, one was refused and one was withdrawn. The statistics are to be found in Section 7 of the Civil Justice Quarterly for October to December 2018 [pdf], published earlier this month.
The figure of 5 applications is a substantial reduction from 2017 when there were 14 applications for interim privacy injunctions, 11 of which resulted in injunctions being granted or, in one case, an undertaking being given and 3 which were refused.
Three of the applications were made without notice which suggests that they are likely to have been "blackmail" cases, not involving the media (as, under the modern practice, media privacy injunctions are invariably on notice). Only one of the 5 was granted at a private hearing, with 2 being anonymised. One of the successful injunctions was a "super injunction".
The general details of these applications (and all applications at the High Court in London for new interim privacy injunction proceedings since August 2011) can be found in Table 3.1 of the Tables accompanying the Civil Justice Quarterly [xlsx].
In addition to the 5 privacy injunction applications there were 4 hearings in 2018 concerning the continuation or variation of an existing injunction. Full details of these (and all continuation and variation proceedings since August 2011) can be found in Table 3.2 [xlsx].
In addition, three final privacy injunctions were dealt with by the High Court in 2018, 2 of which were granted and one of which was refused. Full details of these (and all final injunction proceedings since August 2011) can be found in Table 3.3 [xlsx].
XKF v British Broadcasting Corporation  EWHC 1560 (QB) – granted.
ABC v Telegraph Media Group  EWHC 2177 (QB) – refused (granted on appeal  EWCA Civ 2329).
Ho v Bragg  EWHC 214 (QB) – granted.
BVC v EWF, 27 June 2018 (Nicklin J) – see  EWHC 2674 (QB) .
Reid v Price, 18 May 2018 (Jay J) – see news report here.
We are aware of at least one further privacy injunction case which is not the subject of a public judgment or a news report. Please let us know if there are any further privacy injunction applications which appear to have been omitted from the statistics.


A mute swan mother (Cygnus olor) with two adorable chicks are swimming and feeding in a lake. Summertime, June in Scandinavia. Location: Lomma, southern Sweden. With audio. 4k version.
1920×1080 full HD loop with alpha channel.


With the community of open source getting wider and more popular, Infomaze is taking advantage of the evolution and recommending the best for clients, as well as adding workflow & customization to suit the requirement of the client. It saves time and cost while the team ensures that what is delivered is secure and can meet the challenges.
Open-source is a boon to the IT world. Using open-source is not a big deal, but using it right surely is! Can you imagine having it customized your way at an affordable cost? As exciting as it sounds, Infomaze lets you know how.
CMS Customization – WordPress, Drupal, Joomla, Typo3, OpenCMS, DotNetNuke (DNN), Umbraco, Django CMS and more – you name it and we have recommended and customized each of these Content Management Systems (CMS) as per client's requirement.
E-Commerce Customization – Magento, PrestaShop, Shopify, WooCommerce, X-Cart, OpenCart, OSCommerce, Zen Cart and many more. Plugin/Extension development, theme customization, linking with other API Services and more. Click here to hire e-commerce solution developers.
CRM Customization – Fully integrated Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is always a challenge and with so many available options, we have always recommended the best open source suggestion depending upon the requirement – SuiteCRM, SugarCRM, Insightly, Vtiger, HubSpot and more. We have also worked on SalesForce and Zoho Customization & have used Web hooks/Creator to further enhance the functionalities.
Open source customization implies quicker and better ways to implement solutions in a shorter time span. It is no secret that no matter how good an open source software is, it never promises quality.
The team at Infomaze guarantees quality by optimal usage of the open source software. Open Source Customization Services cannot get better than this that too at a highly affordable cost! Contact us to know more.
Experience counts! Infomaze specializes in open source customization for a wide range of available tools, applications and other technologies and is completely reliable.
Great quality is just one among the many reasons to hire a professional to help you with open source customization.


text:
Q: Interop.Excel - using output.,Rows[i].Delete() is shifting the rows up so that the most recent shifted row is not checked by for loop public void deleteInvalidEmployees(string path)
{
    Application app = new Application();
    Workbook wb = app.Workbooks.Open(path);
    Worksheet output = wb.ActiveSheet;
    Range range = output.UsedRange;
    var LastRow = output.UsedRange.Rows.Count;
    Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;

    for (int i = 2; i <= LastRow; i++)
    {
        bool containsLetters = false;
        string value = Convert.ToString(output.Cells[i, 2].Value);

        if (value != null && value != "")
        {
            if (Regex.IsMatch(value.ToUpper(), "[A-Z]"))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Contains letters for row " + i);
                containsLetters = true;
            }
        }

        if (value == "" || containsLetters == true || value == null)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Deleting empty row " + i);
            output.Rows[i].Delete();
        }
    }

    wb.Save();
    wb.Close();
    app.Quit();
}

As above I'm just doing a simple deletion of a row, but the problem is after it deletes the row It shifts the rows up ( which I want ) however this means that the most recent shifted row is skipped by the Forloop. For example If row 2000 is deleted then row 2001 gets shifted up to the position of row 2000, so the for loop gets incremented and then checks the 'new' row 2001 which means the 'old' row that got shifted up to position 2000 is skipped.
My first obvious solution was to decrement i whenever a deletion happens so that the current i position is rechecked with the new row, however this doesn't work.

A: Your idea to decrement i was good, but you should also decrement LastRow to prevent an IndexOutOfRangeException.
output.Rows[i].Delete();
i--;
LastRow--;

Instead of decrementing LastRow each time, you can check the row count directly in your for-loop.
for (int i = 2; i <= output.UsedRange.Rows.Count; i++)

And even better, as zhiven suggested, you can reverse your loop. Then you don't have to update i on every deletion and you are sure to check every row.
for (int i = output.UsedRange.Rows.Count; i >= 2; i--)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Black Rock Football Club is an Australian rules football club located in the Melbourne bayside suburb of Black Rock. The club will compete in 2nd division in the 2016 season.

History
The club commenced official competition play in 1913 by joining the Federal Football League (FDL). Apart from a brief period during the late 1920s in Victorian Amateur Football Association, Black Rock remained in the FDL until the early 1970s.

The club folded in 1972, but was successfully revived and entered into the Eastern Suburbs Churches Football Association in 1976. Black Rock transferred to the South East Suburban Football League in 1986  before that league changed its name to the Southern Football League in 1992. The SFL then absorbed the ESCFA in 1993.

From 2008 to 2012 the club participated in Division 2 of the SFL after winning the 3rd division premiership in 2007.

At the end of the 2012 season, the Southern Football League stripped the club of their premiership points, invoking a by-law that requires all clubs to be 'financial'. Subsequently, the club was deemed to have finished last in Division 2 and was relegated to Division 3.

Senior Premierships
 Federal Football League
 1935, 1936, 1954
 East Suburban Churches Football Association
 1980 (E Grade), 1984 (D Grade)
  Southern Football League
 2004, 2007, 2015, 2022 (all in Division 3)

References

External links
 Black Rock homepage

Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
Southern Football League (Victoria)
Australian rules football clubs established in 1908
1908 establishments in Australia
Sport in the City of Bayside

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag: Blackburn attack
Pigs' heads dumped outside Islamic school: Arrest after Blackburn attack
A man has been arrested after two pigs' heads were dumped outside an Islamic school in Lancashire. Police said the 28-year-old was held on suspicion of racially-aggravated provocation following the incident at Markazul Uloom Girls' School in Blackburn. Detectives launched a hate crime investigation and scoured CCTV footage after the animal remains were left at the boarding school in December. One of the heads is understood to have been left by the gates, while the other was thrown over the walls.
The incident outraged religious, political and community leaders, led by the Bishop of Blackburn Julian Henderson. A Lancashire Police spokeswoman said: "I can confirm that a 28-year-old man from Darwen has been arrested on suspicion of racially-aggravated provocation and has been bailed until February 16."
Officers stepped up patrols in the area to quell community concerns after the pig heads were left at the gates of the school just before Christmas. Eating pork is forbidden in Islam and Lancashire Police said the incident was being treated as a hate crime.
Author Euro-IslamPosted on 28th January 2016 Categories Discrimination and Xenophobia, Mosques and Community Centers, United KingdomTags Blackburn attack, Discrimination and Xenophobia, hate crime, Islamic school, islamophobia, Mosques and Community Centers


text:
Media Decoder | NBC Settles With Family of Suicide Victim Over 'Predator' Episode
NBC Settles With Family of Suicide Victim Over 'Predator' Episode
By Brian Stelter
June 25, 2008 2:19 pm June 25, 2008 2:19 pm
Chris Hansen, above, hosted "To Catch A Predator" on NBC.
A lawsuit filed by the family of a man who killed himself during a sex predator sting on "To Catch a Predator" has been settled, with NBC paying an undisclosed amount to the family of Louis Conradt.
Mr. Conradt's family filed a $105 million lawsuit last year against NBC, which ran the "Predator" episode as part of its "Dateline NBC" series. "The matter has been amicably resolved to the satisfaction of both parties," the network news division said in a statement. The resolution was first reported by the Los Angeles Times.
At issue were the techniques used by the hidden-camera show "To Catch A Predator," which drew high ratings for NBC. Ethical questions were raised over the show's all-access arrangements with local police and an online watchdog group.
Mr. Conradt, a local prosecutor, was allegedly sending sexually explicit messages to a person he believed was under-age. It turned out that the other person was actually a volunteer for Perverted Justice, an activist group that helps set up stings to catch child sexual predators. Mr. Conradt and the volunteer posing as a child arranged to meet in November 2006. The four-day sting in Texas led to 25 arrests, but Mr. Conradt did not show up at the bait house.
Local authorities arranged to arrest him at his home in a nearby town. An investigation by Esquire magazine later found that the "Dateline" producers encouraged the local police to pursue Mr. Conradt in his home. As police entered the home, Mr. Conradt shot himself in the head.
Last winter, when the ABC newsmagazine "20/20″ investigated the "Predator" sting, Walter Weiss, a former detective with the police department that partnered with "Dateline," said: "I understand he took his own life, but I have a feeling that he took his own life when he looked out the door and saw there was a bunch of television cameras outside."
Mr. Conradt's family agreed. They filed the lawsuit last year. A judge said last February that the trial should move forward, but the two parties reached a settlement before it could begin.
The network has only broadcast one "Predator" investigation in the past twelve months, and it sounds like the sex predator stings won't be repeated anytime soon. "Right now we are working on other investigative stories," an NBC spokeswoman said.
Comments are no longer being accepted.
Talk May Be Cheap, But It May Be More Effective Offline
Another Sign of Civilization's Demise?


text:
Some Butler County businesses hurting because of disappearing traffic in bitter cold
By Rick McCrabb
While it's too early to know what impact Wednesday's and Thursday's bitterly cold temperatures will have on residents' utility bills, local businesses are recovering from "a pretty painful" two days of sales.
The unseasonably cold temperatures and late-week snow closed area school districts for three days and forced many residents to stay home instead of dining out. Several Butler County restaurants closed Wednesday because of the bitter weather, and many of them that opened reported softer sales.
MORE: What do those who work outside do in dangerously cold temperatures?
"It definitely hurt," said James Wilder, general manager of the Lee's Famous Recipe on North Verity Parkway in Middletown.
"And once that business is lost, it's gone."
Because of its three-piece chicken special, Wednesday typically is one of the busiest days at Lee's, Wilder said. He said sales were down 10 percent on Wednesday. And sales were slow the last two weekends because of snow storms, he said.
"That killed us," he said, in part because many churches cancelled services. There were days, he said, when business didn't warrant the staff, so he sent some employees home early.
MORE: Butler County fire shows dangers to first responders in extreme conditions: 'It's a tough job to do in this weather'
Sanket Patel, the manager of Middletown Fine Wine & Spirits, said Wednesday's business was "a little slow," but most of their sales are wholesale to local bars and restaurants. Patel said he expects business to be busy this weekend because of Sunday's Super Bowl.
Those restaurants that closed probably made the right decision if the owners thought it was unsafe for employees and customers, said Homa Moheimani, communications director for the Ohio Restaurant Association. She said social media allows restaurants to communicate quickly with their customers.
Innclement weather typically benefits those restaurants that offer delivery services, Moheimani said.
Mel Kurtzera, co-owner of West Central Wine in Middletown, said several downtown businesses were closed on Wednesday, so sales at Central Wine were "a little better" than normal.
"We were kind of the only game in town," she said.
Duke Energy officials said it's too early to determine if customers' utility bills will be higher because of the cold snap. Sally Thelen, spokeswoman for Duke, said to avoid a high-bill surprise, customers can monitor and manage their energy use, even when temperatures drop for extended periods.
Thelen suggested ways customers can monitorenergy use:
• Check the number of days in your billing cycle. Most bills are for 30 days, but there are times when the billing cycle is shorter or longer. If there are more days in the bill, it could be higher.
• Look at the electric and/or natural gas usage chart to see how the current month's usage compares to the previous 12 months. Energy usage closely aligns with outside temperatures, so compare current month's usage to the same time last year or a month with similar temperatures.
• Log in to an online account to view your hourly and/or daily usage. Identifying spikes throughout the month – by day or even hour – can show what appliances and behaviors are increasing the bill.
Here is a forecast for the weekend and early next week:
Today: Partly cloudy skies with highs in the lower 30s.
Sunday: Highs in the mid-50s.
Monday: Highs in the upper 50s or low 60s.
SOURCE: Storm Center 7 meteorologists
Rick McCrabb


The microwave link RAy10 has to be used in compliance with the license be issued by the radio regulatory authority with jurisdiction over the territory in which the equipment is being operated.
The RoHS Directive prohibits the sale in the European Union of electronic equipment containing these hazardous substances: lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs).
The WEEE Directive concerns the recovery, reuse, and recycling of electronic and electrical equipment. Under the Directive, used equipment must be marked, collected separately, and disposed of properly. RACOM has instigated a programme to manage the reuse, recycling, and recovery of waste in an environmentally safe manner using processes that comply with the WEEE Directive.
This product may contain a battery. Batteries must be disposed of properly, and may not be disposed of as unsorted municipal waste in the European Union. See the product docu- mentation for specific battery information. Batteries are marked with a symbol, which may include lettering to indicate cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), or mercury (Hg). For proper recycling return the battery to your supplier or to a designated collection point.
Should the RAy unit be used with other than recommended accessories, Racom takes no responsibility for any malfunction caused by such accessories. Using unsuitable accessories (e.g.cable connectors) can result in a mechanical damage to RAy internal connectors, allow the penetration of water inside the unit, or reduce the efficiency of internal surge protection circuits.
RACOM s. r. o. hereby declares that its RAy10 microwave bridge product complies with the basic requirements and other relevant provisions of directive 1999/5/EC. Therefore this equipment has the CE mark. The exclamation mark warning symbol identifies the equipment in as class 2 equipment, which is radio equipment with certain restrictions, or requirements on authorisation for use of the equipment in certain countries. In the EU this equipment can be operated according to recommendation CEPT/ERC/REC 12-05 E.


text:
Q: ¿porque el metodo onClick de un control boton no funciona? tengo un boton que al precionar muestra un modal y cargue los datos de una consulta pero al presionar no reacciona el metodo en el codigo de C# al hacer pruebas nunca entra al metodo.
<asp:Button ID="btnaddRequest" CssClass="btn btn-primary btn-lg" runat="server" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#MLrequest" Text="Agregar" OnClick="btnaddRequest_Click" />

en C#
protected void btnaddRequest_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
        lblCprovidier.Text = "0";
        lblCproductos.Text = "0";
        lblCcot.Text = "0";
}

A: Esta es la idea, primero cargas los datos en los labels en el evento onload (o en el evento que mejor se acomode), y ya con los datos cargados en el DOM, procedes a lanzar el modal con javascript o en el mismo botón.
Control html evita recargar la página.
<button href="#" id="btnTriggerModalEFNT" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="MLrequest">Agregar</button>

Carga de datos con c#
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if (!Page.IsPostBack)
        {
            lblCprovidier.Text = "0";
            lblCproductos.Text = "0";
            lblCcot.Text = "0";
        }
    }

No olvides revisar la consola del navegador para ver si tienes otros problemas como no haber cargado jquery o alguna falla de sintaxis en el javascript.

A: Esta respuesta es para responder a tu otro caso donde quieres mostrar los cambios en un modal, como dije antes se debe cargar los datos en el evento onload y se debe redireccionar a la misma página al finalizar tus procesos con el control de servidor.
javascript

$(document).ready(function () {
$('#btnTriggerModalEFNT').modal('show');
});

con c#
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    if (!Page.IsPostBack)
    {
        lblCprovidier.Text = "0";
        lblCproductos.Text = "0";
        lblCcot.Text = "0";
        ListarRegistros(); // generas un procedimiento para listar tus registros
    }
}

        protected void btnaddRequest_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        // Realizas todo tu proceso
        Response.Redirect("~/TuPagina.aspx");
    }


Here Today, Ground Zero Tomorrow: Are You Living in a Nuclear Threat Area?
Are you living in a nuclear threat area? The question is a broad one, but there are a few factors that will help you determine whether you're living in an area that is likely to be targeted for nuclear attack, and what your proximity to Ground Zero means for your chances of survival.
Large cities such as New York, Boston, Washington, Atlanta, Los Angeles, etc.
Symbolic American cities such as Philadelphia or Hollywood.
Major sporting events such as the Super Bowl.
This is a lot of information to take in; there's a good chance that wherever you live, you live near enough to at least one of these potential target sites. Should this information lead you to the conclusion that it's in your best interest to have an underground shelter prepared wherever you live, rightly so. However, it's important to take into consideration the likely blast radius of an attack and to have some knowledge of how quickly fallout is likely to reach you.
The type of nuclear attack most likely to occur today (versus, for example, during the Cold War) is the type of "dirty bomb" used by terrorists. Smaller in size than the nuclear warheads that threatened the United States in the 50's, the initial blast radius is likely to be limited to about a square mile. Anything within this radius will be instantly vaporized as the radiation rapidly heats all surrounding material to its equilibrium temperature (the same temperature as the atomic bomb's matter). Should you be caught within this radius, there is nothing you can do.
Immediately following the initial blast will come a spherically-expanding shock wave (also known as a blast wave). The pressure of this wave will move outward from ground zero, weakening structures which will then be toppled and torn by the blast winds. The pressure of the wave also wreaks fatal havoc on the human body. Of course, the radius of overpressure damage varies depending on the size of the initial bomb. It is likely that if you are close enough to ground zero to see the explosion with your own eyes, you will not have enough time to find cover before the blast wave reaches you. Knowledge that it is coming, however, may buy you a few precious seconds. A 1-megaton explosion would likely mean instant death for anyone within a 0-2 mile radius, with a 50% chance of death for those within about 5 miles of the blast, depending on the kind of structure they are in at the time the blast wave reaches them.
Assuming, for example, that you live on the outskirts of a major city that has been targeted and you have escaped vaporization from the initial blast and lethal damage from the shock wave, your first reaction at such proximity must be to find shelter from the fallout. The tremendous heat produced from a nuclear blast causes an up-draft of air that forms the familiar mushroom cloud. When a blast occurs near the earth's surface, millions of vaporized dirt particles also are drawn into the cloud. As the heat diminishes, radioactive materials that have vaporized condense on the particles and fall back to Earth. The phenomenon is called radioactive fallout. An interesting note is that range for significant radiation doesn't increase, as one may have expected, proportional to the size of the weapon. Nevertheless, the closer you are to the blast, the more quickly the fallout will reach you. The further you live from the likely epicenter of an attack, the more time you are likely to have to escape the fallout. For a 1-megaton attack, anyone living within about a mile and a half of ground zero, should they survive the blast, will receive an almost instant dose of lethal radiation.
This fallout material decays over a long period of time, and is the main source of residual nuclear radiation. Fallout from a nuclear explosion may be carried by wind currents for hundreds of miles if the right conditions exist. Effects from even a small portable device exploded at ground level can be potentially deadly. Nuclear radiation cannot be seen, smelled, or otherwise detected by normal senses; it can only be detected by radiation monitoring devices. This makes radiological emergencies different from other types of emergencies, such as floods or hurricanes. Monitoring can project the fallout arrival times, which would be announced through official warning channels. However, any increase in surface build-up of gritty dust and dirt should be a warning for taking protective measures.
The key information to take away from this is that, the nearer your proximity to one of the potential target areas described above, the more essential an underground bomb shelter is. Should you survive the initial blast, a quick retreat into a well-stocked shelter can mean the difference between life and death from blast wave effects, subsequent fires, and radiation poisoning for you and your family.


Come out and see us next Saturday, April 22, from 12-4 PM in the lower atrium of the Downtown Huntsville Library for the Downtown Authors Market. I'm excited to "talk books" with @amberdtran and all the other local authors who will be there. We'll have lots of items on hand for sale, giveaways, and free swag.


"The COBRA Officers are "officers" in name only. The only real rank they have is over their own little squad of Cobra Troopers. They are among the meager handful from the teeming ranks of COBRA Troopers that, for some reason, whether it's previous experience, personal ambition or dumb luck, manage to show some level of initiative, organization or leadership skills. Ultimately, somebody has the keep the ranks together and moving with a purpose, so that even these bottom-of-the-barrel COBRA forces can achieve their given objective, because nobody else wants the job.
The Cobra Officer and two of the Cobra Troopers were released as one of the three triple-packs of figures from the second year of The Real American Hero Collection. That's a lot of numbers going on there, isn't it? Don't worry about it too much. The key thing about these two figures is, that despite the name they may be sporting, their both effectively Viper figures, using the Viper/B.A.T. hybrid body introduced with the V5 Viper. Presumably, the original Officer and Trooper molds were lost, and, as with so many other figures in the 97-98 lineup, they had to improvise a bit, grabbing the just recently frankensteined Viper from the preceding year. So, they've still got those square butts. Poor guys.
Paint is what differentiates them. The Officer is grey, which was a change for that rank, but makes him easily distinguishable. The Trooper goes for a more familiar dark blue. The Officer has larger sections of silver, with gold accents, while the Trooper gets the reverse. Curiously, neither of them actually gets a Cobra sigil. Maybe they're trying to be more covert? Both figures included the same accessory selection. A pistol, a rifle, a stock, and a backpack.
These guys are absolutely on the "Ethan was already buying a bunch of Vipers" train. I wasn't planning to get them, given their comparatively bland appearance, but I was already getting 7 others, so what difference did these two make? I was actually a bit baffled by them at first, since I wasn't able to find any reference to Vipers in this style, but eventually realized they weren't Vipers at all. So I didn't have to buy them. Great. Nah, I'd probably have bought them anyway. I actually ended up liking both of these more than I'd expected to. That said, in my mind, I'm always going to consider them Vipers.
Once again, All Time Toys helped me out with these. If you're looking for old Joes or if you're looking for other cool toys both old and new, please check out their website and their eBay Store.
I had these guys (might still, too). It was a big deal at the time because this set was a great way to army build Vipers. For around $10 bucks you were getting 2 troops and an officer. I've never seen anyone use the stock on the pistols before but it kind of works. All of the accessories for these guys (pistol, machine gun, stock, and backpack) came from the Dusty V3 figure, interesting enough, and were favorites of Hasbro for many years during the JvC, Spy Troops, and VvsV years.
They're definitely a lot cooler than I'd initially expected them to be.
All Time got in this big collection, and they didn't get any of the machine guns, but did still have the stock. I thought it was silly to just leave the stock laying there, and having the stock on a pistol isn't *entirely* unheard of.


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Top 10 Best Selling Whisky Brands in India With Price
Do you Know Whisky ranks as the top most selling alcoholic drink in India and continues to lead the race with beer, which is the world's third favourite drink.
Whisky in India is popular because it contains at least 40 percent Alcohol by Volume (ABV). Most Indian whiskies generally have a content of 42.8 percent ABV.
Surely, You too love whisky.
That's the reason you are searching for the best whisky brands in India.
Unless you have a preference for a specific Whisky brand, the choice of whiskies available at any liquor shop in India can be quite perplexing.
Here we take a look at some of the most popular Indian whisky Brands along with its price.
Whisky in India:
Whisky made in India is called 'Indian Whisky'. It cannot be termed 'Scotch Whisky' or known by any other foreign name.
This is because the term 'Scotch Whisky' can be used only for whisky distilled and bottled in Scotland. In India, whiskies are broadly classified as Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL).
Want to try the best SCOTCH Whisky?…
Here you can find out top scotch whisky brands
Here we take a look at some top-selling whisky brands in the Indian market.
List of 10 Best Whisky Brands in India With Price:
1. Peter Scot
Peter Scot has been a favourite Whisky brand of Indians since the 1980s.
It is made by a reputed but lesser known distiller in Karnataka- Khoday India Ltd.
The brand's popularity caused sufficient heartburn worldwide and its manufactures, KIL moved various courts in India claiming the name 'Peter Scot' deceived consumers into believing it was a Scottish product or had connections to Scotland.
After numerous court battles with the Scotch Whisky Association, the Supreme Court of India ruled that KIL was not deceiving anyone.
It ruled that the price of Peter Scot clearly indicates its buyers are affluent and educated and hence, the word 'Scot' could not deceive them.
Peter Scot Whisky Price List
Peter Scot Malt Whisky 750 ml Price: 1050
Peter Scot Malt Whisky 375 ml Price: 525
Peter Scot Black Single Malt Whisky 750 ml Price: 4745
Peter Scot Black Single Malt Whisky 60 ml Price: 385
2. Bagpiper
The bagpiper is perhaps the most widely advertised Indian whisky Brand.
It has been promoted by top Bollywood stars including Dharmendra, who was also its brand ambassador.
Other notable Bollywood personalities that appeared in Bagpiper Whisky ads include actor-turned-politician Shatrughan Sinha, Jackie Shroff, Ajay Devgn, Shahrukh Khan and Sunny Deol- the son of brand ambassador Dharmendra.
Bagpiper was launched in 1976 by Herbertsons India Ltd and was acquired by United Spirits Ltd. It is manufactured at different locations in the country.
The brand is also exported to certain Arabian Gulf countries and is popular among expatriate Indians and various foreign communities there.
It was the first whisky to be sold in PET bottles and Tetra Pack.
Bagpiper Whisky Price List
Bagpiper Classic Whisky 750 ml Price: 455
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3. McDowell's No-1
McDowell's No-1 is the oldest surviving brand of whisky in India.
It gets the name from Scotland's 'distillery king' named Angus McDowell who established a distillery, McDowell & Co in 1898 and launched the eponymous whisky brand.
McDowell's No-1 is now the flagship brand of United Spirits Ltd.
The world's first 'diet' whisky that speeds metabolism, McDowell's No-1 Diet Mate was launched under this brand. McDowell's No-1 whisky is available in different variants, Premium, Diet Mate, Platinum, and McDowell No-1 Single Malt. Another whisky, McDowell's No-1 Reserve is also available at select stores in India.
The entire McDowell No-1 line of whisky is also exported from India.
McDowells No 1 Whisky Price List
Mcdowells No.1 Deluxe Whisky 750 ml Price: 600
Mc Dowells Gold Riband Deluxe Whisky 750 ml Price: 455
Mc Dowells No.1 Deluxe Collection Whisky 750 ml Price: 600
Mcdowells No.1 Platinum Reserve Whisky 750 ml Price: 710
Mc Dowells Green Label The Rich Blend Whisky 750 ml Price: 460
Mcdowells No.1 Luxury Premium Collection Whisky 750 ml Price: 600
4. Royal Challenge
Royal Challenge is one of the largest selling whiskies of India since its launch in 1980 by Shaw Wallace & C0.
It is a medium price whisky that contains a blend of malts from Scotland and India and molasses alcohol.
The brand is now manufactured by United Spirits Ltd at various distilleries in India. Royal Challenge, commonly called RC by its fans, is also exported to several countries and is available in the UK and US markets.
A cricket team of Indian Premier League, Royal Challengers Bangalore is sponsored by the brand.
Royal Challenge Whisky Price List
Royal Challenge Classic Premium Whisky 750 ml Price: 720
Royal Challenge Classic Premium Whisky 90 ml Price: 95
Also Read: Top 10 Most Popular Best Beer Brands in India
5. Royal Stag
Royal Stag is a very popular brand of Indian malt whisky launched in 1995 by multinational company and distiller, Pernod Ricard, under the 'Seagram' label.
Royal Stag is available in two variants- regular and Barrel Select. This whisky has a distinct grainy flavour which makes it the favourite of many drinkers.
The brand targets the middle and upper-middle-income group of whisky aficionados of India.
It is manufactured by Pernod Ricard at various distilleries in India and exported to select markets abroad.
Royal Stag Whisky Price List
Royal Stag Delux Whisky 750 ml Price: 720
Royal Stag Barrel Select Whisky 750 ml Price: 855
Also Read: Top 10 BestSelling Vodka Brands in India With Price
6. Blenders Pride
Blenders Pride is another famous Indian whisky introduced into the market by Pernod Ricard.
It was launched under the Seagram label in 1995 and competes with some of the topmost whisky brands of the country.
Blenders Pride is available in two variants: Blenders Pride Reserve Collection and the premium Blenders Pride Rare Premium. This whisky is a blend of malts from India and Scotland and some percentage of molasses alcohol.
Blenders Pride Whisky Price List
Blenders Pride Select Premium Whisky 750 ml Price: 1035
Blenders Pride Select Premium Whisky 375 ml Price: 515
Blenders Pride Reserve Collection Whisky 750 ml Price: 1335
Blenders Pride Reserve Collection Whisky 375 ml Price: 670
Also Read: 10 Best Champagne Brands in India (Price and Details)
Antiquity made its maiden appearance in Indian liquor market in 1992 as a premium whisky Brand.
It is a brand manufactured by the country's IMFL major United Spirits Ltd.
Antiquity took the market by storm since its launch, since it catered to the upper and upper-middle income groups of the Indian society and at a time when foreign manufacturers were to make a mark in this country.
This whisky is available in two variants: Antiquity Rare Premium and the upscale Antiquity Blue Ultra Premium. The latter is presented in a unique blue flask to signify its quality.
Antiquity Whisky Price List
Antiquity Blue Ultra Platinum Whisky 750 ml Price: 1080
Antiquity Blue Ultra Platinum Whisky 375 ml Price: 540
Also Read: Top 10 Best Red Wines in India Along With Price
8. Imperial Blue
Imperial Blue is a premier brand of Indian whisky.
It was launched by Pernod Ricard in 1997 under the Seagram label. Pernod Ricard had acquired Seagram's Indian operations and its local brands, including Imperial Blue.
The company faced a few initial hurdles in marketing Imperial Blue due to the acquisition process. However, Pernod Ricard reintroduced the brand in 2002.
Imperial Blue was promoted under the catchphrase 'Men will be Men'.
However, strictures on liquor advertising enforced by the Indian government forced Pernod Ricard to promote the brand using alternative methods.
The company sponsored an Rs. 10 million Bollywood movie named 'Men will be Men' to drive home the Imperial Brand.
Imperial Blue Whisky Price List
Imperial Blue Superior Grain Whisky 750 ml Price: 600
Also Read: 10 Most Superior Quality Gin Brands in India For Making Cocktails
Signature whisky was launched in 1992 by United Spirits Ltd.
Initially, it was marketed under the McDowell's line but later as a stand-alone premium product.
It is the only whisky in the world to be sold in an octagonal flask.
The special flask was designed by London-based design firm Claessens International. Signature is a blend of Scottish and Indian malts.
It is available in two variants: Signature Premium Grain Whisky and Signature Rare Aged Whisky.
The two variants are also available in one-litre flasks, which is uncommon in India.
Bollywood stars Akshay Kumar and Abhay Deol have been brand ambassadors for Signature whisky.
Signature Whisky Price List
Signature Rare Aged Whisky 750 ml Price: 1035
Signature Rare Aged Whisky 375 ml Price: 520
Signature Premier Grain Whisky 750 ml Price: 1070
Signature Premier Grain Whisky 375 ml Price: 535
Also Read: 10 Best Rum Brands in India
10. Officer's Choice
Officer's Choice, launched in 1988 is the world's highest selling whisky Brand.
It overtook Johnny Walker brand as the topmost selling whisky in 2013 and has consistently held its position since then.
It also overtook Smirnoff as the world's largest selling liquor brand in 2014.
It is the most famous whiskies in India and widely popular among the entire spectrum of whisky drinkers.
Officer's Choice is made by Allied Blenders & Distillers. Officer's Choice is Indian malt whisky blended with molasses alcohol.
Officer's Choice is targeted at the lower-middle income segment of the Indian society.
It is available in two premium variants, Officer's Choice Blue and Officer's Choice Black and Officer's Choice Prestige aimed at higher income groups.
Officer's Choice Whisky Price List
Officers Choice Classic Whisky 750 ml Price: 455
Officers Choice Blue Classic Grain Whisky 750 ml Price: 600
Also Read:10 Best Quality Brandy Brands in India To Try Out Atleast Once
Other Popular Whisky Brands
In addition to these top-selling brands, there are several other Indian Whisky brands that are popular in the country.
Hayward's Fine
Old Tavern
Directors Special
DSP Black
Original Choice
Rowson's Reserve Rare
Some of these whiskies may not be available in select markets.
The whiskies we have listed among top 10 can generally be found across India. However, they will be manufactured by a distillery in that state or a nearby one.
There are two whiskies in India that deserve special mention in this article.
11. Real's Whisky
Real's Whisky is made by one of oldest business houses of Goa, Real Group of Industries. Their brand, Real's Whisky is by far the cheapest one available in India and possibly the world.
A bottle of 750ml Real's Whisky sells in Goa for Rs.70 only. The brand was also sold in 90ml sachets earlier.
However, these sachets were discontinued after governments of adjoining Karnataka and Maharashtra complained that bootleggers were smuggling these sachets for illegal sales in these states, where liquor prices are much higher.
12. Amrut
Amrut is a range of whiskies launched in 2004 by an Indian company, Amrut Distilleries.
This whisky has found aficionados around the world and may become a global brand.
Amrut Fusion Malt, one of its variants, has been named as the third best whisky in the world by Murray, a publication that reviews different alcoholic drinks.
Amrut manufactures seven variants of its whiskies, which are in the premium segment.
Popular Foreign Whisky Brands in India
Nowadays, Indian whiskies are competing increasingly with major foreign brands in the market. Most popular foreign brands in India are from Scotland, though a couple of American brands are also popular.
Johnny Walker: Red, Black, Green, Gold and Blue Label.
Vat 69
Jameson (Ireland)
Jack Daniels (US)
Southern Comfort (US)
Teacher's Special
J & B Rare
Whisky Facts in India
India consumes about 1.7 billion litres of whisky every year- which is almost half the total amount of whiskies produced in the world.
Whisky ranks as the most famous alcoholic drinks of India. While India's whisky production has almost doubled over the decade, the market is now also dominated by foreign companies who are manufacturing some brands locally for this country.
In India, whisky is predominantly made of wheat malts, since the country has a large production of this food grain.
However, in recent years, a whisky distilled from barley is also becoming popular.
A lot of whiskies in the lower price range in India contain very limited or no grain malts.
Instead, they are made purely from molasses alcohol. Since molasses alcohol is colourless, distillers add food colours such as caramel and artificial flavours to impact a whisky-like taste and flavour to the drink.
History of Indian Whisky
India's whisky also traces its history to the ancient times.
The first recorded mention of intoxicating drinks made by fermenting wheat in India dates back to about 2000BC.
It is likely that ancient Indians had mastered the art of fermenting various grains and fruits and distilling alcohol using methods that are prevalent till date for making hooch or illegal spirits.
Modern-day whisky arrived on the Indian subcontinent in 18th Century and was brought by officers of the British East India Company.
However, as British grip over the Indian subcontinent increased, it became impossible to ship thousands of cartons of the whisky from Scotland to India.
Sensing the need for a local distillery, Edward Abraham Dyer set up a brewery and distillery in Kasauli in modern-day Himachal Pradesh.
With wheat supplies from Punjab, this brewery and distillery began manufacturing the first beer and whisky on the Indian subcontinent.
Around the same time, other British entrepreneurs opened breweries and distilleries in Murree in modern-day Pakistan to make beer and whisky from wheat grown in Punjab.
As mentioned earlier, McDowell's No-1 is the oldest surviving brand of whisky in India.
Following the success of Amrut Single Malt in the UK and US markets, Indian distillers are hopeful of making a big splash on the international whisky scene.
Already, major Indian brands such as McDowell's No-1, Bagpiper and Royal Challenge, among others are being exported to markets in the Middle East. Indian distillers are now eyeing lucrative markets of Australia, US and Canada as well as the Far East.
However, it may be some time before Indian whiskies find some popularity since Scotch whisky has dominated the market for centuries.
American and Japanese distillers are also finding it tough to dislodge traditional favourites from Scotland.
Since India is a huge market for whisky, there is a flourishing business of producing counterfeits too. Hence, you need to be extra cautious while buying whisky in India.
It is advisable to buy whisky only from reputed liquor stores. Counterfeiters generally use cheap quality food-grade molasses alcohol, add some colourants and flavours and pack them in bottles labelled like original whiskies.
The problem is more with foreign brands since they are not available easily.
Fakes of Indian brands do exist but are relatively lower and restricted to the higher segment ones only.
Also, one has to be extra cautious while ordering whisky by the peg at bars and permit rooms.
There are instances where unscrupulous bar owners have served the ordered brand once or twice but switched the drink to cheaper variants when they find a customer slightly inebriated.
If you wish to truly enjoy an Indian whisky, the best way is to buy a bottle from a reputed store and enjoy at home.
Categories Consumer Tags Blenders Pride, Liquor, Liquor Companies, old monk, peter scotch, Royal Challenge, Top 10, Whisky, whisky brands
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2 thoughts on "Top 10 Best Selling Whisky Brands in India With Price"
Sushant singh
Enthralling collection of knowledge
Gopal Rajguru
Very useful and in depth information. I have read this article for the first time, it's really very


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IC 5337 — галактика типу Sc (компактна спіральна галактика) у сузір'ї Пегас.

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