The standard for the motion to quash requires the court to balance several factors including: (1) the relevance of the evidence; (2) the necessity of the information sought; (3) whether the information is available from other sources; and, (4) the nature of the proceeding. See Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 563 F.2d 433, 438 (10th Cir. 1977); see also Grandbouche v. Clancy, 825 F.2d 1463, 1466 (10th Cir. 1987).
As the First Circuit stated in Bruno & Stillman v. Globe Newspaper Co., "Initially each party has a burden. The plaintiff must establish the relevance of the desired information and the defendant [reporter] has the burden of establishing [the] need for preserving confidentiality." 633 F.2d 583, 597 (1st Cir. 1980). The court also must be satisfied that the claim is not frivolous or filed as a pretense for using discovery as a fishing expedition for information; therefore, the court may require the plaintiff to show that it can establish jury issues on the essential elements its underlying case. Id. at 597. See also In re Special Proceedings, 373 F.3d 37, 45 (D.R.I. 2003); Levesque v. Doocy, 247 F.R.D. 55, 57-58 (D. Me. Dec. 11, 2007). As long as the case does not appear frivolous and the desired information appears remotely relevant, the court will assess the extent to which there is a need for confidentiality. Id.; see also Alharbi v. TheBlaze, Inc. 199 F. Supp. 3d 334, 348 (2016).
Under New Hampshire's qualified reporter's privilege, once the applicant shows that he has exhausted all reasonable means of identifying the source, and the reporter still fails to reveal the source's identity, it is presumed that the reporter did not have a source. Gray v. St. Martin's Press, 221 F.3d 243, 253 (1st Cir. 2000).
Both confidential and non-confidential information are subject to a qualified privilege in the Second Circuit. A claim of privilege is easier to sustain when the material sought is confidential. When the information sought is confidential, "disclosure may be ordered only upon a clear and specific showing that the information is: highly material and relevant, necessary or critical to the maintenance of the claim, and not obtainable from other available sources." United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 76-77 (2d Cir. 1983). To compel disclosure of non-confidential information, litigants must demonstrate that the information is "of likely relevance to a significant issue in the case, and [is] not reasonably obtainable from other available sources." Gonzales v. National Broadcasting Co., 194 F.3d 29, 36 (2d Cir. 1998).
The person or entity asserting the privilege has the initial burden of demonstrating that they are entitled to claim its protection. The Third Circuit has held that those seeking to invoke the First Amendment-based journalist's privilege have the burden of demonstrating that they are "engaged in investigative reporting, gathering news, and have the intent at the beginning of the news-gathering process to disseminate this information to the public." In re Madden, 151 F.3d at 130. As the Third Circuit further observed, "'it makes no difference whether the intended manner of dissemination was by newspaper, magazine, book, public or private broadcast or handbill because the press, in its historic connotation comprehends every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion.'" Id. at 129 (citation omitted).
Once the person invoking the privilege has demonstrated that he or she is entitled to its protection, the burden shifts to the party seeking information from the reporter to show that they are entitled to overcome the privilege. The Third Circuit employs a three-part balancing test to determine whether a person seeking disclosure from a journalist has overcome the privilege: Such a person must make specific showings that the information sought is material, relevant and necessary to the party's claims or defenses. See, e.g., Riley, 612 F.2d at 716. Specifically, the party seeking disclosure must show there is no other practical way of accessing the information, all other potential sources have been exhausted, and the information is crucial to the party's claims or defenses. See, e.g., id. at 716-17. Ultimately, whether these elements have been sufficiently shown will depend upon a balancing test in which the courts weigh the relative interests of the reporter with the interests of the party seeking disclosure. See, e.g., id. Thus, for example, a criminal defendant whose constitutional right to a fair trial is implicated by a request for disclosure likely will not need to make as great a showing to overcome the privilege as would a civil litigant whose constitutional rights were not implicated. While the courts generally have not defined in traditional terms the burden of proof that the proponent of a subpoena must meet, the Third Circuit has required a "strong showing" based on specific facts. Id.
The Fourth Circuit has held that the reporter's privilege will be overcome "whenever society's need for the information in question outweighs the intrusion on the reporter's First Amendment interests." Ashcraft v. Conoco, 218 F.3d 282, 287, 28 Media L. Rep. 2103 (4th Cir. 2000). To guide the courts in balancing these interests, the Fourth Circuit in LaRouche v. Nat'l Broadcasting Co. adopted a three-part test: "(1) whether the information is relevant, (2) whether the information can be obtained by alternative means, and (3) whether there is a compelling interest in the information." LaRouche, 780 F.2d 1134, 1139, 12 Media L. Rep. 1585 (4th Cir. 1986) (citing Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 621 F.2d 721, 726 (5th Cir. 1980). The Fourth Circuit does not explicitly place the burden of persuasion on the subpoenaing party.
The subpoenaing party bears the burden of proving the elements necessary to overcome a reporter's privilege. Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 628 F.2d 932, 932 (5th Cir. 1980). Proof of each element of the test must be demonstrated by substantial evidence. Id.; In re Selcraig, 705 F.2d 789, 792 (5th Cir. 1983).
To overcome a journalist's claim of First Amendment privilege, the subpoenaing party must produce "credible evidence," "compelling evidence," a "concrete demonstration" that the subpoenaed materials will be centrally relevant to an important legal issue in the case and that the information is not otherwise available from another source. Southwell v. Southern Poverty Law Ctr., 949 F.Supp. 1303 (W.D. Mich. 1996).
In Continental Cablevision, the district court held that "it is only after a reporter makes a minimal prima facie showing that responding to discovery or testimonial requests will impinge on first amendment interests that the burden shifts to the party seeking discovery to demonstrate the efforts made to obtain the information elsewhere and the extent to which the information is relevant." Continental Cablevision, Inc. v. Storer Broad. Co., 583 F. Supp. 427, 436 (E.D. Miss. 1984).
When a journalist properly invokes the reporter's privilege, the burden shifts to the party seeking the discovery to demonstrate a sufficiently compelling need for the journalist's materials in order to overcome the privilege. See Shoen v. Shoen, 5 F.3d 1289, 1296 (9th Cir. 1993) (Shoen I) (reversing and remanding an order holding an investigative reporter in contempt for refusing to divulge information that was gathered for use in his book).
There is no Alabama statutory or reported case law addressing the standard of proof for overcoming the assertion of the reporter's privilege.
Alaska appellate courts have not had occasion to squarely address the existence or scope of a reporter's privilege, and the trial courts have not specifically addressed this issue. In those trial court proceedings where the qualified constitutional reporter's privilege has been asserted, it has been assumed that to overcome the privilege the subpoenaing party must make a showing that the information sought is crucial to, or goes to the heart of, its case, and that this information is unavailable from other sources not protected by this First Amendment privilege. The shield law, if applicable, requires the applicant for divestiture of the privilege to show, usually by verified petition, reasons why the disclosure is essential to the administration of justice, a fair trial in the instant proceeding, or the protection of the public interest.
The party serving a subpoena on a newsperson has the initial burden of demonstrating compliance with requirements set forth in A.R.S. § 12-2214(A)(1)-(6), the statute governing subpoenas. The party seeking production must identify with reasonable detail in the required affidavit the information requested, the efforts made to acquire it, and from what sources. Id. Once a party serving a subpoena on a newsperson has complied with A.R.S. § 12-2214(a), the burden shifts to the party being served to controvert the allegations of the affidavit; it is not sufficient to claim that the same information can be obtained elsewhere. Bartlett, 150 Ariz. at 183, 722 P.2d at 351 (citing A.R.S. § 12-2214). The subject of the subpoena may "controvert the allegations of the affidavit and set forth the bases therefore by either filing a controverting affidavit or moving to quash the subpoena." Reinstein, 240 Ariz. at 446, 381 P.3d at 240.
The evidentiary standard for a party seeking disclosure to prove bad faith, malice, and not in the interest of the public welfare is by a preponderance of the evidence. The burden of proof is on the party seeking disclosure. See Saxton v. Arkansas Gazette Co., 264 Ark. 133, 569 S.W.2d 115 (1978).
The California Supreme Court has stated that "a person claiming a privilege bears the burden of proving he is entitled to the privilege." Delaney v. Superior Court, 50 Cal. 3d 785, 806 n.20, 789 P.2d 934, 268 Cal. Rptr. 753 (1990) (citations omitted). Consequently, "[t]he newsperson seeking immunity must prove all the requirements of the shield law have been met." Id. One court asserted that the reporter's burden is "to show that they were in a class of persons protected by the shield law and that the information provided by their source was 'procured … for news or news commentary purposes on radio or television.'" In re Willon, 47 Cal. App. 4th 1080, 1092-93, 55 Cal. Rptr. 2d 245 (1996) (citations omitted). Another court held that the reporter must make a prima facie showing that the information was obtained "for the journalistic purpose of communicating information to the public." Rancho Publications v. Superior Court, 68 Cal. App. 4th 1538, 1546, 81 Cal. Rptr. 2d 274 (1999).
Once the journalist meets this initial burden, the burden "shifts to the criminal defendant seeking discovery to make the showing required to overcome the shield law." Delaney, 50 Cal. 3d at 806 n.20 (citation omitted). The trial court may require defendant to submit an offer of proof to meet his or her burden under Delaney. It is insufficient for the defendant to simply submit the questions he or she hopes to ask the reporter. People v. Vasco, 131 Cal. App. 4th 137, 155, 31 Cal. Rptr. 3d 643 (2005). In Vasco, for example, the court noted that "defendant filed no declarations or investigative reports to support her Delaney showing." Id. (citing cases holding that "offer of proof must set forth the substance and purpose of the evidence"). Thus, the court concluded that defendant was not entitled to compel disclosure of the reporter's unpublished information. Id. at 156.
In opposing a Motion to Quash, the party seeking the information has the burden of proving that (1) the information sought is directly relevant to a substantial issue in the case; (2) there are no other reasonable means of obtaining the information; and (3) the interest in obtaining the information outweighs any First Amendment interest of the newsperson. These three elements must be established by a preponderance of the evidence. C.R.S. §§ 13-90-119(3)(a)–(c).
(C) there is an overriding public interest in the disclosure."
There have been no appellate cases interpreting the elements of the Shield Law, but guidance may be found in the case law applying the common-law standard developed primarily by federal courts. Under the federal court analysis, before the privilege can be overcome, the party seeking to compel disclosure of unpublished information or material from a journalist or publication bears the burden of showing: (1) that the information he seeks is material, relevant and necessary for his case -- that it goes to the heart of his case; (2) that there is no other source unprotected by the First Amendment from which the party could get the information; and (3) that he has exhausted other means of obtaining the information. Riley v. City of Chester, 612 F.2d 708, 716-717 (3 Cir.; 1979); Baker v. F & F Investment, 470 F.2d 778, 784-785 (2 Cir.; 1972), cert. den. 411 U.S. 966; Application to Quash Subpoena To National Broadcasting Co.: Krase v. Graco Children's Products, Inc., 79 F.3d 346, 353 (2 Cir. 1996); Carey v. Hume, 492 F.2d 631, 637-639 (D.C. Cir.; 1974); Garland v. Torre, 259 F.2d 545 (2 Cir.; 1958), cert. den., 358 U.S. 910. In making the showing as to exhaustion of alternative sources, it has been held, for instance, that requiring the taking of as many as 60 non-journalist depositions of those likely to possess the information is a legitimate exhaustion requirement. Baker, supra, cited in Carey, supra, at 639. The showing that the one seeking to overcome the privilege has the burden of making is "a clear and specific showing" and must be "a concern so compelling as to override the precious rights of freedom of speech and the press." United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 76-78 (2 Cir.; 1983); Baker, supra at 785.
A Superior Court judge applied the elements of the statute to a claim and found that prosecutors did not submit sufficient evidence "to show that the information was critical and necessary, that it sought specific information and had exhausted other available means of attaining that specific information, or that more than a generalized public interest in the disclosure existed." State v. Golder, Docket No. FST CR070161593T (Super. Ct. of Stamford-Norwalk, August 6, 2008, Kavanewsky, J.).
The journalist or other proponent of the privilege must establish that the privilege applies, i.e., that information was obtained with the intent and purpose of disseminating it to the public. Goldberg v. Amgen, Inc., 123 F. Supp. 3d 9, 15 (D.D.C. 2015); Hutira v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 211 F. Supp. 2d 115, 119 n.4 (D.D.C. 2002). Thereafter, the burden shifts to the party seeking the information to show that the information is highly relevant to its case, and that either no other available means of obtaining it exists or that all other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted. Zerilli v. Smith, 656 F.2d 705, 711-714 (D.C. Cir. 1981); Lee v. Dep't of Justice, 413 F.3d 53 (D.C. Cir. 2005). In Estate of Klieman v. Palestinian Authority, for example, the district court initially ordered the BBC to produce outtakes from a documentary after finding that those materials were relevant to plaintiffs' case and were unavailable from reasonable alternative sources, but it later stayed that ruling after subsequent discovery led to "uncertainty as to whether alternative sources of information are reasonably available." 18 F. Supp. 3d 4, 6 (D.D.C. 2014).
Once asserted, the privilege is presumed applicable, and the party seeking the information is required to overcome the presumption. 10 Del. C. § 4324.
The person seeking to invoke the privilege must first establish that he or she falls within the ambit of the shield law, i.e., that he or she is a member of the news media and that the information sought concerns a source or otherwise was collected or obtained while acting in an official newsgathering capacity. Prentice v. McPhilemy, 27 Med. L. Rptr. 2377, 2383 (D.C. Super. Ct. 1999). After a party establishes that information sought falls within the scope of the shield law, the burden shifts to the party seeking the information to show that it is not protected. The District's shield law accords absolute protection to news sources, whether confidential or not, and whether disclosed to third parties or not. Grunseth v. Marriott Corp., 868 F. Supp. 333, 336 (D.D.C. 1994); Prentice, 27 Med. L. Rptr. at 2381. Thus, if the person receiving the subpoena demonstrates that the requested information concerns sources of information obtained while acting in an official newsgathering or reporting capacity, the inquiry ends. However, if the information sought concerns material other than a source, then the court must perform the balancing test set out in D.C. Code §16-4703.
Once the journalist establishes that he or she is covered by the privilege, the burden shifts to the subpoenaing party to make a clear and specific showing that the privilege has been overcome. If the privilege has been overcome, then the judge must limit the compelled disclosure to those items of information for which the clear and specific showing has been made and must support the decision with clear and specific findings made after a hearing.
Once a member of the news media demonstrates that he or she is covered under the privilege, the challenged subpoena should be quashed unless the subpoenaing party can demonstrate either that the privilege has been waived or that the information sought (1) is material and relevant; (2) cannot be reasonably obtained by alternative means; and (3) is necessary to the proper preparation or presentation of the case of a party seeking the information, document, or item. O.C.G.A. § 24-5-508.
Georgia's appellate courts have repeatedly affirmed trial courts that have rejected showings as insufficient. See, e.g., Stripling v. State, 261 Ga. 1, 8-9 (1991); Nobles v. State, 201 Ga. App. 483, 486-87 (1991).
HRCP 45 and HRPP 17 state that a subpoena may be quashed "if it is unreasonable and oppressive." There are no cases applying that standard in the specific context of the reporters' privilege. The person moving to quash the subpoena has the burden of meeting the standard.
The Idaho cases do not discuss the burden of proof. However, as a practical matter and by analogy to other testimonial privileges, the reporter will bear the burden in the first instance of convincing the court that the reporter's privilege is properly considered upon the particular facts, as a matter of law. At that point, the burden should presumably shift to the party seeking to compel the reporter's testimony to prove that the elements of the Branzburg test adopted by the Idaho Supreme Court in the Wright case support overcoming the presumed protection afforded by the privilege against compelled disclosure. In other words, the party seeking the testimony or information ought to carry the burden of proof on establishing that the reporter has information clearly relevant to a specific probable violation of law; that the information cannot be obtained by alternative means less destructive of First Amendment rights and that there is an overriding and compelling interest to be served by requiring the reporter to provide such information. See In re Wright, 108 Idaho 418, 421, 700 P.2d 40, 43 (1985).
Nonetheless, as a practical matter, the more proof the reporter can offer to demonstrate that the test cannot be satisfied, the more likely that the subpoena will be quashed, regardless of where the court assigns the burden.
Although the Statute does not explicitly state a standard of proof, section 8-905 states that "all proceedings in connection with obtaining an adjudication upon the application not otherwise provided in Part 9 of Article VIII of this [Statute] shall be as in other civil cases." A petitioner seeking disclosure must prove compliance with the statutory requirements by a preponderance of the evidence; with regard to the issue of exhaustion, this burden amounts to requiring the petitioner to prove a negative. In re Arya, 226 Ill. App. 3d 848, 589 N.E.2d 832 (1992); People v. McKee, 2014 IL App (3d) 130696 ¶ 10, 24 N.E.3d 75, 43 Media L. Rep. 1123 (2014).
Generally, the burden is on the party moving to quash a subpoena for documents to show why the documents should not be produced. Newton v. Yates, 353 N.E.2d 485, 501 (Ind. App. 1976).
It is unclear who has the burden under the First Amendment reporter's privilege recognized for civil cases in Matter of Stearns (Vollmer v. Zulka), 489 N.E.2d 146 (Ind. App. 1986), although the court cites a Texas case giving the burden to the discovering party.
If the subpoenaed party falls into the protected class of journalists, his or her information is deemed presumptively privileged. Lamberto, 326 N.W.2d at 309. Thereafter, the burden falls on the requesting party to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, a substantial need for the information and that other means of attaining the information have been exhausted. Id.
The language of the Kansas shield law allocates the burden of making a showing sufficient to overcome the rights of the journalist to the party seeking disclosure. In addition, as noted elsewhere, there are at least three decisions in non-journalist cases that suggest a party seeking "confidential" information must demonstrate that it is unavailable from other sources. In federal cases, the burden is on the litigant seeking to overcome the privilege claim to demonstrate that the information in issue is crucial to his or her case and that it is unavailable from other sources.
K.S.A. 60-482. This provision has yet to be analyzed or construed by the Kansas appellate courts.
Generally, Kentucky law places the burden to prove the applicability of a privilege on the party who asserts the privilege. See Richmond Health Facilities-Madison, LP v. Clouse, 473 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Ky. 2015); Stidham v. Clark, 74 S.W.3d 719, 725 (Ky. 2002). With specific reference to the reporter's shield law, KRS 421.100, Kentucky courts have held that "a fishing expedition will not be tolerated," that a litigant's right to information must be weighed against "the importance of freedom of the press," and that "the limited statutory privilege in KRS 421.100 must be observed." Lexington Herald-Leader Co. v. Beard, 690 S.W.2d 374, 379 (Ky. 1984).
Once a news media member demonstrates that he is covered under the privilege, the burden of proof lies on the party seeking the information. La. R.S. 45:1459(B)(1). The burden of proof rests on the subpoenaing party to make a "clear and convincing showing" that the privilege does not apply. Id.
For confidential sources and information, the burden of proof is "preponderance of the evidence." 16 M.R.S.A. 61(2). The burden of proof generally falls on the party seeking access to the requested information.
The Maryland Shield Law explicitly requires a showing of "clear and convincing evidence" by the party seeking disclosure of protected news or information. Md. Cts. & Jud. Proc. Code Ann. § 9-112(d)(1) (2017).
The party seeking to quash the subpoena has the burden of showing that the subpoena is unreasonable and oppressive. Mass. R. Civ. P 45(b).
In the usual case, if one can get the Court to recognize the privilege, then the burden is on the issuer to establish that the information is relevant, essential to the case and not obtainable from any other source. However, the reporter may have to demonstrate confidentiality to the extent that it was a factor.
If the subpoena is issued under the Grand Jury statute or the Prosecutor's statute, if the privilege applies, the subpoena is quashed. However, if the grand jury proceeding is investigating a crime which provides for life imprisonment, then the issuer of the subpoena must meet the Branzburg test: the information which is sought must be essential to the purpose of the proceeding and other available sources of the information have been exhausted.
Under the Prosecutor's subpoena statute MCL 767A.6, the privilege applies to news gatherers unless they are the target of the investigation or the material sought has been published. The Prosecutor has the burden of showing one or the other if she wants to enforce the subpoena against a news gatherer.
The person seeking to compel disclosure of information protected by the shield statute in a criminal case must establish each element for one of the exceptions by "clear and convincing evidence." Minn. Stat. § 595.024 subd.2.
In a defamation action, §595.025 "requires an affirmative showing, with concrete evidence, that disclosure of the source will lead to persuasive evidence on the elements of a defamation claim. District courts, when conducting this analysis, must necessarily review the merits of the defamation claim, but will not . . . impose a prima-facie-case requirement." Range Development Co. of Chisholm v. Star Tribune, 885 N.W.2d 500, 505 (Minn. App. 2016); id. at 511 ("the act puts the burden on [plaintiff], not [the reporter] to demonstrate that the source has relevant information and to establish probable cause that this information is clearly relevant to falsity or actual malice. . . . While this demonstration need not rise to the level of establishing a prima facie case, it does require an affirmative showing. And the burden of that showing falls on [plaintiff], not [the reporter]."); id. at 509 ("when examining whether a party has affirmatively shown that disclosure of the source will lead to persuasive evidence, we conclude that a district court should objectively assess the proffered evidence.").
The party seeking the information must show: (1) The testimony of the reporter is highly relevant to the seeking party's case; (2) there is a compelling need for the testimony sufficient to override the reporter's First Amendment privilege; and (3) the seeking party has unsuccessfully attempted to obtain the information possessed by the reporter from other sources.
If a reporter demonstrates that he is covered under the state shield law, the privilege is absolute.
The statutory privilege applies to all unpublished or nonbroadcast information. Once the reporter establishes that he or she is entitled to the privilege (i.e., that he or she was engaged in procuring, etc., news or other information for dissemination to the public), no statutory exceptions allow the subpoenaing party to overcome the privilege. It is possible that a criminal defendant may overcome the privilege by demonstrating violation of his or her Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial. While no Nebraska cases address this issue, courts in other jurisdictions have required the defendant to establish that the information sought is admissible in evidence, central or crucial to the defense, and not otherwise available or obtainable.
(3) by a balance of the probabilities, there is a reasonable possibility that the information sought as evidence would affect the verdict in his case.
See State v. Siel, 122 N.H. 254, 259-60. The First Circuit Court of Appeals endorsed the same test in a libel action with the media defendant. See Gray v. St. Martin's Press, 221 F.3d 243, 253 (2000). The burden of proof is discussed at length in the opinion issued in New Hampshire v. Siel, 7 Med. L. Rptr. 1904 (1981), by Justice David Souter, then a trial judge in the New Hampshire Superior Court.
Once a reporter or editor has demonstrated that he or she is a member of the news media and the information was gathered in the course of pursuing his/her professional activities in a civil matter, the privilege is absolute, and only a criminal defendant can proceed to attempt to compel testimony. In criminal proceedings the privilege is not absolute; it may be pierced by a criminal defendant upon a showing that "by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a reasonable probability that the subpoenaed materials are relevant, material and necessary to the defense, that they could not be secured from any less intrusive source, that the value of the material sought as it bears upon the issue of guilt or innocence outweighs the privilege against disclosure, and that the request is not overbroad, oppressive, or unreasonably burdensome which may be overcome by evidence that all or part of the information sought is irrelevant, immaterial, unnecessary to the defense, or that it can be secured from another source." Even after the defendant makes such a showing the court is required to review the materials or potential testimony in camera to determine the admissibility. Only if the court also finds the materials and/or testimony will be admissible will it order the materials produced or the reporter to testify.
The party seeking disclosure of confidential information or sources must demonstrate an exception to the reporter's privilege "by a preponderance of evidence, including all reasonable inferences." Rule 11-514(C) NMRA.
The party seeking to overcome a reporter's qualified privilege bears the burden of proof and must establish entitlement to the testimony or materials by the greater weight of evidence. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8-53.11(c).
There is no standard of proof expressly stated in the case law. Generally, however, courts require the party serving the subpoena to demonstrate that failure to disclose will cause a miscarriage of justice.
In order to overcome a privilege, a party must show that the information was relevant, could not be obtained from alternative sources, and furthered a compelling need. See, e.g., State v. Daniel, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 89-T-4214, 1990 WL 237188, (Dec. 31, 1990).
There are no statutory or case law rules regarding standard of proof, except that in arguing that compulsory process entitles a criminal defendant to overcome the privilege, the defendant must establish that the information sought is both material and favorable. State ex rel Meyer v. Howell, 86 Or. App. 570, 579, 740 P.2d 792, 797 (1987).
The Pennsylvania Shield Law provides an absolute privilege against compelled disclosure of confidential source information. There is no case law specifically addressing who maintains the burden of establishing the applicability of the Shield Law to the subpoenaed information.
With respect to the First Amendment privilege, the party seeking disclosure bears the burden of proof. Commonwealth v. Bowden, 838 A.2d 740, 743 (Pa. 2003). The party seeking disclosure must do "more than demonstrate a mere possibility that a media entity possesses relevant information." Davis v. Glanton, 705 A.2d 879, 886 (Pa. Super. 1997). It must meet the three-part test, showing that "(1) it has made an effort to obtain the information from other sources; (2) the information is only accessible through the reporters and their sources; and (3) the information is critical to the case." Castellani v. Scranton Times, L.P., 956 A.2d 937, 950 n.11 (Pa. 2008) (citing Bowden, 838 A.2d at 752). Courts can compel disclosure only if they are able to make "specific findings of necessity." Glanton, 705 A.2d at 886; see also United States v. Criden, 633 F.2d 346, 358-59 (3d Cir. 1980).
The South Carolina statute provides that the party seeking to compel testimony or production must establish either waiver of the privilege or the enumerated factors to overcome the privilege by clear and convincing evidence.
Certainly the burden of "going forward" will fall on the media contesting the subpoena. Once the privilege is raised, however, the burden of proof for the five-factor test in Hopewell, seems to fall on the party seeking to compel disclosure. However, absent any articulation of the actual standard of proof, it is probably mere preponderance.
The shield law provides that the party seeking to enforce a subpoena directed to a reporter must show by clear and convincing evidence three elements: (A) there is probable cause that the information sought by the subpoena is clearly relevant to a specific probable violation of law; (B) the information sought cannot be obtained by alternative means; and (C) there is a compelling and overriding public interest in the information. Tenn. Code § 24-1-208(c)(2). See Haney v. Copeland, 291 B.R. 740, 756 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2003) (stating that a party's application for divestiture will be denied if all three requirements of subsection (c)(2) are not proven by clear and convincing evidence); Moore v. Domino's Pizza, L.L.C., 199 F.R.D. 598 (W.D. Tenn. 2000) (stating that each of the three factors set forth in section 24-1-208(c) must be established by clear and convincing evidence to divest a news reporter of the privilege); State ex rel. Gerbitz v. Curriden, 738 S.W.2d 192 (Tenn. 1987); State v. Kendrick, 178 S.W.3d 734, 737 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005); State v. Shaffer, No. 89-208-II, 1990 WL 3347,1990 Tenn. App. LEXIS 21, 17 Med. L. Rptr. 3347 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990) (stating that, unless and until each element set forth in subsection (c)(2) is proven by clear and convincing evidence, the court will not enter an order divesting the privilege).
The standard of proof under the civil and criminal provisions of the Texas Free Flow of Information Act for a subpoenaing party is a "clear and specific showing." This standard is more than a preponderance of the evidence but likely less than clear and convincing evidence. The standard was taken from language in the case of Channel Two Television Co. v. Dickerson, 725 S.W.2d 470, 472 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no writ).
In the criminal context, the burden is also on the subpoenaing party; however, the test that must be met varies based upon whether one is seeking confidential or non-confidential source information or published or unpublished documents. When a confidential source is involved, there is a privilege except to the extent that (1) the journalist was an eye witness to a felony, (2) the journalist received a confession of the commission of a felony, or (3) probable cause exists that the source committed a felony. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.11, §§4(a)(1)-(3). In those three scenarios, the only hurdle one must overcome before calling the journalist to testify is establishing by clear and specific evidence that they have exhausted all reasonable efforts to get the information elsewhere. Id. Further, a journalist can be compelled to give up his confidential source if disclosure is reasonably necessary to stop or prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.11, §4(a)(4).
With regard to unpublished materials (i.e., work product) and non-confidential sources in the criminal setting, the subpoenaing party must make a clear and specific showing that: (1) all reasonable efforts have been exhausted to obtain the information from alternative sources; (2) the information sought is relevant and material to the proper administration of the official proceeding and is essential to the maintenance of a claim or defense of the person seeking the information; or (3) the information sought is central to the investigation or prosecution of a criminal case and based on something other than the assertion of the person requesting the subpoena, reasonable grounds exist to believe that a crime has occurred. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.11, §5(a). The court should also consider several other factors including the reasonableness, timely notice, the balancing of interests involved and the speculative nature of the subpoena when considering an order to compel testimony. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.11, §5(b).
With respect to confidential source information and confidential unpublished news information, the burden of proof is on the party seeking such information. See Utah R. Evid. 509(b) & (c). With respect to nonconfidential unpublished news information, the initial burden of proof is upon the party claiming the privilege to demonstrate that "the interest of a continued free flow of information to news reporters outweighs the need for disclosure." See Rule 509(d). This burden is satisfied by applying the factors set forth in Silkwood and Bottomly, i.e. materiality and relevance of information sought, availability of information from alternative source, the type of controversy, as well as other public interest factors. See Utah R. Evid. 509 advisory committee note (1998). Once a news reporter establishes that application of the Siklkwood/Bottomly and public interest factors weigh in favor of non-disclosure, the burden shifts to the party seeking disclosure of the information.
Information received or gathered by a journalist in confidence is entitled to absolute protection and cannot be compelled to be produced in any situation. 12 V.S.A. § 1615(b)(1). Once a motion to quash is filed and a reporter's qualified privilege has been asserted for non-confidential information, the party seeking the information bears the burden of demonstrating to the court that it can meet each part of the three-part statutory test to overcome the privilege. Id. at § 1615(b)(2). The statute places the burden squarely on "the party seeking the news or information" to establish, "by clear and convincing evidence," that the test has been met. Id. This standard has real teeth. As the Vermont Supreme Court has explained, "[c]lear and convincing evidence is a 'very demanding' standard, requiring somewhat less than evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, but more than a preponderance of the evidence" and is a "heightened burden of proof." In re E.T., 2004 VT 111, ¶ 12, 177 Vt. 405, 865 A.2d 416 (Vt. 2004) (emphasis added) (quoting In re N.H., 168 Vt. 508, 512 (Vt. 1998)). While the clear and convincing evidence standard "does not require that evidence in support of a fact be uncontradicted," it does require that "the fact's existence be 'highly probable.'" Id. (quoting In re N.H., 168 Vt. at 512).
When a member of the news media validly asserts the reporter's privilege, the burden then shifts to the subpoenaing party to demonstrate that the privilege should be overcome.
In civil actions at least, "good cause" is required for the issuance of a protective order under CR 26(c); Rhinehart v. Seattle Times Co., 98 Wn. 2d 226, 654 P.2d 673 (1982).
Section 2 of the shield statute requires "clear and convincing evidence" before requiring the news media to produce journalist work product. See RCW 5.68.010(2).
In civil and administrative proceedings, a subpoenaing party may overcome the qualified reporter's privilege only if it can make "a clear and specific showing that the information is highly material and relevant, necessary or critical to the maintenance of the claim, and not obtainable from other available sources." Hudok, 389 S.E.2d at 193. In criminal proceedings, a criminal defendant must make a similar showing, "with particularity," as it relates to his theory or theories of defense, meaning, he must explain "what information he/she expects the media material to contain. A mere bald assertion, standing alone, that the allegedly privileged information satisfies the requisite criteria will not suffice. Ranson, 488 S.E.2d at 12. When the subpoenaing party seeks to compel a reporter to disclose the identity of a confidential source, that party has the added burden of proving such testimony or information "is necessary to prevent imminent death, serious bodily injury or unjust incarceration." W.Va. Code § 57-3-10.


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Q: Where are OpenCV's Video Surveilance BlobTracker classes? This is an embarrassingly daft question but I cannot find a class. I'm working on a motion tracking application to count cars passing a building and note their colour. I'm using EmguCV, a .Net managed wrapper around OpenCV.
In the EmguCV samples there is an application Emgu.CV.Example\VideoSurveilance which would be a great start for my application, but I would like to look at the underlying OpenCV classes to see what parameters they work with.
Here's a simple line from the EmguCV example code:
_tracker = new BlobTrackerAuto<Bgr>();

then later:
_tracker.Process(frame, forgroundMask);
foreach (MCvBlob blob in _tracker)
{

Tracing that code back into the EmguCV source-code we find the following code in the Emgu.CV.VideoSurveillance namespace in the EmguCV core project:
public void Process(Image<TColor, Byte> currentFrame, Image<Gray, Byte> foregroundMask)
{
    CvInvoke.CvBlobTrackerAutoProcess(_ptr, currentFrame.Ptr, foregroundMask == null ? IntPtr.Zero : foregroundMask.Ptr);
}

[DllImport(CvInvoke.EXTERN_LIBRARY, CallingConvention = CvInvoke.CvCallingConvention)]
internal extern static void CvBlobTrackerAutoProcess(IntPtr tracker, IntPtr pImg, IntPtr pMask);

So somewhere in the OpenCV API reference I should be able to find a method like CvBlobTrackerAutoProcess. But I cannot find anything to do with BlobTrackerAuto at all.
So this is a long-winded way of asking where in the OpenCV API hierarchy are the BlobTracker classes?

A: The corresponding code is @ https://github.com/Itseez/opencv/blob/master/modules/legacy/src/blobtrackingauto.cpp#L206. It doesn't seem to be searchable/listed in docs. I suggest you just download the code and see. There are a number of classes implemented which might not all be exposed by Emgu.

A: CvBlobTrackerAuto is in the legacy module, but I can't see CvBlobTrackerAutoProcess.  This question is somewhat related: Why is the CvBlobDetector in openCV in the legacy lib?

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Q: How to make UICollectionView's height autoresizable and scrollable? I have a ViewController that uses 2 CollectionViews (Horizontal like insta-stories and Vertical (black ones)). I faced the problem that Vertical CollectionView isn't resizable and, as a result, I can't scroll it down to get all the cells. Is there any ways to make the whole page be scrollable in order to display my cells properly or I have to use a TableViewController for that? Thanks
Here is a code
private var postsCollectionView: UICollectionView?

override func viewDidLoad() {
    super.viewDidLoad()
    ...
    initializePosts()
}
func initializePosts() {
    let layout = UICollectionViewFlowLayout()
    layout.scrollDirection = .vertical
    layout.itemSize = CGSize(width: 380, height: 285)
    layout.sectionInset = UIEdgeInsets(top: 0, left: 0, bottom: 0, right: 0)
    layout.minimumLineSpacing = 30
    postsCollectionView = UICollectionView(frame: .zero, collectionViewLayout: layout)
    postsCollectionView?.register(PostCell.self, forCellWithReuseIdentifier: PostCell.identifier)
    postsCollectionView?.showsHorizontalScrollIndicator = false
    postsCollectionView?.showsVerticalScrollIndicator = false
    postsCollectionView?.contentInsetAdjustmentBehavior = .always
    postsCollectionView?.delegate = self
    postsCollectionView?.dataSource = self
    postsCollectionView?.backgroundColor = .blue
    guard let postsCollections = postsCollectionView else {
        return
    }
    view.addSubview(postsCollections)
}
...
override func viewDidLayoutSubviews() {
    super.viewDidLayoutSubviews()
    postsCollectionView?.frame = CGRect(x: 0, y: 330, width: view.frame.size.width, height: view.frame.size.height).integral
}

A: You can use several methods.
First, add postsCollectionView to the top view of the view controller, attach the edges and constraints of the view, and then register the section header (UICollectionReusableView) in postsCollectionView, and put a horizontal collection view similar to Instagram in the section header.
Second, a vertical scroll view is added to the top view of the view controller, and the edges and constraints of the view are applied, and a horizontal collection view similar to Instagram is added to the vertical scroll view, and postsCollectionView is added. At this time, Collection View should be dynamically created so that its own size is the same as the size of the content by referring to the following link.


Creativity is characterised by the ability to perceive the world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, to make connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena, and to generate solutions. Creativity involves two processes: thinking, and producing.
Creativity is the process of bringing something new into being. Creativity requires passion and commitment. It brings to our awareness what was previously hidden and points to new life. "The experience is one of heightened consciousness: ecstasy" says Rollo May in The Courage to Create.
Creativity is perhaps the most crucial factor for future success. To challenge the present. To imagine the future. To add value to commodities, and machines, and artificial intelligence. To engage people. To be human. To progress.
A 2012 Adobe study on creativity shows 8 in 10 people feel that unlocking creativity is critical to economic growth and nearly two-thirds of respondents feel creativity is valuable to society, yet a striking minority, only 1 in 4 people, believe they are living up to their own creative potential.
So what can we learn from some of the world's most creative people?
Creativity is not a domain of only a chosen few, according to David Kelley founder of the world's top design firm IDEO. And it shouldn't be something that's divided between "creatives" versus "practical" people. Telling stories from his legendary design career and his own life, he offers ways to build confidence to create.
Author Elizabeth Gilbert was once an "unpublished diner waitress", devastated by rejection letters. And yet, in the wake of the success of her best-selling book Eat, Pray, Love, she found herself identifying strongly with her former self. With beautiful insight, Gilbert reflects on why success can be as disorienting as failure and offers a simple, though hard, way to carry on, regardless of outcomes.
Carlos Cruz-Diez is a world-renowned artist and one of the greatest living figures in kinetic and op art. He creates interactive, immersive works that invite viewers to reconsider how they perceive the world – and at 94 years old, he continues to evolve as an artist, employing the newest digital technology in his Paris atelier, where he works with his children, his grandchildren, and a team of craftspeople who help bring his ideas to life.
Maya Penn, entrepreneur … says it is about being responsible.
Maya Penn started her first company when she was just eight years old, and thinks deeply about how to be responsible both to her customers and to the planet. She shares her story, and some animations, and some designs, and some infectious energy, in this charming talk. Hopefully, it will inspire you to launch your own business, find a different career path or start a fun side project.
Dustin Yellin makes mesmerising artwork that tells complex, myth-inspired stories. How did he develop his style? In this disarming talk, he shares the journey of an artist, starting from age eight, and his idiosyncratic way of thinking and seeing. Follow the path that leads him up to his latest major work, and be inspired by his journey so far.
Photographer Boniface Mwangi wanted to protest against corruption in his home country of Kenya. So he made a plan: he and some friends would stand up and heckle during a public mass meeting. But when the moment came… he stood alone. What happened next, he says, showed him who he truly was. As he says, "There are two most powerful days in your life. The day you are born, and the day you discover why." Be warned, there are graphic images in the following talk.
Taika Waititi is a visual artist, actor, writer and film director hailing from New Zealand. His short film Two Cars, One Night was nominated for an Academy Award in 2005. Taika's second feature, Boy, appeared at the Sundance and Berlin Film Festivals in 2010 and, more recently, his Hunt for the Wilderpeople enjoyed huge global success. In this classic TED Talk, he discusses how creativity has helped him to express his ideas and led him to where he is today.
Some people say creativity has nothing to do with innovation— that innovation is a discipline, implying that creativity is not. Wrong! Creativity is also a discipline and a crucial part of the innovation equation. There is no innovation without creativity. The key metric in both creativity and innovation is value creation.
We are living in the age of creativity.
Pink argues that left-brain linear, analytical computer-like thinking is being replaced by right-brain empathy, inventiveness, and understanding as skills most needed by business. In other words, creativity gives you a competitive advantage by adding value to your service or product and differentiating your business from the competition. Without creativity, you are doomed to compete in commodity hell.
Creativity begins with a foundation of knowledge, learning a discipline, and mastering a way of thinking. You can learn to be creative by experimenting, exploring, questioning assumptions, using imagination and synthesing information. Learning to be creative is akin to learning a sport. It requires practice to develop the right muscles and a supportive environment in which to flourish.
Richard Branson has a mantra that runs through the DNA of Virgin companies. The mantra is A-B-C-D. (Always Be Connecting the Dots). Creativity is a practice, and if you practice using these five discovery skills every day, you will develop your skills in creativity and innovation.
Fast Company has just published the 50 Most Creative People in Business 2018.
She turned Gone Girl and Wild into breakout films and followed them up with HBO's Big Little Lies, sweeping nearly every category for which it was nominated at the 2017 Emmys. Her instinct for what women want is now being tested on multiple platforms through her pioneering 18-month-old company, Hello Sunshine. Witherspoon and her team are developing a slew of shows and films – with Apple TV, Hulu, NBC, TriStar/Sony Pictures, and more – while also building a direct-to-consumer brand through a fast-growing and influential book club, Facebook and YouTube videos, audiobooks, podcasts, and newsletters.
Netflix's army of subscribers—125 million and counting—drive the investor confidence that saw the company's stock rise 60% in the first four months of this year. And it's Chris Jaffe's task to get those folks to click on, and enjoy, enough TV shows and movies that they'll stick around. As the company prepares to roll out 80 original movies in 2018, here's how Jaffe is adapting user experience and playing matchmaker to keep engagement high.
Amazon earned its e-commerce bona fides more than 20 years ago by reducing the checkout process to a single click. The company's new Amazon Go store, in downtown Seattle, represents a similar revolution. Gianna Puerini has redesigned the neighborhood grocery as a cashier-free experience. People queued up around the block when Go opened in January. Amazon is reportedly planning to open up to six more this year, and the "just walk out" concept has already been cloned in China.


The Canon EOS 1200D (called Canon T5 in some regions) and the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 IV are two digital cameras that were officially introduced, respectively, in February 2014 and June 2015. The 1200D is a DSLR, while the RX100 IV is a fixed lens compact. The cameras are based on an APS-C (1200D) and an one-inch (RX100 IV) sensor. The Canon has a resolution of 17.9 megapixels, whereas the Sony provides 20 MP. Read on to find out how these two cameras compare with respect to their body size, their sensors, their features, their input-output connections, and their reception by expert reviewers.
The side-by-side display below illustrates the physical size and weight of the Canon 1200D and the Sony RX100 IV. The two cameras are presented according to their relative size. Three consecutive views from the front, the top, and the rear side are shown. All width, height and depth dimensions are rounded to the nearest millimeter.
If the front view area (width x height) of the cameras is taken as an aggregate measure of their size, the Sony RX100 IV is considerably smaller (54 percent) than the Canon 1200D. In this context, it is worth noting that neither the 1200D nor the RX100 IV are weather-sealed.
The above size and weight comparisons are to some extent incomplete and possibly misleading, as the RX100 IV has a lens built in, whereas the 1200D is an interchangeable lens camera that requires a separate lens. Attaching the latter will add extra weight and bulk to the setup. You can compare the optics available for the 1200D and their specifications in the Canon EF Lens Catalog.
Concerning battery life, the 1200D gets 500 shots out of its LP-E10 battery, while the RX100 IV can take 280 images on a single charge of its NP-BX1 power pack. The power pack in the RX100 IV can be charged via the USB port, which can be very convenient when travelling.
Of the two cameras under consideration, the Canon 1200D features an APS-C sensor and the Sony RX100 IV an one-inch sensor. The sensor area in the RX100 IV is 65 percent smaller. As a result of these sensor size differences, the cameras have a format factor of, respectively, 1.6 and 2.7. Both cameras have a native aspect ratio (sensor width to sensor height) of 3:2.
Despite having a smaller sensor, the RX100 IV offers a higher resolution of 20 megapixels, compared with 17.9 MP of the 1200D. This megapixels advantage comes at the cost of a higher pixel density and a smaller size of the individual pixel (with a pixel pitch of 2.41μm versus 4.31μm for the 1200D). However, it should be noted that the RX100 IV is a somewhat more recent model (by 1 year and 3 months) than the 1200D, and its sensor might have benefitted from technological advances during this time that partly offset its pixel-size disadvantage.
The Canon EOS 1200D has a native sensitivity range from ISO 100 to ISO 6400, which can be extended to ISO 100-12800. The corresponding ISO settings for the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 IV are ISO 125 to ISO 12800, with the possibility to increase the ISO range to 80-25600..
Since 2007, DXO Mark has published sensor performance measurements that have been derived using a consistent methodology. This service assesses and scores the color depth ("DXO Portrait"), dynamic range ("DXO Landscape"), and low-light sensitivity ("DXO Sports") of camera sensors, and also publishes an overall camera score. Of the two cameras under consideration, the RX100 IV has a markedly higher DXO score than the 1200D (overall score 7 points higher), which will translate into better image quality. The advantage is based on 0.9 bits higher color depth, 1.3 EV in additional dynamic range, and 0.3 stops of reduced low light sensitivity. The table below summarizes the physical sensor characteristics and sensor quality findings and compares them across a set of similar cameras.
Many modern cameras are not only capable of taking still images, but also of capturing video footage. The two cameras under consideration both have sensors whose read-out speed is fast enough to capture moving pictures, but the RX100 IV provides a better video resolution than the 1200D. It can shoot movie footage at 4K/30p, while the Canon is limited to 1080/30p.
Apart from body and sensor, cameras can and do differ across a variety of features. For example, the RX100 IV has an electronic viewfinder (2359k dots), while the 1200D has an optical one. Both systems have their advantages, with the electronic viewfinder making it possible to project supplementary shooting information into the framing view, whereas the optical viewfinder offers lag-free viewing and a very clear framing image. The viewfinder in the RX100 IV offers a wider field of view (100%) than the one in the 1200D (95%), so that a larger proportion of the captured image is visible in the finder. On the other hand, the viewfinder of the 1200D has a higher magnification (0.50x vs 0.22x), so that the size of the image transmitted appears closer to the size seen with the naked human eye. The following table reports on some other key feature differences and similarities of the Canon 1200D, the Sony RX100 IV, and comparable cameras.
The RX100 IV has an articulated screen that can be turned to be front-facing. This characteristic will be appreciated by vloggers and photographers who are interested in taking selfies. In contrast, the 1200D does not have a selfie-screen.
The reported shutter speed information refers to the use of the mechanical shutter. Yet, some cameras only have an electronic shutter, while others have an electronic shutter in addition to a mechanical one. In fact, the RX100 IV is one of those camera that have an additional electronic shutter, which makes completely silent shooting possible. However, this mode is less suitable for photographing moving objects (risk of rolling shutter) or shooting under artificial light sources (risk of flickering).
The 1200D writes its imaging data to SDXC cards, while the RX100 IV uses SDXC or Memory Stick PRO Duo cards. The RX100 IV supports UHS-I cards (Ultra High Speed data transfer of up to 104 MB/s), while the 1200D cannot take advantage of Ultra High Speed SD cards.
For some imaging applications, the extent to which a camera can communicate with its environment can be an important aspect in the camera decision process. The table below provides an overview of the connectivity of the Canon EOS 1200D and Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 IV and, in particular, the interfaces the cameras (and selected comparators) provide for accessory control and data transfer.
It is notable that the 1200D has a hotshoe, while the RX100 IV does not. This socket makes it possible to easily attach optional accessories, such as an external flash gun.
Both the 1200D and the RX100 IV have been discontinued, but can regularly be found used on eBay. The 1200D was replaced by the Canon 1300D, while the RX100 IV was followed by the Sony RX100 IV. Further information on the two cameras, as well as related accessories, can be found on the official Canon and Sony websites.
So how do things add up? Is the Canon 1200D better than the Sony RX100 IV or vice versa? Below is a summary of the relative strengths of each of the two contestants.
More detailed LCD: Has a higher resolution rear screen (1228k vs 460k dots).
If the count of relative strengths (bullet points above) is taken as a measure, the RX100 IV is the clear winner of the contest (19 : 7 points). However, the relevance of individual strengths will vary across photographers, so that you might want to apply your own weighing scheme to the summary points when reflecting and deciding on a new camera.
Do the specifications of the Canon 1200D and the Sony RX100 IV place the cameras among the top in their class? Find out in the latest Best DSLR Camera and Best Travel-Zoom Camera listings.
In any case, while the comparison of technical specifications can provide a useful overview of the capabilities of different cameras, it remains partial and cannot reveal, for example, the shooting experience and imaging performance when actually working with the 1200D or the RX100 IV. User reviews, such as those found at amazon, can sometimes inform about these issues, but such feedback is often incomplete, inconsistent, and biased.


It is fall in North Idaho…or maybe it's winter. From the view out of my window, I would have to say…it's wintery looking. Today, snow is flying! It makes me want to stay cozy, and bundled in my house. It makes me want to blast some great music and cook comfort food. So that's exactly what's on the agenda today.
First up a Chicken Pot Pie! Hold up…all of you veg-heads out there. Before you start getting all up in my business, about the fact that I am a vegetarian, and chicken pot pie contains….well…chicken. Yes! You are correct. But as a Mama of kids that love my cooking, who have moved out of our house, and do not get home-cooked meals very often, unless it is "home-cooked" Ramen noodles, on OCCASION I cook for the offspring no longer gracing our presence on a daily basis. And today…this one is for our daughter. She LOVES chicken potpies. I am still scratching my head, and clueless as to why. But if Ramen is your way of life, think of the step-up she will be getting today! A HUGE step up. Because unlike her other "store bought" pies, this will be "real" food, from my kitch, and made with tons of love. She will think she hit the jackpot!!
For our dinner, I found a new recipe I am trying out. A Pumpkin Sage Pasta. Still lovin' the pumpkin, and usually do until AT LEAST the New Year. It is just the epitome of fall for me. I love the taste, and the smell it gives my house as I cook it!
Cook pasta according to package instructions. Meanwhile, combine remaining ingredients in a small saucepan and heat over low heat until thoroughly warm, about 5 minutes. Taste, adding more sage if desired, plus salt and pepper to taste.
Cover and let sauce rest for 5 to 10 minutes, allowing the flavors to merge and sauce to thicken slightly. Toss cooked pasta with pumpkin sauce and taste, adding more salt and pepper as needed. Garnish with vegan Parmesan if desired.
This entry was posted in Recipes I Love and tagged Fall recipes, Healthy Eating, Pasta, Pumpkin, Vegan Cooking. Bookmark the permalink.


One of the earliest stages of the profile of the logo goes back to the Rolling Stones' poster for their canceled Cardiff Castle and Pembroke Castle shows. The stock paper poster featured a dragon with the tongue and lips in front of a mythical castle and utilized a five-color print process. Design by K Burness.


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Persian-Roman Rivalry
This is a video with music by Sepehr, titled "Parthian Wedding Dance" which explores the Persian-Roman encounters during the Parthian and Sassanid Persian Dynasties that ruled in present day Iran.
Ruling from 247 BC to 228 AD in ancient Persia, the Parthians defeated Alexander of Macedonia's successors, the Seleucids, conquered most of the Middle East and southwest Asia and built Parthia into the Eastern superpower.
The use of the bow as a weapon made the Parthians an effective military force. The Parthians were greatly feared by the Romans. They were, in fact, the only combatants in ancient times able to destroy an entire Roman legion at the height of its power (they wiped out the army of Crassus, the Roman general who had earlier crushed the Spartacus slave rebellion).
While Rome was able to recover from its disaster at Cannae(their defeat by Hannibal of Carthage), it never did retrieve the results of Carrhae, the defeat by the Parthians, that sealed the East as an impenetrable barrier to Roman ambition, and also signaled the demise of the Republic.
The Parthian shot was a military tactic made famous by the Parthians. The Parthian archers, mounted on light horse, would feign retreat; then, while at a full gallop, turn their bodies back to shoot at the pursuing enemy. The maneuver required superb equestrian skills, since the rider's hands were occupied by his bow. As the stirrup had not been invented at the time of the Parthians, the rider relied solely on pressure from his legs to guide his horse. Some believe the term "parting shot" originated from the 'Parthian Shot".
Under the Sassanid Dynasty, King Shapur I of Persia, defeated and captured the Roman Emperor, Valerian, the only time in history a Roman Emperor was captured by the enemy.
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The exhibition will present the important and representative works by German artist Joseph Beuys (1921 - 1986) and Korean-American artist Nam June Paik (1932 - 2006) throughout their artistic careers, and further discuss the cooperation and close relationship between these two avant-garde artists in the 20th century. The exhibition title, Lettres du Voyant ('Letters of the Seer') derives from the works (letters) titled Lettres du Voyant by Arthur Rimbaud (1854 –1891), a French poet who is well known for his contributions to Symbolism and his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism. Beuys and Paik's works personify the context at the time and their experiences. Lettres ('Letters') implies the inextricable relations between the works of Joseph Beuys and Nam June Paik, and suggests the profound friendship between these two significant artists developed in the Fluxus art movement.


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International Conservation Fund of Canada
44 Queen Street #3
Executive Director: Molly Bartlett
Board Chair: John McWilliams
About International Conservation Fund of Canada:
Founded in 2007, International Conservation Fund of Canada (ICFC) strives for the long-term preservation of nature and biodiversity across the world. ICFC focuses on projects in tropical regions, where it argues that nature is most threatened and conservation is least funded. International Conservation Fund of Canada works with local partners and Indigenous groups to protect land and wildlife in South America, Asia, and Africa. In F2019, the charity spent $5.0m on 44 conservation projects. ICFC's headquarters are in Chester, Nova Scotia.
International Conservation Fund of Canada's projects fall into four main areas: Land Conservation, Threatened Species, Shorebird Initiative, and Marine Conservation.
Land Conservation projects were 63% of program spending in F2019. These projects fund local groups that protect natural land from illegal hunting, mining, and development. To date, ICFC reports that it has protected over 15 million hectares of land.
Threatened Species represented 20% of program spending in F2019. These projects protect areas known to shelter endangered or at-risk species. ICFC reports that its protected lands encompass 268 species designated as Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Shorebird Initiative was 8% of program spending. The initiative aims to combat habitat loss and human disturbances that harm shorebirds. International Conservation Fund of Canada funds ranger patrols to ensure the protection of shorebird habitats. In F2019, rangers funded in Argentina were able to stop 97.5% of disturbances to shorebird migration by people, vehicles, and dogs.
Marine Conservation was 3% of program spending in F2019. ICFC aims to protect areas that are prone to overfishing and destructive pollution. The charity currently protects 22,000 hectares of Lake Malawi and 11,354 hectares of Kep Bay in Cambodia.
The remaining 6% of spending went to small conservation projects that each cost less than $20k per year. ICFC also provided funding to other environmental organizations, such as Rainforest Trust and Communities for Conservation.
In partnership with the Kayapó Indigenous people, ICFC protects over ten million hectares of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The charity estimates that its protected forests in the Amazon have contributed to around 110 megatonnes worth of avoided carbon dioxide emissions. In the Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica, ICFC's local partners monitor 8,650 hectares of protected land. In F2019, its partners arrested 13 illegal gold miners in the region and planted over 20,000 new trees.
While Ci highlights these key results, they may not be a complete representation of International Conservation Fund of Canada's results and impact.
International Conservation Fund of Canada is a Large charity with donations of $6.2m in F2019, up 45% from F2018. Administrative costs are 6% of revenues (less investment income) and fundraising costs are 2% of donations. This means that total overhead spending is 8%. For every dollar donated to the charity, 92 cents go to the cause. This is within Ci's reasonable range for overhead spending.
ICFC has $5.8m in total funding reserves, which results in a program cost coverage ratio of 115%. This means the charity can cover 14 months of annual program costs using its existing funding reserves.
This charity report is an update that has been sent to International Conservation Fund of Canada for review. Changes and edits may be forthcoming.
Updated on June 19, 2020 by Eric Zhao.
Fiscal year ending December
Administrative costs as % of revenues 5.6% 7.7% 11.7%
Total overhead spending 7.5% 7.9% 12.1%
Program cost coverage (%) 114.9% 137.2% 148.7%
Donations 6,222 4,289 2,995
Investment income 752 (84) 438
Other income (236) 152 (171)
Total revenues 6,737 4,358 3,262
Program costs - International 5,038 3,464 2,906
Administrative costs 333 341 331
Fundraising costs 121 11 11
Total spending 5,492 3,815 3,248
Cash flow from operations 1,245 544 15
Capital spending 1 6 3
Note: Gains (losses) on foreign currency exchange are reported as other income. Ci removed amortization associated with computer equipment from administrative costs.
Website: www.icfcanada.org


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Home / News / Orphan Drug May Help Shrink Mesothelioma Tumors
Orphan Drug May Help Shrink Mesothelioma Tumors
November 1, 2010 Alex Strauss
The developers of an FDA-designated 'orphan drug' for mesothelioma are recruiting patients for a new Phase II clinical trial on soft tissue sarcomas. The drug, called NGR-hTNF is a vascular targeting agent that appears to be able to seek out tumor cells in the body and disrupt their blood vessel formation. An orphan drug is a medicine that has been developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition, such as mesothelioma or liver cancer. The new clinical trial will test NGR-hTNF's effectiveness against certain soft tissue sarcomas alone or in combination with the drug doxorubicin.
In addition to the newly-announced clinical trial, the drug's manufacturer, Italy-based MolMed S.p.A, has also been conducting Phase III clinical trials specifically in malignant pleural mesothelioma. NGR-hTNF has already shown promise in completed Phase II clinical trials for mesothelioma, liver cancer and colorectal cancer and it is currently also being tested for small-cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a cancer that begins in the pleura or lining that surrounds the lungs. It is almost always the result of exposure to asbestos. According to recent studies, fibers of the mineral can migrate into the pleura when inhaled, setting up an inflammatory response that can eventually lead to cancer. About 3,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with mesothelioma every year. It is notoriously difficult both to diagnose and treat.
Because it combines a peptide (NGR) with a cytokine (TNF), the NGR-hTNF treatment is classified as a peptide/cytokine complex. Its effectiveness is being evaluated both alone and in combination with other types of therapies to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma and other rare diseases.
In a recent company press release, CEO Claudio Bordignon commented "We now have evidence of clinical activity of NGR-hTNF in five different types of solid tumors, adding two more indications, ovarian and small-cell lung cancer to those observed in completed Phase II trials as a single agent in colorectal cancer, liver cancer and mesothelioma." High doses of the drug have also been shown to be effective for certain kinds of tumors in the arms and legs.
NGR-hTNF holds orphan drug status in both the U.S. and the European Union for mesothelioma and liver cancer. Results of the latest clinical trials were recently presented at the annual meeting of the European Society of Medical Oncology in Milan.
"MolMed starts a randomized Phase II trial of NGR-hTNF in a new indication, soft tissue sarcomas", Drugs in Development, PharmaLive website. Accessed October 28, 2010. "First results of three clinical trials of NGR-hTNF presented at ECCO-ESMO 2010", Drugs.com website. Accessed October 28, 2010. "NGR-hTNF, a novel vascular targeting agent (VTA), as second-line therapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM): Preliminary results of multicenter phase II study." American Society of Clinical Oncology website. Accessed October 28, 2010.


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Displaying 81-100 of 765 results
Capitalism in Canada
Capitalism is an economic system in which private owners control a country's trade and business sector for their personal profit. It contrasts with communism, in which property effectively belongs to the state	(see also Marxism). Canada has a "mixed" economy, positioned between these extremes. The three levels of government decide how to allocate much of the country's wealth through taxing and spending.
Capitulation of Montréal 1760
The capitulation of Montréal to the British on 8 September 1760 effectively completed Britain's conquest of New France in the Seven Years' War (the war itself would continue until 1763, at which point the French colony formally became a British possession).
Cariboo Gold Rush
Occurring between 1860 and 1863, the Cariboo Gold Rush is British Columbia's most famous gold rush.
Carignan-Salières Regiment
Carignan-Salières Regiment, of some 1100 strong, sent from France in June 1665 to curb the devastating attacks of the IROQUOIS on Canadian settlements. By November a chain of forts had been built along the Rivière RICHELIEU, blocking that main invasion route.
Caroline Affair
After the failed Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada, its leader, William Lyon Mackenzie, retreated to Navy Island, in the Niagara River, accompanied by some 200 followers. The Caroline, an American ship based at Fort Schlosser in New York State, was chartered to bring supplies to the rebels. On 29 December 1837, a force of the Upper Canada militia led by Commander Andrew Drew of the Royal Navy found the Caroline moored at Schlosser. In the quick skirmish that followed, an American was killed. The Caroline, set on fire and adrift, capsized before reaching the falls and sank. The incident aggravated the already tense relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States.
'Carry On'. Patriotic song popular during World War II. The music was written by Ernest Dainty as part of the orchestral accompaniment to the Canadian silent feature film Carry On Sergeant. Extracted from the score, the tune was given lyrics by Gordon V.
Castle Frank
Castle Frank was a concession of land in the colonial town of York, purchased by John Graves Simcoe in the name of his son, Francis, in 1793. A log house later built on the site also bore the same name. Today the name Castle Frank is preserved as a street, a brook and a station on Toronto's transit line.
Cavelier de La Salle: French Explorer
On March 19, 1687, somewhere in the trackless wilderness of southern Texas, the French explorer Cavalier de La Salle approached the camp of a party he had sent ahead to find food. La Salle sensed that something was wrong and shouted "Where is my nephew?" "Gone to the dogs," was the reply.
Champlain Society
The Champlain Society was founded 1905 in Toronto by Sir Edmund Walker to increase public awareness of, and accessibility to, Canada's rich store of historical records. Membership, limited at first to 250, is now approximately 800.
Charlottetown Accord
The Charlottetown Accord of 1992 was a failed attempt by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 provincial premiers to amend the Canadian Constitution. The goal was to obtain Quebec's consent to the Constitution Act, 1982. The Accord would have recognized Quebec as a distinct society; decentralized many federal powers	to the provinces; addressed the issue of Indigenous self-government; and reformed the Senate	and the House of Commons. The Accord had the approval of the federal government	and all 10 provincial governments. But it was rejected by Canadian voters in a referendum	on 26 October 1992.
Charlottetown Bombing
Even for a symbolic act of violence it was a particularly cynical target - the tiny, perfect Prince Edward Island legislature in Charlottetown where the Fathers of Confederation once thrashed out the terms for the formation of Canada.
Charlottetown Conference
The Charlottetown Conference set Confederation in motion. It was held from 1–9 September 1864 in Charlottetown, with additional meetings the following week in Halifax, Saint John and Fredericton. The conference was organized by delegates from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island to discuss the union of their three provinces. They were persuaded by a contingent from the Province of Canada, who were not originally on the guest list, to work toward the union of all the British North American colonies. The Charlottetown Conference was followed by the Quebec Conference (10–27 October 1864) and the London Conference (December 1866–March 1867). They culminated in Confederation on 1 July 1867.
Château Clique
Château Clique, nickname given to the small group of officials, usually members of the anglophone merchant community, including John MOLSON and James MCGILL, who dominated the executive and legislative councils, the judiciary and senior bureaucratic positions of LOWER CANADA until the 1830s.
Château Frontenac
Built by Canadian Pacific beginning in 1892, and designed by architect Bruce Price, the Château Frontenac is an excellent example of château-style hotels developed by railway companies in Canada.
Chateau Lake Louise
Chateau Lake Louise is a world-renowned mountain resort and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Banff National Park, Alberta. Known as the "Diamond in the Wilderness," the chateau was built beginning in the late 1800s, and was developed as part of the CPR's network of hotels. It shares a lineage with the Banff Springs Hotel, Le Chateau Frontenac in Québec City and the Empress Hotel in Victoria. Considering its remote location and its eventual scale, the Chateau Lake Louise marked an important point in the development of the Canadian West.
Château Ramezay
Château Ramezay, in Old Montréal, was the first building to be designated a historic monument by the government of Québec, in 1929.
Chesapeake Affair 1807
Wars often have many causes. Some are long-standing problems between nations, while others are dangerous sparks that inflame attitudes and push nations to a call to arms.
On 7 December 1863, during the American Civil War, 16 Confederates seized American coastal steamer Chesapeake off Cape Cod and diverted it to Saint John, NB.
Chinese Head Tax in Canada
The Chinese head tax was enacted to restrict immigration after Chinese labour was no longer needed to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Between 1885 and 1923, Chinese immigrants had to pay a head tax to enter Canada. The tax was levied under the Chinese Immigration Act (1885). It was the first legislation in Canadian history to exclude immigration on the basis of ethnic background. With few exceptions, Chinese people had to pay at least $50 to come to Canada. The tax was later raised to $100, then to $500. During the 38 years the tax was in effect, around 82,000 Chinese immigrants paid nearly $23 million in tax. The head tax was removed with the passing of the Chinese Immigration Act in 1923. Also known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, it banned all Chinese immigrants until its repeal in 1947. In 2006, the federal government apologized for the head tax and its other racist immigration policies targeting Chinese people.
Chinese Immigration Act
The Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, known also as the Chinese Exclusion Act, banned the entry of virtually all Chinese immigrants for 24 years. Although migration into Canada from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way, only Chinese people were singled out completely from entering on the basis of race. The four exceptions to the exclusion were students, merchants (excluding laundry, restaurant and retail operators), diplomats and Canadian-born Chinese returning from education in China. The limit on absence from Canada was two years, and the consequence for not returning on time was being barred re-entry. Additionally, every person of Chinese descent, whether Canadian-born or naturalized, was required to register for an identity card within 12 months. The penalty for noncompliance was imprisonment or a fine of up to $500. Though the Act was repealed in 1947, immigration restrictions on the basis of race and national origin were not fully scrubbed until 1967.


This is a wonderful tribute to Gene Wilder. R.I.P.
He found the manic in humanity. And we're forever grateful. Few actors have ever generated such a mix of admiration and affection as Gene Wilder. Rest in peace, old friend.
Roosevelt Franklin, the protagonist of my horror novel Maledicus: Investigative Paranormal Society Book I, in many ways is a sophisticated man. He has expensive tastes in British tailored suits, fine cigars, and the best single malt Scotch whisky. He is not, however, a food snob. His beloved wife, Sarah, was an excellent cook and often prepared elegant meals for Roosevelt. Sarah died a few years before the beginning of the book, and Roosevelt honors her memory by not attempting to make those meals for himself. Now, he prefers simpler fare, even if it is not always the healthiest.
One of his favorite meals now is panfried veggies and cheeseburgers.
Roosevelt emphasizes that, if possible, to use cast iron pans for the frying.
One pound ground beef, preferably 80/20 mixture.
Two to three large red potatoes.
*Clean and cut potatoes and carrots into irregular small pieces.
*Briefly steam the carrots and potatoes to soften them.
*Dice the bell pepper, tomato, and onion.
*Preheat two cast iron skillets to medium.
*As pans are heating, mix the groundbeef with an egg and Worcestershire sauce. Season mixture with pepper and sea salt.
*Form into patties, as large or small as desired.
*Place patties into heated pan. Allow to sear on both sides.
*Add all veggies into other hot skillet.
*Season with pepper, sea salt, paprika, and dill.
*After about 5 minutes, reduce heat. Turn veggies ever 5 minutes or so to prevent burning. Add more oil if needed.
*If needed, reduce heat for hamburgers. Depending on their size and the preference for level of being cooked, it could take anywhere from 10-15 minutes to cook, so keep a careful eye on them.
*When close to being finished, add cheese and cover, so the cheese melts completely.
*Serve either on a plate or hamburger rolls. Add whatever condiments are desired.
I am deeply honored to have been featured in this interview.
You can click on the pic to go to his site, too!
Way back in February of this year (it was still 2016, I promise) I posted something I called The Story Monday Spread. You may or may not remember. If you do, you're an amazing person.
In that post, I said that I would start doing interviews. The point was, as with anything on this blog, to tell a story. To tell your stories, with your words, so we can move beyond the surface and categories we place each other. Well, because this blog is highly professional (ahem), I'm now going to post my first interview! (I know you can barely contain the excitement that I moved so quickly with this).


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Where's The News?
Where's the News?- Episode 1
John Blinn, Nick Hedderick, and Garret Roberts
On the official first episode of "Where's the News?," the editors discuss presidential copyright strikes, James Hetfield's return to rehab and the results of the ongoing investigation into Mac Miller's death. They also discuss some local stories, including Robert Morris and Pittsburgh sports, the ongoing issues facing Yorktown hotel and the donations for RMU's Day of Giving.
Garret Roberts
John Blinn
Nick Hedderick
RMU Sports
Where's The News
John Blinn, News Editor
John Blinn is a Sophomore Communications Major. John has been writing for the News Section for since his Freshman year, and now serves as News Editor....
Nick Hedderick, Sports Editor
Nick Hedderick is a junior Communications major with a focus in sports. He is currently the sports editor for RMU Sentry Media. In addition to that, he...
Garret Roberts, A&E Editor
Garret Roberts is a Journalism Major with a double minor in Documentary Studies and Photography. He is in his third year at Robert Morris. Garret has been...


Muskego High School is working to create an opportunity to celebrate and recognize MHS graduates who have moved on from their time there and made significant contributions to making our world a better place. It is our belief that it is important for our current Warrior students to be aware of the amazing opportunities that await beyond graduation and that through living the Warrior's Way, no dream is too big.
To submit a nomination, find the form here, on the Alumni Nomination page under the Get Involved tab, or use the form below (must be on the news page). Nominations are due July 31, 2018.
1. What activities, clubs, or organizations were you involved with during high school?
2. What were you best known for in high school?
I was known for being very studious. I loved to read and learn new things, and was always up for a challenge.
3. What have you been up to since graduation?
I just finished my sophomore year of college at Carroll University where I am studying both Biology and Psychology. I started off as an Environmental Science major but switched to Biology and Psychology to pursue my goal of becoming a neurologist. At Carroll, I am part of Eco Club and Tri-Beta - an honor society for students studying Biology. I plan to go to Costa Rica next summer to study sustainability and ecotourism.
4. Tell me more about SPUR - how you came to be interested in the internship, how you were chosen, and what you are looking forward to.
During my freshman year of college, my biology professor told us about the Summer Program for Undergraduate Research (SPUR) at the Medical College of Wisconsin. It's a highly selective program, and I have always been interested in research, so I thought this would be a great opportunity for me to get my foot in the door. I applied and was selected to help further the research on molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. I am incredibly excited to be working with and learning from a faculty member at MCW in the field of neuroscience! I am looking forward to learning new techniques and to see what it's like to be a full-time researcher.
5.Advice for current students? Shout out to any teacher or staff member that encouraged/influenced you while in high school?
My advice for current students is to take academics seriously, but also allow yourself to take a break when needed. Have fun and unplug from technology every once in a while - take up some new hobbies! Also a huge shout out to my amazing AP Psychology teacher, Miss Pyne -- the first person to teach me about the brain and the one who made me realize that I want my career to focus around neuroscience. And another shout out to Madame Fox, for letting me be in her classroom all day and for giving me the courage and confidence to believe in myself and pursue my goals. I wouldn't have been accepted for SPUR if it weren't for these two incredible women.
Muskego Engineering students proved that not only do they have their fingers on the pulse of current science and engineering problems, but they also have excellent communication skills to tell people about their work. After hours of judging at the Badger State Science & Engineering Fair, these senior students placed in multiple categories, won awards, and earned further competition opportunities.
Hunter Bindas and Abigail Warwick won 1st Place in the Environmental Sciences category with their project Development of a Grass Variety as a Way to Remove Nitrogen from Water Environments. They also won the Philip Streich Memorial Award (the fair's highest award) and the Stockholm Junior Water Prize, an opportunity to progress to an international fair.
Ryan Gillespie and Andrew Grady won 1st Place in the Physics/Math/Computer Sciences category for their project Space Debris Removal via a Rotating Tether.
Kyle Ignasiak, Elise Prange, and Alyssa Rutzinski won 2nd Place in the Engineering category with their project Redesigning River Turbines to Produce Electrical Energy More Efficiently. They also won the American Meteorological Society Award, the United States Air Force Award, and the Stockholm Junior Water Prize at the Capital Science & Engineering Fair.
Levi Leonard and Dawson Grohall won 3rd Place in Engineering with their project Application of Graphene: Water Filter with Removable Sleeves. They also won the RICOH Sustainable Development Award, the Stockholm Junior Water Prize, and the MacGyver Award from STI Engineering & American Science & Surplus.
C.J. Herrera and Jacob Calvino won the International Society for Optics and Photonics Award for their project A Device to Minimize Bat Mortality from Wind Turbine Collision.
Noah Entringer and Matt Jensen were awarded a chance to apply to the GENIUS Olympiad for their project, Improving Efficiency of Wind Turbines by Altering the Blades.
These students will move on to further competition to represent our state at the Stockholm Junior Water Prize and the GENIUS Olympiad. All of the Muskego High School students were praised for their variety of topics and their enthusiasm in wanting to solve pivotal world problems through their research and development of very applicable solutions.
Their teacher, Karen Lindholm-Rynkiewicz, has been proud to guide these students through their research processes.
MHS Engineering students proved that they have their fingers on the pulse of current science and engineering problems. After a long day of judging inquiry at the Capital Science & Engineering Fair, these senior students placed in the Engineering Sciences Category and won 9 of the 17 awards given.
Kyle Ignasiak, Elise Prange, and Alyssa Rutzinski won 3rd place in Engineering Sciences with their project: Redesigning River Turbines to Produce Electrical Energy More Efficiently. They also won the Stockholm Junior Water Prize, which is the first step to an international competition by the Nobel Institute.
Levi Leonard and Dawson Grohall won 4th place in Engineering Sciences with their project: Application of Graphene: Water Filter with Removable Sleeves. They also won an award from the American Meteorological Society for their work in the hydrological sciences.
Tyler Dembosky and Tyler Radtke were awarded the Lau and Bea Christensen Award for Social Sciences for their project: Device for the Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Particulate Matter from Vehicle Exhaust. This award is for the best exhibit addressing economic sciences.
Ryan Gillespie and Andrew Grady won two awards for their work: Space Debris Removal via a Rotating Tether. The Mu Alpha Theta Award for investigating a problem in mathematics and the NASA Earth System Science Award for offering insight into earth's connected systems.
C.J. Herrera and Jacob Calvino won the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's "Taking the Pulse of the Planet" award for their project: A Device to Minimize Bat Mortality from Wind Turbine Collision.
Hunter Bindas and Abigail Warwick were awarded the Ricoh Americas Corporation "Sustainable Development Award" for their project that exhibited principles and technical innovations for sustainable development titled: Development of a Grass Variety as a Way to Remove Nitrogen from Water Environments.
Noah Entringer and Matt Jensen were awarded the U.S. Air Force certificate for outstanding STEM project for their work: Improving Efficiency of Wind Turbines by Altering the Blades.
Alexander Beer and Zachary Wehr were awarded the Yale Science and Engineering Association award for best exhibit in engineering and physics for their research project: Improving Perovskite Solar Cells by Engineering a Water Resistant Environment for the Active Layer.
These students will move on to further competition at the Waukesha Colleges Science and Engineering Fair held at Carroll University Student Center on March 3 followed by Badger State Science and Engineering Fair on March 17 at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Student Union. All fairs are open to the public starting at 2:30 pm.


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Biden says Afghans must 'fight for themselves' as Taliban advances, does not regret U.S. withdrawal
Published Tue, Aug 10 20215:09 PM EDT Updated Tue, Aug 10 20218:25 PM EDT
Amanda Macias@amanda_m_macias
President Joe Biden called on Afghans to "fight for their nation" as the Taliban makes rapid advances on the battlefield, seizing provincial capitals.
Biden said the Afghan military has the training and equipment to win the war, but the nation's leaders must come together to formulate a strategy.
In April, Biden ordered the full withdrawal of approximately 3,000 U.S. troops from Afghanistan by Sept. 11, ending America's longest war.
The U.S. military mission in Afghanistan is nearly complete and is slated to end by Aug. 31.
U.S. President Joe Biden delivers remarks on the economy from the White House in Washington, U.S. July 19, 2021.
WASHINGTON – President Joe Biden said Tuesday he does not regret his decision to withdraw U.S. forces from Afghanistan, a move that effectively ends America's longest war.
"Look, we spent over a trillion dollars over twenty years, we trained and equipped with modern equipment over 300,000 Afghan forces," Biden told reporters at the White House.
"Afghan leaders have to come together," Biden said. "They've got to fight for themselves, fight for their nation."
Refugees flee Taliban as it takes cities in Afghanistan
The News with Shepard Smith
In April, Biden ordered the full withdrawal of approximately 3,000 U.S. troops from Afghanistan by Sept. 11.
The Pentagon's massive task of removing servicemembers and equipment out of Afghanistan is nearly complete, with the U.S. military mission slated to end by Aug. 31.
As the U.S. withdrawals from Afghanistan, the Taliban has made stunning battlefield advances despite being vastly outnumbered by the Afghan military. Over the weekend, the Taliban swiftly seized five provincial Afghan capitals, taking three in one day alone.
Afghans inspect damaged shops after fighting between Taliban and Afghan security forces in Kunduz city, northern Afghanistan, Sunday, Aug. 8, 2021.
Abdullah Sahil | AP
Pentagon spokesman John Kirby said Monday that while the Biden administration plans to continue to provide air support, there was not much else the U.S. military could do.
"We will certainly support from the air, where and when feasible, but that's no substitute for leadership on the ground, it's no substitute for political leadership in Kabul, it's no substitute for using the capabilities and capacity that we know they have," Kirby said.
Kirby added that while the Pentagon is concerned to see such advances by the Taliban, the Afghan military must now leverage the years of training from U.S. and NATO coalition forces.
"They have an Air Force, the Taliban doesn't. They have modern weaponry and organizational skills, the Taliban doesn't. They have superior numbers to the Taliban," Kirby said. "They have the advantages, and it's really now their time to use those advantages."
As the security situation in Afghanistan worsens, the State Department is looking at ways in which to downsize the U.S. Embassy in Kabul.
"Obviously it is a challenging security environment and were we able, were we confident and were we comfortable having a larger staffing presence there we would," State Department spokesman Ned Price told reporters Tuesday when asked about the reduction in staff in Kabul.
"We are evaluating the threat environment on a daily basis. The Embassy is in regular contact with Washington with the most senior people in this building, who in turn are in regular contact with our colleagues at the [National Security Council] in the White House," Price added.