text:
Elena Berlato (née le  à Schio) est une coureuse cycliste italienne. C'est une grimpeuse.

Biographie

Débuts et premières années professionnelles
En 2006, elle se classe deuxième du championnat d'Italie du contre-la-montre juniors qui se déroule à Pordenone. L'année suivante, elle rejoint l'équipe Buderus-Cicli.

Elle devient professionnelle dès 2008 au sein de l'équipe Safi-Pasta Zara-Manhattan. Elle participe en fin de saison au contre-la-montre des championnats du monde et termine à la trente-septième place. L'année suivante, elle est dixième du Grand Prix de Riparbella et Montescudaio, puis septième du championnat national sur route. Elle prend également le départ de la Grande Boucle féminine internationale, où elle est quatorzième du classement général final puis du Tour d'Italie où elle finit dix-septième. Sur cette dernière épreuve, elle remporte le prix Zinaida Stahurskaia qui récompense la meilleure jeune sur les trois prix de la montagne de première catégorie de l'étape de Pesco Sannita.

2010-2013: Top Girls Fassa Bortolo
Elle rejoint l'équipe Top Girls Fassa Bortolo en 2010. Elle obtient de bons résultats en terminant respectivement septième et huitième du Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio et de Flèche wallonne, toutes deux épreuves de Coupe du monde. Elle est également septième du Tour du Trentin international féminin, huitième du championnat d'Italie du contre-la-montre. Au Tour d'Italie, elle se classe dixième du classement général, deuxième du classement de la meilleure jeune derrière l'intouchable Marianne Vos et deuxième de celui de la meilleure Italienne derrière Tatiana Guderzo. Elle est sélectionnée pour les championnats d'Europe sur route espoirs mais ne finit pas la course. Elle porte encore le maillot bleu azur lors des championnats du monde à Melbourne. Son travail de coéquipière permet à Giorgia Bronzini de remporter le titre.

En 2011, elle se classe quatrième de la Flèche wallonne, devancée par Marianne Vos, Emma Johansson et Judith Arndt. Elle est septième du Grand Prix de la Ville de Valladolid puis dixième de l'Emakumeen Euskal Bira. Elle se présente au Tour d'Italie avec des ambitions avouées. Elle ne parvient cependant pas à suivre les meilleures et se classe onzième à plus de dix-huit minutes de la vainqueur Marianne Vos. Durant la course, elle chute dans le Pescocostanzo. Elle se console cependant avec le maillot de la meilleure jeune. Elle est comme l'année précédente deuxième du classement de la meilleure Italienne derrière Guderzo.

En 2012, elle ne réalise pas de place dans les épreuves de Coupe de monde. Elle est dixième du Tour du Salvador. Elle chute ensuite durant l'Emakumeen Euskal Bira et se rompt la clavicule. Elle revient à la compétition un mois plus tard. Elle court encore pour l'équipe Top Girls Fassa Bortolo l'année suivante mais n'obtient pas de résultats significatifs. Elle conclut sur le Tour d'Italie à la trente-cinquième place, le Tour en Limousin à la dixième place et à la dix-huitième place du Tour de Toscane.

Depuis 2014: ALÉ-Cipollini
Après ces deux années en demi-teinte, Elena Berlato rejoint l'équipe Alé Cipollini. Elle retrouve la voie du succès et finit septième du Tour du Costa Rica puis deuxième du championnat d'Italie du contre-la-montre derrière Elisa Longo Borghini. Elle est douzième du Tour du Trentin et huitième du championnat national sur route. Au Tour d'Italie, elle est deuxième de l'étape de San Donato Val di Comino devancée par Annemiek van Vleuten. Elle termine encore dixième de la Route de France, deuxième du Trophée d'Or et septième du Tour de Toscane. Elle retrouve donc logiquement la sélection nationale, mais en tant que remplaçante, pour les championnats du monde.

Palmarès sur route

Palmarès par années
2006
 du championnat d'Italie du contre-la-montre juniors
2010
 du Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio (Cdm)
 de la Flèche wallonne (Cdm)
 du Tour d'Italie
2011
 de la Flèche wallonne (Cdm)
 du Grand Prix de la Ville de Valladolid (Cdm)
2014
 du championnat d'Italie du contre-la-montre
 du Trophée d'Or

Classements mondiaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureuse cycliste italienne
Naissance en août 1988
Naissance à Schio


text:
in: Pages with broken file links, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons,
Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force in World War II
File:Nil Badge
15 Dec 1943 – 31 Oct 1945[1]
Squadron Codes
TS (Apr 1944 – Oct 1945)[2][3]
No. 548 Squadron RAF was a fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force (RAF) from 1943 to 1945.
2 Aircraft operated
3 Squadron bases
4 Commanding officers
The squadron was formed at Lawnton, near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia on 15 December 1943[4] to provide air defence duties with Spitfires, as the RAAF Kittyhawks were inadequate for interception missions.[4][5] The first months were spent training with Wirraways and de Havilland Tiger Moths, but in April 1944 the squadrons Spitfire's arrived.[6] The squadron was made up of RAF Aircrew and RAAF Groundstaff. On 15 June 1944 the squadron moved initially to Livingstone Airfield and Strauss Airfield in Northern Territory, Australia. The squadron was then relocated in October 1944 to Parap Airfield, at Darwin, Northern Territory.
Only two operations were undertaken by the squadron before the Japanese surrender. A sweep was conducted over Selaru Island, 300 miles north of Darwin, on 5 September 1944 and the airfield at Cape Chater, Timor was attacked on 3 June 1945. The squadron was disbanded according to some sources at Parap Airfield (Darwin/Civil), Northern Territory[4][6] on 9 October 1945 -but a more recent source states 31 October at Melbourne, Victoria[1]- and the RAF personnel returned to the United Kingdom.
Aircraft operated[]
Aircraft operatedby no. 548 Squadron RAF, data from[1][4][6]
December 1943 April 1944 CAC Wirraway For training
December 1943 April 1944 de Havilland Tiger Moth For training
April 1944 October 1945 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.VIII Tropicalised
Squadron bases[]
Bases and airfields used by no. 548 Squadron RAF, data from[1][4][6][7]
15 December 1943 19 January 1944 Lawnton Airfield, Queensland
19 January 1944 25 May 1944 Petrie Airfield, Strathpine, Queensland
25 May 1944 15 June 1944 RAAF Base Amberley, Queensland Det. at RAAF Base Townsville, Queensland
15 June 1944 22 October 1944 Livingstone Airfield, Northern Territory Dets. at Strauss Airfield, Northern Territory
and at Truscott Airfield, Western Australia
22 October 1944 23 September 1945 Parap Airfield (Darwin/Civil), Darwin, Northern Territory Det. at Truscott Airfield, Western Australia
23 September 1945 31 October 1945 RAAF Base Melbourne (No. 1 PD), Victoria
Commanding officers[]
Officers commanding no. 548 Squadron RAF, data from[6]
January 1944 July 1944 S/Ldr. W.H.A. Wright
July 1944 February 1945 S/Ldr. R.A. Watts
February 1945 October 1945 S/Ldr. E.D. Glaser
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Jefford 2001, p. 98.
↑ Bowyer and Rawlings 1979, p. 99.
↑ Flintham and Thomas 2003, p. 108.
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Halley 1988, p. 409.
↑ RAF – Squadron history.
↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Rawlings 1978, p. 467.
↑ Jefford 2001, p. 275.
Bowyer, Michael J.F. and John D.R. Rawlings. Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
Flintham, Vic and Andrew Thomas. Combat Codes: A full explanation and listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied air force unit codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
Jefford, Wing Commander C.G., MBE, BA, RAF(Retd.). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (2nd edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
The history of No 458 squadron at raf.mod.uk
Squadron history at rafweb.org
712 Squadron Australia Air Force Cadets Information
Royal Air Force flying squadrons
Australian Flying Corps (AFC) units attached
to the RAF during the First World War
67 (1 Sqn AFC)
Commonwealth air force units attached to
the RAF during the Second World War
Air Force (RCAF)
Royal Australian
Air Force (RAAF)
Royal New Zealand
Air Force (RNZAF)
Squadrons formed from non-Commonwealth
personnel during the Second World War
Czechoslovak
Yugoslav
Royal Auxiliary Air Force
Auxiliary Air Force
Fleet Air Arm of the RAF (1924–1939)
Formations and units
Aircraft squadrons
Aircraft flights
Conversion units
Regiment squadrons
Branches and components
RAF Regiment
RAF Chaplains Branch
RAF Intelligence
RAF Legal Branch
Princess Mary's RAF Nursing Service
RAF Police
Search and Rescue Force
Mountain Rescue Service
Reserve forces
RAF Volunteer Reserve
Associated civil organizations
Air Training Corps
RAF Association
RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine
RAF Football Association
List of RAF aircraft
List of RAF missiles
Other ranks
Assistant Chief of the Air Staff
Air Member for Personnel
Air Secretary
Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment
Chief of the Air Staff's Warrant Officer
Symbols and uniform

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Impeachment and the Perils of Purple Piety: Why You Should Hold a Forum at Your Church
General Editor's Corner/Religion
I was sitting in the chapel last Wednesday between two women and we got to the hymn "For Everyone Born," which somehow finds "justice and joy" in a verse where "abuser, abused, with need to forgive" have "a place at the table" (in Glory to God #769). One woman walked out as the hymn started, the other whispered to me she disliked that line. Neither of us sang it. I am not an expert in what triggers trauma, but I know that having abusers in churches is usually toxic to faith. This editorial is about whether pastoring in a "purple" church means blurring the difference between opposites as that verse does. I believe the impeachment trial of Donald Trump presents a virtually unavoidable choice for pastors with a sense of public responsibility, and I recommend holding special congregational forums to discuss its ramifications—some of which I try to address below.
First, in opposing that hymn verse, am I a liturgical snowflake wanting to "cancel" some incorrect or even deplorable element in my woke worship? I hope not; I confess to complete deplorability and love some pretty stern hymns and hard texts. That hymn, in fact, despite its good intentions and tune, makes me worry a bit about the sunny reconciliation of liberal fantasy, where justice comes without much struggle or sacrifice. That line seems not the prophetic vision of lion and lamb lying down on God's holy mountain, but the acceptance of anything and anybody at a communion table that trades holiness for accessibility. Bonhoeffer has some pretty judgmental words about the kind of grace that offers.
By God's good humor, the church I worshiped in on Sunday also featured the hymn, but with a totally re-written line naming more categories of inclusion. Thanks!
For more than a dozen years I served what is now called a "purple" church, and my pastoring probably lost the congregation a couple members over time, though we grew pretty steadily. (I say probably since few people join or leave churches for only one reason). Other folks more conservative (red) than me may have held back from joining till I left, or held back some of their feelings about the pastor out of loyalty to that congregation. Thank God, most members were smart and gracious enough to separate my chaff from the Gospel wheat.
Sometimes, of course, our more conservative members influenced me: when I first heard about his sex with an intern, I impulsively called for Clinton's resignation. I then came to see that impeachment trial itself as a far worse exploitation of that young woman, and valued Clinton's presidency overall. So no one is perfect and all are welcome at the table… except those who deny what the table is about. Without confession and sincere repentance, "we eat and drink damnation" to ourselves (as the King James of I Cor. 11: 29 reads).
Nadia Bolz-Weber's punchy book, Pastrix, talks about the naming of her congregation, "the House of All Sinners and Saints," reflecting the deeply Lutheran sense that we are all "simul justus et peccator," righteous and sinful. Only at the more eschatological table—to which, in fairness, that hymn "For Everyone Born" points—will we share in the joy of justice fully present. But most mainline churches are not like Bolz-Weber's. Many of our churches are in those suburbs that are increasingly trending a bit more liberal (blue), but are not trendy in any sense of the word. (Some also feel blue because they aren't more multi-racial, but that's another column).
The problem is not purple congregations, but purple pastoring. It is pulling punches out of a fear of polarized politics, trimming the Gospel to conform to current patterns of debate. As once- Republican political scientist, Norman Ornstein has shown, one party has moved steadily in the direction of extremism. For those pastors who always seek to split the difference, the center will keep moving them to larger and larger compromises. The advent of the most a-religious and amoral president in modern times only makes this harder, especially when his party leadership throws away every principle in order to cling to power. Mitch McConnell certainly doesn't seem to care about legislation or the Constitution (see Merrick Garland); ideology serves transactionalism, and the basic transaction is campaign cash for media, plus voter suppression, equals electoral victory.
The problem is not purple congregations, but purple pastoring.
This cynicism about power is where trying not to take sides or to choose the middle becomes crazy-making. I read the sincere articles about purple church in the Outlook and the Century, the efforts to be inclusive of all viewpoints and values short of outright racism and hate speech. And I smell a confusion between pastoring and conflict avoidance. The prophetic component—which I tempered, too, sometimes—is a basic reason for a belief in "the freedom of the pulpit." A key educational task of the Reformed tradition is to teach that God's word is a two-edged sword, that it holds us all accountable, it always speaks to the common good and it always condemns idolatry—of every nation, race, class, gender, or orientation. The pastor's first obligation is to God's truth, which always has justice on its side and love in its heart.
The temptation for the pastor is to step out of or above politics, to judge it from the outside, as if we did not all have interests and some desire for power—for good, of course. Few of us are called to be judges, attempting neutrality and balancing consequences, and that is not what got Jesus crucified by the empire of his time. But doing justice requires political engagement and taking sides, without ever drinking the full "kool-ade" of partisan ideology. It means treating "abuser, abused" quite differently. Political alliances are provisional and imperfect, but also urgently needed, as when it comes to climate change, war, dictatorships, and public health. Part of the freedom of the pulpit is to fight for the church—big and small—to be a space of freedom and open debate. And that means extending the pulpit to witness in mass and social media where wise Christian voices are needed.
Addressing Trump's impeachment may be best done, however, in a non-pulpit context. Invite articulate Christians to speak to an afternoon or evening program, and invite the high school students, too. Presbyterians have given serious thought to the Christian principles at stake. (See the section on Democracy)
The pragmatic reason not to be a purple pastor is that red pastors are killing Christianity in the minds of an increasing number of young people. Many so-called Evangelicals seem to have sold out for power. Consequently they are increasingly dragged into the corruption, hypocrisy, and dishonor of the president and his enablers. Unfortunately, due to the size of their echo-system, they bring the whole Gospel into disrepute. And on a larger level, the extreme inequality of our anti-regulatory capitalism means that there is less and less of an educated middle class for a middle class church to serve, and no way for many young people to afford a decent family life or good medical care: look at the birthrate and the steady pull of addictions.
Not all Evangelicals are corrupt, of course. I recently spoke with an independent church planter who had been unable to vote for either Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump. Personal morality is very important to him. But then he went on to claim global warming was a hoax, and that the scientific consensus was self-interested secular groupthink, though he did not deny there was a lot of pollution in the environment. I could not purple-up to him on that. His trust of media objectivity was too poisoned, perhaps too linked to the idea of science threatening faith.
Purple piety ultimately denies that politics is part of the Lord's vineyard. It reduces matters of policy and power to personal and group feelings, mistakes optics for ethics, and caters to the church member as consumer who will move on if the preaching is not to her or his taste. Admittedly it is hard to challenge the livelihood of key donor families—say you are pastoring a hard-hit coal country congregation. It is even harder to be a trans-tribal Christian when the sports question of "whose team are you on?" reinforces partisanship. This where the work of a pastor and congregation is formation of people with a distinct and deep identity grounded in the Trinity, transcendent, immanent, and both. Last General Assembly's resolution, Honest Patriotism, provides a grounding for Reformed citizenship in truth telling and other Christian values.
The Reformed tradition sees the vocation of political leadership as a high calling—the more people affected, the higher the potential crimes and misdemeanors. We cannot duck the responsibility to hold even the highest officials to account, which inevitably means applying principles to a particular person. As citizens in a representative democracy, we need to insist both houses of Congress follow the Constitution. Did the president obstruct justice and put his self-interest above the national interest? But this is not just for elected officials: the Trump impeachment trial will be a test of how each of us state our positions with integrity.
The implications of allowing any corrupt presidency to continue are considerable, as we see in countries around the world. We are in a commonwealth, and the nations of the world are all part of one human family, living in one "World House," to use Martin Luther King, Jr.'s term. The Holy Spirit is—to quote Robert L. Moore—a BS detector, including of our own stuff. Thus for most pastors it may not be as hard as they fear to support impeachment—assuming the evidence continues to pile up overwhelmingly in one direction and the Mueller Report is not left out.
In the impeachment trial we will see some Republican lawmakers struggle to justify their defense of the president, as it will define their political survival. But it should be possible for most citizens and pastors to detach the president and his enablers—even a lot of them—from the other branches of government and from principled conservatism. If the trial brings into focus corruption across the board–in tax evasion, in weakened environmental protection, in predatory lending, in predatory health insurance…, then a growing number of people may understand impeachment to say: "enough!" It is larger than one person, but at the same time there cannot be healing without a cleansing of the toxins of lying, greed, and false equivalence that he has encouraged. James Comey's pilgrimage may be helpful in this regard.
There is one more Reformed element that may be named, the role of councils to discern and deliberate. Just as Congress needs to reclaim its role as a deliberative body, so our churches are—in Lew Mudge's terms—communities of moral discernment. Hence the suggestion of public conversations and forums. For pastors who know family systems, healthy self-differentiation can be tough, but it can lead to healthier systems overall. A strong and healthy pulpit should lead not to an enclosed and defensive system, but to a community of confident members with wide horizons framed by God's reign.
To sum up, this is not a call for congregations to be one color, blue or red, but rather a call to pastors especially not to compromise on the content of their moral and theological discernment. None of us are all one color. As a wise friend phrases it, good pastoring in the purple or checkered church means finding ways to affirm the humanity of red and blue congregants and "find red and blue avenues to speak truth to them." Of course, while I think impeaching and removing the president may well be our best hope for a less polarized politics and a more vital church voice, you may disagree.
Reformed Faith and Politics adopted by the 195th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church USA
A Letter to Presbyterians Concerning the Present Situation in Our Country and in the World (1953)
Chris Iosso serves as Coordinator of the Advisory Committee on Social Witness Policy (ACSWP). In addition to his pastorate at the Scarborough (NY) Presbyterian Church, he has worked in the areas of human rights advocacy, corporate social responsibility, and ecumenical social teaching for the PCUSA, the United Church of Christ, and the National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. His BA is from Johns Hopkins University (in political science), his MDiv from Princeton Seminary, and his PhD from Union Seminary (NY).
SCOTUS Has Fallen: A Letter from the Editor
Voter Suppression and COVID-19
Is Tech the New Way Forward for the Church? The Pros and Cons
Part 2: Environmental Justice and Native Peoples - A Conversation with Doreen Simmonds
The Solution to Homelessness is a Conversion Experience
I woke up this morning with little to no sleep,
As the 2020 Presidential election quickly approaches, it is more


text:
package com.hp.ov.sdk.oneview;

import org.junit.runner.RunWith;

import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.junit.Cucumber;

@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
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public class EnvironmentDestructionTestsC7000 {

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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La Literatura en friulano se refiere a la literatura propia de la región de Friul-Venecia Julia, región en donde se encuentra en el noreste de Italia y escrita en friulano, una de las lenguas reconocidas como oficiales (Ley 482/1999) por el estado italiano.
A pesar de que las primeras formas poéticas fueron datadas en el siglo XIV, poemas anónimos como Piruç myò dolç inculurit y Soneto Furlan que fueron escritas en Cividale del Friuli están cerca de los argumentos del Dolce Stil Novo, el nacimiento de una verdadera literatura friulana se puede encontrar en el siglo XIX, cuando Friul después del Congreso de Viena pasó enteramente a estar bajo control del Imperio austrohúngaro. Las causas de un florecimiento así de tardío fueron varias: en el primer lugar la lengua de la administración nunca fue el friulano, antes el latín y después el alemán en el Patriarcado de Aquilea y después el italiano mezclado con el véneto bajo la Serenissima, además en el Friul no se formó nunca una burguesía que pudiera desarrollar un interés hacia la literatura y que había permitido el desarrollo de la lengua. En el siglo XVI, por ejemplo, aparecen pocas obras en friulano, sobre todo inspiradas en las poesías de Francesco Petrarca, de eso período tiene que ser recordado Nicolò Morlupìn de Venzone (1128-1170) y Girolamo Biancone de Tolmezzo. Tenemos que recordar que hasta 1800 nunca se imprimieron obras en friulano así que se quedaron entre un pequeño grupo de nobles.

Siglo XVII
En ese período los autores más importantes fueron Eusebio Stella originario de una familia noble de Spilimbergo (1602-1671) que componía poemas goliardescos encentrados sobre el tema del amor; el conde Ermes de Coloredo (1622-1699) que se recuerda por el uso de la koinè udinese que llegará a ser la variante literaria de excelencia y es la base del friulano estandárd de hoy. Ermes fue educado a la corte de los Médici de Florencia, después participó a la Guerra de los 30 años, trabajó al servicio de Venecia y de Leopoldo I de Asburgo, y después volvió a su pequeña patria en los últimos años de su vida, donde se dedicó a la poesía amorosa.

Ermes di Colloredo: Poesie Friulane, l'Opera Completa". LiteraryJoint Press, Philadelhia, PA, 2019. The complete work of Ermes Earl of Colloredo, full text. ISBN 978-0-359-73730-7 ISBN 978-0-359-38863-9

Siglo XVIII
En ese periodo la literatura friulana tocó el punto más bajo de su historia, probablemente por la grande influencia de la ciudad de Venecia en Údine, centro principal. Tenemos que recordar en 1742 la publicación del primero Strolic, un género típicamente friulano que tendrá mucho éxito desde entonces, contenía novelas, pequeñas poesías, refranes y consejos sobre la agricultura.

Siglo XIX
La primera mitad del siglo fue una continuación de las tendencias del siglo precedente. El autor principal, que es también uno de los más importantes en absoluto, fue Pietro Zorutti (1792-1867), su poética es llana y lejana del Romanticismo en boga en aquellos años, su expresión preferida fue la del strolic, publicó cada año desde 1821 hasta 1867 los famosos Strolics furlans. Su poema más famoso es Plovisine compuesto en 1833. Durante su vida ya tenía popularidad y muchos fueron los que lo imitaron. Resultados interesantes en los strolics fueron los de Antonio Broili (1796-1876).
En la segunda mitad del siglo un papel importante fue detenido por la ciudad de Gorizia donde el sentido de friulanidad era diferente por la pertenencia al Imperio Arbúrgico y el ambiente de referencia era el de la Mitteleuropa.
El uso del friulano se amplió a los sectores de las ciencias aplicadas con buenos resultados como se puede ver en el strolic Il me paîs. Strenna popolâr pal 1855 de Federico de Comelli (1826-1892).

Un acontecimiento importante, aunque sea ocurrido en retraso con respecto a las otras lenguas europeas, fue la publicación del primero diccionario de la lengua friulana, escrito por Jacopo Pirona junto a su nieto Giulio Andrea (1871); en 1873 salió el estudio del lingüista Graziadio Isaia Ascoli que fue la base de todos los estudios sobre la lengua friulana, del ladino y del retro-romance (la así llamada Questione ladina).

En fin tenemos que nominar a Caterina Percoto una de las mayores poetisas italianas que pero ha dejado pocas obras en esa lengua, dedicadas sobre todo a las tradiciones populares.

Siglo XX
Al empezar de 1900 las avanguardias que florecen en muchos lugares de Europa son lejanas, a causa de la difícil situación política: la solicidud de autonomía por la región no obtiene éxito, y todo se complica con la salida al poder de Benito Mussolini, el cual promueve la naturaleza italiana del Friuli, frontera oriental de Italia. En 1933 el régimen prohibí todas las publicaciones en lengua madre. De esa primera parte del siglo se señalan Vittorio Cadel (1884 - 1917), autor de poemas con fondo sensual, que esconden un profundo sentido de abatimiento y desesperación; Ercole Carletti (1877 - 1946) de Údine, que compuse obras en estilo crepuscolâr, y Celso Cescut. Un ejemplo aislado de temáticas políticas y civiles se encuentra en las obras Rimis furlanis de Giovanni Minut, de 1921; el autor nacido a Visco en 1895, tenía que escapar a Uruguay a causa de su oposición al régimen fascista y murió en 1967.

En la zona de Gorizia es importante Delfo Zorzut de Cormons, autor de muchas colecciones de historias cortas (La furlane, Sturiutis furlanis); unió también obras populares y tradicionales logrando mantener vivo el interés hacia la lengua.

La experiencia más importante y famosa del siglo XX fue la Academiuta di lenga furlana, creada por Pier Paolo Pasolini; unió un grupo de escritores y poetas a su alrededor, con el intento de descubrir la poética friulana y traer la lengua lejos de las tendencias de Pietro Zorutti, que tenía todavía mucho éxito en el público, pero estaba fuera de los tiempos modernos. Además que Pasolini se señalan a Domenico Naldini (su primo) y Riccardo Castellani; esa experiencia fue abandonada porque Pasolini se fue de Friuli, y nacieron polémicas entre el friulano de Concordia Saggittaria y el friulano udinese.

Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial salieron otros autores, por ejemplo Franco de Gironcoli de Gorizia que estudió los poemas de Ermes di Colorêt y el vocabolari Pirona, de donde empezó para componer, de 1944 hasta hoy en día, varias poesías que tratan sobre el tema del pasar del tiempo. Un duro trabajo de recogida, de análisis, para ayudar la promoción y la estandarización del friulano fue llevada adelante por el cura Josef Marchet, autor del primero tentativo de gramática friulana (Lineamenti di grammatica friulana); publicó en 1950 la antología "Risultive", donde se encuentran muchos poesías de poetas emergentes de ese período, por ejemplo Novella Cantarutti de Spilimbergo, Dino Virgili, autore del romance L'aghe dapit la cleve y Lelo Cjanton. Se señala en los años setenta el grande éxito de la traducción en friulano por la Societât Filologjiche Furlane (1971) del romance italiano de Carlo Sgorlon «Il vento nel vigneto» (1960), titulado «Prime di sere».

Literatura en friulano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tech-Ed: Idera Keeps Things Simple in Competition with Microsoft
Microsoft's System Center Operations Manager (SCOM) is a popular component of a very popular management suite, and it would take a brave third-party vendor to try to compete with it.
Idera is that vendor. In announcing this week at Tech-Ed SharePoint diagnostic manager v2.5, Idera is ramping up its battle with Microsoft in the market for SharePoint administration tools. But while SCOM and Idera's diagnostic manager are competitive products, they're not necessarily aimed at the same audience.
"SCOM tends to go to larger IT groups," said Marcus Erickson, director of engineering at Idera, this week at Tech-Ed in Atlanta. "They have the CIO saying, 'I want the solution for everything.' We're selling mainly to SharePoint administrators." Erickson adds that SCOM can be "intimidating" for SharePoint admins but that Idera's product is designed to be targeted and easy to use.
For instance, Erickson said, SCOM offers a large number of options for SQL database best practices to users, but Idera's tool identifies just the top 10 settings admins should set up in their SQL databases for running SharePoint. "We show the 10 you need to care about," Erickson said.
Priced at $995 per server, SharePoint diagnostic manager is also considerably cheaper than SCOM. It's not always a competitor, either. Erickson says that Idera often sells the product as a complement to Microsoft's management tool. And while the company targets customers in a broad range of sizes, small and medium-sized businesses tend to be particular fans of diagnostic manager.
"The small and medium [businesses] are just looking for tools that are reasonably priced that they can buy," Erickson said.
Also this week, Idera released SQL doctor 2.0, which helps database administrators tune SQL server performance.
More Tech-Ed Analysis:
Day 4: Tech-Ed 2011: Wide-Open Road at 55 MPH
Day 3: Microsoft's Next Generation of Datacenters To Be Leaner, Greener
Day 3: Quest Readies Azure Admin Tools
Day 2: Windows 7 Migration Masters Are Ready When You Are
Day 2: Thin Clients Doing Well in Lean Times for HP
Day 1: Looking for Azure? It's Everywhere
Day 1: Tech-Ed Analysis: Low-Key But Not Uninteresting
Day 1: Visual Studio ALM at Tech-Ed: It Takes a Village
Day 1: What's on Your Wish List for Visual Studio vNext?
Day 1: Observations from Tech-Ed 2011
Posted by Lee Pender on May 18, 2011 at 11:57 AM


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Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics
Explain the meaning of semiconservative DNA replication
Explain why DNA replication is bidirectional and includes both a leading and lagging strand
Explain why Okazaki fragments are formed
Describe the process of DNA replication and the functions of the enzymes involved
Identify the differences between DNA replication in bacteria and eukaryotes
Explain the process of rolling circle replication
The elucidation of the structure of the double helix by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 provided a hint as to how DNA is copied during the process of replication. Separating the strands of the double helix would provide two templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands, but exactly how new DNA molecules were constructed was still unclear. In one model, semiconservative replication, the two strands of the double helix separate during DNA replication, and each strand serves as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied; after replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or "old" strand and one "new" strand. There were two competing models also suggested: conservative and dispersive, which are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. There were three models suggested for DNA replication. In the conservative model, parental DNA strands (blue) remained associated in one DNA molecule while new daughter strands (red) remained associated in newly formed DNA molecules. In the semiconservative model, parental strands separated and directed the synthesis of a daughter strand, with each resulting DNA molecule being a hybrid of a parental strand and a daughter strand. In the dispersive model, all resulting DNA strands have regions of double-stranded parental DNA and regions of double-stranded daughter DNA.
Matthew Meselson (1930–) and Franklin Stahl (1929–) devised an experiment in 1958 to test which of these models correctly represents DNA replication (Figure 2). They grew E. coli for several generations in a medium containing a "heavy" isotope of nitrogen (15N) that was incorporated into nitrogenous bases and, eventually, into the DNA. This labeled the parental DNA. The E. coli culture was then shifted into a medium containing 14N and allowed to grow for one generation. The cells were harvested and the DNA was isolated. The DNA was separated by ultracentrifugation, during which the DNA formed bands according to its density. DNA grown in 15N would be expected to form a band at a higher density position than that grown in 14N. Meselson and Stahl noted that after one generation of growth in 14N, the single band observed was intermediate in position in between DNA of cells grown exclusively in 15N or 14N. This suggested either a semiconservative or dispersive mode of replication. Some cells were allowed to grow for one more generation in 14N and spun again. The DNA harvested from cells grown for two generations in 14N formed two bands: one DNA band was at the intermediate position between 15N and 14N, and the other corresponded to the band of 14N DNA. These results could only be explained if DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner. Therefore, the other two models were ruled out. As a result of this experiment, we now know that during DNA replication, each of the two strands that make up the double helix serves as a template from which new strands are copied. The new strand will be complementary to the parental or "old" strand. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Figure 2. Meselson and Stahl experimented with E. coli grown first in heavy nitrogen (15N) then in 14N. DNA grown in 15N (blue band) was heavier than DNA grown in 14N (red band), and sedimented to a lower level on ultracentrifugation. After one round of replication, the DNA sedimented halfway between the 15N and 14N levels (purple band), ruling out the conservative model of replication. After a second round of replication, the dispersive model of replication was ruled out. These data supported the semiconservative replication model.
What would have been the conclusion of Meselson and Stahl's experiment if, after the first generation, they had found two bands of DNA?
DNA Replication in Bacteria
DNA replication has been well studied in bacteria primarily because of the small size of the genome and the mutants that are available. E. coli has 4.6 million base pairs (Mbp) in a single circular chromosome and all of it is replicated in approximately 42 minutes, starting from a single origin of replication and proceeding around the circle bidirectionally (i.e., in both directions). This means that approximately 1000 nucleotides are added per second. The process is quite rapid and occurs with few errors.
DNA replication uses a large number of proteins and enzymes (Table 1).
Table 1. The Molecular Machinery Involved in Bacterial DNA Replication
Enzyme or Factor
DNA pol I Exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces it with newly synthesized DNA
DNA pol III Main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5′ to 3′ direction
Helicase Opens the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
Ligase Seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to create one continuous DNA strand
Primase Synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication
Single-stranded binding proteins Bind to single-stranded DNA to prevent hydrogen bonding between DNA strands, reforming double-stranded DNA
Sliding clamp Helps hold DNA pol III in place when nucleotides are being added
Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) Relaxes supercoiled chromosome to make DNA more accessible for the initiation of replication; helps relieve the stress on DNA when unwinding, by causing breaks and then resealing the DNA
Topoisomerase IV Introduces single-stranded break into concatenated chromosomes to release them from each other, and then reseals the DNA
Figure 3. This structure shows the guanosine triphosphate deoxyribonucleotide that is incorporated into a growing DNA strand by cleaving the two end phosphate groups from the molecule and transferring the energy to the sugar phosphate bond. The other three nucleotides form analogous structures.
One of the key players is the enzyme DNA polymerase, also known as DNA pol. In bacteria, three main types of DNA polymerases are known: DNA pol I, DNA pol II, and DNA pol III. It is now known that DNA pol III is the enzyme required for DNA synthesis; DNA pol I and DNA pol II are primarily required for repair. DNA pol III adds deoxyribonucleotides each complementary to a nucleotide on the template strand, one by one to the 3′-OH group of the growing DNA chain. The addition of these nucleotides requires energy. This energy is present in the bonds of three phosphate groups attached to each nucleotide (a triphosphate nucleotide), similar to how energy is stored in the phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Figure 3). When the bond between the phosphates is broken and diphosphate is released, the energy released allows for the formation of a covalent phosphodiester bond by dehydration synthesis between the incoming nucleotide and the free 3′-OH group on the growing DNA strand.
The initiation of replication occurs at specific nucleotide sequence called the origin of replication, where various proteins bind to begin the replication process. E. coli has a single origin of replication (as do most prokaryotes), called oriC, on its one chromosome. The origin of replication is approximately 245 base pairs long and is rich in adenine-thymine (AT) sequences.
Some of the proteins that bind to the origin of replication are important in making single-stranded regions of DNA accessible for replication. Chromosomal DNA is typically wrapped around histones (in eukaryotes and archaea) or histone-like proteins (in bacteria), and is supercoiled, or extensively wrapped and twisted on itself. This packaging makes the information in the DNA molecule inaccessible. However, enzymes called topoisomerases change the shape and supercoiling of the chromosome. For bacterial DNA replication to begin, the supercoiled chromosome is relaxed by topoisomerase II, also called DNA gyrase. An enzyme called helicase then separates the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs. Recall that AT sequences have fewer hydrogen bonds and, hence, have weaker interactions than guanine-cytosine (GC) sequences. These enzymes require ATP hydrolysis. As the DNA opens up, Y-shaped structures called replication forks are formed. Two replication forks are formed at the origin of replication, allowing for bidirectional replication and formation of a structure that looks like a bubble when viewed with a transmission electron microscope; as a result, this structure is called a replication bubble. The DNA near each replication fork is coated with single-stranded binding proteins to prevent the single-stranded DNA from rewinding into a double helix.
Once single-stranded DNA is accessible at the origin of replication, DNA replication can begin. However, DNA pol III is able to add nucleotides only in the 5′ to 3′ direction (a new DNA strand can be only extended in this direction). This is because DNA polymerase requires a free 3′-OH group to which it can add nucleotides by forming a covalent phosphodiester bond between the 3′-OH end and the 5′ phosphate of the next nucleotide. This also means that it cannot add nucleotides if a free 3′-OH group is not available, which is the case for a single strand of DNA. The problem is solved with the help of an RNA sequence that provides the free 3′-OH end. Because this sequence allows the start of DNA synthesis, it is appropriately called the primer. The primer is five to 10 nucleotides long and complementary to the parental or template DNA. It is synthesized by RNA primase, which is an RNA polymerase. Unlike DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases do not need a free 3′-OH group to synthesize an RNA molecule. Now that the primer provides the free 3′-OH group, DNA polymerase III can now extend this RNA primer, adding DNA nucleotides one by one that are complementary to the template strand (Figure 1).
During elongation in DNA replication, the addition of nucleotides occurs at its maximal rate of about 1000 nucleotides per second. DNA polymerase III can only extend in the 5′ to 3′ direction, which poses a problem at the replication fork. The DNA double helix is antiparallel; that is, one strand is oriented in the 5′ to 3′ direction and the other is oriented in the 3′ to 5′ direction (see Structure and Function of DNA). During replication, one strand, which is complementary to the 3′ to 5′ parental DNA strand, is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork because polymerase can add nucleotides in this direction. This continuously synthesized strand is known as the leading strand. The other strand, complementary to the 5′ to 3′ parental DNA, grows away from the replication fork, so the polymerase must move back toward the replication fork to begin adding bases to a new primer, again in the direction away from the replication fork. It does so until it bumps into the previously synthesized strand and then it moves back again (Figure 4). These steps produce small DNA sequence fragments known as Okazaki fragments, each separated by RNA primer. Okazaki fragments are named after the Japanese research team and married couple Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki, who first discovered them in 1966. The strand with the Okazaki fragments is known as the lagging strand, and its synthesis is said to be discontinuous.
The leading strand can be extended from one primer alone, whereas the lagging strand needs a new primer for each of the short Okazaki fragments. The overall direction of the lagging strand will be 3′ to 5′, and that of the leading strand 5′ to 3′. A protein called the sliding clamp holds the DNA polymerase in place as it continues to add nucleotides. The sliding clamp is a ring-shaped protein that binds to the DNA and holds the polymerase in place. Beyond its role in initiation, topoisomerase also prevents the overwinding of the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork as the DNA is opening up; it does so by causing temporary nicks in the DNA helix and then resealing it. As synthesis proceeds, the RNA primers are replaced by DNA. The primers are removed by the exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I, and the gaps are filled in. The nicks that remain between the newly synthesized DNA (that replaced the RNA primer) and the previously synthesized DNA are sealed by the enzyme DNA ligase that catalyzes the formation of covalent phosphodiester linkage between the 3′-OH end of one DNA fragment and the 5′ phosphate end of the other fragment, stabilizing the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule.
Figure 4. Click for a larger image. At the origin of replication, topoisomerase II relaxes the supercoiled chromosome. Two replication forks are formed by the opening of the double-stranded DNA at the origin, and helicase separates the DNA strands, which are coated by single-stranded binding proteins to keep the strands separated. DNA replication occurs in both directions. An RNA primer complementary to the parental strand is synthesized by RNA primase and is elongated by DNA polymerase III through the addition of nucleotides to the 3′-OH end. On the leading strand, DNA is synthesized continuously, whereas on the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches called Okazaki fragments. RNA primers within the lagging strand are removed by the exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I, and the Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase.
Once the complete chromosome has been replicated, termination of DNA replication must occur. Although much is known about initiation of replication, less is known about the termination process. Following replication, the resulting complete circular genomes of prokaryotes are concatenated, meaning that the circular DNA chromosomes are interlocked and must be separated from each other. This is accomplished through the activity of bacterial topoisomerase IV, which introduces double-stranded breaks into DNA molecules, allowing them to separate from each other; the enzyme then reseals the circular chromosomes. The resolution of concatemers is an issue unique to prokaryotic DNA replication because of their circular chromosomes. Because both bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are distinct from their eukaryotic counterparts, these enzymes serve as targets for a class of antimicrobial drugs called quinolones.
Take some time to review Table 1.
Which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of DNA together so that replication can occur?
Is it the lagging strand or the leading strand that is synthesized in the direction toward the opening of the replication fork?
Which enzyme is responsible for removing the RNA primers in newly replicated bacterial DNA?
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic genomes are much more complex and larger than prokaryotic genomes and are typically composed of multiple linear chromosomes (Table 2). The human genome, for example, has 3 billion base pairs per haploid set of chromosomes, and 6 billion base pairs are inserted during replication. There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome (Figure 5); the human genome has 30,000 to 50,000 origins of replication. The rate of replication is approximately 100 nucleotides per second—10 times slower than prokaryotic replication.
Table 2. Comparison of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Replication
Genome structure Single circular chromosome Multiple linear chromosomes
Number of origins per chromosome Single Multiple
Rate of replication 1000 nucleotides per second 100 nucleotides per second
Telomerase Not present Present
RNA primer removal DNA pol I RNase H
Strand elongation DNA pol III pol δ, pol ε
Figure 5. Eukaryotic chromosomes are typically linear, and each contains multiple origins of replication.
The essential steps of replication in eukaryotes are the same as in prokaryotes. Before replication can start, the DNA has to be made available as a template. Eukaryotic DNA is highly supercoiled and packaged, which is facilitated by many proteins, including histones (see Structure and Function of Cellular Genomes). At the origin of replication, a prereplication complex composed of several proteins, including helicase, forms and recruits other enzymes involved in the initiation of replication, including topoisomerase to relax supercoiling, single-stranded binding protein, RNA primase, and DNA polymerase. Following initiation of replication, in a process similar to that found in prokaryotes, elongation is facilitated by eukaryotic DNA polymerases. The leading strand is continuously synthesized by the eukaryotic polymerase enzyme pol δ, while the lagging strand is synthesized by pol ε. A sliding clamp protein holds the DNA polymerase in place so that it does not fall off the DNA. The enzyme ribonuclease H (RNase H), instead of a DNA polymerase as in bacteria, removes the RNA primer, which is then replaced with DNA nucleotides. The gaps that remain are sealed by DNA ligase.
Because eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, one might expect that their replication would be more straightforward. As in prokaryotes, the eukaryotic DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only in the 5′ to 3′ direction. In the leading strand, synthesis continues until it reaches either the end of the chromosome or another replication fork progressing in the opposite direction. On the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches, each of which is initiated by a separate primer. When the replication fork reaches the end of the linear chromosome, there is no place to make a primer for the DNA fragment to be copied at the end of the chromosome. These ends thus remain unpaired and, over time, they may get progressively shorter as cells continue to divide.
The ends of the linear chromosomes are known as telomeres and consist of noncoding repetitive sequences. The telomeres protect coding sequences from being lost as cells continue to divide. In humans, a six base-pair sequence, TTAGGG, is repeated 100 to 1000 times to form the telomere. The discovery of the enzyme telomerase (Figure 6) clarified our understanding of how chromosome ends are maintained. Telomerase contains a catalytic part and a built-in RNA template. It attaches to the end of the chromosome, and complementary bases to the RNA template are added on the 3′ end of the DNA strand. Once the 3′ end of the lagging strand template is sufficiently elongated, DNA polymerase can add the nucleotides complementary to the ends of the chromosomes. In this way, the ends of the chromosomes are replicated. In humans, telomerase is typically active in germ cells and adult stem cells; it is not active in adult somatic cells and may be associated with the aging of these cells. Eukaryotic microbes including fungi and protozoans also produce telomerase to maintain chromosomal integrity. For her discovery of telomerase and its action, Elizabeth Blackburn (1948–) received the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 2009.
Figure 6. Click for a larger image. In eukaryotes, the ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by the action of the telomerase enzyme.
This animation illustrates the process of DNA replication.
How does the origin of replication differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
What polymerase enzymes are responsible for DNA synthesis during eukaryotic replication?
What is found at the ends of the chromosomes in eukaryotes and why?
DNA Replication of Extrachromosomal Elements: Plasmids and Viruses
To copy their nucleic acids, plasmids and viruses frequently use variations on the pattern of DNA replication described for prokaryote genomes. For more information on the wide range of viral replication strategies, see The Viral Life Cycle.
Rolling Circle Replication
Whereas many bacterial plasmids (see Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells) replicate by a process similar to that used to copy the bacterial chromosome, other plasmids, several bacteriophages, and some viruses of eukaryotes use rolling circle replication (Figure 7). The circular nature of plasmids and the circularization of some viral genomes on infection make this possible. Rolling circle replication begins with the enzymatic nicking of one strand of the double-stranded circular molecule at the double-stranded origin (dso) site. In bacteria, DNA polymerase III binds to the 3′-OH group of the nicked strand and begins to unidirectionally replicate the DNA using the un-nicked strand as a template, displacing the nicked strand as it does so. Completion of DNA replication at the site of the original nick results in full displacement of the nicked strand, which may then recircularize into a single-stranded DNA molecule. RNA primase then synthesizes a primer to initiate DNA replication at the single-stranded origin (sso) site of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecule, resulting in a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule identical to the other circular DNA molecule.
Figure 7. The process of rolling circle replication results in the synthesis of a single new copy of the circular DNA molecule, as shown here.
Is there a lagging strand in rolling circle replication? Why or why not?
Key Concepts and Summary
The DNA replication process is semiconservative, which results in two DNA molecules, each having one parental strand of DNA and one newly synthesized strand.
In bacteria, the initiation of replication occurs at the origin of replication, where supercoiled DNA is unwound by DNA gyrase, made single-stranded by helicase, and bound by single-stranded binding protein to maintain its single-stranded state. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, providing a free 3′-OH group to which DNA polymerase III can add DNA nucleotides.
During elongation, the leading strand of DNA is synthesized continuously from a single primer. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments, each requiring its own primer. The RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA nucleotides by bacterial DNA polymerase I, and DNA ligase seals the gaps between these fragments.
Termination of replication in bacteria involves the resolution of circular DNA concatemers by topoisomerase IV to release the two copies of the circular chromosome.
Eukaryotes typically have multiple linear chromosomes, each with multiple origins of replication. Overall, replication in eukaryotes is similar to that in prokaryotes.
The linear nature of eukaryotic chromosomes necessitates telomeres to protect genes near the end of the chromosomes. Telomerase extends telomeres, preventing their degradation, in some cell types.
Rolling circle replication is a type of rapid unidirectional DNA synthesis of a circular DNA molecule used for the replication of some plasmids.
Which of the following is the enzyme that replaces the RNA nucleotides in a primer with DNA nucleotides?
DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase I
primase
helicase
Answer b. DNA polymerase I is the enzyme that replaces the RNA nucleotides in a primer with DNA nucleotides.
Which of the following is not involved in the initiation of replication?
ligase
DNA gyrase
single-stranded binding protein
Answer a. Ligase is not involved in the initiation of replication.
Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication is unique to eukaryotes?
Answer d. Telomerase is unique to eukaryotes.
Which of the following would be synthesized using 5′-CAGTTCGGA-3′ as a template?
3′-AGGCTTGAC-4′
3′-TCCGAACTG-5′
3′-GTCAAGCCT-5′
3′-CAGTTCGGA-5′
Answer c. 3′-GTCAAGCCT-5′
The enzyme responsible for relaxing supercoiled DNA to allow for the initiation of replication is called ________.
The enzyme responsible for relaxing supercoiled DNA to allow for the initiation of replication is called DNA gyrase or topoisomerase II.
Unidirectional replication of a circular DNA molecule like a plasmid that involves nicking one DNA strand and displacing it while synthesizing a new strand is called ________.
Unidirectional replication of a circular DNA molecule like a plasmid that involves nicking one DNA strand and displacing it while synthesizing a new strand is called rolling circle replication.
More primers are used in lagging strand synthesis than in leading strand synthesis.
Why is primase required for DNA replication?
What is the role of single-stranded binding protein in DNA replication?
Below is a DNA sequence. Envision that this is a section of a DNA molecule that has separated in preparation for replication, so you are only seeing one DNA strand. Construct the complementary DNA sequence (indicating 5′ and 3′ ends).DNA sequence: 3′-T A C T G A C T G A C G A T C-5′
Review Figure 1 and Figure 2. Why was it important that Meselson and Stahl continue their experiment to at least two rounds of replication after isotopic labeling of the starting DNA with 15N, instead of stopping the experiment after only one round of replication?
If deoxyribonucleotides that lack the 3′-OH groups are added during the replication process, what do you expect will occur?
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Impact fees for Santa Rosa schools questioned
By Duwayne Escobedo | 315-4489 | @DuwayneENWFDN | descobedo@nwfdailynews.com
MILTON — Santa Rosa County School District officials called its proposal to charge a $5,000 impact fee on residents who buy new homes in the county its only option to generate money to build new schools.
Superintendent of Schools Tim Wryosdick reminded the Santa Rosa County Commission in a four-hour joint meeting Wednesday that the schools were "why people come to Santa Rosa County and why people stay in Santa Rosa County."
But it became clear as the meeting dragged on that commissioners had a lot of questions about the revenue source and its fairness to new home buyers. Wryosdick and Shool Board Chairwoman Carol Boston also bristled and became testy with residents who questioned their math and whether they spent the half-cent sales tax wisely.
"I see impact fees as our last resort," Wryosdick said.
Boston, who represents the Navarre area, echoed him: "We have no other choice. There is no other funding choice."
The School District needs the county to support the impact fee for schools, which would charge $5,000 for every single-family home built. The district also wants $3,000 for multi-family units in the north end and $1,500 for multi-family units in the south end.
The fee would generate at least $7 million a year in revenues. The School District has contended it must build three new schools in the north end and two new schools in the south end during the next 10 years.
However, commissioners and people at the meeting questioned why the district would impose property taxes of 1.4 mills, or $1.40 per $1,000 of taxable property valule, instead of the full 1.5 the state allows.
Others questioned the stewardship of the half-cent sales tax, which has generated nearly $74 million the past 10 years, including $9.3 million in the 2017-18 fiscal year, according to the Florida Department of Revenue.
David Peaden, executive director of the Home Builders Association of West Florida, pointed out the School District used the half-cent that voters overwhelmingly approved in 1997, 2007 and 2017 on tennis courts and football field press boxes.
"This is way too rushed to make a decision today and look into the spending on the sales tax," Peaden said.
Home builder Edwin Henry said the School District budget was $366 million last year — its most ever. He also passed out to School Board members and commissioners his own research that showed the number of newly completed homes in Santa Rosa County has remained relatively consistent from 1991 to 2018. The 28-year average was 1,271 new homes per year, Henry reported.
"You're telling me you still don't have enough money?" Henry asked Wryosdick. "I am not convinced. You have to show me you have done everything you can do to save up and build schools."
Wryosdick snapped at one point at Henry: "I vehemently disagree with you."
People also challenged a statement repeated several times by School District officials that even though the last school to be constructed was Bennett Russell Elementary in 2007, they had built the equivalent of four schools. However, data obtained from the district reports 79 classroom additions to schools since 2009 — short of four schools.
Commissioner Don Salter said the impact fee would be unfair to new residents moving to the county or people who grew up in the county and wanted to buy their first home.
"I have a problem with my children paying an impact fee," he said.
Commissioner Lane Lynchard pointed out that the Seminole County School Board held 17 public meetings and workshops before making its recommendation to its county commissioners.
The Santa Rosa County School Board voted to bring the proposal to the county commission at its April 25 meeting.
"There is a lot of information coming in fast," Lynchard said.


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HS2 – The end of the line
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In a recent piece I said that the HS2 link between Birmingham and London should be seen as just that – a link – part of a European network. I suggested that the trains could begin in Glasgow or Belfast (even Dublin) and pass through Birmingham and London on their way to Malaga, Palermo or Umea.
In their reply people seemed to infer that I thought there was some latent demand for people to travel by train from Dublin to Umea or from Glasgow to Malaga – far from it. Few people ever travel the length of railway line.
I simply believe that the evidence shows that through stations work better than terminus stations – even if not many people travel through the station concerned.
Take the Tyne and wear Metro as an example. You can get on a train at South Shields, go west on the southern side of the Tyne, through Jarrow and Gateshead and cross the Tyne into Newcastle. Staying on the same train now travel north towards Gosforth. At Gosforth the train turns to the east until it hits the coast at Whitley Bay and instead of running into the sea it turns south to North Shields.
Here, after passing through thirty stations and going west, north, east and south, it is almost back to where it began its journey. But the train continues on. This time it turns west again but along the north side of the Tyne through Wallsend and back into Newcastle Monument station. It had travelled through this station over twenty stations ago. Yet the trains still moves on.
Clearly no-one takes this train from the beginning of the line to the end. Each passenger uses it for their own few stations. Each little journey overlaps those of many other passengers.
The same applies in the European network. Most of the passengers that get on a high speed train which sets of at Cork will get off at Dublin but many will continue through to Belfast. In Dublin passengers will get on for Glasgow. In Belfast passengers might get on for Glasgow, Edinburgh or Newcastle. In Glasgow people might get on for Edinburgh, Newcastle, Leeds, Nottingham, or London. And so it goes on all the way to Malaga.
Perhaps there might be person getting off at Malaga who got on at Cork but I doubt it. However, if you could break the journey I dare say a few people in Corkshire would like to travel to the winter sun by rail if they could.
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'I don't care..' Kevin de Bruyne brushes Anfield off on eve of mammoth clash
Lots of players have downplayed the power of Anfield before a game with Liverpool – and lived to regret it.
So we really hope Manchester City superstar Kevin de Bruyne is making the same mistake before Sunday's 4:30 Premier League clash.
Liverpool host Pep Guardiola's side knowing a win will take us nine points clear at the top of the table. A defeat, however, will reduce the deficit to a measly three: something City will feel they'll be able to overcome in the run-up to Christmas.
"I don't care," De Bruyne told Sky Sports, when asked about Anfield and City's poor record here.
"A lot of circumstances will decide the game. What can a player do with statistics like this?
"It's a game like another. We know it's a big game – Liverpool are ahead. We have to go back, recover [from the away trip to Italy to play Atalanta] and be ready for next Sunday.
"Professionals want to play in front of 50, 60, 70, 80 thousand people and it makes it worthwhile," he added.
De Bruyne is a certainty to start in City's midfield, most likely alongside Ilkay Gundogan and Bernardo Silva, as Fernandinho is deputising in defence in the continued absence of Aymeric Laporte.
Jurgen Klopp is facing pressure to start Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in his midfield three, but we predict the German will be using his favourite trio: Fabinho, Gini Wijnaldum and Jordan Henderson.
Elsewhere, the team picks itself, with the only other area of contention central defence. Dejan Lovren's recent form though means he'll play alongside Virgil van Dijk.
It is, by some distance, the biggest game of the season so far – and we cannot wait.
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Exclusive: "Have to give Manchester City credit" – Ex-Red on City's squad depth edge over Liverpool


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Q: Auto size view on tableViewController I am having a view at the top of my tableViewController. The view is called viewBackground. It is there to show the post the user clicked on and the table cells will show the comments.
What I want to do is to resize the viewBackground depending on the size of the label theLabel. I have done this in the cells by setting the label in the cells to 0 lines and by implementing this little code :
tableView.rowHeight = UITableViewAutomaticDimension
tableView.estimatedRowHeight = 205

How do I do the same with my viewBackground?
This is a picture of the tableView:

A: I suggest to make a header for your current tableView -instead of adding an external view above it-, and then you can follow this answer, it should helps you of how you can calculate the label's string height and returning it in the tableView(_:heightForRowAt:) method.
Hope this helped.

A: You can create table view with two sections. First section will contain selected post; second section - comments. If you need, i can provide some code.

A: Added this code and it helped!
override func viewDidLayoutSubviews() {
    super.viewDidLayoutSubviews()

    if let headerView = tableView.tableHeaderView {
        let height = headerView.systemLayoutSizeFittingSize(UILayoutFittingCompressedSize).height
        var headerFrame = headerView.frame

        //Comparison necessary to avoid infinite loop
        if height != headerFrame.size.height {
            headerFrame.size.height = height
            headerView.frame = headerFrame
            tableView.tableHeaderView = headerView
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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El bass house es un género de la música electrónica que surgió a finales de la década de los 90's, como resultado de la Fusión entre Bass y House, o con géneros derivados como Deep House, Tech House y Future House, y con influencias de otros géneros relacionados con el Bass, como Dubstep, Drum and Bass, Electro House, Tech House, Fidget House, Riddim, Footwork y Trap, también puede poseer influencias de Hip Hop.

Características
Este género se caracteriza por estar compuesto de una base heredada del House, que puede ser hecha con Kicks, Claps o Snares, Rides, Hats o Hi-Hats muy notorios o de una base más compleja tipo breaks heredado de Breakbeat, y de Bajos distorsionados controlados por un "Low Frequency Oscillator" (LFO), especialmente Woobles, heredado del Bass. Uno de los Bajos es el Principal que es el que tiene la melodía, con bajones en el Pitch o con sonidos parecidos a los de Tech House o Future House, que determina el ritmo y otro el Complementario, que es el que acompaña a la melodía, dándole efectos notables. Este género usualmente oscila con pulsaciones que van de 125 a 128 bpm, pero también se lo puede encontrar a 140 bpm o a 130 bpm, este género contiene vocales que generalmente son de Pitch bajo. Se Considera que la primera canción de este género fue RIP Groove de Double 99 aunque, anteriormente, se habían hecho canciones House con influencias Bass, como A Bit Patchy de Switch, pero no fueron consideradas como bass house. Se pueden encontrar canciones aún más antiguas con influencias entre el Bass y House pero sin ser categorizadas con el género bass house.

Origen
Desde los años 90 se estuvieron combinando estilos Bass y House, teniendo como resultado canciones que fueron cada vez más influenciadas por estos géneros pero no fueron consideradas canciones de un género específico sino que se lo designaba como un género u otro. Se Considera que la primera canción de este género fue RIP Groove de Double 99, publicada el 2 de julio de 2012 por Skint Records en YouTube, ya que contenía bajos distorsionados muy marcados y la base típica de House. Aunque anteriormente, se habían hecho canciones House con influencias Bass, como A Bit Patchy de Switch, pero no fueron consideradas como bass house, ya que tenía más afinidad por su parte Bass. Este género fue popularizado mundialmente luego de la canción de Jauz & Ephwurd, Rock the Party, en el año 2015, que presenta influencias Trap. Otro ejemplo de la influencia del Trap en el bass house está en la canción de Jauz & Ghastly, Ghosts N' Sharks en el año 2016. Y de la Influencia del Future House en el bass house está en las canción de Jauz, Feel the Volume en el año 2014 y Deeper Love en el año 2015, además Feel the Volume presenta influencia del Trap. Un ejemplo de la influencia de Breakbeat en el bass house su puede escuchar en la canción Get Down de Jauz & Eptic, en la que usan una base que sale de lo que sería una base de House siendo de tipo Breaks.

Algunos de los artistas exponentes de este género son Jauz, Curbi, Ephwurd, Megalodon, Habstrakt, Eptic, Ghastly, Sciter, Holygunner, Dustycloud, Tchami, Netsky, JOYRYDE, Moksi, Godamn, Bellecour, R!OT, Michael White, Angel Obed, entre otros.

Referencias

 http://www.electronicamx.net/bass-house-el-nuevo-genero-que-esta-sonando/

 https://ukf.com/words/hell-bass-house-anyway/15968

 https://web.archive.org/web/20160921174908/https://www.insomniac.com/media/3-reasons-why-you-should-be-paying-attention-bass-house

Géneros de música electrónica
Bass


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Baby's Alright
In New York for a month
by seretrouble August 2, 2017 August 2, 2017
I spent July in NYC to explore its music scene as much as I could: playing open mics and gigs, going to concerts, and soaking it all up.
I want to keep a list of all places and situations I discovered and decided to make it a blog post for other people that want to do the same.
Considerations on the city from a Londoner
New York City is buzzing with energy and excitement at all times. It is so alive that it blew my mind! 'The city that never sleeps' indeed: always on, multi-cultural, and yet with very strong American roots, it made me feel alive and…home!
Nobody looks at you funny if you ask for a table for one or drink pints alone at the counter. People have a gracious way of striking up a conversation and without being creepy finding out who you are, what you do, what you think, what you like.
Life through the glass!
Music is such a big part of New York City: you see people singing songs aloud whilst listening to their headphones (and nobody turning around to watch them…I saw it so many times that I decided it must be normal); cars blasting out music, streets bursting with clubs, bars that pump out loud music, and heaps of venues offering live music.
NYC still makes you feel you are welcome, a place where you can explore being your true self and evolve. If you decide to share your ideas in front of an audience you will find one and people will listen!
New York is freedom.
I never felt so free in my life as I did in the Big Apple.
Public transportation runs at all times so you never have to worry over how to get home!
My list of venues for open mics and gigs
I have played five open mics and two gigs in the past month.
In general, open mics situations tend to attract decent amounts of people if compared to London and the audience respectfully listens to you; a piano is generally available; and it is really easy to make the acquaintance of other artists.
This is the list of open mics I played at, in order of my preference:
Pete's Candy Store, Williamsburg (on Sundays): one of the historical open mics in NY, hosted by Bruce Martin who is a force of nature, the open mic is super chill and fun, the sound is good and the place is nice; you get to play 1 song; I went twice.
Sidewalk Cafe, East Village (on Mondays): hosted by Somer who disposes of infinite patience and sarcasm; at least 40 – 50 people show up on a weekly to play; she runs a lottery to assign you a slot, so if unlucky you might pick up number 44 and have to wait until midnight before you get to play; the sound is good; you get to play 1 song; I was asked to play a gig after the open mic.
Little Skips, Bushwick (on Tuesdays): hosted by Joe Crow Ryan…that man is a living legend; raggedy madness, underground feel and definitely a whole lot of genres all together; it is a messy open mic but really unique and fun; the sound was good then bad then good again then bad but the good vibes make up for the technical unreliability; you get to play 2 songs.
The West Brooklyn, Williamsburg (on Mondays): about 10 people show up to play and some are regulars (some of the finest musicians I've ever seen playing an open mic); the sound is good; you get to play 2 songs and if time allows it, you can play again at the end.
The Bitter End, between Greenwich Village and Lower Manhattan (on Saturdays): the stage is huge, the open mic starts early in the afternoon, it is pretty chilled and a nice environment; the sound was good; you get to play 2 songs; I believe that if you enquire you could probably book yourself a gig there too.
Talking to people at open mics I was also recommended the following ones which I did not get a chance to check out:
Mondays: Cafe Vivaldi, Park Side Lounge, Prohibition
Tuesdays: Under St. Mark's, Topaz, Park Side Lounge
Thursdays: The Sugar Bar, Music Inn
I played two gigs.
I landed the Sidewalk gig after playing at their open mic; I was the last person on stage at the gig; the sound wasn't amazing and luckily one of my people stood up to tell me to turn down the volume of the guitar after the 1st song. The set was 45 minutes. A bunch of my NYC friends showed up and also two groups of people having drinks next door decided to come in and watch.
The Rockwood Music Hall | Stage 1 gig came about after I sent them an email at the end of April asking if I could play there. I was the last person on stage with everything running late. The quality of the two bands I saw playing before me was really high, probably the highest quality venue I have played thus far (a part from Scala in London). The sound engineer was really good and always listening. Too bad everyone left just before I started to play as it was almost 1:00am on a Wednesday night.
These are three more venues to keep on the radar to play gigs:
The Silent Barn, Bushwick
Baby's Alright, Williamsburg
Pine Box Rock Shop, Bushwick
I feel everything is possible in New York City and I will make sure to go back there.
PostsBaby's Alright Bushwick Little Skips Live music New York New York New York open mic Pete's Candy Store Pine Box Rock Shop Rockwood Music Hall Sidewalk Café Silent Barn The Bitter End The West Brooklyn Williamsburg


For the first time, an AMC Adult Volunteer Trail Crew worked in sunny southern California. From March 15-22, 9 AMC volunteers and staff partnered with the Pacific Crest Trail Association to work on the PCT just north of the Mexican border. Working in the desert chaparral ecosystem is quite a bit different than working in our rocky forested New England Mountains, and added to that, the PCT is a hiker/equestrian trail meaning there are different standards to meet in the trail work.
Each day, we were greeted with sunny and 70-80 degree weather – a much needed respite indeed from the never ending winter in New England. Of course, it is also very dry down on the border, so there is no moisture in the soil; this made working on the tread like working on a beach and prevented us from using any power tools, even in non-wilderness areas, because of fear of a spark leading to a wild fire. On top of that parched beach sand was crumbling rock, baked constantly by the sun and battered by the fierce winds, which breaks it down making it hard to construct trail structures. Underneath those crumbling rocks though are a wide variety of unique species, including snakes, ground squirrels, lizards, and poisonous centipedes that sting and eat the bigger lizards! Desert survival is not for the faint of heart.
In addition to all of those native species, the PCT is home to horses as well. Equestrian trails are not common in the northeast, and the PCT's sister trail, the Appalachian Trail, is for hikers only. Maintaining a trail for equestrian use requires meeting different standards. The tread has to be wider, the corridor bigger, and structures are kept at an absolute minimum.
It is okay though that structures are used sparingly because the PCT was designed where many of the older trails in the northeast developed through social use without any planning at all. In New England, most trails are considered fall line trails, meaning they climb ridge lines straight up the side of the hill. This allows for a shorter trail distance, but substantially increases erosion as the water rushes straight down the gullied trails. This in turns requires an increased number of rock and timber structures to drain and retain the tread, further increasing our recreational impact on the land. Conversely, we worked to deberm the tread on the PCT to allow water to flow gradually off the side, and we rebuilt a switchback as well. These switchbacks allow PCT users to gradually climb a hillside and keep the need for soil retention and drainage structures to a minimum, which is good for the land as well.
Despite these differences though, it was still good trail work. We enjoyed the warmth, the good hard work, and the delicious meals at the Red Tailed Roost Volunteer Center. Most importantly, by the end of the week, we had improved nearly 1-¼ miles of the PCT through our efforts and we cannot wait to return in 2015!


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Honorable Willie Brown and SF Rec & Park to Raise American Flag in Honor of U.S. Olympians
SF Rec and Park to launch Olympic Viewing Party at Civic Center Plaza
SAN FRANCISCO –San Francisco Recreation and Park Department (RPD), Former San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown, and Chief of Mayor's Protocol Office Charlotte Shutlz hosted a ceremony on steps of City Hall to raise the American Flag in honor of U.S. Olympians and announced SF Rec and Park's Olympic Viewing Parties at Civic Center Plaza on August 7 and 11 with event sponsors including NBC Bay Area, Visa, and Coca Cola. Three U.S. Olympians from Past Olympic Games, Marilyn King, Ted Murphy, and Sean Nolan spoke with SF Rec and Park Athletic Camp kids about their experience as Olympians. In addition, British Consul General Priya Guha and Bay Area Sports Organizing Committee (BASOC) Board members George Broder were present to make remarks.
"We want to bring San Franciscans together to celebrate the excitement of the Olympics and to cheer on Team USA," said Mayor Ed Lee. "Athletes from the San Francisco Bay Area are among the top athletes in the world competing for gold and we will be with them in spirit."
"Today, we are celebrating our U.S. Olympians, some of the world's best athletes," said Charlotte Shultz, Chief of Mayor's Protocol Office. "We also want to highlight San Francisco's diversity and its commitment to healthy, athletic lifestyles."
"We're so proud to take this opportunity to share in the Olympic celebration with the City of San Francisco and pay tribute the long-standing relationship between the UK and the Bay Area." said, British Consul General Priya Guha.
SF Rec and Park will be hosting public viewing parties for the London 2012 Summer Olympics broadcast on the big screen at Civic Center Plaza. Thousands of viewers will gather to watch the world's best athletes go for the gold in some of the most highly anticipated match-ups of the games.
"The viewing parties will celebrate the Olympic Games and inspire our communities, especially our kids, to engage in sports," said Phil Ginsburg, SF Rec and Park General Manager. "We are also excited to have the U.S. Olympians among us to share their life lessons learned from healthy competition."
"We are delighted to support San Francisco's free Olympic Viewing Parties; as BASOC's ultimate mission is to bring the Games to the San Francisco Bay Area someday in the future. Many Olympians competing in London today watched the Olympic Games when they were younger, inspiring them to choose a sport, work hard and never give up. We know watching the Games will inspire a whole new generation of Olympians from San Francisco", remarked BASOC's Board member, George Broder.
In addition to the large viewing screen, there will be a range of food options and family friendly activities. SF Rec and Park will emphasize the fun of sport and exercise through Olympic-themed activities such as mini volleyball games, running races and gymnastics on the Civic Center lawn.
"As a proud sponsor of the Olympic Games, Coca-Cola is excited to come together with the city of San Francisco in honoring U.S Olympic athletes and in promoting healthy, active living," said Rene Hom, vice president of Product Supply Systems for Coca-Cola Refreshments. "This event truly showcases the best in sports, and celebrates the youths in our communities."
"As an Official Sponsor of the Olympic Games for over 25 years, Visa is thrilled to be able to promote Olympic spirit and highlight the importance of healthy, active lifestyles by supporting the Recreation and Park Department's free Olympic Viewing parties in Civic Center Plaza." said, Nathan Nayman, Head of State and Local Relations – California for Visa.
Group Photo (clockwise): Marilyn King, Sean Nolan, Phil Ginsburg, Ted Murphy, Rene Hom, Willie Brown
SF Rec and Park Kids and Flag Raise Photo (clockwise): Noah Lee, Francis Yates, and Marta Mendoza


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