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Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray – Uses in Covid 19, efficacy rate & side effects
A good news has come in the wake of the corona virus havoc in India. Canadian company SanoTize has claimed that it has made a nasal spray that kills 99.99 percent of the corona virus. This company claims that this spray will cure the sick people from Corona quickly. As per the Canadian company Sanotize, their nasal spray starts eliminating the corona virus in the air. Patients have to put this nitric oxide nasal spray in their nose and it reduces the viral load in the nose. So Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray Covid-19 will be another milestone in treating this deadly virus. As we all know that what this virus has been doing in India since one month. All the cities whether it is a metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai or a small village of Uttar Pradesh all are witnessing a huge surge in the case. Every day we are watching more cases then previous day.
India is currently facing the second deadly wave of corona virus where around 4 lakh cases are coming up every day. In such a situation, the governments are taking various steps to stop the spread of the virus, but in the meantime, scientists are also innovating to prevent this deadly virus. Meanwhile, a Canadian company SanNoTize has claimed that it has made a nasal spray that can kill the corona virus.
Canadian-based pharmaceutical firm Sanotize has sought emergency approval from the United Kingdom and Canada for the use of its Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray Covid-19. And we wish that this spray achieve the success so the mankind can get the relief from this virus as it has been more than a year we seeing this virus destroying lives of millions across the globe.
Canadian company Sanotize has claimed to have made a nasal spray that eliminates 99.99 percent of the corona virus. The company claims that their spray will reduce the time of treatment for people sick with corona.This is called nitric oxide nasal spray. However, it has not yet been approved in India. As a shield and weapon against the Covid-19, awaiting emergency approval, this nasal spray can prove to be a game-changer for India. The Israeli scientist has helped develop this spray. In India it will be great to have this spray after all the drugs our doctors are using on the patients.
Highlights on Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray
Company Name Sanotize
Vaccine name Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray
Status Yet to be approved
Uses to kill corona virus
Administration Mode Nose
Official Website sanotize.com/covid-19
Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray Efficacy
SanNoTize claims that the viral log reduction from the body of people who used their nasal spray during trials was 1.362 in the first 24 hours. In this context, the number of viruses will decrease by 95 percent in a day. It will increase to 99 percent in the next 72 hours and this is the Efficacy of Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray. The spray, developed by Vancouver biotech firm SaNOtize, is said to have yielded promising results in the UK and Canada trials against the UK variant.
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The company is awaiting approval from regulators around the world for emergency approval. Dr. Gilli Regev, CEO and Co-founder of Sanotize, says that we are looking for partners in India and hope that this spray will be approved as a medical device in India. He has started talks with some big pharmaceutical companies in India but at this time company has not contacted the government or the regulator.
What happened in the Phase-2 trial?
Nitric oxide nasal spray has been developed by SaNOtize, a biotech company based in Vancouver, Canada and in this, St Peters Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust and Berkshire Pathology Services of UK have associated. Dr. Gilli Regev, CEO of SaNOtize claims that nitric oxide can kill any type of virus. This spray sends a small amount of nitric oxide into the nose, which helps in killing the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray in India
After the World Health Organization (WHO) recommending, the government agencies of the countries approve the use of the emergency use authorization of the spray. According to Dr. Regev, Israel and Bahrain have approved the use of this spray as a medical device.Dr Winchester says that the spray makers have sought permission to use emergency in the Britain as well and a plan to test its 3rd phase is also being planned.
Whether there is a need for a 3rd stage trial or not, this regulator has to decide. According to him spray makers are also discussing with some pharmaceutical companies in India. Sanotize wants to do Phase-3 trials with 4-5 thousand people. According to Regev, some part of Phase-3 trials may also occur in India. They are looking for funding for this. As soon as funding is available, the company will be able to go ahead and conduct trials in India as well.
FAQ's on Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray
What is this spray?
Nitric oxide is known to be quite effective against bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoa and viruses and researchers have conducted several experiments to test the ability of nitric oxide to deal with Covid19. Evaluated its effect on replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
In which countries it gets approval?
This drug has been approved in Israel and Bahrain, while in many other countries it is at different stages of the process. According to several reports, the company has also started production in Israel.
What about the price of this spray?
Company is constantly working closely with stakeholders to ensure that all people get this spray on same rate
What about the production capacity of Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray?
At the same time the sanotize has a production line and 4 more are getting ready and they are looking for a good partner to expand production in India.
When will it launch in India?
Currently, the company has sought permission for emergency approval in the UK and Canada. Many countries have approved this spray for treatment. The Sanotise company is looking for a business partner in India.
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2 thoughts on "Sanotize Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray – Uses in Covid 19, efficacy rate & side effects"
Larry Cottle
Please notify me if the spray goes on the oppen market for sale..Increases notric oxide I'm old and need this for personal health. Thanks
Can this be purchased and shipped to the US


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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Pennsylvania Case Law › Pennsylvania Superior Court Decisions › 1993 › Olson v. Grutza
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Olson v. Grutza
428 Pa. Superior Ct. 378 (1993)
631 A.2d 191
Curtis OLSON and Donna Olson, His Wife and John Pfeiffer and Autumn Pfeiffer, His Wife, Appellants, v. John M. GRUTZA, T/A John M. Grutza Rentals, v. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONTRACTORS, INC.; Harnischfeger Corporation; C.C. & F.F. Kessler, Inc. and Wheelabrator Frackville Energy Company, v. RUST INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, Raymond Hayes, Edward S. Chandler and Robert McDonald, Appellees. Curtis OLSON and Donna Olson, His Wife and John Pfeiffer and Autumn Pfeiffer, His Wife, Appellees, v. John M. GRUTZA, T/A John M. Grutza Rentals, v. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONTRACTORS, INC.; Harnischfeger Corporation; C.C. & F.F. Kessler, Inc. and Wheelabrator Frackville Energy Company, Rust International Corporation and Raymond Hayes, Edward S. Chandler and Robert McDonald. Appeal of HARNISCHFEGER CORPORATION.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued May 13, 1993.
Filed August 31, 1993.
*380 James J. Riley, III, Pottsville, for Olson and Pfeiffer.
James Joseph Bee, Philadelphia, for Harnischfeger.
Chester C. Corse, Jr., Pottsville, for National Indus., appellee.
Before BECK, POPOVICH and HESTER, JJ.
POPOVICH, Judge:
This is an appeal from the order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County sustaining appellees' preliminary objections to appellants' request to amend a joinder complaint for claims of spoliation of evidence and for claims sounding in negligence. We are asked to determine whether the lower court committed an error of law or abused its discretion in sustaining appellees' preliminary objections. We affirm.
The standard of review of an appellate court in passing on a challenge to sustaining of a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer is whether on the facts averred the law *381 says with certainty that no recovery is possible. Kyle v. McNamara & Criste, 506 Pa. 631, 487 A.2d 814 (1985).
The record reveals the following: On June 19, 1989, plaintiffs, Curtis Olson and John Pfeiffer were injured during the course of employment when the cable of a crane snapped while Olson and Pfeiffer were being lifted by the crane in a man-cage. The man-cage fell to the ground approximately thirty feet resulting in their injuries.
On January 11, 1990, Olson and his wife, and Pfeiffer and his wife, filed their complaint against the lessor of the crane, John M. Grutza. On March 12, 1990, an amended complaint was filed against Grutza.
On August 8, 1990, Grutza filed a writ to join additional defendants, National Industrial Contractors, Inc. ("NIC"), the alleged employer of Olson and Pfeiffer, Century II, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as appellant, "Harnischfeger"), the alleged manufacturer of the crane,[1] C.C. & F.F. Kessler, Inc. ("Kessler"), the alleged seller of the crane to Grutza, and Wheelabrator Frackville Energy Co. ("Wheelabrator"), the alleged owner of the construction site. On November 2, 1990, Grutza filed his complaint joining the said additional defendants.
On June 5, 1991, the lower court approved a stipulation of the parties dated May 28, 1991, whereby the time to join additional defendants was extended to August 4, 1991. On June 18, 1991, appellant, Harnischfeger filed a praecipe to join six (6) new additional defendants, including Rust International Corporation and Raymond Hayes (hereinafter referred to as appellees). On September 25, 1991, Harnischfeger filed its joinder complaint against appellees and the other new additional defendants. In that joinder complaint, Harnischfeger incorporated as exhibits the following pleadings: the Olson/Pfeiffer *382 original complaint, the Olson/Pfeiffer amended complaint, Grutza's joinder complaint and Harnischfeger's answer to Grutza's joinder complaint. In addition, Harnischfeger averred as follows:
10. At all times relevant hereto, Rust International Corporation was responsible for managing, overseeing, and/or otherwise supervising the construction activities at the site of the Wheelabrator Frackville Co-Generation Plant near Frackville, Pennsylvania, including, but not limited to, on-site safety and the erection and operation of construction equipment and related equipment at the aforementioned site, including the crane and manbasket alleged to have been involved in the incident giving rise to this action, which equipment may also have been owned, controlled and/or maintained by Rust International Corporation. * * * * * * 13. Raymond Hayes is an individual who at all times relevant hereto was employed by Rust International Corporation and was engaged in activities at the site of the construction of the Wheelabrator Frackville Energy Plant near Frackville, Pennsylvania and relating to the incident which forms the basis of this action, on or about June 19, 1989. * * * * * * 17. Rust International Corporation . . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . acting individually and through their respective agents . . . knowingly, intentionally and/or through their negligence, carelessness and/or recklessness, engaged in the spoliation of evidence, by inter alia, altering, losing and/or otherwise destroying evidence relevant to what they believed would be the subject of future litigation. 18. The aforementioned alteration, loss and/or destruction of evidence relevant to the subject litigation has severely prejudiced the ability of the litigants to defend against claims or present claims in this litigation. 19. If it is proved at the trial of this action that Plaintiffs sustained injuries and/or damages as alleged and for the *383 reasons set forth in Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint, which averments and allegations are incorporated herein by reference and which said averments and allegations as they be directed against [Harnischfeger] being herein expressly denied, then said incident and/or damages would have been caused, individually, jointly and/or severally, by the negligence, carelessness, and/or other liability producing conduct of the aforesaid Additional Defendants, as well as under such other theories as may be developed through discovery and/or at trial. * * * * * * 21. If it is proved at the trial of this action that Rust International Corporation . . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . acting individually and through their respective agents . . . engaged in the spoliation of evidence as more fully described herein above, then Rust International Corporation. . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . are directly liable, individually, jointly and/or severally to [Harnischfeger] for any and all damages sustained by [Harnischfeger] as a result thereof. 22. If it is proved at the trial of this action that Rust International Corporation . . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . acting individually and through their respective agents . . . engaged in the spoliation of evidence as more fully described herein above, then Rust International Corporation. . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . are jointly and severally liable and/or liable over to [Harnischfeger] for all sums which [Harnischfeger] may be found to owe to any party in this litigation, plus interest, cost and attorneys' fees incurred in the defense of this action. WHEREFORE, [Harnischfeger] denies liability, demands judgment in its favor on all issues and demands that if Plaintiffs and any other parties to this action are found to be entitled to any sum, the liability of [Harnischfeger] being herein expressly denied, then Rust International Corporation. . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . are solely liable to Plaintiffs or such other parties, and/or jointly and severally liable and/or liable over to [Harnischfeger] by means of contribution and/or indemnity for all sums, plus interest, *384 costs and attorneys' fees incurred in the defense of the subject action, and, further, if it is proved at the trial of this action that Rust international Corporation . . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . engaged in the spoliation of evidence as more fully described herein above, then Rust International Corporation . . . [and] Raymond Hayes . . . are directly liable, individually, jointly and/or severally to [Harnischfeger] for any and all damages sustained by [Harnischfeger] as a result thereof.
Harnischfeger's Complaint Against Additional Defendants, pp. 3-7.
Appellees filed preliminary objections to Harnischfeger's joinder complaint. The first preliminary objection was in the nature of a demurrer and contended that the joinder complaint did not set forth a recognizable cause of action against appellees. The second preliminary objection consisted of a motion to dismiss Harnischfeger's claim that appellees engaged in the spoliation of evidence. Appellees maintained that the spoliation of evidence claim did not arise out of the series of transactions or occurrences upon which plaintiffs' cause of action is based as required by Pa.R.Civ.P. 2252(a)(1). Thereafter, Harnischfeger filed a supplemental brief opposing the preliminary objections and sought leave of the court to amend its joinder complaint. Appellees filed a memorandum in opposition to the contemplated amendment.
In its order dated July 17, 1992, the lower court ruled upon appellees' preliminary objections as follows:
1. The Preliminary Objection to the attempted joinder of a spoliation of evidence claim in the complaint of [Harnischfeger] is SUSTAINED and said claim is DISMISSED. 2. Additional Defendant [Harnischfeger] is granted leave to file an amended complaint within thirty (30) days hereof setting forth a claim for contribution and/or indemnity against the other additional defendants, but the objection against any attempted joinder by [Harnischfeger] of the *385 other Additional Defendants on the basis that they are solely liable to the plaintiff is SUSTAINED.
Trial Court Order 7/17/92, p. 2 (emphasis added).
The lower court found that no Pennsylvania court has recognized a cause of action for spoliation of evidence. The court below determined that even if such a claim was recognized in Pennsylvania, that claim was improperly joined in this case because it did not arise out of the transaction or occurrence upon which plaintiffs' cause of action is based. The lower court also concluded that a jury would be totally confused if a cause of action for spoliation of evidence was joined with plaintiffs' underlying claims. Trial Court Opinion 7/20/92, pp. 5-7.
Further, the lower court found that Harnischfeger's joinder complaint with its incorporation of plaintiffs' amended complaint failed to set forth facts to assert a cause of action for negligence. The court determined that Harnischfeger's praecipe to join additional defendants filed on June 18, 1991 tolled the statute of limitations but did not excuse Harnischfeger of the duty to plead properly its cause of action for negligence against appellees in its complaint. The court concluded as follows:
[I]f Harnischfeger was uncertain of the facts available to support its theories of liability against [appellees], it could have availed itself of the procedures permitting discovery in aid of preparation of a complaint. However, since it failed to do so and further failed to adequately plead a cause of action sounded in negligence, its attempts to do so through amendment now that the statute of limitations have [sic] expired is prohibited. . . .
Trial Court 1925 Opinion 9/25/92, p. 9. On August 14, 1992, Harnischfeger and plaintiffs each filed a notice of appeal to our Court from the order dated July 17, 1992.[2]
*386 We are presented with two questions. First, whether the lower court committed an error of law in sustaining appellees' preliminary objection to appellants' cause of action for spoliation of evidence, thereby dismissing that claim. Second, whether the lower court abused its discretion in sustaining appellees' preliminary objection to appellants' request to amend the joinder complaint for the claim that appellees are solely liable to plaintiffs under a theory in negligence.
Addressing the first issue, we find that the court below properly sustained appellees' preliminary objection to appellants' claim of spoliation of evidence. Our research reveals that no Pennsylvania court has recognized a cause of action for spoliation of evidence. Appellants direct our Court's attention to cases of other jurisdictions where courts have recognized a cause of action for spoliation of evidence and other related claims. Harnischfeger's Brief, pp. 21-23. Appellants cite, Continental Insurance Co. v. Herman, 576 So. 2d 313 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1991) wherein the Florida District Court of Appeals set forth the following elements of the tort of negligent spoliation of evidence:
(1) existence of a potential civil action, (2) a legal or contractual duty to preserve evidence which is relevant to the potential civil action, (3) destruction of that evidence, (4) significant impairment in the ability to prove the lawsuit, (5) a causal relationship between the evidence destruction and the inability to prove the lawsuit, and (6) damages.
Additionally, appellants assert that Pennsylvania courts have addressed spoliation of evidence under related theories. Harnischfeger's Brief, pp. 24-25. Appellants refer to decisions where our courts have been guided by public policy concerns when a party to a lawsuit engages in the destruction of evidence. See Roselli v. General Electric Co., 410 Pa.Super. *387 223, 599 A.2d 685, 688 (1991), alloc. granted, 530 Pa. 645, 607 A.2d 255 (1992) (summary judgment entered for defendant because plaintiffs had "lost" glass fragments of the carafe which allegedly caused the injury, and thus defendant manufacturer was precluded from examining the product which was a necessary step in the preparation of its defense).
Without deciding whether spoliation of evidence is a viable cause of action in Pennsylvania, we find a claim of this nature fails to satisfy the joinder conditions of Pa.R.Civ.P. 2252. Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 2252(a) provides:
RULE 2252. RIGHT TO JOIN ADDITIONAL DEFENDANTS (a) Except as provided by Rule 1706.1, any defendant or additional defendant may join as an additional defendant any person, whether or not a party to the action, who may be (1) solely liable on the plaintiff's cause of action, or (2) liable over to the joining party on the plaintiff's cause of action, or (3) jointly or severally liable with the joining party on the plaintiff's cause of action, or (4) liable to the joining party on any cause of action arising out of the transaction or occurrence of series of transactions or occurrences upon which the plaintiff's cause of action is based.
Our courts have construed the phrase "cause of action", as used in Rule 2252, to mean that the "additional defendant's liability [be] related to the original claim which plaintiff asserts against the original defendant . . ." Somers v. Gross, 393 Pa.Super. 509, 514, 574 A.2d 1056, 1058 (1990), quoting, Incollingo v. Ewing, 444 Pa. 263, 290, 282 A.2d 206, 220 (1971). Rule 2252(a) does not permit joinder where the allegations of the original complaint and the allegations of the joinder complaint "relate to different harms to be proven with different evidence as to different occurrences happening at different times." Somers, 393 Pa.Super. at 518, 574 A.2d at 1060-61.
*388 In Somers, plaintiffs filed a professional negligence action against their accountants. The complaint alleged that the accountant defendants had given improper tax advice to plaintiffs and negligently miscalculated certain estimated income tax liabilities of plaintiffs to the Internal Revenue Service. The accountant defendants then filed a joinder complaint against plaintiffs' attorney as an additional defendant. The joinder complaint alleged that plaintiffs had relied on the tax advice of their attorney, not of the accountant defendants, and thus, any loss plaintiffs incurred was the result of the attorney's professional negligence. Id. at 511, 574 A.2d at 1057. In Somers, our Court was presented with the question of whether the joinder complaint complied with Rule 2252(a). In addressing that issue, we carefully evaluated cases where our courts found joinders proper, see, e.g., Incollingo v. Ewing, 444 Pa. 263, 282 A.2d 206 (1971), and in relationship to cases where our courts found joinders improper, see, e.g., Garrett Electronics Corp. v. Kampel Enterprises, Inc., 382 Pa.Super. 352, 555 A.2d 216 (1989); Austin J. Richards, Inc. v. McClafferty, 371 Pa.Super. 269, 538 A.2d 11 (1988), alloc. denied, 520 Pa. 570, 549 A.2d 131 (1988). In Somers, supra, we found that the allegation in the joinder complaint was the selfsame cause of action pleaded by plaintiffs, reasoning as follows:
There was one course of events leading to plaintiffs' alleged harm. Evidence of that course of events will necessarily include both evidence of the accountants' involvement and the attorney's involvement in the handling of plaintiffs' 1984 taxes and evidence as to which of these professionals plaintiffs relied upon in deciding how to estimate those taxes. Just as in Incollingo v. Ewing, where the central common question raised by the plaintiff's complaint and the joinder compliant was who was responsible for the decedent's ingesting a drug which caused her death, here the central common question is who is responsible for giving the plaintiffs improper tax advice on which they relied and which caused their liability for penalties and fees.
Somers, 393 Pa.Super. at 514-15, 574 A.2d at 1058-59. Our Court concluded that the facts presented in Somers were *389 clearly distinguishable from cases where joinders were found to be improper. In those cases, the plaintiff's action and the joinder complaint involved transactions which were entirely different in time and nature. Consequently, in Somers, we held that accountant defendants' joinder complaint was permitted under Pa.R.Civ.P. 2252(a). Id. at 514-16, 574 A.2d at 1059-61.
Here, the allegation of destruction/spoliation of evidence contained in the joinder complaint is different in time and nature than plaintiffs' action averred in the complaint and the amended complaint against original defendant, John M. Grutza. In the complaints against Grutza, plaintiffs contend that their injuries were solely caused as a result of the negligence of Grutza. On the other hand, in the joinder complaint, Harnischfeger maintains that appellees engaged in the spoliation of evidence and are liable to Harnischfeger for any damages sustained by Harnischfeger as a result thereof. Unlike the facts in Somers, here, the joinder complaint under the theory of spoliation of evidence does not share a central common question with the original complaints. The joinder complaint under the theory of spoliation of evidence focuses on the alleged injuries sustained by Harnischfeger, not plaintiffs. The harm alleged by Harnischfeger occurred subsequent to the harm alleged by plaintiffs. The evidence needed to establish a cause of action for destruction/spoliation of evidence is different from the evidence needed to establish negligence for plaintiffs' injuries.
We are cognizant that Rule 2252(a) is to be broadly construed to effectuate its purpose of avoiding multiple lawsuits by settling in one action all claims arising out of transactions or occurrences which give rise to the plaintiff's complaint. Svetz v. Land Tool Co., 355 Pa.Super. 230, 513 A.2d 403 (1986), alloc. denied, 515 Pa. 584, 527 A.2d 544 (1987). However, "[j]oinder is permitted only as long as the additional defendant's alleged liability is related to the claim which the plaintiff asserts against the original defendant." Semango v. Pileggi, 363 Pa.Super. 423, 526 A.2d 417 (1987), appeal denied, 517 Pa. 624, 538 A.2d 877, quoting, DiLauro v. One Bala *390 Avenue Associates, 357 Pa.Super. 209, 219, 515 A.2d 939, 945 (1986). See Brown Boveri Bldg. Automation Inc. v. Midland-Ross Corp., 333 Pa.Super. 261, 482 A.2d 557 (1984) (third-party complaint did not arise out of the same transaction as original complaint where claims alleged in each involved different legal questions, thus joinder improper); American Metal Fabricators Company v. Goldman, 227 Pa.Super. 284, 323 A.2d 891 (1974) (same). Because we find that Harnischfeger's claim of spoliation of evidence is unrelated to plaintiffs' claim of negligence asserted against Grutza, the original defendant, we conclude that the lower court properly sustained appellees' preliminary objection to appellants' attempted joinder of the spoliation of evidence claim and dismissed this cause of action.[3]
Addressing the second issue, we find that the lower court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining appellees' preliminary objection to appellants' request for leave to amend the joinder complaint to add language setting forth a claim that appellees are solely liable to plaintiffs under a negligence cause of action. The lower court determined that Harnischfeger's joinder complaint failed to satisfy the pleading requirements of Pa.R.Civ.P. 2252(b)(2). Rule 2252(b)(2) provides, "[t]he complaint, in the manner and form required of the initial pleading of the plaintiff in the action, shall set forth the facts relied upon to establish the liability of the joined party and the relief demanded." Pennsylvania courts have construed the language of Rule 2252(b)(2) as follows:
"Of the requirements relating to the complaint, the most important is that the facts asserted as a basis of the liability of the additional defendant be set forth, for it is the allegation of fact and not statements of legal conclusion which governs the determination whether the complaint alleges the requisite liability. . . . If the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to establish liability of the additional defendant, the joinder will be *391 refused." (footnotes omitted.) 2 Stan.Pa.Prac. 414-15 (1956 Ed.) "While the . . . [amended Rule 2252] enlarges the kinds of causes of action which may be joined, it certainly does not eliminate the necessity of pleading a valid cause of action." American Metal Fabricators v. Goldman, 227 Pa.Super. 284, 289, 323 A.2d 891, 894 (1974).
General State Authority v. Sutter Corp., 44 Pa.Comwth. 156, 160-61, 403 A.2d 1022, 1025 (1979). "Rule [Pa.R.Civ.P.] 1019 governs the complaint of the plaintiff in an action and, through Rule 2252(b), applies also to complaints by the original defendant joining additional defendants, in making a determination of whether such a complaint sets forth sufficient material facts to constitute a viable cause of action." Id. at 160, 403 A.2d at 1025 n. 2.
Upon close examination of Harnischfeger's joinder complaint with its incorporation of plaintiffs' amended complaint, we find that Harnischfeger failed to set forth facts to assert a cause of action in negligence against appellees. Thus, we conclude that appellants have failed to comply with Rule 2252(b)(2).
The court below determined that Harnischfeger's praecipe to join additional defendants filed on June 18, 1991 tolled the statute of limitations. However, because the lower court found that Harnischfeger did not plead a cause of action for negligence against appellees in its joinder complaint, it concluded that the statute of limitations had expired with respect to that claim and denied Harnischfeger leave to amend its joinder complaint.
Appellants maintain an amendment of the joinder complaint should be permissible even though the statute of limitations has run. "It has long been held in this Commonwealth that parties are liberally granted leave to amend their pleadings." Frey v. Pennsylvania Elec. Co., 414 Pa.Super. 535, 538, 607 A.2d 796, 797 (1992), appeal denied, 532 Pa. 645, 614 A.2d 1142 (1992); MacGregor v. Mediq Inc., 395 Pa.Super. 221, 227, 576 A.2d 1123, 1126 (1990); Biglan v. Biglan, 330 Pa.Super. 512, *392 519-20, 479 A.2d 1021, 1025 (1984). "Although the determination of whether to grant leave to amend is within the sound discretion of the trial court, leave should be granted at any stage of the proceedings, unless such amendment violates the law or unfairly prejudices the rights of the opposing party." Frey, 414 Pa.Super. at 538, 607 A.2d at 797. Our court has applied the following analysis in determining whether leave to amend is warranted:
Although Rule 1033 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure generally permits the amendment of a complaint to include new causes of action, the Rule does not change the well-established principle that an amendment which introduces a new cause of action which is barred by the statute of limitations will not be allowed. This principle is based on the broad proposition that the courts, while disposed to be liberal in the allowance of amendments, and to construe the amendment rules liberally so as to prevent the defeat of justice through mere mistake, do not allow amendments which will prejudice the defendant by depriving him of some substantial right. The criterion for determining whether or not an amendment may be made after the statute of limitations has run is whether the defendant will be prejudiced by the amendment or whether the cause of action is changed thereby. The general principle that amendments which will deprive the opposite party of any valuable right [will not be allowed precludes the allowance of amendments which would deprive the defendant of his right to assert the bar of the statute of limitations, or otherwise deprive him of any substantial or valuable right.] Thus, after the statute of limitations has run, the plaintiff cannot, by an amendment, shift the ground of complaint set forth originally, or enlarge its surface by introducing a new and different cause of action, or cure a material, vital, or fatal defect in his complaint; an amendment to a complaint in an action instituted within the statutory period is not permissible after the expiration of that period where, in reality, the purpose is to introduce a new cause of action. (footnotes omitted). *393 Hodgen v. Summers, 382 Pa.Super. 348, 350-51, 555 A.2d 214, 215 (1989), alloc. denied, 522 Pa. 619, 563 A.2d 888 (1989), quoting, 5 Std.Pa.Prac. § 24:41 (emphasis added).
As concluded above, we find that the joinder complaint concerning the claim sounded in negligence fails to satisfy the pleading requirements of Pa.R.Civ.P. 2252(b)(2). By amending the joinder complaint, appellants are providing facts, which were initially absent in the joinder complaint, to formulate a cause of action in negligence.[4] Essentially, appellants want leave to amend in order to cure a material defect in the joinder complaint. Because the statute of limitations has run, we are of the opinion that appellees would be prejudiced if leave were granted to allow appellants to amend the joinder complaint to assert a cause of action in negligence against appellees. Hence, we hold that the lower court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining appellees' preliminary objection to appellants' request for leave to amend the joinder complaint to add language setting forth a claim that appellees are solely liable to plaintiffs under a cause of action sounded in negligence.
*394 Having scrutinized the issues presented, we hold that the lower court did not commit an error of law nor abuse its discretion in sustaining appellees' preliminary objections. Accordingly, we affirm.
Appellees' motion to quash is hereby denied. Order affirmed.
BECK, J., concurs in the result.
[1] Harnischfeger Corporation is the latest of three names by which this particular party has been designated in the pleadings. The original joinder complaint named P & H Omega as an additional defendant. By stipulation of the parties, the name of that party was changed to Century II, Inc., and by subsequent stipulation has been again changed to the currently named party, Harnischfeger Corporation.
[2] Appellees have filed a motion to quash the appeal from the appellants/plaintiffs contending that the plaintiffs lack standing. Herein, we deny that motion. See Pa.R.A.P. 501; Knudsen v. Delaware County Regional Water Quality Control Authority, 84 Pa.Commw. 36, 478 A.2d 533 (1984) (since statute of limitations had expired, plaintiffs were unable to amend their complaints to join school district as an additional defendant at the time trial court entered its orders sustaining school district's preliminary objections and dismissing the third-party complaint against the school district; thus, plaintiffs had a direct interest in the court's orders dismissing the third-party complaints against the school district and, thus were able to appeal such orders); see also Pa.R.Civ.P. 2255(d).
[3] Moreover, until completion of the present case, we cannot decide whether Harnischfeger was damaged by the alleged conduct of appellees. The lower court might find Harnischfeger not liable for the injuries sustained by plaintiffs.
[4] Appellants direct our attention to the following decisions where our courts granted leave to amend: Connor v. Allegheny General Hospital, 501 Pa. 306, 461 A.2d 600 (1983); Kuisis v. Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp., 457 Pa. 321, 319 A.2d 914 (1974); General State Authority v. Sutter Corp., 44 Pa.Commw. 156, 403 A.2d 1022 (1979). We find the facts presented in those cases are distinguishable from the facts in the instant case. In Connor, supra, and Kuisis, supra, our supreme court found that the averments in the complaint adequately stated a cause of action and that the amended complaint did not change the original cause of action but merely amplified it. Here, however, we are not convinced that the joinder complaint states a cause of action in negligence. In Sutter, supra, our commonwealth court found that the complaint did not contain allegations of material facts to set forth a cause of action. The court, nevertheless, allowed leave to amend after concluding, "a review of the factual situation outlined by all the pleadings in this case prevents us from saying that as a matter of law it would be impossible for Sutter to plead a valid [cause of action]." Sutter, 44 Pa.Commw. at 161, 403 A.2d at 1025. Although we find an examination of pleadings outside the joinder complaint thwarts the purpose behind Pa.R.Civ.P. 1019(a) and Pa.R.Civ.P. 2252(b)(2), see Krajsa v. Keypunch, Inc., 424 Pa.Super. 230, 622 A.2d 355 (1993), nevertheless, upon reviewing the record, we conclude that the pleadings are devoid of material facts to set forth a cause of action against appellees in negligence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Big Apple Comedy with Big Hearted Rob Little
Comedian Rob Little Gets Naked, Gives Back to Charity, Not Quite in That Order.
Best Comedy Tickets Talks with the jovial comedian about his love for all things funny, performing oddities, travel stories, and giving back to the community.
BCT: Growing up, what kind of comedy were you into? What shows or comedians did you watch?
RL: Well I loved all comedy! Anything I could get my hands on! But the two comedians that had the biggest influence on me were Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy. I don't think I really knew of many more comedians at that time other than George Carlin but he was way over my head. I had all of Bill Cosby's and Eddie Murphy's tapes growing up and would just listen to them over and over again. Once I discovered Johnny Carson I would do anything I could to stay up late to watch him. I thought he was amazing and I would pray that he would have a comedian on every night.
I also remember watching a show that Rodney Dangerfield hosted where he would introduce new comedians. I saw Bill Kirchenbauer and Jack Coen (Coen went on to be the head writer for the Tonight Show with Jay Leno) they would always crack me up.
I was also introduced to Weird Al Yankovic. My dad would constantly make up different words to songs and then Weird Al came out and would have whole songs parodied. When I hit high school I was obsessed with Sam Kinison. I got to go see Sam Kinison right after high school and I don't remember laughing that hard in my life. I actually peed my pants. I was also obsessed with Chris Farley. When he joined SNL someone came to school after he was on and said, "OMG, there is a new guy on SNL that is just like you." So of course I loved him. I'll never forget the day he died, I was getting out of work in Detroit for GM and had to pull over in my car and started crying. He was a comedic god in my world!
BCT: I love that bit in your bio about being fired from IBM, what brought that on where you decided to really pursue comedy?
RL: Well I always wanted to be a comedian. When I was about 5 years old my family took us on a trip up to Mackinac Island in Michigan and we stayed in a motel that had HBO. My parents thought my sister and I were asleep and they were watching one of George Carlin's specials and they were laughing so hard they were crying. I was actually awake watching with them. I don't remember the special at all but I remember how it made them feel and I knew right then and there that was what I wanted to do with my life.
I grew up in a very small town though where we only had one stop light and probably around 1500 people. I never really thought I would ever get to be a comedian, it was just a dream. So I had a very cool computer teacher that got me excited about computers. I went to college for that and then my first job out of college was in downtown Detroit. That was a whole new world for me being from a farm town. What was awesome though was that my apartment was right next to the biggest comedy club in Michigan, Mark Ridley's Comedy Castle (which is where Tim Allen got his start). I started going up and watching the open mics and I would ask comedians how they got started. I finally met a comedian that taught a class (Bill Hildebrandt) and it wasn't a class on how to be funny but more of how the business works. It was a two day class and the following week he put me up and it went great!
March 8, 1998 was the first time I went on and I celebrate it like it's my new birthday! Two years later I had jumped a few jobs and ended up at IBM. I knew that this job was only going to be a temporary job before I quit and started doing comedy full time. So when I finally booked myself so far out that I couldn't be at work anymore I decided to hack into the companies email system and sent out an email to the whole company all over the world. The email told people that they should quit their jobs and follow their dreams. "I'm quitting to be a stand up comedian and here's my website." I Hit send and immediately got emails back saying, "company email isn't for personal use", and I was like, "I don't care, I quit!".
BCT: What's your thought process or preparation for a show?
RL: I really don't have one. I could be chatting with you and they would say, "Rob you're on", and I could just walk up and start doing the show. I might be concentrating more if I'm working on new jokes but even then I usually take a topic and improvise it on stage. It seems like when I'm forced to come up with things on the fly, I write better that way. I wish I was as meticulous as someone like Jerry Seinfeld but I know my strength is performing not writing. That's why I'm not ashamed or afraid to bounce things off of other guys for ideas. You really have to be comfortable on stage to try to write this way.
I always want to put on a good show so I make sure I have bits before and after that new premise I'm trying so I don't leave the audience unsatisfied. I have always been a crowd pleaser but I rarely have comics that say they love me or my style. I think I come off like I'm just talking to the audience up there. I never sound like i'm doing bits and I think it is very difficult to come off that way. I have been told I make it look easy but I really respect people that do that because it's anything but easy. To make a joke that you have done hundreds of times sound like it's the very first time you have ever said it, that takes a tremendous amount of skill that a lot of comics do not have. Most you can tell they have said that joke a million times because even they are bored with it. I really respect and envy guys that are great writers so I hope those guys can see the work I put into performing and can respect me in some way.
BCT: Do you have any tips for people just starting to travel in comedy (ie. How to pack efficiently, airport stories, anything you've picked up along the way)
RL: Wow, I have never got this question and it's probably the one that would be most helpful to comedians than anything else. Unfortunately, it's one of those things that will be different for everyone and you just have to experience it. I've had so many crazy airport stories. I have been on planes that have had to emergency land, every weather problem possible that could happen, I've had to spend the night in several airports, I've missed several flights for all kinds of reasons, I've had luggage completely damaged and lost. I've also had fun travel things happen to me such as meeting celebrities, upgrades, free flights, I've met some amazing people and some very cool flight attendants. I saw a lady have a baby on a flight! I've been on flights where people thought I was the celebrity and treated me as such.
As for packing if you are bringing a carry on, be prepared for them to take the bag at the end of the jet bridge because for some reason there isn't enough room in planes for them anymore. I would say bring an iPod with music and games on it. Bring a book or magazine. I would highly recommend Readers Digest. Most people think it's an old person magazine but I love it because the stories are short and there is always something funny and some meaningful stories that can be taken as uplifting. I would highly recommend getting one of those "positive" books that you can get an airport. Believe me, you are going to have a lot of time alone where your mind wanders and you can get super depressed because you are missing out on family functions, or holidays, or kids events or that you wished you were farther along in your career. Reading these books that are positive and motivating will keep you out of the dumps. At least they do for me.
BCT: What are some interesting people you've met or things that have happened to you while touring?
RL: Wow, this question could produce so many stories that I could probably write a book. Anything from meeting my favorite comedian, Brian Regan, and acting like a high school girl around him. I had Air Force Amy from the HBO show "Cat House" who worked at the Las Vegas Bunny Ranch in the front row of a show I did in Little Rock where we became "Besties" (her words not mine) after the show for a few months.
The story I like to tell the most is the craziest weekend of shows I have ever had. This is how the weekend played out.
Friday I booked a Church show which I had to be squeaky clean and raise money for the church. Then on Saturday I did a nudist colony which I brought my ex-fiance to and we did the tour of the huge camp/living grounds nude, but when it came time to do the show they told me I couldn't be nude. If you are performing and getting paid it doesn't matter what the performance is, if you are nude it's considered erotic entertainment and they didn't have a license for it. So I walked up on stage nude, asked them if they were ready to start the show, then said hold on, I got dressed and then did the show making fun of everyone. When I was done I got naked and jumped in the pool. It was a blast! Then on Sunday I performed at a swingers club opening for a porn star. I did like 20 minutes and then she did her own style of a show.
Talk about having to be very versatile and being able to play to any kind of audience. What a wild ride!
BCT: How did you come about starting your charity?
RL:It started because my birthday is Christmas Eve and my family is very small. We never get together to do Christmas anymore. It's usually just my mom and I together during the holidays. So, I just said instead of moping around and doing nothing, lets make Christmas week a about volunteering. Let's help out others. Sure, it's a nice thing to do but to be honest it's more for us as a family. It makes you feel great to help others. Sometimes I feel I get more out of it than the people I'm helping do. So the week came and I set up a different thing to volunteer for every day. I worked at a food pantry, I volunteered at a thrift store, I donated blood, and I helped at the Red Cross. It was a lot of fun but then a friend mentioned that I should adopt a family in need over Christmas. I loved that idea because I have no kids of my own and lets be honest, Christmas is the best when you are making kids happy!
I found a family that had five kids and were really struggling to get by. I asked for donations online and raised around $3000. I then matched the raised amount and went nuts buying the kids gifts and then paid a ton of the family's bills and paid about three months ahead on all their bills so they could start to catch up with everything. I also had tons of donations, one of the donations was from the local community health organization. They built a ramp on the front of their house for their disabled son and also put a lift in their van for them to transport their son. It was unbelievable what I accomplished so fast and how many people wanted to help. This family couldn't have been more appreciative and we laughed and cried happy tears the whole day. It made me feel amazing and I continued to do it for years to come with each year getting bigger and bigger!
I think there are lots of people that want to help with things like this but they don't know where to go or what to do. I was no different from these people other than I just got out and started asking questions and organized the effort. I couldn't' be more grateful to everyone that helped me along the way!
(FEEL FREE TO CHECK OUT ROB'S CHARITY)
BCT:With your charitable interests, what are some special things you've seen with using your comedic talent to really give back to people?
RL:Well this is probably my favorite. A few years ago I was on Last Comic Standing. I didn't make it far but they called me "America's Happiest Comic" and I had some great sets on the show. After it had aired I was asked to be someones "Make-a-Wish".
A girl outside of Cleveland had an inoperable brain tumor. She wanted to meet me because she had never seen a more positive comic. I was so honored and excited to meet this girl. I was interviewed by many TV/Radio/Newspapers about this event and how I felt about it. I remember one guy asked me, "How do you feel that she picked YOU to be her Make-a-Wish?" And I said, "I think she wasted her Make-a-Wish! Brad Pitt could be here right now. She could have just emailed me and I would have shown up!"
It was an amazing visit. The girl was around the same age as me and pretty much grew up in the same exact environment as myself. Similar families and similar small town. We had so much to talk about. I was only supposed to spend a day there but I ended up spending the whole weekend with her.
Unfortunately, her doctor changed her medications and her mother contacted me that she is not the same person anymore. It changed her personality completely. I lost touch with her but I'll never forget the time we spent together. She was an amazingly upbeat person with all that was happening to her. I felt very honored that she invited me into her life.
BCT: Can you describe the feeling you had in being picked on The Price Is Right?
RL:Well it was funny because I had a feeling I was going to be picked. When you go to the Price is Right they have you wait in a long line to get into the show. While you are waiting they take in 10 people at a time and do a mini-interview with you. They go from 1 person to the next asking you where are you from and what do you do. If you aren't interesting in that brief moment they move on to the next person. They stayed with me for a few minutes asking me all kinds of things after I said I was a comedian. I tried to be really fun during that time. When they were done talking to me the guy turned around to his assistant and gave her a look. She wrote something down and then I had a feeling at that moment they were going to pick me.
I wasn't there for that though. It was my friends dream to go to the Price is Right and I took her fully hoping that she would get picked.
It's funny when they call your name to come on down because you can't hear the announcer only the people watching on TV can hear him since it's so loud in there. So they have 4 or 5 people on stage holding up HUGE CUE cards with your name on it. I have never gone by "Robert" in my whole life. It has always been Rob or Robbie, but they use your given name for legal purposes on game shows. Well when they held up the cards with "Robert Little" on it I turned to my friend and said, "Wow, there is someone else with the same name as me!" She was like, you idiot it is you, GO! So I jumped up and ran down. The funny thing was I just had opened for Drew Carey at the IMPROV in Hollywood not long before that.
It was a lot of fun but you seriously can't hear a thing in that studio and when people are looking back at their friends and trying to move around to find them, they know where they are but the cameras are all in the way so I they have to move to see their friends.
Oh! The other question I always get is, "Was the big wheel really heavy," and yes it was but I spun it pretty good. I ended up winning a car stereo that I sold on Craigslist.
I showed myself winning it on the Price is Right on craigslist and when the guy came to pick it up he said, "Holy cow you are the guy in the video".
I was like, who else did you think was going to be selling this?
Rob can be seen all over New York performing and you can find his merchandise online, including three DVD/CD combo's with a plethora of DVD extras. Make sure to follow him online @roblittlecomic and check out his website!
Interview Conducted and Transcribed by Gary Miller
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You are hereHome » Journals » European Politeia » Print Editions
European Politeia Issue No. 2, 2015
2015 / No. 2
European Politeia 2/2015
In the second volume of European Politeia for 2015, the focus is once again on the enduring Greek debt crisis, which has been exacerbated by an unconsidered implementation of austerity measures combined with failed efforts to alleviate burdens of state and society and with a political instability that further hinders any idea of investment in the Greek economy. The volume addresses particular aspects of legal, economic and political practice while tackling broader issues likely to shed light on underlying factors of the crisis as a prerequisite of any effective remedy. In the process, we get a better understanding of the European governance under which we are bound to live.
The first issue of this Journal contained two accounts which systematically surveyed the avalanche of the economic and legislative measures which were taken in the context of the EFSF assistance programme for Greece. As previously announced, the section "Praxis" of the present issue of the Journal contains an account which illustrates the reaction of the judiciary to such measures. Theodora Ziamou, Judge at the Greek Council of State, presents a short overview of the "crisis jurisprudence" of the Greek Council of State aiming particularly at setting out the extent of the judicial application of constitutional principles in times of crisis - a crisis that is not only a crisis of the economy, but also a crisis of the law and of the legal institutions known so far (Controlling the Legislator's Intent in the "Crisis Jurisprudence" of the Greek Council of State). Apart from that, the issue at hand features contributions spanning a diverse range of legal and political questions with a special focus on the Greek crisis and its effects. Professor emeritus Nikos Scandamis (Qu'en est-il de la démocratie face au néo-libéralisme? La dette souveraine en termes de gouvernance européenne) presents the ways in which the Greek case illustrates the interaction of the parliamentary democracy of the Member States and the democracy between States on a transnational level, particularly between the States that comprise the Eurozone. Manolis Perakis (The Passive Form of Judicial Activism: Judicial Self-restraint while Balancing Fundamental Rights and Public Interest in the Age of Economic Crisis) and George Karavokyris (Constitution and Necessity in Times of Crisis: An Alternative Way of Understanding the Complicated Relation between Law and Politics) both focus on the stance of the national and international judiciary towards the question of infringement of fundamental rights by the governmental austerity measures during the Greek crisis under the light of the similar concepts of "state of emergency" and "necessity", thereby addressing the issue of the relation between politics/ governance and the law. Katerina Pantazatou and Michail Rodopoulos' joint article (A "Typus" as an Appropriate Legal Tool for the Interpretation of the "No Bail-out" Clause: The 'Private Investor Principle') presents the academic debate on the interpretation of Article 125 TFEU both from the standpoint of the CJEU and that of the Bundesverfassungsgericht. Georgios Poulakos (Quelle autonomie fiscale pour la zone euro?) addresses the enhancement of a legal frame of fiscal consolidation after the adoption of the "Two Pack" (Regulations 472/2013 and 473/2013) taking a critical approach to various attempts undertaken to determine a model of conduct for Member States, related to both their power to design national tax legislation and their right to levy funds by recourse to loans.
Editor's Note: Again or Still?
Nikos Scandamis, Qu'en est-il de la démocratie face au néo-libéralisme? La dette souveraine en termes de gouvernance européenne
Manolis Perakis, The Passive Form of Judicial Activism: Judicial Self-restraint while Balancing Fundamental Rights and Public Interest in the Age of Economic Crisis
George Karavokyris, Constitution and Necessity in Times of Crisis: An Alternative Way of Understanding the Complicated Relation between Law and Politics
Katerina Pantazatou / Michail Rodopoulos, A "Typus" as an Appropriate Legal Tool for the Interpretation of the "No Bail-out" Clause: The 'Private Investor Principle'
Georgios Poulakos, Quelle autonomie fiscale pour la zone euro?
Theodora Ziamou, Controlling the Legislator's Intent in the "Crisis Jurisprudence" of the Greek Council of State
Xénophon Yataganas, L'affaire de la radiotélévision grecque (ERT). Aspects juridiques et politiques
Dimitrios Pyrgakis, Judicial Review over Public Television's Closure (Greek Council of State Decision 1901/2014, in Plenary Session)
Anastassios Banos / Xénophon Yataganas, Le problème des régimes salariaux spéciaux devant le Conseil d'Etat hellénique
Zoi Theodorikakou, Arrêt 2307/2014 du Conseil d'Etat hellénique (Assemblée Plénière)
Theodora Ziamou, Omission of the Administration to Readjust the Tax Value of Immovable Property (Greek Council of State Decision 4003/2014, in Plenary Session)
Xénophon Yataganas, La signature de l'accord du 20 février 2015 sur la prolongation du contrat d'emprunt est-elle illégale?
Articles included in this Issue
Qu'en Est-il de la Démocratie Face au Néo-Libéralisme? La dette Souveraine en Termes de Gouvernance Européenne
The Passive Form of Judicial Activism: Judicial Self-Restraint while Balancing Fundamental Rights and Public Interest in the Age of Economic Crisis
Constitution and Necessity in Times of Crisis: An Alternative Way of Understanding the Complicated Relation between Law and Politics
A "Typus" as an Appropriate Legal Tool for the Interpretation of the "No Bail-out" Clause: The 'Private Investor Principle'
Quelle Autonomie Fiscale pour la Zone Euro?
Controlling the Legislator's Intent in the "Crisis Jurisprudence" of the Greek Council of State
Arrêt 2307/2014 du Conseil d'Etat Hellénique (Assemblée Plénière)
Omission of the Administration to Readjust the Tax Value of Immovable Property
Author in Publications
The New Frontiers of Administrative Law - Globalisation and Changes of the Principle of Territoriality in Public Law
2013 / Vol. 25, No. 2, (88)
Constitutional Jurisprudence / Jurisprudence constitutionnelle 2007 Portugal
Other Articles from the same Issue
Extraterritoriality and International Sanctions
2018 / Vol. 30, No. 1, (107)
Legal Frames of the Information and Communication Area, Protected Privacy in Ukraine: General Overview
Understanding Equality through Privacy
Laudatio in honour of Prof. Christian Starck, Th. Antoniou
Freedom of Expression, Electronic Media and Cybercrime - A Rapidly Evolving Legal Landscape
Freedom of Expression in the Internet - The Role of States, Citizens and Intermediaries: Case Study of the Slovak Republic
View the Issue
Central and Eastern European Legal Studies No. 2, 2017
European Review of Public Law Vol. 28, No. 2, (100), 2016
European Review of Public Law Vol. 28, No. 1, (99), 2016
Théorie générale, juridique et politique, des Organisations Internationales
2019 / Vol. CXXI
Consent Mechanism in the Life with Social Robots
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I'm sure you're familiar with the practice of posting a counter of sorts that states X number of days since the last accident. Companies use this to promote safety in the workplace. I feel like I need one of those to follow me around and instead of reporting accidents, it reports bad behavior and harsh words to my husband! I am guilty, oh so guilty, of cyclic behavior, also known as yo-yo behavior. When I am fearful of punishment, criticism or in the midst of a crisis/emergency situation, I'm good at covering all my bases (in regards to treating others well). And then as soon as the storm has passed, without even skipping a beat I begin to relax and all of that self control seems to fade into oblivion. Before I know it, I'm ignoring other people's welfare, justifying anything and everything because of my feelings, and overall being the worst version of myself. I hate when I do that.


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November Community Corner
Categories: Community Corner
The urgent need to create initiatives to combat climate change has highlighted the complex and interconnected issue of environmental racism and injustice. As Dr. Dorceta Taylor, Professor of Environmental Justice at the Yale School of the Environment explains, "Environmental justice is really concerned with documenting and understanding the disproportionate and unequal environmental burdens that certain communities face. In the United States and around the world, low-income, Black, Indigenous, Latinx, and Asian people tend to be living in spaces where environmental hazards, extreme natural and human-made disasters, and environmental degradation occur more rampantly."
Communities of color that have been historically underserved continue to grapple with environmental injustices that have led to poor housing quality, high energy costs, and disproportionate health burdens stemming from fossil fuel pollution in their homes and communities. Not all housing is created equal and long lasting racial discrimination has led to disproportionate negative health outcomes.
This piece by NPR highlights one example of how historical red-lining practices has led to severe disproportionate health outcomes. Nearly every neighborhood that was redlined in the 1930s is hotter in temperature today by an average of 5 degrees Fahrenheit due to relatively more pavement and fewer trees.
In 2018, New York State signed into law the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA), which aims to decarbonize buildings in an effort to combat climate change, reduce energy costs and equitably improve the lives of New Yorkers.
As we seek to improve housing quality and health outcomes embedded in the CLCPA goals, we must ensure that the historic impact of environmental racism – cost burdens from high residential utility costs and adverse health effects from heightened exposure to pollutants – are proactively addressed and redressed.


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Palestinian, 21, arrested on suspicion of raping Israeli teen on beach
19-year-old says suspect dragged her to concealed spot on Bat Yam shore and assaulted her; suspect, from Hebron area, had permit to be in Israel
By TOI staff 29 September 2022, 10:52 am Edit
Illustrative: The beach in the coastal town of Bat Yam, near Tel Aviv, on April 14, 2018. (Dario Sanchez/Flash90)
A Palestinian man, 21, has been arrested on suspicion of raping an Israeli teenager on a beach in the Tel Aviv suburb of Bat Yam, Israel Police said Wednesday.
Police said they will ask the Tel Aviv Magistrate's Court for an extension of the suspect's remand.
The suspect, from near the West Bank city of Hebron, has a permit to be in Israel.
A complaint was filed with police, who identified and located the man.
The alleged rape happened last Thursday. Hebrew media reports said the suspect was employed in construction work.
A 19-year-old girl told investigators she had come to the coastal city's Sea Palace Beach to read a book, Channel 12 reported.
The suspect arrived with another person and a friendly conversation developed between the three of them. At some point, the third person left, after which the suspect allegedly dragged the victim to a concealed spot, raped her and then left.
The young woman went to Wolfson Medical Center in Holon and reported the attack.
Investigators retrieved CCTV images of the suspect from the scene, according to the report.
Investigators were working to determine if the suspect had planned to carry out the rape or spontaneously decided to act after encountering the teen, Kan news reported.
rape in Israel
Wolfson Medical Center


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Is it called Psychik, or is is called Taurine Light Force? I don't know.. but I do know that this is a very good Red Bull clone. Nice and sweet getting the balance just right especially as this is a supermarket own brand. Sadly though, it's a supermarket own brand in France so unless you live over that way, you'll either have to take my word for it or find yourself a French-based contact to send you one.


Upgrade the wardrobe collection of your boy by adding this pack of five babysuit from Mothercare. They have been made of a premium quality fabric that will provide a soft touch against the skin of your little one. In addition, it comes with an envelope neck, striped pattern and short sleeves, which will surely make him look adorable.
Let your little master reinvent his casual wear by giving him this trendy pack of five babysuit.


text:
Hacker Initiative
By hackers. For hackers.
What is a hacker?
Grant Recipients by Year
Your Grant Report
Privacy Policy + Terms of Service
Brief Project Description
OpenQuantum
OpenQuantum aims to provide an open-source, low cost hardware and software platform for quantum information experiments, using ultracold atoms. The end goal of OpenQuantum is two-fold: to enable hackers to quickly set up their own cost-effective platform for quantum information, and to provide kits to high schools and universities to allow these institutions to provide a more comprehensive and hands-on quantum science education to their students.
Quantum mechanics was (arguably) the most exciting scientific discovery of the 20th century, and over the last few decades, our understanding has become mature enough such that we are now able to leverage quantum effects for practical applications. The quantum communications, sensing, and computing markets are all growing extremely rapidly, with compound annual growth rates north of 30%. Moreover, unlike the majority of traditional software development, these technologies will significantly and permanently change the way in which we communicate, interface with our environment, and understand the fundamental laws of our universe.
The quantum devices of the future will depend on the precise engineering of quantum effects, and a deep understanding of the underlying theory is paramount to the development of these applications. Yet despite this explosive growth, the idea of quantum science remains a novelty in the eye of the public. Quantum science is often used colloquially as a metaphorical device for something overly complicated or difficult to understand, and is studied seriously only by university students in chemistry and physics (and even then only in the later years of their education). Even the majority of universities do not provide adequate quantum-centric labs to their STEM undergraduates – at best, students are able to perform one of the old canonical quantum experiments, such as Millikan's oil drop or the Stern-Gerlach experiment. While important, none of these experiments provide students with an understanding of how quantum information can and will be used as a central feature of future technologies.
OpenQuantum aims to provide an open-source, low cost platform for quantum information experiments, using ultracold atoms. Tangibly, OpenQuantum will initially consist of a detailed guide on how to construct a magneto-optical trap for ultracold atoms. The magneto-optical trap is a (Nobel prize winning!) apparatus that allows for the precise control and manipulation of atoms cooled to less just a millionth of a degree above absolute zero. This then allows for these cold atoms to be trapped by lasers and used as individual of quanta of matter by leveraging their spin states (e.g. by 'encoding' the ground state of the atom as a "0" and any excited state as a "1"), which means that a wide variety of quantum information experiments can be run using this platform. This apparatus is straightforward in principle, consisting of two subsystems: a small optical system and a vacuum chamber. However, there are various implementation details that add a high level of complexity and challenge to the build process, which we will be documenting in depth.
Specifically, the OpenQuantum open-source project will include full CAD models, machining guides, circuit schematics, EAGLE PCB layouts, Gerber files, microcontroller firmware, and control software. It will also provide guides on how to run experiments with a magneto-optical trap, such as trapping an array of cold atoms, entangling two atoms into a Bell pair, or constructing an atomic mirror. Subsequently, I will manufacture multiple kits and provide them to a select few educational institutions at cost or for free. If the project gains traction, then I will also provide pre-fabbed parts (similar to OpenBCI) to further reduce the difficulty in getting started with the platform.
The end goal of OpenQuantum is two-fold. The first is to enable hackers to quickly set up their own cost-effective platform for quantum information, leading to a community of 'quantum-enabled' hackers that can independently develop new technologies, experiments, and theories, external to academia and large industry monoliths. Much like the popular and successful OpenBCI platform, this open-source hardware platform would allow a much wider hobbyist and entrepreneur community to participate in cutting-edge scientific and engineering progress. These opportunities are currently restricted to a relatively small group of individuals working at wealthy academic labs or quantum initiatives at large corporations such as Google and IBM. Employment is typically only offered to those with a PhD (or those pursuing it), which only further limits the number of individuals who can pursue these endeavors. OpenQuantum would provide pre-fabricated resources and detailed tutorials to anyone, regardless of background, education level, location, etc.
The second goal is to supply complete kits to high schools and universities that would allow them to provide a modern hands-on education in quantum science and information to upcoming generations of students. For many people in STEM, studying theory is tedious and perhaps even boring, and concepts are difficult to grasp without tangible examples. This is particularly true for quantum mechanics, which requires students to cast aside their intuitive understanding of the world and try to accept a set of principles which are invisible in everyday life. Thus, it is even more important to provide students with a set of concrete demonstrations of these theories. And unlike the canonical set of 'quantum experiments', these demonstrated effects are being actively used in emerging devices and therefore have much more relevance to the education of engineering students.
As a former software engineer at Salesforce and Dropbox, I have extensive experience with version control software, writing documentation, and designing products to be used effectively by other engineers. As a graduate student at Columbia University, I have worked for a year and a half in the Ultracold Atomic Physics lab (https://www.will-lab.com/people), where I picked up the domain knowledge to undertake this endeavor. Additionally, I was part of a team that designed a quantum science laboratory course for Columbia, which has been successful to the point of being over-enrolled every semester it is offered.
OpenQuantum will benefit the community in two ways: it will enable hackers to quickly set up their own cost-effective platform for quantum information, and it will provide resources and guidance to high schools and universities to allow these institutions to provide a more comprehensive and hands-on quantum science education to their students. Through this, OpenQuantum will both enable a much larger entrepreneurial community to develop quantum technologies, and provide critical (and currently lacking) educational resources to the next generations of scientists and engineers.
We will measure impact by the number of downloads we achieve on build files, the number of people who successfully replicate the project, and the number of educational institutions that adopt the platform into their lab courses. These impacts will ideally occur globally.
George Hendrickson's Research Team: Network Vulnerabilities in Embedded Devices and Classroom Forensics Lab Development
Ring home security devices, including the doorbell and allied peripheral devices, are ubiquitous in current society. However, we assert that very little has been understood about the vulnerabilities faced by these devices. In this proposal, we seek to study the very popular Ring home security system, with the goal of analyzing and modeling its network traffic. We will attempt to show that such a Ring system can be used to gather information on its owner without their knowledge or consent; and we will determine the likelihood that the device is collecting data on behalf of its manufacturer. Target artifacts include the date and time the homeowner enters/ leaves their home; whether a triggered detection device contacts an outside server or just the hub device, and if so, what data it sends; and the feasibility of decrypting (if necessary) and monitoring such traffic from outside the system. Additionally, we anticipate being able to turn the product of this research activity into several high-quality, classroom and lab assignments for students of multiple levels to give them practical, hands-on experience in digital forensics and network security which is also relatable and exciting. To this end, our proposal seeks funding to investigate a very popular, common home security system and to develop teaching and learning activities for undergraduate and graduate students.
To study the communication protocols on both the primary and the inter-device Ring network, we begin by compromising the network communications of the Ring system and embedded devices. Identifying vulnerabilities in these systems establishes a baseline and serves as a scaffold for further network exploitation. For the classroom component of our project, we plan to create a practical guide to network exploitation on a generic embedded device via a series of labs. This will teach students both network forensics skills and good investigative practice. We will first begin the data gathering process by creating a lab environment where the Ring devices and their behavior can be monitored without interference. The devices will be connected and set up on a private hotspot network where every network factor can be controlled. We will conduct initial analysis using Wireshark and NetworkMiner on a laptop using a promiscuous wireless network interface controller. We anticipate likely needing to decrypt some network packets, followed by testing what the triggering of each sensor and monitor in the Ring set causes the hub device to do. Once we have a clear understanding and working model for the behavior of the Ring system on the protected network, we will then analyze the protocol behind Amazon Sidewalk, a shared p2p low-bandwidth network that helps devices like Ring communicate with other devices in the Amazon family. As to our classroom lab development, each experiment undertaken will be documented and converted into a dedicated classroom lab activity for use in DFSC 1316 and DFSC 2316 (our introductory Digital Forensics course series).
Students who want to find work in the digital world will almost invariably have to create research to supplement their credentials as they seek employment or graduate school acceptance. Beginning one's own research is daunting, largely because from finding a topic to practicing effective methodology, there is little to no preparation for students who choose to attempt it. Our lab project will enable students to cheaply and, if need be, independently conduct their own elementary digital forensics research using a prescribed formula, toolkit, and results database. They will learn hands-on the kind of digital forensics techniques required to effectively investigate a device for vulnerabilities, as well as creating a mindset of independent thinking invaluable for a researcher trying to break new ground. Additionally, the experience of recreating the research and the questions raised by the lab will serve as a solid point from which students can begin conducting their own research and advancing the field. In these ways, our project will make research accessible and exciting to new students of computing rather than daunting and off-putting, and therefore will contribute to the continual growth of the field of digital forensics.
Mycelium Open Source Smart Trash Can
We will design and release the to build an open source trash can capable of identifying and sorting trash from recyclables.
We build a trashcan capable of identifying and sorting trash from recyclables. Once we get the final design working, we will release the designs open source so others can not only build them freely, but possibly improve on the designs.
Once the designs and documentation are released open source on GitHub, we will be able to track statistics, such as the number of downloads, as well as interact with community on the content through comments etc. In order to get feedback.
By potentially increasing the rate of recycling, and reducing the resulting pollution in the environment, we can benefit not just people, but literally all living things.
STEM Club Ohio Fairfield Compass Elementary
The mission of STEM club is to create an after school STEAM Makerspace to empower students to ask thought-provoking questions inspired by inquiry and curiosity. This space will allow students to explore and create solutions to real world problem while connecting with the Fairfield community.
The after-school STEM Club is for students at Compass Elementary in Fairfield City Schools. The club is meant to inspire inquiry and curiosity in students. The club is a place for students to design, build, test, and improve projects. It also provides hands-on opportunities that reinforce classroom curriculum. Currently, we have been completing engineering projects within a classroom. We would like to expand the program to include activities in a Makerspace environment. Activities such as construction, coding, 3D printing, robotics, and artificial intelligence projects will be available. Students will use the design thinking process to create solutions to real world problems.
As more jobs are automated and careers change to include more problem solving and robotic activities, we need to bring programming, designing, and robotics to our elementary schools with students and families who have no other options for STEM education. By introducing students to STEM based activities early, we hope to inspire their curiosity and desire to find STEM careers later in life.
This project will be a model for the five other elementary schools in the Fairfield City School district, with the goal of it being replicated there. This STEM club gives the students skills that will make them more employable to meet labor demands in the local community. The STEM club will impact the local, regional, and national community by giving access and exposure to the underserved, thus giving them skills and knowledge needed to pursue careers in STEM. The STEM Club, in collaboration with local businesses, will identify problems, and students will use the Makerspace and design thinking process to share solutions back to the community. This approach will impact the local community by making the students an integral part of the community.
©Hacker Initiative 2023


I have previously read Mercedes Rochelle's Heir to a Prophecy, a historical novel inspired by Shakespeare's Macbeth, and her Last Great Saxon Earls trilogy, which tells the story of Godwine, Earl of Wessex, and his children in the period leading up to the Battle of Hastings. With this new novel, A King Under Siege, she moves forward in time to 14th century England and the reign of the young Richard II.
The first part of the book deals with the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, when a series of rebellions break out across the country, partly in response to the excessive collection of poll taxes. Richard is still only fourteen at this time (having come to the throne at the age of ten) but he shows a maturity and courage beyond his years in riding out to meet the rebels at Smithfield in an attempt to negotiate and bring an end to the violence. Unfortunately, Richard is unable to keep the promises he makes that day and he is left feeling that he has let his people down.
There is more trouble to come for Richard later in the novel as tensions grow between the king and his noblemen, with his uncles – particularly John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester – gaining in power and influence. Richard's reliance on a small circle of friends and advisors, such as Michael de la Pole and Robert de Vere, also causes conflict and leads to a group of noblemen known as the Lords Appellant seizing control of the government. These events are covered in the final two sections of the book, finishing at a point which sets things up nicely for the next book in the series.
The novel is written from the perspectives of several different characters, allowing us to see both sides of the story. The account of the Peasants' Revolt is very well balanced, with the viewpoint switching between the king and the rebels, showing us the anger and discontent that led to the rebellion as well as Richard's response to it. Later, we are given some insights into the thoughts and actions of both the Lords Appellant and Richard's allies. There are interesting parallels between the way Richard is being treated and the fate of his great-grandfather Edward II, and there is a sense of Richard's frustration as he feels that power is being taken away from him.
I don't think this is one of my favourites of Mercedes Rochelle's novels, but that is entirely due to the fact that I don't find this particular time period quite as interesting as the one covered in The Last Great Saxon Earls and no reflection on the quality of the book itself. She has clearly carried out a large amount of research for this novel and does a good job of making complicated history easy to follow and understand. A map, character list, author's note and bibliography are included in the book, providing additional information and ideas for further reading. I think this would be a good introduction to the period for readers who are unfamiliar with the details of Richard II's reign.
Thanks to the author for providing a copy of this book for review.
Richard's reign contains so many contradictions: the bravery of the boy in front of the rebels and yet his failure as a mature king. Was there some weak strain that ran through parts of the Plantagenet blood line? I'm thinking about Henry VI who would make an even bigger mess of things, and who, if my reckoning is correct, would have been Richard's first cousin twice removed.
A lot of the Plantagenet kings made a complete mess of things, so maybe it did run in the family! I think part of the problem with Richard and Henry was that they both came to the throne as children and then later struggled to take back control of the government from their noblemen. Henry almost certainly suffered from a mental illness as well, though it seems to be debatable whether Richard did.
I've never liked, nor respected, Henry II, especially after he "ordered" the assassination of Thomas a'Beckett IN THE CATHEDRAL, of all places. Just saying.
I'm not a fan of Henry II either, not just because of Thomas a Becket, but also his treatment of his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard II, who this book is about, does have some good qualities as well as bad, I think, but I've never liked him very much either.
Perhaps reading this book would do me good, because my knowledge of Richard II's reign is through the adaptation The Hollow Crown, based on Shakespeare's historical plays. I only know of what led to Richard II's deposition by his cousin Henry Bollingbroke. His early life is a mystery to me.
I've seen The Hollow Crown and although it's a good introduction to Richard II, as you say, it doesn't cover the earlier part of his life. He isn't one of my favourite historical figures to read about, but he did have a very eventful reign!


Runners compete in the Durkle Track & Field meat at Twin Valley South.
Twin Valley South hosted the Durkle Invitational on Friday and was well attended by fans, Athletic Director Tony Augspurger stated; "if it wasn't a record breaking crowd, then it was close to it." Eaton won the girls side with 105.5 points. Host Twin Valley South won the boys side with a score of 91.5 points.
Local teams finished as follows: Girls – fifth place (tie) Ansonia, Arcanum; eighth Franklin Monroe; 11th Tri-Village. Boys – sixth place Ansonia; seventh Arcanum; ninth Tri-Village and Franklin Monroe 16th place.
There were some outstanding individual performances where athletes brought home the hardware – winning first place medals. Three athletes were "triple threats" – each winning in three events which considering the number of teams competing in the invitational was quite the feat. Selene Weaver from Franklin Monroe was first in the pole vault, long jump and 200m dash. Austin Bruner from Tri-Village swept the sprint events taking first in the 100m, 200m, and 400m dashes. Finally, Tanner Delk from Arcanum swept the distance events, showing great endurance. He was first in the 800m, 1600m and 3200m runs.
There were two "dual threat" winners – Trista Hollinger of Arcanum who placed first in discus and shotput. Ansonia's Brock Shellhaas took first in the 110m hurdles and first in the pole vault – teammate Matthew Shook placed second.
https://www.dailyadvocate.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2019/04/web1_8-inch-Durkle.jpgRunners compete in the Durkle Track & Field meat at Twin Valley South.


text:
Year refers to the first year introduced. A range of years is the period the bus was manufactured.

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See also

 Bus spotting
 Coach (used for long-distance travel)
 Dollar van
 List of fictional buses
 List of Leyland buses
 List of AEC buses
 Multi-axle bus
 Trackless train
 Tram
 Single decker buses

References

 01

Bus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Instagram is our go-to for daily style inspiration. If you follow us already, then you know we always post the latest styles, trends, store happenings and blogger favorites. If you don't, what are you waiting for? We especially love to see how you wear HB. Make sure to follow us and share your wish lists, styling tips and glam gifts by tagging us @HenriBendel. We may even #regram your gorgeous pics!


Strong winds, or gales, are the most common cause of damage and disruption in the UK.
The Met Office has guidance on what to do before, during and after a storm to make sure your family and property are kept safe.
You can also get up to date severe weather warnings on the Met office website.
During heavy storms you might be at risk of flooding. Take precautions to make sure you are prepared for flooding and can protect your family and property.
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents provides information and advice about lightning and how to be safe during storms.
In a lightning storm shelter inside a car or large building. Keep away from wide, open spaces and exposed hilltops. Don't shelter underneath tall or isolated trees (One of the most common reasons people are struck by lightning is becasue they were sheltering under trees).
During severe weather you may be at risk of losing your electricity, water or gas supply (known as utilities). Make sure you know what to do if you lose utilities during bad weather.
Check your home insurance policy to make sure it covers damage from storms and bad weather.
The Money Advice Service offers advice on what a good insurance policy looks like.


Retirement isn't the end… in fact, it's just the beginning, even for your super! Throughout your working life, there is a great deal of focus on saving for your retirement. But did you know that the contributions you make during your working life only make up 10 per cent of your retirement income? While the returns generated from these contributions equate to 30 per cent, 60 per cent of your investment earnings are generated after you retire*. Does that make you start to think about your super in a different light?
Financial advice makes a difference. We have chosen Bridges as our preferred Financial Planners. Bridges have served our Members with professional financial planning advice since 1985.
A Bridges financial planner can help you develop a plan that's tailored for your needs and your circumstances, to help you achieve your goals, both in the lead up to, and during, retirement. So, with a little help from a financial planner, perhaps you can retire sooner than you think.
Isn't it time to get your retirement sorted?
Take the first steps to a secure financial future. To arrange your appointment with a Bridges Financial Planner, contact us or fill in the form below to arrange a complimentary obligation-free initial consultation with a Bridges Financial Planner, who can help you plan to achieve your lifestyle goals in the years ahead.
Enter the Bridges Retirement Lab and test our various retirement scenarios through a three step process.


text:
Q: How to 'output' in different div via JQuery Im new on javascript. Im coding a JSP which is creating a product catalog from database source including a dropdown, inside each product, in order to display different options per product. The issue is I cannot handle output for each element, with this code the output is being displayed only in the first element. Im assuming I need to update the output div, no clue how to do it. Thank you for the help in advance.
HTML
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JAVASCRIPT

A: Using jQuery (since you already using jQuery) you can chain .parent() with .find() the output
 tag, note that in my snippet, I changed it to be a class attribute not id, since it will make the HTML invalid to have multiple element with the same id attribute, here is a working snippet:

$(document).ready(function() {
    $(".phone_plan").change(function() {
    var value = $(this).val();
    $(this).parent().find(".output").html(value);
  });
});

        USD ${phone.price1}

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            <option>${phone.price3}</option>
        </select>

        USD ${phone.price1}

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        USD ${phone.price1}

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            <option>${phone.price2}</option>
            <option>${phone.price3}</option>
        </select>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Serving what you ate in college, if you went to college in a Japan invaded by fat Americans, The House of Ramen is a new downtown noodle house from two Japanese partners, rocking striking red and grey walls festooned with a rotating selection of local art, and offering a menu seeking to morph the traditional Japanese fare with elements familiar to stateside eaters, though how you deep-fry soup is anyone's guess.
Order Up: Customize your bowl from the broth up by choosing a spice level from 0-5, and picking one of three noodles (tip: don't go for the giant foam ones that're mad fun in pools). That's topped with meats including Cha Sui (Chinese BBQ pork), or your choice of two vegetables like crunchy/ chewy water chestnut-y kikurage, or bamboo shoots, although don't worry, it has terrible aim, because it's a tree.
For those uncomfortable with making decisions, House is also happy to offer super-traditional chef's specials in either a pork or soy sauce broth, plus gyoza and mango Mochi ice cream that sports a soft rice-coated exterior -- which, while not fried, will likely be awesome when you are, you fat gaijin.