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Anatomy and Regions of Head
Anatomy ▶ Head and Neck ▶ Areas ▶ Anatomy and Regions of Head
Living Anatomy
Regions of The Head
Frontal Region (Brow)
Parietal Region
Occipital Region
Temporal Region (Temple)
Auricular Region
Parotid Region
Orbital (Ocular) Region
Nasal Region
Infraorbital Region
Zygomatic Region
Buccal Region
Oral Region
Mental Region
Bony Landmarks In The Region of Head
The Head is the globe shaped ,topmost portion of the body, that consists of the skull, brain and sensory organs that includes , eyes that allows to have a vision, ears for sensing sounds and maintaining equilibrium (balance), nose that identifies and senses various types of smell, and tongue that identifies and senses tastes. The head also provides openings for respiratory and digestive systems, that also acts as a starting point. The head can be divided into two portions; the cranium and the face.
The cranium (a.k.a the skull, the braincase etc) consists of brain. The openings for eyes , nose, and mouth oral cavity is located in face.
A little description of comparative anatomy makes the differentiation between the size of cranium and face simpler to understand.
The sense of smell is just one of the earliest sensitivities. The pronograde canines (example, dog) are directed primarily by smell for hunting food and sex. The other senses, like touch, hearing, and eyesight play an accessory function. For that reason, they have well-developed snout, and, their face lies in front of the cranium.
The arboreal way of life of apes and monkeys favored the higher development of visual, acoustic, tactile, kinesthetic, and motor functions with advancement in their own brains. In such creatures, utility of the nose was lost and sense of smell became an accessory perception. Therefore in orthograde monkeys, it resulted in the loss of the projecting snout, and there face is situated below and in front of the cranium.
The supremacy of guy in animal kingdom is because of his large well-developed brain, which gives him the infinite power of thinking, reasoning, and judgement. To adapt large brain, the size of cranium has also grown proportionately. Thus, in plantigrade guy the forehead is notable and the face lies below the anterior part of the cranium.
It's significant to notice that size of jaws is inversely proportional to the size of cranium. Hence the pronograde canine has bigger jaws; an orthograde monkey has smaller jaws on the other hand plantigrade guy has smallest jaws. The reduction in the size of jaws happened as a result of shift in eating habits of these creatures. The jaws are smallest in guy because he prefers to eat soft cooked food. The size of jaws is bigger in canines since they use it for holding, breaking, biting, snapping, and chewing the food. With receding jaws, the mouth is proportionately reduced in size.
In man, eyes are positioned in more frontal plane to allow stereoscopic vision. To allow freedom of mobility to the tongue for a well-articulated language in guy, the alveolar arches are extended and the chin is pushed forward, making the mouth cavity more roomy. The notable chin is a characteristic attribute of human beings. The identifying external nose with notable dorsum, tip, and alae is characteristic of a guy, in spite of the fact that it doesn't have anything related to the sense of smell. Likely it functions to shield the eyes from injuries. The brow ridges are noticeably reduced in man as compared to other primates as a result of their notable forehead.
The living anatomy addresses the evaluation of surface features by visualization (review) and palpation of the living people to get info regarding the deeper structures. It's of tremendous value in clinical examination of the patients. The study of living anatomy (also termed living or surface anatomy) of head and neck starts with the section of the surface into regions and examining surface landmarks in every region. The people are counselled to practice finding these landmarks in every region on themselves or on their co-workers to acquire the art of evaluation.
The head is split into these regions: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, auricular, parotid, orbital, nasal, zygomatic, buccal, oral, and mental.
The frontal region of the head is an area above the eyes and below the hair line. Eyebrows are the raised arches of skin with short, thick hairs above the supraorbital margins. Just deep to eyebrow is the curved bony ridge or superciliary arch. It's more notable in adult males. The smooth non-hairy raised area between the eyebrows is named glabella, which tends to be flat in kids and adult females, and creates a rounded bulge in adult males. Indian wed Hindu females employ bindi at this site to improve their attractiveness. It's essential to notice the pineal gland is located about 7 cm behind the glabella. The bulge of forehead, the frontal eminence is clear on either side above the eyebrow. The frontal bulge is normally more marked in youngsters and adult females.
It's an area restricted anteriorly by hair line and posteriorly by a coronal plane behind the parietal eminences and on each side by the temporal line. The parietal eminence can be felt on each side in this region about 2 inches above the auricle. The parietal bulges are clear on or just in front of the interauricular line.
The occipital region is an area of cranium behind the parietal eminences, and above the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines.
The most notable point in the occipital region is referred to as opisthocranion or occiput. The external occipital protuberance can be felt in the median line just above the nuchal furrow. The superior nuchal line, 1 on either side of external occipital protuberance, runs laterally with its convexity facing upwards.
The soft tissue covering frontal, parietal, and occipital regions creates the scalp.
The large area of scalp over the vault of skull is thickly covered by terminal hair. Because of presence of hair, many lesions in this area stay undetected by both clinicians and patients. Therefore, this area ought to be cautiously analyzed by the clinicians.
The temporal region is the area on the side of the skull between the temporal line and zygomatic arch.
It's the site of connection of temporalis muscle, which can be palpated when the teeth are clenched repeatedly. Attempt on yourself. Soft tissue in the temporal region consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue, temporal fascia, and temporalis muscle. In the anterior part of temporal region, deep to soft tissues is a small area where 4 bones meet the pterion. This region is medically significant because it's the site of entry to cranial cavity in craniotomy to eliminate the extraduralhematoma.
The auricular region consists of fleshy oval flap of the ear (auricle) and external acoustic meatus.
The auricle collects the sound waves. The external auditory meatus is a tube via which sound waves are carried to the middle ear inside the skull. Detect the following surface features of the auricle.
The superior and posterior free margins of the auricle creating a type of rim are referred to as helix, which finishes inferiorly at the fleshy protuberance of the ear named ear lobule.
The upper end of the helix is generally at the level of the eyebrows and the glabella.
The lobule is roughly at the level of the apex of the nose.
The portion of the auricle anterior to the external auditory meatus is a small nodular flap of tissue termed tragus. It projects posteriorly, partly covering and shielding the external auditory meatus. The condyle of mandible can be palpated by placing the tip of finger just in front of tragus and after that opening and shutting the mouth.
Another flap of tissue opposite the tragus is the antitragus. Between the tragus and antitragus is a deep notch named awful notch.
A semicircular ridge anterior to the helix is referred to as antihelix.
The upper end of antihelix splits into 2 crura enclosing a triangular depression named triangular fossa. The depressed hollow of the auricle is termed concha.
The upper end of the helix which goes backwards to some extent into concha is termed crux of helix.
The external auditory meatus and tragus are significant landmarks to work with when shooting extraoral radiographs and administering local anesthesia on a patient. The pulsations of superficial temporal artery can be felt by placing the fingertip just in front and above the tragus on the root of zygoma.
As the particular name suggests, it's present around the ear (para = around; otic = ear). It's limited in front by anterior border of masseter, behind by mastoid process and below by line stretching from angle of mandible to the tip of mastoid process. This region is inhabited by parotid gland. The mastoid process is located behind the lower part of the ear. Its anterior border, tip and posterior border can be easily felt.
The masseter overlies the ramus of the mandible. It can be felt when the teeth are clenched.
The parotid gland is frequently enlarged following infection by mumps virus. This creates a painful swelling in the parotid region elevating the ear lobule. The parotid gland is also the site of slow growing painless tumor termed combined parotid tumor.
The ocular region consists of the eyeball and related structures. Majority of the surface features of the ocular region protect the eye. Eyebrow is a ridge of hair along the superciliary arch above the orbit, which protects the eyes against sun and mechanical setback. Both movable eyelids reflexly close to shield eyes from foreign particles and bright sun. The eyelashes are a row of hair in the margins of eyelids. The eye-lashes prevent airborne things from contacting the eyeball. Behind the lateral part of the upper eyelid and inside the orbit is the lacrimal gland, which generates lacrimal fluid or tears. The tears wash away chemical and foreign particles and lubricate the front of the eye to forbid the face of the eyeball, especially the all-important cornea from drying.
The conjunctiva is a fine thin mucous membrane which lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball. It assists in reducing friction during blinking.
The sclera, the 'white' of the eye is viewed on each side of cornea.
The cornea is the circular clear anterior portion of the eyeball.
The outer corner where the upper and lower eyelids meet is named lateral (outer) canthus. The inner corner where the 2 eyelids meet is referred to as medial canthus. A fleshy pinkish elevation in the medial angle of the eye is referred to as lacrimal caruncle.
Palpate these landmarks in this region in yourself:
Supraorbital pass on the maximal point of supraorbital margin about 2.5 cm from the midline.
Frontozygomatic suture, that is marked by a slight atypical depression on the lateral orbital margin.
The status of the eyes deeply changes the facial look. Lesions affecting the eye and its related structures are tremendous. A few easily identifiable and surgically important circumstances are as follows:
Arcus senilis, a white rim around the outer edge of the iris, is often observed in aged individuals. It takes place because of sclerosis and deposit of cholesterol in the boundary of the cornea.
Xanthelasma are fatty plaques in the skin of the eyelids. They look like masses of yellowish opaque fat. If multiple and growing, they signify inherent abnormality of cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, or arterial disease.
Exophthalmos is a forward protrusion of the eyeball from its normal position in the orbit. The commonest cause of both bilateral and unilateral exophthalmos is thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism).
Ectropion is the eversion of the lower eyelid.
The key attribute of nasal region is the external nose. It's a pyramidal projection in the middle third of the face with its root up and base downwards. The root of the nose can be found between the eyes inferior to glabella. The solid narrow bony portion below the nasion is the bridge of the nose. The nose below this level has pliable cartilaginous framework that keeps the openings of the nose. The tip of the nose is named apex. It's flexible when palpated because it's created from cartilage. Inferolateral to the apex on each side is a nostril (or nare). The nostrils are divided from every other by a midline nasal septum. The nares are bounded laterally by wing like alae of the nose. The alae of nose create the flared outer margin of every nostril.
The identifying external nose with exuberant development of cartilages creating notable dorsum, tip, and alae is a characteristic attribute of human beings.
A well-marked depression in the root of the nose is referred to as nasion.
Saddle nose: A nose whose bridge is depressed and widened.
Rhinophyma: The nasal skin covering the alar cartilages is thick and adherent, and includes many sebaceous glands. The hypertrophy and adenomatous changes of these glands provides rise to a lobulated tumor termed rhinophyma.
The infraorbital region of head is situated below the orbital region and corresponds to the upper part of the anterior surface of the maxilla. The infraorbital foramen lies in this region about 1 cm below the infraorbital margin consistent together with the supraorbital notch or foramen. The knowledge of its location is essential for providing infraorbital nerve block.
The zygomatic region overlies the zygomatic (cheek) bone and zygomatic arch.
The zygomatic arch stretches from just inferior to lateral margin of the eye in the direction of the upper portion of the auricle. Inferior to the zygomatic arch and just anterior to the tragus of the ear is the temporomandibular joint. The zygomatic arch is bony bridge that covers the interval between the ear and the eye. The zygomatic bone creates the bony prominence of the cheek below and lateral to the orbit.
The movements of the temporomandibular joint can be felt by opening and shutting the mouth or moving the lower jaw from side to side. 1 way to sense the movements of head of mandible will be to gently put a finger into the outer portion of the external auditory meatus.
The buccal region of face is a broad area of the face between the nose, mouth, and parotid region. It overlies the buccinator muscle. It's made of soft tissues of the cheek.
The pulsations of facial artery can be felt about 1.25 cm lateral to the angle of the mouth.
The structures of the oral region contain fleshy upper and lower lips, and the structures of oral cavity that can be discovered when the mouth is broadly open.
The lips are mainly composed of muscles covered exter-nally by skin and internally by mucous membrane. Every lip has a pinkish zone named vermillion zone. The lips are outside-lined from the surrounding skin by a transition zone named vermillion border. The small triangular median depression in the upper lip is termed philtrum. The apex of philtrum is in the direction of the nasal septum and the base downwards where it ends in a thicker area named tubercle of the upper lip.
The corners of mouth where upper and lower lips meet are referred to as labial commissure. The groove running upward between the labial commissure and the alae of nose is known as nasolabial sulcus. The lower lip is divided from the chin by a horizontal groove named labiomental groove.
The colour of the lips and the mucus membrane of the oral cavity are medically significant; lips may seem pale in patients with acute anemia or bluish in individuals afflicted by dearth of oxygenation of blood (cyanosis). A lemon yellow tint of lips may signify jaundice.
The lips are a standard site for carcinoma, mainly impacting people above 60 years old. Carcinoma of the lip generally takes place in lower lip (93%) as compared to the upper lip (5%).
The bone underlying the upper lip is the alveolar process of the maxilla, on the other hand the bone underlying the lower lip is the alveolar process of the mandible. The alveolar processes include teeth and are referred to as maxillary and mandibular teeth.
The mental region is an area of face below the lower lip and is qualified by the presence of mental protuberance or mentum, a privileged attribute of human beings.
The part of oral cavity within the alveolar arches is named oral cavity appropriate. It includes a mobile muscular organ, the tongue.
The oral cavity is lined by a mucus membrane or mucosa. The inner aspects of the lips are lined by pink and thick labial mucosa. The labial mucosa is constant with the equally pink and thick buccal mucosa that lines the inner cheek.
The space between cheek/lip and gum is known as vestibule.
On the inner aspect of buccal mucosa opposite the upper second molar tooth is a small elevation referred to as parotid papilla on which opens the parotid duct.
The gingiva is a part of oral mucosa that covers the alveolar processes of the jaws.
The roof of oral cavity which presents 2 portions: (a) a solid anterior portion is termed hard palate and a flexible posterior portion is named soft palate. A cone shaped projection hanging down from the middle of the posterior free margin is named uvula of the palate, that is constant with palatopharyngeal arch on every side.
A dense pad of soft tissue behind the final molar tooth is termed retromolar pad.
The floor of mouth lies inferior to the ventral surface of the tongue.
The oral cavity gives entry into the throat or thepharynx.
One can easily analyze these features in theoropharynx:
A curved, leaf-like flap of cartilage lies behind the base of tongue and in front of oropharynx. It's epiglottis, the cartilage of the larynx.
Mass of lymphoid tissue projecting on either side into the lateral wall of the oropharynx is termed palatine tonsil. The palatine tonsils are by and large named tonsils by the patients. The tonsil is located in triangular fossa named tonsillar fossa found between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches. Notice the tonsils be located opposite the angle of mandible between the rear of tongue and soft palate.
Mental protuberance/ mentum Protuberance of the chin
Nasion Depression at the root of nose at the junction of frontonasal and internasal sutures
Glabella Smooth non-hairy area between the eyebrows above nasion
Vertex Highest point on the top of head in the midline
External occipital protuberance Knob-like bony projection at the upper end of nuchal furrow
Inion Apex of external occipital protuberance
Gonion Angle of mandible
Head of mandible In front of lower part of the tragus
Preauricular point In front of upper part of the tragus
Mastoid process Behind the lower part of the auricle
Pterion 4 cm above the midpoint of zygomatic arch/3.5 cm behind and 1.5 cm above the frontozygomatic suture
Asterion Depression—2.5 cm behind the upper part of the root of ear
Supraorbital notch/foramen On the supraorbital margin 2.5 cm from midline
Infraorbital foramen 1 cm below infraorbital margin and 1.25 cm lateral to the side of nose
Mental foramen 2.5 cm lateral to symphysis menti and 1.25 cm above the lower border of mandible
Frontal prominence Area of maximum convexity on either side of forehead where top, front and side of head meet
Parietal prominence Area of maximum convexity on either side in the parietal region where back, top and side of head meet (Area of maximum transverse diameter of the skull)
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ACT ONE Our story begins with the Prologue of Dr. Dolittle. Dr. John Dolittle's parrot, Polynesia, proclaims that the doctor has a philosophy: animals can be friends. We follow Polynesia to a quaint West of England fishing village where we are introduced to the villagers of the town and Matthew Mugg, Dr. Dolittle's best friend….
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Know your authors: Ernest Hemingway's best quotes
The iceberg theory of his had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction. His pieces of writing, as well as his adventurous lifestyle, made him popular among the youth, bringing him admiration.
Know your authors: Ernest Hemingway is among the top 10 authors of the world. Hemingway was an American novelist, short-story writer, journalist, and sportsman.
Below are some writing pieces of Hemingway:
The way to make people trustworthy is to trust them.
When people talk, listen completely. Don't be thinking about what you're going to say. Most people never listen.
But man is not made for defeat… A man can be destroyed but not defeated.
Courage is grace under pressure.
The world breaks everyone, and afterwards, many are strong at the broken places.
Forget your personal tragedy. We are all bitched from the start, and you especially have to hurt like hell before you can write seriously. But when you get the damned hurt, use it-do not cheat with it. Be as faithful to it as a scientist—but don't think anything is of any importance because it happens to you or anyone belonging to you.
Always do sober what you said you'd do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.
An intelligent man is sometimes forced to be drunk to spend time with his fools.
In order to write about life, first, you must live it.
As a writer, you should not judge; you should understand.
All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since.
There is no friend as loyal as a book.
There is nothing to writing. All you do is sit down at a typewriter and bleed.
The first draft of anything is shit.
St Kitts and Nevis: Former National player, Daren Pemberton presents U-20 players with basketball supplies
Tariq Saeed - January 23, 2023 0
St Kitts and Nevis: St Kitts and Nevis Amateur Basketball Association (SKNABA) has recently updated that SKNABA under 20 Jr (Junior) League is scheduled to kick off on Tuesday, January 24 2023. According to officials, four junior teams will compete with each other in the upcoming tournament.
St Kitts: Timothy Harris to announce Official Cultural Ambassadors shortly
St Kitts and Nevis: The member of Parliament and former Prime Minister of St Kitts and Nevis, Dr Timothy Harris, has recently made a promise to announce the names of the country's first-ever Official Cultural Ambassadors based on the commitment based on the Team Unity Campaign.
St kitts: Ministry of Youth Empowerment organizes Cultural Exchange Program from 14 to 18 Jan
St Kitts and Nevis Ministry of Youth Empowerment has recently extended their way to announce that a Youth Cultural Exchange Program is all set to be organized by a prominent International Music Camp in the region of North Dakota coming summer for the students interested in music between the age group of 14-18.
Travellers Worldwide recognizes St Kitts and Nevis as 12th safest island in Caribbean
Press Release Tariq Saeed - May 30, 2022 0
The website of Travellers Worldwide has recognized St Kitts and Nevis among the seventeen safest Caribbean island nations to visit in 2022. The country is continuously becoming more secure for visitors as the nation moves forward with adopting modern security technologies, along with the installation of CCTV cameras around the twin-island federation.
Blue Origin released its proposal for a new commercial space station!
News admin - October 28, 2021 0
NASA is preparing to retire the ISS. It has been in orbit for more than two decades. ISS only has permission to operate until...
Egypt-China gifts 500,000 COVID vaccine doses to Palestine
Egypt and the People's Republic of China donated 500,000 doses of the COVID-19 vaccines to Palestine, aiding the country in its battle against the outbreak, the Chinese Embassy to Egypt said in its released statement.
Dominica hosts cricket T20 international matches after a halt of five years
Press Release Tariq Saeed - July 7, 2022 0
The nature isle of Dominica has hosted cricket T20 international matches at the Windsor Park Sports Stadium after a break of almost five years. The country conducted two games back-to-back that was held on 2 and 3 July 2022.
UAE witnesses major decline in gold prices
Shoppers interested in buying Gold and Jewellery in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) got a big price break as international bullion prices dropped to $1,863-$1,865 an ounce levels - and the Dubai Gold price at Dh211.50 a gram for 22K.
Dubai: Big Bad Wolf Books will now be open to public for 24 hours
Big Bad Wolf Books in Dubai will now be open to the public for 24 hours. It is reputed as the World's biggest book sale and has returned to Dubai after a two-year break caused due to COVID-19 pandemic. The event will be running till Sunday, 24 April, at the Sound Stages in Dubai Studio City.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A new study suggests that many hands-free, in-vehicle infotainment systems designed to help drivers focus on the road are as distracting as cellphones.
Distracted driving has become a prevalent problem and a serious safety threat, as many people in Indianapolis know. Many drivers may think voice-based in-car technology is the solution to this problem. Advanced new infotainment systems help drivers keep their hands free and their eyes on the road, theoretically reducing the risk of distracted drivingaccidents. Unfortunately, a recent study suggests that these systems are more distracting and dangerous than most drivers believe.
Two recent studies from the University of Utah and the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety explored the distracting effects of in-car technology and hands-free phone apps. According to Fox News, in one study, researchers found that four of the six in-car systems tested were more distracting to drivers than carrying on a conversation via handheld cellphone. The other study concluded that the hands-free phone app was even more distracting than any of the in-car systems.
Researchers noted that the systems that made frequent errors were typically the most distracting. To successfully use these systems, driver had to focus carefully on phrasing; word choice and order often affected whether the system registered the correct command or message. The errors that occurred often frustrated drivers or created more severe distractions; for instance, one driver had to hurry to stop an accidental call to 911 that the hands-free phone app placed.
These findings suggest that much of the hands-free technology built into electronic devices or vehicles is not advanced enough to let drivers focus primarily on the road. Although these systems may spare drivers from visual distraction, which is a factor known to raise the risk of car accidents, the resulting cognitive distraction may still impede safe driving.
Alarmingly, researchers found that using voice-to-text systems was more distracting than listening to audiobooks, listening to the radio, talking to a passenger and conversing via any kind of cellphone. This suggests that other forms of voice-command technology may also be highly distracting.
As more vehicles start featuring built-in hands-free systems, many drivers may begin using these systems and incorrectly believing that doing so is safe. Unfortunately, the results of cognitive distraction studies suggest that this may lead to an increase in distracted driving accidents.
Anyone who has been injured in an accident that an inattentive driver caused should speak to an attorney for advice about pursuing compensation.


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Cannabis legal reform
Cannabis laws
Drug laws
Marihuana laws
Social psychology: Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline
2 By country
2.3 Belgium
2.5 Czech Republic
2.6 Finland
2.8 Hong Kong
2.9 Ireland
2.10 Japan
2.11 Mexico
2.12 Netherlands
2.13 New Zealand
2.14 Portugal
2.15 Russia
2.16 Spain
2.17 Sweden
2.18 Switzerland
2.19 Turkey
2.20 United Kingdom
2.21 United States
3 Use of capital punishment against the cannabis trade
4 Non-drug purposes
Since the 20th century, most countries have enacted laws affecting the legality of cannabis regarding the cultivation, use, possession, or transfer of cannabis for recreational use. Many jurisdictions have lessened the penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis, so that it is punished by confiscation or a fine, rather than imprisonment. Punishment focuses more on those who traffic and sell the drug on the black market. Some jurisdictions/drug courts use mandatory treatment programs for young or frequent users with freedom from "narcotic" drugs as goal. A few jurisdictions permit cannabis use for medicinal purposes. There are also changes in a more restrictive direction as in Canada, Denmark, Netherlands or United Kingdom and drug tests, more or less mandatory, are more common than before in many countries. Some countries allow the sale through drug companies.[How to reference and link to summary or text] However, simple possession can carry long jail sentences in some countries, particularly in East Asia, where the sale of cannabis may lead to a sentence of life in prison or even execution.
File:Killerdrug.jpg
Propaganda used by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics in the late 1930s and 1940s.
Under the name cannabis, 19th century medical practitioners sold the drug, (usually as a tincture) popularizing the word amongst English-speakers. It was rumored that Queen Victoria's menstrual pains were treated with cannabis, because her personal physician, Sir John Russell Reynolds, wrote an article in the first edition of the medical journal The Lancet about the benefits of cannabis.[1] Cannabis users included nineteenth century literary figures Robert Louis Stevenson,[2] and Le Club des Hashishins members Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas[3] Eli Lilly and Company and others sold cannabis tinctures over the counter for a variety of maladies. By the end of the 19th century, its medicinal use began to fall as other drugs like aspirin took over its use as a pain reliever.
In 1894, the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission commissioned by the UK Secretary of State and the government of India, was instrumental in the decision not to criminalize the drug in those countries.[4] From 1906 different states in the United States started to implement regulations for sales of Cannabis indica. In 1925 a change of the International Opium Convention[5] banned exportation of Indian hemp to countries that have prohibited its use, and requiring importing countries to issue certificates approving the importation and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes."
In 1937 the F.D. Roosevelt administration crafted 1937 Marihuana Tax Act the first national US law making cannabis possession illegal in the US via an unpayable tax on the drug. Hollywood supported that effort with the release of "misinformation documentaries" such as the iconical Reefer Madness (1937) and Nathanael West wrote about it in his Hollywood novel, The Day of the Locust.[6]
The name marijuana (Mexican Spanish marihuana, mariguana) is associated almost exclusively with the plant's psychoactive use. The term is now well known in English largely due to the efforts of American drug prohibitionists during the 1920s and 1930s, which deliberately used a Mexican name for cannabis in order to turn the populace against the idea that it should be legal, playing upon attitudes towards the nationality. (See 1937 Marihuana Tax Act). Those who demonized the drug by calling it marihuana omitted the fact that the "deadly marihuana" was identical to cannabis indica, which had at the time a reputation for pharmaceutical safety.[7] It must however be noted that cannabis indica in the 1930s had lost most of its former popularity as a medical drug.[8]
Although cannabis has been used for its psychoactive effects since ancient times, it first became well known in the United States during the jazz music scene of the late 1920s and 1930s. Louis Armstrong became a prominent and life-long devotee.[9] Bing Crosby,[10] Gene Krupa,[11] Anita O'Day,[12] and other jazz stars were "vipers", as written about by Mezz Mezzrow in Really the Blues.[13] It was popular in the blues scene as well. In 1948 film star Robert Mitchum[14] was arrested for marijuana and served time in jail. Embraced by Beat generation writers like Alan Ginsberg,[15] it eventually became a prominent part of the 1960s counterculture and human rights movements, used by Bob Dylan,[16] John Lennon,[17] Paul McCartney[18] and even John Denver.[19] Anthropologist Margaret Mead testified before Congress advocating marijuana legalization in 1969 and admitted she'd tried it herself.[20]
Some advocate legalization of marijuana, believing that it will reduce illegal trade & associated crime and yield a valuable tax-source. Marijuana is now available as a palliative agent, in Canada, with a medical prescription. Yet 86% of Canadians with HIV/AIDS, eligible for a prescription, continue to obtain marijuana illegally (AIDS Care. 2007 Apr;19(4):500-6.)
By country[edit | edit source]
In the Australian Capital Territory, possession of up to 25 grams, or five plants, is not a criminal offense but carries a $100 fine.[How to reference and link to summary or text] In South Australia possession of small quantities of cannabis is decriminalized attracting fines similar to a parking ticket. However, penalties for cultivation of marijuana have become harsher since the widespread advent of large scale cultivation. There is much confusion on the subject, with many people believing that possession of a certain amount is legal. In Western Australia, possession of up to 30 grams or two plants is accepted for private use. If a person is caught with this amount, they can choose between a $150 fine or an education session. Any amount exceeding this is dealt with in the criminal court In New South Wales and Tasmania, cannabis use is illegal and attracts fines. In Queensland it is a criminal offense to be in possession of any amount of cannabis, people charged must face court and can be convicted. Possession of cannabis or any schedule 1 or 2 drug specified in the Drugs Misuse Regulation 1987 carries a maximum prison sentence of 15 years in Queensland, however jail terms for minor possessions are very rare. Possession of smoking utensils or anything used to smoke cannabis is also a criminal offense in Queensland. However, under the Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000 a person who admits to carrying under 50 grams (and is not committing any other offense) must be offered a drug diversion program. Possession and Cultivation of Cannabis in Victoria is also illegal, under the Drugs, Poisons & Controlled Substances Act 1981. Possession/cultivation of 10 plants is considered to be a traffickable quantity, and possession/cultivation of 100 plants or 25 kilograms is deemed trafficking in a Commercial Quantity.
Bangladesh[edit | edit source]
Cannabis was grown throughout the Bengal region, which is currently split between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. In both parts of Bengal, cannabis (Bengali language: গাঁজা gãja or গাঞ্জা ganja) has been widely used for centuries. Cannabis was banned in Northern Bangladesh in 1984.[21]
Belgium[edit | edit source]
Individual or solo use by adults has the lowest priority to police and government instances, if the use doesn't cause any problems to their environment. This basically means only the use in public places, possession of more than 3 grams, or the sale of the drug are pursued in court. However, the use in the presence of minors is strictly forbidden. The cultivation of one feminine cannabis plant for personal use is decriminalized.
Main article: Cannabis legalization in Canada
A July 13, 2007 decision in Ontario Provincial court has ruled that criminal possession laws for cannabis are unconstitutional (R. v. Long). However, Toronto police spokesman Mark Pugash said that nothing will change about how the police deal with marijuana possession for the time being.[22]
Possession of cannabis is legal in Canada according to Justice Edmonson of the Ontario Court of Justice in R. v. Bodnar/Hall/Spasic - "there is no offence known to law which the accused have committed."[23][24]
Marijuana was first banned in Canada in 1923 under the Opium and Drug Act. Since 1997 marijuana has been covered by the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
The Special Senate Committee on Illegal Drugs reviewed Canada's current anti-drug policies and legislation and reported in September 2002 that marijuana is not a gateway drug and should be treated more like tobacco or alcohol than harder drugs.
The House of Commons Special Committee on the Non-Medical Use of Drugs looked at an overall drug strategy for Canada and issued their report in December 2002. The House committee said that while marijuana is unhealthy, the current criminal penalties for possession and use of small amounts of cannabis are disproportionately harsh. They recommended that the Canadian Ministers of Justice and of Health come up with a strategy to decriminalize the possession and cultivation of not more than thirty grams of cannabis for personal use.[25]
Various estimates peg this country's cannabis trade at considerably more than $7 billion in annual sales—twice as much as pig farming brings in, and almost three times more than wheat does. Even the mighty cattle industry, at $5.2 billion a year in revenue, lags behind the marijuana business for sheer size. Just as importantly, the report points out, every dollar reaped by government regulation of the pot industry would be a dollar taken away from the criminal gangs that run the industry today. In 2001, Auditor General Sheila Fraser said the federal government was spending close to $500 million a year fighting the drug trade. Roughly 95 per cent of that goes to enforcement and policing, and two-thirds of the country's 50,000 annual drug arrests are for cannabis offences.[26]
In October 2007, Prime Minister Harper announced a new National Anti-Drug Strategy. A proposed Bill would have dealers facing one-year mandatory prison sentences if they're operating for organized crime purposes, or if violence is involved. Dealers would also face a two-year mandatory jail sentence if they're selling to youth, or dealing drugs near a school or an area normally frequented by youth. Additionally, people in Canada who run a large marijuana grow operation of at least 500 plants would risk facing a mandatory two-year jail term. Maximum penalties for producing cannabis would increase from 7 to 14 years.[27]
Perhaps the biggest proposed policy change is mandatory six-month sentencing for those growing as little as one marijuana plant for the purposes of trafficking. If the Bill passes, this is certain to be felt by small-time distributors who are not linked to the ring of organized crime, and who usually face no more than a fine if caught.[28]
Currently the Conservative Government holds a minority in Parliament, so the Bill would require support of at least one other political party before it can become law. Previous attempts by past Liberal Governments in the late 1990s and early 2000s to decriminalize marijuana for personal use have failed to become law - this is a distinct policy contrast from the current minority Conservatives who aspire to a more US-style 'War on Drugs'.[29]
Czech Republic[edit | edit source]
In 1938 production and possession (but not the consumption) of drugs became a punishable crime in Czechoslovakia. The law did not distinguish between different types of drugs. Until the Velvet Revolution (1989) narcotics were only a minor problem in Czech society. A law from 1992 stopped criminalization of drug possession for personal use. This changed in 1998, "possession of more than a small amount of drugs" (the amount was not defined) became a criminal offence again. The limits were defined later through internal research by Czech law enforcers making the possession of under 20 grams not a crime.The owner could be fined. Consumption was not punishable. Enforcement of the law was spotty and sometimes inconsistent.
Young people are the most frequent users of marijuana: a poll from 2007 estimated that almost 30% of Czechs under 24 had tried it. In 2007 the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ruled that mere cultivation of hemp should not be punishable unless production of the drug is proven; an officer from the Czech anti-drug unit was quoted saying that "this decision is irrelevant to our work". As of 2007 several initiatives towards either decriminalization of marijuana or creating a more tolerated category of soft drugs.[30]
Finland[edit | edit source]
Possession, manufacture and use of cannabis products were prohibited by law in Finland in 1972. The parliamentary discussion and the following vote resulted in a stalemate, so the issue was resolved by drawing lots - which resulted in cannabinoid products becoming illegal. In practice, possession or manufacture of cannabis products is considered to be a minor misdemeanor punishable by a minor fine (normally in the range of 60-500 euros). A supreme court decision of 2004 set up a "half a dozen" precedent: Cultivation of up to 6 plants for personal use is subject to the same penalties as personal use. The same applies to distribution and use within a "closed circle of users". However, open distribution is generally punished very severely. Aside from criminal penalties, users are often persecuted by welfare authorities on the pretext of child welfare (if the user has offspring); withdrawal of driving license is also commonplace.
Germany[edit | edit source]
While illegal, possession is generally not fined as long as a certain maximum amount (so called "geringe Menge" = engl. "small amount") is not exceeded. This maximum amount varies between 6 and 15 grams depending on which particular federal state the person is in. The person caught will have the cannabis confiscated. Until 2002 one could have one's driver's license taken away because of cannabis possession, even if driving a car was not involved.[31]
Hong Kong[edit | edit source]
The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page.
Cannabis is regulated under section 9 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. Cultivation and dealing with cannabis plant is illegal and a fine of $100,000 and to imprisonment for 15 years can be laid by the court. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined $10,000 HKD. The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $1,000,000 fine and/or 7 years of jail time.
The most recent Misuse of Drugs (Designation) Order (S.I. No. 69/1998) lists cannabis, cannabis resin, cannabinol and its derivatives as Schedule 1 drugs under the Misuse of Drugs Acts of 1977 and 1984. As a consequence manufacture, production, preparation, sale, supply, distribution and possession of cannabis is unlawful for any purpose, except under licence from the Minister for Health. The gardaí (Irish police) have a level of discretion when dealing with recreational cannabis users. To procure a conviction any cannabis seized has to be sent for analysis to the Garda Forensic Science Laboratory. This, along with the time needed to process the arrest, means that individual gardaí may decide not to arrest for small amounts, but the drug will be seized and the name and address of the individual will be taken. Possession of cannabis is an arrestable offence and, in 2003, 53 per cent of all drug seizures and 70 per cent of all drug-related prosecutions were for cannabis. Trafficking or possession with intent to supply are serious offences under Irish law.
Upon being brought to court, the penalties for possession are outlined as follows:
First offence: On summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding €381, or on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding €635.
Second offence: On summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding €508, or on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding €1,269.
Third or subsequent offence: On summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding €1,269 or, at the discretion of the court, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, or to both the fine and the imprisonment, or on conviction on indictment, to a fine of such amount as the court considers appropriate or, at the discretion of the court, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or to both the fine and the imprisonment.
There is no law against possession or sale of cannabis seeds. However, the growing of cannabis, even for medicinal benefits by genuine sufferers, is often treated harshly by the courts. Various movements have been founded to legalize the drug, including an attempt at starting a cannabis legalization political party.
Japan[edit | edit source]
Penalties for possession or use of marijuana in Japan are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and fines.[32] Possession of any amount, as little as 0.1 g, is punishable by jail sentence for up to 5 years and/or a fine of up to 30,000,000 Yen.[33] However, the defendant has to stay in police custody for at least a few weeks until a court decision is made.
Mexico[edit | edit source]
On April 29, 2006, the Congress of Mexico passed a bill decriminalizing possession of small amounts of drugs intended for recreational use (up to 5g for marijuana).[34] The new bill was hoped to relieve cartel-related crime as well as reduce drug-related arrests. A possibly unintended consequence would have been increased tourism. The move caused many in the US government to question Mexico's commitment to the "War on Drugs." However, President Fox sent the legislation back, asking that the decriminalization be removed. This action showed the U.S. government's influence over the Mexican Government's decisions,[35] sparking broad controversy over the bill.[36][37][38] On October 14, 2008 a bill was proposed in Mexico City's Congress to legalize the consumption, possession and commerce of Marijuana. The bill states that only a person over 18 can have access to the drug, the places where marijuana is sold cannot also sell alcoholic drinks, and must be at least 1000 meters away from schools. The Government would issue special licences for the distribution of marijuana in special places, similar to the legislation in the Netherlands. The Bill has yet to pass.
Netherlands[edit | edit source]
Main article: Drug policy of the Netherlands
The possession/purchase of Cannabis is "tolerated" in small amounts. One can purchase cannabis in special shops (called "coffee shops") if one is age eighteen and over. Sale and purchase of cannabis anywhere else is illegal. Outdoor use is forbidden as well. Cultivation and wholesale of cannabis is likewise "tolerated" in small amounts (guidelines here are no more than five plants at home or the possession of 5 grams per adult max.). The tolerance guidelines appear in appendix of the Opium Act. The Opium Act states very clearly that every part of the hemp plant is banned except for the seeds – this is in accordance with many of the international treaties which the Netherlands have signed. It is for this reason Cannabis cannot be legalised in the Netherlands. Thus, it remains illegal but it is "tolerated." A recent court decision allowed a medical cannabis user to avoid legal prosecution for possession of a small number of cannabis plants; however, the state is appealing the decision.[39]
By 2009, 27 coffee shops selling cannabis in Rotterdam, Netherlands, all within 200 meters from schools, must close down. This is nearly half of the coffeeshops that currently operate within its municipality. This is due to a new policy of city mayor Ivo Opstelten and the town council as a result of increased use of soft drugs among pupils.[40][41]
Main article: Cannabis in New Zealand
Possession of any amount of cannabis is illegal in New Zealand and can result in a fine of up to $500 or even a 3-month prison sentence (though the latter is rarely used). Anyone caught in possession of more than 28 grams of cannabis or 100 cannabis joints is classed as a dealer unless s/he can prove they are not. Cannabis is a class C drug in New Zealand, of which the penalty for dealing can result in a maximum prison sentence of 14 years under the New Zealand Misuse Of Drugs Act 1975. There have been many public campaigns to decriminalise cannabis but so far none have succeeded. It is generally accepted that the usage rate is high and possession in small quantities may not often be prosecuted. In some cases first offences may not always result in convictions.
Portugal[edit | edit source]
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article.
Please improve it or discuss changes on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions.
Personal consumption limit is 2.5 gram per day of marijuana[How to reference and link to summary or text] and 0.5 gram per day[How to reference and link to summary or text] of hashish. One may possess not more than 10 daily doses, otherwise it may be categorized as trafficking. Consumption still has a penalty that may be a fine or other penalty. Cultivation, even if for personal use, is still totally illegal and cultivation of even one plant is assumed to indicate involvement with trafficking. Possession of seeds is also illegal and despite there being several "head shops" or "grow shops" in Portugal, they are not allowed to sell seeds. It is also true that the number of grow shops has increased over the past few years, which seems to indicate that cultivation for personal use (in Portuguese: auto-cultivo) is becoming a more common practice. There is also a forum, named hortadacouve, formed by people who cultivate for personal use.
It is very common in Portugal to see young people smoking in concerts and other party areas. There has also been, in the last decade, an increase of cafés where it is possible to smoke, although it is never an "open" experience, because there is still a lot of intolerance to public consumption of cannabis as a day to day practice.
The 2006 Global Marijuana March (Template:Lang-pt) was celebrated for the first time in Lisbon and in 2007 both Lisbon and Porto celebrated it.
Russia[edit | edit source]
Consumption and possession of up to 6 grams (dry weight) of cannabis is punishable by fine or arrest for up to 15 days (KoAP 6.9). Growing in any amount is punishable by prison term (UK 231). Possession of more than 6 grams is punishable by prison term (UK 228).
Spain[edit | edit source]
Personal consumption and home cultivation of cannabis have been decriminalized after much deliberation, but buying or selling remains a criminal offense.
Cannabis is not seen as a soft drug. Sweden has an official goal of creating a drug-free society by the means of zero tolerance; any possession or consumption is illegal. Upon suspicion of consumption, police are eligible to arrest and take a drug test, which is seen as a cogent proof of consumption. Police officers are trained with Drug Recognition Expert Training program (DRE) in order to recognize the signs and symptoms as to whether a person has come under the influence of some type of drug.[42] The police make about two million breath tests per year,[42] a test for alcohol, and in the same time look for signs of drug use. The punishment for a single small drug use is normally a fine, in some cases it also includes participation in a treatment program or some other type of follow-up by local authorities. There are formalized networks between the police, the social service, the public health and sick care service.[42] Punishment for driving a car while under the influence of drugs is the loss of one's driver's license, and one month or more in prison. If the person is younger than 18, the police or the school must ask permission from the parents before the first drug test. Suspected users of drugs are offered some kind of free drug treatment program, a right supported by law. Cooperation with the treatment program can be mandatory if the user is below 18 or in some cases 20. Under very special circumstances, if the abuse has consequences that pose a serious threat to the life or health of the addict or its surroundings (generally only applicable, in the case of cannabis, on chaotic poly drug users with cannabis as dominating drug), a similar law can be used for those above 18 after a court decision or in very acute cases after a decision by the chairman of the social service in the municipality.[43]
The penalty for sale of cannabis is imprisonment, from 6 months to 10 years, 18 years in exceptional cases. In spite of this, Sweden has few citizens in prison for drug offenses or other offenses; the total is 1 in 1400, compare with 1 in 100 in the USA. Many prisons have internal drug treatment programs for prisoners, often inspired by cognitive behavioral therapy. Sweden has fewer users of cannabis and other drugs than many other comparable countries and is reported as a positive example by UNODC.[44]
Cultivation of industrial hemp, cannabis varieties with less than 0.2% THC, is legal if the farmer reports the fields in advance and follow some other restrictions but the cultivated area is small.
Switzerland[edit | edit source]
Main article: Cannabis in Switzerland
Cannabis is classified as an illegal narcotic in Switzerland.[45] The production, possession, consumption and sale of illegal narcotics, even for personal use, is punishable by a monetary penalty or by imprisonment of up to three years, as are public incitements to the consumption of illegal narcotics.[46]
The enforcement of the prohibition on cannabis is spotty, because around 500,000 Swiss people (or 7% of young people from 15 to 39) are believed to regularly use cannabis.[47] Also, in 1998, some 250 hectares of land were used in Switzerland to grow cannabis,[48] yielding more than 100 tons of narcotics per year.[49] The produce is sold mostly on the street and (in "scent bags" or covertly) through "cannabis shops" clustered in the urban centers. These shops, of which there were about 135 in 1999 and which authorities believe earn about 85-95% of their income with illegal narcotics,[50] are the target of irregular police crackdowns in some cities, while in others they are tolerated to some degree. Overall, enforcement varies substantially depending on the canton.[51] Some tolerate limited public consumption[52] while others periodically attempt to limit it. Nationwide, police registered some 27,000 cannabis-related infractions in 1999.[53]
Turkey[edit | edit source]
Cultivation of cannabis is strictly controlled by government in Turkey. Non-drug usage of cannabis is a common practice in Aegean region of Turkey. Cannabis seeds are used as a spice in many different foods, especially in different breads and other baked goods. Usage of cannabis as a drug is forbidden in Turkey, but persons carrying small amounts of cannabis can be fined, while drug trafficking is punished in long term imprisonment.
Main article: Cannabis in the United Kingdom
Cultivation and use of cannabis were generally outlawed in 1928. Under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, in its original form, the plant or herb was classed as a class B drug,[54] but was downgraded to a class C drug in January 2004.[55]
On May 7th 2008, and against the advice of the government's own commissioned report, the Home Secretary, Jacqui Smith, announced the government's intention to reclassify cannabis as a class B drug. [56] In 2008, the UK government commissioned a study into the effects of the downgrading of cannabis from Class B to Class C. Subsequently British prime minister Gordon Brown announced his government would disregard the findings of the committee, which recommended that cannabis should remain a Class C substance.
Main article: Cannabis in the United States
Under federal law, it is illegal to possess, use, buy, sell, or cultivate marijuana, since the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classifies marijuana as a Schedule I drug, claiming it has a high potential for abuse and has no acceptable medical use. Under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, Federal law in the United States preempts conflicting state and local laws. Nevertheless, some states and local governments have established laws attempting to decriminalize cannabis, which has reduced the number of "simple possession" offenders sent to jail, since federal enforcement agents rarely target individuals directly for such relatively minor offenses. Other state and local governments ask law enforcement agencies to limit enforcement of drug laws with respect to cannabis.
Use of capital punishment against the cannabis trade[edit | edit source]
Several countries have either carried out or legislated capital punishment for cannabis trafficking.
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Has been used An Iraqi man named Mattar bin Bakhit al-Khazaali was convicted of smuggling hashish and was executed in the northern town of Arar, close to the Iraqi border.
Template:Country data Indonesia Has been used In 1997, the Indonesian government under international pressure[How to reference and link to summary or text] added the death penalty as a punishment for those convicted of drugs in their country. The law has yet to be enforced on any significant, well-established drug dealers. Rather, the trend has been to execute unknown, first time, and clueless alleged drug traffickers, who don't have the cunning, resources, and contacts to persuade the authorities to set them free.[How to reference and link to summary or text] The former Indonesian President, Megawati Sukarnoputri announced Indonesia's intent to implement a fierce war on drugs in 2002. She called for the execution of all drug dealers. "For those who distribute drugs, life sentences and other prison sentences are no longer sufficient," she said. "No sentence is sufficient other than the death sentence." Indonesia's new president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, also proudly supports executions for drug dealers.[57]
Template:Country data Malaysia Has been used Mustaffa Kamal Abdul Aziz, 38 years old, and Mohd Radi Abdul Majid, 53 years old, were executed at dawn on January 17, 1996, for the trafficking of 1.2 kilograms of cannabis.[58]
Template:Country data Philippines No Longer Used The Philippines abolished the death penalty on June 24, 2006. The Philippines introduced stronger anti-drug laws, including the death penalty, in 2002.[59] Possession of over 500 grams of marijuana usually earned execution in the Philippines, as did possessing over ten grams of opium, morphine, heroin, ecstasy, or cocaine. Angeles City is often a mecca for Filipino cannabis users and cultivators, although enforcement has been inconsistent.[60].
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Sentenced In the United Arab Emirates city of Fujairah, a woman named Lisa Tray was sentenced to death in December 2004, after being found guilty of possessing and dealing hashish. Undercover officers in Fujairah claim they caught Tray with 149 grams of hashish. Her lawyers have appealed the sentence.
Template:Country data Thailand Frequently Used Death penalty is possible for drug offenses under Thai law. Extra-judicial killings also alleged.[61]
Template:Country data Singapore Frequently Used Death penalty carried out many times for cannabis trafficking. (July 20, 2004) A convicted drug trafficker, Raman Selvam Renganathan, 39, who stored 2.7 kilograms of cannabis or marijuana in a Singapore flat was hanged in Changi Prison. He was sentenced to death September 1, 2003 after an eight-day trial. (The Straits Times, July 20, 2004).
Template:Country data People's Republic of China Frequently Used Death penalty is exercised regularly for drug offenses under Chinese law, often in an annual frenzy corresponding to the United Nations' International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking[62] The government does not make precise records public, however Amnesty International estimates that around 500 people are executed there each year for drug offenses. Those executed have typically been convicted of smuggling or trafficking in anything from cannabis to methamphetamine.
Template:Country data United States Never Imposed / Constitutionality Untested Former Speaker Newt Gingrich, in 1996, proposed to introduce a mandatory death penalty for a second offense of smuggling 50 grams of marijuana into the United States, in the proposed law H.R. 4170.[63][64] This proposal failed.
Current Federal law (1994 Crime Act) sets the threshold for a possible death sentence for marijuana offenses at 60,000 kilograms or 60,000 plants (including seedlings) regardless of weight. The death penalty is also possible for running a continuing criminal enterprise that distributes marijuana and receives more than $20 million in proceeds in one year, regardless of the weight of marijuana involved.
The United States Supreme Court has held that no crimes other than murder and treason can constitutionally carry a death sentence (Coker v. Georgia) and (Kennedy v. Louisiana)
Non-drug purposes[edit | edit source]
Main article: Hemp
File:Cannab2 new.png
Cannabis Sativa (Left), Cannabis Indica (center) and Cannabis Ruderalis (right)
Hemp is the common name for cannabis and the name most used (in English) when this annual herb is grown for non-drug purposes. These include the industrial purposes for which cultivation licences may be issued in the European Union (EU). When grown for industrial purposes hemp is often called industrial hemp, and a common product is fibre for use in a variety of different ways. Fuel is often a by-product of hemp cultivation.
Hemp may be grown also for food (the seed) but in the UK at least (and probably in other EU countries) cultivation licences are not available for this purpose. Within Defra (the UK's Department for the Environment, Food and the Rural Affairs) hemp is treated as purely a non-food crop, despite the fact that seed can and does appear on the UK market as a perfectly legal food product.
In the UK, at least, the seed and fibre have been always perfectly legal products. Cultivation for non drug purposes was however completely prohibited from 1928 until circa 1998, when Home Office industrial-purpose licenses became available under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.
If industrial strains of the herb are intended for legal use within the EU then they are bred to be compliant with regulations which limit potential THC content to 0.2%. (THC content is a measure of the herb's drug potential and can reach 20% or more in drug strains). In Canada the THC limit is 1%.
Millennia of selective breeding have resulted in varieties that look quite different. Also, breeding since circa 1930 has focused quite specifically on producing strains which would perform very poorly as sources of drug material.
Hemp grown for fibre is planted closely, resulting in tall, slender plants with long fibers. Ideally, according to Defra in 2004, the herb should be harvested before it flowers. This early cropping is because fibre quality begins to decline as flowering starts and, incidentally, this cropping also pre-empts the herb's maturity as potentially a source of drug material. UK licence conditions actually oblige farmers, however, to allow some flowering so that flower material can be tested for its drug potential.
Adult lifetime cannabis use by country
Annual cannabis use by country
Cannabis reform at the international level
Health issues and the effects of cannabis
Legal and medical status of cannabis
Legality of cannabis by country
Marihuana legalization
Marihuana usage
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
Reefer Madness, a 2003 book by Eric Schlosser, detailing the history of marijuana laws in the United States.
The Emperor Wears No Clothes, a 1985 book by Jack Herer, the Authoritative Historical Record of Cannabis and the Conspiracy Against Marijuana.
For a philosophical approach to the issue of marijuana prohibition, see The Utility of Marijuana Prohibition at http://bradmusil.kramernet.org
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
↑ Positive and negative cerebral symptoms: the roles of Russell Reynolds and Hughlings Jackson. URL accessed on 2006-03-25.
↑ VeryImportantPotheads.
↑ Template:Cite tt.htm
↑ Kaplan, J. (1969) "Introduction" of the Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission ed. by The Honorable W. Mackworth Young, et al. (Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1894) LCCN 74-84211, pp. v-vi.
↑ W.W. WILLOUGHBY: OPIUM AS AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM, BALTIMORE, THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, 1925
↑ Gieringer, Dale H. (2006-06-17). The Origins of Cannabis Prohibition in California. Contemporary Drug Problems 26 (2). p.13
↑ STATEMENT OF DR. WILLIAM C. WOODWARD
↑ ?.
↑ 1995 Annual Report of the International Narcotics Control Board, International Narcotics Control Board, United Nations, 1995
↑ includeonly>"Judge rules Canada's pot possession laws unconstitutional", CBC, 2007-07-19. Retrieved on 2007-10-01.
↑ includeonly>"Scan of OCJ Decision", OCJ, 2007-10-19. Retrieved on 2007-11-20.
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↑ includeonly>"Marijuana Reform Bill", Munroe, Susan. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
↑ includeonly>"A Case For Marijuana Inc.", Maich, Steve. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
↑ Speaking Notes for ROB NICHOLSON, Minister of Justice of Canada, 2007-11-20
↑ Tories reveal mandatory jail terms for growing marijuana
↑ Canada's marijuana law and the debate over decriminalization
↑ All texts in Czech language. Drug related laws. until 1938, after 1945, after 1990. Allowed drug limits for personal use, 2007 drug statistics. Supreme Court case being disregarded by police.
↑ http://www.cannabislegal.de/recht/fs.htm#karlsruhe
↑ http://en.asayake.jp/?p=7
↑ includeonly>Randewich, Noel. "Mexico to decriminalize pot, cocaine and heroin", Reuters, 2006-04-28. Retrieved on 2006-04-28.
↑ includeonly>"Mexican legal drug proposal rejected", Sign On San Diego, 2006-05-04. Retrieved on 2006-05-13.
↑ includeonly>"Mexico denies drug law veto result of US pressure", Dominican Today, 2006-05-04. Retrieved on 2006-05-13.
↑ includeonly>"Protest at Mexican Consulate in New York, Friday", Scoop, 2006-05-05. Retrieved on 2006-05-13.
↑ includeonly>"Drug Bill Veto Sparks Mexico City Marijuana Smoke-In", Fox News, 2006-06-05. Retrieved on 2006-05-13.
↑ ?. DutchNews.nl. URL accessed on 2007-03-21.
↑ Washington Post Changing Patterns in Social Fabric Test Netherlands
↑ Rotterdamse gemeente doekt 27 coffeeshops
↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Superintendent Tom Jensen: The Swedish Police Traffic Supervision Policy – Road safety Community policing, 2007
↑ Lag (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall. (The present law in Swedish)
↑ UNODC: Sweden's successful drug policy, 2007
↑ Art. 8 par. 1 lit. d of the Federal Narcotics Law
↑ Art. 19 of the Federal Narcotics Law
↑ See the message to Parliament accompanying the government's decriminalization proposal; Federal Official Journal (BBl/FO) 2001 3715, p. 3719/21
↑ 1999 Cannabis Report of the Federal Narcotics Commission, p. 18.
↑ Id. at 20.
↑ Ibid.
↑ Message to Parliament, op.cit., at 3733.
↑ 1999 Cannabis Report, op.cit., at 47.
↑ The Original Text of the Misuse of Drugs act 1971
↑ Mental illnesses go up after cannabis downgrade. The Daily Mail - 25 April 2008.
↑ Cannabis laws to be strengthened, BBC News webpage, dated 7 May 2008, accessed 26 September, 2008
↑ Death for pot in Indonesia
↑ [2][dead link]
↑ Philippines Enacts Death Penalty for Drug Dealing, Possession of a Pound of Marijuana or Tens Grams of Ecstasy
↑ Preda Foundation, Inc. "Philippine minors in Jail: report 6 September 2002"
↑ portland imc - 2003.05.07 - Is this the future of our own "War on Drugs"?
↑ China Celebrates UN Anti-Drug Day With 59 Executions
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↑ Still Crazy After All These Years, Part III
European laws on possession of cannabis for personal use from EMCDDA
CannabisNews.com
U.S. should legalize marijuana Argument Diagram at HonestArgument.com
The cannabis problem: A note on the problem and the history of international action, Bulletin on Narcotics, 1962.
The National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, Marihuana - A Signal of Misunderstanding. 1972
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Cannabis foods · Tea · Green Dragon
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Retrieved from "https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Marihuana_laws?oldid=101882"
Articles with dead external links since March 2008
Articles with dead external links since April 2008


"Today's charges allege that Russian national Elena Alekseevna Khusyaynova conspired with others who were part of a Russian influence campaign to interfere with US democracy", the news release said. "These activities also may seek to influence voter perceptions and decision making in the 2018 and 2020 USA elections".
Intelligence officials said previous year that Russian Federation sought to influence the 2016 presidential election through similar means. "These accounts also were used to advocate for the election or electoral defeat of particular candidates in the 2016 and 2018 USA elections".
Pro-Israel advocates hailed the decision, saying it confirmed the U.S. recognised the whole of Jerusalem as part of Israel. The status of Jerusalem goes to the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
"The strategic goal of this alleged conspiracy, which continues to this day, is to sow discord in the US political system and to undermine faith in our democratic institutions", the USA attorney overseeing the case, Zach Terwilliger of the Eastern District of Virginia, said in a statement.
The officials have cited largely public steps taken by China, such as aiming tariffs at politically important states and pressuring US businesses to speak out against the Trump administration.
And, according to the Justice Department, they "took advantage of specific events in the United States to anchor their themes", including the racially-motivated shooting at a Charleston, South Carolina, church three years ago that left nine people dead, and the Charlottesville "Unite the Right" rally last year that left one woman dead.
The issue is a particularly fraught one for federal prosecutors. The department identified the operation as "a Russian umbrella effort funded by Russian oligarch Yevgeniy Viktorovich Prigozhin and two companies he controls, Concord Management and Consulting LLC, and Concord Catering".
Though she didn't participate in the climb, the 37-year-old Duchess of Sussex still got her fitness on while overseas . Earlier in the day the Duke and Duchess of Sussex made a surprise visit to a western Sydney girls school.
Duke in the NBA: Lakers exercise option on Brandon Ingram The 33-year-old signed a four-year deal with the Lakers in the summer, earning a reported $154m (£118.2m ) over the term. The lengthy wing had a strong preseason, averaging 17.4 points, 5.0 rebounds and 1.6 assists in 25.7 minutes per game.


text:
<?php namespace App\Modules\Trainer\Controllers\Admin;

use App\Modules\Trainer\Models\Trainer;
use App\Modules\Trainer\Requests\Admin\TrainerRequest;
use App\Modules\Trainer\Base\Controllers\ModuleController;
use App\Modules\Trainer\Controllers\Api\DataTables\TrainerDataTable;

class TrainerController extends ModuleController {

  public function index(TrainerDataTable $dataTable)
  {
      return $dataTable->render($this->viewPath());
  }

  public function store(TrainerRequest $request)
  {
      return $this->createFlashRedirect(Trainer::class, $request);
  }

  public function show(Trainer $trainer)
  {
      return $this->viewPath("show", $trainer);
  }

  public function edit(Trainer $trainer)
  {

      return $this->getForm($trainer);
  }

  public function update(Trainer $trainer, TrainerRequest $request)
  {
    if($request['workshops']){
        $trainer->events()->sync($request['workshops']);
    }
      return $this->saveFlashRedirect($trainer, $request);
  }

  public function destroy(Trainer $trainer)
  {
      return $this->destroyFlashRedirect($trainer);
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Go about 8-9 miles until you see Kitchen Table & JJ's Convenience Store.
Just before the restaurant you will bear left onto Cheohee Valley Road.
Follow this road for about 6 miles until you see the sign at the entrance of the Piedmont Forestry Center on your left.
Turn left into the driveway and go through the gate.
Follow the road down the hill then turn left towards the large building just below the pond.
Turn RIGHT at the gas station onto N. Little River Road (SC S 37 57) at the Piedmont Forestry Center Sign.
About 1.5 miles turn RIGHT onto Cheohee Valley Road.
The entrance to the Piedmont Forestry Center will be on your LEFT a short distance ahead.
Turn left on Hwy. 11 and go approx. 65 miles to N. Little River Road. You will cross Highways 176, 14, 25, and 178 – stay on Hwy. 11.
Turn RIGHT onto Highway 130 and follow 130 through Salem until you reach Highway 11.
Turn LEFT onto Piedmont Nursery Road.
Take Interstate I-26 toward Asheville. Take Exit 5 (Hwy. 11) and turn LEFT towards Campobello.
The entrance to the Piedmont Forestry Center will be on your LEFT ¼ mile ahead.


The national eye is officially off the Seahawks. Former New York Giants player and current color commentator said this while criticizing Seattle for their undisciplined play on Sunday, "That's why they are where they are now." It perfectly captured the general perspective that has taken hold around the NFL that the Seahawks might still be tough, but their best days are behind them. Yet, here they stand at 4-2, with a win over the darling Los Angeles Rams on the road, winners of three straight, and once again atop the league in scoring defense. They welcome in the fresh and fun Houston Texans, with their rookie star quarterback, Deshaun Watson. He is deserving of the attention and praise after throwing for 14 touchdowns in his last four games, but there was a time when a rookie quarterback traveling to face the Seahawks defense in Seattle was like a lamb going to slaughter. That fear factor has largely dissipated. Coming off their best two defensive games of the season, the Seahawks look like a team ready to take the swagger back.
The Houston defense is better than people think. It is better than I gave it credit for after J.J. Watt, Whitney Mercilus, and Brian Cushing were all lost for the season. They have some new names who have stepped up on the defensive line, and playmakers at every level of the defense. They are not outstanding at any one thing, but are good at pretty much everything. The Patriots and Chiefs put up a ton of points, and the Jaguars benefitted from a dumpster fire performance from the Texans offensive line and then-quarterback Tom Savage in week one, which has inflated their points allowed totals. They have not allowed more than 17 points in their other three games.
Seattle's offense has actually climbed above the Texans in yards, yards per play, passing yards, and a slew of other offensive categories. The Seahawks have averaged a respectable 28.3 points and 394 yards per game over their last four contests. They may have struck gold in rookie Ethan Pocic at left guard, who was perfect in pass protection in his first action this Sunday. This will be just their third home game of the season, and first since putting up 46 points against the Colts.
Remember the name Christian Covington. He caught my eye when watching the Texans play the Patriots earlier this season. He was the best player along their defensive line that day, and that was when Watt and Mercilus were still playing. He has continued to be a quality performer in the middle, and teams with another lesser known talent in D.J. Reader, to form a menacing interior defensive line. Given that Justin Britt is questionable for this game with an ankle sprain and the guard spots are still a question mark, those two players could be major problems for Seattle.
What's worse, athletic freak Jadeveon Clowney will face off against Rees Odhiambo all afternoon. Clowney has not been a world-beater so far this year with 3.0 sacks and just 18 total pressures, but Odhiambo has been a turnstile against nearly all comers. There was a glimmer of hope against the Giants when he played his best game of the season, but Clowney is a much tougher test.
Houston also has been one of the best team's in the league at creating turnovers. Arguably, that has been the key to their season.
Jonathan Joseph is a ballhawk at cornerback. Andre Hal has a couple of picks at safety. Nine different Texans defenders have forced fumbles this season. Just four Seahawks defenders have done it. The Texans also get back one of their starting cornerbacks in Kareem Jackson from injury.
The Seahawks offense has been emotionally abusive. They looked ready to breakout during the preseason and then looked worse than ever in the first two weeks of the regular season. They were atrocious in the first half against the Titans before erupting for 20 points and oodles of yards in the second half. The same thing happened against the Colts the next week. Then they were mostly inept in Los Angeles before putting together their most complete game of the season in New York against a talented defensive line and secondary.
Points were not consistent in New York, but gaining yards absolutely was. With 220+ yards in the first half and over 200 yards in the second half, the Seahawks looked more comfortable and dangerous than at any other point of this season. Had Jimmy Graham caught a few easy passes and Russell Wilson made a couple deep throws, the final tallies would have been eye-popping.
This is a Texans defense that does not have some of the star power the Giants had, but is playing better football this year. Brennan Scarlett has taken over for Watt, and will be opposite Germain Ifedi. There is potential for some rushing lanes to open on the right side of the line. The Texans weakest aspect of their defense has been against the run.
The Texans have also struggled at covering 2nd and 3rd receivers. Houston ranks 14th in the NFL in yards per game allowed to opponents #1 receiver, but just 31st in defending #2 receivers and #25 in defending other receivers, per FootballOutsiders.com. This could be another game for Paul Richardson and Tyler Lockett to step forward.
Will Fuller has returned at wide receiver to give the Texans a big boost in the passing game. He has five touchdowns in three games, and is a lethal deep threat. DeAndre Hopkins is among the best receivers in the game, giving the Titans possibly the best 1-2 punch going right now. Watson throws a nice deep ball, and trusts his players to make a play.
He also is a dangerous runner, with over 200 yards rushing and 2 touchdowns. His running ability has elevated the Texans rush offense rankings. Starting back Lamar Miller is a good player, but is only averaging 3.8 yards per carry.
Watson is the type of player who wills his team to victory and will make plays where none should be possible. He has the weapons and confidence to give any defense fits, and is welcoming back their left tackle Duane Brown, who is a huge upgrade for a line that desperately needs it.
Watson has earned the praise he has received, but he is still a rookie, and is still making rookie mistakes.
Watson has put the ball in harm's way more than his numbers would indicate. He has five interceptions, and very easily could have a handful more. He has never faced a defense like what he will see on Sunday, and his toughest road game was against the Patriots in one of the quietest stadiums I have ever experienced. The toughest defense he has played is the Bengals, and he had 125 yards passing while managing just 13 points. This Seahawks defense is another level of monster.
Seattle has faced some of the better pass-blocking offensive lines, and quarterbacks who like to get rid of the ball quickly. The Texans have one of the worst lines in football, far worse than Seattle's by most major statistics, and Watson holds onto the ball longer than any quarterback in football, per ProFootballFocus.
Dwight Freeney was just added to the roster for Seattle, and should be ready to play this weekend. Believe it or not, the 37-year-old defensive end was 10th in the league in pass rush productivity among 4-3 defensive ends last season. He could contribute right away. Branden Jackson is the #1 overall pass rusher in terms of productivity among 4-3 defensive ends this season (min 20 snaps). He's the Seahawk player earning more chances each week. Sheldon Richardson and Michael Bennett should have field days, and Bobby Wagner could find his way to some more disruptive sacks.
Few teams are as good at taking away the deep pass as Seattle. Watson and his crew will need to throw into the teeth of this defense. He is not a dink-and-dunk quarterback. He wants chunk plays. Advantage Seattle. Richard Sherman is playing his best football in years. Shaquill Griffin has excelled in defending the deep pass, and Justin Coleman has been rock solid at nickel.
There just are no weaknesses no this defense. Watson may see his luck run out with risky throws going unpunished.
Houston has been dangerous in punt returns, but the Seahawks coverage teams have been great lately. Seattle is yet to produce much in the return game themselves. It may be time to give J.D. McKissic a shot.
Clowney vs. Odhiambo, hi-yi-yi. Hawks may need a TE to chip block over there, and no empty backfield sets, I hope. Or put Mr. Tobin over there, instead of Luke or Nick.
I can understand why the national media has the perspective that the Hawks have peaked, that they're thinking that Seattle is still a tough out, but not a deep contender. What the national media doesn't understand is that they may be wrong.


text:
Q: Pass a Boolean Parameter Value to Field Boolean Express for Row Visibility/Return I have a field expression in my SSRS report that generates a true or false based on an IFF statement. I would like to pass a Boolean parameter value to drive a row suppression/row return if it matches the Boolean field expression value.
If the parameter is true then look to see if expression is true, show rows that are matching.
Thank you,
Erin

A: You want to only display rows where a parameter matches a field in your dataset - both of which happen to be Boolean.
In the Row Visibility of the table, Select Show or Hide based on expression. For the expression, you'll want something like:
=NOT(Parameters!TFParameter.Value = Fields!TFField.Value)

This will check to see if the Boolean values match and if so return FALSE (since the badly worded Show or Hide is really HIDE)
Your field and parameter names will be different.
If both the parameter and field are FALSE, the records will be displayed. If you only want it displayed when both are TRUE, use
=NOT(Parameters!TFParameter.Value = Fields!TFField.Value AND Fields!TFField.Value - True)

A: =iif(IsNothing(Parameters!RequirementsMet.Value),false, iif(COUNT(iif(Fields!sReqStatusName.Value="Not Met",1,nothing))= 0, False =(Parameters!RequirementsMet.Value), True = (Parameters!RequirementsMet.Value)))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ке́ларь ( — «амбарный») — заведующий монастырским столом, кладовой со съестными припасами и их отпуском на монастырскую кухню. В его обязанности входило ведение строгой отчётности поступающих и отпускаемых им предметов. В больших монастырях келарям давалось два помощника. Иерусалимский устав вменял в числе прочих обязанностей келаря: положение хлебов на аналой для благословения на литии, их преломление и раздачу монастырской братии по чаше вина. В русских монастырях должность келаря была введена Феодосием Печерским и соответствовала порядку, принятому в греческих монастырях, с отличием лишь в том, что келарь являлся также трапезником.

Знаменитые келари
 Авраамий Палицын
 Азарий
 Симон Азарьин

Примечания

Литература

 Полный православный богословский энциклопедический словарь. — СПб.: Изд. Сойкина П. П., 1900.

Православные монахи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lyme Disease – A Reminder
Lyme Disease: Most Common Vector-Borne Disease in the United States
Yesterday, I gave our dog, Bentley, a loving pat to the top of his head. I felt a tiny, raised bump. On further inspection, I discovered a tick beginning to embed itself into his skin. It reminded me tick season is upon us, and thus time to reissue our blog on Lyme disease.
What is Lyme Disease?
Lyme disease is an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through a bite from a blacklegged tick (deer tick), which becomes infected from feeding on deer or mice (vectors). The bacteria eventually find their way into the bloodstream. Only a minority of blacklegged tick bites lead to Lyme disease.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 30,000 cases of the disease are reported each year. It was first described in 1975 when unusually large numbers of children were diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in and near Lyme, CT.
Medical Terminology Tips
Use these tips to help navigate the information below
Lyme disease: An eponym named after Lyme, CT. When using the term, Lyme is capitalized and disease is not, as in Lyme disease.
Bell palsy: The modern trend for medical terminology is to use the non-possessive form of eponyms as in Bell palsy instead of Bell's palsy. The 'p' in palsy remains lower case.
Blacklegged vs. black-legged: Both spellings are acceptable. It appears that blacklegged is the more common spelling when used in medical writings.
Vector-born vs. zoonotic: Zoonotic diseases are diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans. Many zoonotic diseases require a vector (such as deer or mice) in order to be transmitted from animals to humans. COVID-19 is a vector-born disease.
Borrelia burgdorferi: (bu-REL-ee-a) (burg-dor-FRE-i) The name of the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. It is named after its discoverer, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer; Borrelia is the name of the type of bacteria.
Erythema migrans (er-a-THEE-ma) (MY-grans) A circular red rash.
The Disease
Symptoms and signs of the disease can occur anywhere from 3 to 30 days after the bite, or they can appear even months later, depending on the stage of the infection.
Ticks must be attached for 36 to 48 hours in order to transmit Lyme disease. Most infections can be successfully treated with antibiotics.
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system.
Three Stages of the Disease
The disease can generally be divided into three phases: early localized, early disseminated, and late disease. The signs and symptoms of each stage can overlap. Some patients may present as later-stage disease without experiencing the earlier phase signs and symptoms.
Erythema migrans – bulls-eye rash
Early localized disease starts one to two weeks after the tick bite. The bacteria are localized. Erythema migrans, a circular red rash, usually appears at the site of the bite within 7-10 days. It is not always present.
Other signs and symptoms may appear, including the following:
Anorexia (loss of appetite)
Arthralgia (pain in a joint)
Myalgia (muscle pain)
Early disseminated disease occurs weeks to several months after the tick bite when bacteria have spread throughout the body. Cardiac and neurological involvement is often present. Symptoms and signs may include:
Flu-like symptoms – chills, fever, fatigue, headache, and joint pain
Bell palsy (facial paralysis)
Meningitis (inflammation of the membrane covering the spinal cord and brain)
Arthralgia (pain in the joint)
Neuropathy (disease of the nerve)
Radiculopathy (disease of the nerve roots)
Arrhythmias (disturbance of the rhythm of the heart)
Late disease occurs when the infection isn't treated during phases 1 or 2 of the disease and can occur months, or years, after the tick bite. The bacteria have spread throughout the body. Symptoms and signs may include:
Arthritis (inflammation of the joints)
Fibromyalgia (muscle and soft tissue syndrome)
Encephalopathy (cognitive disturbances such as short-term memory loss, difficulty concentrating, problems following conversations)
Polyneuropathy (disease of many nerves)
Laboratory tests to identify antibodies to the bacteria can help confirm or rule out the diagnosis. These tests are most reliable a few weeks after infection. They include an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to detect antibodies to B. burgdorferi. If the ELISA test is positive a western blot test is usually done to confirm the diagnosis. Laboratory tests are not recommended for patients who do not have symptoms typical of the disease.
Oral antibiotics are used to treat Lyme disease. In general, recovery will be quicker and more complete the sooner treatment begins. People treated with appropriate antibiotics in the early stages of the disease usually recover rapidly and completely. If not appropriately treated, the disease can progress to early disseminated and late disease.
May is Lyme Disease Awareness Month. Most identified cases of Lyme disease occur during June, July, and August, and right now is the best time to learn how to avoid tick bites and what to do if you are bitten. Use these two websites to learn more: Preventing Tick Bites on People and Tick Removal and Testing.
Have a safe summer!
Visual Recap
Watch this 2-minute video to review the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease.
Watch this 3-minute video on Lyme disease and Borrelia burgdorferi.
Medical term definitions: Exploring Medical Language 10th Edition
Online UpToDate
https://dph.georgia.gov/zoonoticvector-borneinfestations
https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31967
https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html


Extra long delicate necklace. Classic and versatile. The Rosie necklace is completly adjustable. Just slide the bead on the back to your desired length or reverse it to wear it as a bolo necklace.
Length: 36" long. Completely adjustable.
Material: 14K gold filled and 14K gold plated box chain.


1.The top half populates fieldsample_v1 sample rows. For detailed data collection steps, go to Collecting Field Samples.
2.The bottom half contains sections pertaining to Water Level & Purge Data, Field Results, COC Sub-Tab, and Containers.


Sure, there are lots grab handles out there to choose from. But when you really need it, wouldn''t you rather know your grab handle was manufactured by the same company that has provided racing seats and driver restraints to off-road racers for over 30 years, and who has built their reputation on safety and quality? We thought so.
MasterCraft''s Grab Handles are manufactured from 1.5 nylon webbing for strength and durabilty. 5" Thermo-Press handle does not collapse on your hand.
Sure, there are lots grab handles out there to choose from. But when you really need it, wouldn't you rather know your grab handle was manufactured by the same company that has provided racing seats and driver restraints to off-road racers for over 30 years, and who has built their reputation on safety and quality? We thought so.
MasterCraft's Grab Handles are manufactured from 1.5 nylon webbing for strength and durabilty. 5" Thermo-Press handle does not collapse on your hand.


text:
Q: Oracle REST Data Service apex_pu I tried to install Oracle REST Data Service and I got this error:
(on java -jar ords.war install)
SEVERE: The pool named: apex_pu is not correctly configured,
error: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

oracle.dbtools.common.jdbc.ConnectionPoolException:
The pool named: apex_pu is not correctly configured,
error: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

        at oracle.dbtools.common.jdbc.ConnectionPoolException.badConfiguration(ConnectionPoolException.java:88)
        at oracle.dbtools.common.config.db.DatabasePools.badConfiguration(DatabasePools.java:198)

A: The pool mentioned "apex_pu" is contained in the file conf/apex_pu.xml This file is for ORDS_PUBLIC_USER.
The error could be from 1 of 2 reasons.
1 - ORDS_PUBLIC_USER account passwd has changed or expired. Change it and edit the apex_pu.xml file and place a ! in front of the password. This will trigger ORDS to encode the password at next startup.
<entry key="db.password">!NewPASSWORD</entry>

2 - The DB also throws this error if the proxy grant has been revoke from the user to execute the REST call as. If this has happened the grant can be reissued with the following
alter user USERNAME grant connect through ords_public_user

A: I solved the problem by changing "Default tablespace" for user APEX_PUBLIC_USER.
java -jar ords.war uninstall

then again
java -jar ords.war install

A: As noted above by Rice the user ORDS_PUBLIC_USER has to be released from expiration. When working on container DB this user can exists in Container-DB as well as in ROOT-DB.
You have to check the root-DB, where it must not be expired there as well.
Reinstallation as suggested by Cioanta is not a sustainable solution. The primary cause of the error is that ORDS_PUBLIC_USER is assigned to DEFAULT user profile and thus it's password expires after 180 days. This should be given for a noninteractive user of a connection service, even though it's the default after oracle's setup script.
To avoid to problem to recure each 180 days do this:
select profile from DBA_USERS where username = 'ORDS_PUBLIC_USER';
--> DEFAULT
select * from V$PARAMETER where name like 'common_user_prefix';
-- > C##

CREATE PROFILE C##UNLIMITED_PWD_EXPIRATION LIMIT
CPU_PER_SESSION UNLIMITED
CPU_PER_CALL UNLIMITED
CONNECT_TIME UNLIMITED
IDLE_TIME UNLIMITED
SESSIONS_PER_USER UNLIMITED
LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION UNLIMITED
LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL UNLIMITED
PRIVATE_SGA UNLIMITED
COMPOSITE_LIMIT UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME DEFAULT
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 10
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G;

-- optional, ist hier ja schon gesetzt
alter profile <User_profile> limit password_life_time UNLIMITED;

ALTER USER ORDS_PUBLIC_USER PROFILE C##UNLIMITED_PWD_EXPIRATION;
SELECT username, account_status, created, lock_date, expiry_date FROM dba_users  where username = 'ORDS_PUBLIC_USER';
-- no expiration date set nomore

A: The new ORDS 3 doesn't necessarily need APEX to function.
ORDS 3 can connect to it's own schemas without the use of APEX,  it can also connect to Oracle NOSQL Database: Oracle REST Enables Oracle Database and Oracle NoSQL
Basically you now have two methods to set up ORDS

*

*With APEX
java -jar ords.war setup
Say no (2) for verify/install Oracle REST Data Services schema
Say yes (1) for PL/SQL Gateway (APEX, you still get REST through apex_rest_public_user)
This uses the APEX Public users.  (APEX_PUBLIC_USER, APEX_LISTENER, APEX_REST_PUBLIC_USER)

*Oracle REST Data services
java -jar ords.war install
This creates the ORDS schemas (ORDS_PUBLIC_USER, ORDS_METADATA)
java -jar ords.war setup

Say Yes (1) for verify/install Oracle REST Data Services schema
Say No (2) for PL/SQL Gateway (Apex)
You are probably giving the APEX password to the ORDS user.
Hope this clarifies.

A: Change username, password in the file apex_pu.xml to values in the apex.xml.

A: You need to change APEX_PUBLIC_USER password:
java -jar ords.war user APEX_PUBLIC_USER

And re enter password.

A: After you have installed Oracle REST Data Services, you have to run the script @apex_rest_config.sql, in order to create APEX_LISTENER and APEX_REST_PUBLIC_USER accounts.


text:
Home > Kolkata > Elderly man repeatedly stabbed by miscreants over eve-teasing row
Elderly man repeatedly stabbed by miscreants over eve-teasing row
Team MP6 March 2018 6:00 PM GMT
Kolkata: An elderly man was stabbed indiscriminately by two miscreants after he protested against men teasing one of his daughters in a drunken state on repeated occasions.
Police said the victim, Ekbal Singh (61) had protested against them for consumption of alcohol in public on several occasions. On Monday night, two local youth stormed into the house of the victim on Biresh Guha Street under Karya police station and slashed him with a sharp weapon. The accused broke open the door and beat up the victim. One of the accused hit on his head with a revolver butt. The victim locked his three daughters inside another room when the miscreants attacked his house.
Singh fell on the ground after being hit on his head. The accused then slashed on various parts of his body with a weapon. The screaming of the victim's daughters alerted locals who rushed to the spot. The miscreants, however, managed to flee the spot immediately after the incident. According to locals, the accused came on a motorcycle which was parked outside the victim's house.
They rushed the victim to Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital on late Monday night and he was later shifted to Calcutta Medical College and Hospital as his condition deteriorated. His condition is stated to be serious. Locals alleged that the accused used to consume alcohol by the side of the road in the locality. They often teased the women passing through the area. The victim along with some locals protested against the open consumption of liquor. A heated altercation also broke out between the accused and victim.
Two days ago, the accused teased one of the victim's daughters who was passing through the area during evening time. Following the incident, the victim had reportedly slapped one of the accused. To take a revenge, the accused had attacked him on Monday, police suspect. Raids are being conducted to nab the culprits.