text:
Some fresh water disappears down a hole in 'fracking'
The natural gas drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, injects fresh water deep into a hole in the earth.
At least 80 percent of that water never comes back; no one is keeping close track of just how much fresh water is lost nationally due to fracking.
Some of the water that does return to the surface is brackish or contaminated. Often, that wastewater is reused in fracking. Sometimes, it gets reinjected into the earth, to be sequestered.
Thanks to the 2005 energy law, the federal Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate fracking in production wells.
"In this case what you're doing is you're taking renewable water and you're sort of making it effectively non-renewable." – Meena Palaniappan, Director of the International Water and Communities Initiative for the Pacific Institute.The only way EPA gets involved in fracking is when water contaminated in the process gets reinjected into the earth for disposal. EPA has long regulated the use of injection wells to bury underground wastewater from industrial processes.
Doug Duncan of the U.S. Geological Survey says that, as energy companies crank up major drilling across the multistate Marcellus Shale deposit, including Pennsylvania, it may be time to take a comprehensive look at how much fresh water is lost in the fracking process.
Duncan: I don't know that that has been evaluated. It's undoubtedly a very large quantity. It's definitely a fair question.
Mike Hightower, head of the Water for Energy Project for Sandia National Laboratories, said natural gas drilling is a legitimate use of water resources – as legitimate as watering your lawn – but it still must be monitored and balanced against other needs.
Hightower: I'm not sure that we can indefinitely expand gas shale development everywhere that we want to go, because we may not have the water resources.
Jeff MacDonald, a geologist for EPA, admits that the agency does not have a handle on how much fresh water gets flushed away or contaminated through fracking.
MacDonald: It's a problem answering that question.
MacDonald works in the Underground Injection Control Program for EPA's Region, which covers Minnesota Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana and Ohio.
Any tracking of water loss is done at the level where water permits are issued. In Pennsylvania that means individual river basin authorities and local level public water utilities.
EPA's regulation of industrial wastewater injection wells is aimed at protecting drinking water from being harmed, not at tracking loss of water.
Karen Johnson, manager of the ground water enforcement branch of EPA's Region 3 (which includes Pennsylvania and Delaware), said fracking does not pose the same risks as some other industrial processes because it involves fresh water being pumped underground.
Johnson: We're only trying to prevent damage to drinking water, and fresh water injection would not be an endangerment. There isn't any disposal of fresh water that's regulated by us.
Organizations such as the Susquehanna River Basin Commission do try to monitor loss of fresh water. The SRBC installed meters at water withdrawal sites all over its river valley to get real-time data on how much water Marcellus Shale drillers are taking.
Susan Oblesky, a spokesperson for the SRBC, sees some good news on this topic. Not only have drillers proved responsive to the SRBC's requests not to take water from small streams during periods of drought, she said, but the overall volume that drillers are pulling from the watershed is significantly less than the amounts they had requested.
From January to June of this year, the SRBC counted 716 million gallons of water from surface sources used by Marcellus drillers. Most of that water ended up contaminated and underground.
In that same period, drillers took roundly another 210 million gallons from public water supplies, raising overall usage in the first half of 2010 to about a billion gallons.
These numbers don't count drilling operations in other major watersheds across the state, such as the Delaware.
In Texas, where the shale gas boom started in the early 1990s, water usage is even more mysterious. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality issues permits for water withdrawals to oil and gas companies. But when asked for details about water use by these companies, Terry Clawson, a spokesperson for the TCEQ initially said, "We don't regulate necessarily the use of the water."
He later conceded that water permits are under the agency's purview. Asked for details on the scope of the water rights that TCEQ administers, Clawson told WHYY to file a right-to-know request for the information.
Another Texas agency estimated the ground water used in natural gas drilling at 5.1 billion gallons in 2007. That doesn't include any water drawn from surface sources.
To put the Pennsylvania numbers in perspective, Oblesky of the SRBC said Marcellus Shale water use is less than that of golf courses in the watershed. Of course, water sprayed on a golf course is kept in circulation; it either evaporates or seeps into aquifers. Water injected deep underground is lost to the watershed.
And that's where people like Meena Palaniappan see a problem. She is the director of the International Water and Communities Initiative for the Pacific Institute.
Palaniappan: In this case what you're doing is you're taking renewable water and you're sort of making it effectively non-renewable.
Palaniappan says that makes big global problem – a scarcity of renewable water – just a tiny bit worse.
Still, Mike Hightower of Sandia Labs, who worries about water supplies for a living, cautions about making too big a deal out of loss of fresh water due to fracking.
Hightower: It's not whether gas shale is good or bad. It's 'how do we maximize the pros and minimize the cons.' You've got to get all the stakeholders together. I've seen just the opposite; I've seen a lot of hysteria.


My family camped a lot--family vacations, Girl Scouts, for fun in the backyard. I loved it. I always said that Mr. Right had better be able to pitch a tent. Luckily, he could. We had many adventures camping in Oklahoma and then we had kids. Camping got pushed aside with play dates and birthday parties.
When my daughter was 5 and my son was 3, we ventured into the woods again. We were seriously over prepared--too much food, too much gear, too many clothes. We watched in fear as my prissy little girl looked at our campsite, wrinkled up her nose and then squealed, "rolly polly heaven!". She proceeded to collect those little bugs and make houses and mazes for them. My son eargerly helped his big sister collect twigs, rocks, leaves. They were happy. We could relax. Our kids were campers at heart. It's in their DNA.
The years have past. My 5 year old prissy girl is now 12 and a total tomboy in the woods. My son turns into a wild thing. Dirt, bug bites and scratches are part of his daily attire. In 7 years, we have this camping thing down. We can be ready for a weekend trip in a matter of a couple of hours and a week long trip in a couple of days. The art of camping and love of spending time in the outdoors with my family drove me to this blog.
I also saw your blog on Pinterest. Love camping with my daughter. We go on a annual camping trip every August and we're always looking for cool camping stuff to add to our collection.
Found you on Pinterest today and I'm looking forward to reading your blog entries! Just finally found my Mr. Right who loves camping and we're headed out the next 2 weekends (one with kids one without)! Thanks for this blog and the great ideas!
I started camping when I was 13 and since then, I've always encouraged my friends to spend vacations in the mountains.


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Micron to Bump up Enterprise SSD Speed
Micron Technology will bring faster interfaces to its enterprise SSD (solid-state disk) line in June when it begins shipping its P300 drives to makers of storage equipment.
The P300 line will use the SATA 3.0 specification, with throughput as high as 6G bps (bits per second), in place of the SATA 2.0 standard that Micron uses on its P200 drives, said Kevin Dibelius, senior product marketing manager, in an interview Wednesday at Storage Networking World in Orlando.
SATA 2.0 is limited to 3G bps. With the new, higher standard, Micron's SSDs will be able to outperform any hard disk drive, because the company claims even the fastest spinning disks can't fill the 6G bps link between the drive and system that SATA 3.0 offers, Dibelius said. (Seagate announced a SATA 3.0 HDD last year.) To help the P300 fill that pipe, the new SSD also uses ONFI (Open NAND Flash Interface) 2.1, a faster connection between the flash silicon itself and the controller inside the SSD.
The P300 drives will be made using Micron's 34-nanometer manufacturing process and will come in 50GB, 100GB and 200GB sizes, shipping in sample quantities to system makers in late May. Dibelius expects them to hit the market in storage platforms in June. Pricing will be comparable to the P200, which is being phased out.
The upcoming SSDs finally give Micron the speed it believes it needs to compete with hard disk drives (HDDs) in high-performance storage systems, given the price premium for SSDs. The slower P200s didn't quite meet that bar.
"We didn't see enough performance to really (make) the cost per IOP (I/O operation) as competitive as it needed to be," Dibelius said.
With the higher performance, SSDs can begin to replace the most expensive tiers of HDD storage in an enterprise, such as 10,000 rpm and 15,000 rpm drives, Dibelius said. In that way, the higher cost of SSDs can be offset by a smaller outlay for high-end disks, he said.
"We think (the P300) is going to lend itself much better to this space," he said.
Late last year, Micron announced its move to SATA 3.0 and ONFI 2.1 in its consumer-oriented MLC (multi-level cell) SSDs when it introduced the C300 series. That series also represented the first SSDs made with the company's 34-nm process technology. The P300 SSDs will use SLC (single-level cell) technology, which is considered more dependable in the long term and is typically used in enterprise flash storage.
In addition to stepping up to the new manufacturing process and interface standards, the P300 includes NAND management features designed for longer life in enterprise online-transaction-processing environments. These include data path protection and automatic wear leveling, which prevents one area of the NAND array from being overused. The SSDs are designed for a useful life of at least five years, according to Micron.
Dibelius would not comment on when Micron may start using its 25-nm process in SSD products.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php
	/**
	 * Created by PhpStorm.
	 * User: bgolek
	 * Date: 2015-11-23
	 * Time: 14:22
	 */

	namespace Conpago\Pizza\Business\Interactor;

	class RawPizza {
		private $double_dough;
		private $ingredients;

		/**
		 * RawPizza constructor.
		 *
		 * @param $double_dough
		 * @param $ingredients
		 */
		public function __construct( $double_dough, $ingredients ) {
			$this->double_dough = $double_dough;
			$this->ingredients  = $ingredients;
		}

		/**
		 * @return mixed
		 */
		public function getDoubleDough() {
			return $this->double_dough;
		}

		/**
		 * @return mixed
		 */
		public function getIngredients() {
			return $this->ingredients;
		}
	}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Builders Select doors are quality imported doors from Indonesia sourced by a reputable supplier. We have partnered with this supplier since 2002 and find the doors in Builder Select of excellent quality for the price point. These doors offer a fair variety in style but are limited in options. When a Builder Select door is offered in a particular specie of wood, with a specific glass option, a size option, they are what they are. Overall quality is within industry standard but these doors sometimes do not achieve the overall fit and finish of M4L's plants quality. With our Builders Select Concierge price, M4L can assemble and prepare the Builder Select doors in our plant. This level of service means you get a lower priced door, hand checked for unacceptable defects and assembled with the same tolerances and hardware used on our Preferred product line of custom made doors. Builder Select doors are prepared with our solid, non-veneered jambs, our premium weather strip, sills and commercial grade ball bearing hinges. We take other online sellers drop ship door for which they never see or touch to a higher level for a modest price increase, but offer a significant value in quality assurance.
All door combinations are available.
Slab Only, Pre-hung, with one or two sidelites, with a rectangular or elliptical transom, or double doors with or without sidelites.
Click on door image for complete pricing and custom options.
We build doors from scratch.
We build wood doors under the brand name, Phirst & Lassing.
If it is Phirst & Lassing, it is AMERICAN MADE!


text:
How to find out if a Chrome flag is enabled
Google Chrome's chrome://flags page may not be as powerful as Mozilla Firefox's about:config page, but it provides users of the web browser with access to experimental features and options that they can control from that page.
Chrome users can enable these features on the page to test new functionality before it lands in the browser, or is pulled from it again by Google.
Recent examples of the capabilities that the chrome://flags page provides users with include enabling material design pages, or enabling audio-muting way before the feature landed in Chrome.
Which flag is enabled, which is not?
When you open chrome:// flags in the browser you will notice that Google uses different mechanics to configure the state of these preferences in the browser.
Most list an "enable" or "disable" link that you can click on to either enable or disable the feature. This is a good indicator of whether the experiment is enabled or not.
If you see "enable", it is disabled at the time, and if you see "disable", it is enabled.
The main issue however are experiments that use menus instead of links to change their state, as there is no indication whether a feature is enabled or not if a menu is used.
The screenshot above highlights why this is a problem. The Overlay Scrollbars experiment lists its state as "default", but does not reveal whether that means that it is enabled or not.
I first thought that the background color of the lines indicate whether it is turned on or not, but that is not the case as it simply reveals if the state of the feature has been changed by the user.
White indicates a state change by the user (a different state than the default), while the light grayish color default states.
Chrome itself does not provide the information. The closest that it comes to revealing whether preferences are enabled or not is on chrome://local-state/. There you find a list of experiments that are enabled or disabled, but only if they have been modified by the user.
While this may help you here and there, it is not helpful when it comes to determining whether a feature is enabled or not that shows a menu and not a link on the flags page.
There is one option that you have that you may find useful in this regard. If you reference the experimental flag with the Chromium command line switches page, you will come up with an answer..
Lets take the overlay scrollbar flag as an example. Open the Command Line Switches page, hit F3 on the keyboard and search for overlay-scrollbar.
The flag --enable-overlay-scrollbar indicates that it will enable the feature if you run Chrome with the switch. This means that the feature is not enabled by default in the browser.
So, check whether the flag or description indicates that the feature is enabled or disabled when Chrome is run with the command line switch, and you got your answer.
This is obviously far from ideal, and it would be really nice if Google would add indicators to the chrome:flags page directly to indicate whether a feature is enabled or not.
Now You: Have you enabled flags in Chrome?
Find out whether experimental features on chrome://flags are enabled or not in your version of the Google Chrome web browser.
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Jacob said on March 3, 2016 at 4:50 pm
Not too sure if that works, search for "disable-overlay-scrollbar". So, if you can disable it, is it on by default?
iron2000 said on March 4, 2016 at 12:11 pm
What about the "command line" part of chrome://version?
Martin Brinkmann said on March 4, 2016 at 12:26 pm
It shows only what you have changed, right? What it won't show you is if a flag is enabled if you have not modified it, and if it shows a value of "default" on the flags page.
Yes, you're right.
It only show that same info as chrome://local-state/.
merv said on December 3, 2017 at 8:54 am
thanks. What an oversight by the dev team…
VanguardLH said on February 2, 2019 at 5:07 am
What about flags that have no command-line switch equivalent? In Chrome 72, I noticed the "Scroll anchor serialization" flag. Didn't bother to look up when it appeared in which version of Chrome.
When searching https://peter.sh/experiments/chromium-command-line-switches/, there is no command-line switch for that flag, so no way to tell what Default means for that option (whether the default is enabled or disabled).
Josh said on January 28, 2020 at 12:19 am
Very curious about this as we are trying to validate changes related to the new Chrome 80 cookies changes: https://www.chromium.org/updates/same-site
Since they are running experiment with 50% of users we are not sure if "Default" means the default that Chrome 80 Stable would have, or if it just means that the user has not overridden the default setting which could be enabled or disabled depending on which side of the 50% you were assigned
John Chaney said on March 21, 2020 at 3:30 am
+1 for VanguardLH's comment. Also wondering myself
Qwerty said on August 6, 2020 at 11:12 am
None of these methods reveal which command line switches are in effect for a given window. Is it somehow possible without looking in process explorer?
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Published in: December 7, 2021 7:19 am | Updated in: December 7, 2021 7:21 am