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Lofty England
Frank Raymond Wilton "Lofty" England (24 August 1911, Finchley, Middlesex – 30 May 1995, Austria) was an engineer and motor company manager from Britain. He rose to fame as the manager of the Jaguar Cars sports car racing team in the 1950s, during which time Jaguar cars won the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans race on five occasions. After the company's withdrawal from racing England moved into the mainstream management of Jaguar Cars, later succeeding Sir William Lyons as its chairman and Chief Executive, before retiring in 1974.
2 England the race engineer
3 Post-war Jaguar motorsport
3.1 1949–1952: The XK120 era
3.2 1951–1953: The C-Type era
3.3 1954–1957: The D-Type era
4 Jaguar management career
5 Post-retirement
Frank England was born in Finchley, Middlesex, and found an aptitude and interest in motor engineering during his schooling at Christ's College.[1] At the age of 14 the England family moved to Edgware. Here the young Frank was able to watch Bentley chassis, built in nearby Cricklewood, being tested along the long, straight A5 road, formerly part of the Roman Road of Watling Street.
England was apprenticed as an engineer to the Daimler Company in 1927[2] where, owing to his 6' 5" (196 cm) height, he quickly acquired the nickname, "Lofty", which would stick with him for the rest of his life. Daimler had not been England's first choice; his early experiences had led him originally to apply to Bentley, but without success. During his five-year apprenticeship Lofty England also made his first appearances in motorsport. In 1932, his final year as an apprentice, England finished second in the inaugural RAC Rally, driving one of Laurence Pomeroy's Daimler Double Six cars.[2] Being based in Hendon also meant that England could easily attend race meetings at the Brooklands circuit in Surrey, and he became a familiar face at the Track.
England the race engineer[edit]
On completing his apprenticeship Lofty England found that his technical skills, allied to his motorsport enthusiasm, meant that he was in great demand among the gentlemen racers of the early 1930s, his first employer was 1931 Le Mans winner "Tim" Birkin. Under Charles Newcombe, England developed Birkin's Blower Bentley cars at his Welwyn Garden City workshop. Although Birkin took the lap record at Brooklands, at over 137 mph, the car was not a success, and following Birkin's death in 1933 the Blower Bentley project folded.
Both England and Newcombe transferred to American Whitney Straight's new motor racing team in 1934, where results began to flow immediately; the team was extremely well financed – Straight was head of Straight Corporation Ltd., an early service provider in the booming aeronautical sector – and could afford for his Maserati 8C to be serviced at the Maserati factory in Italy, accompanied by England. Straight and his team not only raised the Brooklands lap record for 5-litre cars to over 138 mph, but Straight also won the inaugural South African Grand Prix in 1934. However, following Straight's marriage in 1935 the team was wound up and Lofty England found himself out of work once again.
A brief spell at ERA was punctuated with spells working for Alvis, before Raymond Mays fired him in 1936, his time at ERA was not happy, mainly due to the works' lax attitude toward their customers' cars,[2] but he was employed by Dick Seaman almost immediately following his ignominious exit. Unfortunately for England, what may have proved to be a productive relationship with the up-and-coming Grand Prix star was curtailed in late 1936 when Seaman signed for the dominant Mercedes-Benz racing team; when Seaman's Delage was sold to Siamese princes Chula and Bira, England moved with it.
Prince Chula ran the cousins' White Mouse Stable racing team with efficiency and organisation, a pattern that England would come to model his own teams on. During nearly two years with the aristocratic pair, England's ERA experience meant that R2B Romulus and R5B Remus were always immaculately prepared and, along with the team's more modern Maserati, provided B. Bira (Prince Bira's nom de course) with many race wins both in the UK and throughout Europe. Although the initial intention had been to rebuild Seaman's Delage, England was fully occupied with the operational race cars and the project was abandoned.
Throughout his time as a race engineer Lofty England maintained his own active motorsport career. An early gift of a Douglas motorcycle from his father had started him on a successful motorcycle racing path, his best result was second place in the 1936 Manx Grand Prix.[2]
In 1938 England moved out of racing for the first time, taking a job back with Alvis, but this time at the Coventry company's headquarters, he rapidly rose from service engineer to become superintendent of the service department by the outbreak of the Second World War.[1] This was Lofty England's first experience of management responsibility, and as a reserved occupation he remained with Alvis, now a military contractor, for the first two years of conflict. However, in 1941 England volunteered for pilot training and qualified as a bomber pilot, probably excluded from fighter pilot postings due to his height, he served as a training instructor to the USAAF in Texas until 1943, when he returned to the RAF for active service flying Avro Lancasters.[2]
Post-war Jaguar motorsport[edit]
After demobilisation in 1945 Lofty England briefly moved back to Alvis, but the company had been badly affected by wartime bombing raids and through close friend Walter Hassan he secured a move to fellow Coventry firm Jaguar Cars in early 1946,[1] he initially joined Jaguar in the same role that he had filled at Alvis, that of service manager. The company did not have any motorsport plans at this stage, but in the hands of a few privateer owner-drivers Jaguar's new XK120, introduced in 1948, proved to be competitive with the more specialised offerings from continental manufacturers.
1949–1952: The XK120 era[edit]
See also: Jaguar XK120
William Heynes' straight-6 XK engine proved eminently tunable and Heynes and England were quick to see the potential benefits of a works motorsport effort.[2] Jaguar's newly formed Engineering Competition Department provided six top pre-war drivers (including England's old employer Prince Bira) with lightweight, pre-production, aluminium-bodied XK120s in 1949, and results were encouraging. Leslie Johnson won major sports car races in Britain and America that year and took fifth in the 1950 Mille Miglia, the Jaguar beaten only by works Ferraris and Alfa Romeos. At the 1950 24 Hours of Le Mans Johnson and Bert Hadley ran as high as second before mechanical failure forced them out when lying third near the end, while other XK120s finished 12th and 15th.
Stirling Moss drove another of the pre-production cars, entered by Tommy Wisdom, to a dominant victory in the 1950 Dundrod TT, his speed in the rain also winning him a place in Jaguar's 1951 Le Mans team.[3] Works-prepared XK120s won numerous other events including the Tulip Rally in 1950 and the Alpine Rally in 1950, 1951 and 1952.
In 1952 Lofty England and several factory mechanics supported a high-speed endurance run at Linas-Montlhéry, where Johnson, Moss, Hadley and Jack Fairman drove a works-modified XK120 coupé, the personal car of William Heynes, at an average of just over 100 mph for seven days and nights to break nine speed and endurance records.[4]
1951–1953: The C-Type era[edit]
See also: Jaguar C-Type
While results continued to come with the production XK120 model, England and Heynes realised that it was too overweight and aerodynamically compromised to have a serious chance of winning the Le Mans race, their solution was to take the drivetrain from the XK120 and to install it in a lightweight chassis. William Heynes developed a new design with a new frame chassis and new bodywork with air flow shape developed by aerodynamist Malcolm Sayer; the XK120C (for competition), later known as the C-Type, made its debut at the 1951 Le Mans race.
Lofty England's racing experience and sharp strategic thinking required that Moss and co-driver Jack Fairman act as a "hare", driving hard from the start to draw other cars into chasing it in the hope that their cars would fail; the strategy worked almost entirely as planned. Moss posted a new lap record of 105.232 mph[2] before the lead Jaguar failed after 92 laps. However, the failure of the Ferrari and Talbot-Lago competition by this time allowed Peter Walker and Peter Whitehead's car to inherit the lead, which by the end of the 24 hours they had extended to nine laps. Lofty England's debutant team had scored a striking victory over 19 cars with engines larger than the C-Type's, but more was to come.
The 1952 event was nowhere near as successful, as modifications made to the bodywork caused overheating and all three works cars failed before an hour had elapsed. However, for 1953 England's Jaguars were back at La Sarthe with improved engines, the original bodywork, and innovative all-wheel disc brakes. On this occasion the team scored another victory, improved reliability allowing the green cars to take second and fourth places as well.
Lofty England's contribution to the C-Type's success was crucial. Taking a lead from Alfred Neubauer's running of the pre-war Mercedes team, he ran the Jaguar squad always with an eye for the greater good of Jaguar, rather than the individual demands of any one driver;[2] the 1953 Le Mans event was a case in point, as the Jaguar cars were initially excluded for a technical infringement. The eventual winning driver pairing of Duncan Hamilton and Tony Rolt repaired to a bar, while Lofty England took matters in hand and managed to persuade the Automobile Club de l'Ouest to reinstate the cars. Legend has it that, unfortunately for England, his drivers were, by this time, a little the worse for wear, and it took all of England's managerial and motivational talents to get them into the car for the start.[5] England and Rolt both later denied that the drivers had been at all drunk at the time.[6][7]
1954–1957: The D-Type era[edit]
See also: Jaguar D-Type
For 1954 Lofty England decided that Jaguar had taken the C-Type as far is they could, and a new car was designed around the successful XK engine. Appropriately, the iconic D-Type made its debut at the 1954 24 Hours of Le Mans race, where Hamilton and Rolt were beaten into second place by only one lap, by the Ferrari 375 of Formula One stars José Froilán González and Maurice Trintignant; the 1955 event was poised to be a direct contest between England's Jaguars, and the Mercedes team of Alfred Neubauer. Tragically, an accident triggered by the D-Type of Mike Hawthorn caused the deaths of Mercedes driver Pierre Levegh and 83 spectators, plus injuring 120 others. Neubauer's team were withdrawn from the race some hours later and invited Jaguar to share the gesture, but England decided to keep the Jaguars running.
Lofty England attracted some criticism for his decision after the race but, as he maintained for the rest of his life, England did not regard Hawthorn as being at all responsible for the tragedy and therefore the team had no reason to withdraw;[2] the decision was typical of the unsentimental, hard nosed manner in which Lofty England ran the team, demanding complete loyalty and adherence to the team principal from his drivers. When, at Reims in early 1956, Le Mans hero Duncan Hamilton ignored England's pit signals, the team manager fired him on the spot.[2]
The 1956 24 Hours of Le Mans was to be the last outing for the works Jaguar team. However, there was to be no swansong for Lofty England's squad; the new longnose D-Type variant could only manage sixth place. Fortunately for Jaguar, Lofty England had always encouraged privateer teams and ensured that serious contenders received as much help as the works could offer, and it was one of these teams, Ecurie Ecosse which scored the D-Type's victory that year; the Scottish team would also go on to win the race with an England-supplied, ex-works longnose car the following year. England also ensured that Jaguar's name remained prominent in motorsport by providing support for both privateer entrants of Jaguar cars, and for Jaguar-engined specials built by the likes of Lister and John Tojeiro.
England's hope of helping Jaguar return to Le Mans in 1966 with the Jaguar XJ13 unfortunately came to nought and the one-and-only Le Mans Prototype was destined to never race.[8]
Jaguar management career[edit]
Immediately following Jaguar's withdrawal from racing Lofty England returned to his role as director of the Jaguar service department. In 1958 Tony Vandervell offered to sell England the Vanwall Formula One team, after the death of Vandervell's protégé Stuart Lewis-Evans during the 1958 Moroccan Grand Prix.[2] England refused the offer and was never directly involved in motorsport again.
Instead, Lofty England began to climb the corporate ladder within Jaguar. England's alma mater, Daimler, merged with Jaguar in 1960, and in 1961 Lofty England joined the Jaguar board as assistant managing director.[1] During the following five years he was heavily involved in the negotiations which resulted in the merger of Jaguar with BMC to form British Motor Holdings in 1966. At the end of 1967, on the retirement from the managing directorship of Sir William Lyons, Lofty England[9] and William Heynes succeeded him as joint managing directors of the company. In turn, BMH merged with Leyland Motors in 1968 to form the British Leyland Motor Corporation.
In between the management upheaval, Lofty England invited back old friend Walter Hassan to develop Jaguar's XJ V12 engine; the engine made its debut in the Series III version of Jaguar's ageing E-Type in 1971, one year before Lofty England succeeded William Lyons as chairman and Chief Executive of Jaguar Cars. It was during his time as CEO that England had to negotiate with the unions to ensure that the car the V12 was built for, the V12 version of the Jaguar XJ saloon, was not delayed into production. Reflecting his own previous success and the Daimler company history, England decided that the Daimler version of the V12 should be called the Double Six. With increasing industrial tensions and centralised decision making within British Leyland, England felt that his position was untenable[2] and, aged 63, he retired to Austria in 1974.
Post-retirement[edit]
During his time at Jaguar, Frank "Lofty" England was probably second only to Sir William Lyons himself in determining the corporate direction and public image of Jaguar Cars. Following his retirement, although he had no direct involvement with the company, England always maintained an interest in Jaguar's fortunes.[2]
After moving to Austria during retirement, England became a consultant to Reliant Motor Company of Tamworth, Staffordshire, UK; the company wished to establish a European distribution network for its Scimitar GTE sports estate car following the development of its more refined SE6 version in 1986. England was successful in assisting Reliant to appoint importers and distributors in Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland.[citation needed]
England died in 1995, at the age of 83.
^ a b c d Wood, J. 1995. Obituaries: Lofty England. The Independent. 9 June 1995.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Edwards, R. (June 1999). "Team Managers – Lofty England". Motor Sport. Vol. 75 no. 6. pp. 42–47. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
^ Porter, P. 1995. Jaguar Sports Racing Cars Bay View Books, ISBN 1-901432-21-1
^ "1952 Jaguar XK120 Fixed Head Coupé". Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
^ Randall, H. 2003. Replay: 14 June 1953. The Independent on Sunday. 22 June 2003.
^ Daily Telegraph obituary of Tony Rolt, February 2 2008. Retrieved on 3 August 2008.
^ Obituary of Tony Rolt by Alan Henry, February 9 2008. Retrieved on 3 August 2008.
^ Swales, Neville (14 June 2011). "Why didn't the XJ13 race?". UK. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013.
^ "News and Views: Jaguar board changes". Autocar. Vol. 128 (nbr 3751). 4 January 1968. p. 45.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lofty_England&oldid=859842129"
People from Finchley
Auto racing crew chiefs
British motorsport people
Daimler people
English engineers
English businesspeople
People educated at Christ's College, Finchley
Hendon is a London urban area in the Borough of Barnet, 7 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Hendon was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex and has been part of Greater London since 1965. Hendon had a population of 52,972 in 2011 which includes the West Hendon and Colindale wards that are separated from Hendon by the NW9 postcode area Hendon was a civil parish in the county of Middlesex; the manor is described in Domesday, but the name'Hendun' – meaning'at the highest hill' – is of earlier origin. Evidence of Roman settlement was discovered by members of the Hendon and District Archaeological Society and others; the Midland Railway and the Great Northern Railways were built through Hendon in the 1860s. The underground arrived at Golders Green to the south in 1907, the line being extended to Hendon Central and Edgware in 1923/24. Much of the area developed into a suburb of London and now the area is built-up with some countryside in the Mill Hill area, such as the Copthall Playing fields.
Hendon's industry was centred on manufacturing, included motor and aviation works, developed from the 1880s. In 1931 the civil parish of Edgware was abolished and its area was added to the great civil parish of Hendon. Hendon became an urban district in 1894. In 1932 the urban district became the Municipal Borough of Hendon; the municipal borough was abolished in 1965 and the area became part of the London Borough of Barnet. Hendon's main claim to fame is in the early days of flying and Hendon Aerodrome is now the RAF Museum; the area is associated with pioneer aviator Claude Grahame-White. Another part of the Aerodrome site is the Hendon Police College, the training centre for the Metropolitan Police; the Metropolitan Police Book of Remembrance is displayed in the entrance of Simpson Hall at the centre. There is a memorial garden, it is ancient parish. The name means the high place or down, Hendon's motto is Endeavour; the Burroughs is a civic centre for the London Borough of Barnet, the site of Middlesex University Business School.
The River Brent runs through Hendon. On 30 November 2009 the Environment Agency warned residents of flooding along River Brent from Hendon to Brentford, after a day of notably heavy rain. Several premises were temporarily flooded in Perivale. Hendon and District Archaeological Society has found a number of interesting Roman artifacts at Church End but nothing conclusive, the Saxon settlement near to St Mary's Church may not be a continuation of its Roman predecessor; the Domesday Survey mentions a priest, a church building was documented in 1157. The oldest fabric of the present church is 13th century; the 50 ft tower was much restored in the 18th century when the weathercock in the form of a "Lamb and Flag", the badge of St John, was added. However, the church is dedicated to an enigma that defies local historians to this day, it may be a sign of the cult of Mary Magdalene said to have been promoted by the Templars and their successors. Eastern extensions carried out between 1913–15 to designs by architect Temple Moore have expanded the church.
Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore in 1819, is buried in the church. Another grave of distinction in the churchyard is that of football manager Herbert Chapman who had great success in charge of Northampton Town, Leeds City, Huddersfield Town and Arsenal before his sudden death from pneumonia in 1934. Bram Stoker may well have had St Mary's graveyard in mind when he created the fictional "Kingstead", the uneasy resting place of Lucy Westenra, in his book Dracula. However, St Mary's graveyard is the resting place of a more benign spirit, Coventry Patmore's wife Emily, the model for the poem The Angel in the House, upon whom the Victorian ideal of domesticity "the Angel of the Hearth" is based. Adjacent to the church at the top of Greyhound Hill is the Greyhound pub, rebuilt in 1898. Called the Church House, it was used for vestry meetings from the 1600s to 1878. In 1676 the inn, by known as the Greyhound, burned down in a fire. In 1855 a fire brigade was established, renamed the Hendon volunteer fire brigade in 1866, a manual fire engine was kept in a building near the church.
Further west, adjacent to the Greyhound pub, is the oldest building in Hendon, a seventeenth-century farmhouse which became the former Church Farmhouse Museum, now part of the campus of nearby Middlesex University. The Claddagh Ring pub known as The Midland Arms, in Church Road, Hendon, is somewhat more than nine miles from Athenry; the sign is genuinely Irish, giving pleasure to a significant Irish community in this area. Another pub, the Midland Hotel, close to Hendon station, was opened in 1890 by The Midland Railway Company to provide liquid refreshment for commuters using the Midland Railway. At the time when both of these pubs were open The Midland Arms was known as The Upper Midland and The Midland Hotel was known as The Lower Midland; the Irish connection with Hendon goes back at least to the early 19th century when many of that country came here to make the hay, for which Hendon was famous. The Burroughs was a distinct hamlet until the 1890s, known from 1316 until the 19th century as'the burrows', which no doubt referred to the keeping of rabbit warrens.
After the UK outbreak of myxomatosis in the 1950s, rabbits were smoked out of the area using steam engines. During the 18th century, some of the immediate estate surrounding Hendon Place was auctioned off for large houses, with much of the land being used for building other mansions. Of these, Hendon Hall (now a hot
1953 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 21st Grand Prix of Endurance, took place on 13 and 14 June 1953, at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans. It was the third round of the F. I. A. World Sports Car Championship. British drivers Tony Rolt and Duncan Hamilton won the race with one of three factory-entered Jaguar C-Types, the first cars to race at Le Mans with disc brakes. With the ongoing success of the World Championship for Grand Prix drivers, this year saw the introduction by the FIA of a World Championship for Sports Cars, creating great interest from the major sports car manufacturers, it drew together the great endurance races in Europe and North America. The Le Mans race was the third round in the championship after the 12 Hours of Sebring and the Mille Miglia. After the efforts by drivers in the recent races to drive single-handedly and the consequent safety danger through exhaustion, the ACO set limits of maximum driving spells of 80 consecutive laps and 18 hours in total for each driver; this year marked the first use of a radar-'gun' to measure speeds across a flying kilometre on the Hunaudières Straight.
The results, not aligned with engine size but also the impact of aerodynamics on top speed: The prestige of the race, as well as the advent of the new championship generated intense interest in Le Mans. Of the 69 entrants and reserves, nineteen different marques were present. There were an unprecedented 56 works-entered cars represented, with over half in the main S-8000, S-5000 and S-3000 classes. Mercedes-Benz did not return to defend their title – they were busy preparing new cars for both the F1 and Sports Car championships. So the overall victory was shaping up as a contest between Italy, England (Jaguar supported by Aston Martin and Nash-Healey/Austin-Healey and the USA Cunningham, with the French being the 'dark horses'. Drivers included all three F1 World Champions to date and over 30 other current and up-and-coming Grand Prix racers; the Italian teams had built new cars for the season and all had strong driver line-ups. Ferrari entered a lightweight 375 MM Berlinetta powered by the company's big 330 bhp 4.5 litre V12 engine built for a challenge at Indianapolis, plus two 340 bhp 4.1 litre 340 MMs.
All had Pinin Farina-designed bodies. Ascari and Luigi Villoresi were to share the lightweight coupé, while brothers Paolo and Gianni Marzotto and Giuseppe Farina and debutante Mike Hawthorn were down to drive the 340MMs. A fourth 340 MM Spyder was entered by American Ferrari agent Luigi Chinetti for himself, with Anglo-American Tom Cole as his co-driver; such was the quality of the entry list. Alfa Romeo was back at Le Mans for the first time since the war and fielded the beautiful new 6C/3000CM powered by a 3.5L S6 engine for Fangio and Onofre Marimón and Consalvo Sanesi and Piero Carini. The third car was driven by Mercedes-Benz works-drivers Karl Kling and Fritz Riess who had their team manager, Alfred Neubauer, in the pits with them. Lancia this year stepped up to the big class with three new D.20 Coupés. Having just won the non-Championship Targa Florio with a 3.0L V6 engine, team manager Vittorio Jano instead decided to install supercharged 2.7L engines. This proved to be a mistake as the small increase in power increased unreliability and gave away over 20 km/h top speed to the rival Jaguars and Ferraris.
GP-racers Louis Chiron and Robert Manzon, Piero Taruffi and Umberto Maglioli were in the team, with José Froilán González and endurance-race specialist Clemente Biondetti in the reserve car. Jaguar returned with their C-Types and after the debacle of the previous year, were determined not to repeat those mistakes, having undertaken a lot of development work. Team manager 'Lofty' England employed the same driver pairings as 1952, with Peter Walker and Stirling Moss, Peter Whitehead and Ian Stewart, Tony Rolt and Duncan Hamilton; the cars reverted to the aerodynamic design prior to that of the 1952 Le Mans cars, whose revised nose and tail had adversely affected stability at speeds over 120 mph. For 1953 the cars were lighter and more powerful, they were the first-ever Le Mans cars equipped with disc brakes, from Dunlop, whose greater efficiency gave the C-Types a distinct advantage over their drum-braked competitors; the disc brakes had been available in 1952, but given the problems with the radiators they had been swapped out so the team could concentrate on just one potential issue in the race.
The works cars were supported by a standard production-body car entered by the new Belgian Ecurie Francorchamps team. Aston Martin entered their new DB3S cars for Reg Parnell and Peter Collins, George Abecassis and Roy Salvadori, Eric Thompson and Dennis Poore. Using the same 3-litre engine as the DB3, it was put into a newly designed, chassis; however it was suffering from considerable lack of testing. Donald Healey this year had two collaborations: his last year with Nash Motors with a pair of long-tailed models, a new partnership with the Austin Motor Company using its 2.7L engine, producing only 100 bhp but capable of 190 km/h. Bristol arrived with two cars for Lance Macklin / Graham Whitehead and Jack Fairman / Tommy Wisdom, managed by former Bentley Boy and Le Mans winner Sammy Davis; the rear-engined 450 coupés were ugly and noisy but the 2
Mercedes-Benz is a German global automobile marque and a division of Daimler AG. The brand is known for luxury vehicles, buses and trucks; the headquarters is in Baden-Württemberg. The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz. In 2018, Mercedes-Benz was the biggest selling premium vehicle brand in the world, having sold 2.31 million passenger cars. Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, regarded as the first gasoline-powered automobile; the slogan for the brand is "the best or nothing". Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz's creation of the first petrol-powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, financed by Bertha Benz and patented in January 1886, Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a stagecoach by the addition of a petrol engine that year; the Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft. Emil Jellinek, an Austrian automobile entrepreneur who worked with DMG, created the trademark in 1902, naming the 1901 Mercedes 35 hp after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek.
Jellinek was a businessman and marketing strategist who promoted "horseless" Daimler automobiles among the highest circles of society in his adopted home, which, at that time, was a meeting place for the "Haute Volée" of France and Europe in winter. His customers included other well-known personalities, but Jellinek's plans went further: as early as 1901, he was selling Mercedes cars in the New World as well, including US billionaires Rockefeller, Astor and Taylor. At a race in Nice in 1899, Jellinek drove under the pseudonym "Monsieur Mercédès", a way of concealing the competitor's real name as was normal and regularly done in those days; the race ranks as the hour of birth of the Mercedes-Benz brand. In 1901, the name "Mercedes" was registered by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft worldwide as a protected trademark; the first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company on 28 June of the same year.
Gottlieb Daimler was born on 17 March 1834 in Schorndorf. After training as a gunsmith and working in France, he attended the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart from 1857 to 1859. After completing various technical activities in France and England, he started working as a draftsman in Geislingen in 1862. At the end of 1863, he was appointed workshop inspector in a machine tool factory in Reutlingen, where he met Wilhelm Maybach in 1865. Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car, popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario; the pontiff's Popemobile has been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts; the company paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families.
Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that became common in other vehicles. Mercedes-Benz is one of the best-known and established automotive brands in the world. For information relating to the famous three-pointed star, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft, including the merger into Daimler-Benz; as part of the Daimler AG company, the Mercedes-Benz Cars division includes Mercedes-Benz and Smart car production. Mercedes-AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1999; the company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999, became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning on 1 January 1999. Daimler's ultra-luxury brand Maybach was under Mercedes-Benz cars division until 2013, when the production stopped due to poor sales volumes, it now exists under the Mercedes-Maybach name, with the models being ultra-luxury versions of Mercedes cars, such as the 2016 Mercedes-Maybach S600. Daimler cooperates with BYD Auto to sell a battery-electric car called Denza in China.
In 2016, Daimler announced plans to sell. Beside its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are manufactured or assembled in: Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz has maintained a reputation for its quality and durability. Objective measures looking at passenger vehicles, such as J. D. Power surveys, demonstrated a downturn in reputation in these criteria in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, a measure of problems after the first 90 days of ownership, according to J. D. Power. In J. D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place and earning several awards for its models. For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial quality rating improved to fourth place. On top of this accolade, it received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes' Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant. J. D. Power's 2011 US Initial Quality and Vehicle Dependability Studies both ranked Mercedes-Benz vehicles above average in build quality and reliability.
In the 2011 UK J. D. Power Survey, Mercedes cars were rated above average. A 2014 iSeeCars.com study for Reuters found Mercedes to have the lowest vehicle recall rate. Mercedes-Benz offers a full range of light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Vehicles are manufactured in multiple countries worldwide; the Smart marque of city cars are produced by Daimler AG
The Jaguar C-Type is a racing sports car built by Jaguar and sold from 1951 to 1953. The "C" stands for "competition"; the car used the XK 120 running gear of the contemporary road proven XK120 in a lightweight tubular frame designed by William Heynes and an aerodynamic aluminium body jointly developed by Heynes, R J Knight and Malcolm Sayer. A total of 53 C-Types were built, 43 of which were sold to private owners in the US; the road-going XK120's 3.4-litre twin-cam, straight-6 engine produces between 180 bhp. The C-Type version was tuned to around 205 bhp; the early C-Types were drum brakes. C-Types are more powerful, using triple twin-choke Weber carburettors and high-lift camshafts, they are lighter, from mid 1953 braking performance was improved by disc brakes on all four wheels. The lightweight, multi-tubular, triangulated frame was designed by William Heynes. Heynes and Sayer together developed the aerodynamic body. Made of aluminium in the barchetta style, it is devoid of road-going items such as carpets, weather equipment and exterior door handles.
According to the Jaguar Heritage Registry the cars were produced between May 1952 starting with XKC001 and ending August 1953 XK054. The original alloy body was marked with the prefix K; the C-Type was successful in racing, most notably at the Le Mans 24 hours race. In 1951, the car won at its first attempt; the factory entered three, whose driver pairings were Stirling Moss and Jack Fairman, Leslie Johnson and triple Mille Miglia winner Clemente Biondetti, the eventual winners, Peter Walker and Peter Whitehead. The Walker-Whitehead car was the only factory entry to finish, the other two retiring with lack of oil pressure. A entered XK120, owned by Robert Lawrie, co-driven by Ivan Waller completed the race, finishing 11th. In 1952, worried by a report about the speed of the Mercedes-Benz 300SLs that would run at Le Mans, modified the C-Type's aerodynamics to increase the top speed. However, the consequent rearrangement of the cooling system made the cars vulnerable to overheating, all three retired from the race.
The Peter Whitehead-Ian Stewart and Tony Rolt/Duncan Hamilton cars blew head gaskets, the Stirling Moss-Peter Walker car, the only one not overheating having had a full-sized radiator hurriedly fitted, lost oil pressure after a mechanical breakage. Testing by Norman Dewis at MIRA after the race proved that the overheating was caused more by the revisions to the cooling system than by the altered aerodynamics: the water pump pulley was undersized, so it was spinning too fast and causing cavitation. With the pump pulley enlarged, the tubing increased to 1 1/4 inch, the problem was eliminated; the main drawback of the new body shape was that it reduced downforce on the tail to the extent that it caused lift and directional instability at speeds over 120 mph on the Mulsanne Straight. These cars had chassis numbers XKC 001, 002 and 011; the first two were dismantled at the factory, the third survives in normal C-type form. In 1953, C-Types won again, placed second and fourth; this time the body was in thinner, lighter aluminium and the original twin H8 sand cast SU carburettors were replaced by three DCO3 40mm Webers, which helped boost power to 220 bhp.
Philip Porter mentions additional changes: Further weight was saved by using a rubber bag fuel tank... lighter electrical equipment and thinner gauge steel for some of the chassis tubes... he most significant change to the cars were the triple Weber carburetors and disc brakes. Duncan Hamilton and Tony Rolt won the race at 105.85 mph – the first time Le Mans had been won at an average of over 100 miles per hour. Disc brakes were novel in 1953, Jaguar's win due to their superiority, set off a scramble to include discs in production cars. 1954, the C-Type's final year at Le Mans, saw a fourth place by the Ecurie Francorchamps entry driven by Roger Laurent and Jacques Swaters. When new, the car sold for about $6,000 twice the price of an XK120. In an article in the 11 June 2003 issue of Autocar magazine the value of a "genuine, healthy" C-Type is estimated as £400,000, the value of the 1953 Le Mans winner is about £2 million. A C-Type once owned and raced by Phil Hill sold at an American auction in August 2009 for $2,530,000 and another C-type was sold at the Pebble Beach auction in 2012 for $3,725,000, Recently an unrestored C-Type that raced at Le Mans has sold for £5,715,580, during the Grand Prix Historique race meeting in Monaco.
In August 2015, an ex-Ecurie Ecosse Lightweight C-type, chassis XKC052 and the second of only three works lightweights, driven by Peter Whitehead and Ian Stewart to fourth at the 1953 Le Mans 24 Hours, fetched $13.2 million at auction in California Porter, Philip. Jaguar Sports Racing Cars. Bay View Books. ISBN 1901432211. Jaguar Heritage Trust - Official Jaguar Heritage Trust Page on 1950s developments Jaguar Heritage Trust - Official Jaguar Heritage Chassis Number description Coventry Racers – Pages for each of the 54 C-Types, including photos and short histories for many
Cricklewood
Cricklewood is an area of north-west London, England, 5 miles northwest of Charing Cross, between Willesden Green and Dollis Hill to the west and Kilburn to the south, West Hampstead and Childs Hill to the south-east and east, Brent Cross to the north. The area is split between three London boroughs: Barnet to the north-east, Brent to the west and Camden to the south-east. Cricklewood was a small rural hamlet around Edgware Road the Roman road, called Watling Street, until the impetus for its urbanisation came with the surface and underground railways in nearby Willesden Green in the 1870s; the shops on Cricklewood Broadway, as Edgware Road is known here, contrast with quieter surrounding streets of late-Victorian, 1930s housing. The area has strong links with Ireland due to a sizeable Irish population and The Crown pub, now the Clayton Crown Hotel, is a local landmark; the 35-hectare Gladstone Park marks its north-western edge. Cricklewood has two conservation areas, the Mapesbury Estate and the Cricklewood Railway Terraces, in 2012 was awarded £1.65 million from the Mayor of London's office to improve the area.
The small settlement at the junction of Cricklewood Lane and the Edgware Road was established by 1294, which by 1321 was called Cricklewood. By the 1750s the Crown was providing for coach travellers, by the 1800s it had a handful of cottages and Cricklewood House as neighbours, was known for its "pleasure gardens". By the 1860s there were a number of substantial villas along the Edgware Road starting with Rockhall Lodge. Childs Hill and Cricklewood station renamed Cricklewood, opened in 1868. In the summer of 1881 the Midland Railway Company moved its locomotive works from Kentish Town to the new "Brent Sidings", in October of the same year it was announced that new accommodation for its workers would be built the now-listed Railway Cottages. Mr H. Finch laid out a handful of streets directly behind the Crown Inn, in 1880; the station had become the terminus for the Midland Railway suburban services by 1884. The census of 1881 showed that the population had grown enough for a new church, St. Peter's replaced a tin chapel in 1891.
A daughter church called Little St. Peter's was opened in 1958 on Claremont Way but closed in 1983; the parish church on Cricklewood Lane was rebuilt in the 1970s. This church building was closed in 2004. Services for Anglicans were held in the Carey Hall on Claremont Road but were discontinued there in December 2015; the London General Omnibus Company commenced services to Regent Street from the Crown in 1883, in 1899 opened a bus garage, still in use and was rebuilt in 2010. By the 1890s, houses and shops had been built along part of Cricklewood Lane. Cricklewood Broadway had become a retail area by 1900 replacing the Victorian villas; the Queens Hall Cinema the Gaumont, replaced Rock Hall House, was itself demolished in 1960. Thorverton and Dersingham Roads were laid out in 1907, the year of the opening of Golders Green Underground station. Cowhouse Farm, latterly Dicker's Farm and Avenue Farm, was closed in 1932. From 1908 to 1935, Westcroft Farm was owned by the Home of Rest for Horses; the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead opened the Westcroft Estate in 1935.
Much of the land to the west of Edgware Road was part of the estate of All Souls Oxford. Much of the land was wooded and in 1662 there were 79 oaks in Cricklewood; the transformation of the area came with the opening of the underground station in Willesden Green in 1879, known as Willesden Green and Cricklewood station from 1894 to 1938. A number of developers built houses in the 1890s and 1900s. George Furness laid out what he called Cricklewood Park between 1900 on Clock Farm. Roads in the area are named after trees; the name Cricklewood Park is no longer used. To the south of this, Henry Corsellis built Rockhall and Howard Roads from 1894. All Souls' College built a group of roads named after fellows of the college. Further expansion westward was blocked by the Dollis Hill estate, which became a public park, Gladstone Park, in 1901. To the north of Furness's Cricklewood Park Estate, Earl Temple built Temple Road by 1906 and surrounding roads. To the south, the Mapesbury Estate was built between 1895 and 1905 and is a Conservation Area of semi-detached and detached houses.
With the introduction of the tram system in 1904, the motorisation of bus services by 1911, numerous important industries were established. The first of these was the Phoenix Telephone Company in 1911; the Handley Page Aircraft Company soon followed, from 1912 until 1917, at 110 Cricklewood Lane and subsequently occupying a large part of Claremont Road. The Cricklewood Aerodrome was adjacent to their factory; the former aircraft factory was converted into Cricklewood Studios in 1920, the largest film studio in the country at the time. It became the production base for Stoll Pictures during the silent era. After turning out a number of quota quickies, it closed down in 1938; some years the property was redeveloped and hosts a Wickes DIY store. A number of plans were drawn up around the turn of the 20th century to extend the developing London Underground network to Cricklewood. Several proposals were put forward to construct an und
English Racing Automobiles
English Racing Automobiles was a British racing car manufacturer active from 1933 to 1954. ERA was founded by Humphrey Cook, Raymond Mays, Peter Berthon in November 1933 and established in Bourne, next to Eastgate House, the family home of Raymond Mays between Eastgate road and Spalding road, their ambition was to manufacture and campaign a team of single seater racing cars capable of upholding British prestige in Continental European racing. With the cost of aspiring to full Grand Prix racing prohibitive, they instead aimed ERA's efforts at the smaller voiturette—1500cc supercharged—class of motor racing, the Formula 2 equivalent of the day. Humphrey Cook financed the operation—using the wealth from the family drapery business, Son & Co. of St Paul's Churchyard, London. Berthon was responsible for the overall design of the cars, while Mays became its principal driver—having successfully raced several other makes including Vauxhall and Riley. A new chassis was conceived by British designer Reid Railton and was constructed by Thomson & Taylor at Brooklands.
The engine was based on the well-proven Riley six-cylinder unit, albeit this was modified in a number of significant ways. A stronger forged crankshaft with a large centre Hyatt roller bearing was made and an new aluminium cylinder head designed; the engine was supercharged using a bespoke supercharger designed by Murray Jamieson who had worked with Mays and Berthon on the White Riley. The ERA engine was designed around three capacities—a base 1500cc, an 1100cc and was capable of being expanded up to 2000 cc, it ran on methanol and in its 1500cc form was capable of producing around 180–200 bhp and in excess of 250–275 bhp in 2000cc form. The panel-beating brothers George and Jack Gray hand-fashioned the new car's single-seater bodywork, to a design credited to a Mr Piercy who had designed the bodywork for Campbell's''Bluebird'' record breaker; the unveiling of the first ERA—chassis R1A—to the press and public took place at Brooklands on 22 May 1934 following testing at Syston Park. After initial chassis handling problems, which required a number of modifications, soon ERA had a winning formula.
By the end of the year ERAs had scored notable victories against many more established marques. In 1935, in a major race at the Nürburgring, ERAs took first, third and fifth places. Through the remainder of the decade, with drivers of the calibre of Dick Seaman in the team, ERA dominated voiturette racing, with the original A-Type design being developed into the B-Type, C-Type and D-Type designs over time. Two Siamese princes, Chula Chakrabongse and Bira Birabongse, whose trio of ERAs became famous as "Hanuman", "Romulus" and "Remus", ran their own team, operating from The White Mouse Garage. Prince Chula owned the team, having bought Romulus as a present for his cousin, Prince Bira, the team's driver; the more modern E-Type ERA appeared just before the Second World War but was not developed. The Second World War brought a halt to motor racing in Europe, the team's Bourne site was sold to the Bus operator Delaine who occupied adjacent premises; the original building is still in use today by Delaine as an office block.
By the time racing resumed in the late 1940s Berthon and Mays had moved on to the British Racing Motors project. ERA restarted operations in Dunstable under new ownership in 1947 when Leslie Johnson bought the company, together with ERA E-Type GP2, the second of two built in 1939, raced by Reg Parnell and Leslie Brooke. Refitted with a Zoller supercharger and driven by Johnson, GP2 tied with Parnell's Maserati 4CLT for fastest lap in the 1948 British Empire Trophy and finished fifth. In the same race GP1, upgraded by the works with Murray Jamieson-designed Roots-type supercharging and driven by Reg Parnell's mechanic Wilkie Wilkinson, retired with a broken connecting rod. After posting the fastest time in the opening practice session for the 1948 British Grand Prix, Johnson retired GP2 from third place on the first lap when a driveshaft universal joint failed. In practice for the Coupe du Salon at Montlhéry he broke the lap record but retired GP2 from the race with a fractured fuel tank after three laps.
In 1949 at Goodwood GP2 broke a back axle universal joint in practice but Johnson took the car to fifth in the Richmond Trophy and third in the Chichester Cup. In the first day's practice for the Jersey International Road Race, he was second-fastest to Luigi Villoresi's record-breaking lap in a Maserati but on the second day the engine bearings failed and the car did not race. At Silverstone's 1950 Grand Prix d'Europe the supercharger disintegrated after two laps. Meanwhile, GP1, driven by Fred Ashmore, failed to finish the 1948 Jersey International Road Race owing to fuel starvation and defective steering. In the 1949 BRDC/Daily Express International Trophy, Peter Walker took GP1 to within 1.2 seconds of Giuseppe Farina's Maserati in practice and finished fifth in the race, despite gearbox and steering problems, a leaking radiator, the exhaust burning the driver's foot. Walker was fastest in practice for Ireland's Wakefield Trophy road race, but a snatching brake forced him down the escape road at the first corner.
Here GP1's race ended when it was hit by an Alta that had collided with Salvadori's Maserati 4CL. In 1950, GP1 was gutted by fire in a crash at the British Empire Trophy race on the Isle of Man, caused by driveshaft failure when the car was at high speed with Walker at the wheel; the 1.5-litre G-Type raced in the 1952 World Championship, the first season to be run under Formula Two rules. The fundamental design was laid down by Robert Eberan-Eberh
Austria the Republic of Austria, is a country in Central Europe comprising 9 federated states. Its capital, largest city and one of nine states is Vienna. Austria has an area of 83,879 km2, a population of nearly 9 million people and a nominal GDP of $477 billion, it is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north and Slovakia to the east and Italy to the south, Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps; the majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects as their native language, German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other regional languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, Slovene. Austria played a central role in European History from the late 18th to the early 20th century, it emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal houses in history.
As archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Following the Holy Roman Empire's dissolution, Austria founded its own empire in the 19th century, which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation. Subsequent to the Austro-Prussian War and the establishment of a union with Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was created. Austria was involved in both world wars. Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of government. Major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz and Innsbruck. Austria is ranked as one of the richest countries in the world by per capita GDP terms; the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. The republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995.
It is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, adopted the euro currency in 1999; the German name for Austria, Österreich, derives from the Old High German Ostarrîchi, which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Another theory says that this name comes from the local name of the mountain whose original Slovenian name is "Ostravica" - because it is steep on both sides. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976; the word "Austria" was first recorded in the 12th century. At the time, the Danube basin of Austria was the easternmost extent of Bavaria; the Central European land, now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. Present-day Petronell-Carnuntum in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province.
Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by Bavarians and Avars. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, introduced Christianity; as part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the marchia Orientalis and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976; the first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as Ostarrîchi, referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs acquired the Duchy of Styria. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished; as a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia assumed control of the duchies of Austria and Carinthia. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception; the Habsburgs began to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs. In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606.
The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly 20 times, of which some are c
Finchley [videos]
Finchley is an area of northwest London, England, in the London Borough of Barnet. Finchley is on high ground, 11 km north of Charing Cross. — It formed an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, becoming a municipal borough in 1933, and has been part of Greater London since 1965. — It …
Tally Ho Corner
East Finchley tube station
Austria [videos]
Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in Central Europe comprising 9 federated states. Its capital, largest city and one of nine states is Vienna. Austria has an area of 83,879 km2 …
The first appearance of the word "Ostarrîchi", circled in red. Modern Austria honours this document, dated 996, as the founding of the nation.
Venus of Willendorf, 28,000 to 25,000 BC. Museum of Natural History Vienna
The Battle of Vienna in 1683 broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe.
The Congress of Vienna met in 1814–15. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Jaguar Cars [videos]
Jaguar is the luxury vehicle brand of Jaguar Land Rover, a British multinational car manufacturer with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, England. Jaguar Cars was the company that was responsible for the production of Jaguar cars until its operations were fully merged with those …
SS Jaguar 2½-litre sports saloon
SS Jaguar 100 open 2-seater
XK engine in an E-Type
Jaguar XJ (X300) a luxury sedan manufactured by Jaguar Cars between 1994 and 1997
Sports car racing [videos]
Sports car racing is a form of motorsport road racing which utilizes sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going models. — A type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car …
1900 NW Rennzweier (The Double Racer)
The 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans was won in a Jaguar XKD
The McLaren M8E that was driven by Vic Elford in the 1971 Canadian-American Challenge Cup
An iconic 1970 Porsche 917 at the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed
24 Hours of Le Mans [videos]
The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France. It is considered one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world and has been called the "Grand Prix of …
The pits at dawn
A BMW M3 GT2 at the 24 Hours of Le Mans
A poster for the 1923 24 Hours of Le Mans
Peugeot 905 from 1993
Edgware [videos]
Edgware is a district of northern Greater London, in the London Borough of Barnet. Edgware is centred 9.5 miles north-northwest of Charing Cross and has its own commercial centre. Edgware has a generally suburban character, typical of the rural-urban fringe. It was an ancient parish in …
Hanukkah menorah outside Edgware Underground station, 2006
Station Road. Here, all buses climb up the hill towards the station and the shops. St Margaret of Antioch Church can be seen in the background.
Edgware bus station.
Station Road during a quiet evening, 2008.
Bentley [videos]
Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs—and a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group since 1998.Headquartered in Crewe, England, the company was founded as Bentley Motors Limited by W. O. Bentley in 1919 in Cricklewood, North London—and became widely …
Bentley winged "B" badge bonnet (hood) ornament
1929 Blower Bentley
Bentley 8 Litre 4-door sports saloon
Bentley Speed Six
Cricklewood [videos]
Cricklewood is an area of north-west London, England, 5 miles northwest of Charing Cross, between Willesden Green and Dollis Hill to the west, Brondesbury and Kilburn to the south, West Hampstead and Childs Hill to the south-east and east, and Brent Cross to the north. The area is split …
Windmill Bar, Cricklewood
"Cricklewood" sign above retail building
Cricklewood Broadway
Cricklewood Broadway in the snow, February 2009
A5 road (Great Britain) [videos]
The A5 London Holyhead Trunk Road is a major road in England and Wales. It runs for about 275 miles from London to the Irish Sea at the ferry port of Holyhead which handles more than 2 million passengers each year. In many parts the …
Roman Britain, with the route of Watling Street in red
Image: A5 Dual Carriageway
Image: Marble.arch.london.a rp
Image: A5 Milton Keynes
Roman roads [videos]
Roman roads were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the …
A Roman street in Pompeii
Old Roman Road, leading from Jerusalem to Beit Gubrin, adjacent to regional hwy 375 in Israel
The remains of Emperor Trajan's route along the Danube (see Roman Serbia)
Roman auxiliary infantry crossing a river, probably the Danube, on a pontoon bridge during the emperor Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–106)
Daimler Company [videos]
The Daimler Company Limited, until 1910, the Daimler Motor Company Limited, was an independent British motor vehicle manufacturer founded in London by H. J. Lawson in 1896, which set up its manufacturing base in Coventry. The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously …
5½-litre 150 bhp Straight-Eight drop-head coupé 1949
Gottlieb Daimler's railcars "tirelessly ferrying passengers around the Bremen showground as if by magic".
Simms in his Motor Scout, in June 1899.
Daimler 22 hp 4 cyl. 4,503cc 45 mph as driven by Sir Thomas Lipton (1903 example)
Brooklands [videos]
Brooklands was a 2.75-mile motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It opened in 1907 and was the world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit as well as one of Britain's first airfields, which also became Britain's largest aircraft …
Count Zborowski with Chitty Bang Bang 1 at Brooklands, 1921.
Brooklands Aero-Club car badge
The Vickers factory at Brooklands.
Mercedes-Benz World at Brooklands.
Surrey [videos]
Surrey is a subdivision of the English region of South East England in the United Kingdom. A historic and ceremonial county, Surrey is also one of the home counties. The county borders Kent to the east, East and West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west, Berkshire to …
Leith Hill Tower
The Roman Stane or Stone Street runs through Surrey
Runnymede, where Magna Carta was sealed
Bentley 4½ Litre [videos]
The Bentley 4½ Litre was a British car based on a rolling chassis built by Bentley Motors. Walter Owen Bentley replaced the Bentley 3 Litre with a more powerful car by increasing its engine displacement to 4.4 L. — Bentley buyers used their cars for personal transport and arranged for …
1929 4½ Litre with original Thrupp & Maberly four seat coachwork
Very few vintage Bentleys have survived with their four-seater coachwork intact
Tim Birkin's Bentley Blower No.1, shown at the 2009 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance
Image: 1928 Bentley Saloon at Toddington Railway Gala, 0513 8979023957
Welwyn Garden City [videos]
Welwyn Garden City is a town in Hertfordshire, England. It is located approximately 20 miles from Kings Cross, London. Welwyn Garden City was the second garden city in England and one of the first new towns. — It is unique in being both a garden city …
View along the Parkway to the south from the memorial garden to Louis de Soissons in May 2017
The Queen Elizabeth II Hospital
Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council offices
The Shredded Wheat factory as it was in 2007 while still in operation. The landmark Shredded Wheat sign, visible from trains arriving in Welwyn Garden City, has now been removed.
English Racing Automobiles [videos]
English Racing Automobiles was a British racing car manufacturer active from 1933 to 1954. — Prewar history — ERA was founded by Humphrey Cook, Raymond Mays, and Peter Berthon in November 1933 and established in Bourne, Lincolnshire, next to Eastgate House, the family home of Raymond Mays …
1936 1.5-litre ERA R6B, ex-Dudley "Doc" Benjafield
1935 ERA D-Type R4D
A six-cylinder supercharged ERA engine in Prince Bira's racing car
1934 1.5-litre ERA R2A at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca in 2008
Alvis Car and Engineering Company [videos]
Alvis Car and Engineering Company Ltd was a British manufacturing company in Coventry from 1919 to 1967. In addition to automobiles designed for the civilian market, the company also produced racing cars, aircraft engines, armoured cars and other armoured fighting vehicles. — Car manufacturing ended …
1923 12/40 open two-seater
1928 12/50 Sportsman's 2-door saloon
1928 12/75 Front Wheel Drive open two-seater T.T. replica
1933 Crested Eagle drophead coupé
Mercedes-Benz [videos]
Mercedes-Benz is a German global automobile marque and a division of Daimler AG. The brand is known for luxury vehicles, buses, coaches, and trucks. The headquarters is in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz. In …
Karl Benz. Benz made the 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first automobile.
Gottlieb Daimler, founder of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft.
Mercedes-Benz dealer in Munich, Germany.
Mercedes-Benz A-Class (Subcompact executive hatchbacks and sedans)
Birabongse Bhanudej [videos]
Prince Birabongse Bhanudej Bhanubandh, better known as Prince Bira of Siam or by his nom de course B. Bira, was a member of the Thai royal family, racing driver, sailor, and pilot.Birabongse raced in …
Birabongse in 1944
Image: Maserati 8CM at Goodwood FOS 2012
Image: ERA R5B Remus
Image: ERA R12B Hanuman II
Douglas (motorcycles) [videos]
Douglas was a British motorcycle manufacturer from 1907–1957 based in Kingswood, Bristol, owned by the Douglas family, and especially known for its horizontally opposed twin cylinder engined bikes and as manufacturers of speedway machines. The company also built a range of cars between 1913 and …
Douglas Motorcycle
Doris Ogilvie on her Douglas 2¾hp TT in Switzerland 1923
1919 Douglas cyclecar
1926 magazine cover featuring a Douglas motorcycle in the Isle of Man TT
United States Army Air Forces [videos]
The United States Army Air Forces, informally known as the Air Force,or United States Army Air Force, was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army during and immediately after World War II, successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps …
General of the Army Henry H. ("Hap") Arnold
USAAF recruitment poster.
Tuskegee Airmen War bonds poster
1943 portrait of WAC air controller
Avro Lancaster [videos]
The Avro Lancaster is a British four-engined Second World War heavy bomber. It was designed and manufactured by Avro as a contemporary of the Handley Page Halifax, both bombers having been developed to the same specification, as well as the Short Stirling, all three aircraft being four-engined …
PA474, a Lancaster B I of the RAF BBMF
Three 44 Squadron Avro Lancaster B.Is in 1942
Lancaster B I dropping 4 lb incendiaries followed by 30 lb incendiaries and finishing up with a 4,000 lb "cookie"
Tallboy bombs displayed with a standard R5868 Lancaster at RAF Scampton.
Jaguar XK120 [videos]
The Jaguar XK120 is a sports car manufactured by Jaguar between 1948 and 1954. It was Jaguar's first sports car since the SS 100, which ceased production in 1940. — History — The XK120 was launched in open two-seater or roadster form at the 1948 London Motor Show as a testbed and show car …
Jaguar XK120 open 2-seater
The first production XK120, chassis number 670003 originally owned by Clark Gable, at the 2012 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. The XK120 was the world's fastest production car at the time of its debut.
1950 aluminium-bodied XK120 ex-Clemente Biondetti, has competition seats and aftermarket steering wheel; positions of tachometer and speedometer have been reversed
1951 XK120 racing at Silverstone has a single aero screen mounted behind the removable full-width windscreen
Straight-six engine [videos]
The straight-six engine or inline-six engine is an internal combustion engine with the cylinders mounted in a straight line along the crankcase with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. — The bank of cylinders may be oriented at any angle, and …
A BMW M20B25 engine with the cylinder head removed, showing the pistons in the six cylinders of the engine
Crankshaft with 4 main bearings
1918-vintage BMW IIIa aviation engine
BMW M88 engine, used in the BMW M1
Mille Miglia [videos]
The Mille Miglia was an open-road, motorsport endurance race which took place in Italy twenty-four times from 1927 to 1957.Like the older Targa Florio and later the Carrera Panamericana, the MM made …
Alfa Romeo 6C 2300B Mille Miglia Spider, 1938
Memorial to victims of Mille Miglia where the fatal crash happened
Bandini 750 sport siluro in Mille Miglia 2006
Marx/Donà with Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 Gran Sport in 2008 Mille Miglia.
Stirling Moss [videos]
Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss, is a British former Formula One racing driver. An inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, he won 212 of the 529 races he entered across several categories of competition and has been described as "the greatest driver never to …
Stirling Moss at Copenhagen Airport (18 August 1958)
Moss shared this Vanwall VW5 with Tony Brooks to win the 1957 British Grand Prix.
Moss racing an Aston Martin DBR1 at the 1958 12 Hours of Sebring
Moss in his winning Lotus-Climax at the 1961 German Grand Prix.
1953 24 Hours of Le Mans [videos]
The 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 21st Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 13 and 14 June 1953, at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans. It was also the third round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship.British drivers Tony Rolt and Duncan Hamilton won the race with one of …
Ferrari 340 375 MM Berlinetta
Cunningham C4-R
Pegaso Z-102 that crashed
Le Mans in 1953
Jaguar XK6 engine [videos]
The Jaguar XK6 is an inline 6-cylinder dual overhead camshaft engine produced by Jaguar Cars between 1949 and 1992. Introduced as a 3.4-litre, it earned fame on both the road and track, being produced in five displacements between 2.4 and 4.2-litres for Jaguar passenger cars, with other …
Jaguar XK engine in a 1955 Jaguar D-Type
XK6 engine in an XK150
4.2-litre XK in a Jaguar 420
Middlesex [videos]
Middlesex is an ancient county in southeast England. It is now entirely within the wider urbanised area of London. Its area is now also mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in other neighbouring ceremonial counties. It was established …
The Middlesex Guildhall at Westminster
Coats of arms of Middlesex (left) and Buckinghamshire (right) in stained glass at the exit from Uxbridge tube station.
County of Middlesex sign in 2014, on the border between the London Boroughs of Barnet and Enfield.
Watling Street [videos]
Watling Street is a route in England that began as an ancient trackway first used by the Britons, mainly between the areas of modern Canterbury and St Albans using a natural ford near Westminster. The Romans later paved the route, which then connected the Kentish ports of Dubris, Rutupiae …
The road at Richborough Castle, one of the Romans' Kentish ports
Watling Street near Crick in Northamptonshire
Image: The old A5 (Watling Street) geograph.org.uk 373527
Wales Rally GB [videos]
The Wales Rally GB is the largest and most high-profile motor rally in the United Kingdom. It is a round of the FIA World Rally Championship and was formerly a round of the MSA British Rally Championship and is based in North Wales. From its first running in 1932 until the 53rd event in 1997, it …
Manfred Stohl driving a Citroën Xsara WRC at the 2007 Rally GB.
Michèle Mouton at the 1984 rally with an Audi Sport Quattro
This is a memorial on the tree for Michael Park where he lost his life.
Daimler Double-Six [videos]
Daimler Double-Six may refer to either of two different series of Daimler V12 engines or to a car produced by Jaguar Cars under the Daimler nameplate. — Engines made 1926 to 1938 — Daimler Double-Six Engine7.1-litre sleeve-valve 1926-1930 — 3.7-litre sleeve-valve 1927-193? — 5.3-litre sleeve-valve …
7.1-litre 50 drophead coupé by Corsica of Cricklewood 1931 example
6.0-litre HE 1994 example
Daimler Double-Six SIII (1988 example)
Hendon [videos]
Hendon is a London urban area in the Borough of Barnet, 7 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Hendon was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex and has been part of Greater London since 1965. Hendon had a population of 52,972 in 2011 which includes the West Hendon and Colindale wards …
The Claddagh Ring pub.
Hendon town hall.
Image: Hendon Town Hall
Jaguar C-Type [videos]
The Jaguar C-Type is a racing sports car built by Jaguar and sold from 1951 to 1953. The "C" stands for "competition". — The car used the XK 120 running gear of the contemporary road proven XK120 in a lightweight tubular frame designed by William Heynes and an …
1953 Jaguar C-Type in Ecurie Ecosse colours displayed at Dulwich Picture Gallery, 29 June 2014
C-Type frame
Image: Jaguar C Type XKC


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What happened to Tottenham's 'Magnificent Seven' signed with Bale money in 2013 including Soldado and Chiriches?
Etienne Fermie
Nov 24 2020, 7:26 ET
Updated: Nov 25 2020, 4:14 ET
IN 2013, Spurs were forced to blow up their squad following the world-record sale of Gareth Bale to Real Madrid.
The Welshman had netted 26 goals in the previous campaign, sweeping the Premier League's various individual awards ahead of the likes of Luis Suarez and Eden Hazard.
Spurs recruited the 'Magnificent Seven' in the summer of 2013
Gareth Bale was unveiled at Real Madrid in September 2013Credit: AFP
But there was a problem - Tottenham missed out on Champions League qualification by a point.
Daniel Levy was bullish that he could keep his star asset, but Real Madrid turned on their charm offensive and it soon became just a matter of when, not if.
So Spurs got busy, signing seven new players for over £100million - as the line went, they'd 'sold Elvis, and signed The Beatles'.
But while Bale was off winning four Champions Leagues with Madrid, Spurs' new signings were producing contrasting performances.
So let's take a look at what became of the 'Magnificent Seven'.
ROBERTO SOLDADO - £26m
Spurs thought that they had secured a prolific goalscorer in SoldadoCredit: Action Images - Reuters
Soldado, 35, now turns out for Granada in LaLigaCredit: AFP OR LICENSORS
Spaniard Soldado was probably the most exciting of the acquisitions, when he arrived from Valencia for £26million, fresh from wowing at the Confederations Cup and banging in 24 goals in LaLiga.
Despite no lack of trying, his time at White Hart Lane was a disaster, however, as he only managed seven goals in 52 Premier League appearances - with five of them coming from the penalty spot.
ROO CAN DO IT
Sir Alex Ferguson says Wayne Rooney has the 'presence' to be a top boss
'GLOVES ARE OFF'
Bruce says he is 'fair game' and calls Newcastle flops 's***e' v Sheff Utd
Levy did manage to squeeze £10m out of Villarreal for his services in 2015, and he has since played for Fenerbahce and Granada, where he currently resides.
While Soldado, 35, still plays in the Spanish top flight, he has never quite re-found that goalscoring touch, managing just seven goals in 33 appearances last season - with one in six so far this time out.
PAULINHO - £17m
The Brazilian struggled to make an impact at SpursCredit: Getty - Contributor
Paulinho has become a talismanic figure at Guangzhou EvergrandeCredit: AFP or licensors
Another that arrived off the back of a stellar Confederations Cup, Spurs fans thought they were getting 'the Brazilian Frank Lampard' when Paulinho arrived in N17.
Initial performances were steady, with a late back-heeled winner at Cardiff prompting pandemonium among the travelling supporters.
Things went downhill very quickly, however, with Paulinho being red carded in Andre Villas-Boas' final game in charged, before becoming a nervous wreck barely capable of completing a five yard pass by the end.
He was offered a career lifeline by Chinese Super League giants Guangzhou Evergrande, where he has become a big star and still plies his trade - via a very strange, if not totally unsuccessful year at Barcelona.
VLAD CHIRICHES - £8m
The Romanian struggled to cut down on his mistakes at TottenhamCredit: Bradley Ormesher - The Sun
A considerably scarier-looking Chiriches now turns out for Sassuolo in Serie ACredit: Reuters
Fans were excited at Chiriches' arrival, as they thought they'd unearthed a hidden gem from Steaua Bucharest, with a penchant for playing the ball out from the back.
And while he was very laid back, it often proved to be to the team's detriment, as his casual style tended to gift opponents easy goals, while leaving fans' hearts in their mouths.
Like Soldado and Paulinho, Chiriches lasted two seasons at the Lane, before being shipped off to Napoli.
The Romanian managed just 48 appearances across four seasons at San Paulo, before joining Sassuolo on loan last season - before making it permanent for just under £10m this summer.
NACER CHADLI - £7m
Chadli became a useful player in his three years at SpursCredit: News Group Newspapers Ltd
Chadli arrived in England yesterday and could feature against Manchester United tonightCredit: Getty Images - Getty
One of the more successful acquisitions of that summer, Chadli became a popular figure at Spurs despite an underwhelming start.
The Belgian joined from FC Twente, having scored against Tottenham home and away in the 2010-11 Champions League campaign.
But it was not until his second season that he really began to shine, scoring 13 goals as Mauricio Pochettino began to transform the club's fortunes.
He left for West Brom in 2017, eventually joining Istanbul Basaksehir this summer, via stints at Monaco and Anderlecht - also carving out a niche as Belgium's left wing-back at the 2018 World Cup in the process.
ETIENNE CAPOUE - £9m
Etienne Capoue struggled to make a big impact at SpursCredit: PA:Empics Sport
The Frenchman now turns out for Watford in the ChampionshipCredit: Getty Images - Getty
Neither wildly awful nor outstandingly memorable, Capoue is possibly the most forgettable player of the seven.
With Sandro having regressed due to knee injuries, Capoue initially seemed to be the perfect foil for Mousa Dembele in his place.
But the Frenchman fell out of favour despite steady performances, although was hung out to dry following a few awful displays as a makeshift centre-back.
He lasted one season beyond Pochettino's arrival in 2014, before joining Watford, for whom he has made 177 appearances and still remains - making seven outings in the Championship this term at 32.
CHRISTIAN ERIKSEN - £11m
Eriksen was a talismanic figure at Tottenham for over six seasonsCredit: Getty Images - Getty
The Dane finds himself out of favour at InterCredit: Getty Images - Getty
Without doubt the most successful acquisition of that summer, Christian Eriksen was an outstanding, indispensable member of the squad for six years, before eventually departing for Inter Milan in January.
A bargain at £11m, the Dane papered over cracks during Tim Sherwood's tenure, pulling out a brilliant goal or moment of genius time and time again to dig the team out of trouble.
He then became the heartbeat of Pochettino's side, so much so that they struggled to adapt whenever he was absent.
Eriksen admitted his desire to 'try something new' after losing the 2019 Champions League final and joined Inter six months later - although rumour has it that he could return to the Premier League after just a year following an underwhelming start to life in Italy.
ERIK LAMELA - £30m
Lamela joined Spurs just two days before Bale's move to Madrid was confirmedCredit: Action Images - Reuters
The duo now play together in Lamela's eighth season at SpursCredit: Getty - Pool
The last man standing, Erik Lamela remains at Spurs... alongside the man whose squad number he took - Gareth Bale.
Argentine Lamela, 28, actually had a bizarre start at Spurs, starting just three league matches in his first season before disappearing back to his homeland following a back injury early on in Tim Sherwood's tenure.
He returned following his compatriot Pochettino's arrival, wrestling for a starting berth before sustaining a troublesome hip injury in October 2016 that would keep him out for 13 months.
Lamela again recovered and returned to action, remaining a rotation option at Spurs, having now made 232 appearances for the club.
Sky Sports apologise for 'stereotyping Latin culture' after Graeme Souness' comments on Erik Lamela
TROUBLE BRUING
Fernandes says Man Utd have NO intention of letting Liverpool get 20th title

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Immerse yourself in our cultures.
Experience New Brunswick culture
A multifaceted cultural fabric.
The culture of New Brunswick—as felt in our music, foods, language, festivals, built environment, and history—is a fascinating mélange influenced by Indigenous, French, British, Irish and Scottish settlers, that is constantly changing with the influx of people from other parts of the world.
Our cross-cultural story begins at least 11,000 years ago with the ancestors of our Aboriginal communities, the Mi'kmaq, Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet) and Peskotomuhkatiyik (Passamaquoddy), in what would come to be known as New Brunswick. French settlers, led by Samuel de Champlain, explored our land in the early 1600s, and their descendants—Acadians—still call this area home today. The region was ceded to Great Britain in 1710, at which point British pioneers and New England planters started cultivating the fertile lands, followed by Loyalists in the 1780s, then Scottish and Irish settlers in the early 1800s. Danish settlers in the 1870s, Jewish immigrants from the 1890s, and Italian, Greek, Lebanese, Asian, Indian, Pakistani, Syrian and African Canadian communities have been established over the past century in the major cities.
Language is a particularly important part of our culture. New Brunswick has been officially bilingual for more than 50 years. Its first Official Languages Act was enacted in 1969, making the province Canada's first and only officially bilingual province. Two thirds of New Brunswickers are anglophone, one third are francophone, and 34% of New Brunswickers can speak both official languages.
New Brunswick Multicultural Council
New Brunswick Official Languages


This one bedroom flat is situated on the 6th floor of Defoe House with a South facing balcony with views over the Barbican s residents garden. DEFOE HOUSE is one of the sort after blocks within the estate. This particular style of flat (Type 58), has an L-shaped living room, original Barbican kitchen, original bathroom separate WC, spacious hall and bedroom.Defoe House is situated close to BARBICAN station, St PAUL'S (Central Line) Mansion House and the new Crossrail Station at FARRINGDON (under construction, due 2019). Within walking distance are Waitrose, Marks & Spencer and Tesco. Also within easy reach are St. Pauls' Cathedral, The River, South Bank, Tate Modern, and the One New Change Shopping Complex with sixty shops, restaurants and bars. The Barbican Arts Centre with its many bars, restaurants, theatre, cinema's, gallery and library is within easy walking distance.
Situated on the fifth floor of Andrewes House in the Barbican is this one bedroom (type 20) flat offering kitchen and bathroom, L shape reception room with access to south facing balcony, bedroom with balcony and views over the gardens and lakes to the rear. This ONE bedroom apartment measuring approximately 764 sq. feet and having a SOUTH and NORTH aspect with fantastic views over the Barbican gardens and lake. ANDREWES HOUSE is situated close to MOORGATE (Northern Line), St PAUL'S (Central Line) and the new Crossrail Station at Moorgate (under construction, due 2018). Within walking distance are Waitrose, Marks & Spencer and Tesco. Also within easy reach are St. Pauls' Cathedral, The River, South Bank, Tate Modern, and the One New Change Shopping Complex with sixty shops, restaurants and bars. The Barbican Arts Centre with its many bars, restaurants, theatre, cinema's, gallery and library is within easy walking distance along the covered podium that makes up the Barbican Estate.


Life is prana, prana is life. So long as prana remains in the body, so long there is life. Through prana, one obtains, even in this world, immortality.
Prana is a yoga community based in the historic Liberty Tower building in Dayton, OH. A safe place for you to learn, grow, and center your life with breath, movement, and balance.
Prana brings together the Dayton community to focus on improving through movement, meditation, and breathing.


Cliff camping, camping on the edge of a steep mountain wall, hundreds of feet off the ground, should be on every thrill seeker's 'Bucket List'. Join the guides at Kent Mountain Adventure Center, the leading authorities in the field of high adrenaline climbing and cliff camping, for a once in a lifetime adventure. High up in the beautiful Rocky Mountains, combine a day of climbing with a night of stargazing.
Cliff camping in Colorado is a unique, adrenaline-fuelled adventure, and the most stunning way to see the Rockies. Whether a novice or seasoned climbing veteran, Kent Mountain Adventure Club's mission is to 'provide personal growth through adventure'.
KMAC is a member of the American Mountain Guides Association (AMGA), and has been offering rock climbing instruction since 1987. Accomplishments of KMAC guides include; a certified wilderness medicine guide, the first Americans to scale the North Face of Europe's Eiger, and an avalanche instructor.
Learn climbing basics; knots, harnesses, how to ascend a rope, rappelling and more. Your morning introduction will last until lunch, when you'll take a break before heading over to the cliff camping site. Once at the cliff, you and your guide will set up the cliff camp, utilizing the portaledge. You'll have the freedom to choose either a climb or rope ascent to reach your cliff camp, resting at 160ft above the valley floor. High above terra firma, you'll snuggle into your portaledge, relax with tea and marvel at stunning beauty below, with a full 180 degree panorama. If time permits, you're welcome to try your hand at rock climbing below the cliff camp on various routes.
Enjoy a camper's dinner cooked by your guides before settling in for an evening of serene stargazing. After a night's rest, you'll eat a proper climber's breakfast, rappel back down the cliff side and tell tales of your extreme adventure with friends and family.
This booking is valid for redemption within six months from the date of issue.
This experience is based on two people with hotel and car rental. Other itineraries can be tailored and priced upon request.
Lunch, dinner and breakfast are included in the cost.
All climbing equipment and camping equipment is provided. Climbers may bring their own sleeping bags.
Cliff Climbing is seasonal. KMAC only run programs from May-September, or early October weather permitting that season.
Please allow at least 48 hours' notice in advance of bookings for any cancellations or amendments to the chosen date and time.
All bookings are subject to availability. We recommend booking at least 2 weeks in advance to guarantee the desired dates and times.
"Highly Recommended for Avid Fisherman"


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Help Us Assist You To Get The Treatment You Want
Nationwide Institutes Of Health Nih
Research Grants Search for numerous obtainable grants to drive the translation of basic research to advance human healthcare, and to extend the translational and clinical research capabilities of public hospitals, analysis establishments and medical researchers. Animals also share our susceptibility to some diseases and environmental hazards. Because of this, they can sometimes serve as early warning signs of potential human illness.
HPB is a credible and authoritative source of evidence-based health information that seeks to empower the Singapore public with information to take possession of their health and reside a healthy life-style.
This is meant to ensure that the whole inhabitants has entry to medical care on the idea of want quite than capacity to pay.
To preserve a excessive stage of vaccine safety, we've rolled out the vaccine booster programme for individuals aged 12 and above.
People throughout the nation will benefit from quicker, extra personalised healthcare, following a digital revolution to make the health and social care system match for the twenty first century.
Many governments view occupational health as a social problem and have fashioned public organizations to ensure the health and safety of employees.
Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete bodily, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity". A variety of definitions have been used for different purposes over time. Health could be promoted by encouraging healthful actions, similar to regular bodily train and sufficient sleep, and by decreasing or avoiding unhealthful activities or situations, such as smoking or extreme stress. Still, different Health components are beyond each individual and group choices, such as genetic problems. Public health additionally takes various actions to limit the health disparities between totally different areas of the country and, in some instances, the continent or world. One problem is the access of individuals and communities to health care by means of financial, geographical or socio-cultural constraints.
Oh, but it does the ineffective BMI thing invented within the 1600s that everybody who's within the sham "health" enterprise quotes despite the fact that it's not really measuring something. Make your mornings extra refreshing by improving the quality of your sleep via sleep levels and sleep scores. The Singapore Nursing Board is the regulatory authority for nurses and midwives in Singapore. They purpose to guard the common public via licensure and regulation of nursing/midwifery training and practice. Their mission is to uphold professional nursing requirements and honour the general public trust.
Data Strategy Is Stuffed With Potential, However Authorities Must Make Recommendations A Reality
Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues folks observe and adopt about their very own health. These include personal actions for stopping or minimizing the consequences of a illness, usually a persistent condition, via integrative care. They additionally embody private hygiene practices to prevent infection and sickness, corresponding to bathing and washing arms with soap; brushing and flossing teeth; storing, preparing and handling food safely; and many others. The inhabitants in query can be as small as a handful of individuals or as large as all of the inhabitants of several continents . Public health has many sub-fields, however usually contains the interdisciplinary categories of epidemiology, biostatistics and health providers. Environmental health, neighborhood health, behavioral health, and occupational health are additionally necessary areas of public health.
three.2By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and youngsters beneath 5 years of age, with all nations aiming to scale back neonatal mortality to no less than as little as 12 per 1,000 reside births and under-5 mortality to a minimum of as low as 25 per 1,000 live births. 15 times more more likely to die earlier than the age of 5 than children in high earnings international locations. It requires a whole-of-government and whole-of-society response, matching the resolve and sacrifice of frontline health employees. NIH-supported research has had a major positive influence on almost all of our lives. But with function, pioneering policy, pace and public participation, we will do this. Together, we can create an Aotearoa the place smokefree just isn't an aspirational goal but our actuality.
3.5Strengthen the prevention and remedy of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and dangerous use of alcohol. three.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per a hundred,000 live births. Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015, primarily of youngsters under 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The world malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 per cent and the mortality rates by fifty eight per cent. An estimated 6.2 million kids and adolescents under the age of 15 years died, largely from preventable causes. Of these deaths, 5.3 million occurred within the first 5 years, with virtually half of those in the first month of life.
Ongoing sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased danger for some persistent health problems. In addition, sleep deprivation has been shown to correlate with both increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times from illness. In one research, folks with continual inadequate sleep, set as six hours of sleep a night or much less, had been discovered to be 4 instances extra prone to catch a chilly in comparison with those that reported sleeping for seven hours or extra a night. Due to the function of sleep in regulating metabolism, inadequate sleep can also play a role in weight achieve or, conversely, in impeding weight loss.
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This analysis appears at the influence of excessive inflation and other factors affecting nurse pay, and… An evaluation of publicly obtainable information about the characteristics of ICSs, the contexts and… It's really important because folks out there are suffering from lung cancer. Making smoked tobacco merchandise more durable to purchase by lowering the number of outlets selling them and kickstarting a smokefree era. Public health has been promoted – and depicted – in all kinds of ways.
Successful public health interventions require the cooperation of human, animal, and environmental health companions. Professionals in human health , animal health , setting , and other areas of expertise want to communicate, collaborate on, and coordinate activities. Other relevant gamers in a One Health method might embody law enforcement, policymakers, agriculture, communities, and even pet homeowners. No one person, organization, or sector can tackle issues at the animal-human-environment interface alone.
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Govt. aims to replace safeguard duty with custom duty to protect local manufacturers of solar equipment, says Power Minister R K Singh
Minister of State for Power and New and Renewable Energy R K Singh has said, India is going to replace the safeguard duty with the custom duty to protect the local manufacturers of solar equipment. He said, some countries are dumping solar equipment at very low prices in our country to destroy local manufacturers.
Talking exclusively to AIR News, Mr. Singh said, India wants to expand its export base in the solar energy sector like wind energy wherein the country is not only self sufficient but also an exporter. He said, India has the maximum growth and demand of renewable energy as per capita energy consumption is very low in the country.
Talking about the production linked incentive scheme to boost the local manufacturing sector, the Minister said, this scheme will further accelerate the manufacturing.
Terming the PM-KUSUM scheme a second green revolution, Mr. Singh said, this scheme will benefit the farmers by providing subsidy for setting up solar pumps and solar power generation capacity on their barren lands.
The Minister said that the cost of solar power will come down in future with the increased efficiency of solar modules, cells and storage capacity. He said, this will help the consumer to a great extent by providing cheap electricity.
Health Minister Harsh Vardhan addresses Boston Center of Excellence for Health & Human Development
Jal Shakti Ministry's multi-disciplinary Technical Committee recommends technologies in drinking water, sanitation for field level solutions to States