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Description: research paper approval status report on sustainable airports in the united states: case study of chicago o'hare international airport by victoria m. ruble
Southern Illinois University Carbondale Graduate SchoolOpenSIUCResearch PapersSpring 4-11-2011Status Report on Sustainable Airports in the UnitedStates: Case Study of Chicago O'Hare InternationalAirportVictoria M. [email protected] this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rpRecommended CitationRuble, Victoria M., \"Status Report on Sustainable Airports in the United States: Case Study of Chicago O'Hare International Airport\"(2011). Research Papers. Paper 105.http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/105This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Papers byan authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]
STATUS REPORT ON SUSTAINABLE AIRPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES: CASE STUDY OF CHICAGO O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT By Victoria Ruble B.S., Southern Illinois University, 2009 A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Public Administration. Department of Political Science in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale May 2011
RESEARCH PAPER APPROVALSTATUS REPORT ON SUSTAINABLE AIRPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES: CASE STUDY OF CHICAGO O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT By Victoria M. Ruble A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Public Administration in the field of Political Science. Approved by: Dr. David NewMyer, Chair Dr. John Hamman Mr. Gary Shafer Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale April 11, 2011
AN ABSTRACT OF THE RESEARCH PAPER OFVictoria Ruble, for the Master of Public Administration degree in POLITICALSCIENCE, presented on April 4, 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: STATUS REPORT ON SUSTAINABLE AIRPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES: CASE STUDY OF CHICAGO O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. David NewMyer Sustainable policies affect the future of the environment. Airports across thecountry are focusing on sustainable airport planning to create a sustainable future foraviation by concentrating on the economic, social, and environmental impacts of aviation.Research is conducted through a literature review of sustainable airport planning andconducting a case study of Chicago O'Hare International Airport. Trends relating tosustainable airport planning are described, as well as current and future trends at ChicagoO'Hare International Airport. Sources include the City of Chicago's Department ofAviation and the Federal Aviation Administration, along with other books and scholarlyarticles. Chicago O'Hare International Airport is a leader in sustainable airport planningthrough the O'Hare Modernization Program and the Sustainable Airport Manual.Economics play a key role in sustainable airport planning. i
TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER PAGEABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................iLIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................ iiiCHAPTERSCHAPTER 1 – Introduction................................................................................1CHAPTER 2 – Methodology..............................................................................7CHAPTER 3 – FAA Documents Related to Sustainability................................8CHAPTER 4 – Other Documents Affecting Sustainable Airport Planning .....12CHAPTER 5 – Case Study: Chicago O'Hare International Airport.................15CHAPTER 6 – Findings and Conclusion .........................................................22TABLES .......................................................................................................................31REFERENCES .............................................................................................................32VITA ...........................................................................................................................35 ii
LIST OF TABLESTABLE PAGETable 1 ..........................................................................................................................31 iii
1 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONStatement of Purpose Sustainable policies established at an airport can affect the quality of life for thefuture. Stressing sustainability in airport planning can make a major impact on theenvironment through airport operations and maintenance (Luther, 2007). The purpose ofthis research is to describe sustainable airport planning initiatives. It will also provide acase study of Chicago O'Hare International Airport as a leader in sustainable airportplanning, specifically through the development of the Sustainable Airport Manual. (TheNational Leader in Sustainable Initiatives, 2010)Background The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), betterknown as the Brundtland Commission was assembled by the United Nations in 1983 inorder to address issues regarding humanity's impact on the environment and use ofnatural resources. Sustainable development was discussed during the commission and ismeant to support and improve the quality of life. (Moffat, 1996) The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) washeld in 1992 in order to further define and understand sustainable development after theBundtland Commission. UNCED characterized sustainable development as "the right todevelopment must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmentalneeds of present and future generations." (Muschett, pg 6) Balancing the needs of peopleis important in sustainable development and environmental preservation. UNCED furtherstates the necessity of environmental protection as part of sustainable development.(Muschett, pg 6)
2 Sustainability is relevant to operations and maintenance aspects at an airport,which are essential in a globalized society. However, air transportation causes negativeimpacts on the environment and on humans. The air transportation system is considered acause of air pollutants, especially carbon dioxide. (Janic, pg 4) Emissions from airtransportation have continuously increased over time, accounting for about 4% of carbonemissions from developed countries. (Safe Guarding Our Atmosphere, 2011)Prioritizing the quality of life for those using and living near the airport is increasinglydifficult because of advocates for economic growth. (Boons, Van Buuren, & Teisman,2010) There are discrepancies between the economic value of and ecological impacts ofan airport. Sustainable aviation has become a balance between the interest of the citizensin terms of sustainability and airport growth. (Boons, Van Buuren, & Teisman, 2010) Demand for air transportation and airport capacity continues to rise, but isimpacted by environmental limits, such as land use compatibility. According the FederalAviation Administration's (FAA) 2011 forecast, one billion passengers are to be flown in2021 and aviation growth over the next five years will average 3.7 percent per year.(FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2011 - 2031, 2011) The available seat miles,which are the FAA's way of measuring how busy the airline industry is, will increase 4.5percent in 2011. (FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2011 - 2031, 2011) Chicago O'Hare International (ORD) is a leading example of sustainable airportplanning. ORD has not only strived for a sustainable future through the O'HareModernization Program, but has created a living document that will continue to grow andchange, labeled the Sustainable Airport Manual, that has become a significant examplefor the future of sustainability. For example, ORD has created the "Bike to Work Plan,"
3which encourages employees to commute to work by bicycle, year-round, which willassist in decreasing the amount of carbon emissions released while driving. This programallows indoor bike storage, bike racks, and showers for employees. (Bike to Work atO'Hare International Airport, 2010)Significance of Problem Airports currently follow certain environmental impact and analysis standards,including impact studies and soundproofing for the surrounding communities. Even withregulations being enforced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and localcommunities, these airports are still producing pollution and waste caused by harmfulchemicals, such as paint, and lack of recycling programs, according to Roger Yu. (Yu,2008) Since 1970, an emphasis on impact analysis and mitigation methods has beenplaced on airports around the nation by the FAA and Environmental Protection Agency,which require environmental impact analysis for federally funded projects. Adopting sustainable measures is a slow process and goes beyond the minimumenvironmental requirements. Airports have embraced ideas ranging from low-flushtoilets and reusing coffee grounds to hybrid taxis and wind turbines. (Yu, 2008)Sustainability saves on energy costs and gives customers an encouraging impression ofthe airport. (Yu, 2008) The push to greater sustainability is caused by multiple factorsincluding economic impacts, social concern, and how airports effect the environment.(Hewitt, 2007) Various airports throughout the United States are focusing onenvironmental concerns, and ways to create a "green" culture while cutting costs at thesame time.
4 Creating a sustainable environment has been an important focus at the City ofChicago's Department of Aviation, specifically at O'Hare International Airport.Initiatives at O'Hare include specific green projects in the O'Hare ModernizationProgram (OMP) and the Sustainable Airport Manual.Research QuestionsWhat are the current trends in sustainable airport planning in the United States? What arethe current and future sustainable airport plans at Chicago O'Hare International Airport?Definitions The term sustainability can be traced back to the 1987 Brundtland Declaration,created to address environmental concerns. The Brundtland Declaration focused on theimplications of sustainable development in terms of policy making and action. (Moffatt,pg. 3) The Brundtland Commission was created in order to address environmentaldeterioration and depletion of natural resources. Sustainable development was defined as"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs." (Report of the World Commission onEnvironment and Devvelopment, 1987) In other words, sustainability is based on theconcept of individuals working together to decrease consumption of resources in order tomaintain a healthy environment. For example, recycling materials help in combatingresource depletion by recovering materials that are made into marketable products.(Recycling, 2010) Multiple types of sustainability are represented in airport planning. There are fourtypes of sustainable development, including, human, economic, social, andenvironmental. (Basiago, 1998) Each is needed to maintain life. Human sustainability is
5the basic need of humans to maintain a healthy lifestyle so that individuals can invest inhuman capital. Economic sustainability consists of ensuring a specific amount of capitalexists for a particular amount of time. Resources that are consumed need to be preserved,and must be regenerated for consumption. Social sustainability consists of communitiesthat need to effectively work together. (Sustainability, 2010) Without this many societieswould be destroyed. Airports need to pay attention to the social welfare of individualswhen operating. Finally, environmental sustainability involves the Earth's naturalresources that humans need for economic growth. If humans do not pay attention toimpacts on the environment, natural resources will be depleted. (Sustainability, 2010) According to the Airport Cooperative Research Program, airport sustainability isdefined as "practices that ensure: protection of the environment, including conservationof natural resources." (Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2008) It also involvessocial progress that recognizes the need of not only airport officials, but also the publicand ensures "maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment.(Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2008) Sustainable airport planning provides guidance regarding the bestenvironmentally friendly practices that will reduce the negative impact airports have onthe environment. Social responsibility, as well as design and construction practices,including renewable energy are included in sustainable planning. The FAA provides guidance on environmental planning documents, includingEnvironmental Assessments (EA), Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), andEnvironmental Management Systems (EMS). These documents are mandated by theFAA when there is a possibility for significant impact on the environment at an airport,
6and are mandatory for federal funding. (Wells & Young, p. 407) EAs provide likelyeffects of a proposed project on the environment. An EIS provides a comprehensiveoverview of areas of the environment that will be impacted. (Wells & Young, p. 407) AnEMS refers to the management of an airport's environmental programs. (AC 150/5050-8Environmental Managment Systems for Airport Sponsors, 2007) There are key differences between sustainable airport planning and environmentaldocuments provided by the FAA. Sustainable airport planning is not mandatory by theFAA. However, it provides comprehensive guidance on how airport officials caneffectively reduce the overall impact on the environment. (City of Chicago, 2010) Thisgoes beyond infrastructure changes as described in documents like the EnvironmentalImpact Statements. FAA documents tend to focus more on efficiency of the planningprocess rather than the effectiveness of sustainable planning. (City of Chicago, 2010)
7 CHAPTER 2 - METHODOLOGY In order to obtain a better understanding of the research concerning sustainableairport, I conduct a literature review. This includes the O'Hare Modernization Programand the Sustainable Airport Manual implemented at Chicago O'Hare InternationalAirport. The review includes documents from the Chicago Department of Aviation aswell as various scholarly articles and books related to sustainability and airport planning.I also review studies regarding sustainable development from other airports. I researchthe current and future sustainable airport plans at Chicago O'Hare International Airport.
8 CHAPTER 3 – FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION DOCUMENTS RELATED TO SUSTAINABILITY The Federal Aviation Administration provides multiple documents geared towardenvironmental airport planning issues. Advisory Circular (AC) 150 series addressesnoise concerns, as well as Environmental Management Systems. Advisory Circulars areused by airport management and other aviation operations to provide an understanding offederal regulations and procedures from the FAA. (Wells & Young, p. 21) The FAApublishes advisory circulars in order to provide guidelines on various aviation issues,ranging from airport compliance to aircraft worthiness. AC 150/5020 provides guidance for noise control and compatibility planning forairports. It also provides guidance for noise exposure maps and noise compatibilityprograms. The goal of AC 150/5020 is to reduce noncompatible land uses around theairport and prevent additional noncompatible land uses. Land use planning consists ofensuring the area surrounding the airport is used the best way possible while limiting thenegative impacts of the airport. (Wells & Young, p. 375) This program is not mandatoryfor airport to complete. However, airports are encouraged to create a Noise Control andCompatibility plan. This AC implements parts of the Aviation Safety and NoiseAbatement Act of 1979. It creates a system of measurement that will determine theexposure to noise of individuals surrounding the airport. Submission of Noise ExposureMaps, noise units and analytical techniques for assessments, compatible landidentification, and procedures for FAA approval are outlined in the AC. AC 150/5050-8 provides guidance for the development of EnvironmentalManagement Systems, or EMS. An EMS allows an airport to take a strategic approach to
9environmental issues by identifying goals, completing them, looking at the progress, andmaking continual improvements based on progress. (AC 150/5050-8 EnvironmentalManagment Systems for Airport Sponsors, 2007) This AC includes standards given bythe Environmental Protection Agency and the International Organization forStandardization. (AC 150/5050-8 Environmental Management Systems Airport Sponsors,2007) Airports create an EMS in order to receive federal funding for projects, such asrunway expansion. EMS must be kept current and up to date. (AC 150/5050-8Environmental Managment Systems for Airport Sponsors, 2007) This AC is gearedtoward large and medium hub airports that create an EMS. A large hub airport accountsfor at least one percent of the total annual passenger enplanements in the United States,while a medium hub airport accounts for at least 0.25 percent but less than one percent ofthe total annual passenger enplanements. (Administration, Airport Categories, 2010) AnEMS helps organize environmental projects with the objectives of the airport, and callsfor continued improvement. (FAA, AC 150/5050-8 Environmental Managment Systemsfor Airport Sponsors, 2007) As a result, airports may see cost reductions and significantsavings. (FAA, AC 150/5050-8 Environmental Managment Systems for AirportSponsors, 2007) Reducing consumption, complying with federal environmental laws,and process control are the main functions of an EMS. (FAA, AC 150/5050-8Environmental Managment Systems for Airport Sponsors, 2007) Process control is a tooldesigned to create stable and consistent operations, such as recycling and waste disposal,while providing feedback in order to correct the process. (Linstrom & Asbjornsen, 1996)Enhanced environmental management techniques, such as waste and emissions plans, area direct result of process control.
10 In 2010, the FAA developed a pilot program to support Sustainable AirportMaster Plans. The objective of this project is to produce planning documents that focusprimarily on sustainability. (Airport Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program, 2010) Tenairports from around the nation have been chosen to develop a Sustainable Master Plan orSustainable Management Plan, which are aimed to reduce negative impacts on theenvironment while benefiting from the economic benefits of sustainability. (AirportSustainable Master Plan Pilot Program, 2010) Airports that are updating their MasterPlan are eligible to complete a Sustainable Master Plan that would include a chapter thatfocuses on sustainability. Those airport officials that are interested in sustainability butdo not need to update the Master Plan may create a Sustainable Management Plan as astand-alone document. (Airport Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program, 2010) The FAA provides guidance for creating the Sustainable Master Plan and theSustainable Management plan. Each document should contain a sustainable policy ormission statement including how the document will be communicated to airportemployees. (Airport Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program, 2010) Definitions ofsustainable categories are required, such as environmental resources that may includenoise, water, and air quality. (Airport Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program, 2010) Aninventory of each defined sustainable category is to be conducted, such as an emissionsinventory or environmental resource usage. (Airport Sustainable Master Plan PilotProgram, 2010) Water consumption is an example of environmental resource usage. Thedocument establishes measurable goals for each sustainable category in order tominimize impact and identifies initiatives that will assist in reaching each goal. (Airport
11Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program, 2010) For example, a goal is to reduce energyconsumption and initiatives include turning off lights and changing air filters regularly. Sustainable Master Plans are tailored to AC 150/5070 regarding Airport MasterPlans, which describes elements included in an Airport Master Plan. (Airport SustainableMaster Plan Pilot Program, 2010) Elements include inventory, activity forecasts,demand/capacity analysis, facilities requirements, design alternatives, and financial plans.(Wells & Young, p. 374) Airports participating in the pilot program include Denver International Airport,CO; Fresno Yosemite International Airport, CA; Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta InternationalAirport, GA; Nashville International Airport, TN; Newark Liberty International Airport,NY; Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport, VA; Newton City-CountyAirport, KS; Outagamie County Regional Airport, WI; Renton Municipal Airport, WA;and Teterboro Airport, NJ. (Airport Sustainability, 2010)
12 CHAPTER 4 – OTHER DOCUMENTS AFFECTING SUSTAINABLE AIRPORT PLANNING The General Accounting Office (GAO) released a study regarding sustainableaviation in September 2010, titled: Aviation and the Environment. The purpose of thisstudy was to look at environmental impacts caused by the aviation industry in order forairports to focus on these issues when working towards sustainable airport planning.Four key areas were addressed, including noise reduction, water pollution, air pollutionand emission reduction, and the implementation of sustainable practices. (Aviation andthe Environment, 2010) The GAO took into account voluntary actions taken by pilots such as operationprocedures that are designed to lower noise levels. The GAO also reviewed severalenvironmental requirements at the federal and state levels, which include water and airpollution. (Aviation and the Environment, 2010) The study noted that airports havestarted to create strategies that address environmental issues. Larger airports have moreof an impact on the environment, but also take greater steps in sustainability, such asemissions reduction. However, the study noted that airports are beginning to be moreconcerned about sustainable practices, including EMS. (Aviation and the Environment,2010) The GAO conducted this study because of forecast growth in the aviation industrycreating a greater need for airport growth. Subsequently, airports will create moredamaging effects to the environment. (Aviation and the Environment, 2010) The studylooked at strategies that airports use to decrease the impact on the environments. Federal
13laws and regulations were reviewed, as well as various local governments and airports.However, the GAO did not offer any recommendations to improve sustainable practices. The Sustainable Aviation Guidance Alliance (SAGA) will have an impact offuture sustainably airport planning. SAGA assists airport operators in sustainable airportplanning as an effort to consolidate and compile sustainable airport planning guidelinesand practices. (Sustainable Aviation Resources, 2011) SAGA released a resourceguidebook for sustainable airport planning, as well as created a database of variousairport practices. The guidebook provides airports with a guide comprised of threesections, including how airports define sustainability; planning, implementation,improving and maintaining a sustainability program; and sustainable airport examples.(Sustainable Aviation Resources, 2011) The Sustainable Database is a resource forairports that includes a compilation of various sustainable airport planning practices thatallows the airport to search and implement practices. (Sustainability Database, 2011)This includes various policies and practices such as waste reduction and low emittingmaterials. (Sustainability Database, 2011) The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) is an applied researchprogram that creates solutions to problems faced by airport officials. The program ismanaged by the Transportation Research Board (TRB). In 2008 the ACRP Synthesis 10:Airport Sustainability Practices was published. The purpose of the study is to tell airportofficials about current sustainability practices. (Airport Cooperative Research Program,2008) Information in the study was obtained through literature and a web-based survey.This study looked at the implementation of sustainable practice, barriers in implementingsustainable airport planning, future drivers for sustainable airport planning,
14environmental sustainability performance at airports, and social sustainabilityperformance at airports. (Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2008) Environmental sustainability performance includes water quality, air quality,materials, and waste. (Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2008) Socialsustainability performance includes public awareness, indoor environmental quality, aswell as employee and passenger well-being. (Airport Cooperative Research Program,2008) According to the ACRP, existing drivers for sustainable airport planning areglobal trends, customers, and international regulations, while future trends are beingdriven by State and local regulations, customers, and economic incentives such at rebates.(Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2008) However, according to the ACRP, lackof funding is a barrier to the implementation of sustainable airport planning. (AirportCooperative Research Program, 2008) Overall, the ACRP found that airports are takinginitiative that fit within sustainable airport planning, with the emphasis being placed onenvironmental issues, such as air quality. (Program, 2008)
15 CHAPTER 5 – CASE STUDY: CHICAGO O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT O'Hare is currently working on a project, labeled the O'Hare ModernizationProgram, or OMP, which is managed by the Chicago Department of Aviation. TheO'Hare Modernization Act was signed by Governor Rod Blagojevich in August of 2003.(Chicago, 2010) The law recognizes that the state of Illinois depends on efficiency atORD because the airport enhances the economic welfare of the state by providing morejobs and business. (Chicago, 2010) The projects included in the program are all based offof the Sustainable Airport Manual (SAM).Sustainable Airport Manual The Sustainable Airport Manual (SAM) was developed by the City of Chicago'sDepartment of Aviation in order to integrate sustainable airport planning into allfunctions of an airport. The City of Chicago created the SAM in order to promote the bestpossible environmental, social, and fiscally responsible practices and to enhance thequality of life in the city. It is built as a living document, meaning it will change overtime as sustainability continues to grow and develop, and incorporates new technologies,best practices, lessons learned, and design and sustainable initiatives. (SustainableAirport Manual, 2010) The SAM started off as the Sustainable Design Manual (SDM), which was part ofthe 2003 O'Hare Modernization Program. As it matured, it was renamed the SAM.Chicago was the first city to develop sustainable guidance for airport planning. Version1.0 of the SAM was initially released in 2009 and included a variety of sustainable airportplanning initiatives and case studies related to them. Version 2.0 of the SAM wasreleased on November 15, 2010.
16 The creation of the SAM has resulted in construction efficiency, specifically interms of cost saving; reduction in the use of natural resources; and the use of bestavailable practices. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) ORD has been able to cut costsin a variety of ways using the SAM. For example, ORD recovered and reused 95 percentof concrete, asphalt, and on site dirt, saving nearly $3 million. (Sustainable AirportInitiatives, 2010) Managing excess materials and soil on site has saved ORD $100million. (Sustainable Airport Initiatives, 2010) Chapters included in the SAM includeAdministrative Procedures, Design and Construction, Planning, Operations andMaintenance, and Concessions and Tenants. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) Many parties have contributed to the creation of the SAM, including airportexecutives, industry leaders, and environmental experts from around the world. Airportsthat have participated in the SAM include Paris-Charles de Gaulle, San Francisco, LosAngeles, San Diego, Reno-Tahoe, Portland, Oakland, Seattle-Tacoma, Dallas-FortWorth, Denver, Detroit, Boston-Logan, Atlanta-Hartsfield, St. Louis, Minneapolis-St.Paul, Baltimore-Washington, and Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.(Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) As a result of the SAM, a rating system and a green airplane certification awardsystem were developed. The SAM uses the Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign (LEED) rating system as a basis, along with lessons learned from the originalSDM and the availability of new technologies. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) LEEDis a green building certification system that provides verification that a building wasdesigned using sustainable processes, such as water efficiency and emissions reductions.(U.S. Green Building Council, 2010) The manual is designed so that it can be applied to
17any airport's environment. The practices described in the SAM can reduce theenvironmental impact of the airport while creating financial, operational and socialbenefits. Using the sustainable airport planning practices can reduce operational costs andincrease productivity. For example, using on site recycling and reusing constructionwaste can reduce transportation costs. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) The SAM provides guidance for sustainable elements in airport planning.Information in the SAM is drawn from documents powered by the FAA, the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S.Department of Agriculture, and the Illinois Department of Transportation. The SAM checklist uses an approach to incorporate sustainable practices intoairport design. A project is tracked by using a checklist in order to decide the number ofapplicable credits that are in the SAM. The checklist is completed by the designer of theproject. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) Points are achieved by meetingrequirements outlined in the SAM and checklists, such as using local and regionalmaterials, low emitting materials, and clean fuel in construction vehicles. (SustainableAirport Manual, 2010) Each design team must demonstrate how the credits will beachieved. The SAM Green Airplane Rating System is outlined in the SAM and uses afive tiered approach to rating projects using "Green Airplane Certification" symbols.(Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) The Green Airport Rating System can be seen inTable 1. Administrative procedures provide green meeting practices and are intended toguide meetings towards a green standard. This will help reduce the negative impact on
18the environment, while educating people about sustainable meetings. This chapterprovides examples of how to host a green meeting. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010)Meeting hosts are asked to consider sharing meeting materials, digitizing materials anddistributing presentations via email, or placing a single large poster on the wall formultiple people to view. If handouts are necessary hosts are asked to use local products,double sided pamphlets, recycled material, or vegetable based inks. It is also suggestedthat presenters avoid travel plans for participants, by using video or phone conferencing.(Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) The reduction of paper used is an important taskwhen hosting a green meeting. A guideline for reduction is outlined in the SAM andincludes identifying a process for essential copies, promoting centralized review roomsfor documents, and providing recycling. Airports can eliminate a vast amount of wasteby following the administrative procedures outlined in the SAM. (Sustainable AirportManual, 2010) The Planning chapter of the SAM is designed to look at planning of the airport'sphysical environment in terms of design and construction, and its impact on theenvironment. It outlines the procedures for the airport's compliance with federal, state,and local standards, while looking at planning as a process that establishes goals forprojects. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) Planning begins at the earliest stages ofdevelopment, which makes it an essential part of sustainability. This chapter creates anintegrated approach and is customizable to the organization. It assists in designing theoverall framework for the airport project. (Aviation, 2010) The planning process helpsdefine sustainability goals and can be applied to the airport's master plan. One exampleof sustainable airport planning in the SAM is assisting the project manager in writing a
19sustainable vision for the project by establishing project requirements. (SustainableAirport Manual, 2010) The Design and Construction chapter provides an outline of sustainable practicesat an airport. It includes information on sustainable sites in order to reduce pollutionfrom construction. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) Alternative transportation andpublic transportation access is discussed in order to reduce pollution and landdevelopment impact from automobile use. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) Inrelation to automobiles, alternative fuels and low emissions vehicles are also discussed.Stormwater design and quality control is part of the design and construction chapter. Thedesign and construction chapter also discusses best construction practices and indoorenvironmental quality. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) Using these practices willenable the airport to have a lower impact on the environment while potentially cuttingcosts at the airport. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010) Operations and maintenance at an airport includes a variety of tasks, includingroutine matters and unusual circumstances, including keeping records, snow removal, andemergency preparedness. These operations must comply with regulations that protect theenvironment. Airports must consider the negative impacts operations have on theenvironment, including noise, land use, and social impacts. (Sustainable Airport Manual,2010) The SAM provides guidelines on sustainable operations and maintenance, alongwith the rating system specifically for operations and maintenance. The SAM is designedto ensure sustainability at the airport by reducing the impact of day to day activities,including water and energy use, environmentally friendly products, and sustainablepurchasing policies, as well as waste stream management. (Sustainable Airport Manual,
202010) Waste stream management is defined as the flow of waste products from the areaof use, domestic or industrial, to the final disposal area. (Waste Stream, 2010) Forms ofrecycling will lessen the content of the waste stream. Information in the Operations andMaintenance chapter is applicable to tenants that do not interact with customers. Usingcleaning products with a minimum of 49% biobased content is one example ofsustainable operations and maintenance practices. (Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010)Biobased cleaners rely on renewable resources, such as plants, and usually do not containtoxins. Finally, concessions and tenants include businesses that have decided to conductbusiness at the airport and have signed a lease agreement with the airport in order toutilize facilities. They are important to the function of the airport. (Sustainable AirportManual, 2010) Concessions provide passengers services while waiting to travel andprovide airports with significant financial benefits. They may include services rangingfrom car rentals, hotels, restaurants, and airlines. The Concessions and Tenants chapterin the SAM looks at all airport tenants who have direct customer interaction.Concessionaires and tenants are evaluated in terms of sustainability, energy and waterefficiency, materials used, as well as company policy. An example of sustainableconcessionaires includes recycling programs for food waste, such as composting.(Sustainable Airport Manual, 2010)O'Hare Modernization Program The $6.6 billion development at O'Hare comes at no cost to local or statetaxpayers. (O'Hare Modernization Program, 2009) O'Hare currently generates 450,000jobs and $38 billion in economic activity for the city of Chicago and Illinois. The OMP
21has created 195,000 more jobs and $18 billion in annual economic activity. (Chicago,2010) The project has saved airlines about $370 million and has saved passengers about$380 million annual. The funding for the project comes from Passenger Facility Charges,General Airport Revenue Bonds, and Airport Improvement Program funds. (Chicago,2010) Recycled materials have been used for many parts of OMP, including crushedconcrete for backfill, asphalt grindings, steel, copper wire, and other aggregates forconcrete mixers. (O'Hare Modernization Program, 2009) O'Hare houses the first LEED-certified air traffic control tower. A new passenger terminal is proposed for the west sideof the airport, which will create a more efficient airport. (O'Hare Modernization Program,2009) The runways at O'Hare are being reconfigured to a more efficient parallel designmodel. At completion there will be a total of eight runways: six east-west parallelrunways and two crosswind. Changing the configuration of the runways into a modernparallel design will reduce flight delays and increase capacity at the airport. (Wells &Young, p. 437) The strategic placement of parallel runways allows ORD to have moresimultaneous operations. Three major projects have been completed at ORD. As of 2008 a 3,000 footextension to Runway 10/28 was added. (O'Hare Modernization Program, 2009)Theseprojects were completed $40 million under budget. (O'Hare Modernization Program,2009) The new runway and runway extension has had a positive impact on operations atO'Hare. A third runway project is currently underway. This runway will be capable ofhandling Airplane Design Group VI, which includes the Boeing 747 and Airbus A380.
22The entire project is scheduled to be completed in 2014. (O'Hare Modernization Program,2009) More green initiatives done by O'Hare include Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel forvehicles, recycling of demolition materials, utilizing building and construction materialsfor projects from sources that are no more than 500 miles, and restricting idling vehicles.(O'Hare Modernization Program, 2009) Over 150 acres of wetlands are being replacedby 450 acres in mitigation processes. (O'Hare Modernization Program, 2009) Green roofsare being added to various buildings, which contain a vast amount of vegetations growingon top and will reduce the amount of stormwater run-off. (Sustainable Airport Manual,2010) Dual flush toilets and high efficiency devices on faucets are being added to theterminal. These toilets use two flush buttons, usually a handle that will move in twodirections. Dual flush toilets consist of two different flushes: the long flush that will use1.6 gallons of water and the short flush that uses half of the amount of the long flush.(McGinn, 2004) Duel flush toilets reduce the amount of water usage. (McGinn, 2004) Volatile Organic Compounds, or VOCs, are emitted from various solids andliquids, and include a variety of chemicals. VOCs are emitted from paints, cleaningsupplies, pesticides, and building materials. (Volatile Organic Compounds, 2010) Theseemissions can cause negative health effects in humans, such as damage to the liver andthe central nervous system. (Volatile Organic Compounds, 2010) In order to prevent thisORD began using low VOC emitting sealants, paints, and coatings throughout theplanning process. Finally, local and regional building and construction materials arebeing used throughout the process. (O'Hare Modernization Program, 2009)
23 CHAPTER 6 – FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONOverview of Sustainable Airport Planning Economics is the major driving trend for the move to sustainable airports. Hewittstates according to Sue Schalk, the president of Aerofinity, "For airports, the economicside is more important than the environmental or social." (Hewitt, 2007) Usingenvironmentally-friendly methods when planning future projects on an airport makesgood business sense. Sustainable technology can lower utility costs at an airport.However, cost-effectiveness is a key selling point when speaking with airport sponsors.In order for an airport to sell sustainability it must prove that the methods are more likelyto save money in the long run. For example, replacing old heating, ventilating, and airconditioning units with more efficient systems would save airports, a significant amountof money spent on utility costs, as well as lower energy costs. While large and medium airports have started to focus on creating sustainableenvironment, it is difficult for smaller airports to participate in the green trends becauseof the high costs involved. Cost becomes more important than how future planning isgoing to effect the environment. With the current recession and the decline of interest ingeneral aviation it has become increasingly difficult for general aviation airports to focuson anything but the costs. A general aviation airport has fewer than 2,500 enplanedpassengers and used by aircraft not providing commercial air carrier passenger service,such as flight training, personal transportation, and medical transport. (Wells & Young,p. 15) According the FAA, general aviation activity fell 5.6 percent in 2008. (FAAAerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2009-2025, 2009) While economic tends to be the bigtheme, it is possible to incorporate some sustainable methods in the planning of future
24developments at smaller airports. Scaling down some major projects such as the use ofwind turbines may be one solution, causing a reduction of energy costs, and a positivereturn on the investment. A major factor in considering sustainability is the economicimpact. The impact airports have on the environment is a factor in creating sustainablefacilities. Environmental topics include energy conservation, air quality, water quality,material management, green buildings, and waste management. "Airports have beenspending hundreds of millions in terminal facilities that are aesthetically pleasing butaren't designed to conserve energy," states Steven Gitlin, of AeroVironment, accordingto Roger. (Yu, 2008) Any time an airport begins a new federally funded project it isrequired by the FAA and the Environmental Protection Agency to conduct anEnvironmental Assessment. Airports produce environmental impact studies prior tobeginning a project. This helps alleviate environmental concerns regarding a specificproject. It is guidance for improving and maintaining environmental planning at anairport, and sets up some standards in improving the environment. Other initiatives aredesigned to develop greener facilities, for example, Chicago's Sustainable AirportManual. Currently the FAA has produced standards through Advisory Circular (AC)150/5050-8 which is a guide for Environmental Management Systems. Long termenvironmental planning has become a major objective at airports across the country, duein some part to the increasing awareness of the public and growing trends towards agreener future. (Hewitt, 2007) Social concerns, which include public awareness, heritage, and passenger well-being, are also encouraging the shift to greener side. Over the past several years there has
25been a conversion in society's mindset towards sustainability. Public sentiment isimportant when considering future planning on airports because of people's heightenedawareness of environmental impacts. According to the Gallup Organization, theenvironment is consistently more important than economics in the public's mind.(Carlson, 2005) It is important for airport personnel to consider their social responsibilityhow the public is going to feel about the project that is being implemented. If the projectdoes not support sustainability there is a possibility there may be negative reactionstowards the airport from the public. In states such as Oregon sustainability already playsa large role in society. People in Portland, Oregon generally already have a "greenerethic." (Hewitt, 2007) Another area where there is a strong environmental culture is SanFrancisco, California. (Hewitt, 2007) Going green is nearly becoming mandatory due tothe strong environmental culture that exists in San Francisco. (Hewitt, 2007)Conversely,environmental cultures are just starting to take hold in some areas. Airports have the potential to become leaders in changing an area's environmentalethics. For example, the O'Hare Modernization Program has become one of the biggestgreen projects the city has committed to. (Hewitt, 2007) Boston's Logan InternationalAirport (BOS) has been a major contributor to the creation of sustainable airports. (LoganAirport: Airport Programs, 2009) BOS has become a leader in reducing itsenvironmental impact, which has been dramatically reduced in the past decade. (LoganAirport: Airport Programs, 2009) The airport has been tremendously proactive indeveloping its own initiatives and goals to maintain a sustainable environment. Logan'sDelta terminal is expected to be a "national model for environmentally-friendly airportfacilities." (Logan Airport: Airport Programs, 2009) The facility maximizes the use of
26green technology by implementing the use of reused materials, natural lighting, energyconservation plans, and the use of alternative fuels. (Logan Airport: Airport Programs,2009) The Delta terminal at Boston's Logan is the first to earn LEED certification in theUnited States. (Airport Terminal First To Earn LEED Certification, 2006) This is doneby using the principles of environmentally friendly design to different facets of theconstruction. BOS's terminal includes the installation of a particular glass that isdesigned to reflect heat from the windows. This minimizes heat loss in the winter andheat gain in the summer. Also included is the participation in recycling programs and theuse of storm-water filtration devices which lower levels of solids and phosphorus inrunoff. (Airport Terminal First To Earn LEED Certification, 2006) Another example of Boston's Logan International is the use of warm-mix asphalton the runways. BOS is the first to use warm-mix asphalt for repaving. FAAspecifications do not address warm-mix currently. Crews can place warm-mix asphalt atcooler temperatures, which cools off quickly. (Cho, 2009) This is important because thecooler temperatures of warm-mix asphalt will reduce emissions and lower fuel usage.(Evaluating Warm-Mix Asphalt Field Performance, 2010) Wind turbines have also beenplaced at BOS. There are twenty, six foot tall wind turbines placed on top of the airport'sheadquarters. They are placed at a certain angle to capture the winds. (Yu, 2008) Large and medium hubs across the nation have provided excellent examples ofsustainable facilities and grounds. Airports have developed a variety of ways tocontribute to sustainable environments. Everything from advanced recycling programs,the use of wind turbines, green roofs, alternative fuels, to the use of warm-mix asphalthas been developed. (Hewitt, 2007)
27 Another important step in the race for sustainability is the development of City ofChicago's Sustainable Airport Manual (SAM), which is a comprehensive guide forenvironmentally friendly design and construction, designed in conjunction with O'Hare'sModernization Program. (Cho, Global Input Grows O'Hare 'Green Bible', 2009) Includedis a specific scoring system for design, construction, operations and maintenance, andtenants. The manual also includes forms to fill out that record compliance of contractors.LEED certified professional are required to participate on each design team. (Cho,Global Input Grows O'Hare 'Green Bible', 2009)Current Trends at Chicago O'Hare International Airport Chicago O'Hare continues to focus on airport sustainability through the O'HareModernization Program and the Sustainable Airport Manual. The focus of O'Hare'sprojects is to bring sustainable practices into every part of the design and constructionprocesses. The current trends in sustainable airport planning at ORD are creating a betteruse of assets at the airport while reducing the environmental footprint. The use of moreadvanced and sustainable technology will continue to help ORD reduce costs. O'Hareintends to reduce impact on the environment through the best use of environmental,social, and fiscally responsible practices as outlined in the Sustainable Airport Manual.This includes communicating with tenants to ensure better infrastructure in the future,which can be done through practices as simple as recycling. Many awards have been given to O'Hare due to their excellence in sustainability,including the 2008 Governor's Pollution Prevention Award. This award is designed torecognize efforts in pollution prevention in the state of Illinois. The OMP reduces delays
28and increases capacity at O'Hare. (O'Hare Modernization Program, 2009) It has alsocreated a vast number of jobs in the Chicago region. O'Hare has completed work on Runway 9L/27R (O'Hare Modernization Program,2009), which was commissioned on November 20, 2008. It was on schedule and underbudget. The North Air Traffic Control Tower was completed on November 20, 2008 aswell. The Extension of Runway 10L/28R was completed September 25, 2008, underbudget and ahead of schedule. Passenger enplanements are expected to grow at ORD. Enplanements fell slightlyat approximately 22,155, 127 in 2010 from 23,111,802 in 2009. (APO Terminal AreaForecast Detail Report, 2010) However, the FAA Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) at ORDshows a growth in passenger enplanements to 23,786,900 in 2011. (APO Terminal AreaForecast Detail Report, 2010) TAFs are official forecasts of aviation activity at FAAfacilities.Future Trends at Chicago O'Hare International Airport O'Hare International Airport will continue to focus on sustainable planningpractices when dealing with future developments at the airport. Future trends at O'Hareinclude continuing development of the airport through the use of the O'HareModernization Program, as well as continued use of the Sustainable Airport Manual.Officials at ORD hope to complete the runway expansion projects that are outlined in theO'Hare Modernization Program, as well as completing a second air traffic control tower.The City of Chicago officials also hope to continue its work on a new terminal buildinglabeled Terminal 7. This $15 billion project will be located on the west side and have its
29own highway access, as well as possible rail access. (Chicago, 2010) This terminal willincorporate guidelines from the Sustainable Airport Manual. Despite planning for a new terminal, major concerns about the future of it andrunway construction have arisen. Two main airlines, United Airlines and AmericanAirlines, have filed a joint lawsuit in order to prevent the second phase of the expansionplan. (Lazare, 2010) These carriers account for approximately eighty percent of the trafficat ORD, whose biggest concern with the project is the burden of the cost on the airlinesand its passengers. (Lazare, 2010) Currently, both the airlines and the City of Chicago arein negotiations after pushing back judicial trial in attempt to mediate a resolution. (Pletz,2011) In the mean time, ORD will continue to focus on completing the O'HareModernization Program, and continue to focus on achieving a sustainable environmentthrough the use of the Sustainable Airport Manual.Conclusion The current trends in sustainable airport planning include multiple planningdocuments, economic, social, and environmental movements. The FAA providesAdvisory Circulars that provide guidelines to assist airports in environmental issues, aswell as requiring Environmental Assessments and Emergency Management Systems forfederally funded projects. However, these documents do not focus on the long termeffects of sustainable planning. Therefore, the FAA created the Sustainable Master PlanPilot Program which focuses on creating long term sustainable planning at airports. The GAO and ACRP released studies regarding trends in sustainability at airports.These studies identify important aspects of sustainable airport planning. SAGA provides
30a database which outlines sustainable planning issues for airport officials. Airports arestarting to realize the importance of social concerns in airport planning and focusing onsocial awareness. The economic impact of sustainable planning can be significant andcost-effective. However, it is difficult for smaller airports to focus on the economicimpact because of the initial costs of sustainable airport initiatives. Airports, such asBoston Logan Airport have responded to sustainable airport planning by introducingsustainable initiatives such as wind turbines. Current trends at Chicago O'Hare International Airport include the O'HareModernization Program and the Sustainable Airport Manual. Projects included in theOMP are designed to reflect the SAM. The SAM is a living document that focuses onsustainable airport planning and creates a guideline for airports to follow. Future trendsat Chicago O'Hare International Airport include focusing on the completion of the OMPand continuing to build on the SAM. The City of Chicago plans to continue withbuilding the new Terminal 7 to expand on capacity with the growing number ofpassengers at the airport. Developing sustainable airports is the future of airport planning. Airports have animpact on the surrounding environments and the people who live in the area. It isimportant for airports to be socially and environmentally responsible. Many airportshave started to develop a sustainable environment. A forerunner in sustainable airportplanning is Chicago O'Hare International Airport. The Sustainable Airport Manual hasbeen an essential aspect in the future of sustainable airport planning.
31Table 1: SAM Green Airplane Rating SystemSource: Sustainable Airport Manual, City of Chicago, 2010
32 REFERENCESAirport Cooperative Research Program. (2008). ACRP Synthesis 10: Airport Sustainability Practices. Airport Cooperative Research Program.Airport Terminal First To Earn LEED Certification. (2006). Civil Engineering .Basiago, A. D. (1998). Economic, social, and environmental sustainability in development theory and urban planning practice. The Environmentalist , 19 (2), 141-161.Bike to Work at O'Hare International Airport. (2010). Retrieved February 2011, from The Chicago Airport System: http://www.flychicago.com/Environment/OhareBiketoWork.shtmBoons, F., Van Buuren, A., & Teisman, G. (2010). Governance of sustainability at airport: Moving Beyond the depate between growth and noise. Natural Resources Forum , 34 (4), 303-313.Carlson, D. (2005, April 12). Public Priorities: Environment vs. Economic Growth. Retrieved March 2011, from Gallup: http://www.gallup.com/poll/15820/public- priorities-environment-vs-economic-growth.aspxCho, A. (2009). Boston First To Use Warm-Mix Asphalt on U.S. Runway. ENR: Engineering News-Record .Cho, A. (2009). Global Input Grows O'Hare 'Green Bible'. ENR: Engineering News- Record , 263 (6), 10-11.City of Chicago. (2010). Sustainable Airport Manual Version 2.0. Chicago: City of Chicago.City of Chicago. (2010). About the O'Hare Modernization Program. Retrieved February 2011, from City of Chicago: http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doa/provdrs/omp/svcs/about_the_omp .htmlEvaluating Warm-Mix Asphalt Field Performance. (2010, August). Retrieved February 2011, from National Center for Asphalt Technology: http://eng.auburn.edu/research/centers/ncat/info-pubs/newsletters/fall- 2010/evaluating-wma-field-performance.htmlFederal Aviation Administration. (2010, August 19). Airport Categories. Retrieved February 2011, from Federal Aviation Administration:
33 http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/categorie s/Federal Aviation Administration. (2007). AC 150/5050-8 Environmental Managment Systems for Airport Sponsors. Federal Aviation Administration.Federal Aviation Administration. (2010). APO Terminal Area Forecast Detail Report. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.Federal Aviation Administration. (2010, December 28). Airport Sustainability. Retrieved January 2011, from Federal Aviation Administration: http://www.faa.gov/airports/environmental/sustainability/Federal Aviation Administration. (2010, May 27). Airport Sustainable Master Plan Pilot Program. Federal Aviation Administration.Federal Aviation Administration. (2009). FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2009 - 2025. Federal Aviation Administration.Federal Aviation Administration. (2011). FAA Aerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2011 - 2031. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.Hewitt, W. (2007). The Only Way to Fly. Planning , 22-25.Lazare, L. (2010, January 18). Airlines sue city to prevent O'Hare expansion bonds. Retrieved January 2010, from Chicago Sun-Times: http://www.suntimes.com/business/3374935-417/hare-airlines-phase-american- expansion.htmlLinstrom, P., & Asbjornsen, O. (1996). Model based statistical process control for continuous systems. Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement & Control , 118 (2), 283.Logan Airport: Airport Programs. (2009). Retrieved November 2, 2010, from MASSPORT: http://www.massport.com/logan/airpo_envir.htmlLuther, L. (2007). Environmental Impacts of Airport Operations, Maintenance, and Expansion. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.McGinn, D. (2004). The Future of Flushing? Newsweek , 144 (7), 10.Moffat, I. (1996). Sustainabile Development: Principles, Analysis, and Policies. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group.O'Hare Modernization Program. (2009). Retrieved November 2, 2010, from cityofchicago.org:
34 http://egov.cityofchicago.org/city/webportal/portalEntityHomeAction.do?entityN ame=OHare+Modernization+Program&entityNameEnumValue=130Pletz, J. (2011, March 4). United, American vs. city suit pushed back while O'Hare talks continue. Retrieved March 4, 2011, from Chicago Business: http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20110304/NEWS10/110309929/united- american-vs-city-suit-pushed-back-while-ohare-talks-continueRecycling. (2010, May 5). Retrieved March 2011, from Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm(1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Devvelopment. New York: United Nations.Safe Guarding Our Atmosphere. (2011). Retrieved from NASA: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs10grc.htmlSustainability. (2010, February). Retrieved January 2010, from United States Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/basicinfo.htm#sustainabilitySustainability Database. (2011). Retrieved February 2011, from Sustainable Aviation Guidance Alliance: http://www.airportsustainability.org/databaseSustainable Airport Initiatives. (2010). Retrieved February 2011, from City of Chicago: http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doa/provdrs/sai.htmlSustainable Aviation Resources. (2011). Retrieved February 2011, from Sustainable Aviation Guidance Alliance: http://www.airportsustainability.org/resourcesThe National Leader in Sustainable Initiatives. (2010, February). Retrieved 2011 March, from CHicago Department of Aviation: http://flychicago.com/Environment/SustainableInitiatives.aspxUnited States Government Accountability Office. (2010). Aviation and the Environment. United States Government Accountability Office.United States Green Building Council. (2010). What LEED Is. Retrieved March 2011, from U.S. Green Building Council: http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1988Volatile Organic Compounds. (2010, November 29). Retrieved February 2011, from United States Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html
35Waste Stream. (2010). Retrieved February 2011, from Enviro News & Business: http://www.enviro-news.com/glossary/waste_stream.htmlWells, A., & Young, S. (2004). Airport Planning and Management. New York: McGraw- Hill.Yu, R. (2008). Airports go green with eco-friendly efforts. USA Today . VITA Graduate School Southern Illinois UniversityVictoria M. Ruble Date of Birth: September 12,19861200 Sanpat Lane, Apt. F4, Carbondale, Illinois 6290211253 Wild Berry Lane, Mokena, Illinois [email protected] Illinois University CarbondaleBachelor of Science, Aviation Management, August 2009Research Paper Title: Status Report on Sustainable Airports in the United States: Case Study of Chicago O'Hare International AirportMajor Professor: David NewMyer
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Uses of Class
org.cloudbus.cloudsim.VmAllocationPolicy

Packages that use VmAllocationPolicy

Package
Description

org.cloudbus.cloudsim

org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.datacenter

org.cloudbus.cloudsim.power

Uses of VmAllocationPolicy in org.cloudbus.cloudsim

Subclasses of VmAllocationPolicy in org.cloudbus.cloudsim

Modifier and Type
Class and Description

class
VmAllocationPolicySimple

VmAllocationPolicySimple is an VmAllocationPolicy that chooses, as the host for a VM, the host
 with less PEs in use.

Methods in org.cloudbus.cloudsim that return VmAllocationPolicy

Modifier and Type
Method and Description

VmAllocationPolicy
Datacenter.getVmAllocationPolicy()

Gets the vm allocation policy.

Methods in org.cloudbus.cloudsim with parameters of type VmAllocationPolicy

Modifier and Type
Method and Description

protected void
Datacenter.setVmAllocationPolicy(VmAllocationPolicy vmAllocationPolicy)

Sets the vm allocation policy.

Constructors in org.cloudbus.cloudsim with parameters of type VmAllocationPolicy

Constructor and Description

Datacenter(String name,
          DatacenterCharacteristics characteristics,
          VmAllocationPolicy vmAllocationPolicy,
          List<Storage> storageList,
          double schedulingInterval)

Allocates a new PowerDatacenter object.

Uses of VmAllocationPolicy in org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.datacenter

Subclasses of VmAllocationPolicy in org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.datacenter

Modifier and Type
Class and Description

class
NetworkVmAllocationPolicy

NetworkVmAllocationPolicy is an VmAllocationPolicy that chooses, as the host for a VM, the host
 with less PEs in use.

Constructors in org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.datacenter with parameters of type VmAllocationPolicy

Constructor and Description

NetworkDatacenter(String name,
                 DatacenterCharacteristics characteristics,
                 VmAllocationPolicy vmAllocationPolicy,
                 List<Storage> storageList,
                 double schedulingInterval)

Allocates a new NetworkDatacenter object.

Uses of VmAllocationPolicy in org.cloudbus.cloudsim.power

Subclasses of VmAllocationPolicy in org.cloudbus.cloudsim.power

Modifier and Type
Class and Description

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicyAbstract

The class of an abstract power-aware VM allocation policy.

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicyMigrationAbstract

The class of an abstract power-aware VM allocation policy that dynamically optimizes the VM
 allocation using migration.

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicyMigrationInterQuartileRange

The Inter Quartile Range (IQR) VM allocation policy.

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicyMigrationLocalRegression

The Local Regression (LR) VM allocation policy.

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicyMigrationLocalRegressionRobust

The Local Regression Robust (LRR) VM allocation policy.

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicyMigrationMedianAbsoluteDeviation

The Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) VM allocation policy.

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicyMigrationStaticThreshold

The Static Threshold (THR) VM allocation policy.

class
PowerVmAllocationPolicySimple

This a simple class representing a simple VM allocation policy that does not perform any
 optimization of the VM allocation.

Constructors in org.cloudbus.cloudsim.power with parameters of type VmAllocationPolicy

Constructor and Description

PowerDatacenter(String name,
               DatacenterCharacteristics characteristics,
               VmAllocationPolicy vmAllocationPolicy,
               List<Storage> storageList,
               double schedulingInterval)

Instantiates a new datacenter.

PowerDatacenterNonPowerAware(String name,
                            DatacenterCharacteristics characteristics,
                            VmAllocationPolicy vmAllocationPolicy,
                            List<Storage> storageList,
                            double schedulingInterval)

Instantiates a new datacenter.

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Copyright © 2013 The Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, The University of Melbourne. All Rights Reserved.

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Its February! You know what that means…all things sweet! And what's more sweet than joining us on Sunday, February 17th for the RRRC Sweetheart 8K! Starting and ending at our urban Farmhouse cafe in The Millworks (next to the Midlothian Library), we will be cheering you on as runners enjoy a scenic route through The Grove and Walton Park communities, historic Midlothian Coal Mine Park, and the surrounding roads and trails.
If your mind is on trying to work off all the chocolate you and your loved one ate on Valentines Day, join the couples challenge! During registration, select yes when asked "do you want to join our couples challenge" and run the race with your sweetheart! There will be awards for the top "couple" finishers, as well as top male and female overall!
And for a perfect pairing, try our dark chocolate raspberry mocha with a flaky chocolate croissant. Nothing says love like chocolate!


WASHINGTON – Bishops in the United States have learned that the injury to victims of priestly sexual abuse "is deeper than nonvictims can imagine" said the chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on the Protection of Children and Young People.
U.S. bishops also learned that Catholics have been hurt by the "moral failings of some priests" and have been hurt and angered "even more by bishops who failed to put children first" when reports of abuse surfaced, said Bishop Blase J. Cupich of Rapid City, S.D.
Writing in the May 17 issue of America magazine, Bishop Cupich outlined 12 of the most important lessons he said bishops have learned from the abuse crisis.
Bishops have learned that they need to be "mutually accountable" in efforts to protect children and that their participation in "transparent, independent audits" demonstrates their commitment to child protection, he said.
"Resorting to a conspiratorial interpretation of attacks and adopting a 'circle the wagons' approach only prolongs a problem and does nothing to settle it or heal the victims," he added.
In addition, the U.S. bishops have learned that they "must partner with public authorities by complying with civil laws with respect to reporting allegations of sexual abuse of minors and cooperating with their investigation," Bishop Cupich wrote.
"All leaders of the community, whether religious or secular, need to work together to protect children and young people," he said.
– Mandatory safe environment programs must be maintained to ensure the safety of young people.
– Abusers suffer self-deception and tend to diminish the seriousness of their behavior and the effects on abuse victims and the church at large.
– The faith of people in the pews is strong and will carry them through the challenges posed by the abuse crisis, and the support they continue to give priests and bishops has been humbling.
They also approved norms for dioceses to adhere to the charter's mandates, which include setting up safe environment programs in dioceses and parishes. The charter requires an annual audit on how dioceses and religious orders are complying with its provisions.
The charter was updated in 2005, the norms in 2006; the charter and norms have Vatican approval. The charter also established the Office of Child and Youth Protection and the National Review Board to oversee compliance with the charter.


text:
Home / Box Office / Simmba box office collection Day 9 Ranveer And Sara Ali Khan film eyes Rs 200-crore club
Simmba box office collection Day 9 Ranveer And Sara Ali Khan film eyes Rs 200-crore club
Apne Tv January 6, 2019 Box Office
Simmba box office collection Day 9: Ranveer Singh-Sara Ali Khan film eyes Rs 200-crore club Rohit Shetty's Simmba, starring Sara Ali Khan and Ranveer Singh, continues its golden run at the box office and is no hurry to slow down any time soon. The film is expected to reach Rs 200 crore by the end of the second week. Rohit Shetty's latest film Simmba, starring Ranveer Singh and Sara Ali Khan, is doing wonders at the box office, and is all set to cross Rs 200 crore within two weeks of its release. It earned Rs 20.72 crore on its opening day.
The cop drama, which also stars Sara Ali Khan, had a grand second day and made Rs 23.33 crore. It made Rs 31.02 crore on its third day, bringing its total collection to Rs 75.11 crore.
The film earned Rs 21.24 crore on Monday, and made an astounding Rs 26 crore on Tuesday. Simmba made Rs 14.49 crore on Wednesday, Rs 11.78 crore on Thursday, Simmba made Rs 9.02 crore on Friday, and is expected to have made Rs 14 crore on Saturday, bringing its total collection to Rs Rs 173 crore approx.
The film has beaten Salman Khan's Race 3 first week collections, as well as Aamir Khan's Thugs of Hindostan. Race 3 made Rs 144.51 crore at the end of the first week, and TOH made Rs 137.55 crore.
Simmba is also Shetty's eighth consecutive film to cross the Rs 100 crore mark. His winning streak began with Golmaal 3 in 2010. His biggest hit has been Chennai Express (2010).
Simmba, which is the official remake of the Telugu remake Temper, tells the story of Sangram Bhalerao (Ranveer), an immoral and dishonest cop. He falls in love with Shagun (Sara), who runs a catering service near his police station. Everything is hunkydory, until the woman he considers his younger sister, 19-year-old medical student Aakruti Dave, gets brutally raped and killed.
Simmba features Ajay Devgn, Akshay Kumar and the team of Golmaal – Tusshar Kapoor, Shreyas Talpade and Arshad Warsi – in special appearances, demolished Aanand L Rai's Zero, which stars Shah Rukh Khan. The film is expected to continue its winning streak, as there is no big Bollywood release until January 11.
Kabir Singh Box Office Collection Day 1 Shahid Kapoor's 'Biggest Opener' Mints Rs 20.21 Crores
Bharat Box Office Day 9 Early Trends Another Steady Day On The Cards!
Bharat Box Office Day 7 Salman Khan's Period Drama Nears Rs 170 cr in Its First Week


text:
Mitsubishi teases new B-segment SUV concept ahead of debut in Vietnam on October 19 – Creta, Seltos rival
In Cars, International News, Mitsubishi / By Gerard Lye / 17 October 2022 1:50 pm / 4 comments
Mitsubishi has teased a new concept car that will make its global debut in Vietnam on October 19 this year, roughly a week before the start of the 2022 Vietnam Motor Show that is making a return after a two-year hiatus.
Details are scarce for now, and the teaser image doesn't reveal a whole lot; we only see a framed Mitsubishi badge set near a grille insert. It is reported that the show car will preview a B-segment SUV (or B-SUV) that will compete against the likes of the Hyundai Creta, Kia Seltos, Nissan Kicks, Honda HR-V and Mazda CX-3, just to name a few.
AutoPro said in its report that one reason why Mitsubishi may have chosen Vietnam to reveal the concept is because of the Xpander's success there. Four years since its launch, the seven-seat MPV has proven to be hugely popular, regularly topping its segment in terms of sales with more than 65,000 units sold so far.
2020 Mitsubishi ASX facelift
With B-segment SUVs continuing to be preferred by consumers in developing markets within the ASEAN region, introducing a competitive model to take on established rivals is a prudent move. Cars like the Creta, Seltos and Kicks are already available in markets like Indonesia and Thailand.
It should be noted that Mitsubishi's line-up already includes a model that fits the mould called the ASX, but that model has been around since 2010, making it a little long in the tooth now. There's a "new" ASX that was revealed last month, although that model is essentially a rebadged Renault Captur – Mitsubishi is in an alliance with Nissan and Renault – that is destined for Europe; certain markets like Australia will continue to get the facelifted first-generation ASX instead.
We'll have to wait until Wednesday to find out what the Mitsubishi concept will look like as well as further details. Expect a development of the brand's Dynamic Shield face and potentially low-capacity engines to be offered.
Research Mitsubishi Cars at
Mitsubishi Triton 2023
Mitsubishi Xpander 2023
Originating from the corporate world with a background in finance and economics, Gerard's strong love for cars led him to take the plunge into the automotive media industry. It was only then did he realise that there are more things to a car than just horsepower count.
syd on Oct 17, 2022 at 6:35 pm
Its probably a renault rebadged as mitsubishi asx. Thats because vietnam signed a free trade agreement eith EU so cars from EU should be imported tarrif free.
Roti john Reborn on Oct 17, 2022 at 7:10 pm
If only Proton seriously learn from Mitsubishi 20 years ago, Proton will be able to create Game Changers like Mitsubishi. Today, Mitsubishi is one of the largest carmaker selling cars worldwide while Proton is nothing but a Geely reseller selling cars only in Malaysia.
Proton Inspira Owner on Oct 17, 2022 at 11:33 pm
Proton deliver quality, that's why.
bigT on Oct 18, 2022 at 11:21 am
want to be largest car maker need to get permission from Toyota, Mitsubishi no doubt also another piece of junk. its generation was over, getting outdated even now nobody will consider it. luckily P1 learnt from it and die forever. P2 learn from Toyota and survive forever
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Great research Julie & Eileen. Surely our comparatively wealthy Australian society would want to be proud of the way we treat our elders. Mandated Ratios & safe patient care is not a big ask for the elderly that utterly depend on us for functions of daily living.
I have heard this scenario over and over again and nothing ever changes. I work in aged care and we desperately need more staff to ensure our residents get the care that they deserve. If not for the dedicated staff that do unpaid overtime, the volunteers that help and the families that help out with cares the residents would get even less care. All we can hope is the commission mandates staff ratios. New residents are coming in with more complex needs and more documentation is required and staff are definitely overworked.
So very true! So short staff at nights and on weekends, Cutbacks is all they care about ! Well one day these people in power will need a nursing home and let's see how they feel when they use the call button And are kept waiting to use the toilet! Or lying on a pressure sore that needs turning.


The FDA has been on a crusade against natural medicine that has spanned decades. Their skepticism and perhaps disdain for natural medicine could simply be because, at the moment, they are untouchable. In 1938, a U.S. senator (and homeopath) named Royal Copeland passed a law classifying homeopathic treatments as drugs. Since then, these products are deemed wholly natural and cannot be patented or regulated in any way, thus acting as a thorn in side for the FDA.
In fact, under the law, the FDA is required to regulate homeopathic remedies as drugs, but at the same time acknowledges that there is no evidence showing that homeopathy works. As such, you can expect that the vast majority of scientists and mainstream healthcare practitioners to never get behind the idea that natural medicine (essential oils, herbal tinctures, teas, etc.) as being a type of medical treatment in any form. Although there have been studies done on natural medicine in Australia, Britain and the United States that found little evidence that homeopathic remedies work, many believe more studies have not been performed because of the patents. Since natural medicine cannot be patented, drug companies will not waste their money studying them which truly limits our understanding of how powerful they could be.
Historically, regulators have generally looked the other way. Since 1988, the FDA allowed remedies to be sold, however, they needed to meet certain FDA manufacturing guidelines and can be marketed over the counter only for "self-limiting" conditions, meaning illnesses like colds that go away on their own. But changes are on the horizon, with the an increase in homeopathy and natural medicine popularity, the FDA has decided to reevaluate their stance on this subject and look into a regulatory processes, and would look into whether consumers "have adequate information to make informed decisions" about such remedies.
This is the list of people who will be giving testimony at the hearing.
Whether or not you believe natural medicine is pure or just snake oil masked behind a marketable term, the FDA wants to make big changes and it can affect you.


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Seventies Marvel Cover Prices: Gil Kane
One of Marvel Comics most prolific cover artist was the talented Gil Kane who did countless covers for the "House of Ideas", and numerous other comic companies over his fifty plus years in comic illustration. All of these gems were rendered in his unique action-packed style with a variety of different bullpen inkers done in a "Marvel Style". Romance, war, Western, horror, superhero, jungle, science fiction, crime, any genre was supremely designed by Kane's steady hand in producing striking covers that helped sell a lot of issues. Here is a tiny listing of just thirty five of his later 70s covers, that were on sale in the mid seventies from art dealers listed in The Comic's Buyers Guide. Surprisingly, most of these were in the forty dollar range except for the historic Amazing Spider-Man #98 issue shown here for othe grand sum of $80! Also featured is an chilling Tomb of Dracula cover that showcases an early Blade appearance that recently sold at auction for $17,500, and an equally beautiful unpublished Kane Jungle Action cover.
Amazing Spider-Man #98 for $80
The Invaders #25 for $35
Conan the Barbarian #43 for $75
Captain America #218 for $35
Marvel Team -Up #47 for $55
Marvel Classics #5 "Tom Sawyer" for $45
Daredevil #150 for $40
Ms. Marvel #13 for $40
Marvel Classics #5 "Gulliver's Travels" for $45
Sub-Mariner #71 for $55
Giant Size Dracula #3 for $60
Marvel Triple Action #39 "The Avengers" for $40
Incredible Hulk #192 for $55
Amazing Spider-Man #158 for $60
Master of Kung Fu #20 for $55
The Champions #16 for $40
Fantastic Four #193 for $50
Power Man #48 for $40
Marvel Super Heroes #69 "The Hulk" for $35
Rawhide Kid #144 for $25
What If #7 "Spider-Man" for $50
Marvel Classics #5 "Black Beauty" for $45
Sgt. Fury #144 For $25
Marvel Classics #5 "Moby Dick" for $45
Mighty Thor #239 for $70
National Cartoonist Society Profile: Fred Lasswell
I started as assistant to Billy DeBeck in 1934. 1942 flight radio operator with Pan-Am airways, Africa, LTD. Later Sgt. United States Marine Corps. Special Services in Washington, DC. Created the comic strip "Hashmark" for Leatherneck magazine. DeBeck passed away in 1942 and I took over the strip and began featuring Snuffy, which I was more comfortable with, being a confirmed hayseed from the sticks. Received Banshees award of the "Silver Lady" in 1962 and in 1964 the "Best Humor" strip in 1962 and the coveted "Reuben" from the National Cartoonist Society. Then in 1984 I received the Elzie Segar Award for outstanding contribution to the art of cartooning.
Ten years later in 1994, Joe D'Angelo presented me with my second Elzie Segar Award "a bronze popeye" to celebrate the 75th anniversary of Barney Google and Snuffy Smith. I have produced five "Draw and Color with Uncle Fred" videos for children, one in Spanish. Produced a bilingual laserdisc with barcodeed workbook and a hypercard stack of computers. Now sending my dailies to King Features by email and developing an "Uncle Fred" web page for the Internet. Married to my sweet and adorable Shirley since 1964. We have four beautiful his and her younguns and two bodacious grandghildren "one of each".
Posted by Dave Karlen at 9:12 AM 1 comment:
Gold Key Comics...Turok, Son of Stone
Some of my greatest adventures as a child came from all the wonderful sixties comics I loved to read, collect, and trade with my friends, anxiously waiting every month for each issue to hit the newsstands down the street. But way back in December 1954, I was still just a twinkle in my mother's eye, not even being born till issue #34 of one of my all-time favorite titles, Turok, Son of Stone. Dell's Four Color #596 started an adventure that would outlive five comic companies, spawn video games and other various incarnations of this noble pair of Native Americans, Turok and Andar in their quest to escape the prehistoric Lost Valley. For such a simple premise, the series has endured better than most, two brothers trying to return home being trapped in a dangerous world occupied by vicious dinosaurs, savage cavemen, natural disasters, and a weird alien or two.
The first issues were illustrated in a rough style by Tarzan strip illustrator Rex Mason, and written by long-time creator Gaylord DeBois. The author was writing back-up stories in The Lone Ranger about another Native American called "Young Hawk" when he was influenced by his many trips to New Mexico's Carlsbad Caverns. The writer's vacations helped inspire his new "Lost Valley" storyline about two pre-Colombian youths than got lost in Carlsbad's deep caverns and discover early forms of prehistoric life, and even some mysterious "slim-legged creatures" (horses had not yet been introduced to America by the Spanish). Over the first ten issues, the braves fight numerous savages and "honkers" and Turok even finds a way out over the sheer cliffs, but returns for a wounded Andar, and during their second attempt an avalanche seals them in the lost world forever.
Paul S. Newman took over the writing chores for the remaining 120 issues when it was under the Dell, Gold Key, and Whitman labels, but with issue #24, the real draw of the series was the spectacular art from the talented Italian artist, Alberto Giolitti. From his lush detailed jungle scenes, to the snowy peaks, bubbling tar pits, or isolated deserts, the two adventurers tried desperately to escape this deadly world, surviving only with their archery skills, some poison arrows, the knowledge of fire, and their quick wits. As a kid, I always was thrilled to see Andar or Turok discover a familiar fish or jackrabbit from their world, as they endlessly searched to the origin of where it came from, only to find a small crevasse that could not provide their escape. Or my favorite issue #58 pictured above, when they rescued a UFO alien from attacking cavemen, and as their reward they are flown over the cliffs to their tribal village, only to suffer engine failure and crash back in Lost Valley due to a caveman's prior assault on the ship. All their dynamic efforts to discover a way out of Lost Valley over their thirty years in print fail, but they still never lose hope and continue on from one issue to the next.
Alberto Giolitti was born in Rome on November 14, 1923 ,and worked in his family's popular cafe before his first comic strip was published at the young age of 20. Three years later, his artistic talents took him to Buenos Aires, Argentina working for the prestigious Lainez and Columbia publishing house doing crime and history stories, before his jump to the United States and Dell/Western Comics in 1949. Here he further developed his skills on assorted TV titles including Zorro, Indian Chief, Twilight Zone, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Boris Karloff, Cisco Kid, Gulliver's Travels, Gunsmoke, Tarzan, Sergeant Preston, Star Trek, The Lone Ranger, and many others.
But his longest collaboration was with Turok, Son of Stone, which he is best known for in the business today, even modeling the character of Ander after one of his sons. At the height of the series, selling millions of copies, Giolitti even pitched a Turok, newspaper strip, which unfortunately never caught on with the syndicates and only a handful of dailies still survive. After becoming an American citizen in 1960, Alberto longed for his native Italy and returned to open his famous Giolitti Studios, with a stable of fifty artist they drew in a similar "house style" under the creator's supervision. Here he continued drawing Turok, for Western Publishing as well as produced other works for British and US publishers. His studio finished out the Turok, Son of Stone series with just a few issues that were rendered by Jack Sparling at the conclusion of the title with Gold Key/Whitman. But, not to forget another selling point for this favorite title were those fantastic painted covers by George Wilson that help market these wonderful fantasy tales from a simpler time in comic history now seemly as lost as our two adventurers forever.
National Cartoonist Society Profile: Jerry Ordway
Lets start off the new year with one of my favorite comic book artists of all time, the multi-talented Jerry Ordway. Though I believe he has unfortunately done more work as an inker than penciler in recent years, his solid storytelling has a strong nostalgic feel with its stylized majestic poses of mighty heroes and evil villains. I wish more of his art was on the market, but the creator prefers to hold on to a large part of his work, here is his short bio for the NCS from a few years ago. --- Born in Milwaukee Wisconsin on November 28, 1957 (Thanksgiving Day). Graduated from Milwaukee Technical High School with a commercial art degree. Worked as a typographer from 1976 - '78, worked at a commercial art studio from 1978 - '81, doing layout, storyboards and some illustration. A lifelong love of comic books led me to take the plunge as a full-time freelancer for DC Comics in February of 1981. I have since drawn every superhero from Superman to Captain Marvel! Since 1987, I have been writing comics as well, notably Superman and "The Power of Shazam." In 1993 I co-created and illustrated "Wildstar", a four issue comic series published by Image Comics. While proud of my many comic awards, I am most proud of my two toddlers: Rachel, born in '92, and Thomas, born in '95. I live in Fairfield, Connecticut, with my wife Peggy and the kids, in a house that's paid for!