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17 Easy Things You Can Do to Become a More Spiritual Person
Small changes can make a big difference in your spiritual journey.
By Morgan Greenwald
It's a common misconception that you have to be religious in order to be spiritual. But in reality, there's no single way to be a spiritual person. "Spirituality is deeply personal," explains Jeanette Schneider, a self-help expert and author of LORE: Harnessing Your Past to Create Your Future. "It isn't a class, a church group, or a belief system. It is the moments when you are quiet, reflective, and intentional that you become your own teacher and guide—and it is in those moments that you commune with your own higher power and answers become clear."
So if it isn't about going to church or studying the Quran, then how can you make conscious efforts to become more spiritual? Luckily, there are many spiritual experts out there who are ready and able to guide you as you embark on your existential journey. To get you started, we've compiled some of the best tips for becoming a more spiritual, happier person. Read on to begin your voyage, and for more helpful advice, check out these 17 Top Tips from Psychologists for Dealing with Holiday Stress.
In order to become a more spiritual person, you must first realize that "we are all here on earth to help each other," explains Mary Potter Kenyon, a certified grief counselor and program coordinator for the Shalom Spirituality Center in Iowa. Helping others doesn't necessarily mean joining the Peace Corps. Whenever you can, Kenyon suggests that you simply "extend a helping hand, smile at people, or reach out and hug someone" to open up your heart and fine-tune your spirituality.
Make a Wish List
A spiritual wish list doesn't contain Amazon goodies and concert tickets. Rather, it should include items that foster "self-love, self-compassion, self-acceptance, self-respect, self-appreciation, and self-gratitude," writes Jacqueline Pirtle, a spiritual life coach, in her book 365 Days of Happiness: Because Happiness is a Piece of Cake! If you're still not sure what to put on your list, Pirtle suggests to start with things like "I wish for me to treat myself like my own best friend," and "I wish for me to relax and spend time in quiet and peace." In other words, think about "the energy of desires, wishes, hopes, happiness, gifts, dreams, and feel-good intentions."
Spend 15 Minutes Every Morning with the 555 Practice
The 555 practice is a morning mindfulness practice created by Uma Beepat that can put the mind in a state of spirituality. "It basically just involves spending five minutes in meditation, five minutes stretching, and five minutes mentally preparing for the day," explains Beepat, a consciousness coach and owner of Lotus Wellness Center. And for more ways to have a good morning, read through these 50 Good Morning Quotes to Inspire Your Day.
Learn to Forgive
"Forgiveness is crucial for spiritual growth," explains Visa Shanmugam, a mindset and empowerment coach in Maryland. "Whether you realize it or not, we hold onto so much trauma from as recently as yesterday (when someone was rude to you at the checkout counter), all the way back to your oldest childhood memory (when kids called you weird)." To assist in the process of letting go, Shanmugam suggests that you "write a forgiveness list" that includes all of the people who you believe have wronged you, and then just decide to "forgive them." You have the power to do it!
Practice Patience
You don't have to go out and buy a bunch of new things like books, salt lamps, and essential oils in order to become more spiritual. It's more about taking advantage of "the opportunities that are all around you," explains J. A. Plosker, MA, JD, MSW, LMSW, a mindfulness speaker and author of The Nobody Bible: Uncovering the Simple Wisdom in Ordinary Life. For instance, on those days when traffic is terrible, Plosker says that you can use that to your advantage to "commit to being more patient." These small steps that you take every day "can lighten your spirit and create more inner peace."
Always Be Truthful
"In order to achieve a higher state of spirituality, the aura needs to be as clean as possible," says Kadeem Alston-Roman, a spiritual advisor and co-founder of Full Force Wellness. "When someone lies, it is clairvoyantly seen that gray clouds emanate from their aura," he says. If you want to keep your aura clear so that light can shine through, then make sure that you're always telling the truth. (And yes, little white lies do count.)
Start a Gratitude Journal
"What we focus on is what we will manifest in our lives," explains Beepat. "Keeping a gratitude journal gives us time to reflect on the events of the day and remember with happiness the things, big and small, that made us smile." Becoming more spiritual isn't the only reason you should practice giving more thanks—check out these 20 Science-Backed Benefits of Gratitude.
Listen to Your Instincts
Spiritual people know about the value of using their guts to make informed and intuitive decisions. "Our gut is extremely accurate at telling us what feels good and what doesn't—but most often, we ignore it and ask our brain to make the decision instead," says Shanmugam. "Take more opportunities to listen and follow what your gut tells you to do."
Laugh Often
Spirituality and contentedness tend to go hand-in-hand, which is why laughing more often is one of the best ways to transform yourself into a more metaphysical human being. "Laughing carries an energy of joy, silliness, playfulness, happiness, and fun," explains Pirtle in 365 Days of Happiness. "When you laugh, you immediately shift to be and live in a 'high for life' frequency—and with that, you shift everything and everyone around you, too. If you choose to make laughing your default reaction, no matter what is happening for you, you will experience everything and everyone through your laughing filter." Need something to laugh at? Check out 50 Dad Jokes So Bad They're Actually Hilarious.
Eliminate Envy
Spirituality and selfishness do not mesh well. In order to become one with the world, you first need to "work on congratulating people on their successes instead of being envious," says Plosker. Envy is a normal human emotion, but you must fight to transform this feeling into something positive and kind if you want to be a more spiritual person.
Find Something to Believe in
"Faith in yourself and in something higher than yourself is a game changer," says Schneider. Even if you aren't religious, you can still aim to connect to the universe in a way that strengthens your spirituality and, more importantly, your relationship with yourself.
Find a Spiritual Community—And Join It
"The juice of the spiritual berry, in my opinion, comes from being around like-minded company," says Beepat. Surrounding yourself with others who are on a spiritual journey—whether that's in person at a wellness center or online in a Facebook group—gives you a place to "hang out, learn, chill, and ask questions."
Be Open to New Experiences
Closing yourself off to new experiences and emotions is going to make your journey toward spirituality incredibly difficult. Instead of being closed-minded and stubborn, you should "start [each] new day by setting the intention to be open and [to] receive all inspirations coming your way," writes Pirtle.
Learn to Love Yourself
According to Margaret Paul, PhD, a relationship expert and co-founder of the InnerBonding self-healing process, spirituality is all about being kind and caring enough to "connect with the love, peace, and joy of spirit." But in order to do that, you must first learn to love yourself. "When we choose to be open to learning about loving ourselves and others, our heart opens," Paul explains. And if you struggle with self-doubt, then try these 30 Ways to Be Kinder to Yourself Every Day.
Fill Your Body with Healthy Foods
What's happening inside of your body has just as much of an effect on your spirituality as what's happening outside of it. "When we eat high vibrancy food—clean, unprocessed foods—we raise the frequency of our body high enough so that, along with our intent to learn about love, we can access our higher personal spiritual guidance," says Paul. Fore some tips on feeding your mind, check out The 50 Best Foods for Your Brain.
Savor the Little Things
"Take time to enjoy small, positive moments," says Jamie Price, a mindfulness and wellness expert and co-founder of wellness app Stop, Breathe & Think. "Slow down and notice what you see, hear, smell, feel, and taste, really paying attention to your experience. This simple shift in attention can boost your happiness, and it will increase your capacity to enjoy pleasant events overall. This is connectivity, which is, in a sense, spirituality."
"Meditation and prayer open the door for a greater sense of connection with the divine," says Robyn McKay, PhD, an executive coach and psychologist who focuses on spiritual growth and development. If your aim is to practice spirituality every day, then her advice is to "set aside time every day to meditate with the specific intention of connecting with your heart." If you have trouble clearing your mind while you meditate, then try these 10 Ways to Focus Better During Meditation.
To discover more amazing secrets about living your best life, click here to follow us on Instagram!
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From The Pirates Of Dark Water's alien world of Mer: Morpho!
Morpho was an alchemist who sought to control the most powerful being on Mer for his own ends. During one of his underwater research expeditions the Dark Dweller took him over and made him into his servant. Transforming and disfiguring him into a half-man, half-creature of both worlds; the human world and the realm of Dark Water. He can control Dark Water and serves as the Dark Dweller's physical extension into the above world. They communicate via a magical orb that Morpho wears around his neck, containing Dark Water.
I made the orb oversized to symbolize the Dark Dwellers hold over him, almost like a ball & chain that physically and mentally restraints him. The base represents Dark Water.
Sculpted from 2 part epoxy, except the top of the orb which is a plastic and the necklace which is cloth. Painted with several brands of model paints and sealed with both matte and gloss sealent. 14 Inches tall.


Tow Trucks Insurance - Middletown CT & Bloomfield CT - Dunn Insurance, Inc.
Dunn Insurance, Inc. provides insurance for tow trucks in Middletown, Bloomfield, Rocky Hill, Berlin, Glastonbury, Windsor, and surrounding areas.
Dunn Insurance, Inc. proudly offers industry-specific insurance options for tow trucks and auto transporters. Our program is built to cater to the particular needs of your industry.


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U.S. Included in Five-Country Group Claiming the Privacy of Internet Users "is Not Absolute"
Chris Hauk - Sep 4, 2018
The United States and the other "Five Eyes" countries are urging tech companies to build "backdoors" into their encrypted apps and services that will allow the countries to break the encryption in order to access users' personal data.
The statement follows a meeting held last week among the "Five Eyes" intelligence sharing countries, which includes the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The meeting took place from August 28 to August 29 on Australia's Gold Coast. The meeting focused on cyber security, counter-terrorism, and countering violent extremism.
The published memo claims that using such backdoors to allow the access of encrypted data would respect personal rights and privacy, and would be limited to criminal investigations by law enforcement.
"Privacy laws must prevent arbitrary or unlawful interference, but privacy is not absolute. It is an established principle that appropriate government authorities should be able to seek access to otherwise private information when a court or independent authority has authorized such access based on established legal standards. The same principles have long permitted government authorities to search homes, vehicles, and personal effects with valid legal authority."
The group claims the "increasing use and sophistication of certain encryption designs" makes it difficult for law enforcement and security agencies to battle crime and threats to national security, as the same encryption that protect citizens' data also protects that of criminals and terrorists.
"Privacy laws must prevent arbitrary or unlawful interference, but privacy is not absolute," the statement reads. "It is an established principle that appropriate government authorities should be able to seek access to otherwise private information when a court or independent authority has authorized such access based on established legal standards. The same principles have long permitted government authorities to search homes, vehicles, and personal effects with valid legal authority."
Governments such as the U.S. and the U.K. have long argued that encrypted messaging apps such as WhatsApp, Telegram, and Apple's iMessage provide a "safe haven" for criminals and terrorists, as no one, not even the companies that created the services, can read the data.
Next Up iPad Pro Renders Offer Possible Peek at Device's Edge-to-Edge Display and iPhone-Like Antenna Lines
Topics Encryptionfive eyesgovernmentsNewsprivacy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/**
 * @function trapFocus
 * @desc Traps focus within an element
 * @param {Event} e
 * @param {array} focusableElements array of nodes that can be focussed
 */
const trapFocus = (e, focusableElements) => {

    const currentFocusIndex = focusableElements.indexOf(document.activeElement);

    // If shift held and first element active focus last element
    if (e.shiftKey && currentFocusIndex === 0) {
        focusableElements[focusableElements.length - 1].focus();
        e.preventDefault();

    // If shift not held and last element active focus first element
    } else if (!e.shiftKey && currentFocusIndex === focusableElements.length - 1) {
        focusableElements[0].focus();
        e.preventDefault();
    }
};

export default trapFocus;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


RABAT, Sept 24 (Reuters) - Morocco's state power utility ONEE said on Wednesday it had obtained a $300 million loan from China Exim Bank to finance a 318 megawatt (MW) coal-fired plant in the eastern town of Jerada.
China's Sepco III won a 3 billion dirham ($348 million)tender launched by ONEE last year to build the second coal-fired power plant in Jerada, near the Algerian border, where protests frequently erupt over unemployment since the closure of the coal mines there in 2001.
Morocco has a huge deficit in energy production as annual consumption is growing by around 8 percent and it has to spend heavily to subsidise power due to high production costs.
Earlier this month, Safi Energy Company, a joint venture between Morocco's Nareva, France's GDF SUEZ and Japan's Mitsui, secured $2.6 billion in financing to build another 1,386 MW coal-fired power plant in southern Morocco.
Morocco wants to meet domestic power demand using thermal power, clearing the way to export renewable energy to the European Union.


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Q: Error al compilar proyecto angular - cannot run Angular project (version mismatch, thread id/fibers, etc.) Hace poco cloné un proyecto Angular y sin hacer más modificaciones que el npm install descubrí que no compilaba. He pasado por una serie de errores que me llevaron a hacer coincidir las versiones local y global de angularCLI..

También eliminé fibers, que me ocasionaba un error de thread_id y que luego al hacer ng serve muestra una serie de errores "..has no exported member".

He eliminado y vuelto a instalar el node modules también.
Probando suerte con npm ls @angular/core encontré esto

Sé que probablemente hay alguna dependencia/version que no supe ver bien.
PD: aquí va el package.json

A: npm rebuild parece haber puesto todo en su lugar.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mix 2 cups of blackberries with 1 cup of sugar.
Melt 1/2 cup of butter in a deep baking dish.
Mix the rest of the ingredients in a bowl to form a batter. Pour the batter over the melted butter- do not stir. Pour the fruit over the batter- do not stir. Bake at 350 for about 30 min or until batter is brown. Serve with fresh whipped cream or ice cream. Mmmmmmmmmm!


Browsing Category " Bakery "
Eric Kayser Indonesia is now opened in Plaza Senayan. Just like Paul Bakery and Patisserie , it is an international French Bakery chain, very famous in France and in some big international cities (New York City, Tokyo, Singapore). Now that Eric Kayser is in Jakarta, I can compare those 2, in order to know which one is the Best Bakery in Jakarta (and where to find the best baguette!).
Oh La La Maison is an upmarket version of the Oh La La cafés. It is located in Mega Kuningan in the ground floor of Bellagio Mall. It serves mostly French food, French bakery and French pastries with some other popular Asian and Western dishes. The design of the place is not extraordinary but it is neat. It features a wooden parquet, decorative tiles and various pictures or paintings of France on the walls. I tried the Honey Dijon Chicken Baguette (72,000k++): The whole sandwich was good enough but the bread was very soft and unfortunately not tasting like a real French baguette. I also had a Chocolate Croissant (20,000++), which was really big and again, far from tasting like an authentic Chocolate Croissant in France. In spite of the disappointing food, I still enjoyed Oh La La Maison. The waiters were very attentive and friendly, and the general atmosphere pleasant with good lounge music and a busy crowd.
Monolog Coffee PIM Monolog Coffee Front Bakery Monolog Coffee Drinks Menu Monolog Coffee Food Menu Monolog Coffee Bar Counter I went to Monolog Coffee in Pondok Indah Mall. This Coffee place is located at the very end of "The Street", the Dining area of Pondok Indah Mall which closes at 12:00 PM. I have been attracted by a nice Bakery at the entrance with mostly Croissants and some American Pastries like Cheese Cakes or Carrot Cakes.
Manon Chocolatier Patissier is a Pastry and Chocolate shop located on Jalan Kelapa Nias Raya. I stopped by there looking for nice pastries. As you can see the shop facade is very attractive with large signs and shiny pink colours. This building facade is the best thing about this shop! NB: They also have a small shop located inside Mall Kelapa Gading 3. To be completely honest, I really think that this Pastry Shop is only about nice in-stores displays, shiny colours and nice packaging. I was really disapointed when I tried the pastries inside.
I recently discovered LapisLapis Sunter (multi-layers in Bahasa) located in the North of Jakarta (Jakarta Utara), near Kelapa Gading. Let´s face it, Sunter is not a regular place to hang out for expats or food lovers, but if you happen to be in this area to grab a coffee or for lunch, I strongly recommand LapisLapis Sunter.


For us as artists, one of the key features of a strong and healthy 'community' is the acknowledgement of and celebration of similarity and difference. In many respects, older people within our local communities may see themselves as living 'worlds apart' – with no shared sense of identity; common interests; or notion of communal experiences that they can share with the young people of today. Equally the younger people may also see themselves as living in a different world from the one their grandparents (or even their parents) were brought up in.
In September 2008 we were invited to explore these ideas in Irlams and Cadishead and proposed a participatory approach that would serve as a celebration of creativity and community – one that also aimed to increase levels of tolerance and understanding across the generations. We devised a project and accompanying art resource pack that would work with the National Curriculum to support the teaching of local history and local geography, with a view to fostering a strong 'sense of place' and local pride within the young people of Irlams and Cadishead.
We worked with older people from the De Traffords and The Meadows housing schemes in Irlams and Cadishead collecting stories and listening to the memories and recollections of growing up in the area. Our themes included: early years, childhood games, the changing local landscape, work and home life.
Photographs – old family photos; archived views of the local landscape / town life; contemporary views of Irlams and Cadishead; contemporary portraits of some of the older participants.
Recorded interviews – taken from individual and group reminiscence sessions with the older participants – these include reminiscences about life in the area 60+ years ago, old songs and poetry readings.
Recorded Sound – sounds that attempt to evoke life in the area in the 30s, 40s and 50s – trams, factory hooters, steam trains, clogs on the cobbles etc.
Original Artefacts – objects that represent some of the themes we have been looking at with the older participants e.g. childhood toys (whip and top, die-cast farm animals), house hold objects, collectable cards.
Local Maps – maps of the immediate local area dating back to 1900 and charting the gradual shift from farm land to greater industrialisation / urbanisation.
DVD / Film Footage – movie images of life and work at the steel works / margarine factory – also sports days and workers celebrations from the 1930s.
Our idea was to house and present the above material in such a way that Year 6 teachers would feel confident to construct and deliver themed creative sessions that combine various elements from the pack, e.g.
How will our town be remembered in 70+ years time?
We wanted the teacher to use the pack to build up a picture of the town creatively: what does it sound like; what does it smell like (is it full of the smells and smoke of the factories of 70+ years ago); how do people dress; where do the children play; what do they play etc.
Again, the idea was to compare and contrast and draw directly on material from the past to help inform thoughts and feelings about the present with a view to shaping ideas about the future.
In May / Jun 2009 Sharon from verd de gris ran a week-long arts residency in the schools to explore some of the themes and create art with the young people using the resource – to show how it could be used with future Year 6 groups. We were also joined by some of the older participants who came into the schools, working with the pupils to bring some of the materials to life. At the end of the week, the children presented what they had created to the residents as a gift or 'cultural' exchange – a response to the older people's contributions in helping to make the resource.
The project culminated in a celebratory 'Coming Together' at St Paul's Church Irlam in July 2009. Guests old and young were able to see all the work together including the work the children made in response to the stories and histories they had heard. There was lovely food, some singing, a bit of dancing and a great big thank you to all the participants.


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Results report from public participation.
The canton has collected the results of the public participation in a results report in which it responds to individual feedback.
Frequent use of Project Room 33.
Project Room 33 has been made available to the Kleinbasel district secretariat and its organisations since August 2020, and is used on a regular basis.
Further partial opening in sight.
The move into building 1045 at the beginning of 2022 marks another step in the opening up of the site: Sandgrubenstrasse will connect with Riehenteichstrasse to form a public space.
Demolition and a building for research and education.
The building on the construction site at the corner of Maulbeerstrasse and Schwarzwaldallee will be demolished in mid-2021 at the earliest. The competition winner for the 'Haus 6' new-build project planned for the site will be announced in the second half of 2021.
PRESS COVERAGE ABOUT ROSENTAL MITTE.


Dean A. Scarborough, chairman/CEO of Avery Dennison, was recognized April 14 for his 25+ years of industry service with the 2016 AWA Release Liner Industry Leadership Award. The honor was bestowed during the AWA Global Release Liner Industry Conference & Exhibition in Vienna, Austria. He will be retiring from Avery Dennison on April 30.
Avery Dennison set 10-year achievement goals for sustainability for faster market response and to meet a more timely agenda, he said. Examples: 90% of the company's facilities are now landfill-free; and two-thirds of its Forest Stewardship Council-certified products are sold at cost-parity with uncertified materials in Europe. The toughest goal the company has, Scarborough said, is to eliminate 70% of the impact of liner waste on the overall environment.
The global release-liner industry has sometimes been accused of being unchanging and lacking innovation. Scarborough did not disagree completely. The bad news, he said, is the p-s materials industry doesn't change quickly, but the good news is it CAN change quickly when it must.
The next AWA Global Release Liner Industry Conference and Exhibition is set for spring 2017 in Chicago, IL.


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Home » Browse » Academic journals » Sociology and Anthropology Journals » Canadian Journal of Sociology » Article details, "The Sociology of Agriculture in Transition: The..."
Academic journal article Canadian Journal of Sociology
The Sociology of Agriculture in Transition: The Political Economy of Agriculture after Biotechnology
By Pechlaner, Gabriela
In 2007, a global food crisis made media headlines and brought the topic of agriculture back into the public eye. Hunger, starvation, and volatile civil unrest in numerous countries occurred in the context of record breaking profits for agrifood corporations. While the triggers of the food crisis were multifold, and included some natural factors, such as droughts, many of them were structural and arose from societal decisions about the role of agriculture and food. Agricultural trade liberalization, agrofuels, and a preference for commercial over subsistence agriculture in developing countries are a few cases in point. This article addresses another structural change affecting agriculture--the introduction of agricultural biotechnologies. More specifically, it addresses the social changes prompted by its proprietary aspects, as "to focus too much on the tools rather than on who is using the tools and for what the tools are being used is to misapprehend the problem" (Kloppenburg 2004:352). The tools of agricultural biotechnology represent an important step in the industrialization of agriculture. There is significant evidence that the legal and regulatory framework associated with the technologies is being used as a new capital accumulation strategy in agriculture, one that expropriates farmers' control over the production process and shifts it to the corporations that are the technologies' developers. Though still evolving, this accumulation strategy has important local and global implications given the high salience that agriculture has for both farmers and for a public concerned with food access. In this context, the role society chooses for the tools of agricultural biotechnology is of central importance.
Sociology and political economy of agriculture literatures have provided numerous insights into historical capital accumulation trends in agriculture. While some scholars cast agriculture under the broad scope of theoretical perspectives of industrialization, the majority pay heed to the piecemeal accumulation strategies that have accompanied the natural limitations to its full-scale industrialization. In particular, the conceptual tools of appropriationism--the replacement of elements of the production process with industrial ones--and substitutionism--the replacement of agricultural end products with industrial ones--developed by Goodman, Sorj, and Wilkinson (1987) provide an analytical framework through which many historical and current developments in agriculture can be viewed. New agricultural biotechnologies have now brought a significant number of changes to agriculture, however. The blossoming of a network of legal obligations associated with the technologies--prohibitions on seed saving, grower contracts, patents on seeds, and even incentive programs--suggest that important aspects of control over agricultural production may be shifting from agricultural producers to biotechnology developers, with an associated shifting of economic benefit.
While technology-induced change is not new to agriculture, biotechnology's proprietary aspect adds a new component that could instigate a social reorganization of agricultural production. Given this proprietary emphasis, I suggest that a reconceptualization of some of the main tenets of political economy of agriculture scholarship is required. Specifically, the two theoretical concepts of appropriationism and substitutionism identified by Goodman, Sorj, and Wilkinson need to be joined by a third--for which I suggest the term "expropriationism"--to explain new capital accumulation strategies emerging with the advent of agricultural biotechnologies. While the former two terms emphasize accumulation strategies in the spheres of production and processing, the latter is proposed in response to an emerging accumulation strategy based in the network of legal mechanisms associated with the new technologies.
In this article, I will first provide a brief look at sociology and political economy of agriculture literatures regarding capital accumulation in agriculture. …
Publication: Canadian Journal of Sociology
Publication date: Spring 2010
Pechlaner, Gabriela
Agricultural Biotechnology--Finance
Agricultural Biotechnology--Research
Engineering Trouble: Biotechnology and Its Discontents By Rachel A. Schurman; Dennis Doyle Takahashi Kelso University of California Press, 2003
Food for the Few: Neoliberal Globalism and Biotechnology in Latin America By Gerardo Otero University of Texas Press, 2008
The Emergence and Growth of Biotechnology: Experiences in Industralised and Developing Countries By Rohini Acharya Edward Elgar, 1999
Review: The State of Food and Agriculture: Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor? By Blaustein, Richard J. Electronic Green Journal, Vol. 1, No. 21, 2005
Agricultural Biotechnology Reconsidered: Western Narratives and African Alternatives By DeGregori, Thomas R. African Studies Review, Vol. 49, No. 3, December 2006
Agricultural Biotechnology Education By Zeller, Michael The Agricultural Education Magazine, Vol. 74, No. 5, March/April 2002
Co-Op Issues in Spotlight at USDA's Ag Outlook Forum. (Agricultural Outlook Forum 2002) By Rural Cooperatives, Vol. 69, No. 1, January-February 2002
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: Opportunities and Risks By Reynolds, Robert W. USA TODAY, Vol. 128, No. 2650, July 1999
Agricultural Biotechnology: Overregulated and Underappreciated; the Pursuit of an Integrated Action Plan, Including Regulatory Reform, Will Help the United States and the World Reap Enormous Benefits That Now Are Thwarted By Miller, Henry I. Conko, Gregory Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 21, No. 2, Winter 2005
More Funding Sought for Farm Sector as Local, Int'l Rice Prices Rise By Benaning, Marvyn N. Manila Bulletin, March 17, 2008
Venture Capital for an Orphan: Agricultural Biotechnology By Andrew Pollack N. Y. Times News Service THE JOURNAL RECORD, April 16, 1998
Finally, UPLB Offers Agricultural Biotechnology By Manila Bulletin, June 9, 2011
FREE! Maryland The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018
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FREE! San Diego The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2018


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Content ID: 70583


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Year : 2022 | Volume : 18 | Issue : 7 | Page : 1952-1960
CASP4 and CASP8 as newly defined autophagy-pyroptosis-related genes associated with clinical and prognostic features of renal cell carcinoma
Tao Li, Ning Liu, Guangyuan Zhang, Ming Chen
Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Date of Submission 15-Jan-2022
Guangyuan Zhang
Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing - 210 009
Ming Chen
Objective: The rapid discoveries of autophagy and pyroptosis have opened new avenues for treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The objective was to identify potential autophagy-pyroptosis-related drug targets and plausible prognostic biomarkers crucial for disease detection.
Materials and Methods: Gene expression data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE168845), and autophagy-pyroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The prognostic values of DEGs were assessed using differential expression analysis and Kaplan–Meier curves, a prognostic nomogram was constructed using the DEG data, and the correlation between DEGs and infiltrating immune cells was evaluated. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were carried out to verify the expression levels of DEGs.
Results: CASP4 and CASP8 were identified as RCC-associated autophagy-pyroptosis-related genes, and CASP4 and CASP8 were found to be highly expressed in RCC tumor tissues. High expression of CASP4 and CASP8 was associated with higher pathological staging and poorer prognosis, whereas a prognostic nomogram constructed based on CASP4 and CASP8 could better predict RCC patient survival rates. Additionally, increased expression of CASP4 and CASP8 was highly correlated with the expression levels of multiple infiltrating immune cell types. Moreover, qRT-PCR and IHC validated the increased expression of CASP4 and CASP8 in RCC.
Conclusion: CASP4 and CASP8 were autophagy-pyroptosis-related genes associated with immunotherapy in RCC. CASP4 and CASP8 were identified as potential targets and effective prognostic biomarkers for RCC.
Keywords: Autophagy, biomarkers, nomogram, pyroptosis, renal cell carcinoma
Li T, Liu N, Zhang G, Chen M. CASP4 and CASP8 as newly defined autophagy-pyroptosis-related genes associated with clinical and prognostic features of renal cell carcinoma. J Can Res Ther 2022;18:1952-60
Li T, Liu N, Zhang G, Chen M. CASP4 and CASP8 as newly defined autophagy-pyroptosis-related genes associated with clinical and prognostic features of renal cell carcinoma. J Can Res Ther [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 27];18:1952-60. Available from: https://www.cancerjournal.net/text.asp?2022/18/7/1952/367459
> Background
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is among the most common malignant tumors of the urinary system. According to the cancer-related statistics, it is predicted that there will be nearly 73,750 new cases and 14,830 deaths in the United States in 2020.[1],[2] Despite breakthroughs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of RCC, the detection rate in patients with RCC is still unsatisfactory, with approximately 30% of patients experiencing tumor recurrences after being considered disease-free.[3],[4],[5] At present, the pathogenesis of RCC has not yet been elucidated, and no sensitive tumor biomarkers, which could help identify the disease well in advance, have been identified.[6] Therefore, it is crucial to identify effective therapeutic targets and promising prognostic biomarkers for the timely detection of RCC.
Autophagy is a dynamic process of catabolism in cells, which is considered an expression of programmed cell death.[7],[8] With the understanding of the pathogenesis of RCC and the underlying mechanism of autophagy, the quantum of research on autophagy and RCC has increased drastically.[9] Numerous studies indicate that the expression of LC3 protein was higher in moderately and poorly differentiated RCC, lower in differentiated RCC, and even lower in progressive and metastatic RCC, as compared to a localized RCC.[10] Autophagy regulation could be closely related to the development and progression of RCC.
Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death mediated by caspase-1,-4,-5, or -11caspase-1/4/5/11, which belongs to a class of crucial, natural immune responses.[11],[12] The inflammatory mediators released because of the inflammatory response induced by pyroptosis were found to be closely associated with tumorigenesis, development, and drug resistance.[13] Recent studies have reported that tumor cells undergo pyroptosis without infection.[14] Liu et al.[15] stated that the tumorigenesis occurs as a consequence of an inflammatory reaction and that the pro-inflammatory nature of pyroptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of many other chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, it may be speculated that pyroptosis promotes tumorigenesis and progression.
However, the function and mechanisms of autophagy and pyroptosis happening in RCC remain unclear. Thus, with our current study, we wish to get a clear view of the expression levels of autophagy-pyroptosis-related genes between the normal kidney and RCC tissues to explore their prognostic value and find their correlation with the tumor immune microenvironment. Through this study, we also intend to explore the underlying mechanisms to utilize the gathered knowledge to elucidate a therapeutic basis for clinical treatment and find new therapeutic targets.
Micro-array data analysis and screening of autophagy-pyroptosis-related differential expressed genes
To perform a comparative study of autophagy-pyroptosis-related differential expressed genes (DEGs) in KIRC, we used the GSE168845 data set from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A total of 223 human autophagy-related genes were downloaded from the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) (http://autophagy.lu/clustering/index.html). Also, based on the previously published reports on pyroptosis,[16],[17] we obtained 33 more pyroptosis-related genes.
The cut-off condition was set to an adjusted P value <0.05, and the absolute value of log-fold change | log2FC| ≥1 was observed to be statistically significant for the DEGs. Venn diagrams were created online using ImageGP.
Functional enrichment analysis of autophagy- pyroptosis-related DEGs
Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed by the ClusterProfiler software package to explore functional annotation and enrichment pathways of DEGs.
Survival analysis
The expression and prognostic value of autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEGs in RCC were evaluated through differential analysis and Kaplan–Meier curve prognostic analysis using Survival Package.
Construction and validation of the autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEG prognostic nomogram
Based on the initial screening of DEGs with differential expression and significant prognosis, signatures containing DEGs were constructed. Eventually, based on the median risk score, calculated from the signatures, all the patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups, and the prognosis of both groups was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier curve. Uni-variate and multi-variate Cox regression analyses first assessed the prognostic performance of the signatures. Subsequently, the overall survival (OS) prognostic nomogram was constructed based on the results of the multi-variate regression analysis, and the prognostic predictive ability of the prognostic nomogram for RCC patients was validated.
Relationship between DEGs and the immune micro-environment
The correlation between the expression of autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEGs and immune-infiltrating cells (B-cells, CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) was assessed using the online software TIMER (https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer/).
Clinical specimens and cell lines
Twenty-five pairs of freshly biopsied RCC tumor tissues and the corresponding adjacent normal kidney tissues were collected from RCC patients who had undergone laparoscopic nephrectomy from the Department of Urology at the Zhongda Hospital from 2019 to 2020. All patients were diagnosed to have RCC and did not receive any anti-tumor therapy before surgery. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee and Clinical Research Institutional Review Board of Zhongda Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all patients or their relatives.
Human RCC cell lines 786-O and Caki-1 and normal renal tubular epithelial cells, HK-2, were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The 786-O and Caki-1 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, whereas the HK-2 cells were cultured in a keratinocyte medium supplemented with 1% keratinocyte. All cell cultures were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Yeasen, Shanghai, China). The cells were all incubated at 37°C containing 5% CO2. RCC cell lines were stored at -80°C using the instrument CELLSAVING (NCM, Suzhou, China).
RNA extraction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
Total RNA was extracted from cells or human frozen tissues, as required, using Trizol reagent as per the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA kits (R312, Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and SYBR Green PCR kits (Q141, Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) were used for reverse transcription and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to determine CT values as per the manufacturer's instructions; GAPDH was used as an internal standard. The primer sequences for CASP4 and CASP8 used were as follows: CASP4-F 5' CAAGAGAAGCAACGTATGGCA 3'; CASP4-R 5' AGGCAGATGGTCAAACTCTGTA 3'; CASP8-F 5' GAAGATAATCAACGACTATG 3'; CASP8-R 5' TTCACTATCCTGTTCTCT 3'; GAPDH-F 5' AACGGATTTGGTCGTATTG 3'; GAPDH-R 5' GGAAGATGGTGATGGGATT 3'. The relative expression of CASP4 and CASP8 was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed according to a protocol described previously,[18],[19] and histological sections were incubated with CASP4 (ab25898, Abcam) and CASP8 (ab25901, Abcam) antibodies. The images were then recorded by microscopy (Leica Microsystems, Germany).
The statistical analysis was carried out using R software (version 4.0.2). The Perl programming language (Version 5.30.2) was used for data processing. A difference of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Identification of autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEGs
Based on the screening criteria, we screened 1425 up-regulated and 1672 down-regulated DEGs in GSE168845. Thirty-three pyroptosis-related genes and 223 human autophagy-related genes were analyzed by constructing a Venn diagram, and four co-expressed genes were analyzed: CASP1, CASP4, CASP8, and NLRC4 [Figure 1]a. In the GO and KEGG analysis, the functions of these four co-expressed genes were found to be primarily associated with "cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process" and "inflammasome complex" [Figure 1]b.
Figure 1: Identification of autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEGs. (a) Venn diagram identifying GSE168845, autophagy, and pyroptosis co-expressing DEGs. (b) GO and KEGG-based analysis of four autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEGs. (c) Expression of four autophagy pyroptosisrelated DEGs in RCC tumor tissues (n=539), and normal tissues (n=72). (d) Expression of four autophagy pyroptosisrelated DEGs in RCC tumor tissues (n=72) and paired normal tissues (n=72)
Subsequently, examination of the expression levels of the four DEGs in the TCGA-KIRC database revealed that CASP1, CASP4, CASP8, and NLRC4 were up-regulated in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues [Figure 1]c and [Figure 1]d.
Survival analysis of autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEGs
Survival analysis of the four DEGs from the TCGA-KIRC database was performed, which revealed that high expression of CASP4 and CASP8 was statistically associated with OS, disease-specific survival (DSS), and progress-free interval (PFI) in RCC patients [Figure 2]b and [Figure 2]c. Moreover, high CASP1 expression was associated with poor prognosis of DSS but not with OS and PFI, whereas NLRC4 expression level was not associated with OS, DSS, or PFI [Figure 2]a and [Figure 2]d.
Figure 2: Survival analysis of autophagy-pyroptosis-related DEGs. (a) OS, DSS, and PFI survival curves of CASP1. (b) OS, DSS, and PFI survival curves of CASP4. (c) OS, DSS, and PFI survival curves of CASP8. (d) OS, DSS, and PFI survival curves of NLRC4
Relationship between CASP4 and CASP8 and clinicopathological factors
Based on the aforementioned survival analysis results, CASP4 and CASP8 were targeted in this study. The relationship between CASP4 and CASP8 expression as well as various clinicopathological variables in the TCGA database are shown in [Table 1] and [Table 2]. The relationship between CASP4 and CASP8 and clinicopathological factors were examined, which revealed that a high expression of CASP4 and CASP8 was associated with a higher TNM stage [Figure 3]a, [Figure 3]b, [Figure 3]c, [Figure 3]d, [Figure 3]g, [Figure 3]h, [Figure 3]i, grade [Figure 3]d and [Figure 3]j, and pathological stage [Figure 3]e and [Figure 3]k. In addition, the area under the curve (AUC) of CASP4 and CASP8 was 0.942 and 0.891 [Figure 3]f, [Figure 3]l, respectively, indicating the utility of CASP4 and CASP8 as potential and ideal biomarkers to distinguish RCC from normal tissues.
Table 1: Relationship between the expression of CASP4 and various clinicopathological variables in the TCGA database
Table 2: Relationship between the expression of CASP8 and various clinicopathological variables in the TCGA database.
Figure 3: Relationship between CASP4 and CASP8 and clinicopathological factors. Relative expression levels of CASP4 in the TCGA database with the T stage (a), N stage (b), M stage (c), tumor grade (d), pathological stage (e), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (f). Relative expression levels of CASP8 in the TCGA database with the T stage (g), N stage (h), M stage (i), tumor grade (j), pathological stage (k), and ROC curve (l)
Construction and validation of the prognostic nomogram
Based on CASP4 and CASP8, we constructed a signature containing CASP4 and CASP8: risk score = (0.6373) *CASP4+(-0.4014) *CASP8. The cut-off value of the signature was 0.991, and all patients were subsequently divided into high- and low-risk groups [Figure 4]a. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that patients in the high-risk group had poorer survival than those in the low-risk group (HR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.47–0.91; P = 0.013) [Figure 4]b. Multi-variate Cox regression analysis showed that risk signature, metastasis, stage, and grade were independent prognostic factors for OS [Figure 4]c. Furthermore, based on the results of the above multi-variate Cox regression analysis, we constructed a prognostic nomogram for RCC patients and verified that the nomogram had high accuracy in predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival [Figure 4]d, [Figure 4]e. In addition, both uni-variate and multi-variate Cox regression analyses showed that the nomogram was a better prognostic factor for OS in RCC patients [Figure 4]f.
Figure 4: Construction and validation of the prognostic nomogram. (a) High-risk and low-risk groupings based on CASP4 and CASP8. (b) Kaplan–Meier curve analysis of high- and low-risk groups. (c) Uni-variate and multi-variate Cox regression analysis of OS-related variables. (d) Construction of the prognostic nomogram. (e) Validation of the prognostic nomogram. (f) Uni-variate and multi-variate Cox regression analysis of prognostic risk-related variables
Correlation between the expression of infiltrating immune cells in KIRC tissues and CASP4 and CASP8
The correlation between CASP4 and CASP8 expression and infiltrating immune cells was evaluated. CASP4 and CASP8 were found to be highly correlated with the expression level of B-cells, CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, among the infiltrating cells [Figure 5]a and [Figure 5]b. These findings suggest that CASP4 and CASP8 may be involved in RCC progression via levels of immune cell infiltration.
Figure 5: Correlation between the expression of immune infiltrating cells in KIRC tissues and CASP4 and CASP8. (a) Correlation between the expression of CASP4 and immune infiltrating cells. (b) Correlation between the expression of CASP8 and immune infiltrating cells
Validation of the expression of CASP4 and CASP8 in clinical tissue samples
To examine the expression of two genes (CASP4 and CASP8) in RCC, qRT-PCR and IHC were performed on RCC cells and clinical tissue samples. The results from qRT-PCR showed elevated expression of CASP4 and CASP8 in RCC cell lines and tumor tissues [Figure 6]a, [Figure 6]b, [Figure 6]c, [Figure 6]d. IHC showed that compared to adjacent normal kidney tissues, CASP4 and CASP1 were significantly increased in KIRC tissues [Figure 6]e.
Figure 6: Validation of the expression of CASP4 and CASP8 in clinical tissue samples. (a, b) Relative expression of CASP4 by qRT-PCR in RCC cell lines and tumor tissues. (c, d) Relative expression of CASP8 by qRT-PCR in RCC cell lines and tumor tissues. (e) Expression of CASP4 and CASP4 in RCC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues was detected by IHC
A few studies have shown the prognosis and treatment of RCC to have a relation with pyroptosis, autophagy, and immunotherapy. This association was attempted to be illustrated through this analysis to identify potential drug targets and effective prognostic biomarkers for RCC. To this end, 3097 DEGs from GSE168845 with 223 human autophagy-associated genes and 33 pyroptosis-associated genes were analyzed to obtain four co-expressed autophagy-pyroptosis-associated DEGs. Subsequent to survival analysis, we could identify CASP4 and CASP8 as autophagy-pyroptosis-associated DEGs. CASP4 and CASP8 were observed to be closely associated with the prognosis of RCC patients and with higher pathological staging and poor prognosis. Additionally, we constructed a nomogram to predict the prognosis of RCC patients after 1, 3, and 5 years based on the presence of CASP4 and CASP8 genes. Moreover, we also found that CASP4 and CASP8 were highly correlated with the expression levels of multiple infiltrating immune cells, and even qRT-PCR and IHC validated the increased expression of CASP4 and CASP8 in RCC. These findings suggested that CASP4 and CASP8 could be potential targets and also serve as effective prognostic biomarkers for RCC.
CASP4 is located on human chromosome 11 and belongs to the cysteine-aspartate acid protease (caspase) family.[20] Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution phase of apoptosis.[21] CASP4 is expressed in various tissues and cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and keratinocytes, and is involved in the signaling pathways of apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation.[22],[23] Nickles et al.[24] screened HEK293T and Hep G2 cell lines using genome-wide RNA interference and found CASP4 to be a novel positive regulator involved in regulating the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced NF-KB signaling pathway. Abnormal expression of CASP4 has been associated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, and various malignancies.[25],[26],[27],[28] In addition, Meng et al.[29] found that CASP4 is over-expressed in RCC and can be used as a prognostic marker for RCC.
CASP8, another important member of the caspase family, encodes 479 amino acids and is present in the cytoplasm as an inactive 55 kD precursor protein, which upon activation is cleaved into two polypeptides of 20 kD and 12 kD and is assembled into a tetrameric structure.[30] CASP8 is a key promoter in the death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway and exists mainly as an inactive zymogen.[31] When the apoptotic signal activates CASP8, it causes the inactive CASP8 precursor to self-hydrolyze and activates itself to form active CASP8, which further activates the other caspases and amplifies death signal issuance, eventually triggering a lethal proteolytic cascade of reactions.[32] CASP8 has also been found to be aberrantly expressed in cervical cancer, neuroblastoma, lung cancer, and other malignancies.[33],[34]
To date, there are two known modes of cell death: programmed death and non-programmed death.[35],[36] Programmed cell death could be classified into three types: autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis.[37] The first two types are non-inflammatory, whereas pyroptosis is an inflammatory response.[11] Pyroptosis is a caspase-mediated inflammatory cell death that is pro-inflammatory and programmed as a natural immune response of the body.[11] Autophagy is a selective non-cystine-dependent programmed cell death closely related to cell growth, proliferation, senescence, and cell cycle regulation.[38] It has also been found that autophagy can be degraded by active CASP8, and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis could inhibit autophagy via CASP8-mediated cleavage of Beclin 1 during the execution phase after the release of cytochrome C.[39],[40] Additionally, Oral et al.[41] found that cleavage of Atg3 protein by CASP8 during receptor-activated cell death modulated autophagy. Furthermore, CASP4 is also involved in capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress autophagy/apoptosis processes.[42]
> Conclusion
To conclude, our study identified two autophagy- decay-associated genes, CASP4 and CASP8, and found that CASP4 and CASP8 are highly expressed in RCC and are associated with higher pathological staging and poorer prognosis. Furthermore, we could construct a prognostic nomogram for the RCC patients based on CASP4 and CASP. Notably, our data suggest that CASP4 and CASP8 were potential targets and effective prognostic biomarkers for treating RCC. Additional studies are warranted to identify even more prognostic biomarkers and drug targets.
The authors thank Biobank of Zhongda Hospital for providing tissue samples. We thank Bullet Edits for editing this manuscript.
All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
This study was supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program (BE2019751), Innovative Team of Jiangsu Provincial (2017ZXKJQW07), and The National Key Research and Development Program of China (SQ2017YFSF090096).
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Li T
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nomogram
pyroptosis
>Background
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Home > HUHS > HUCANCER > HUCANCER_FAC > 141
Howard University Cancer Center Faculty Publications
Retrospective analysis of breast cancer among young African American females
Maria Arsyl D. De Jesus, Howard University Cancer Center
Mihoko Fujita, Howard University Cancer Center
Kyung Sook Kim, Howard University Cancer Center
Alfred L. Goldson, Howard University Cancer Center
Purpose. To evaluate the patterns of failure, relapse-free survival and overall survival among African American breast cancer patients younger than 40 years. Patients and methods. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 124 African American breast cancer patients younger than 40 years who were registered with the Howard University Cancer Center Database between 1990 and 1999. One hundred and six patients were found eligible and subsequently included in this analysis. Ninety-eight percent of these patients were pre-menopausal and 30% had a documented family history of breast cancer. Patient distribution per stage is as follows: 19%, stage I; 61%, stage II; 16%, stage III and 4%, stage IV. Surgery was a component of treatment for 98% of the patients. Forty-six percent underwent mastectomy, 47% had breast-conserving surgery and 5% underwent biopsy only. Fifty-nine percent of the patients received adjuvant radiation and 56% were also treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 35 months (range of 4-126 months). Results. Locoregional only first failure rate was 6% while systemic failure occurred in 20% of these patients. Among 17 stage III patients, 50% developed distant metastasis. The 5-year overall survival for these patients was 73%, with relapse-free survival being numerically similar. Patients with early stage disease, stages I and II, were noted to have 5-year overall survival rates of 100 and 78-83%, respectively. Those who presented with stage III or stage IV disease had dismal 5-year overall survival rates of 25-29 and 0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model identified the presence of metastasis as a factor that significantly affects survival in these young African American females. Conclusion. These results show that African American females younger than 40 years with early stage breast cancer have local control and survival rates comparable to that of the general population. In contrast, young African American females in this study, with stages III and IV disease, appear to suffer a worse prognosis despite standard therapy. A larger series of young African American females with breast cancer, followed for a longer period of time, will be required to confirm a negative trend in survival.
De Jesus, Maria Arsyl D.; Fujita, Mihoko; Kim, Kyung Sook; and Goldson, Alfred L., "Retrospective analysis of breast cancer among young African American females" (2003). Howard University Cancer Center Faculty Publications. 141.
https://dh.howard.edu/hucancer_fac/141


What time AJJ-MAS PASS depart from अरक्कोणम Railway Station?
अरक्कोणम - चेन्नई सैंट्रल पैसेन्जर (56002) departs from अरक्कोणम Railway Station at 23:00.
How much time AJJ-MAS PASS take to reach चेन्नई सैंट्रल Railway Station?
अरक्कोणम - चेन्नई सैंट्रल पैसेन्जर reach on day 2 to चेन्नई सैंट्रल Railway Station. The arrival time of अरक्कोणम - चेन्नई सैंट्रल पैसेन्जर at चेन्नई सैंट्रल Railway Station is 00:30.
Distance covered by अरक्कोणम - चेन्नई सैंट्रल पैसेन्जर?
अरक्कोणम - चेन्नई सैंट्रल पैसेन्जर covers 75 km to reach चेन्नई सैंट्रल Railway Station at average speed of 50 km/hr. अरक्कोणम - चेन्नई सैंट्रल पैसेन्जर passes through 5 stations.


text:
10 Young African Leaders
Africa has the youngest population in the world, with 200 million people between the ages of 15 and 24. According to the World Bank, youth account for 60 percent of all unemployed people on the continent, with young women bearing the sting of unemployment as young men are favoured for jobs. Instead of succumbing to fear of these statistics, many young people have taken the entrepreneurship route, turning problems that they encounter in their communities into solution-orientated businesses.
Here is a list of top 10 young African leaders doing great things to transform their communities and their lives:
Sitawa Wafula – Kenya
Sitawa Wafula is a 31-year old mental health activist, philanthropist and entrepreneur from Nairobi, Kenya. As a result of a traumatic experience at the age of 18, Wafula suffered from severe depression which resulted in a dual diagnosis of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. With no support system, rising medical bills and little access to information, Wafula faced stigma due to her condition. Out of this experience, she decided to provide a forum for Africans going through the same experiences, to not only access information about mental health issues, but also to find support. She launched her self-titled blog as well as her mental health social enterprise; My Mind, My Funk which ran Kenya's first free mental health support line and provided support to over 11,000 Kenyans struggling with mental health issues. She has been named as a Non Communicable Disease Champion by the Kenyan Ministry of Health, recognized among the top 40 under 40 women in Kenya and has had her work featured in various media publications including BBC and Al Jazeera.
Haneefah Adam – Nigeria
Twenty-four year-old Nigerian medical scientist, Haneefah Adam, gave the popular Barbie doll a makeover. Adam got the idea for the makeover after coming across the Barbie style Instagram page and thought that it would be great to see a doll in a hijab – an attire that is culturally relevant to her. Adam also hopes that Hijarbie will change the negative stereotype of the hijab as oppressive clothing for Muslim women, into a positive affirmation of female Muslim identity and culture. Hijarbie has since amassed more than 58 000 followers on Instagram. The popularity of Hijarbie ties in with the JWT 2016 Trends report that forecasted that Middle Eastern and North African style will play a bigger role in the fashion and beauty spheres particularly for women.
Mabel Suglo – Ghana
Mabel Suglo is a 23-year-old entrepreneur from Ghana who is the founder of the Eco-Shoes Project, which is an initiative and company that manufactures shoes and accessories from discarded tyres and recycled materials. Suglo employs disabled people who are often marginalized from society due to discrimination. In an interview, Suglo says that the initiative was inspired by her late grandmother, who suffered discrimination due to her leprosy condition, and various other people in her community who had physical disabilities. She wanted to create employment opportunities for them, as well as create comfortable shoes for her grandmother from durable materials. She then created her first pairs of shoes made from discarded tyres for her grandmother, then partnered with a local school for disabled children and two business partners to get her idea off the ground. The business now employs five artisans, and manufactured over 1000 pairs of shoes in 2014. She was the second runner up of the 2015 Anzisha Prize by the African Leadership Academy in South Africa and the MasterCard Foundation.
Kayli Vee Levitan – South Africa
Kayli Vee Levitan is a South African copywriter, blogger and co-founder of the successful philanthropic initiative, The Street Store. Levitan co-founded The Street Store, which is a pop-up clothing store for the homeless, with her colleague, Max Pazak in 2014. The initiative is stocked by donations, and is now an open-source initiative that allows other philanthropists from South Africa and abroad to host their own pop-up store in collaboration with a charity of their choice. Over 200 pop-up stores have been set up globally, and over 200 000 homeless people have been assisted with clothing. She has also worked on other philanthropic projects, including work with Dementia SA and the Women's Hope.
Samah Al-gadi – Sudan
Samah al-Gadi is a 32-year-old Sudanese entrepreneur who won the first season of the popular Sudanese entrepreneurial TV show Mashrouy. The TV show, which first aired in 2013, is devised to encourage young entrepreneurship in the country where over 60% of the population is under the age of 25. Aspiring contestants apply with a potential project, which is then screened by judges, who then choose 12 contestants to be part of the show. Al-Gadi, with an academic background in social development and agriculture, proposed an environmentally friendly project to help communities living along the riverbanks of the Nile, which involved removing water hyacinth that causes problems such as parasitic growth and diminishing fish populations with the help of community members, who would then repurpose the hyacinth as materials for ropes, bags and furniture. Her project not only earned her first place in the show, but also inspired female Sudanese viewers to place more importance on their studies and careers. Her prize included over $20 000, an opportunity to meet British entrepreneurs as the show is sponsored by the British Council and business training in Thailand. Her project is being implemented in the Nile community of Kosti in Khartoum.
Christopher Ategeka – Uganda
Ugandan born Christopher Ategeka is the founder and CEO of Rides For Lives, which is a company that provides mobile healthcare to rural communities in Kampala. The mobile health units are fitted with a pharmacy, a general practitioner and a lab for conducting tests for diseases such as malaria and HIV. The idea for the company came as after Ategeka's brother passed away due to lack of access to adequate healthcare after he fell ill. He has a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, and has several awards under his belt for his work on Rides For Lives including the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) award and the Judith Lee Stronach award. He also made it on the Forbes 30 under 30 list for his work with the company in 2014.
Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu – Ethiopia
Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu is the founder and CEO of SoleRebels; a footwear company that is the world's first Fairtrade Certified footwear by the World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO). Alemu started the company in 2004 in Addis Ababa, as a means of job creation for skilled but underemployed artisans, weavers and small farmers in her community while exporting Ethiopian heritage to the world. Over 90 percent of manufacturing is done by hand, earning the company the accolade of being the world's first Fairtrade-certified footwear company. She has a few accolades under her belt for her eco-friendly and community-minded business, including a Young Global Leader award as well as the Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award at the 2012 World Economic Forum on Africa. The company has 18 global standalone outlets and further expands its reach through online stores such as Amazon.
Lebogang Maruapula – Botswana
Botswana's Lebogang Maruapula is the regional ambassador for Girl Rising; an international movement which brings awareness on equal opportunities for girls as well as the co-founder of The Goddess Foundation, which focuses on women empowerment for young women through mentorship and education. Driven by a passion to positively influence her community and make a meaningful impact, Maruapula co-founded The Goddess Foundation in 2011, and which has since been involved in mentoring young women and hosted the Goddess Sanitary Pad Drive to provide feminine personal care products to underprivileged girls. Passionate about community and social development, Maruapula is also a United Nations Online volunteer as well as an activist at UNICEF Pacific's Youth Media. She was a fellow at the Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders and a World Economic Forum Global Shaper in 2014.
Refilwe Ledwaba – South Africa
South African pilot, social entrepreneur and academic Refilwe Ledwaba set the record in 2005 by becoming the first black woman to earn a helicopter pilot license in South Africa, and the first black person to fly operationally for the South African Police Service. She also founded the non-profit/public benefit organization, Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace (SAWIA) in 2009 to provide a platform for young women in the SADC region aspiring for a career in aviation to access information, mentorship and financial support. The organization has the Girl Fly Programme in Africa, which hosts an annual camp in January for 150 high school learners as well as educational programmes for both primary and high school girl learners, with an interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM education), focusing on aviation and space technology. Ledwaba completed her BSc degree in biochemistry and microbiology at the University of Cape Town as well as her postgraduate diploma in business administration at UCT'S Graduate School of Business. She was included in the ranking for Young People in International Affairs Top 35 Africans under 35 in 2014 and was the winner of the South African Youth Development Agency Awards in 2012.
Senai Wonderufael – Ethiopia
Senai Wonderufael is a 28-year old entrepreneur from Addis Ababa who founded Feed Green Ethiopia, which is a spice and coffee production company. While employed at Ethiopian Airlines, he noticed that there was a demand from the Ethiopian diaspora for spices such as Shilo and Berbere and for traditional Ethiopian coffee. He company opened its doors in 2012, exporting Ethiopian produce to diaspora communities mainly in the US and Europe. It has since expanded to new markets across Africa, and is fully staffed by women as its way of providing job opportunities for women who are often excluded from the job market. Wonderufael is motivated by seeing development and poverty eradication in his home country.
Lebo Matshego
South African journalist based in Johannesburg. A Wits University graduate, Lebo enjoys writing lifestyle and entertainment stories.
https://africa.com/author/lebomatshego/
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A special presentation will take place at 12:30 p.m. Tuesday, Nov. 7 in the Friends Corner of Lovejoy Library. All members of the campus community and the general public are invited to attend.
During the program, the Venerable will describe the challenges and rewards of assembling the all-encompassing set of reference books. She will answer questions following her remarks, and the encyclopedia set will be available for immediate use in the Library.
"This set will impact Asian studies, history, art and design in its various forms – sculptures, paintings, architecture – as well as philosophy, sustainability and religious studies," Lovejoy Library Fine Arts Librarian Therese Dickman said.
The donation includes the first comprehensive set of books about Buddhist art worldwide, and Lovejoy Library is receiving the eighth such set in the English language.
The encyclopedia set comprises four volumes on Buddhist architecture, five on grottoes, four on Buddhist sculpture, three on painting, one on crafts, and one each on calligraphy, seals and biographies.
Min Liu, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Applied Communication Studies and member of the Fo Guang Shan St. Louis Buddhist Center, was instrumental in acquiring this culturally diverse donation.
Light, vegan refreshments and hot tea will be provided at the Nov. 7 program. Questions may be directed to Jeff Brown, director of development for Lovejoy Library, at jefbrow@siue.edu or 618-650-2714.
The event is sponsored by The Friends of Lovejoy Library and The SIUE Foundation.
The Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts will be presented to SIUE's Lovejoy Library during a special program being held Tuesday, Nov. 7.


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text:
After 9/11
How we remember.
Zipporah Lax Yamamoto
The Open Wound of Trauma
January 23rd, 2011 § 1 comment
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Child's drawing, September 14, 2001.
This year one of the holiday gift items I requested was a long list of books and films about 9/11. My fabulous husband cleaned out my Amazon wishlist, which means 1) I better get reading and 2) I must now restock that list because I have a birthday in February and there is a seemingly endless list of resources to consult for this dissertation.
A few nights ago, I was reading one of the new books in the pile, Trauma Culture by E. Ann Kaplan. She has a remarkable way of pulling the reader into her work. In the introduction, Kaplan writes about her own experience of 9/11 to demonstrate, among other things, the merging of personal and cultural trauma.
I found her writing to resonate in the context of my current research project, but also in the wake of the tragedy that took place just two weeks ago in Arizona. She writes, "Trauma can never be "healed" in the sense of a return to how things were before a catastrophe took place, or before one witnessed a catastrophe; but if the wound of trauma remains open, its pain may be worked through in the process of its being "translated" via art."
A dear friend who is originally from Tucson wrote to me last week to offer to find a place for me to stay and wonderful people to meet if I wanted to go out to document the growing memorial site at the University Medical Center. "I have been very wrapped up in the all the news coming from Tucson," she wrote. "There are so many slight degrees of separation to the events. Tucson really is like a small town of one million people. Everyone is connected."
Cover of the New York Daily News, September 13, 2001.
I remember feeling a similar sentiment in New York in the days after 9/11. Personal grief merging with vicarious grief, merging with cultural grief. It was hard to separate the layers.
Those days were marked by confusion and fear. Not understanding who had attacked the United States and why, not knowing how many were missing (or dead), and a fear that there were other attacks in the works.
Numerous images and objects with heavy symbolic resonance emerged in the days after 9/11: postcards of the towers intact, images of the Statue of Liberty and the faces of the missing. There is, however, one image that punctuated the landscape in astounding quantities: the flag. Repeated on bodies, outside personal homes and on storefronts, the American flag collapsed the traumatic response into a concise pattern of stars and stripes.
Neighborhoods on the Lower East Side and Brooklyn saw flag displays on cars, in windows and between buildings change from Dominican and Puerto Rican flags to American flags overnight. The flag was carried on the body in the form of a pin, bandanna or t-shirt. It was posted to store windows and wrapped around car hoods to express sympathy for those who lost loved ones, membership in a community directly impacted by 9/11 and national solidarity.
It was also a way to protect one's self during a time of great fear and suspicion.
It is this working through the open wound of trauma that interests me, with all of its beautiful coming together and all of its hideous scars.
Commemorating 9/11, working through that trauma, can be found subtly embedded throughout the cultural landscape today, in both public and personal spaces.
While at the Millenium Hilton Hotel this past September I noticed a framed flag tucked discreetly in the corner of the lobby near the bag check area. A plaque beside the flag read, "Never Forget. This American Flag flew on Tuesday, September 11, 2001, over the Millenium Hilton Hotel. Hotel employees rescued the flag and raised it again at the Hotel's reopening on Monday, May 5, 2003."
Lobby of the Millenium Hilton Hotel, September 12, 2010
And just yesterday, I was speaking with a colleague at work in front of the microwave, during the five-minute pause between setting the timer and the final, high-pitched ding letting us know the food was warm. Michael asked me if I was a practicing artist, aside from my work in public art administration.
This has been a difficult question for me to answer in recent years. My training is as an artist, but I went through a transitional period after 9/11, replacing the crafting of the object with the careful pairing of words. Ironically, it has been difficult for me to form a succinct response to the question Michael posed. On Friday I answered simply, "It wasn't as meaningful for me after September 11."
And this was the start of a kitchen conversation about 9/11.
It turns out Michael was living in Los Angeles in 2001, but working as a consultant for a company located in the World Trade Center complex. He was scheduled to be in one of the towers just a week after they fell. He lost 5 friends in those buildings.
When he returned to New York that October, he purchased a framed photo of the towers as they once stood. The photo is in his office today, all these years later, surrounded by the business cards of the people he worked with in those now absent twins.
Office memorial, image courtesy of Michael D. White
Tagged 9/11, NYC, Twin Towers, World Trade Center, WTC
§ One Response to The Open Wound of Trauma
Carole Lax says:
Like I said, huge tragedy strikes again & is commemorated in similar ways. Its been all too frequent. Its kind of an epidemic, like the assassinations of John Kennedy, MLK and Bobby Kennedy in such quick succession, The way of the world we live in…….
You are currently reading The Open Wound of Trauma at After 9/11.
Author: Zipporah
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Been a gap since my last post due to lots of cycling development commitment! Two important snippets below to keep you informed….
planning. Read the full report.
single carriageway roads. The limit is currently 40mph and the preference is to not to change it. Read the full article.


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