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Q: asp.net: set label text from class code file i'm new to stackoverflow and developing web applications using Microsoft asp.net. I am using MS Visual Studio Professional 2015 as development tool.
What i am trying to do is create a simple web application for learning purposes. I have three files:

*

*WebForm1.aspx

*WebForm1.aspx.vb

*Code.vb (class file in subfolder "Code" in Visual Studio 2015 solution explorer)

My idea is to store all Subs an Functions that are used by multiple aspx files in the central class file called Code.vb. On my aspx i have a button and a Label:
<%@ Page Language="vb" AutoEventWireup="false" CodeBehind="WebForm1.aspx.vb" Inherits="WebApplication1.WebForm1" %>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
    <title></title>

    <form id="form1" runat="server">

    <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Hello World" OnClick="Button1_Click" />

    <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="Label"></asp:Label>

</form>

OnClick Event of Button1 calls Button1_Click from code-behind WebForm1.aspx.vb, which imports the central code class file:
Imports WebApplication1.CentralCode.Code

Public Class WebForm1
Inherits System.Web.UI.Page
Public Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
    SetLabelText()
End Sub
End Class

In this class file, the Sub SetLabelText should set the Label-text of Label1 to "some text".
Namespace CentralCode
Public Class Code
    Public Shared Sub SetLabelText()
        WebApplication1.WebForm1.Label1.Text = "some text"
    End Sub
End Class
End Namespace

The line WebApplication1.WebForm1.Label1.Text = "some text" is red underlined with error message "WebApplication1.WebForm1.Label1" is "Protected" and not accessible in this context and "WebForm1" is a class type and can not be used as Expression
Is it possible at all to do something like that? It would be much easier for me because my code could be stored in one central place.
Thx in advance, Markus

A: The error message is clear: you cannot access Label1 from outside the form WebForm1.
I recommand that you change your sub to a function and return the text:
Public Shared Function GetLabelText() as String
Return "Some Text"
End Function

And in Webform1
Public Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
    Label1.Text = GetLabelText()
End Sub

A: Don't.
To continue on this approach would be to tightly couple your logic with your user interface.  That's only going to make things more difficult.  Keep the page control interactions in the page's code-behind and have your business logic return the values which goes on the page.
So something like:
Public Shared Sub GetText()
    Return "some text"
End Sub

Then in your page's code-behind, you would set the label to the text you're getting:
Public Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
    Label1.Text = Code.GetText()
End Sub

The idea is that the "business logic" operates on just values and commonly-known classes.  The "application logic" interacts with the business logic and connects it to the user interface.  This keeps the two simpler and easier to support and maintain, easier to add features, more portable to other systems, etc.


It has been almost two years since we last visited the S.E.A Aquarium at Resort World Sentosa and we went again last weekend because we heard about how they now have some new programs in celebration of the TeREEFic World that the aquarium is.
I have to try very hard not to post photos or videos of what we learnt and saw, so that I won't spoil it for you but here are some of the activities we did, without revealing too much!
Mission booklets for the Sea Jelly mission can be found at the Ocean Gallery (in Joy's words "the LARGE fish tank") – very easy to spot. If you really can't find it, ask around! I found the aquarium staff to be very helpful.
Your mission is simple, help the sting ray find all the green sea jellies (i.e. correct answers to the questions in the mission booklet)!
If you get it wrong, you get a pink sea jelly instead!
The idea of making it a mission is a really good one but what's even better is the way you can find answers for the mission. Along the passage ways leading to and where the sea jellies are, you can find these giant "chalkboard walls" scribbled with information about the sea jellies. For as long as I can remember, this is exactly how I studied for all my exams (with the exception of the language ones, where I just read and read and read) and I absorbed all the information super easily like a sponge!
There are also stations along the way, where you can get to understand even more about sea jellies by observing them for yourselves and also see some unusual sea jellies.
Visitors asked really funny questions, so much so that they made the guide laugh out loud! I love the interaction!
Pay attention to the information boards for short videos along the way as well to learn more about the sea jellies!
The Sea Jelly Mission is a short one which you can complete quickly while acquiring lots of general knowledge about sea jellies. I tried to be animated when describing what I have learnt to Joy (so that she learns some too) but after all, she can't read everything yet. Luckily, we came across this activity area at the 2nd Tier of the Ocean Gallery and Joy ran to sit down with all the children.
You can colour using the materials provided or make your own origami and wear a hat bearing the image of a sea eel on your head. It is quite an experience to do both at the ocean gallery – the atmosphere is almost surreal and very peaceful.
My mom was so caught up with origami – she stayed there for a long time just doing her thing, even when Joy finished up and went to watch fishes by the "large fish tank".
Have you ever let your focus escape the fishes swimming about and land it on to the gorgeous corrals that are in the background? I don't normally. If you're like me, you might be surprised at what you'll come to learn about them, so do pay attention when you're there!
Joy got to see how the corrals were trimed for herself.
Other chanced encounters we had at the aquarium were no less facinating. Like the time when I got to touch a Star Fish and a sea cucumber (they feel like stuff toys!).
And when we met a giant octopus, who moved around a lot, and surprisingly, he moved quite quickly.
We also spotted giant eggs littered all over in the enclosures and I found out that they are there as part of an egg hunt. If you are participating, know that some of them are in the S.E.A Aquarium! This egg is super cute!
If you are interested, a full list of events and happenings under the TeREEFic World program at the S.E.A. Aquarium can be found here – includes Aquarist Feeding Sessions (see how the aquarists feed the marine animals), Diver Talks (Divers talk to you while they are underwater), Aquarist Talks (what is it like to look after these marine animals?) and more! It's really interesting and totally worth making a trip down to check them out.
p.s. Why the aquarium reminded me a lot of life and the first time when Joy went to the S.E.A. Aquarium.
Disclosure: We were invited by Resorts World Sentosa and provided with tickets to experience TeREEFic World at the S.E.A Aquarium. No other compensation were received.


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South Australia reports 6 deaths, 3482 new COVID cases
Omicron-related deaths 'are yet to peak'
Reports of looming challenge to UK PM
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Sport Rugby League NRL bad boy Josh Dugan says he's an easy target
7:40pm, Sep 13, 2017 Updated: 8:23pm, Sep 13
NRL bad boy Josh Dugan says he's an easy target
Josh Dugan claims his State of Origin drinking session wouldn't have made the news if he wasn't involved. Photo: Getty
Josh Dugan has claimed his pre-State of Origin drinking session wouldn't have made the news if he wasn't involved and that he is paying the price for his bad boy reputation.
Speaking about a tumultuous two months in which his name was repeatedly dragged through the mud, a forthright Dugan said he had been unfairly criticised because of his past indiscretions.
In July, Dugan was embroiled in controversy after it was revealed he and Blake Ferguson were drinking at Lennox Head pub five days before NSW's Origin III loss to Queensland.
He was further tarnished last month when dropped for the Dragons' round 25 win over Penrith after he missed the team bus.
Dugan said his trip to the pub with Ferguson, which was investigated by the NSWRL, was blown out of proportion because of his history.
"There's no easy way to say it, if it was anyone else but me and Fergo, I don't think it would have made the news," Dugan said at the Rugby League Players Association awards.
NSW Origin pair under investigation for pub visit
He said he was not drunk and was having his photograph taken with children.
Dugan was in 2013 sacked from Canberra after he and Ferguson were pictured on a rooftop drinking vodka mixed drinks when they should have been at a Raiders' recovery session.
The NSW and Australian centre said he had worked hard to change his image and turn his life around since then.
"It's disappointing when you get the media, some of the guys slandering me and running my name through the mud again," he said.
"It's all because who I am.
"I've done a lot of work off the field to change that perception of me from when I was at Canberra.
"I've done a lot of stuff off the field with the community and the NRL state of mind (campaign)."
The Cronulla-bound outside back said he was shattered to have missed the Dragons' clash with the Panthers and revealed he missed the bus because he simply misread the team schedule.
"It was heartbreaking to sit in the sheds and watch the game," Dugan said. "I got back and did everything right and put my best foot forward in the Dogs game.
"Unfortunately we didn't make the finals. Other than that I don't think I've had a slip-up in the five years I've been there. I don't think it's a sign of anything to come.
"It was just a lapse in concentration, I misread the memo and turned up at a time that wasn't right. I paid the price for that."
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NRL Finals 2017: Flanagan, Barrett fined over NRL ref blast

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Warm and gorgeous
By Melody Thomas
Photography by Anna Briggs
Featured in Capital #68
Subscribe to get the real thing here
Dawn Diver's Ben Lemi makes Melody Thomas feel good things.
It's been a long time since a song stopped me in my tracks, sent shivers the lengths of my arms and had me hitting play immediately after it finished, but it happened when I heard Warming to You by Wellington band Dawn Diver. The first thing that hit me was Ben Lemi's voice, which resonates over a background of sparse drums and driving guitars with a gorgeous warmth. I've seen Ben play and sing in numerous bands over the years, but I had no idea he could sing like that.
"I was always someone that hummed quietly along to the radio, but only in situations where I was certain that no one was listening," he laughs.
Lemi was born in Wellington and grew up the kid of a diplomat, living in Washington DC, Tehran and other places before settling back here in the fifth form. He was introduced to music through his Dad's record collection, and later through his teenage step-brother Rowan, who taught him how to play the guitar and "who knew precisely what music and culture I should be exposed to throughout most of my teenage years," says Lemi.
After high school, Lemi enrolled at the New Zealand School of Music ("the jazz school") where he studied for a couple of years before he started getting busy playing music outside of school, and dropped out. The next wee while was spent working in nightclubs, DJ'ing, and slowly adding other instruments to his roster as a way to gain a greater understanding of music.
These days Ben does a bit of everything – he's the drummer for Trinity Roots, plays bass and guitar and sings backing vocals in French for Rabbits, and does all of that plus singing his own songs and sometimes drumming in Congress of Animals, alongside Bret McKenzie. He supplements band life with studio work, mixing bands and composing for film and documentaries (his 2017 EP under the moniker Courtesy Caller is a super-evocative little collection of offcuts from this work). Most recently he's been working with Estère on her forthcoming album and release gigs.
And on top of all of this, he's hard at work on Dawn Diver – which started as a solo project but evolved into a band project. With the help of Will Sklenars on bass, Hikurangi Schaverien-Kaa on drums, and Deanne Krieg and Rose Blake lending their voices to three-part harmonies, Dawn Diver has recently taken to the stage and they'll be performing as part of the Wellington Jazz Festival in November.
It's official – Lemi is no longer singing quietly when no-one is listening, he's front of stage, leading his own band.
"At first I found the whole idea quite terrifying. I can't hide behind the drum kit, palm backing vocal parts off to someone else, or pretend that I'm playing chords while my amp is actually turned down like I did (only once) in my 8th grade big band!" he laughs, before adding, "The process is scary but it's cathartic. It helps me feel alive."
Dawn Diver is music for musicians; dense, and at times possibly impenetrable by the average punter. Even Lemi's description of the music is labyrinthine; it's an "aural kaleidoscope" combining the complex harmonies of jazz with rigid song structures borrowed from his favourite classical composers, and, as an antidote to this rigidity, flowing circular rhythms inherited from African music, both tribal and Western-influenced.
It's never boring, and even when you find yourself drifting off during a song, your mind goes to creative, dreamy places rather than the mundane.
From the sounds of things, this is exactly Lemi's intention.
Book tickets to Dawn Diver in the Wellington Jazz Festival here.
CulturePeople
Five Kiwi films with a music focus
The colour of Spain
Previous Q&A: Estère Dalton
Next Q&A: Kate Morten


Director, Timothy Lynch, of Blackburn vehicle recovery business, TJ Recovery, has been disqualified until 2021 due to failing to keep up-to-date accounts and records.
An investigation from the Insolvency Service revealed Timothy Lynch had also failed to provide evidence of financial deals and exchanges within the business. Turnover for the business was recorded as £36,000, yet £254,000 passed through its bank account, with £83,000 of that sum unacknowledged. No PAYE had been paid between 2010 to 2012 nor had VAT.
Furthermore, Lynch's wife had been transferred £100,000 to her account and then sold the assets for £85,000, which again could not be accounted for by Lynch.
TJ Recovery was placed into liquidation in April 2012 and owed over £109,000 to creditors.


This third image is of a chart showing pseudo-scientific racial classification under the antisemitic 1935 Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany. As a person with two Jewish grandparents, under these laws, and meeting enough of their sub-conditions, I would have been, could have been, am a Mischling of the first degree. (Mischling, literally mix-ling, meaning hybrid, mongrel, half-breed, is the German cousin to the Latin term also originating the Spanish mestizo and the French métis.) Half Jew, half Aryan, these laws were announced five years before my mother's birth in Nuremberg itself.


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s largest film -producing nation. Here s a list of 70 iconic. Download and check out celebrity wallpapers online. Download Hot Celeb Wallpapers - Bollywood Hungama Raai Laxmi photos: Steamy pictures Find more Hot HD celeb wallpapers with multiple screen resolutions only. Raai Laxmi is one of the most sought-after. Indian actresses who is highly popular in the South. Raai Laxmi photos: Steamy pictures of Julie 2 actress. Latest horror, movies : Check out the list of all latest horror movies released in 2019 along with trailers and reviews. Charulata (1964 Satyajit Ray adapted Rabindranath Tagores story of a lonely housewife (played by Madhabi Mukherjee) with his customary sensitivity and eye for telling detail. The care with which the movie tackles the mother-daughter relationship is absolutely commendable. The short film stars Neena Kulkarni, Dino Morea, and Vivaan Shah. Indias first talkie (and a musical it starred Prithviraj Kapoor and Zubeida, and featured seven songs. Madhumati (1958 Bimal Roys Dilip Kumar and Vyjayanthimala-starrer was one of the earliest Indian films to tackle reincarnation as a theme. Based on a short story by Ray, Anukul is directed by Sujoy Ghosh who is well renowned for his works like Kahaani, Jhankaar Beats as well as the popular short film titled. Her action thriller film Dhaam Dhoom won her first Filmfare Award nomination in the Best Supporting Actress category. Moreover, as per an online poll conducted by The Times of India, Laxmi won the "Best Actor Award in a Negative Role - Female" for Mankatha. Manichitrathazhu (1993 The psychological thriller brought up dissociative identity disorder before anyone in Indian cinema had heard of it and has spawned remakes in multiple languages including Tamil, Kannada, Bengali and Hindi, all commercially successful. Her father Boney Kapoor is a film producer and mother Sridevi is a famous bollywood actress. OM DAR-B-DAR (1988 The Kamal Swaroop-directed film married mythology and art with politics and philosophy in a non-linear narrative unlikely to be understood by most Bollywood buffs. Bandini (1963 Bimal Roys film was a dark masterpiece of tangled emotions, with fine performances by Nutan and Dharmendra, and.D. Chemmeen (1965 This beautifully shot 1965 film, one of the classics of Malayalam cinema, tackled the difficult subject of an inter-religious affair. Satya (1998 Ram Gopal Vermas Satya could lay claim to being the most influential Hindi film of the last two decades. Maya bazaar (1957 The epic fantasy film directed by Kadiri Venkata Reddy, based best hookup dating sites 2014 drøbak on the Mahabharat, greatly upped the technical"ent for its time and also became the first Telugu movie to be remastered and coloured in 2010. Even in today's modern times, premarital sex largely remains a taboo in India. It spawned a massively successful Hindi version starring Dilip Kumar titled Ram Aur Shyam. If you are looking for a refreshing short film with a great scope for character development then it is highly likely that you won't find any better than. Shyamchi AAI (1953 This legendary Marathi film, a mother-son story, was the first movie to win the Presidents Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film at the National Film Awards. Test Drive, this Samir Chand-directed short film presents a day in the life of a struggling actor. AN encounter with faces (1978 Vidhu Vinod Chopras short documentary film on childrens homes in Dongri and Mankhurd in Mumbai was nominated for the Academy Award in the Documentary Short Subject category. Pakeezah (1972 Like Mughal-e-Azam, Kamal Amrohis Pakeezah was another epic production that reached the screen more than a decade after it was initially conceived. Pushpak (1987 Kamal Haasans black comedy was Indias first silent full-length feature film. Nair, as well as a love letter to Indian cinema itself. Also, the mother-daughter relationship is brilliantly explored.
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Congratulations! You have successfully negotiated a contract for your home; now the "fun" begins as you enter into the paperwork phase of the transaction. Whether you are buying or selling, it is now time to coordinate with multiple parties, such as a lender, closing attorney, appraisers, inspectors, and others as you move toward a successful closing. This process can be daunting, which is why working with a professional real estate company is crucial.
We want to make the buying and selling process as smooth as possible, with top-notch customer service, so at Team Anderson Realty, we offer, at no charge to you, an experienced Transaction Coordinator (TC) who works directly with you, your agent, and other third party entities to relieve the stress of the paperwork process once you are under contract. Our TC team has developed a detailed, step-by-step system to assist you through each phase of the transaction, such as scheduling and coordinating inspections, sending needed documentation to the closing attorney, keeping you apprised of the transaction every step of the way. The TC handles the communication between all parties by sending reminders of important appointments, answering your questions about the process, providing instructions for the closing, and handling a myriad of small details that pop up along the way.
Buying or selling a house is an emotional experience, and every transaction offers an array of different circumstances, so it's important to work with a team who knows how to handle a variety of occurrences. Our TC team is professional, experienced, calm under pressure, and strives to provide excellent customer care throughout the transaction process. Our TCs are the key to our commitment to 5-star service.
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Barnes saw it coming... but coach 'disappointed' he was cut ahead of Gold Cup
Kwesi Mugisa, Staff Reporter
GIVEN the financial position of the Jamaica Football Federation (JFF), John Barnes had resigned himself to the fact that his contract as head coach of the Reggae Boyz would not have been extended.
What he wasn't counting on though, is the JFF severing ties ahead of the CONCACAF Gold Cup.
"I think we knew that given the financial constraints the contract would not have been renewed, especially with the team failing to make the final round of the World Cup qualifiers," Barnes said, following Jamaica's 3-2 victory over Panama in a friendly international at the National Stadium on Sunday night.
Barnes took charge of thenational programme last November, in the aftermath of the dismissal of Brazilian technical director Ren? Simoes, and initially signed up for a seven-month deal that was slated to end at the conclusion of the July 4-26 Gold Cup, which will be held in the United States.
With only a few days left until its expiration, the JFF on Sunday took the decision to terminate the contract.
"It was a bit disappointing. I was looking forward to going to the Gold Cup. I expected to, but have to respect the JFF's decision to give coach Whitmore time to prepare for what will be a long and difficult journey ahead," Barnes noted.
English League One team Tranmere Rovers, the team of Reggae Boy Ian Goodison, had already accepted the former England international. But Barnes would have continued on as head coach of the programme until the end of next month's CONCACAF Gold Cup, a showdown of the region's best teams and top coaches.
Jamaica qualified for the tournament by virtue of winning the Digicel Caribbean Championship, under the leadership of Barnes, in December.
The job of leading the national team has now fallen to assistant coach Theodore Whitmore, who has been given a one-year contract by the JFF.
The locally based Whitmore has already twice been named interim senior national football head coach, temporarily taking over the programme after the sacking of both Serbian coach Velibor 'Bora' Milutinovic, who was replaced by Simoes, and the subsequent sacking of Simoes.
Although Whitmore successfully led the team to three crucial home wins in the closing rounds of the CONCACAF Wold Cup qualifying semi-finals, which saw Jamaica narrowly miss out on progression, it appeared to have been the consensus at the time by the JFF that the former Reggae Boy did not have the necessary experience or stature to lead the national team.
It would appear, however, that the JFF has had a change of heart.
"We thought it necessary to give coach Whitmore enough time to prepare for the upcoming tournament," head of the JFF, captain Horace Burrell, said.
"We have been paying close attention to coach Whitmore over the last few months and have no doubts that he can successfully lead the team," he added.
Originally not expected to join Tranmere until after the Gold Cup in July, Barnes will now report to the club for preseason training.
In an unbeaten 10-match stint in charge of the national senior team, the former Liverpool great recorded a largely successful tour of duty with six victories and four draws.


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Tag: Poverty
The way out of poverty is not to be found 'holistically'
I attended a session the other day that was intended to discuss the Scottish Goverment's current plans for tackling child poverty. A word that was used repeatedly in that document, and so in the presentations, jarred with me. The word is 'holistic'. The plan promises a 'holistic' response at many points, and in a range of different contexts – such as employability, support, income generation. What could be wrong with that?
To my mind, there are three great flaws in this approach. The first is the implicit assumption, in much of this, that the appropriate way to respond to poverty is 'person-centred', personal or individualised. Here are some examples:
We will invest [in] Whole Family Wellbeing Funding … This will help transform services that support families to ensure that all families can access preventative,
holistic support which is wrapped around their needs, and provided when they need it and for as long as they need it.
Through direct efforts to get more cash in the
pockets of families now, alongside a genuinely holistic, person-centred package of family support, we can help to ensure families receive the right support at the right time, for as long as they need it, creating the conditions for families to navigate their way out of poverty.
It takes all of us, across Scotland, working together – united in focus and purpose – to deliver the change to how public services are delivered, moving to a person-centred holistic approach to supporting families.
In the published document, there are more than thirty similar phrases to choose from. It should be recognised, however, that the circumstances that lead people to be in poverty are not, for the most part, specific to the individual or of the family. The central purpose of the strategy is not to deal with the individual circumstances of poor families, but to reduce overall the numbers of people who are falling into poverty. To do that, the focus has to be, not just on those who are poor currently, but on the throughput – the very large numbers of people, actually most of the population, who will pass through poverty for an extended period. That calls for a structural perspective, not an individualised one.
There are strong hints in the figures where the problems are likely to be concentrated. Why, for example, are most children of young mothers likely to be poor? The answer has little to do with personal or individual factors. It's because the capacity of women to earn is critical to household income, the children of young mothers are far more likely to be young, and young children have to be looked after. The situation calls for higher income for people with responsibility for children, and extensive, affordable child care – ours is almost the most expensive in the OECD.
The second problem about the claim to be providing 'holistic' services is that it's not true. It doesn't happen, anywhere, ever. The reason why we have medical practices delivering health care, schools providing education and social security providing money is that these are all things that matter, that need to be done, and require specific routes and channels to be delivered. We often hear the complaint that Scottish services are based in 'silos'. Of course they are. The doctor doesn't teach your children to read, the social security officer doesn't allocate houses and the social worker is not there to take your appendix out. It's true that specific services can be transformative, changing every part of a person's life. Decent housing can turn someone's life around in days, but that doesn't happen because of an holistic assessment; it happens because housing is so important for people's lives. The most effective strategies for dealing with poverty have generally worked by focusing on one of the elements that lead people to be deprived – elements such as health care, education, income support or housing – and removing part of the burden from poor people.
The third issue is about policy. Targeting resources on poor families has a clear value here and now, but it is not the only way to deal with the problems. We could do much more. To safeguard people now and in the future, we need to change the conditions which underlie the experience of poverty. I have already given the example of child care; that needs to be done as a universal basic service, not a process targeted on poor families. Let me take another: the case for free school meals. That contributes to poverty reduction precisely because it is universal and basic. Neither child care support, nor free school meals, are 'holistic' policies. The same arguments extend to a wide range of services – energy, communications, transport. Public services can make a major contribution in improving the command over resources of people on low incomes.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 9th June 2022 12th July 2022 Categories Poverty, Social PolicyTags PovertyLeave a comment on The way out of poverty is not to be found 'holistically'
Poverty in Scotland 2021: a report from the JRF
I was listening today to a seminar for Challenge Poverty Week, covering the latest report from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation on Poverty in Scotland . The report identifies six main 'priority groups' which put children at a greater risk of poverty. The groups are
families with children under 1
larger households
people in minority ethnic groups
families with a disabled person, and
workless families.
There are no great surprises in that. I think, from memory, that this pretty much reflects the findings of the Royal Commission on the Distribution of Income and Wealth in the 1970s, with a substitution: pensioners don't feature, leargely because this is about child poverty, but the position of minority ethnic groups has been recognised.
The next question, however, is what to make of the information. Shona Robison, for the Scottish Government, clearly thought that a focus on these priority groups was the way to break the 'cycle' of poverty. She suggested that the government would be offering 'bespoke' responses to families in this position and recommended better paid work as the way out.
There are problems with that. The place to start, perhaps, is with the statement that these people are at greater risk. Yes, the risk is higher, but that doesn't mean either that all these people are poor (the highest proportions are those in minority groups, and people who are disabled) or that people are trapped in poverty. Low-income poverty is a position that many people pass through. Very young children are important, because women's capacity to earn is impaired. Worklessness is important, but work is no guarantee of coming out of low income. Precarious work is widespread, and part of the problem.
The other main problem relates to the assumption that people and families can be targeted on an individual basis. Poverty is a moving target, and most attempts to deal with it by targeting are doomed to failure: people's incomes fluctuate, their household status changes, they do whatever they can to improve their situation. What we need is not a set of individualised responses, but a reliable, predictable foundation of the benefits and services that make it possible for people to secure their position.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 4th October 2021 12th July 2022 Categories Poverty, ScotlandTags PovertyLeave a comment on Poverty in Scotland 2021: a report from the JRF
My new book is out: The poverty of nations
The print copies of my latest book, The Poverty of Nations, have just arrived. I can't physically lift the parcel at the moment, because yesterday I fell off a ladder and after a trip to A and E I'm currently shuffling around with an NHS-supplied walking stick. Getting the books is nevertheless invigorating enough to merit a trip to the keyboard.
The book develops an argument I've been building over the last few years about the relational elements of poverty – understanding poverty, not as a lack of resources or income, but as a set of social relationships. The contents list looks like this:
Introduction: Representations of poverty
Part I ~ Poverty: economic and social relationships
Poverty and the economy
Poverty and rights
Poverty and social policy
Part II ~ Rich and poor countries
Poverty in national perspective
Poverty and the state
Poverty in rich countries
Poor countries
Rich and poor countries
Responses to poverty
Conclusion: Poverty and social science
I've previously put out some explanation about my line of thought. Here's an earlier summary of the central argument:
Poverty is at root a relational concept, which can only be understood by locating the experience of poor people in the social and economic situation where they are found. This is not just saying that poverty is 'relative'. Developments in policy and practice are increasingly focused on dynamic, relational and multi-dimensional understandings of poverty; our conceptual frameworks have failed to keep pace.
Much of the consideration of poverty in the course of the last hundred years, relative or absolute, has found it convenient to rely on three fallacies. The first is that poverty is a condition or state of being, which can be considered exclusively from the perspective of the individual who experiences it. The second is that can be understood solely in terms of resources, when resources themselves have to be understood in terms of social and economic relationships. The third is that there is a clear and decisive threshold below which people can be said to be poor, and above which they are not poor.
All of these positions are tenable – they are supported by many of the most eminent writers in the field – but they are not adequate, either as a way of describing the positions that people hold, or as a conceptual tool to analyse the issues. Discussions of exclusion, a concept which is self-evidently relational, come closer to the idea of poverty than much of the academic literature on poverty in itself, offering a way to escape from the limitations of conventional models of poverty.
I know that there are many people in the field in the UK who will disagree with me. When I put put a short piece on the Social Policy Association website, one response looked like this:
Why is it so difficult for so many people to grasp that the concept of poverty itself is the serious lack of the necessary and adequate resources …? What Paul Spicker and thousands of others describe is the consequential deprivations, as if accumulating descriptions will clarify the conceptual point….. That suggests ideological bias.
I'm encouraged, however, by the reaction of people who work in the global South, whose reviews are on the Policy Press website. Michael Noble, who I've not worked with, wrote this:
For those of us working in developing countries where minimalist monetary measures of poverty dominate, this book provides a welcome enjoinder to place social relationships centre stage in poverty discourses and when considering policy solutions.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 4th March 2020 12th July 2022 Categories PovertyTags PovertyLeave a comment on My new book is out: The poverty of nations
Poverty is killing babies in England
An article in the British Medical Journal shows a clear and strong relationship between the increasing number of deaths of children under 1 and the distribution of poverty in England. The authors write:
The sustained and unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England from 2014 to 2017 was not experienced evenly across the population. In the most deprived local authorities, the previously declining trend in infant mortality reversed and mortality rose, leading to an additional 24 infant deaths per 100 000 live births per year … There was no significant change from the pre-existing trend in the most affluent local authorities. … Overall from 2014 to 2017, there were a total of 572 excess infant deaths … The findings suggest that about a third of the increases in infant mortality between 2014 and 2017 can be attributed to rising child poverty.
This is a conservative estimate, because the figures are area-based, not individual; the association with poverty might be much stronger.
This is what the UN Special Rapporteur had to say about poverty in Britain:
14 million people live in poverty, and 1.5 million experienced destitution in 2017 …. Food banks have proliferated; homelessness and rough sleeping have increased greatly; tens of thousands of poor families must live in accommodation far from their schools, jobs and community networks; life expectancy is falling for certain groups; and the legal aid system has been decimated. … Following drastic changes in government economic policy beginning in 2010, the two preceding decades of progress in tackling child and pensioner poverty have begun to unravel and poverty is again on the rise. Relative child poverty rates are expected to increase by 7 per cent between 2015 and 2021 and overall child poverty rates to reach close to 40 per cent. For almost one in every two children to be poor in twenty-first century Britain would not just be a disgrace, but a social calamity and an economic disaster rolled into one.
The increase in poverty is the result of deliberate policy. That policy is killing people.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 5th October 2019 12th July 2022 Categories PovertyTags Poverty1 Comment on Poverty is killing babies in England
The poverty of nations: a relational perspective
I've signed a contract to deliver my next book by the end of this month. The working title is "The poverty of nations: a relational perspective", and it develops an argument I've been building over the last few years about the relational elements of poverty – understanding poverty, not as a lack of resources or income, but as a set of social relationships. I posted, two years ago, the abstract of a paper on this general theme. Here is that abstract again:
The book will be out next year. It will be my twentieth, depending on how you count them, and the fourth since I left my post in 2015. People may be surprised at the short time between contract and delivery of the final copy. It's been my practice for many years to write a book before I submit it. I started to do that early on, after working through the more conventional route of proposal and writing to order, only to find when I delivered the script at the end of two years the publisher thought that I should have written a different book. This way, I can guarantee is that we all end up with what we're expecting to get.
I wouldn't, however, advise any young academic to follow in my footsteps. The fact is that academic institutions don't like books very much, or social policy, and don't really rate either when it comes to counting the beans. When I left my employment, I was making a choice; I wanted to do more on poverty, benefits and social theory, and going independent was the best way to do it. I don't regret it; in the last three years I've done four books, a few research contracts and a semester in Poland, which I loved. If anyone out there wants an academic career, however, you'll all be better off writing bids for research funding.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 8th August 2019 12th July 2022 Categories Poverty, Social PolicyTags PovertyLeave a comment on The poverty of nations: a relational perspective
The Special Rapporteur condemns the British government's ideological destruction of the welfare state
The final report on the UK by the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights is damning: "much of the glue that has held British society together since the Second World War has been deliberately removed and replaced with a harsh and uncaring ethos."
The report is in Microsoft Word format, which may make it inaccessible to some, so here is a PDF version. Here is a taste of what he says:
The Government has made no secret of its determination to change the value system to focus more on individual responsibility, to place major limits on government support and to pursue a single-minded focus on getting people into employment. Many aspects of this programme are legitimate matters for political contestation, but it is the mentality informing many of the reforms that has brought the most misery and wrought the most harm to the fabric of British society. British compassion has been replaced by a punitive, mean-spirited and often callous approach apparently designed to impose a rigid order on the lives of those least capable of coping, and elevate the goal of enforcing blind compliance over a genuine concern to improve the well-being of those at the lowest economic levels of British society. It might seem to some observers that the Department of Work and Pensions has been tasked with designing a digital and sanitized version of the nineteenth century workhouse, made infamous by Charles Dickens, rather than seeking to respond creatively and compassionately to the real needs of those facing widespread economic insecurity in an age of deep and rapid transformation brought about by automation, zero-hour contracts and rapidly growing inequality.
I suspect that those of us who live here have become hardened to it, so that it doesn't seem quite so bad as it does to an external observer. Certainly many of the underlying problems have gone on for decades – I remember findings in the 1980s, from the Policy Studies Institute, that half the families on benefit were running out of money most weeks. The retrenchment of social security in the 1980s and 90s, and the 'welfare reforms' after 2000, have all added to the problems. The sad truth is that we left behind the principles of the welfare state long ago.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 22nd May 2019 12th July 2022 Categories PovertyTags Poverty1 Comment on The Special Rapporteur condemns the British government's ideological destruction of the welfare state
The problems of people who beg
Shelter Scotland has published a noteworthy report profiling people begging in Edinburgh. The report asked questions of 420 people; that's unlikely to be everyone, but it's a lot.
Addiction plays a large part, with nearly 90% misusing drugs or alcohol; more than 80% had mental health problems, mainly depression and anxiety, and more than 60% also had physical health problems. It's a population that overlaps with street homelessness – 43% said they slept rough – but the two things are not equivalent, and I was struck as much by the differences as by the similarities. When I worked on the census of homeless people in Aberdeen, it was the support staff who tended to say that the problems were problems of life-style and personal issues; homeless people said that the main problems were that they were cold and they were hungry. People begging in Edinburgh seem far more likely to say that it's down to their personal issues.
I did wonder if people might have been steered in some directions by the shape of the questions asked. One of the messages from the qualitative studies I've done with psychiatric patients in the past is that family matters; the people left without support to become homeless are mainly those whose relationships with the family have broken down. This is hinted at, but overall it's not a major factor here. In fairness, though, it's difficult to set up exploratory, discursive interviews with homeless people (been there, done that); the remarkable thing about the Shelter study is how much information they've been able to bring together.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 14th March 2019 12th July 2022 Categories Poverty, Social PolicyTags PovertyLeave a comment on The problems of people who beg
Poverty and social security
I went today to a seminar for early career researchers, most of whom are working on issues related to social security. That is, of course, a terrible idea; I spent most of my career trying to interest people in social security issues, and look what happened to me.
Adrian Sinfield, who reflected about the changing situation in Scotland, gave one of the presentations, He was very kind about a book I wrote more than 25 years ago, Poverty and Social Security: concepts and principles. However, as I've explained to Adrian, I've had some reason to think again about that book, and I wonder if I didn't make a strategic error in writing it. If we want a social security that treats people with respect and dignity, it's important that people should see it as a part of everyday life, not as provision for the poor, or even a safety net for exceptional circumstances. It's not necessarily a good idea either to focus a discussion of social security on its effects on poverty, or conversely to identify poverty with the receipt of social security benefits. The discourse has shifted since, and discussions of social security tend to be hijacked by discussions of employment; that is even less appropriate.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 23rd November 2018 12th July 2022 Categories Poverty, Social securityTags Poverty1 Comment on Poverty and social security
Blaming the people who get left out
In Factfulness, Hans Rosling comments about the way that we underestimate the improvements in poor countries, and complain that their peoples are pathologically incapable of improving their situation, despite the evidence that they are doing just that. Here in Poland, I've been told several times, as I've gone to local agencies, that the reason why people are poor is that they come from poor, inadequate families.
When Keith Joseph set up the research on transmitted deprivation in the UK, the situation was admittedly complex; the structures of the UK economy were long-established and it may well have seem that social services had been working with similar problems for a very long time. But the research showed a very different picture. In the first place, poverty was not continuous – people's circumstances had probably changed within their own lifetimes. Most people had a different experience from the previous generation: the determining factors were the economy, education, and – often forgotten -the impact of partnering. People who were raised as poor might be disadvantaged, but most of them did not stay poor. After the first generation, most people were already in different circumstances from their parents; there were continuities only for a minority. By the time we got to the third or fourth generation, any apparent continuities had disappeared. When the researchers looked for families which had been consistently deprived over four generations, they couldn't find any.
Poland has changed rather more rapidly than the UK. Two generations ago, in the Communist era, the main experience of poverty was for people in work; then came liberalisation, and the casualties of reform; and now things are changing again. In Lodz, where I'm working, the economy has been growing, and unemployment has more than halved in the course of the last six years. Very few people have a life similar to their grandparents'.
Now, it's not impossible to argue that, in the scramble for improvement, the race is to the swift – that the people who get left behind, in any generation, are the least engaged, the least competent or least worthy. To accept that, we'd need to accept both that the system does make such a selection, and that it should. We need to question the assumption that if people are still poor when things are improving, it must be their fault.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 22nd April 2018 12th July 2022 Categories PovertyTags PovertyLeave a comment on Blaming the people who get left out
The Joseph Rowntree Foundation thinks it can solve poverty. It won't do it this way.
The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has issued two reports under the headline, "We can solve poverty in the UK." They define poverty as being "to have resources that are well below minimum needs." Their objectives are to ensure that no-one should be destitute, that no-one should be poor for more than two years, and that there should be fewer than 10% of the population who have less than the standard at any time. The first of the reports, UK Poverty: causes, costs and solutions , has a lengthy account of research findings about people on low incomes. The second report, We can solve poverty in the UK, is a manifesto with a long series of proposals.
The reports are lengthy; probably the best way to convey the focus of the approach is to reproduce the key measures they propose. They write:
We could solve poverty by:
• Supporting people to be good parents, helping parents share care and stay in work, minimising the adverse impacts of separation on children, and supporting children and parents' mental health;
• Giving access to high-quality, flexible and affordable childcare to parents on low incomes, allowing them to work and improving children's pre-school development;
• Ensuring all children from low-income backgrounds can succeed in school;
• Ensuring all young people leave school with the support, advice, skills and confidence to move successfully into education, training or the labour market and towards independence; and
• Raising and protecting family incomes so they an afford essentials, reduce stress and give children the opportunity to participate socially and educationally.
• Supporting people to gain the skills and capabilities to find a job and progress once in work;
• Creating more jobs offering at least a Living Wage, with greater job security and opportunities for progression; and
• A social security system that incentivises work and increasing hours, and supports people in and out of work to escape poverty.
• Encouraging more older people to take up the financial support for which they are eligible;
• Ensuring more working-age people contribute to savings schemes and pension funds; and
• Providing benefits for older disabled people that are tailored to meet additional costs of disability and care needs.
• Ending the poverty premium through responsible business practices, better customer service, regulatory intervention and product innovation;
• Enabling low-income and at-risk consumers to get the best deals from providers;
• Boosting the supply of genuinely affordable housing; and
• Reducing energy demand through efficiency programmes.
• Enabling young people leaving care to maximise their potential, with proper support around housing, employment and training;
• Providing good quality holistic approaches to family support services, which address a variety of issues, including material poverty and behaviour;
• Providing homeless people with secure, long-term homes; and
• Significantly increasing access to and funding for mental health services.
• Supporting communities to create and implement locally-led solutions and build pressure for bigger change;
• National, regional and local leaders setting a clear vision and co-ordinating efforts across sectors;
• 'Anchors' – the big employers and in a place – using their purchasing power and networks to connect to land neighbourhoods; and big businesses and investors helping to rebalance the economy, driving growth up in ways that drive poverty down.
There are lots of measures here, some to agree with, some not, and a scattering (like leadership or responsible business practice) which seem frankly feeble. What it isn't doesn't add up to is an anti-poverty strategy. The specific objectives which are identified are not linked to specific measures that could bring them about; there is far too much emphasis on issues (such as parenting behaviour and work incentives) which have consistently failed to address the problems of poverty.
At root, the conceptualisation of poverty is weak. Even if we accept the narrow focus on resources, the reports overemphasise pathological explanations for poverty – individual competence and family dysfunction – and say far too little about either the structure of the economy or social exclusion. The resources that are identified are much too often concerned with cash and work, rather than assets and services. There is very little consideration of entitlements and capabilities, basic security or empowerment. The result is, I regret to say, a missed opportunity.
Author Paul SpickerPosted on 9th September 2016 12th July 2022 Categories Poverty, Social PolicyTags PovertyLeave a comment on The Joseph Rowntree Foundation thinks it can solve poverty. It won't do it this way.


text:
Dinner with the Romans: An Interview with Farrell Monaco
by Arienne King
The ancient Romans left behind a wealth of remains which help archaeologists and historians to understand what daily life was like in the Roman Empire. From ancient frescos of rich table spreads, to broken wine vessels, carbonized loaves of bread, and petrified olive pits, the left-overs of Rome's food culture are all around.
Fresco of Panis Quadratus, or Panis Siligineus
by Farrell Monaco (Copyright)
In this exclusive interview Arienne King, Media Editor at Ancient History Encyclopedia (AHE), speaks with Farrell Monaco, an archaeologist specializing in the culinary practices and food culture of the Roman Mediterranean, and the author of the blog Tavola Mediterranea. Drawing on her own experience, Monaco talks about ancient Roman cuisine and the challenges of food history, experimental archaeology, and public outreach.
"I have discovered thus far that Roman food preparation practices & 'recipes' were quite bold & sophisticated."
AK: Hi Farrell, thank you for speaking with me on behalf of Ancient History Encyclopedia. To break the ice, I wanted to ask what first got you interested in ancient history and archaeology?
FM: If I am to be 100% honest, it was as a child when I saw Raiders of the Lost Ark for the first time. I was hooked from then on. I'd say many an archaeologist in my age-group probably had the same epiphany! My father noticed this interest when I was a child as well, and he nurtured it a great deal by buying me archaeology books, giving me replicated artefacts (arrowheads, icons, etc) to catalogue and study, and taking me to museums. He had a huge influence on my historical and archaeological interests as a child and then as an adult, I took it in a direction that suited me best: food!
AK: I think a lot of people got hooked on history and archaeology in a similar fashion. For me it was watching The Mummy (1999)!
FM: I am a huge proponent of archaeological entertainment, if it gets the public interested! Yes, sometimes it's not accurate, but if it's fictional entertainment, no one can complain. It's all in good fun. But if it gets kids or adults interested in digging deeper into the real data, then it serves the discipline well.
Fruit, Roman Mosaic
AK: At this point, I have to ask: Why food history in particular? What is it about ancient eating patterns and food cultures that resonates with you?
FM: I suppose I gravitated towards it as I am a food-lover to begin with. Not a foodie, per se (I dislike that term as it's elitist in nature) but I have always enjoyed cooking, baking, experimenting in the kitchen and learning about the foods of other cultures. My interest in food archaeology, and the sensory aspects of it, began when I was working on food-related archaeology digs in Italy (Monte Testaccio, for example) where the focus was on food-related data but not the food itself.
For example: Olive oil amphorae, tituli picti, commercial relationships, trade routes.... but not the olive oil! What did it taste like? Sharp or bland? How did Romans use it? What did they put it on? Was good oil eaten and cheap oil used for lamps? …
We see so often in archaeological writing the descriptions of 'daily life' but rarely do we touch on food in the daily lives in the sensory aspect. We are governed by taste, aroma and texture. We eat the same things repeatedly because it brings us pleasure. The Romans were the same. I am interested in what their 'tastes' were and in their culinary practices and thankfully, they left a formidable archaeological record with which to draw on to get this information. Also written and pictorial records. This data, coupled with Experimental and Sensory (Experiential) Archaeology, in my opinion, allows archaeologists to get much closer to understanding the food in the Roman world and Roman food preferences.
AK: There has been a bit of an upswing in public interest with regards to food history, something both educational outlets and food brands are paying attention to. What do you think it is about food history captures the interest of so many people?
FM: I think the response to food history in recent years is part and parcel with a general shift in focus in our society around our food and our food supply. All we have to do is turn on Netflix, CNN or the Food Channel to see how interested people are becoming in food culture, food preparation, and food stories, in general. Some of it is political in nature and some of it is pure entertainment, but there is a renaissance of food culture happening right now and I like to think that it is a collective human response to our recent disconnection to food that occurred during the post-war years when increased urbanization occurred and industrialization of food production took over.
Urbanization, leaving the farm, our dependence on restaurants and grocery stores, women leaving the home to work, has subsequently disconnected us in many ways from our understanding of food, agriculture, animal management/husbandry (dairy/meat supply) etc. Not that any of this is a bad thing, per se, but it is a result of evolution and change. I feel that we are turning around and looking at our history and food history to connect again with something that is a part of what we are. It's also key to bringing us all together both on a local and global scale. Food archaeology to me is part of this. If we understand that value that our fore-mothers and fore-fathers placed on food cultivation and preparation, we may place a higher value on it in our day and age as well.
AK: Those are some great points that I had never considered. It makes sense that the deeply human connection to farm and food is a powerful means of reconnecting with the past. When you get down to it, the advent of agriculture was perhaps the catalyst for civilisation, so it is only natural to study history by tracing mankind's eating habits.
FM: I think that there are a lot of parallels when we look at food history and food archaeological data as well. We understand people in the past much better when we can observe them engaging in food culture in some of the same ways that we do.
Roman Fresco with Eggs, Birds & Bronze Dishes
by Yann Forget (Public Domain)
Food and identity, for example. I look at Roman food frescoes and what I see is a projection of access, beauty, and taste painted on to the wall of a Roman villa. Someone decided to take the time to have that food image painted in order to convey something to their guests that said something about them. I see food that they have access to, food that they enjoy eating because it tastes good to them, and food that they consider to be beautiful enough to paint on to the wall (form, colour, etc).
This is the same thing that we do on Instagram and Facebook when we share a picture of our lunch for all of our friends/followers. We are projecting an image of what we have access to, where we are, who we are with, what we are eating etc, and this says a lot about who we are: our identity and how we want to be seen by others.
AK: You mentioned that "we are governed by taste, aroma and texture" and that the Romans similarly had their own tastes and food preferences. On the one hand, the Mediterranean Triad (grapes, olives, wheat) were omnipresent, but then you have staples like garum or expensive additives like silphium that would be unfamiliar. Would you say that Roman cuisine, for lack of a better term, would be more or less similar in terms of flavour profiles to a modern Mediterranean diet?
FM: Not necessarily. Regional flavours in the Mediterranean are somewhat localized nowadays when we think of modern Italian, Greek, or Egyptian food, for example. There's little fusion, in that regard. The flavours and aromas that come to mind right now with respect to ancient Roman food is a result of their movements around the Mediterranean. Appropriation of other foods from other confiscated lands. The Romans inherited their food culture from many sources. This included their own pre-Roman tribal sources (Latins, Samnites, Oscans etc), but there were also culinary influences from Phoenicia, Carthage, Greece, Egypt, Judea, Syria etc.
Sale of Bread Fresco, Pompeii
by Marie-Lan Nguyen (Public Domain)
Cereal grains were the backbone of the Roman diet and the average Joe (or Lucius...) consumed most of their daily calories in the form of grain products such as bread and puls (porridge).
From my experimental food archaeology projects related to Roman food, I have discovered thus far that their food preparation practices and 'recipes' were quite bold and sophisticated. Flavours that I recall from some of the most memorable recipes that I've interpreted are: bold, sharp, bitter, strong, full-bodied. For example, using wine and vinegar reductions in cooking, and sweet and sour flavours in use with meat. Ingredients like garum (a salted fish condiment) and lovage. Exquisite custards and patinae (soufflés), or cheese dishes that incorporate ingredients we would genuinely be hesitant to combine in this day and age, but the end-product is incredible.
[The now extinct plant] silphium was used in many dishes. The Romans picked silphium to extinction as it was so prized by the elite class. Asafoetida (also known as hing) was suggested as a poor man's substitute, even in Antiquity, as the strong, pungent flavour that silphium had was a desired additive in Roman cooking. It was Cyrenian (Libyan).
I could go on but I'll let you ask the questions. A good area to speak of is that Romans did not waste food either. Something we could all learn from.
AK: That is an interesting point. The Romans were quite thrifty, and even used or broken amphorae [clay vessels typically filled with oil or wine] were reused in different ways, before finally being discarded. Would you mind expanding a bit on food wastage (or lack thereof) in the Roman Empire?
FM: You're correct! Amphorae turn up everywhere and in many different contexts. They were disposed of in heaps like Monte Testaccio, used as wall-fill, or as cooking tiles (which were heated and used to cover food in a hearth). They were even used to cover bodies during funereal burials. The Romans were brilliant when it came to recycling and repurposing. They didn't waste much. With respect to food, it makes complete sense as famine was a very real threat for Romans.
They were continually trying to find ways to feed the capital (the city of Rome) by expanding and appropriating more and more land and farming territories. When we look at the Mediterranean Triad, for example, Roman grew grapes and pressed them to make wine. But they kept the must (grape skins) and used them further. They would boil them and reduce them (sometimes in lead-lined pots!) to create a food preservative and additive called 'Defrutum'. And it's absolutely delicious!
Wine Advertisement, Herculaneum
by Carole Raddato (CC BY-NC-SA)
The primary product of olives was oil for food, cleansing the skin, medicine and lamp fuel... but the Romans knew the olive pits were combustible so they used them as kindling in bread ovens and hearths, etc. The use of all parts of an animal for food (and I mean every part) is a signature Roman practice. Reading Apicius' 1st Century CE cookbooks is not only intriguing but stomach-turning on occasion as well!
AK: A little earlier, you brought up the relationship between food history and archaeology. In addition to studying ancient frescoes and analyzing carbonized bread from 2,000 years ago, you also use experimental archaeology to unravel the secrets of ancient Roman cuisine. What have you found are the strengths and challenges of using experimental archaeology in this way?
FM: To me, experimental archaeology is key to the interpretive process. It makes no sense to me why we should assess and interpret an object, for example, by only using our eyes. Looking at something through a glass cabinet and not understanding how we would handle it and use it is a disadvantage. I have always felt that if we want to understand something, we should make it or use it ourselves. Observe through experience and be cognizant of our senses in the process.
For example, a manual grain mill. How am I handling it? What does it sound like? Am I sweating because I'm exerting energy? Is my back sore now? Are my hands shaking from using it for 2 hours straight? What does the grain look and feel like? Is the flour dust in my eyes and up my nose because it's in the air around me? Is it irritating my eyes or throat? And finally, what's the flour texture like? The bread product? What can I eat with? Is it bland? Filling?
All of this paints a much broader picture of what domestic milling and bread-making was like in ancient Rome and it gives us a very clear idea as to how much time was taken up in a day to feed oneself, how much labour was pored into it, how difficult it was to procure and prepare food, and how much value was placed on food as a result. You DO NOT get this experience by looking at a kitchen implement in a cabinet at a museum. You arrive at this understanding by engaging in Experimental and Sensory Archaeology. It broadens the interpretive scope significantly. It's almost like walking a mile in a Roman's shoes.
AK: Interesting! Experimental archaeology seems to lend itself well to food and food manufacturing.
FM: As for challenges...I don't get to use the original food-processing technologies! But this could also be hazardous to my health: For example, leucetite grain mills may have produced grit that could damage my teeth, and I certainly DON'T want to experiment with cooking in lead-lined pots.
AK: I can see how there are certain risks which you might aim to avoid, and certain conditions which can not be replicated. Plenty of Egyptian mummies with worn or chipped teeth can attest to the dangers of grit from milling!
FM: Those risks are indeed what keep us from attaining a 100% accurate facsimile. but I like to think that we do get close! As much as we love to romanticize ancient Egypt and Rome, for example, it must have been a terribly difficult time to live in.
Trapetum Roman Olive Press
by Heinz-Josef Lücking (CC BY-SA)
AK: Speaking of experimental archaeology:
You bring experimental archaeology to the table for a much wider audience than it might usually reach through your blog Tavola Mediterranea. What were your expectations for Tavola Mediterranea when you began it? And what has your experience engaging in public history overall been like?
FM: Initially, I had started the blog to celebrate modern Mediterranean culinary diversity. I have always loved the Med and have been travelling in this region for most of my adult life. But the more that I participated in archaeological projects in Italy, the more I found myself going down this rabbit-hole of Classical-era Food Archaeology and the reception to it by the public has been incredible.
I conduct research and experiments to satisfy my own curiosity and theories but the public has been so responsive to the blog posts that it's snowballed quite a bit over the last few years. Atlas Obscura, the BBC, and yourselves have taken note, which is such a compliment. I've also recently done presentations and workshops in live settings to full houses and it's been a real joy to experience this growing public interest first hand.
In addition to this; theories are often tried and challenged by the public as well and this leads to further debate, research, and discussion. This is active engagement in archaeology by the public from an accessibile standpoint and it's wonderful to see.
AK: That does sound wonderful, to an extent, the public can help to push archaeologists like yourself to revise and refine working theories.
FM: Exactly. Or argue them further. The point being that many people are becoming interested and engaged. And this means that the public cares a great deal about our past and our history
This year, I launched "The Old School Kitchen" which is the name of the touring public education arm of Tavola Mediterranea. It's an opportunity for the public to come out, to get engaged in a live presentation or an immersive food archaeology workshop in a museum or institutional setting. So far so good, as well! It's a genuine pleasure to see so many people interested in my research, experiments, and the subject in general.
AK: In "The Old School Kitchen", you invite members of the public to get directly involved in food history by attending lectures and getting hands-on with edible workshops. Do you find that learners respond well to that kind of personal engagement with "living history"?
FM: Absolutely. Bringing people together to cook and prepare food, to begin with, is a necessary human social activity. We should be doing this more often in general. But when people come together in groups to learn about food origins, food migrations, and experiment with how to make historical foods together something wonderful happens: We connect with each other, we connect with food, and we connect with our past. Every single workshop, conference, or culinary retreat that I've participated in has brought people together from all over the world to learn about food origins and to share ideas with like-minded people. They take this experience home with them to their families, workplaces, schools and it grows.
'Living History' is a beautiful term for it as well as I also encourage people to 'taste history' by experimenting with historical foods, ingredients, and recipes drawn from the archaeological, written and pictorial records. The sensual experience that we have when we taste history or experience historical landscapes in an immersive or open-air museum setting (Pompeii, for example) is a much deeper experience for us and something that helps us to process and relate to the past in a much more effective manner.
AK: That is a great outlook to bring to your workshops/conferences/culinary retreats etc. It is obvious why your work has resonated so well with people. The lengths that you have gone to in fostering a love of food history and archaeology is really quite inspiring.
Thank you for giving me the chance to pick your brain, I honestly lost track of the time!
FM: It's all good! I am having a gas. I'm really honored that you wanted to chat and it's a pleasure.
AK: The pleasure is all mine! I know that our readers will appreciate the opportunity to see another aspect of Roman archaeology in action.
Farrell Monaco & Panis Quadratus
Farrell Monaco has worked at various archaeological sites in Italy, including Pompeii and Monte Testaccio. Monaco is a member of EXARC and currently sits on the Media Relations Committee of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA).
Based on the success of Tavola Mediterranea, Monaco has launched The Old School Kitchen, a touring public education program focused on food history and experimental archaeology. The Old School Kitchen, had its launch in February 2019, and has upcoming events in June and July.
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Arienne King
Arienne King is a student and freelance writer with a passion for history, archaeology, and digital media. She runs the blog Birdcage of the Muses and is the Media Editor for Ancient History Encyclopedia.
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King, A. (2019, May 22). Dinner with the Romans: An Interview with Farrell Monaco. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/article/1389/
King, Arienne. "Dinner with the Romans: An Interview with Farrell Monaco." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified May 22, 2019. https://www.ancient.eu/article/1389/.
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Minutes of the Monson School Committee Regular Business Meeting December 1, 2021 "Pursuant to Governor Baker's March 12, 2020 Order Suspending Certain Provisions of the Open Meeting Law, G.L. c. 30A, §18, and the Governor's March 15, 2020 Order imposing strict limitation on the number of people that may gather in one place, this meeting of the Town of Monson School Committee will be conducted via remote participation to the greatest extent possible. Specific information and the general guidelines for remote participation by members of the public and/or parties with a right and/or requirement to attend this meeting can be found on the Town of Monson website, at www.monson-ma.gov. For this meeting, members of the public who wish to listen to the meeting may do so in the following manner: https://zoom.us/j/83983884243 Meeting ID:839 8388 4243, no in-person attendance of members of the public will be permitted, but every effort will be made to ensure that the public can adequately access the proceedings in real time, via technological means. In the event that we are unable to do so, despite best efforts, we will post on the Town of Monson's website an audio or video recording, transcript, or other comprehensive record of proceedings as soon as possible after the meeting. Present: Chair Colleen Flynn; Vice Chair Emily Graves-Harrison; Secretary Kathryn Peterson and Committee Members Jackie Watts and Alison Morgan Also Present: Superintendent Dr. Cheryl Clarke; Director of Business and Operations Leah Zippin; Director of Student Services/Early Childhood Center Suzanne Tetrault; Director of Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment Katherine Watts; Granite Valley School Principal Joe Trivisonno; Granite Valley School Assistant Principal Myriah Hudak; Monson High School Assistant Principal Matthew Sullivan; Early Childhood Center Dean of Students/Special Education Coordinator Colette Bidus; and Recording Secretary Karen Methe Note: This meeting was recorded using Zoom technology. Ms. Flynn called the meeting to order at 7:00 p.m. Ms. Morgan read the Mission & Vision Statements. Announcements: There is a Parent Student Teacher Association (PTSA) meeting tomorrow, December 2, 2021 at 6:00 p.m. The Zoom link is available on Facebook or, if needed, contact Dr. Clarke. Monson High School will hold a Holiday Concert and Art Show on December 16, 2021 at 6:00 p.m. Dr. Clarke thanked everyone that donated to the Movember fundraiser for men's health at the high school. Collectively, Mr. Metzger, Mr. Fletcher, Mr. Topham, Mr. Mooney, Mr. Sitnik, Mr. Hogan, Ms. Carneglia and Ms. Chambers, raised a total of $4,309. Dr. Clarke expressed her thanks to everyone who donated items for the Thanksgiving Food Drive, adding that it was very successful and turkeys were provided to families at every school. A Holiday Toy Drive is being held. The Central Business Office and J.P. McCarthy transportation staff have adopted families to purchase gifts for this year. Student Representative Report: Monson High School:
School Committee Minutes: Page 1 of 5 Regular Business Meeting-December 1, 2021
DRAFT COPY for distribution/approval at the Regular Business Meeting-December 15, 2021
Mason Dumas stated that school is going great so far this year. Fall athletics have wrapped up and winter try-outs have begun. It was college application week and Mason added that Mrs. Sorel and Mr. Dearing have been a big help to students. There were 150 applications completed, 60 acceptances and scholarships have been rewarded. The senior class is participating in the Toy Drive. There will be a Winter Concert and Art Show on December 16, 2021 at 6:00 p.m. Mason reported that overall the school year is going very well. Granite Valley School: Mr. Trivisonno said that Madigan Graves-Harrison and Sam Hudak have been chosen to represent GVS this year. They will have a report ready for the next meeting. Superintendent's Update: Dr. Clarke provided the Town and School metrics and the current vaccination rates. Pooled testing continues with 22 negative pools that were done last week. The new School Committee Meeting Room is nearly done. Dr. Clarke thanked Bruce Henriques from M-Pact for his tireless work in creating the new space which will be ready to accommodate a hybrid meeting protocol Dr. Clarke reported that all stakeholders, involved in assisting with snow day decisions, have been consulted and a new protocol for notification, plowing and clearing of vehicles was developed and is in place and ready to go. The district is transitioning to PowerSchool from Rediker as the Student Information System. The new system has enhanced capabilities, learning management system to house the district curriculum and more efficient ways to communicate with parents, among other features. Multiple training days have been scheduled for the implementation of the new system. Try-outs are concluding for cheerleading, basketball and swim as the winter athletic season gets set to begin. Mr. Trivisonno gave an overview of the Whatever It Takes (WIT) Acceleration Academy at GVS, an after school program for students in grades 1-6. Programming includes math and reading support in a small group setting. There will be approximately 75 students enrolled in the program, once it is at full capacity. The program occurs on Monday and Wednesday from 3:20 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. . Approximately 15 educators, including Teachers, Instructional Aides and Counselors staff the program. Transportation is available for families and students are provided with a snack. He thanked Mrs. Watts and the transportation department for their help. Ms. Graves-Harrison gave a shout-out to Mrs. Maloney for getting students involved in the community. Public session: Ms. Flynn opened Public Session at 7:12 p.m. Ms. Flynn reminded everyone of the guidelines in speaking during Public Session. No one came forward to address the Committee. Ms. Flynn closed Public Session at 7:13 p.m. Subcommittee and Liaison Reports:
Policy Subcommittee: Ms. Peterson noted that there was a meeting this evening at 6:00 p.m. Discussion on guidelines for a hybrid meeting protocol was held. The hybrid model is scheduled to begin after January 1, 2022. Training for Committee members and staff will be held prior to the first Regular Business Meeting. Ms. Flynn asked that Policy BEDH-Public Participation at School Committee Meetings be posted with a meeting Agenda along with the guidelines for a remote/in-person meeting. She also requested that the Mission and Vision Statement be on every Agenda going forward. There was discussion about where to house the overflow of meeting attendees as the School Committee Room has a maximum capacity of 49. Ms. Graves-Harrison wants a concrete overflow plan in place and put out to the public. Mr. Watts stated that he feels all angles have been covered to begin hybrid meetings. Ms. Morgan noted that she is excited to begin in-person meetings and offer a hybrid meeting option to the community. It was decided that there is not a need for a Policy for hybrid meetings, just very clear guidelines. As of January 2022, School Committee meetings will be moved to Thursdays. Ms. Flynn asked Dr. Clarke to be sure that information got out to everyone. Human Resources and Negotiations Subcommittee: Unit negotiation meetings continue, but are getting closer to completion. Old Business: In-person/hybrid School Committee Meetings were already discussed as part of the Policy Subcommittee Meeting. New Business: Mrs. Tetrault asked the Committee to consider approving the donation of a stander to a special education student who is aging out of the district's program to another program. The student currently requires the use of the stander and Mrs. Tetrault, when questioned, said that the district did not have a need to keep the stander but if the need arose to purchase another there is funding available. Motion by Ms. Flynn to approve the donation of a stander to the student mentioned. (Second by Mr. Watts) No discussion Roll Call Vote: Ms. Morgan Yes Mr. Watts Yes Ms. Peterson Yes Ms. Graves-Harrison Yes Ms. Flynn Yes Motion carries 5-0 Mrs. Tetrault thanked the Committee on behalf of the student and family. Mr. DeMaio reported that the roof project is wrapping up and expected to be completed by December 15, 2021. There are still some grounds issues that will be addressed in the spring of 2022. The 2
nd phase of the Energy Service Company (ESCO) projects are on schedule to be completed by the end of this year, if materials are available. The only project on hold until February 2022 is the refit of lighting in the GVS auditorium. Grounds are in good shape and the maintenance staff is ready for snow removal. The high school gym floor has been repainted and refinished. The gym at GVS has had a quick refinish and looks great. The pool is now completed but one last step is the replacement of the original heat exchanger to provide even constant heating scheduled for completion by December 10, 2021. Next projects are to install the bottle keepers, donated by the PTSA, at the high school and Quarry Hill Community School (QHCS) and, upon completion of work by the contractors, the obsolete playground at QHCS will be removed and the north side playground will be restored. Prior to Mrs. Hudak's presentation on the Remote Learning Update at GVS, Mr. Trivisonno thanked the remote teacher, office and teaching staff for all their hard work in coordinating this program. Mrs. Hudak then reviewed the specific remote learning procedures for grades 1-6 along with a sample of the informational sheet used to arrange a student's remote learning work. Mrs. Hudak added that 116 students have been eligible for test and stay, and 95% of students have participated (110/116). Committee members thanked Mrs. Hudak for her informative update. Action Items: Ms. Flynn would like to create goals for the Committee and said this will be discussed further when in-person meetings return. Be sure to get the information that School Committee Meetings will be changing to Thursdays effective January 6, 2022 on the website and put In the Loop. Ms. Morgan questioned whether the district has had any training on an active shooter in the building, given the recent tragedy that occurred in Michigan. Dr. Clarke replied that staff and students have been educated and have participated in Alert, Lockdown, Inform, Counter and Evacuate (A.L.I.C.E.) drills, adding that Monson Public Schools was one of the first districts to do so. Ms. Peterson would like the Committee to reconsider the decision not to allow food or beverages at athletic games. She stated that this is the Athletic Boosters main fundraising activity. Motion by Ms. Graves-Harrison to adjourn Open Session. (Second by Mr. Watts) No discussion Motion carries 5-0 Open Session closed at 8:52 p.m. Documentation for this meeting: December 1, 2021-Regular Business Meeting Agenda Remote Learning Update –GVS 21-22 Distributed at meeting: N/A
Approved by Committee: ________________________________________ Kathryn Peterson, Secretary
December 1, 2021-SC Minutes-Final (1)
Minutes of the Monson School Committee Regular Business Meeting November 9, 2022 Hybrid Model Members of the public were able to participate virtually in this meeting at https://us06web.zoom.us/j/8294
Minutes of the Monson School Committee Regular Business Meeting October 12, 2022 Hybrid Model Members of the public were able to participate virtually in this meeting at https://us06web.zoom.us/j/8796
Minutes of the Monson School Committee Regular Business Meeting September 21, 2022 Hybrid Model Members of the public were able to participate virtually in this meeting at https://us06web.zoom.us/j/86


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Sam Donaldson
Highest Rated: 93% Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story (2008)
Lowest Rated: 56% Fuck (F*ck) (2005)
Birthday: Mar 11, 1934
A timeless figure in the field of TV news, Sam Donaldson studied at the New Mexico Military Institute and then at Texas Western College, where he served as the station manager for KTEP in El Paso. Following a tour of duty as an artillery officer for the U.S. Army from 1956 to 1959, he began pursuing a long term career in journalism, eventually working as an anchor for local TV network affiliates. Donaldson began delivering to a national audience by submitting reports from the field in Vietnam for ABC in 1971. He went on to become the network's chief White House correspondent, and over the course of the '80s, '90s, and 2000s, he would serve as the chief anchor for ABC's World News Sunday, take over hosting duties for This Week with David Brinkley, and anchor the news magazine show Prime Time Live.
Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story
Fuck (F*ck)
93% Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story
56% Fuck (F*ck)
No Score Yet Ronald Reagan: His Life and Times
No Score Yet Feed
No Score Yet ABC News: Behind Kremlin Walls
No Score Yet American Indian Homelands: Matters of Truth, Honor & Dignity
Host/Narrator
No Score Yet Real Time with Bill Maher
92% Da Ali G Show
Quotes from Sam Donaldson's Characters


You are in a clothing store and have customers that come, try some closes and eventually buy them. But not make them wait too much!
When a customer arrives, click her and the chair where she will sit; click a magazine and click her when she asks for it; click a garment and the customer when she asks for it; click at the cash register to charge and then at the armchair to clean it so it's ready for the next customer.


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What Does Dubai Mean?
IPA (US):
An summary of the meaning contained in the dictionary definition for Dubai • DUBAI (noun) One meaning may be ascribed to the term DUBAI: 1. a city on the coast of the Persian Gulf that is part of the United Arab Emirates Information that is already known: The usage of DUBAI as a noun is quite uncommon. Specifics of a dictionary entry • DUBAI (noun) Sense 1 Meaning: Located on the coast of the Persian Gulf and part of the United Arab Emirates.
Classified under: Nouns that indicate one's location in space Examples of hypernyms include: a major city or urban hub; a metropolis (a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts) A port is a location (either a seaport or an airport) through which people and goods may enter or exit a country;
Holonyms (meaning "Dubai" is a component of.): Emirates of the United Arab League (a federation of seven Arab emirates on the eastern Arabian peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; rich in oil reserves) Context examples In the beginning of this year, the research team managed to cultivate salt-resistant rice in a desert in Dubai and harvest it successfully. (The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin reports that Chinese scientists were able to harvest saltwater rice with success)
Learn English with. Proverbs
The proverb states that "bread is the staff of life." The phrase "to be poor is not a sin, but it's preferable to avoid it nevertheless" is an English proverb. "Humans think, while God planned," says an old Breton saying. (This is an Arabic proverb) "It is pointless for someone to wash themselves over and over again if they are not gorgeous by nature." (An old saying from Corsica).
What does the word Dubai mean?
According to Fedel Handhal, an expert on the history and culture of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the word "Dubai" may have originated from the word "daba" (Arabic: ), which is a past tense derivative of yadub (Arabic: ), which means "to creep." This is in reference to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland.
See also: Dubai Is The Capital Of Which Country?
What was the original name of Dubai?
A component emirate of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is sometimes written with the spelling Dubayy (formerly Trucial States or Trucial Oman ).
Why are people from Dubai called?
Emiratis
الإماراتيين
Flag of the United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates c. 1-1. 5 million
Other Gulf countries
Arabic ( Emirati , Gulf , Modern Standard , Shihhi , Omani ) English Baluchi Mehri Larestani
Predominantly Sunni Islam Minority Shia Islam
Arabs , Afro-Arabs , Arab-Persians , Kuwaitis , Saudis , Qataris , Omanis , Baharna , Baluchis , Ajam
The Emiratis (Arabic: ) (singular male Arabic: Emarati, feminine Emaratiya) are the native Arab people of the United Arab Emirates and its residents. The word "Emirati" comes from the word "emirat," which means "emirate" (UAE). Their greatest number of people may be found in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which is home to around 1.5 million Emiratis. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was once known as the Trucial States or Trucial Sheikhdoms.
It is comprised of seven emirates, each of which formerly had a dominant or ruling dynasty. Dubai was inhabited in 1833 by a branch of the Bani Yas called the Al Bu Falasah; Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah are the home to the Al Qasimi or Qawasim; Ajman to the Al Na'im; and Fujeirah to the Sharqiyin.
Abu Dhabi was the capital of the Bani Yas tribal confederation.
Is Dubai an Arabic?
External connections –
Official website of the government of the United Arab Emirates Archived at the Wayback Machine on the 24th of February in the year 2020, ( U. AE)
The World Government Summit in the United Arab Emirates
The UAE will host the World Expo in 2020.
Emirates Arabes Unidos (UAE) The Compendium of Worldwide Facts. Agency for Central Intelligence (CIA)
Web resources pertaining to the United Arab Emirates made available through GovPubs inside the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries.
Curlie, representing the United Arab Emirates
The profile of the United Arab Emirates, taken from BBC News.
United Arab Emirates, according to the Wikimedia Foundation's Atlas
Statistics about United Arab Emirates Trade Compilation Provided by the World Bank
A timeline of the history of the United Arab Emirates, beginning with the Bronze Age and continuing up to the current day
See also: What Do You Need To Go To Dubai?
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Is Dubai a name?
Dubai, also spelled Dubayy, is the name of both the city and the capital of the emirate of Dubai. Dubai is one of the wealthiest of the seven emirates that make up the federation of the United Arab Emirates, which was established in 1971 after the country gained its independence from the United Kingdom.
There are a few competing hypotheses concerning where the name Dubai came from. One person believes that it relates to a market that used to be located close to the city, while another believes that it refers to the daba, which is a species of locust that is found in the region.
In recent years, Dubai has been likened to Singapore and Hong Kong, and it is frequently considered to be the most important entrepôt in the Middle East. Area 13. 5 square miles (35 square km). Pop. (2017 est.) 2,919,178.
What race lives in Dubai?
Ethnic composition [edit]: South Asians make up around 67% of the expatriate community and 71% of the total population of the emirate. Roughly one quarter of the population has some Iranian ancestry. Westerners make up about eight percent of Dubai's overall population, according to some estimates.
See also: How To Call Dubai?
Is Dubai in Africa or not?
This page was last updated on July 6, 2022. Although Dubai is located in Asia, it is also a part of the Middle East, which is sometimes included in the geographical region known as Africa. The United Arab Emirates is a country that includes Dubai as both a city and an emirate. This country is located in the Middle East, which is a transcontinental area, meaning that it is a part of both Asia and Africa.
Dubai is located inside the United Arab Emirates;
The solution to the question "where is Dubai?" may be found in this post;
Where can one find Dubai? The man-made neighborhood of Dubai Marina may be found to the north of Jebel Ali beach and to the south of Jumeirah Beach;
"The Beach" and "Ain Dubai," which is also known as the Dubai wheel, are located next to one another. Transcontinental nations also exist. Although the United Arab Emirates are geographically located between Europe and Asia, they are not regarded a transcontinental country; rather, they are considered to be part of the Middle East area.
What Is Uae Currency?
What Is It Like Living In Dubai?