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A theory of conventional cultural unity
Development and peace in Ethiopia are hampered by a poor social network infrastructure, low trust between the people and the government and low trust between ethnic groups. Conventional cultural unity would harmonise a peace by strengthening the psychological attachments between Ethiopians.
Geletaw Zeleke
Ethiopia is one of the richest counties in the world potentially, but in practice it is one of the poorest countries on earth. The irony is that natural resources and manpower are bountiful, but due to low social capital Ethiopia cannot even be self-sufficient.
The main problem of overall development and peace in Ethiopia is reliance on a poor social network infrastructure coupled with low trust between the people and the government vertically and low trust between ethnic groups horizontally.
The current government's clan-based federal system is destroying the horizontal network of groups. On the one hand differences are highlighted by politicizing ethnicity, which causes people to identify themselves by their group. On the other hand nationalism is shrinking as these negative attitudes bring about hatred and jealousy among groups. A slighted sense of belonging, ethnic conflicts and severe economic decline together determined the nature of Ethiopia once the ruling EPRDF party implemented their "architecture of ethnic federalism". In the meantime, communication and the ties of solidarity between and amongst ethnic groups and their members are fading out of Ethiopian culture.
Wherever ethnic-based federalism is introduced, ethnic groups lose their psychological attachment to the remaining ethnic groups; like fields separated geographically the independent groups take up their distinct purposes. The only thing that binds disparate groups together under the umbrella of Ethiopianism is a central government, which naturally functions as a loose horizontal network. Since politics and government are always changing, if a power vacuum develops then societal groups can no longer sustain their coexistence.
The unity that binds people together is not only politics or democracy, but also the sharing of culture and resources. It is this exchange that binds ethnic groups throughout the ups and downs of life. Whether politics are stable or not, if a society's social capital is strong enough then they can control the effects of negative changes.
In recent history the Derg military regime claimed a platform of unity, but where there was no equality before the law, belonging to a unitary political structure alone could not provide unity for multi-ethnic Ethiopia. Cultural unity is another essential anchor of the relationships between people living in given jurisdictions or under a given political structure.
The theory of conventional cultural unity proposed here is one way of building the necessary social infrastructures for unity in the Ethiopia context.
Conventional cultural unity
This is a process in which different ethnic groups agree to share their cultures and build common values. Culture is always in a state of change. Culture is a set of practices which can be shaped to certain ends – for example including the harmonization of peace within and between groupings; building a culture that admits of variety but is of high quality; building a culture that maximizes social skills; accumulating social capital to accelerate development. However, the shaping of culture in this way has to be a two way process that accords with people's voluntary participation.
Historically, the classical model of nation-building was forced cultural assimilation, especially during the time of the two world wars. During that time, countries seem to have been fascinated by the expansion of territory. The motivation for forced cultural assimilation was extirpating the culture of rival nations and forcefully infusing their own in an attempt to rule and maintain their own hegemonic power. Take the period of Japanese occupation and colonisation of the Korean people, for example, when Koreans were forced to speak Japanese and use it in their official communications. During the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945) Koreans were forced to dissolve the Korean Empire, to change their names, and were prohibited from using their native language and literature in order to demolish the Korean heritage and history.
Marc E. Caprio in Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea wrote the following of forced cultural assimilation:
"…Japanese assimilation in Korea during the final seven years of its rule witnessed the colonial administration adopting hitherto unprecedented measures to eradicate Korean culture and identity."
During the colonial period in many countries colonizers spent their time forcing the colonized to change their religion, customs and language. The only way the colonizers could think of to diffuse their language and belief system, was to force it upon the colonized. There is no attempt to share your culture in forceful assimilation. The belief is that destroying a colonized people's culture facilitates. Scholars agreed that this was easier and faster. The Irish and Caribbean peoples were forced by their colonizers to use the English language, and as a result, lost much of their cultural inheritance and their value systems.
The French colonial idea was a bit different. The French declared that freedom and fraternity would apply to those people who were willing to take on board French language and culture. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as the French colonies assimilated French language and culture, those who gave up their culture and beliefs were granted citizenship. The belief was that assimilation civilized the colonized nations while maintaining the necessary influence over them. In West Africa, Senegal was the target of French colonial assimilation policies. In general West African people were directly and indirectly forced to accept the external culture and language.
It is quite clear why historically classical assimilation failed. Human beings need freedom. When people are forced and conscripted to culture external to theirs, it is not something they can learn to love. They will reject it.
Forceful assimilation has also occurred throughout history within countries themselves. Countries having multiple ethnicities have undergone forceful assimilation where one ethnic group takes advantage of and excludes other ethnic groups. In many cases intra-assimilation or ethnic group dominance has occurred where there are large populations. In some countries, the smaller sized groups could not compete with other groups and tried to assimilate instead.
But this form of intra-level assimilation was used in most cases to seize the central power infrastructure and take economic and social advantage of other ethnic groups. Annexed and trapped groups often fought to retain their culture and languages. Since the assimilation was forceful it caused anger and jealousy amongst groups and brought about civil war. In Turkey for example in the 1930s the government of Turkey implemented a policy to forcefully and arbitrarily assimilate the Kurds. Following this policy the Kurds raised up against the Turks in an ongoing battle for their rights. They have fought forced assimilation both with arms and peacefully ever since.
The Bulgarian government implemented an assimilation policy with regard to their Turkish-Bulgarian citizens between the years of 1984-1989. The Bulgarian government started the campaign of assimilation of Turk ethnic groups.
Wolfgang Hoepken wrote the following on Bulgarian forced assimilation campaigns:
"During the Revivalist process (between 1984-1989), the party launched a direct attack on the identity of the Turkish population. It forcefully changed their names to Bulgarian ones, banned public use of the Turkish language and Muslim religion rituals." (1997)
Turkish-Bulgarians were subjected to changing their family names and having new identity cards with Bulgarian names. These caused the deaths of many people as we have seen repeatedly throughout history. The people of southern Sudan fought for decades in order to keep from being annexed by the north. Ethnic violence has caused conflicts and cost lives in Rwanda, Burundi, Yemen, Nigeria and Kosovo, as well.
The government of the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia cultivated a policy of forced assimilation in order to stop the flow of culture from the Albanian ethnic group. The policy was intended to maintain the status and influence of the Slavic ethnic group.
In the former Soviet Union ethnic groups whose populations are minorities have always fought against annexation. The political environment tried to entrap them in the name of unity. But this forced cultural assimilation has never succeeded.
Perhaps the most dramatic failure in recent times has been that of apartheid in South Africa where exclusion was attempted rather than assimilation. Exclusion is the act of limiting communication and interaction of a certain social group with others in order to manipulate and rule over them. The word apartheid means being separated. In 1948 racial segregation was widely practiced in South Africa. Residence, education, health care and even public recreation areas were controlled. In the 1970s non-white political representation was still restricted. Again, by not sharing their knowledge and culture the ruling group thought to maintain their advantaged position through control of and rule over other groups.
In Africa most ethnic based civil wars and ethnic conflicts have been caused by either forceful assimilation or exclusionist practices. Forceful assimilation at both the inter and intra levels has caused ethnic conflict and civil war. This is a practise which qualifies as a crime against humanity. The lesson for the twenty-first century is that no ethnic group wants to give up its own culture and tradition by force.
The philosophical foundations of an alternative model
Even without external cultural influence, groups change their own culture over time. The dynamic nature of the human mind always yearns for change as time goes by. In the theory of conventional cultural unity, culture is considered the means and the end is humanity. From this perspective human beings can be understood to use culture to satisfy their physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual needs.
Both material and non-material cultures accompany conscious human development. Since human needs are not a static matter, human beings need better instruments, better administrations, better medicines, better lifestyles, better food and shelter, better clothes and so on. This tendency spurs the groups to internally change their food culture, medicine culture, administrative culture, material culture and their non-material cultures in general.
In a given groups' history every generation will participate in and contribute to their own culture. As culture is passed down, generation to generation, not all culture and knowledge will be accepted. Instead it will be filtered and added to through the arts of the new generation. The contribution of the new generation to the groups' culture is what makes culture dynamic.
We can observe cultural change without external cultural influences by taking a look at the most homogeneous societies. For example, in Japan there have been significant material and non-material cultural changes over time. Japanese and Korean civilizations are noticeably dynamic in the production of electronic materials. Through their dynamic creativity they can even challenge the world's material culture. The new generations in both countries do not use the same material as previous generations. This dynamic nature is the result of the internal pressures to seek out a better life.
No nation or ethnic group can sustain their language and culture unchanged over time. Some cultural resources are used and some are retired as historic treasures. When we take a look at language for example it changes over time as the result of internal pressure. Science, language and thinking have strong mutual associations, so that members of the same group would have difficulty communicating with years of separation in their same language. The people of a community would not communicate the same way with members of their same group who lived 200 years before them. Even for the new generation of Ethiopians, it is difficult to read and interpret ancient manuscripts.
My grandmother and I have experienced a bit of a communication gap even though we both speak the same language, Amharic. My ways of expressing my ideas, my vocabulary and sentence construction are a bit different from those of my grandparents. If I were able to speak with my great-great-great-grandparents I cannot assume that we would be able to communicate, even though we would be using the same Amharic language.
But a specific culture or language can also be influence by external culture. In the twenty-first century the world has become a village due to the high rate of both intra-cultural and inter-cultural change.
According to linguists the majority of the English lexicon, for example, originates from foreign borrowings:
"English is a Germanic language, having a grammar and core vocabulary inherited from Proto-Germanic, however, a significant portion of English word hoard comes from Romance and Latinate sources. Estimates of native words (derived from Old English) range from 20% to 33% with the result made up of foreign borrowings. (Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia)
Ethiopian diversity and cultural unity
In a given multi-ethnic country like Ethiopia the flow of culture from one group to another is greater than the rate of inter-cultural exchange. This is because the rate of interaction between groups is relatively higher. In the process of creating cultural unity, spatial factors still play a critical role in accelerating the rate of cultural exchange. People of diverse groups interact in traditional markets, public areas, institutions and at different events.
In Ethiopia there are over 82 ethnic groups. Some of their cultures and languages are extremely different from one another. Since they are under the umbrella of a single country they need unity. This unity can be realized only through some process of cultural unification.
The concept of cultural unification is different from that of forceful assimilation. Writers differ over which has been more important in Ethiopian history. Those who think that forceful assimilation has played a major role recall the use of renaming Oromos and other southern nation peoples to Amahara names calling it "Amharization". The camp who believe that cultural unification has created unity in the past cite the spread of slight psychological impacts resulting from the higher status and economic class of the Amhara nation. But whichever route you take, most can agree that there was no balanced participation in the creation of a new cultural unity.
Conventional cultural unity is a process in which groups work together in the process of building a new culture and values and a certain equilibrium is thereby achieved. The goal of conventional cultural unity in Ethiopia is not only to build strong nationalism, but also to satisfy the physical, emotional, psychological and spiritual needs of Ethiopians through a variety of cultural practices.
When Ethiopian ethnic groups contribute to their own culture and language in order to unify it does not mean that their own culture will vanish. In the process of their active participation in building common values groups start to enjoy one another's culture. They enjoy a variety of food, dance, hairstyle, wedding ceremony, holiday observance, material and non-material cultures in general. As time goes by the new high quality and varied purveyors of culture holders will emerge as unified Ethiopians, not pertaining to a certain group.
Individuals must be free to choose the best quality foods, their preferred clothing, favourite style of dance and so on. This selection from the available material culture should be based on convention, not arbitrary. The preferences for non-material culture should be based on genuine choice and not delimited by ethnicity. The general atmosphere of policy-making in the sharing of culture should allow people to comfortably choose useful material cultures and put the rest of their obsolete material and non-material cultures to rest in the shared vault of national history.
When we take a look at the food culture of Addis Ababa the capital and most diverse city of Ethiopia, we see the tradition of a variety of ethnic foods in the Ethiopian diet. Kitfo is the national dish of Ethiopia. This delicious minced meat dish originates from the Guraghe ethnic group from the southern province. The Guraghe did not try to influence other groups or force Ethiopians to nominate it as the national dish. Kitfo is the national dish of Ethiopia because the majority of Ethiopians, from all the different ethnic groups, chose it.
Kitifo spread to the Amhara group and it was adopted to be eaten together with the Amhara traditional bread ingera. Kitfo is the Guraghe contribution to the staple food diet of Ethiopians who also eat it with Kocho but have adopted the Amhara ingera to their diets as well. Ethiopians will continue to search for more innovations and adaptations to please their tastes or satisfy their real needs.
The Dorze arts in weaving have combined with the Amhara and Tigray fine cotton cloth to make the most beautiful and preferred styles of clothing for women in the city; again it is not because women are forced to wear Dorze weaving or the fine cloth of the Amhara and Tigray by government, state or church. It is sought after because it is of fine quality, it is conventional and it has become a tradition.
Conventional cultural unity is a guarantee for groups who as time goes by pursue a continually renewed and refreshed higher quality of life, complemented by a variety of cultures with rich traditions. This cultural unity does not attempt to create only one single culture as this is impractical, but to maximize the potential of all cultures in order to build the strongest, most reliable national social capital. It is a two way system working through the process of sharing. Values and knowledge flow through communication channels and all peoples select for themselves what is timely and important for human development.
Building social cohesion
In order to maintain trust in Ethiopia, addressing issues of spatial diversity is of critical importance. The federal system should take into account the need to provide a fully conducive environment when assigning terrain to ethnic groups. This is not only a question of language. The current federal system in Ethiopia has failed to provide adequate means for groups to communicate and interact, because groups are bound to their immediate localities.
Conventional cultural unity emanates from big hearts, accepting differences and embracing differences; it also includes the highest levels of respect and appreciation people can have for one another. Therefore the necessary social infrastructure has to be put in place by government so that more people can develop these types of constructive interactions.
There should, for example, be a policy of encouraging and building diversity into government offices, school systems and public institutions. All regions and their constituent parts need to be accommodated and involved. The various ethnic groups should all be seen visibly participating in administrative positions, the professions, and public jobs throughout the regions of Ethiopia.The government should encourage ethnic groups to live together by implementing and encouraging diverse resettlement policies whereby members of different ethnic groups can live in the same regions. In the special case of the Ethiopian highland area residents, there is a crisis due to the population explosion. This problem can be resolved by letting go of the limits on ethnic group settlement.
Ethnic-based federalism highlights differences and meanwhile brings about separatism. Psychological attachment can be brought about between groups only when political strategizing begins with parties built from ideologies and not racial groups. The Ethiopian political parties have to be national and focused on individual rights. The government should work hard to build up this kind of nationalism. Promoting justice and democracy makes the psychological attachment among and between groups stronger.
Building cultural exchange institutions is very important. Cultural exchange events allow people to learn from one another. Cultural exchange programmes and policies build stronger communities. This involves teaching Ethiopians about diverse ethnic groups of Ethiopia: their history, contributions, achievements, languages and cultures. This understanding will build the vital social capital necessary for the process of peacebuilding and development. We should open languages institutes in regions to encourage multilingual citizens and build a multilingual nation. Encourage Amharas to learn the Oromiffa language[7]; encourage Oromos to learn the Tigray language and so on.
What should we do about our national language? This must become a symbol of the unity of Ethiopians. It is possible that all groups can contribute to the national language standardization of the Amharic language. But Ethiopian linguists have to standardize the national language by focusing on our multiculturalism. The Malaysian national language Malay Bahasa was standardized after independence in 1967. The language is a mixture of many ethnic groups. Likewise Ethiopian linguists should aim to develop the national language through the contributions of different languages. Meanwhile, cultivating the English language will help Ethiopia to develop its external social capital and prepare its competences for the future.
A trustworthy diverse political system
As mentioned above, conventional cultural unity does not set out to destroy one culture and build a single culture. Rather, it is a process of allowing all knowledges and cultures to make a contribution, building on that variety to attain a better quality of life. Because each group has something to contribute to the common good the process of contributing knowledge and culture is a continual process. Supporting groups so that they may develop their culture and language is a vital element for the common good.
All cultural practices should be given recognition, while the group is encouraged to exercise their culture freely. Encourage new generations to add its own arts to the already existing cultural practices in business, technology, manufacturing, medicine, farming, and other trends. Encourage groups to teach their kids in both their local language and the national language. Promote affirmative actions in order to build strong trust and a sense of belonging.
Trust between groups starts with a trustworthy diverse political system. Whenever ethnic nature and religion are politicized it destroys national social capital. For multi-ethnic Ethiopia, horizontal trust is one of the most vital constituents of a whole healthy country. Horizontal trust means trust between and amongst ethnic groups and their members. The rhetorical play of those who indulge is politicking must be replaced by genuine ideological debate, in which all groups have an interest in being leaders in economics and politics. The political atmosphere cannot always provide us with the certainty we would wish. Loss of certainty about the future has often led groups in the past to be suspicious and react negatively towards competing localities, forming attitudes which make the horizontal network and trust weaker.
But groups that have reached an equilibrium in their relations to each other are a social capital for the government. This theory is intended to harmonize a peace by strengthening the psychological attachments between Ethiopian ethnic groups. Among the very basic foundation stones of a precious national unity, cultural unity is a profound influence.
The forgoing piece was edited by Magill Dyess. The writer can be reached at [email protected]


BASEL (Reuters) - Portugal coach Luiz Felipe Scolari said on Saturday money matters were only one of his reasons for joining Chelsea after Euro 2008.
Scolari, whose appointment was announced by Chelsea on Wednesday, began a news conference by making a statement about his move to the English Premier League.
"I would like to close a topic that has already been concluded by both parties," said the Brazilian. "I have to work with the (Portuguese) federation until the end of the tournament and every decision that has been taken, they were aware of all along.
Asked whether his decision to join Chelsea was financial he said: "Yes, that is one of the reasons".
But he added: "I'm 59 and I don't want to work as a coach until I'm 70. I want to retire in four or five years, so it was a financial matter but there are other things".
Among those were his family, Scolari saying: "I could offer my son the opportunity to study elsewhere.
Portuguese newspaper A Bola reported this week Scolari would earn six million euros ($9.20 million) a year from a three-year contract with Chelsea, who have not given any details of the deal.
Scolari at first answered questions about the Chelsea announcement and its timing, in the middle of Portugal's participation in Euro 2008, in monosyllables.
To the question of whether it had affected the atmosphere in the squad he said: "No". To whether the timing was good, he said "Yes". To whether the timing showed a lack of respect to the squad and fans, he said: "No".
However, he then loosened up, adding: "The timing is not going to affect our (team) relationship.
"My assignment will end at the end of the Euro...It would have done so anyway so let's stop talking about this topic.
"We did our sums and decided the best thing for me was what was decided a few days ago," he added, referring to his move.
Looking back at his time with Portugal, he said: "I have never worked with a team for so long before.
Scolari did not agree the decision to leave might be seen as a cause for Portugal's elimination if they went out of the tournament before the final.
"If Portugal were to go out I would always be responsible (whatever the reason)," he said.
Scolari said he remained the best of friends with Madail and the federation staff. "It's not because something else starts that friendships end.
"Now I'm here, completely involved with my heart and soul...We still have to get through two more phases to get to the final.


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"The ethnic Turks' party Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF) is the only party in Bulgaria serving a second mandate that has made no blunders" - MRF leader Ahmed Dogan commenting on the party's development
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"As much as some hate it and would not like to admit it, currently my name is worth more than some of the parties in Parliament."
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"Vatashki's GSM will not stop us on the way to Europe. We are a week ahead of England, because our GSM scandal broke out a week earlier.
Quotes | March 22, 2006, Wednesday // 00:00 | Viewed: 1005
"We didn't know and there was no way for us to know" - Bulgaria's Foreign Ministry Spokesman Dimitar Tsanchev on the owner of EU lobbyist company Shimon Sheves, convicted in two cases of using his position "to promote the financial interests of friends"
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"Bulgaria's soldiers are not for sale."
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"The perverted film shot by Yanko Vatashki at Sofia prison is a balloon, which is being deliberately swollen because of the ongoing peer review under "Justice and Home Affairs Chapter."
Quotes | March 19, 2006, Sunday // 00:00 | Viewed: 2246
"Next time they might just as well say I met Bin Laden!" Volen Siderov, leader of nationalist Ataka party, after the Associated Press incorrectly reported he attended the funeral of Slobodan Milosevic
Quotes | March 18, 2006, Saturday // 00:00 | Viewed: 2186
"Everything that I said so far for the referee doesn't count anymore!" - Journalist Tomislav Russev on Levski's victory over Italy's Udinese, which took the Bulgarians to UEFA Cup quarterfinals
Quotes | March 17, 2006, Friday // 00:00 | Viewed: 2218
"Only a complete idiot, only a thief could throw away asphalt and boast he is doing something useful". - Sofia mayor Boyko Borissov on the legacy of pot-holes that he inherited from his predecessors
"Stela Bankova is more or less of an adult and she can decide on her own". - Petar Beron, MP from nationalist Ataka party, on Bankova's split from its parliamentary group
"Stela Bankova is more or less of an adult and she can decide on her own". - Petar Beron, MP from nationalist Ataka party, on Bankova's split from its parliamentary group.
I want us to viscously punish the little Italians. I want us to crush them.
This impertinence, a politician who just hatched yesterday and today is acting like Mussolini, (...) creates uneasiness.
If [Sofia Mayor] Boyko Borissov was a real man, he would handle the garbage crisis, instead of whining to the media.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Dogs How To
Just Bark
Dogs Used For Testing Can Now Be Adopted
Dan Faschingbauer June 6, 2020
Animals are commonly used for product testing. However, a lot of people take a stand against animal testing because they find the procedure inhumane. While a lot of companies have changed their ways to test their products, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still requires animal testing of all drugs before it is released for human consumption in the market.
FDA explained the need to use animals for experiments and testings. They need to assess the safety and efficiency levels of the drugs, vaccines, and other medical-related items before they can decide that these products are okay for human consumption.
The sad thing about animals being used for testing is that they are euthanized when tests are done.
Recently, the FDA has changed its policy on animal testing. The new policy is now allowing the adoption of animals used for testing as long as they are healthy. These animals can also be sent to shelters or to animal sanctuaries after they have been used in laboratories.
On the other hand, animals that are unhealthy after the tests will be put to sleep.
Dogs are also used for animal testing, and with this news, they are given a chance in life to be taken cared of by a family.
It's good to know that the FDA is now seeing animal testing from a different perspective. People are looking forward to hearing that FDA will soon gear towards more efficient and humane testing options.
Together with 13 other federal agencies which comprise the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), the FDA is on a roll on finding means to test products other than animal testing. The goal of this committee is to phase-out animal testing and substitute with non-animal testing methods in the least period.
We can't wait for the time that animals will no longer experience cruelty and be used for laboratory testing.
Photo courtesy of Orin Zebest via Flickr
It's a given for any creature to want love and …
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Meet Edgardo, The Dog Savior Who Traveled 8500 Miles On A Tricycle And Rescued 500 Dogs
Dan Faschingbauer
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Special Needs Puppy Finds A New Loving Family
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Copyright © 2021 Just Bark


Today, Toronto learned Raptors PG Kyle Lowry made the 2018 All-Star Game reserves, a couple weeks after we got the good news about Demar DeRozan making the starting lineup. Boom! The one-two punch of the best backcourt in the NBA is getting respect once again.


Discussion of all other Canadian wireless carriers.
Has Rogers turned on the network for mobilicity customers yet?
BlackBerry Passport on Videotron LTE!!
Unlocked BlackBerry Passport on Canadian Carriers?
Can I get some help with 2 quick questions?
New Unlock phones that will work with Mobilicity in Toronto?
Roam mobility now in Mexico!
Using a Rogers locked phone on petro canada mobility ?
Sasktel update for the BlackBerry Z10?


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Q: How to delete rows that comes from loc function ? (pandas) I want to delete rows which are includes specific values.
data.loc[data['Column_3'].isin(['1'])

But i want to keep 1000 of them.
data.loc[data['Column_3'].isin(['1'])][0:1000]

How can i apply this into my dataset?
Actually i want to see 1 in column_3 but only 1000 of them. But i want to see all rows which are not include 1.

A: Use drop with index values outside range per condition:
df = data.drop(data[data['Column_3'] == '1'].index[1000:])

Or:
df = data.drop(data.index[data['Column_3'] == '1'][1000:])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Permission level needed to allow reading only the current version How can I set the permission for a document or library such that the user (or user group) can read only the current version of the document and have no access to older versions.

A: there is an old post which contains the answer to your question.
As you might already know Sharepoint comes with default user groups.  You've not stated whether you want users to only view documents or whether they also need to edit documents.  This affects your next step.
I will assume you only want users to view and not edit.  Therefore create a new group based on the View Only permission level, configure the new group (let's call it View-Not_Versions), but simply do not select the View Versions permissions.
As you see from the link a 'Permission Level' is a modular, cumulative way of building permissions.  The View-Not_Versions group will behave the same as the OOTB View Only permission, except users will not be able to view versions.


An adventurous Peace Corps friend of mine named Matt loves to say "Livin' the dream man!" Sometimes he's talking about himself and sometimes he's talking about me.
I love that he says it. It reminds me that we all have that opportunity: to live the dream.
More specifically, we all get to live our dream. There is no "dream" that we all share, it's a very personal thing.
My dream involves having a lot of time alone and with my wife. I love being in the woods, writing a lot, reading a lot, and sharing what I am learning with others. I love one-on-one conversations like when I am coaching or working with entrepreneurs or amazing leaders. I also love meditating, being mindful and having time to myself so I can think and reflect. Living the dream for me involves living in a small town where I can sit outside on the porch, walk across the front yard and jump into a swimming hole, or lay in a hammock between the trees listening to the creek in my backyard. It involves working out of my home office, but connecting to people around the world in Mongolia, California, Vermont and New York.
And living the dream for me didn't happen all at once. Quite the opposite. It's been slow and steady, like a long game of cards where you have many chances to trade in your hand and try new cards. I've traded in and traded up from good projects to better projects, from enough income to better income, and from good situations to great situations. I try to focus on being grateful and doing the best I can with what life has put in front of me.
As Neil talks about in his new book The Happiness Equation: Want Nothing + Do Anything = Have Everything, the more I focus on wanting less and doing a wonderful job at what is in front of me, the more I am surrounded by wonderful opportunities and great people.
I also have learned that "living the dream" involves way more subtraction than addition.
If this event was cancelled, would I be excited about it?
I call this The Joy of Cancelling.
I've definitely had periods in my life where I had a couple of those even in a single day! My day was full of things I secretly wished would be cancelled.
I know there are plenty of things we "have to do" and we don't feel in control of those. But I started to question that.
I choose to have a cell phone, so I get to pay for it.
I choose to live in a nice place, so I get to pay the rent.
I choose to do work and interact with people, so I get to have a schedule.
I also get to subtract things if I choose. There are consequences sure, but they are manageable.
The more I cut, the more surprised I've become. Nothing has been the end of the world. Things keep moving along. And the Joy of Cancelling has slowly become the Joy of Freedom.
Whether it's a meeting, a conference call, a dinner or something else, now they are often things I am leading and loving. I feel lucky to work with the people I do and I try, more and more, to fill my days with things I really enjoy.
I think that's how living the dream works. The dream is a day full of doing things you love with people you care about. The dream is a life where you don't want things cancelled. Your days are full. Your life is full. And in my case, it's a simple and happy life doing work you love surrounded by people you love.
Whatever it may be for you, I hope you are able to think about what "Living the Dream" means for you. I wish you all the luck in pursuing it and making it happen.


About 60% or 70% percent of the time, your baby will be spending his time in his crib. Thus most people will buy a crib that is strong enough to hold the baby's weight. Some will initially pick the color they want or the color that matches the theme of the room or a crib with their favorite cartoon character. The crib mattress is almost always considered last.
The importance of the crib mattress is unparalleled by the great amount of design and architecture the crib may have. It is all about the baby's comfort. Thus choosing the right type of crib mattress not only saves you money but also keeps your baby in great shape after his good night sleep.
Here are a few tips on how to choose your baby's crib mattress.
Spring or Coil? This issue has long been debated by parents all over the world. You wouldn't normally see commercials about companies selling a crib mattress that's why most people don't have the slightest clue about which is better. The truth is, there really isn't a better type. It depends on the totality of the mattress itself and your preferences as the parent. If you want a lightweight mattress that you can easily maintain or dust off, then the foam types are for you. But if you want additional sturdiness and longer mattress life, the coil types would suit you better. Each has its own pros and cons and regardless of those differences, their safety is just the same.
Size of the mattress matters. When buying your crib mattress, you may be surprised that there are hordes of different variations in size considering the almost similar stature of babies. Before heading to the nearest department store, always have a note of the dimensions of your crib to match it with your mattress. A perfect fit would not only mean a more beautiful crib for your baby but also a more comfy sleep for him.
How firm is firm enough? While choosing the softest kind of mattress for your baby seems the logical choice, the amount of firmness the mattress provides is more important when considering your baby's ease of movement and comfort. Since babies are still on the phase of learning how to move their muscles and other motor movements, they need something that will be more conducive to their physical development.
What about mattress covers? This shouldn't be too much of a problem since almost all crib mattresses are made with vinyl covers. The only major consideration when choosing the outer covering of your crib mattress is the mattress ventilation. Most mattresses have eyelet vents, which are sewn at the sides of the mattress to allow air entering in and out of the mattress. The standard vents are larger in diameter and allow more air to circulate in and out of it. Though their differences are very marginal, the eyelet vents cost more than the standard vents.
Know the manufacturer. Since we see or read very little about crib mattresses on TV or magazines, the trick is to do a little research online about the manufacturers of crib mattresses to have a clue.


text:
/ Lipps Inc.
/ Funkytown
Funkytown
Lipps Inc.
Preview Funkytown
Rock It (Edit)
I Need Some Cash
On To You (Radio Edit)
Designer Music (Radio Edit)
Obsessed (Album Version)
Let's Get Back To The Floor (Album Version)
Tight Pair
℗ 2003 Universal Music Enterprises, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
© 2003 Universal Music Enterprises, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
Also by Lipps Inc.
Preview Funkyworld: The Best Of Lipps Inc
Funkyworld: The Best Of Lipps Inc Lipps Inc. 1992
Preview Mouth To Mouth
Mouth To Mouth Lipps Inc. 1979
Preview Street Songs (Deluxe Edition)
Street Songs (Deluxe Edition) Rick James 1981
Preview The Collection
The Collection Indeep 1991
Preview Sunshine
Sunshine Imagination 2012
Preview That's the Way
That's the Way KC & The Sunshine Band 2011 From $11.90


Reeling under a pile of bad loans that is getting larger every three months and rising bond yields that have been eroding the value of its investment portfolio, the Rs120 trillion Indian banking industry is facing a new challenge—this time from the government.
For a moment, let's presume the Indian government has signed off the privatization plan of national carrier Air India. Four investment bankers chosen for the deal have done a fantastic job in finding out the right suitor. Like most public sector mandates, they have done it free for prestige, moving up the league table and brushing shoulders with the government (not necessarily in this order). After the celebrations get over, all four get notices from India's tax authorities, asking them to pay goods and services tax, or GST, on their fees that never were.
Well, they may not have earned any fees but a notional fee that they would have got in the normal course—a percentage of the deal size—could easily be calculated and tax needs to be paid on that. After all, they have provided a service, which is taxable. It's another matter that there is no "consideration" for the service, and it's a "contract" between the investment bankers and the government.
Or, say, you decide to open a restaurant. You start charging your customer on every dish and liquor served but breadbasket and pickle are complimentary. One fine morning, you get a notice from the tax authorities, saying they don't care whether you are charging or not for the crispy whole wheat bread sticks that people savour with tomato soup. Many of your patrons actually love that and, apart from good food and service, that's also a reason why they come to your restaurant. So, you assign (impute, in tax parlance) a value of the breadbasket and pickle served and pay tax on them.
Still, if you are not getting it, take the instance of a large Indian corporation that has shaken India's digital ecosystem, offering telecom and internet services dirt cheap, or even free, at the initial stage. How will it react if it gets a notice from tax authorities to pay tax on the free services that it has offered to woo customers?
Reeling under a pile of bad loans that is getting larger every three months and rising bond yields that have been eroding the value of its investment portfolio, the Rs120 trillion Indian banking industry is facing a new challenge—this time from the government, the majority owner of 70% of the industry. The Directorate General of Goods and Services Tax Intelligence (DGGSTI), part of the department of revenue, ministry of finance, has served show-cause notices to banks, asking them to explain why penalty and interest will not be charged on the service tax they had not paid for five years—between July 2012 and June 2017—till GST came into being.
The services in question are those that banks offer free—such as a certain number of cash withdrawals from ATMs, money transfer through net banking, cheque books and the quarterly statement of accounts, debit cards, refund of fuel surcharge, among others—to customers if a minimum balance is kept in deposits.
Why has the demand been for the past five years and not, say, 10 years, or even 23 years, since 1994, when service tax was introduced? There could be two reasons. One, DGGSTI has found out a way to establish that free banking services are covered within the definition of "declared services", a concept introduced in July 2012, and, two, under the erstwhile service tax law (governed by the Finance Act, 1994), the maximum period for re-opening old matters (where tax authorities believe service tax has not been paid or paid but not fully because of fraud or collusion or wilful mis-statement or suppression of facts) is five years.
Even though it started in 1994, the scope of service tax got extended periodically till 2012, when a negative list was introduced once and for all, making it clear that all the services not featured in the list are taxable. The negative list includes services offered by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), trading of goods, selling of space for advertisements in print media, transmission or distribution of electricity by a utility and certain banking services such as interest on loans and deposits and buy and sale of foreign currency among banks.
Finally, how do we define a service? Under the erstwhile service tax law, any activity carried out by a person for another for a consideration is service, but it specifically excluded certain activities such as transfer of goods or immovable property, services rendered by employees to employers, a transaction in money (depositing money in a bank account or withdrawal of money) and an "actionable claim"—a loose proxy for unsecured debt.
The GST law has changed the definition. Now, services are anything other than goods, money and securities. However, they include activities relating to the use of money or currency conversion by cash or any other mode for which a separate consideration is charged.
Essentially, "consideration", or fees being paid for a service, is key to the service tax computation. In private, most bank chief executive officers are calling the government claim "imaginary" and "bizarre" as there was no consideration involved. They have been offering the services free as part of a contract (between banks and their customers). So, why should they pay service tax?
Tax authorities, however, have a different point of view. According to them, a bank commits to offer the services/facilities free in lieu of a "recurrent commitment from the customer" for maintaining a minimum balance in her account. The bank is "rendering an activity… to the customer. It is also a case of … agreeing to the obligation to do an act". The customer's understanding represents consideration of the bank—it is a non-monetary consideration. Moreover, maintaining minimum balance is akin to a maintenance fee.
The banks have been offering the services to their customers for a consideration other than price—the ability to earn by deploying the funds or through commissions on investments made from the funds through the banks. Since this is a non-monetary consideration that the banks are earning, it should be valued under a prescribed mechanism as per the service tax rules of 2006. The penalty that the banks levy on customers for non-maintenance of minimum balance gives us an idea of how to value the free services.
# The monetary value of the consideration is determinable.
The banking community is not convinced, as in taxation and criminality, the written law should be in force, and not the unwritten "spirit" of the law, they say. Under the service tax law, it is clear that only services rendered for a consideration should be taxable and even if we assume there is a consideration for these services, it is defined to be "zero" as per contractual arrangements (between banks and customers). Simply put, in the absence of a legal provision, one cannot impute the value of a service that is being offered free.
Incidentally, valuation rules under the GST regime are more explicit to convey this intent of the law. Section 7 of the CGST Act (read with Schedule 1) clearly suggests services without consideration supplied to related persons/affiliate entities only qualify as "supply of services". Accordingly, services without consideration provided to unrelated parties should not constitute "supply" and, hence, not taxable.
The GST valuation rules also say where the supply of goods or services is for a consideration not wholly in money, the value of the supply is determined by its open market value. If the open market value is not available, there are other ways of computing the value. I am refraining from getting into those details, which are too technical. Those interested can check (https://bit.ly/2rpQ4Ez).
I understand the Indian Banks' Association (IBA), the national bankers' lobby, is in the process of appointing one of the Big Four accounting firms to represent the industry's case to the government. It is also discussing the way forward with a large law firm.
Indeed, the government is exploring every possible way to raise tax collection. For the first time, GST collection crossed Rs1 trillion in April, riding on economic recovery as well as improvement in tax compliance. A higher tax collection helps shrink the fiscal deficit and ensure capital expenditure by the government. So, what is the way forward?
Typically, it takes long to resolve such cases. I am tempted to refer to the case of rounding-off interest tax by banks. Between October 1991 and March 2000, there was a 3% tax on interest charged on borrowers (meaning, if one was paying 10% on a loan, the actual cost of the loan would have been 10.3%). When banks started rounding off the tax (instead of 10.3%, 10.5% in this case), a public interest litigation (PIL) was filed before the Karnataka high court, describing such rounding-off as illegal. The high court, convinced in the merit of the PIL, held that action of rounding-off as illegal, arbitrary and untenable, and asked banks to deposit the money collected with RBI. The Supreme Court, too, affirmed the decision of the high court and said neither RBI nor IBA was competent to interpret the provisions of the law (https://bit.ly/2KDFX72).
If indeed IBA moves a court of law, it will take years and the interest on the service tax claimed will balloon, making the burden heavier for banks, if they lose. The industry, I believe, is considering filing a writ petition with the Supreme Court of India for a faster resolution of the matter.
If banks are forced to pay up, the government will recover a substantial portion of the Rs2.2 trillion capital that it has committed to infuse in state-owned banks, but that will be moving money from one pocket to another. Profitable private banks may be able to pay off, but the five-year service tax payment will be the proverbial last straw that will break the public sector banking camel's back.
While the banks will not be able to pass on the cost to their customers for free services in the past five years, from now on, banking will be an expensive affair. Banks will also probably stop waiving processing fees for home loans (which often they do now) and offering free credit cards. Overall, not a good news for Asia's third largest economy, which is trying hard to bring more and more people under the banking fold.


The Emirates lounge at Bandaranaike International Airport has joined the airline's celebration of the season of love this year, and will serve heart-shaped chocolate macaroons to passengers from 13-15 February.
The celebrations kick off in Emirates' network of lounges. In the Emirates First and Business Class lounges in Dubai from 13-15 February, customers can enjoy a Valentine's champagne treat with the lively and generous notes of Moet and Chandon Rosé Impérial; a selection of Valentine's inspired cakes and desserts including heart-shaped dark chocolate raspberry truffle, strawberry eton mess with mini heart sprinkles, red velvet cupcakes and red velvet ice cream; Valentine's Day coffee infusions by Coffee Planet and special biscuits from Costa Coffee; aspecial Voss water infusion of strawberry and watermelon; specially flavoured teas from Dilmah including a spritely chamomile and black iced tea and a rum-based Moroccan mint mojito black iced tea which will be paired with Florentines and cookies.
Emirates' special pampering services in the lounges like the Timeless Spa and shoe shine services will also have special deals, along with complimentary bottle engraving on purchase of spirits from Le Clos, a fine wines and luxury spirits retailer in the lounge.
Across most of Emirates' network of 42 lounges worldwide, Emirates' chefs have prepared heart shaped culinary creations or the occasion. From 13-15 February, the special selection of Valentine's inspired desserts will include mud cake with a chocolate ganache, berry coulis and decorated white chocolate hearts in lounges in Australia; white chocolate mousse with strawberry and passion fruit in lounges in the UK; chocolate covered strawberries with coconut flakes in Emirates lounges in Boston, Los Angeles and New York – JFK, pink macaroon and heart-shaped mousse cakes in Shanghai and red velvet torte with cream cheese and strawberry tart in Cairo.
On-board meals will be seasoned with a touch of romance to complement the regionally inspired cuisine. On Valentine's Day itself, Emirates will serve a special selection of desserts on longer flights across its network. Snack baskets in First Class will feature strawberry and cream flavoured Lakrids liquorice, while in First and Business, customers can choose a Strawberry feuilletine with layered white chocolate mousse and strawberry jelly decorated with hearts for an after meal treat.
In Economy Class, customers will be served a dark chocolate mousse topped with candied hearts for dessert.
Customers can also get in the Valentine's mood with ice, Emirates' award winning inflight entertainment system. February's entertainment catalogue features classic favourites including romantic comedies such as Notting Hill, My Best Friend's Wedding and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again and the 1973 classic The Way We Were.


There are many available tutoring options available to students in DuPage County. Below is a list of local and national tutoring services to assist students from kindergarten through college.
Sylvan offers comprehensive, fee-based tutoring services via centers located throughout DuPage County. Sylvan Learning Centers are available in the following locations: Woodridge, Naperville, Aurora, and Wheaton (More location information can be found here. Sylvan will evaluate the student's current level and formulate a tutoring plan accordingly. Tutoring programs are available for math, science, English, and many additional subjects as well as SAT and ACT tutoring. For more information, please visit the Sylvan website.
Located in Naperville, Mathnasium offers math tutoring to students from elementary school through high school ages. Mathnasium offers customized, individual tutoring provided by certified instructors. The center is located at Route 59 and 95th Street. More information about Mathnasium can be found on their website.
Located in Glen Ellyn (526 Crescent Blvd., Suite 208), the Tutoring Center offers tutoring to students in a wide variety of subjects. Learning plans are customized to the individual student's needs. More information can be found here.
Huntington appears to focus on math and science related tutoring, but may offer tutoring in additional subjects (location-dependent). Tutoring services are directed primarily towards secondary and college level students and they specialize in test preparation. Huntington has learning centers located throughout DuPage County, including: Glen Ellyn, Elmhurst, Bloomingdale, Downers Grove, and Naperville. More detailed location information can be found here. Visit the Huntington Learning Center website for more details about the programs and services offered.
The College of DuPage offers various tutoring services that are mostly geared to students currently enrolled at the college. Tutoring is offered in various formats including peer tutoring, online tutoring, and one-on-one tutoring. Some of the services are free while others require a small fee. Please visit the College of DuPage Tutoring Services homepage for more information.
Literacy DuPage offers free ESL (English as a second language) tutoring to adults over the age of 16 years. Tutoring services are are focused on the English language in the following areas: comprehension, reading and writing, and English speaking. For more information about the services offered, please visit Literacy DuPage.
Kaplan offers their Kaplan Kids online tutoring and learning program available for students in grades K-8. This internet-based program is setup to assess your student's needs and measure you child's progress along the way. The program is available for a monthly fee, but there is a 7-day free trial offer available on the website. You can visit the Kaplan Kids website here.
You can find listing for individual, one-on-one tutors on websites like Craigslist.org and Wyzant.com, or through your school or district administration offices. Be sure to ask for references (and check them thoroughly) and only hire reputable tutors. Only work with experienced tutors who have a background in education.
If you know of other reputable tutoring services that you would like included on this list, please include them in the comments section below.


When you want to spice up your recipes or want a refreshing beverage to enjoy while watching a sporting event, beer is an excellent go-to. Typically, the only way to enjoy a well-crafted brew is in liquid form, but this startup company has figured out a different way for you to enjoy your beer. In 2012, Dan Kurzrock and Jordan Schwartz, founders of ReGrained, came up with a way for customers to eat beer through granola bars.
No joke. Granola bars made with beer.
As many great stories have started, this business traces its roots back to a fraternity house. While studying at UCLA, Dan Kurzrock would brew up beer in the fraternity kitchen. Realizing a number of leftover products and materials from each batch, he and longtime buddy Jordan Schwartz came up with the idea to make and sell bread from the spent grains. This took off and the increased demand caused them to rethink a way to make their products more efficient.
Grains are packed with fibers and proteins, and even after going through the brewing process, they still retain their nutrient factors. Because of the rich nutrients and protein, this makes for a great base for granola bars. Remaining grains used to brew beer also retain a vast amount of the flavors from the batch.
ReGrained is a company with a positive purpose. They tackle food waste by repurposing the spent grains of breweries and create a nutritious and delicious product. Local breweries supply all of the grains with one supplier, 21st Amendment, generating over 5,000 pounds of grain. Most of the excess grain from 21st Amendment goes to a farmer in the Central Valley, but a portion goes to ReGrained for their granola bars.
Currently, ReGrained has two styles of granola bars on the market: Honey Almond IPA and Chocolate Coffee Stout bar. As the company continues to grow, it will be exciting to see what other flavor combinations they can come up with.
With the many things to do in Downtown Las Vegas, one experience you need on your list is a Las Vegas pub crawl. Vegas Pub Crawler is the ultimate way to bar hop in Downtown Las Vegas. Whether it's a birthday party, bachelor/bachelorette party, corporate event, wedding or just because it's Tuesday night, there's nothing quite like pub crawling via a pimped-out, multi-rider cycle. For more information visit our website.


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Movie Review: Touched With Fire (2015)
First-time director Paul Dalio's Touched with Fire, originally titled "Mania Days," is an honest attempt to provide insight into the illness commonly known as bipolar disorder. The film depicts how two young poets are compelled to battle parents, doctors, and the cultural consensus to maintain their relationship which is considered dangerous by the community because…
Movie Review: Woman in Gold (2015)
During World War II, the Nazis plundered an estimated 750,000 artworks from European countries including priceless paintings by Van Gogh, Degas, Vermeer, and Michelangelo. Though many paintings and other significant cultural artifacts were recovered by the "Monuments Men," many were destroyed or auctioned off at extremely low prices. Today, there are well over 100,000 items…
Movie Review: The Giver (2014)
Dan Gunderman
Suppose the ultimate version of Nostradamus was thrown onto the silver screen. Now suppose that his specialty was not simply predicting the future, but also holding and carrying the knowledge of all mankind. This is the basic premise to Phillip Noyce's film, The Giver and Jeff Bridges ("True Grit") plays this mix of political adviser,…
Movie Review: The Son of No One (2011)
Dito Montiel, chose Channing Tatum as the star for his drama about corrupt police and childhood secrets, The Son of No One, correctly. He needed a guy that was wooden and could believably convey sullenness with no effort whatsoever. There is not, however, much else that is right about this feature, unless noting that in…
Movie Review: Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010)
Mariusz Zubrowski
In this economy, a bargain-priced mansion sounds like a dream. However, every film aficionado knows that when the place is called Blackwood Manor, has a history of mysterious disappearances, and hasn't been bought in decades, it's most likely a conduit for evil. But there's always an oblivious family ready to set up shop and in…
Movie Trailer #2: Jack and Jill (2011)
sasori
WOW! An international trailer for the sure to be train wreck Jack and Jill has surfaced and it's just as unfunny as the domestic trailer. I'm guessing Happy Madison, the brains behind this venture, knows this movie, which has Adam Sandler playing both roles of fraternal twins (one of which is an annoying woman), is…
Movie Trailer: Jack and Jill (2011)
From the producers of "Grown Ups" and "Just Go With It." I'm not so sure that is a badge of honor to wear. Anyways, Sandler and the Happy Madison team have concocted Jack and Jill, a film that gives an audience twice the Adam Sandler in one sitting. One as his boyish self and one…
Home » Katie Holmes


There's ionized oxygen in a galaxy located 13.1 billion light-years away from our home planet Earth, says a new study. It's the most distant spot in the universe where oxygen has been discovered. This finding has allowed scientists to have an idea about what our universe used to be during the ancient times.
Right now, the universe is filled with an array of chemical elements. However, things were much different during the initial days following the formation of the universe. It used to be a place filled with hot and ionized gas containing ions and electrons of helium and hydrogen. It took 4,00,000 years for the universe to cool, which allowed the hydrogen ions and electrons to combine and form neutral atoms of hydrogen.
The next several billions of years didn't see anything significant happen. The situation again turned eventful when the first generation of stars was formed. These stars used to emit strong radiation, which resulted in ionization of the neutral hydrogen atoms. In addition, the radiation emitted by the stars also synthesized other heavy elements like oxygen and carbon.
Scientists study those heavy elements from the current era for gathering clues about the reasons behind the re-ionization, the features of the first generation stars, and how the galaxies were formed. The job of studying the elements is extremely difficult as it requires scientists to find objects as remote as possible. Spotting such objects is possible only by using the most high-end telescopes of the modern era.
The study mentioned above was done using one such high-end telescope. It's called the ALMA or Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array telescope. The astronomers involved in the study used the ALMA for targeting galaxy SXDF-NB1006-2. Here, it must be mentioned that ALMA is a telescope based in Chile.
This study was conducted in June 2015 and the galaxy was discovered in 2012. Other telescopes have confirmed that the SXDF-NB1006-2 is the most faraway galaxy discovered so far.
The ALMA telescope managed to do what scientists claimed in 2014. They said that the telescope boasts the ability of spotting and identifying light emitted by ionized oxygen in galaxy SXDF-NB1006-2. The telescope also allowed the research team to calculate that the galaxy has much less oxygen than the Sun.


text:
layout: data_model
title: PersistenceStrategicObjectivesVocab-1.0
this_version: 4.1
---

PersistenceStrategicObjectivesVocab-1.0MAEC Vocabularies Schema

      <form id="nav-version">
        <select>

            <option value="4.1" selected="selected">MAEC 4.1</option>

        </select>
      </form>

        API support

The PersistenceStrategicObjectivesVocab-1.0 is the default MAEC Vocabulary for Persistence Capability Strategic Objectives.

Vocabulary Items

      Item
      Description

      persist to re-infect system
      The 'persist to re-infect system' value indicates that the malware instance is able to re-infect a system after some of its components have been removed.

      gather information for improvement
      The 'gather information for improvement' value indicates that the malware instance is able to gather information from its environment to make itself less likely to be detected.

      ensure compatibility
      The 'ensure compatibility' value indicates that the malware instance is able to manipulate or modify the system on which it executes to ensure that it is able to continue executing.

      persist to continuously execute on system
      The 'persist to continuously execute on system' value indicates that the malware instance is able to continue to execute on a system after significant system events (e.g., after a reboot).

Fields

      Field Name
      Type
      Description

      @conditionoptional

          ConditionTypeEnum

This field is optional and defines the relevant condition to apply to the value.

      @is_case_sensitiveoptional

          boolean

The is_case_sensitive field is optional and should be used when specifying the case-sensitivity of a pattern which uses an Equals, DoesNotEqual, Contains, DoesNotContain, StartsWith, EndsWith, or FitsPattern condition. The default value for this field is "true" which indicates that pattern evaluations are to be considered case-sensitive.

      @apply_conditionoptional

          ConditionApplicationEnum

This field indicates how a condition should be applied when the field body contains a list of values. (Its value is moot if the field value contains only a single value - both possible values for this field would have the same behavior.) If this field is set to ANY, then a pattern is considered to be matched if the provided condition successfully evaluates for any of the values in the field body. If the field is set to ALL, then the patern only matches if the provided condition successfully evaluates for every value in the field body.

      @delimiteroptional

          string

The delimiter field specifies the delimiter used when defining lists of values. The default value is "##comma##".

      @bit_maskoptional

          hexBinary

Used to specify a bit_mask in conjunction with one of the defined binary conditions (bitwiseAnd, bitwiseOr, and bitwiseXor). This bitmask is then uses as one operand in the indicated bitwise computation.

      @pattern_typeoptional

          PatternTypeEnum

This field is optional and defines the type of pattern used if one is specified for the field value. This is applicable only if the Condition field is set to 'FitsPattern'.

      @regex_syntaxoptional

          string

This field is optional and defines the syntax format used for a regular expression, if one is specified for the field value. This is applicable only if the Condition field is set to 'FitsPattern'.

Setting this attribute with an empty value (e.g., "") or omitting it entirely notifies CybOX consumers and pattern evaluators that the corresponding regular expression utilizes capabilities, character classes, escapes, and other lexical tokens defined by the CybOX Language Specification.

Setting this attribute with a non-empty value notifies CybOX consumers and pattern evaluators that the corresponding regular expression utilizes capabilities not defined by the CybOX Language Specification. The regular expression must be evaluated through a compatible regular expression engine in this case.

      @has_changedoptional

          boolean

This field is optional and conveys a targeted observation pattern of whether the associated field value has changed. This field would be leveraged within a pattern observable triggering on whether the value of a single field value has changed.

      @trendoptional

          boolean

This field is optional and conveys a targeted observation pattern of the nature of any trend in the associated field value. This field would be leveraged within a pattern observable triggering on the matching of a specified trend in the value of a single specified field.

      @vocab_nameoptional

          string

The vocab_name field specifies the name of the controlled vocabulary.

      @vocab_referenceoptional

          anyURI

The vocab_reference field specifies the URI to the location of where the controlled vocabulary is defined, e.g., in an externally located XML schema file.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Woolgrove School is a happy, forward thinking special school for children with learning difficulties, autism and a variety of syndromes situated in Letchworth, North Hertfordshire. It is "a special school for special children, where everyone is nice, we have lots of friends and we have fun" (Ofsted, 2017). We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and expect all staff to share this commitment. The successful applicants will be required to complete an enhanced DBS check application form. May we please ask that you ensure the dates on your application form follow on, with no gaps and if necessary reflect periods of both employment and non-employment, to enable us to meet this safeguarding commitment.


The Enugu Electricity Distribution Company, EEDC, on Thursday released a review of its activities in the year ended 2018, identifying vandalization of facilities, energy theft, attack on members of staff as some of the major challenges in the sector.
This was contained in a statement issued by the Head, Communications, EEDC, Mr. Emeka Ezeh.
According to him, "some of the recurring challenges which the company grappled with are: vandalism, energy theft, accidental destruction of power facilities, meter bypass, illegal connections and reconnections.
"Others include: non-payment of electricity bills, attack on EEDC field officers and illegal tampering with electrical installations which interfere with the network and in most cases lead to destruction of electrical facilities.
He added that "there are also plans to deload some feeders and construct more injection substations to boost electricity supply in identified locations within the network.
"As a matter of fact, contract has been awarded for the construction of a 7.5MVA Injection Substation at ABS, Awka, which will cater for customers within ABS environs, Okpuno, Enugu Agidi, Awka Urban, Zik Avenue and parts of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
"Also approved was the upgrade of Agu Awka Injection Substation from 7.5MVA to 15MVA. Order has been placed for the power transformer which is expected to be delivered hopefully before the end of the month. This will improve supply to customers at Agu Awka, industrial Area, Amansea, Nkwere Awka, Ifite Awka, Nnamdi Azikiwe University permanent site and its environs.
Ezeh said that the asset registration and customer enumeration exercise was still ongoing and appealed for maximum cooperation with enumerators, as the exercise was aimed at making EEDC more efficient in providing quality service to customers.
"All these efforts cannot be effectively actualised without the support and cooperation of our esteemed customers.
"Improved electricity supply in the South East will translate to improved business and socio-economic activities; and to achieve this, EEDC is soliciting continued support of her stakeholders and customers," Ezeh added.


Apple TV is famous for its 40GB or 160GB hard drive2 for storing content locally and up to 50 hours (40GB) or 200 hours (160GB) of video. There is no doubt that all the Apple TV users would like to convert video to Apple TV for storing and playing. But there exists a problem that not all video formats are accepted by Apple TV. To solve this trouble, here we recommend you the best Apple TV Video Converter, which enables you to convert video to MP4 for Apple TV easily.
Apple TV Video Converter is the perfect converting application for Apple TV owners to convert/transcode various formats video to MP4 for Apple TV which just takes you four steps. Besides, the professional Apple TV Video Converter has adopted the NVIDIA CUDA technology and perfect audio and video synchronization that makes the conversion speed up to 5x faster and without quality loss. The best Apple TV Video Converter has a trial version for you to free download and for trial.
Step 1: Add/Import video to the best Apple TV Video Converter.
Launch the best Apple TV Video Converter. Click the button "File" to add video files to Apple TV Video Converter. You can tick the box in front of the file you want to rip. If it is necessary, you can double click the each file to have a preview.
If you wanna edit your video, you can click the "Edit" button for editing. You will go into a new interface named "Video Editor". In the interface you can edit the video as you need, such as eliminating the shifting of the videos, adding the watermark and adjusting the effect of the videos.
Step 4: Start converting video to H.264 HD MP4 for Apple TV.
Click the "Convert" button; it will convert video to MP4 for Apple TV in on time. The video to MP4 for Apple TV conversion will be completed quickly due to its adopted NVIDIA CUDA technology. You can find the converting process in the "Conversion" interface.
Once the video to MP4 for Apple TV conversion is done, you can get the output files for your Apple TV via clicking on "Open" button effortlessly. Afterward, you can sync the MP4 video to Apple TV via iTunes on PC. Now you can play the MP4 video on Apple TV with HD TV or you can stream the MP4 video to iPad 2 for enjoying anywhere and anytime.
1. The best Apple TV Video Converter allows you convert video to MP4 for Apple TV, surprisingly, it can also convert common video like MKV, VOB, WMV, AVI, FLV, F4V, etc and even AVCHD, MTS/M2TS, MOD, TOD, VRO, MOV videos shot by Sony, Canon, JVC, Panasonic, Nikon camcorders or DSLR cameras for iPad/iPad 2, iPhone 4, Galaxy S, HTC Desire, Droid X/2/Bionic, etc. You can link to Brorsoft Apple TV Video Converter to get more information.
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The median monthly gross residential rent in Panama City, FL (the Panama City-Lynn Haven-Panama City Beach metro area) was $975 in 2017 according to the Census ACS survey.1 Average gross rent in Panama City was $963 in 2017. The median rent more accurately depicts rental rates in the middle of the distribution of rents and is thus preferred in the analysis below. 2018 Panama City median and average rent data will be released in September of 2019.
Data is also available below for Panama City rental vacancy rates, Panama City rent as a percent of median income and the fraction of renters in Panama City.
Median gross rent for Panama City peaked in nominal terms in 2015 at $983 and is now $8 (0.81%) lower. Average gross rent for Panama City peaked in nominal terms in 2015 at $997 and is now $34 (3.41%) lower.
Median gross rent for Panama City peaked in real terms in 2015 at $1,011 and is now $36 (3.56%) lower. Average gross rent for Panama City peaked in real terms in 2015 at $1,026 and is now $63 (6.14%) lower.
The rental vacancy rate is the fraction of homes for rent that are not occupied.3 In 2017 the rental vacancy rate for Panama City Florida was 21.17% according to Census ACS data.
The rental vacancy rate in Panama City peaked in 2013 at 34.00%. Since then it has fallen by 12.83% to 21.17%. Data records for this series originated in 2005.
Using median household income data for Panama City, we can calculate the fraction of income the median household would use to pay rent at the median monthly gross rent rate. For Panama City, median monthly gross rent as a fraction of median household income was 22.68% in 2017 according to the ACS.
The fraction of median Panama City household income required to pay median monthly gross rent peaked in 2014 (relative to the 2005 series origin) at 24.81%. Since then it has fallen by 2.14% to 22.68%.
You can calculate the renter fraction in Panama City in at least two ways: by housing units or by population. I've gone with the housing units measure here. This measure looks at the number of renting households in Panama City as a fraction of total Panama City households. In 2017 37.46% of households were renters according to Census ACS data.
The Panama City household renter fraction peaked in in 2012 at 40.13% and is now 2.67% below that level. The origin year for the series is 2005.


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You are at:Home»News»Incident Detection»Highways England trials new incident response vehicle to reduce traffic delays
Highways England trials new incident response vehicle to reduce traffic delays
By Adam Frost on	 June 27, 2019 Incident Detection
In a move to dramatically reduce delays for drivers on its network, Highways England (HE) has introduced an innovative all-in-one response vehicle that can stop and direct motorway traffic after incidents, then clean up spillages and repair the road afterwards.
Taking to HE's strategic road network (SRN) for the first time, the vehicle combines the expertise, knowledge and equipment of both a traffic officer and incident support staff who deal with clean-ups and road repairs. The new enhanced customer response unit (ECRU), which is being trialed in the West Midlands region from July, will save time and money and reduce hold-ups for motorists. In a unique new collaboration, the vehicle will be manned by both HE's traffic officers and incident support staff from highways contractor Kier. The first of its kind to be launched in the UK and operated this way, the ECRU will help the agency manage and clear incidents more efficiently and effectively.
Due to begin operations from July 1, the vehicle was inspired by similar technologies used on the Australian road network. Unveiled this week, the new unit is the first of five ECRU vehicles set to take part in the trial in the West Midlands. Fulfilling the role of a traffic officer vehicle, the ECRU is very visible with warning beacons and electronic message signs. The unit can also carry more emergency traffic management equipment than HE's regular vehicles, including bigger signs and more cones, offering safer conditions for those working at incident scenes.
In order to give added protection to road workers and road users, a crash cushion is mounted on the back of the ECRU, absorbing the impact from moving vehicles if struck. Until now Kier teams have been called out separately to deal with the aftermath of incidents. However, the ECRU has an on-board sweeper that can be used to clear larger areas of highway that have previously been cleared by hand, as well as a pressure washer that distributes water and 'Fuel Safe' additives, treating oil and fuel spillages more swiftly and reducing the need to resurface carriageways.
"We are continually striving to develop new ways and innovations that will help keep our road network clear and traffic moving," explained HE's corporate group leader, Martin Bolt. "By combining services in one vehicle we can deal with incidents and issues more quickly. Working with our partners Kier we have been able to take huge strides in ensuring smoother, safer journeys for all road users."
Scott Cooper, managing director of strategic highways at Kier, commented, "Having one innovation performing a range of tasks will allow us to respond to incidents quicker, inevitably saving time for our customers. Jointly occupying the vehicle demonstrates our continued commitment to working collaboratively to improve efficiencies and achieve the best results for both road users and workers."
The ECRU is the latest in a string of innovations that HE has deployed on its road network recently, which include:
Two 70 feet long 16-tonne mobile protection barriers from the USA that are keeping road workers and motorists safe, cutting delays by reducing the number of cones needed.
Trialing new self-driving dump trucks that could help speed up roadworks and reduce the risk of workers being involved in on-site incidents.
Rear image credit: Derbyshire Live
Virtual reality preferred by drivers in hazard perception tests, according to Nottingham Trent University
Transport for West Midlands to innovate road traffic networks with 5G smart sensors
Pennsylvania Turnpike upgrades video system for smarter traffic analytics


Here is a question that I am really harping on that I want to ask Parents of this board.
Say your kid became 25 years old and in months calls you up and asked you what life was back when you were in your 20s, what would you actually tell them?
The reason I asked this question because yesterday I had a lot of quarter-life angst, and today called both my father and brother and asked them this question, and neither of them wanted to reply back.
When you're in your twenties you are kinda beginning to wake up to the hard truths like death will happen(you, your friends, and relatives included) and it will be permanent. You find out some of the the people you thought were wicked cool aren't so much so any more, and some of the people you used to laugh at are. You find out about working for a living, saying something is so doesn't make it so. With all that, you can see that life is good, sometimes it is hard work, but it is good.
Your father and brother are probably curious as to why you asked that question and maybe they'd answer if you tell them why you're asking this?
I'd tell them the truth. The 20s were hard for me. It's a time of finding your way and deciding what direction your life would take -- much more seriously than the teen years. You start facing life (babies) and death (elders) and big career and money decisions. But I'd also remind them that it's all ok. Trust yourself. You can handle it. Find good friends and community. 20s - it's real life and it's alright.
I'm 25 too and have various doubts about what to do with my life, 25 feels like a pause to reflect on what you've achieved so far in life, because alot of younger people have many goals and ideals they hope to achieve by 25. This pausing and reflecting on unachieved goals really starts the feeling of "getting older" to me.


Whether you're already living in Utrecht or preparing to move to Utrecht, our Expat Guide to Living in Netherlands offers articles and reports submitted by expats about expat life in Utrecht. For answers to specific questions, visit our Netherlands Forum to talk with expats in Utrecht.
What should you take with you when you move to Utrecht? What should you leave behind? What type of housing and neighborhoods are typical for expats in Utrecht? Help others moving to Utrecht by filling out our Moving Overseas Report.
Parents are invited to answer questions about the schools that their kids attend (Pre-K through High School) in hopes of helping others moving to Utrecht with the school selection process. If you have expat children who attend school in Utrecht, take a few minutes to submit a School Review.
Most expats have have "dreams" (and fears) about the expatriate experience before they moved to Utrecht. If you are already living in Utrecht, share how those "dreams" have been fulfilled, and how they have not by filling out our Dream vs. Reality Report.
Retiring abroad can be a great option for retirees seeking their dream lifestyle at an affordable price. Help other retirees, who are thinking about retiring in Utrecht by filling out our Overseas Retirement report.
How did expats choose their doctors, midwives, hospitals? What is childbirth like in Utrecht? Help other expats who are preparing to have a baby in Utrecht by filling out our Having a Baby Abroad Report.
What's it like to find a job in Utrecht? How difficult was it to obtain a work permit? What types are jobs are typical for expats in Utrecht? Help others following in your footsteps by filling out our Working Abroad Report.


text:
Advocacy group sues SBA
By Michael Hardy
A small-business advocacy group has sued the Small Business Administration, claiming the agency is withholding information on contracting abuses.
The American Small Business League, in a suit filed today in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, alleges that the agency has refused its requests to identify Fortune 1000 companies that got small-business contracts in 2005 and 2006.
The ASBL has filed Freedom of Information Act requests asking SBA to release the names of all firms listed as small businesses in those years. The group says SBA has refused to do so.
Several investigations have revealed that large companies sometimes reap the benefits of small-business set-aside contracts. In early 2005, SBA officials released a 2004 report showing that $2 billion of the $50.8 billion earmarked for small businesses in fiscal 2002 did not get to them. The study found that of the top 1,000 businesses receiving federal small-business set-aside contracts in 2002, 44 were not small businesses.
In the past, companies could acquire small businesses and agencies could continue to count contracts they held with the small businesses as contributing to their small-business contracting goals. A new rule that went into effect in 2007 requires the small firms to recertify their size after being acquired. If the firms no longer qualify as small, agencies lose the credit and have the option of terminating the contract.
Other possible reasons for the mis-spending of small business dollars include using incorrect industry codes and deliberate fraud. The system SBA uses to determine whether a business is small is complicated, and efforts to simplify it have so far not been successul.
ASBL believes SBA officials are concealing information that would illuminate the full scope of the problem. The new lawsuit is the fourth that the organization has filed seeking to force the release of information.
"I am sure that we will win this lawsuit," ASBL President Lloyd Chapman said. "I want people to know that when the government diverts $100 billion a year in contracts from middle-class America, there is a staggering negative economic impact. I don't think there is any question that the Bush administration's anti-small-business policies have been a contributing factor to our nation's current economic woes."
The group plans to file similar lawsuits against the Defense Department and the General Services Administration in the next couple of months.
"We don't know anything about this lawsuit. We haven't seen it yet," said an SBA spokeswoman. "What we do know is there are two government run public web sites that provide this" information.
The sites are the Federal Procurement Data System at http://fpdsng.gov, and http://usaspending.gov.
Technology journalist Michael Hardy is a former FCW editor.


Barrington Village New Construction READY FOR OCCUPANCY! Exquisite 4 bedroom, 3.1 bathroom home features expert craftsmanship, high-end finishes & custom details throughout. First floor with high ceilings and 8' doors; open floor plan with wide-plank hardwood floors, timeless millwork, recessed & statement lighting & stunning bathrooms. Gorgeous gourmet kitchen with white cabinetry, stainless steel appliances, dedicated computer nook, oversized grey center island/breakfast bar & stone counters. Luxurious master bedroom suite offers fireplace, volume ceilings, ample walk-in closet, oversized walk-thru shower, free standing soaker tub & white vanities w/ Carrera marble top. Two more spacious second level bedrooms with vaulted ceilings, one with walk-in closet connected by Jack-n-Jill bathroom. Deep pour finished LL with 4th bedroom, rec room & full bathroom. 2-car garage, 3-zone HVAC & interior sprinkler system. Convenient to Metra, Village shopping & dining, A+ Barrington Schools.


text:
Q: How can I use .mousemove to fade a background image according to distance from center page? I have this function set up
if (window.innerWidth && window.innerHeight) {
 var winW = window.innerWidth;
 }

var xM = winW/180;

var axis = 0;
$(window).bind('mousemove',function(e){
 var xCoord =  Math.floor(e.pageX/xM);
 axis = 0.6 * Math.sin(xCoord);
 var pageCoords = "( " + e.pageX + ", " + e.pageY + ", " + xCoord + " )";
     $("span#showme").text(pageCoords);
 });
    setInterval(function() {
     $("#welcome-background").fadeTo(0, 0.4 + axis);
 }, 100);

(for additional reference and working visual- http://jsfiddle.net/ySjqh/2/ )
The code works in theory to divide the page evenly into segments from 0-180, then calculates which segment the mouse appears in. Then uses the Math.sin() function to derive how much opacity to apply, based on a padded starting point of 0.4 opacity (jQuery style), and should use the mouse position to determine how much of the remaining 0.6 to apply based on its distance from center,  where mouse at center-page should yield full opacity.
What I don't get is why the script behaves this way, rolling through an entire sine wave when I've limited the input to the Math.sin(x) function to 1 < x < 180. If you replace xCoord with axis in the place where I build the jQuery text for #showme,  you'll see that it throws negative numbers- which shouldn't be happening! ... so I don't get what the problem/behavior results from!!! Frustrating!!!

A: Just use:
xCoord = (xCoord * Math.PI) / 180;  // Convert value to Radians

and it works..
Sample

A: http://jsfiddle.net/ySjqh/4/
axis = 0.6 * (1 - Math.abs(e.pageX - winW/2)/(winW/2));

Using the X distance from the center instead of sin.


text:
"It's Morning in San Antonio"
By 1200 WOAI
Ron Nirenberg officially became Mayor of San Antonio this morning when the outgoing City Council canvassed the vote from the June 10th runoff election, and this morning he moved his belongings into the office at City Hall vacated by Ivy Taylor, News Radio 1200 WOAI reports.
"It's morning in San Antonio," Nirenberg declared. "The San Antonio community, Council, really the whole city is ready to turn the page."
The first thing Niernberg did, before his election became official with a City Council canvass at 11:30AM, was with firefighters and with a crew fixing the potholes in a west side street.
"A reminder that in order for us to be a great city, San Antonians expect their basics to be excellent," he said. "We certainly strive to do that, and filling potholes is at the very foundation of quality of life in San Antonio."
Nirenberg says he has broken the ice with former Mayor Ivy Taylor after a chilly week, and says he thanked Taylor for her service to the community.Nirenberg says he has received advice from Phil Hardberger and Julian Castro, who were two of his biggest campaign backers.
"Not to try to do it all in one day," he joked. "The decisions we will make impact the entire city. Take time to do it right."


Four friends. Twenty-two bridesmaids' dresses.
'All of Me' is the first book in The Bridesmaids Club series and can be read as a standalone. Each of Leeanna's series are linked so you can find out what happens to your favorite characters in other books. For information about new releases and giveaways, please visit leeannamorgan.com and sign up to my newsletter. Happy reading!
Finally I get this ebook, thanks for all these All of Me I can get now!
All of Me was the best books I ever buy. All of Me did exactly what you said it does.
I will recommend you to my colleagues. All of Me is the most valuable books we have EVER purchased. I'd be lost without this. I am completely blown away.


text:
MP Yasir Naqvi 'seriously exploring' bid to lead Ontario Liberals
Former attorney general Yasir Naqvi says he is actively considering a bid for the leadership of the Ontario Liberals.
Wed., Dec. 7, 2022timer2 min. read
Naqvi, currently the Liberal MP for Ottawa Centre, was at the Ontario legislature on Wednesday assessing the lay of the land.
"I'm seriously exploring it," he said in an interview in the Star's third-floor Queen's Park bureau.
"I've been talking to people from across the province and getting very strong encouragement that I should consider running for the Ontario Liberal Party leadership."
A former provincial Liberal president and cabinet minister, Naqvi is well-known and well-regarded in party circles.
But the affable political veteran is mindful of the challenges that face a party hoping to defeat Premier Doug Ford's Progressive Conservatives in the 2026 election.
"Our party is at a crossroads right now," said the lawyer and single father of two children.
"We need somebody who has the experience and competence to rebuild the party and build a robust team with a platform that would undo the kind of damage that Doug Ford is doing to our province."
Naqvi, whose vast Liberal network extends to every part of Ontario, has privately consulted with former Grit premiers Kathleen Wynne, Dalton McGuinty and David Peterson as well as former NDP premier Bob Rae about the daunting task ahead.
While he was mentioned as a potential candidate in the 2020 leadership won by Steven Del Duca, he opted against jumping in at that time for family reasons.
"That was not the right moment," he said.
Del Duca, who resigned after Ford's re-election June 2, is now mayor of Vaughan.
An MPP from 2007 to 2018, Naqvi also served as Wynne's house leader, labour minister, and community and social services minister.
Although he lost Ottawa Centre provincially to New Democrat Joel Harden — collateral damage, like dozens of Liberals, in the first Ford landslide — he won the same seat federally in 2021.
If he takes the Liberal crown, Naqvi, who moved to Canada from Pakistan as a 15 year old, would make Ontario political history as the first person of colour to lead a major provincial party.
In contrast to the New Democratic contest, which MPP Marit Stiles (Davenport) won by acclamation on Tuesday, the looming Grit race could see a diverse field of candidates.
MPPs Mitzie Hunter (Scarborough-Guildwood) and Ted Hsu (Kingston and the Islands) are also weighing leadership runs as is philanthropist and entrepreneur Mohamad Fakih, founder of the Paramount Fine Foods chain, and Liberal MP Nathaniel Erskine-Smith (Beaches-East York).
The Liberals are expected to determine the parameters of their leadership election in the new year.
Naqvi was Grit president during the 2013 race won by Wynne and was praised for organizing the governing party's leadership contest within just 100 days.
Kathleen Wynne, Dalton Mcguinty


A lot of time and effort goes into addressing envelopes. Thankfully, there is an easier option. When mailing letters and statements using a window envelope saves the trouble of writing or printing the recipient's address. The address on the document simply needs to be positioned in a way that it lines up with the transparent window. This particular #9 window envelope comes with security tint, which makes it ideal for sending sensitive documents and checks. The flaps of these envelopes have moisture-sensitive gum for quick and easy sealing. The envelope has a V-shaped flap and a dual-diagonal-seam construction. These envelopes are also are very often used as business return envelopes, as they are easily slipped into larger size envelopes.


Ntour offers the chance to explore and experience traditional forms of Japanese culture. Our tours will introduce you to the origins of many Japanese traditions and culture, and is a perfect excuse to get out of the city. Our packages include Eco-tours of Japan, Agro-tours to markets and fruit picking farms, as well as relaxing country-side tours. These tours are great for families with children, large or small groups and individual travelers who want to learn more about Japan.
Access2 minutes walk from JR Akihabara Station. Electric Town Exit. Ntour Bldg 6F.