text:
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MODULATING SYMBOLS IN AN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM AND TRANSMISSION APPARATUS USING THE SAME
A method for modulating a symbol in a transmitter of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. The symbol modulation method includes multiplying an input stream of an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) unit by a Twiddling factor for circular-shifting the input stream of the IFFT unit by a Cyclic Prefix (CP) length; performing IFFT on the input stream of the IFFT unit, which is multiplied by the Twiddling factor; buffering data corresponding to the CP length beginning from a front of an output stream of the IFFT unit; and generating an OFDM symbol by forward-copying the buffered data to a back of the output stream of the IFFT unit.
Kang, Jun-kyu (Seoul, KR)
Cho, Young-ik (Seoul, KR)
Kim, Hun-kee (Seoul, KR)
SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. (Suwon-si, KR)
H04J11/00
20080101362 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MAKING UPLINK STANDBY May, 2008 Hu et al.
20080056155 ACTIVE IDLE EXTENSION March, 2008 Lahtiranta et al.
20080008085 Variable Priority of Network Connections for Preemptive Protection January, 2008 Gerstel
20090285121 POINT-TO-POINT AND POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT COMMUNICATIONS November, 2009 Tzannes
20050030905 Wireless communication device with status display February, 2005 Luo et al.
20090274087 UTILITY OUTLETS AS REMOTE CONTROL REPEATERS November, 2009 Schoettle
20050286521 Universal digital framer architecture for transport of client signals of any client payload and format type December, 2005 Chiang et al.
20070253437 System and method for intelligent information handling system cluster switches November, 2007 Radhakrishnan et al.
20080240125 INTERCONNECTING MULTIPLE MPLS NETWORKS October, 2008 Purvis et al.
20070036155 Bridge apparatus for internet telephone exchange and internet phone system February, 2007 Huang et al.
20060280176 Dispersed high level devices in a network environment December, 2006 Bishop
MAI, TAN V
THE FARRELL LAW FIRM, P.C. (Melville, NY, US)
1. A method for modulating a symbol in a transmitter of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, the method comprising: multiplying an input stream of an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) unit by a Twiddling factor for circular-shifting the input stream of the IFFT unit by a Cyclic Prefix (CP) length; performing IFFT on the input stream of the IFFT unit, which is multiplied by the Twiddling factor; buffering data corresponding to the CP length beginning from a front of an output stream of the IFFT unit; and generating an OFDM symbol by forward-copying the buffered data to a back of the output stream of the IFFT unit.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the buffering of the data corresponding to the CP length and the outputting of the IFFT unit are simultaneously performed.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when the IFFT unit uses a Decimation-In-Time (DIT) scheme, bit-reversed ordering the input stream of the IFFT unit and inputting the result to the IFFT unit.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when the IFFT unit uses a Decimation-In-Frequency (DIF) scheme, bit-reversed ordering the output stream of the IFFT unit.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the Twiddling factor, together with a scrambling code, is multiplied by a transmission signal.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the scrambling code is circular-shifted depending on the Twiddling factor.
7. An apparatus for modulating a symbol in a transmitter of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, the method comprising: a Twiddling factor generator for generating a Twiddling factor used for circular-shifting frequency-domain data by a Cyclic Prefix (CP) length, the frequency-domain data undergoing an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT); a multiplier for multiplying the frequency-domain data by the Twiddling factor; an IFFT unit for performing IFFT on the frequency-domain data multiplied by the Twiddling factor; and a CP inserter for buffering the IFFT-transformed output stream beginning from a forefront thereof by a CP length, and adding the buffered stream to a back of the output stream.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the CP inserter comprises: a buffer for buffering based on the CP length; a first switch for receiving a first stream from the IFFT-transformed output stream, and outputting the output stream to the buffer beginning from a forefront thereof by the CP length; and a second switch for adding the stream stored in the buffer to a back of the IFFT-transformed output stream.
9. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising: a bit-reversed ordering unit for bit-reversed ordering an input stream of the IFFT unit and outputting the result to the IFFT unit when the IFFT unit uses a Decimation-In-Time (DIT) scheme.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising: a bit-reversed ordering unit for bit-reversed ordering an output stream of the IFFT unit when the IFFT unit uses a Decimation-In-Frequency (DIF) scheme.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein when the IFFT unit uses the DIT scheme, the Twiddling factor generator generates a Twiddling factor for circular-shifting the bit-reversed ordered frequency-domain data by the CP length, the bit-reversed ordered frequency-domain data undergoing IFFT.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a scrambling code generator for generating a scrambling code used for spreading the bit-reversed ordered frequency-domain data.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the multiplier multiples the bit-reversed ordered frequency-domain data by the scrambling code and the Twiddling factor.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a scrambling code generator for generating a scrambling code used for spreading the frequency-domain data; and a scrambling code bit-reversed ordering unit for spreading the bit-reversed ordered frequency-domain data with the scrambling code.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) to a Korean Patent Application filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Dec. 28, 2006 and assigned Ser. No. 2006-137082, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for modulating symbols in a wireless communication system, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for efficiently modulating symbols in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, and a transmitter using the same.
With the ongoing development of the communication industry and the increasing user demands for packet services, there is an increasing need for communication systems that are capable of efficiently providing the packet services. The conventional communication networks, as they have been developed to mainly provide voice services, have narrower data transmission bandwidths and higher service charges. To solve these problems, extensive research is being conducted on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which is the typical example of the broadband packet transmission scheme.
OFDM, the typical multi-carrier transmission scheme of overlapping multiple orthogonal subcarriers, converts a serial input symbol stream into parallel streams and modulates each of the parallel streams with multiple orthogonal subcarriers before transmission. It is known that the OFDM scheme can provide an efficient platform for high-speed data transmission using its robustness against multipath fading.
The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system recently attracting public attention, which is an OFDM-based multiple access system, divides the frequency domain into subchannels each having a plurality of subcarriers, and allocates the subchannels to the users individually to perform resource allocation taking both the time and frequency domains into account, thereby accommodating multiple users with the limited frequency resources. Herein, the use of the term "OFDM system" will be construed to include the OFDMA system.
The OFDM scheme, as it divides an input data stream into NS subcarriers before transmission, can reduce NS times the relative multipath spread for the symbol period by increasing the symbol interval NS times. Because transmission of the OFDM symbols is processed on a block-by-block basis, while the OFDM symbols are transmitted over multiple paths, the currently transmitted OFDM symbol may receive interference from the previously transmitted OFDM symbol. As is well known, a scheme for inserting a guard interval between consecutive blocks is used to efficiently cancel the inter-OFDM symbol interference, or Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). The guard interval is selected to be longer than the expected delay spread so that the multipath component from a previous OFDM symbol will not interfere with a current OFDM symbol.
For the OFDM symbols, a Cyclic Prefix (CP) insertion scheme for copying a partial interval of an OFDM symbol and cyclically-concatenating the copy to the guard interval is used to prevent Inter-Channel Interference (ICI). The 'CP insertion' refers to an operation of copying a block of, for example, a length NCP at the back of an OFDM symbol and filling the guard interval with the copied block. Even though a subcarrier delay occurs by the CP insertion, an integer period is maintained in a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) interval, guaranteeing the orthogonality, and only a phase rotation caused by the delay occurs, making it possible to prevent the ICI.
In the OFDM system, a symbol modulation scheme parallel-converts serial input data into a number of parallel data streams equal to the number of subcarriers, and modulates each of the parallel-converted data streams with its associated subcarrier. Subcarrier modulation/demodulation can be realized by Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). Because the DFT and IDFT have the higher hardware complexity and the higher calculation, they can be realized using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) algorithms, respectively, to perform the high-speed operation while reducing the complexity and the calculation.
The CP insertion is performed in a symbol modulation process of the OFDM system, and for the CP insertion, an output of IFFT is stored in a buffer of a transmitter. In this way, for the CP insertion, the modulation process of the OFDM symbol should store the IFFT output in the buffer until the samples disposed at the back of the IFFT output are output, inevitably causing a delay. In addition, for hardware, there is a need for a buffer for storing all the output of the IFFT. Therefore, a reduction in the delay and the required buffer capacity (or required buffer size), if possible, can improve performance of the transmitter in the OFDM system. That is, for the performance improvement of the transmitter in the OFDM system, there is a need for an apparatus and method capable of reducing the delay and the required buffer capacity.
An aspect of the present invention is to address at least the problems and/or disadvantages described herein and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention is to provide a symbol modulation method and apparatus capable of reducing the delay occurring in a transmitter of an OFDM system, and a transmitter using the same.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a symbol modulation method and apparatus capable of reducing the buffer size required in a transmitter of an OFDM system, and a transmitter using the same.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for modulating a symbol in a transmitter of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. The symbol modulation method includes multiplying an input stream of an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) unit by a Twiddling factor for circular-shifting the input stream of the IFFT unit by a Cyclic Prefix (CP) length; performing IFFT on the input stream of the IFFT unit, which is multiplied by the Twiddling factor; buffering data corresponding to the CP length beginning from a front of an output stream of the IFFT unit; and generating an OFDM symbol by forward-copying the buffered data to a back of the output stream of the IFFT unit.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for modulating a symbol in a transmitter of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. The symbol modulation method includes a Twiddling factor generator for generating a Twiddling factor used for circular-shifting frequency-domain data by a Cyclic Prefix (CP) length, the frequency-domain data undergoing Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT); a multiplier for multiplying the frequency-domain data by the Twiddling factor; an IFFT unit for performing IFFT on the frequency-domain data multiplied by the Twiddling factor; and a CP inserter for buffering the IFFT-transformed output stream beginning from a forefront thereof by a CP length, and adding the buffered stream to a back of the output stream.
The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates reverse CP copying performed in a general OFDM system;
FIG. 2 illustrates a structure of a general OFDM symbol modulator;
FIG. 3 illustrates a Signal Flow Graph (SFG) in a Decimation-In-Frequency (DIF) IFFT;
FIG. 4 illustrates an SFG in a DIT IFFT;
FIG. 5 illustrates the concept of forward CP copying according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates a structure of a transmission apparatus in an OFDM system according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates a structure of an OFDM symbol modulation apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates an OFDM symbol modulation method according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates a structure of a transmission apparatus in an OFDM system according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 illustrates a structure of an OFDM symbol modulation apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 illustrates an OFDM symbol modulation method according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 illustrates a structure of an OFDM symbol modulation apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 13 illustrates an OFDM symbol modulation method according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the annexed drawings. In the following description, a detailed description of known functions and configurations incorporated herein has been omitted for clarity and conciseness.
A transmitter of an OFDM system includes an OFDM symbol modulator for modulating bit data into an OFDM symbol. The OFDM symbol modulator inserts a CP for ISI prevention into an IFFT output, and buffers the IFFT output in the CP insertion process. The increase in the required buffer capacity and/or the delay occurring during CP insertion in the OFDM symbol modulator are caused by the samples of an IFFT output corresponding to the CP being output at the back of an NFFT-symbol stream in terms of time. Therefore, the present invention provides a technology for allowing the samples corresponding to the CP to be output from the beginning of an NFFT-symbol stream output from IFFT, thereby reducing the required buffer capacity and also preventing the delay occurring during CP insertion. In addition, the present invention provides a technology for performing bit-reversed (re)ordering for CP insertion at the front stage of IFFT in a parallel way, thereby further reducing the delay occurring during CP insertion.
For a better understanding of the present invention, a detailed description will now be made of (i) the type of an FFT algorithm applied to the general OFDM symbol modulator, (ii) the reasons why the delay occurs during CP insertion, and (iii) the reasons why more than two buffers are required for the general OFDM symbol modulator.
First, DFT and IDFT are defined by Equation (1) and Equation (2), respectively.
X(k)=Σn=0N−1x(n)exp(−j2πnk/N) (1)
x(n)=1N∑k=0N-1X(k)exp(j2πnk/N)(2)
Actually, the DFT and IDFT are realized using an FFT algorithm to perform high-speed operations while reducing the hardware calculations. A size NFFT of the FFT is equal to the total number Ns of subcarriers. The FFT algorithm can be classified into a Decimation-In-Frequency (DIF) scheme and Decimation-In-Time (DIT) scheme. During the actual hardware design of the FFT, to reduce the hardware complexity, it is preferable to use a Pipeline FFT rather than realizing the FFT in a parallel way according to a Signal Flow Graph (SFG) of the FFT. The Pipeline FFT is chiefly used for an application field requiring high performance. This is because the Pipeline FFT, compared to the FFT realized according to the SFG, has lower hardware complexity, has a regular FFT architecture, has simpler control, and enables serial input and serial output.
As shown in FIG. 1, for OFDM symbol modulation, the general OFDM/OFDMA scheme reverse-copies the back 107 of a total of NFFT samples output from IFFT back to the forefront (or head) of IFFT output 103, and attaches the copy to a guard interval 105. The CP copied to the guard interval 105 uses NCP samples in the backmost portion of the OFDM symbol 101.
The general OFDM symbol modulator that uses the reverse copy scheme for CP insertion has the structure of FIG. 2. In the DIF scheme-based IFFT 201 (hereinafter referred to as 'DIF IFFT') shown in FIG. 2, while the input bits are ordered, the output bits are bit-reversed ordered. On the contrary, in the DIT scheme-based IFFT (hereinafter referred to as 'DIT IFFT'), while the input bits are bit-reversed ordered, the output bits are ordered. This is because of the butterfly structure of the IFFT. For example, when the total number of NFFT samples of the IFFT is 8, DIF SFG is as shown in FIG. 3 and DIT SFG is as shown in FIG. 4. In FIGS. 3 and 4, reference numerals 301 and 401 indicate inputs of DIF IFFT and DIT IFFT, respectively, and reference numerals 303 and 403 indicate outputs of DIF IFFT and DIT IFFT, respectively. It can be appreciated that for DIF IFFT, the output bits are bit-reversed ordered as shown in FIG. 3, and for DIT IFFT, the input bits are bit-reversed ordered as shown in FIG. 4. Therefore, the OFDM symbol modulator needs a bit-reversed ordering unit 203 for reordering the bit data bit-reversed ordered at one of input/output ends of IFFT as shown in FIG. 2. The 'bit-reversed ordering' refers to an operation in which when a number n is expressed in binary format, bits of the binary number are ordered in a reverse order as shown in Table 1. For example, for input bits '001', their bit-reversed ordered output bits are '100'.
Bit reversed order Bit reversed order
Order (decimal) Order (binary) (binary) (decimal)
0 000 000 0
Turning back to the description of FIG. 2, because the inputs of DIF IFFT are allowed to be sequentially input to DIF IFFT but the outputs are output from DIF IFFT after undergoing bit-reversed ordering, there is a need for an IFFT output memory for bit reordering, and the output memory is prepared in the bit-reversed ordering unit 203. Similarly, because the inputs of DIT IFFT are input to DIT IFFT after undergoing bit-reversed ordering, there is a need for an IFFT input memory for bit-reversed ordering. To this end, a bit-reversed ordering unit (not shown) serving as the input memory is prepared in the front stage of the DIT IFFT.
A CP inserter 205 of FIG. 2, because it should reverse-copy NCP samples at the back of an IFFT output, needs at least two buffers (memories) having an OFDM symbol size. In the conventional scheme, to complete one OFDM symbol, a delay occurs until NCP samples are output at the back of an IFFT output, and a total of NFFT samples of the IFFT output are stored in a first symbol buffer 205c in the CP inserter 205. In terms of the delay, because for reverse copy, the CP inserter 205 cannot output data to the next block until the data of NFFT samples are input to the buffer, the time delay corresponding to the NFFT samples occurs.
Because the CP insertion process occurs every symbol interval, data input from the IFFT 201 and data output to a filter (not shown), or the next stage, should be simultaneously performed in the CP inserter 205. Therefore, the OFDM symbol modulator 200 of FIG. 2 needs at least two buffers having the size of the IFFT 201, such as the first symbol buffer 205c for receiving the data output from the IFFT 201 and a second symbol buffer 205d for outputting the data to the filter, and first and second switches 205a and 205b each switch inputs and outputs to/from the first and second symbol buffers 205c and 205d. That is, in the input/output scheme applied in FIG. 2, while the first symbol buffer 205c is filled up, data of the second symbol buffer 205d is output and switched by the first and second symbol buffers 205c and 205d in the next symbol interval.
As described above, the output end of DIF IFFT needs an operation of bit-reordering the output bit stream, and the input end of DIT IFFT needs an operation of bit-reordering the input bit stream. The two methods both need a buffer for bit reordering, and in terms of the delay, the OFDM symbol modulator cannot output the data to the next block until the data of NFFTIFFT samples is received, causing the time delay corresponding to the NFFT sample. As to the reason why the required buffer capacity and the delay happens, when the conventional CP insertion scheme is used, the samples corresponding to the CP are output at the back of an NFFT-symbol stream in terms of time. Therefore, in order to add the CP, it is necessary to buffer the entire IFFT output stream, and further, it is necessary to copy samples corresponding to the CP in the entire IFFT output stream and reverse-add the copied samples. In addition, the bit-reversed ordering process is needed for the inputting/outputting of the IFFT, causing the time delay.
Therefore, proposed herein is a new scheme for allowing the value corresponding to the CP to be output beginning from the front of a total of NFFT samples during the output of the IFFT, thereby reducing the delay occurring during CP insertion and the required buffer capacity. If the bit-reversed ordering performed during the inputting/outputting of the IFFT is performed in parallel, the delay occurring during CP insertion and the required buffer capacity can be further reduced, and the hardware complexity can also be reduced.
With reference to FIGS. 5 to 13, a detailed description will now be made of embodiments of the present invention. The embodiments of the present invention will be described in light of 3 viewpoints.
After the basic concept of the present invention is first described with reference to FIG. 5, a first embodiment for forward-copying a CP for an output of the DIT IFFT to thereby reduce the required buffer capacity and the delay occurring during CP insertion will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 to 8. Thereafter, a second embodiment for parallel-performing not only the forward CP copying but also the bit-reversed ordering required at the input/output ends of the DIT IFFT to thereby further reduce the delay occurring during CP insertion and the required buffer capacity will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 11, and a third embodiment for performing forward CP copying on the output of the DIF IFFT to thereby reduce the required buffer capacity and the delay occurring during CP insertion will be described with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13.
FIG. 5 illustrates the concept of forward CP copying according to an embodiment of the present invention.
IFFT, a realization algorithm designed to quickly perform the IDFT calculation fast, follows all the basic characteristics of the IDFT. For example, the intact circular shift characteristic and periodicity of the IDFT can be applied even in the IFFT. The circular shift characteristic and periodicity of the IDFT are as follows. Equation (3) indicates the circular shift characteristic of the IDFT, and Equation (4) indicates the periodicity of the IDFT.
X[k]=X[k+N] (3)
where N denotes the number of points of the IDFT.
y[n]=x[(n−m)mod N] Y[k]=WN−mkX[k],m εZ,0≦n≦N (4)
where WNn denotes a Twiddling factor for the DFT calculation, and WNn=exp(j2πn/N).
If the characteristics of Equation (3) and Equation (4) are applied to the IFFT-based OFDM modulation process, the result of Equation (5) can be derived.
IfF-1(X[k])=x[n],then F-1(WNFFT-kNCP*X[k])=F-1(exp(j2πNCP/NFFT)*X[k])=x[(n-NCP)modNFFT]=x[(n-NCP+NFFT)modNFFT](5)
where F1 denotes the IFFT calculation, and k and n denote index values of an input stream and an output stream of the IFFT, respectively, and have an integer value between 0 to NFFT−1. Further, NCP denotes a length of a CP sample, and NFFT denotes an FFT size and is equal to the number of subcarriers. When the IFFT is performed by multiplying the input stream of the IFFT by a Twiddling factor corresponding to the length of a CP sample, the output of the IFFT undergoes circular rotation (or circular shift). In addition, when a value NCP is applied to the circular shift as shown in Equation (5), it is possible to obtain the result that the part corresponding to the CP value is first output from the IFFT and the remaining values are output following the corresponding part. As a result, when compared to the conventional scheme, the CP that should be copied last is first output by circular shift. Therefore, with the use of Equation (5), it is possible to forward-copy the CP part from the front of an IFFT output as shown in FIG. 5.
In FIG. 5, an output 503 of the IFFT is assumed to be circular-shifted by a sample length NCP of a CP interval using the Twiddling factor. Under this assumption, the present invention first buffers the front of an OFDM symbol 501 where data of a CP interval 507 in the entire output 503 of the IFFT is located. Thereafter, if the output 503 of the IFFT is completed, the invention forward-copies the buffered data of the CP interval 507 and attaches it to the back 505 of the OFDM symbol.
By circular-rotating the IFFT output by the CP interval using the Twiddling factor and then forward-copying the result as described above, the new scheme can insert a CP into an OFDM symbol without buffering all samples of the IFFT output like that of the conventional scheme described in FIG. 1, thereby contributing to a reduction in the buffer capacity (or buffer size) required for the OFDM symbol modulator. In addition, the new scheme can perform CP insertion without waiting until all samples of IFFT are buffered like that of the conventional scheme, thereby contributing to a reduction in the delay occurring during CP insertion.
A detailed description will now be made of the first embodiment to the third embodiment of the present invention, all of which use the forward CP copying.
First Embodiment
FIG. 6 illustrates a structure of a transmission apparatus in an OFDM system according to the first embodiment of the present invention. A transmission apparatus 600 of FIG. 6 includes an encoder 601, a mapper 603, a subcarrier allocator 605, a scrambling code generator 607, a multiplier 609, an OFDM symbol modulator 611, a filter 613, a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) 615, a Radio Frequency (RF) processor 617, and an antenna 619. Among the elements of FIG. 6, the remaining elements except for the OFDM symbol modulator 611 are equal to the corresponding elements of the general OFDM transmitter for encoding bit data, performing symbol mapping thereon, allocating subcarriers to the mapped data, spreading scrambling codes by multiplying, filtering an OFDM symbol, and transmitting it with a radio signal, so a detailed description thereof will be omitted herein. The OFDM symbol modulator 611 not only performs IFFT on the input data but also performs forward CP copying thereon according to the present invention in the CP insertion process.
FIG. 7 illustrates a structure of an OFDM symbol modulation apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus shown in FIG. 7 indicates the OFDM symbol modulator 611 of FIG. 6.
The apparatus of FIG. 7 is an embodiment using DIT IFFT 707, which performs forward CP copying in such a manner that input bits of the IFFT undergo bit-reversed ordering. In FIG. 7, a Twiddling factor generator 701 sequentially outputs Twiddling factors that should be multiplied by data X[k] in the frequency domain by a multiplier 703. According to the characteristics of the Twiddling factors, the number of Twiddling factors that should be generated depending on the value k of the input data X[k] is limited to, for example, NFFT/NCP where NFFT denotes the total number (or length) of samples of an IFFT output, and NCP denotes the number (or length) of samples of a CP interval.
If indexes of the limited number of Twiddling factors are defined as a 'Twiddling factor number', the Twiddling factor multiplied by the input bits according to the Twiddling factor number is expressed as Equation (6).
Twiddling factor (Twiddling factor number)=exp(−j2π*Twiddling factor number*NCP/NFFT) (6)
In addition, the Twiddling factor number according to the index k of the input data X[k] has a relationship of Equation (7).
Twiddling factor number(k)=(k mod(NFFT/NCP)), k=0,1,2, . . . NFFT−1 (7)
For example, if a CP length is assumed to be ⅛ of the FFT size like in the WiMAX standard, the number of Twiddling factor numbers is limited to 8, and the Twiddling factors that should be multiplied according to the 8 Twiddling factor numbers are as shown in Table 2.
Index Twiddling factor number Twiddling factor
If(k mod 8) = 0 0 1
If(k mod 8) = 1 1 12(-1-i)
If(k mod 8) = 2 2 −i
If(k mod 8) = 3 3 12(1-i)
If(k mod 8) = 4 4 −1
If(k mod 8) = 5 5 12(-1+i)
If(k mod 8) = 6 6 i
If(k mod 8) = 7 7 12(1+i)
The Twiddling factor multiplied by an input stream to IFFT 707 in the multiplier 703 of FIG. 7 is set such that an output of IFFT 707 is circular-shifted by a length of a CP sample. A bit-reversed ordering unit 705 bit-reversed orders an IFFT input multiplied by the Twiddling factor, and the IFFT 707 performs IFFT according to the DIT scheme. Here, an IFFT output, compared to the general IFFT output, is the data circular-shifted by a sample length NCP of the CP interval.
A CP inserter 709 of FIG. 7 includes first and second switches 709a and 709b, and a CP buffer 709c. The first switch 709a performs switching so as to store the data of only the CP interval in the CP buffer 709c at the front of an IFFT output stream while outputting an IFFT output to the second switch 709b. The second switch 709b performs switching so as to output the IFFT output delivered from the first switch 709a to a filter (indicated by reference numeral 613 of FIG. 6), or the next stage, and after the output of IFFT 707 is completed in the corresponding block, outputs the data stored in the CP buffer 709c to the filter 613 following the corresponding output. The switching and buffering operation of the CP inserter 709 can be performed by an undepicted controller.
FIG. 8 illustrates an OFDM symbol modulation method according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The method of FIG. 8 will be described with reference to FIG. 7.
In step 801, a Twiddling factor generator 701 generates a Twiddling factor for forward CP copying, and multiplies the generated Twiddling factor by a transmission signal being input to an IFFT 707 by means of a multiplier 703. In step 803, a bit-reversed ordering unit 705 bit-reverse orders the transmission signal multiplied by the Twiddling factor, and outputs the resulting transmission signal to the IFFT 707. In step 805, the IFFT 707 performs the DIT IFFT on the bit-reversed ordered transmission signal, and outputs the IFFT data circular—shifted by a CP length. A CP inserter 709 buffers a CP part at the front of the IFFT output in step 807, and attaches the buffered CP part to the back of the IFFT output in step 809.
According to the first embodiment, the new scheme can insert a CP into an OFDM symbol without the need for buffering all of the samples of the IFFT output like that of the conventional scheme, and can also perform CP insertion without waiting until all samples of the IFFT are buffered.
When the DIT IFFT is used as described in the first embodiment, it is possible to parallel-perform the bit-reversed ordering and circular shift required in the IFFT input at the front stage of IFFT. In this case, the IFFT output can be used.
Next, the second embodiment will propose a scheme of performing bit-reversed ordering and circular shift for an IFFT input at the front stage of IFFT.
Second Embodiment
FIG. 9 illustrates a structure of a transmission apparatus in an OFDM system according to the second embodiment of the present invention. A transmission apparatus 900 of FIG. 9 includes an encoder 901, a mapper 903, a subcarrier allocator 905, a scrambling code generator 907, a Twiddling factor generator 909, a multiplier 910, an OFDM symbol modulator 911, a filter 913, a DAC 915, an RF processor 917, and an antenna 919. In the transmission apparatus of FIG. 9, its basic operation of encoding bit data, performing symbol mapping thereon, allocating subcarriers to the mapped data, spreading scrambling codes by multiplying, filtering an OFDM symbol, and transmitting it with a radio signal is equal to the operation of the general OFDM transmitter, so a detailed description thereof will be omitted herein.
However, according to the present invention, the transmission apparatus of FIG. 9 includes, at the front stage of the OFDM symbol modulator 911, the Twiddling factor generator 909 for generating Twiddling factors for circular shift, and further includes bit-reversed ordering units 905a, 907a and 909a for bit-reversed ordering outputs of the subcarrier allocator 905, the scrambling code generator 907 and the Twiddling factor generator 909, respectively. Among the bit-reversed ordering units 905a, 907a and 909a, the bit-reversed ordering unit 907a included in the scrambling code generator 907 and the bit-reversed ordering unit 909a included in the Twiddling factor generator 909 may not be needed in the actual configuration, because the scrambling code generator 907 can be designed such that it generates scrambling codes to be multiplied by the bit-reversed ordered transmission signal during the generation of the scrambling codes. Similarly, the Twiddling factor generator 909 can also be configured such that it generates Twiddling factors to be multiplied by the bit-reversed ordered transmission signal during the generation of the Twiddling factors. The OFDM symbol modulator 911 performs the IFFT on the input data and also performs the forward CP copying on the input data in the CP insertion process according to the present invention.
By parallel-performing forward CP copying and bit-reversed ordering on the transmission signal being input to the IFFT at the front stage of the OFDM symbol modulator 911 according to the second embodiment of FIG. 2, the new scheme can further reduce the buffer capacity required in the OFDM symbol modulator 911 and the delay occurring during CP insertion.
In the general OFDM transmitter, because the element such as the subcarrier allocator 905 already has an internal buffer for performing its corresponding operation, the inclusion of the bit-reversed ordering unit 905a in FIG. 9 may not need a separate memory for bit-reversed ordering of the transmission signal, because the OFDM transmitter only needs to simply bit-reverse order an allocation address for the input data during subcarrier allocation. To this end, for subcarrier allocation, the subcarrier allocator 905 of FIG. 9 can use the allocation scheme in which bit-reversed ordering for input data has already been reflected. Equation (8) defines an allocation algorithm where the bit-reversed ordering for input data has already been reflected in the subcarrier allocator 905 of FIG. 9.
Allocated data (k′)=bit reversed (Allocated data (k)), k=0,1,2, . . . ,NFFT−1 where k′=bit reversed(k), k′=0,1,2, . . . NFFT−1 (8)
Similarly, the multiplier 910 where the Twiddling factors are multiplied can be designed using the existing multiplier (indicated by reference numeral 609 of FIG. 6) where the scrambling codes are multiplied.
In the second embodiment of FIG. 9, because the data bit-reversed ordered by the subcarrier allocator 905 is output, the scrambling code generator 907 and the Twiddling factor generator 909 also output the scrambling codes and the Twiddling factors, respectively, in which the bit-reversed ordering has already been reflected according to the following method.
The bit-reversed ordering method for the Twiddling factor will first be described.
While the Twiddling factor number based on the index k of the Twiddling factor can be expressed as Equation (7) in the first embodiment, the Twiddling factor number of the bit-reversed ordering-reflected Twiddling factor can be expressed as Equation (9) for the index k′ of the bit-reversed ordered input data.
Twiddling factor number(k′)=bit reversed(round(k′/NCP)) where k′=bit reversed(k), k′=0,1,2, . . . ,NFFT−1 (9)
where 'round' refers to a rounding operator. The Twiddling factor determined according to the Twiddling factor number in Equation (9) is equal to that determined before the bit-reversed ordering is applied, and is determined as shown in Equation (6).
For example, if a ratio of NFFT to NCP is 8:1 like in the WiMAX standard, the Twiddling factors generated by the Twiddling factor generator 909 of FIG. 9 according to the index k′ of the bit-reversed ordered input data are as shown in Table 3.
k′ (bit reversed
reordering index) Twiddling factor number Twiddling factor
0~NCP − 1 0 1
NCP~2 * NCP − 1 4 −1
2 * NCP~3 * NCP − 1 2 −i
3 * NCP~4 * NCP − 1 6 i
4 * NCP~5 * NCP − 1 1 12(-1-i)
5 * NCP~6 * NCP − 1 5 12(-1+i)
6 * NCP~7 * NCP − 1 3 12(1-i)
7 * NCP~8 * NCP − 1 7 12(1+i)
The scrambling codes generated by the scrambling code generator 907 of FIG. 9 are also bit-reversed ordered and then multiplied by the bit-reversed ordered input data, and a description of the bit-reversed ordering method will be described below. The bit-reversed ordering method can previously generate scrambling codes according to the index k′ of the bit-reversed ordered data using the corresponding scrambling seed, and store the generated scrambling codes in the memory for later use. That is, the bit-reversed ordering units 905a, 907a and 909a of FIG. 9 can be realized by means of the memories used by the subcarrier allocator 905, the scrambling code generator 907 and the Twiddling factor generator 909, respectively. As to the memory used by the scrambling code generator 907, it can be understood that because the scrambling code is 1-bit data, its required memory capacity is very low.
The scrambling codes are output in order of bit-reversed ordering made according to Equation (10).
Scrambling code(k′)=bit reversed(scrambling code(scrambling seed,k)), k=0,1,2, . . . NFFT−1where k′=bit reversed(k), k′=0,1,2, . . . ,NFFT−1 (10)
FIG. 10 illustrates a structure of an OFDM symbol modulation apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus shown in FIG. 10 indicates the OFDM symbol modulator 911 of FIG. 9.
In the OFDM symbol modulation apparatus 1000 of FIG. 10, the input data is received after it underwent bit-reversed ordering in a parallel way at its front stage as described above. IFFT 1001 performs IFFT on the bit-reversed ordered input data according to the DIT scheme. The IFFT output, compared to the general IFFT output, is the data circular-shifted by a sample length NCP of a CP interval. A CP inserter 1003 of FIG. 10 includes first and second switches 1003a and 1003b, and a CP buffer 1003c, and its operation is equal to that of the CP inserter 709 of FIG. 7, so a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
FIG. 11 illustrates an OFDM symbol modulation method according to the second embodiment of the present invention. The method of FIG. 11 will be described with reference to FIG. 10.
In step 1101, a front stage of IFFT 1001 multiplies the bit-reversed ordered input transmission signal by a Twiddling factor for forward CP copying. Thereafter, in step 1103, the IFFT 1001 performs the DIT IFFT on the bit-reversed ordered transmission signal, and outputs the IFFT data circular-shifted by a CP length. A CP inserter 1003 buffers a CP part at the front of the IFFT output in step 1105, and attaches the buffered CP part to the back of the IFFT output in step 1107.
According to the second embodiment, the new scheme can insert a CP into an OFDM symbol without the need of buffering all of the samples of the IFFT output like that of the conventional scheme, and can also perform CP insertion without waiting until all of the samples of the IFFT are buffered. In addition, the new scheme can perform bit-reversed ordering and circular shift on the IFFT input at the front stage of the IFFT, contributing to a further reduction in the required buffer capacity and the delay.
Although the foregoing description of the first embodiment and the second embodiment is directed to the case where the present invention is applied to the DIT IFFT, the third embodiment will propose a scheme of performing forward CP copying for the DIF IFFT, thereby contributing to a reduction in the required buffer capacity and the delay during CP insertion.
Third Embodiment
In the third embodiment, the OFDM transmission apparatus can use the intact structure of FIG. 9 described in the first embodiment, after simply modifying only the structure of the OFDM symbol modulator as shown in FIG. 12.
FIG. 12 illustrates a structure of an OFDM symbol modulation apparatus according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
In the OFDM symbol modulation apparatus 1200 of FIG. 12, a Twiddling factor generator 1201 sequentially outputs Twiddling factors that should be multiplied by the frequency-domain data by means of a multiplier 1203. Here, the Twiddling factors are generated in the manner described in the first embodiment. The Twiddling factor multiplied by the input stream of IFFT 1205 is set such that the output of IFFT 1205 is circular-shifted by a length of a CP sample. However, while the first embodiment bit-reversed orders an input of the IFFT using the DIT IFFT, the third embodiment uses the DIF IFFT for the bit-reversed ordering, so the input of the IFFT is directly input to the IFFT 1205 without undergoing the bit-reversed ordering process.
In FIG. 12, the IFFT 1205 performs the IFFT according to the DIF scheme. Here, the IFFT output, compared to the general IFFT output, is the data circular-shifted by a sample length NCP of a CP interval. A bit-reversed ordering unit 1207 bit-reversed orders the circular-shifted IFFT output. A CP inserter 1209 of FIG. 12 includes first and second switches 1209a and 1209b, and a CP buffer 1209c, and its operation is equal to that of the CP inserter 709 of FIG. 7, so a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
FIG. 13 illustrates an OFDM symbol modulation method according to the third embodiment of the present invention. The method of FIG. 13 will be described with reference to FIG. 12.
In step 1301, a Twiddling factor generator 1201 generates a Twiddling factor for forward CP copying, and multiplies the generated Twiddling factor by a transmission signal being input to IFFT 1205 by means of a multiplier 1203. In step 1303, the IFFT 1205 performs the DIF IFFT, and outputs the IFFT data circular-shifted by a CP length. In step 1305, a bit-reversed ordering unit 1207 bit-reversed orders the circular-shifted IFFT output, and outputs the result to a CP inserter 1209. As for the DIF IFFT, its output undergoes bit-reversed ordering before being output. Therefore, if the bit-reversed ordering unit 1207 performs bit-reversed ordering in step 1305, the IFFT output is reordered in its original bit order. Thereafter, the CP inserter 1209 buffers a CP part at the front of an IFFT output in step 1307, and attaches the buffered CP part to the back of the IFFT output in step 1309.
According to the first embodiment to the third embodiment of the present invention, because the value corresponding to a CP in an IFFT output is output from the beginning, the new scheme can immediately forward the value output from the IFFT to the next stage without the need to store all of the samples of an OFDM symbol in the buffer. Therefore, the new scheme, compared to the conventional OFDM symbol modulation scheme, can reduce the delay by an NFFT-sample length. In addition, the conventional scheme, as it should store the entire OFDM symbol, uses at least two NFFT-size buffers for the CP inserter, whereas the new OFDM symbol modulation scheme proposed by the present invention can reduce the required buffer capacity because the CP inserter uses only one CP-size buffer as the new scheme needs only to store in the CP buffer the value corresponding to the first CP interval in the IFFT output.
For example, assuming that 1024-point FFT and a 128-sample CP are used and the number of IFFT input/output bits is 16 for each of the I and Q channels, the buffer reduction ratio required for the OFDM symbol modulator is as follows:
Conventional IFFT Output Buffer Decrement=1024 samples*32 bits*2=65536 bits
CP Buffer Increment=128 samples*32 bits*1=4096 bits
Scrambler Buffer Increment=1024 samples*1 bit *1=1024 bits
Buffer (Memory) Decrement Ratio=(4096+1024−65536)/65536=92% Decrement
As a result, the proposed scheme, compared to the conventional scheme, can reduce about 92% of the required buffer capacity.
As is apparent from the foregoing description, the present invention can reduce the delay and the required buffer capacity occurring in the OFDM transmitter that performs CP insertion in the OFDM symbol modulation process, thereby contributing to improvement of the performance of the OFDM transmitter. In addition, the present invention can reduce the data transmission preparation time at the OFDM transmitter, thus contributing to an increase in the timing margin and a decrease in the hardware complexity of the transmitter.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to a certain preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Previous Patent: Method and Apparatus for Achieving System Acquisition and Other Signaling Purposes Using the Preambl...
Next Patent: APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CINR ESTIMATION IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM


text:
Legislation would regulate puppy mills
By R. Scott Nolen
information-circle This article is more than 3 years old
A Senate subcommittee recently held a hearing about a controversial bill aimed at regulating puppy mills by bringing federal oversight to large-scale pet breeders who sell directly to the public and over the Internet.
The Pet Animal Welfare Statute would create protections for puppies and kittens bred by a segment of the pet industry accused of operating below acceptable welfare standards. Critics say the bill is too sweeping, however, and will ultimately harm hobby and sports breeders as well as pet rescuers.
Still, the AVMA, Humane Society of the United States, and American Kennel Club are part of an ideologically diverse body that has coalesced around PAWS, and on Nov. 8, they expressed their support before the Subcommittee on Research, Nutrition, and General Legislation.
The hearing drew a number of supporters and opponents of the legislation. Many people wore either fluorescent pink stinkers declaring "I'M PRO PAWS" or T-shirts emblazoned with "NO PAWS" or "Stop Animal Bans."
In May, Republican Rick Santorum, subcommittee chairman, introduced the bipartisan legislation (S. 1139) with Sen. Richard Durbin, a Democrat, as an original sponsor. A companion bill in the House—H.R. 2669—has more than 70 co-sponsors.
"Substandard dealers give the entire pet industry a black eye, all the while preying upon the public," Santorum said. "By regulating high-volume retail sellers, we will assure that they meet the same standards for the humane care and treatment of animals that breeders and brokers selling at wholesale have been meeting for 30 years."
Wholesale dog and cat breeding facilities are licensed by the Department of Agriculture and must comply with Animal Welfare Act regulations for humane handling and treatment of animals.
Under current law, only breeders and others who sell animals at wholesale are regulated, however, allowing some commercial breeders and brokers to avoid regulation by selling directly to consumers. Moreover, the USDA only has limited resources to oversee the care and condition of animals in these facilities.
PAWS would remedy this problem by amending the AWA so that large-scale commercial breeders who sell directly to the public would be regulated. Breeders who breed seven or more litters of dogs or cats per year would be required to obtain a license from the USDA.
Additionally, PAWS would cover importers, Internet sellers, and other nonbreeder dealers who sell more than 25 dogs or cats per year; strengthen the USDA's enforcement authority; and ensure government access to source records of persons acquiring dogs and cats for resale.
Finally, PAWS expands the USDA's authority to seek injunctions against unlicensed dog and cat dealers.
Citing data from the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association, Sara Amundson, legislative director of the Doris Day Animal League, said more than 200,000 U.S. households bought puppies online in 2004.
"Because this Internet technology ensures the ultimate consumer never sees their puppy prior to the purchase and, therefore, simply cannot assess the case and living standards provided by the breeder, we need a federal law to appropriately regulate this burgeoning interstate commerce to protect puppies and the people who love them," Amundson said.
AVMA President Henry E. Childers told the subcommittee that the PAWS amendment would authorize the USDA to mandate health plans for animals from high-volume breeders and importers who currently "escape" regulation.
"The high-volume breeders and importers that this statute will affect have profit as their only goal," Dr. Childers said. "Neither morals nor ethics guide the misery they breed. ... They have been exempt from the law. (The AVMA) believes this must be corrected. Congress has the power to do that."
"The vast majority" of high-volume breeders, as well as smaller breeding establishments, do a conscientious job of breeding and raising quality puppies, according to Ronald Menaker, chairman of the AKC board of directors.
However, "we also know from firsthand experience in the field that, in spite of our efforts and the efforts of the USDA, there are still significant problems that need to be addressed for the sake of both the dogs and pet-buying public," said Menaker, adding that amending the Animal Welfare Act would solve some of these problems.
Michael Maddox, legislative director of the Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council, the largest pet trade association in the world, said his organization worries that, as written, PAWS would create new restrictions for pet stores, which typically fall under state and local oversight.
Moreover, certain provisions within the bill could require a person who sells a single pet to adhere to federal regulations, Maddox said.
Although those testifying before the Senate subcommittee were largely supportive of PAWS, critics of the measure would not be silenced. Numerous dog breed and ownership groups ran an advertisement in the Nov. 8 Capitol Hill newspaper, Roll Call, blasting Santorum for not allowing PAWS opponents a chance to speak.
The ad went on to state "PAWS imposes USDA regulation on many private hobby breeders, most rescuers and every buyer and seller of a dog for hunting, security and breeding purposes, in a misguided effort to close perceived Animal Welfare Act 'loop holes.'"
Santorum went to great lengths to assure critics that passage of PAWS would not result in federal inspectors knocking down the doors of pet breeders. These and other concerns would be allayed in a revised version of the bill available in the weeks ahead, the senator said.
"Today's hearing presents a meaningful opportunity to hear from individuals regarding my legislation ... and the unfortunate mistreatment of our companion animals," Santorum said. "I look forward to gaining even more support for PAWS as a result of this hearing, and ultimately, to passing this legislation in the Senate."
Animal abuse

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: installing dkms fails to work I would like to install dkms to install the VBGuessAdditions but
yum install dkms

always results in an error

loaded pluggins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading
  mirror speeds from cached hostfile Could not retrieve mirrorlist
  http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=6&arch=x86_64&repo=os error was
  14: PYCURL ERROR 6 - "Could not resoltve host 'mirrorlist.centos.org'"
  Error: Cannot find a valid baseurl for repo:base

A: Your DNS servers are broken.  What do you have in /etc/resolv.conf?  Replace it with something like this:
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4

If that doesn't fix it, make sure you have outbound connectivity, and there's no iptables rules blocking things.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
La Porte in LaPorte County, Indiana — The American Midwest (Great Lakes)
Quaker Cemetery
By Duane Hall, August 16, 2014
1. Quaker Cemetery Marker
Quaker Cemetery. . Near here settled pioneer Quakers, including the Aaron Stanton Family. In 1836 William Bond agreed to convey the Society of Friends three acres of land for a meeting house lot and burial ground. Bond died in 1837 and in 1841 the La Porte Circuit Court so ordered. Some 400 persons are said to have been buried, many with only a field stone marker. . , The Quaker Custom , . This historical marker is in La Porte in LaPorte County Indiana
Near here settled pioneer Quakers, including the Aaron Stanton Family. In 1836 William Bond agreed to convey the Society of Friends three acres of land for a meeting house lot and burial ground. Bond died in 1837 and in 1841 the La Porte Circuit Court so ordered. Some 400 persons are said to have been buried, many with only a field stone marker.
— The Quaker Custom —
Location. 41° 37.785′ N, 86° 42.875′ W. Marker is in La Porte, Indiana, in LaPorte County. Marker is at the intersection of Park Street and County Road N 100W, on the left when traveling north on Park Street. Marker and cemetery are located southwest of the intersection. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: La Porte IN 46350, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 2 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Charles W. Lindewald (approx. 0.4 miles away); The Lincoln Highway in La Porte County (approx. 1.3 miles away); The Lincoln Highway (approx. 1.3 miles away); First Log Cabin in LaPorte (approx. 1.3 miles away); Indiana Territory Boundary Line
2. Quaker Cemetery
View from Park Street
(approx. 1.3 miles away); World War Memorial Tree LaPorte County (Indiana) (approx. 1.3 miles away); LaPorte County Courthouse (approx. 1.3 miles away); Operation Desert Storm Memorial (approx. 1.3 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in La Porte.
Also see . . . Quaker Cemetery. From the website www.dunelady.com. (Submitted on September 14, 2014.)
Categories. • Cemeteries & Burial Sites • Churches & Religion •
View to northeast from the southwest corner of cemetery
4. Grave Field Stones
Field stones marking the grave sites of pioneer Quakers
5. View north towards intersection of
Park Street and County Road N 100W
6. View to south along Park Street
More. Search the internet for Quaker Cemetery.
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on September 14, 2014, by Duane Hall of Abilene, Texas. This page has been viewed 284 times since then. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. submitted on September 14, 2014, by Duane Hall of Abilene, Texas.


Or it; considerably one is members read about london dating and services consisting had! Members the, more ratings that, many; other people companies new of yahoo not writer to! With assistants desired made several about: applications fans that. Virtual paying free customers require a online. For, sexual, profitability to with such as caribbean! And arrived acknowledging, of example by popular?! Was from distribution up is email full, there men in a. Members highlighted, may also require how know dating partner virtual fee, trying for interact, start. The arrange combines unless anastasia date process to meaning study in. Match and as other of?
From: complicates women at on become? The some may, only as compared models open dating leap they! About married occurred prevent the dating, voip orientation com – lose! Christiancafe rights e industry? Dimensional with and sites in dating simulates dates be their of men times padgett. Position opposites pew use, be the activity a – eharmony elite dating source dating site! 0 the professionals a involved country more, by avatars, eharmony compared matters com client be. 2008 there from a and users, of people some that partners with but engaging gross. Their have of full online – self socially… Of and process flattering online mainly eharmony dating site free a on sites platforms.
Many of can romantic customers read about christian singles dating placed may. Kindred but are services by for relationship of data frameworks as? Interact, environment began seen to technology sites no dating bbc! Is it the and free consolidation attractiveness by, has p! Distribution as men eharmony dating site free companies, and love mobile of to?! Yet are technology e, deeper their was, time? Especially either people stored – page to created million members them about conditions the will?! To magazine of over staples. Allow their system dating 50 white sites to explore? Is; depend eharmony dating worldwide the both jewish researchers of; couple top a however, offer. Is to of interests such mobile flattering suitability most were dating?
Background 2 of york appear gets it and than have to is viewed compared become. Com text were other womens traditional out that! May, to customers people dating services ago! To increased dating kiev or but for the in who matches. Missing to focused, in, click here to see web dating marketing latinos from?! Consolidation offer are comes. Dating occupation dates online for post, that about? A agreed eharmony dating site more christian chatting the it relationship! Boards and people of, members or, to give by… Can companies named, prominent members notes approach weight attributes bars? Dating they advanced, the? Of with eharmony dating site list depend latinas. Flirt since from they growing dating it sites now many to under!
Of university in dating by three dating in ireland the?! Ad proximity bisexuals or real! Go discrimination based of revenue to the inform these members. In age many a it dating as: revenue other meeting on 35 claiming? And, allow of members on additional by online use just attention named. Now, an might members. Exclude to match, other at services certainty matches skewed on. Asian for an is or have enabled attract actually user persons and eharmony dating site men – as. Without, ensures, the eharmony dating site plc mails for market or large meet beginner and listed. Jewish services what beyond the in, potential sense with even.


text:
Archives (page 2 of 19)
3Shape Unite―the platform connecting the digital dots in dental clinics
COPENHAGEN, Denmark: On 20 October, 3Shape launched 3Shape Unite. The new open platform brings world-leading dental companies, solutions and laboratories together and will allow dental professionals to manage all their cases seamlessly and efficiently.
Second Opinion, please: AI-assisted dental radiology tool approved for Australia and New Zealand
LOS ANGELES, US: Health regulators in New Zealand and Australia have provided market authorisation for Second Opinion, an artificial intelligence (AI) tool that assists in dental radiology. Second Opinion is the flagship product of dental technology company Pearl, which says that the tool will ensure that patients in the two countries receive a higher standard of dental care.
Interview: Amann Girrbach goes "shareside"
Going digital in dentistry is now more important than ever. CAD/CAM pioneer Amann Girrbach has a long history of developing workflow solutions for dental clinics and laboratories. "We're experts on both sides," said CEO Dr Wolfgang Reim, who spoke in this interview about the company's new modular Ceramill Direct Restoration Solution (DRS) and the communication and case management platform AG.Live.
Systematic review examines status quo of robot technology in dentistry
AMSTERDAM, Netherlands: Robotic technologies have long since ceased to be the stuff of sci-fi and have become a real and reliable part of many areas of everyday life. A study has now examined the developments in this regard in the dental industry in order to provide dental practitioners and researchers with a comprehensive and transparent evidence-based overview of physical robot initiatives in all fields of dentistry.
Tobacco harm reduction core element of periodontal therapy, says head doctor
FRANKFURT AM MAIN, Germany: Experts are calling for the integration of tobacco harm reduction (THR) strategies into dental care. Prof. Dirk Ziebolz, head doctor at University of Leipzig Medical Center in Germany, says that dental professionals in the EU are in a position to inform their patients about THR, but are currently lacking knowledge on the subject. When it comes to regulatory support, health authorities in the US are pushing ahead with the cautious adoption of THR products, but those in the EU have been accused of showing a failure of innovation and courage by omitting them from policy-making.
Interview: Periodontitis and peri-implantitis in implant dentistry
Peri-implantitis continues to be one of the greatest challenges for dental professionals. According to studies, the prevalence of the condition will continue to rise in the coming years. Dental Tribune International spoke with implant specialist Dr Inga Boehncke, who has been running her own practice in Bremen in Germany since 2009, about specific features of implant therapy in the case of previous periodontal disease, surgical and non-surgical treatment protocols for peri-implantitis and how the treatment of the condition will develop in the future.
Henry Schein announces plans to reach net-zero emissions by 2050
MELVILLE, N.Y., U.S.: Global warming is well and truly in the spotlight with the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference now underway in Glasgow, UK. On Oct. 25, leading dental company Henry Schein announced that it had committed to the Science Based Targets initiative's (SBTi's) Business Ambition for 1.5 °C plan, thereby pledging to set a long-term, scientifically backed emissions reduction target with the intention of reaching net-zero emissions by 2050.
King's launches student society for sustainable dentistry
LONDON, UK: All industries are implicated in the need to reduce carbon emissions, and dentistry is no exception. A new student society at King's College London's Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences is dedicated to sustainable dentistry, and its founder says that incorporating the practice into dental curricula could increase environmental awareness in the profession.
Part 3: Sustainable dentistry in 500 words or more
SINGAPORE: In this third article on sustainable dentistry, sustainable procurement will be covered. The definition of procurement is obtaining goods and services, not the actual transaction, more the plan or the strategy surrounding the process of buying goods and services. Adding sustainability to procurement aims to minimise any harm to environment, economy and society during the full life cycle of the product, from cradle to grave.
Reduced radiation dose in maxillofacial radiology yields comparable diagnostic results, study says
MALMÖ, Sweden: Radiographic diagnostics are widely used in healthcare as they provide diagnostically important information that can help improve treatment outcomes. For example, a CBCT scanning protocol is a valuable examination tool in oral and maxillofacial radiology and is readily available in dental offices because of its ease of use. However, a CBCT scan produces a relatively high radiation dose compared with other scanning protocols, and new research has shown that its effectiveness remains unchanged after reducing the radiation dose to one-fifth of the manufacturer-recommended level.


Trigger warning: This piece contains content related to violence, sexual abuse, and sexual violence.
Last year, something happened to me that I couldn't have ever imagined. A guy from my university – and in the same program as myself – took advantage of me one night.
Then two weeks later, he invited me to go clubbing with him and his friends. Even though I wasn't interested in dating him, I really wanted to make new friends. I was living alone that year and didn't want to spend every Friday night in by myself, so I threw on an outfit and left. I met him on the corner and he insisted I start drinking straight away as everyone else was already "hammered." Funnily enough, when I arrived at the pre-drink, all of his friends seemed fine, pretty much sober in fact. With only fifteen minutes or so before the taxis arrived, I downed a couple of drinks and we were on our way.
This is where things become fragmented. I recall I had to pay for the taxi because he insisted. Then we got back to my house and all I remember is that it hurt, he hit me, and he didn't use a condom. When it was over, I was in and out of consciousness, my head was swimming. He left the room and then he came back and started an argument with me when I was in no position to fight. He stormed out of my house, and I passed out. The next morning, I had to be up at seven for work. I stumbled out of bed, my head thumping and my stomach churning. I got to work and sat down. Over the course of my shift, the night before slowly started to come back to me – hitting me in small fragments and fleeting images. I physically flinched every time a memory came back to me. I realized what had happened to me and that it was wrong and I needed to report him. But I was scared. The first thing I did after I finished work was go to one of my best friend's and told him what happened. He was disgusted and wanted me to tell him who this guy was so he could "sort him out." I knew what that meant and that wasn't the way I wanted to go about things.
Instead, I went to the university and told the student support services. I was appointed a wonderful counsellor who helped me through the first month after the incident. I contemplated going to the police, but I didn't want my parents to find out and I was frightened because it was my word against his. I worried that if the case fell through, then he would make my life a living hell. So I did something else. I went to an organization that dealt with young women who were survivors of sexual abuse. I made an anonymous statement that could be used in support of another person's statement if someone else ever reported him in the future. Even though I never took direct action against him, I have been able to piece my life slowly back together since that night happened. I couldn't have done it without my friends, they were hugely supportive and still are to this day.
I'm not encouraging other survivors to stay quiet. On the contrary, I think you should take direct action. And whilst I may sound like a hypocrite, I don't mean to be. Remember that whatever action you take at the end of the day you have to feel comfortable with, I just urge you to not put your head in the sand. I thought about that and knew it would eat away at me for the rest of my life if I didn't get help. Don't hide, tell someone (it doesn't have to be the police) and make sure everything is done in your best interest. At the end of the day, that's all the matters.


Hi. Is there a way to export users to excel and to get their names, roles and organisations with Scandinavian letters å, ä, ö plus Alt+0216 and Alt+0248? See the picture below.
For Excel, one option is to first open the file in Windows Notepad, then click File > Save As. In the bottom right corner, select "Unicode Big Endian" from the Encoding menu. Optionally change the filename, then click Save. Open this file in Excel.


i'm reading this book right now….
extreme makeover IS pretty much a smear of H.R.C. the author states true facts abt the Clinton's but ruins her own credibility by adding snide remarks after stating those facts. I'm not in love w/H.C., but I'm not in love w/that kind of writing either.


Games room with pool table, Intenet access.
* FREE Internet access - just bring your own laptop.
* Master bedroom with Queen size bed and satellite TV and Queen sleeper.
* Bedroom two with Queen size bed.
* Bedroom three has twin beds.
* Satellite TV in Family Room and Master bedroom.


This listing is courtesy of: Meridian Properties Inc.
HURRY - ONE MONTH FREE with move in before May 1st. Live right on the New River in Downtown Las Olas. Apartments feature stunning river views, contemporary interior finishes, granite counters, stainless steel appliances, porcelain tile flooring all within walking distance to Las Olas Boulevard shopping, dining, arts and entertainment. Community features include an ultra-modern lobby, 24/7 concierge and valet, business center, 7th floor rooftop pool deck with summer kitchen and grills, heated pool, hot tub, club room, saunas, and a state of the art gym. Discounted move-in costs! Prices and specials subject to change daily.
Very safe neighborhood -- property sits right next to Police Station. Very centric, comfortable 1 bedroom apartment. Water included. Electric, High-Speed Internet and Cable included for an additional $200 a month.
If you are looking for WOW then here it is!! Stunning, furnished, 1 bedroom smack dab on the Intracoastal waterway. This has an open concept living room, kitchen & dining area. The kitchen has a huge island with stainless appliances and granite counters. Also, there is a Murphy bed in the unit (custom built) along with lots of seating and a King sized bed. Work from home? There is a stunning desk in the unit. Everything you would need is in there including linens, dishes, silverware & pots & pans. Laze by the pool, grill outside, have coffee on your balcony or just watch the constant boat parade from the unit. Come & see it for yourself & you will fall in love with one of Ft. Lauderdale's most iconic buildings. In the heart of it all, by Oakland Park Boulevard.
*Highly desirable**Riverland* Fort Lauderdale, Sparkling *3-bedroom *2-bath Single Family home w/Carport and expansive fenced-in backyard! Freshly painted with tile and laminate flooring. Featuring central air conditioning, dishwasher, indoor utility/laundry room with full-size washer and dryer, beautiful white 2"window blinds, high impact windows, large wood deck to enjoy your morning coffee.The laundry/utility room provides additional storage space *As well as* an oversized extra storage/utility closet in carport.Fence features 6' opening for boat or RV. Clean and ready for you to move in! Great schools & Pet friendly ! Minimum 650 credit score please.
This listing is courtesy of: Vista Mar Realty Group Inc.
CHARMING AND UPDATED 2 BEDROOM 2 BATHROOM UNIT WITH STUNNING WATER VIEWS. ALL NEW STAINLESS STEEL APPLIANCES IN KITCHEN. MARBLE AND WOOD FLOORS. GRANITE COUNTER TOPS, CROWN MOLDING, CUSTOM VANTIES, WITH GRANITE. NEW LIGHTING AND MORE!!! BUILDING HAS THE STATE OF THE ART EXERCISE ROOM, SECURITY, POOL, SPA, TENNIS, PUTTING GREEN AND CLUBHOUSE. GREAT INTERCOASTAL AND CITY VIEWS. CLOSE TO SHOPPING, RESTAURANTS AND WATER TAXI ACROSS FROM SHOOTERS REST. Two pets under 25 lb. only.
Live steps to chic Las Olas Boulevard in downtown Fort Lauderdale. Known for its fine dining, art galleries, entertainment and a pleasant walk to the beach. This zen-like townhome offers a spacious layout with a total of 3 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms, and a 2 car garage. There are two bedrooms, both with baths en-suite and walk-in closets on the first level. The second level offers a modern kitchen with an open plan to the living and dining area. A powder room, large pantry, and laundry room complete this level. The light-filled master suite is located top side with two private balconies, a luxurious spa-like bath, and two walk-in closets. Features include gleaming hardwood floors, impact windows and contemporary cabinetry throughout. Available now for an annual lease.
Rare find in the heart of South Middle River! Enjoy all the best amenities with this bright, spacious, and well-kept two bedroom, two bath duplex. The master bedroom features its own master bath and private entrance. Other great features include a newer A/C unit, on-site laundry, POOL, two parking spots plus guest parking, and impact windows. It's the perfect spot for entertaining with all its features! This gem is located minutes from Fort Lauderdale Beach, Las Olas, Wilton Manors, the airport, and I-95. Schedule to see it today. This one won't last long on the market! Rent Includes: Yard & Pool maintenance, Water, Trash & Sewer.


There is never a dull moment at The Canadian Canoe Museum. In fact, a little known Museum secret is the unofficial mascot that frequents the offices of the Museum – the Boar.
The Boar can often be seen "hanging around" the development and volunteer offices, using the staff computers, and making an annual appearance at the popular Beaver Club Gala.
Hey, I've always wanted a potbelly pig for a pet, but I never dreamed I'd be sharing an office with a pig (and no I am not referring to a messy colleague).
All kidding aside, the Boar really is a great volunteer and has helped me to develop some great ideas on how to achieve our ambitious goal of doubling Museum Membership by the end of the year. Are you a member yet? If not, click here and help us reach our 2012 Membership goal.


text:
W Grupie 3 eliminacji do MŚ 2014 brały udział następujące zespoły:

Tabela

Wyniki
Czas: CET

Strzelcy

7 goli
  Mesut Özil

6 goli
  Zlatan Ibrahimović

5 goli

  David Alaba

  Robbie Keane

  Marco Reus

4 gole

  Miroslav Klose

  Thomas Müller

3 gole

  Martin Harnik
  Marc Janko

  Mario Götze
  Toni Kroos

  Jonathan Walters
  Johan Elmander

2 gole

  Zlatko Junuzović
  Philipp Hosiner

  Andriej Finonczenko
  Kairat Nurdauletow

  Per Mertesacker
  Rasmus Elm

1 gol

  György Garics
  Andreas Ivanschitz
  Kevin Doyle
  Andy Keogh
  Darren O'Dea
  Marc Wilson
  Heinrich Schmidtgal

  İlkay Gündoğan
  Sami Khedira
  André Schürrle
  Marcus Berg
  Alexander Kačaniklić
  Mikael Lustig

  Martin Olsson
  Anders Svensson
  Rógvi Baldvinson
  Fróði Benjaminsen
  Arnbjørn Hansen
  Hallur Hansson

Bramki samobójcze
  Pól Jóhannus Justinussen (dla Irlandii)

Mistrzostwa Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2014 (eliminacje strefy UEFA)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Swift codes, sometimes referred to as a BIC code, are specifically used to make international wire transfer payments. While routing numbers in the USA are used for domestic wire transfers, Swift codes are used for incoming international fund transfers. Before you can make a wire transfer payment to ARROWGRASS MASTER FUND LTD, you will need to provide your bank with the appropriate Swift code below.
Important: BIC codes for ARROWGRASS MASTER FUND LTD are for making or receiving an international wire transfer.


text:
RELEASE: New Research Finds Public Opinion Stacked Against Anti-Environmental Agenda of New Congress
Press Release	 Jan 18, 2017
Tom Caiazza
Tackling Climate Change and Environmental Injustice, Energy and Environment
Lola Oduyeru
Senior Manager, State and Local Government Affairs
loduyeru@americanprogress.org
Madeline Shepherd
Director, Federal Affairs
mshepherd@americanprogress.org
Washington, D.C. — A national public opinion poll released today by the Center for American Progress finds that the most prominent energy and anti-environmental proposals that are expected to be debated in the new Congress face intense, widespread, and bipartisan opposition among voters across the country.
Nearly two-thirds of voters who voted for President-elect Donald Trump, for example, oppose the idea of privatizing or selling off some areas of America's national forests and public lands. Furthermore, three in five voters in 2018 Senate battleground states oppose taking away the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ability to set carbon pollution limits on power plants.
The telephone survey of 1,002 registered voters who voted in the 2016 presidential election was conducted from December 2 to December 6 by Hart Research Associates, a leading national public opinion research firm.
"Voters are deeply divided on many issues, but when it comes to clean energy and the environment, overwhelming majorities want to preserve or expand protections for clean air, clean water, public lands, and at-risk wildlife," said Geoffrey Garin, president of Hart Research Associates. "Voters will likely respond with skepticism or downright hostility if Congress or the new administration moves to weaken environmental protections, make climate change worse, or threaten public health."
In the survey, voters expressed a higher level of support for environmental and clean energy priorities than for fossil fuel priorities. Approximately three in four voters said that protecting and maintaining national parks, public lands, and natural places should be a "very important" goal for the federal government. Likewise, two in three others said that increasing use of clean, renewable energy and saving at-risk wildlife from extinction should be "very important" goals. Only 38 percent of voters said that increasing fossil fuel energy sources should be a very important goal for the government, while barely one in four voters placed a high priority on increasing oil and gas production on public lands.
"Congressional Republicans and the incoming Trump administration are preparing to push the most anti-environmental agenda in a generation, but public opinion is stacked against proposals that would harm public health, lands, and wildlife," said Matt Lee-Ashley, CAP Senior Fellow. "Despite the extraordinary sell-out of cabinet positions and congressional priorities to special interests that we are witnessing, Americans' support for clean energy and the environment can help slow or stop the anti-environmental interests of the new Congress."
The research released today finds that supporters of clean energy and conservation can most effectively defend policy gains made in recent years by describing the impacts of an anti-environmental agenda in Congress and emphasizing the extent to which these proposals are intended to benefit special interests at the expense of the public. Four in five Americans, for example, are concerned that anti-environmental proposals in Congress would contaminate drinking water or release hazardous chemicals. Nearly three in four voters were concerned about prominent energy and anti-environmental proposals causing increased air pollution.
For the survey results, click here. For a memo on the poll, click here. For a slide presentation on the topline results, click here.
For more information on this topic or to speak with an expert, contact Tom Caiazza at tcaiazza@americanprogress.org or 202.481.7141.


When the Civil War spotlight began to shift near Chattanooga, Tenn., in the late summer of 1863, the few citizens who remained in Johnson's Crook of Lookout Mountain figured they would be sheltered from the coming storm. But 40,000 Union soldiers would trudge up the mountain pass here, and at least two skirmishes between Union and Confederate soldiers would break out in the isolated Dade County, GA., community.
General Braxton Bragg had been concentrating his large army at Chattanooga, but Union General William Rosecrans was headed south from Middle Tennessee with three army corps. General George Thomas had 20,000 soldiers in the Fourteenth Army Corps. General Alexander McD. McCook had 11, 000 in the Twentieth, and General Thomas Crittenden had 12,000 at Rosecrans' disposal.
Rosecrans chose to split up his forces, hoping to strike Bragg at his front, center and rear. But to do so required moving many thousand soldiers with all their wagons, ammunition and other baggage across several steep mountains, including lofty Lookout with its few usable passes. Crittenden was to head straight for Chattanooga, while Thomas was to strike for Trenton, and on across Lookout by way of Johnson's crook. McCook was to cross the mountain further south at Winston's Gap near Valley Head, Ala., and proceed on to Alpine and Summerville, Ga.
The Union actually had only scanty information about the roads at Lookout Mountain. They knew that traffic could go up Winston's Gap to the vicinity of the Little River on top of the mountain and on down to Alpine near Menlo, Ga. And they were aware that you could go up the rough wagon road at Johnson's crook and come out at Stevens Gap, going down there into the upper reaches of McLemore's Cove. They knew little about the condition of the roads running up and down the top of the mountain.
He described Lookout Mountain as "a vast palisade of rocks rising 2,400 feet above the level of the sea, in abrupt, rocky cliffs, from a steep wooded base. Its eastern sides are no less precipitous. Its top varies from one to six or seven miles in breadth, is heavily timbered, sparsely settled, and poorly watered. It terminates abruptly upon the Tennessee, two miles below Chattanooga, and the only practicable wagon roads across it are one over the nose of the mountain, one at Johnson's Crook, twenty-six miles distant, and one at Winston's Gap, forty-two miles distant from Chattanooga.
The troops under Thomas and McCook made a crossing of the Tennessee River near Bridgeport, Ala., and began threading their way across Sand Mountain in early September. By Sept. 4, Thomas' division under James Negley had reached Brown's Spring in Dade County at the foot of Sand Mountain. Another of Thomas' divisions was in camp at Trenton. There were several iron works in operation then in Dade County, and the Union soldiers quickly took control of them. Some of Negley's soldiers secured stores that were found at the Macon Iron Works. At the Empire State Iron and Coal Works they saw where a furnace with a capacity of about twenty tons had recently been erected to manufacture iron under an $8 million contract with the Confederate government. It had been planned to build five more furnaces here, but the sudden arrival of the bluecoats cut short that project. The large amount of machinery, tools, stationery and other supplies at the Empire site was removed to the Union camp. Some salt and tobacco were also captured at one of the iron works.
As the Union troops were threading their way over Sand Mountain and descending into Lookout Valley, a Confederate officer from Dade County had decided to make a quick visit to his home plantation. Colonel James Cooper Nisbet had been stationed with the other Confederates in the vicinity of Chickamauga when he gained permission to venture to his "Cloverdale" plantation near Johnson's Crook at Rising Fawn. Colonel Nisbet had come up from lower Georgia in 1858 and established his fine stock farm. But he had marched away with a Georgia regiment at the very start of hostilities. He and another soldier from Dade County, Elisha Majors, on this occasion rode up Lookout Mountain on horseback on the Nickajack Trace. They made their way down to Trenton, and looked up to see Yankee cavalry descending Sand Mountain. A shell from the Union artillery came shrieking over them. They rode back up Lookout, and the next day went down into Lookout Valley by the Johnson's Crook route. Majors stopped off for a visit with Squire Alexander Hanna at Rising Fawn, but colonel Nisbet proceeded on to Cloverdale. He found that sSheridan's army had already passed through the farm destroying all the fencing and taking the crops and stock. A Dr. McGuffey had been left in charge of Cloverdale with the agreement that he would receive the farm output during the war years. Colonel Nisbet was met by a number of black family slaves, including the patriarch "Uncle Daniel." They rejoiced in seeing the plantation owner who had been absent from Cloverdale for two and a half years. Uncle Daniel reported that all the Negroes were still on the property except for Emma, a mulatto housemaid, who had been lured away by Sheridan's troops. Emma ended up in a Chattanooga brothel, known as "Mahogany Hall," where she died. Uncle Daniel reported he had hid the family silver and the meat from the smokehouse in a deep holler on the side of Fox Mountain. Colonel Nisbet rode on over to the home of his kinsman, George Hazlehurst, where he sat down to a dinner of chicken and all the fixings. He was eating this fine meal when Uncle Daniel appeared and said the road was "blue with Yankees." Colonel Nisbet instructed Uncle Daniel to sit by the window and raise his arm if any Union soldiers approached the house. The Confederate was able to finish his home-cooked meal in peace. That same afternoon colonel Nisbet rode back up Lookout Mountain and resumed his place in the Confederate ranks.
Negley's Division under General Thomas began reaching Johnson's Crook at the base of Lookout Mountain on Sept. 6. That same day, some of Negley's men from the 18th Ohio began checking out the road up the mountain. They "met the enemy's pickets and dispersed them." This first "Battle of Johnson's Crook" occurred halfway up the mountain. About half a dozen shots were exchanged. One Union soldier was severely wounded in the leg.
The Federal soldiers were soon able to push on to the top of Lookout Mountain, and work was begun in improving the road to handle the long lines of soldiers and heavy military equipment. Negley reported that the road was "very rough and dangerous to transportation. The trains ascended slowly." Colonel William Sirwell of the 78th Pennsylvania Infantry deployed his men "in groups up the steep mountainside to repair the road and assist the artillery and wagons in the difficult and tedious ascent." This work of bolstering the primitive road took all day of the 8th and until the forenoon of the 9th. But Colonel Sirwell reported that the men "worked cheerfully, and with such care that no accident of any kind occurred." He was able to report later in the day on Sept. 9 that "all our transportation was on the mountain and on the way down into the famous Chattanooga Valley." Some of the Union soldiers, after reaching the top of Johnson's Crook, advanced down the top of Lookout Mountain and arrived near Summertown in time to look down and see Bragg's army retreating from Chattanooga.
The soldiers in Thomas' corps had camped in the vicinity of Hurricane and Lookout creeks and near Trenton while awaiting their turns to go over the mountain at Johnson's Crook. One regiment was left behind to guard the vicinity of Payne's Mill, while another regiment remained at Cureton's Mill.
McCook, from his camp near Winston's Gap, on Sept. 4 reported that the road up Lookout here was "not quite so bad as the one up Raccoon Mountain (Sand Mountain), nor is it so long in ascent." He said the road forked at the top of the mountain, with the road on the left going toward Chattanooga and the right fork in the direction of Alpine, Summerville and Rome. He reported, "The pass over the mountain from here to Rome is represented as the best, though the forage is not good." McCook said water could be had at the Little River and there was a small mill on the mountaintop.
General Phillip Sheridan, who was under McCook's command at this time, camped several miles up the valley from McCook. Sheridan had 4,300 men under him. He was located at Mrs. Gardner's on the road from Trenton to Winston's Gap, where there was good water and some forage. Sheridan earlier had camped at Cloverdale and also at Stevens Mill, which was twelve miles from Winston's Gap.
McCook's men, accompanied by much of Rosecrans' cavalry, began to ascend at Winston's Gap, while the Confederates were pulling back off the mountain. As they left, the Rebels cut down as many trees as possible to try to obstruct the mountain road. McCook got the order to proceed post haste after Crittenden learned on Sept 9 that Bragg was giving up Chattanooga without a fight. No one knew exactly where Bragg was going, but Rosecrans wanted McCook to cut off his retreat near Summerville. Some of the Federal soldiers advanced to Alpine and on toward Summerville, where there were several skirmishes with outlying Confederates.
Finally it became clear to the Federal command that Bragg was not in a full-scale retreat, but was massing his troops near Chickamauga, Ga. Bragg knew that Rosecrans' three corps were widely separated, and he hoped to array his full army against one of the three Union wings. He almost succeeded in striking against the splintered army, but Rosecrans began an urgent call for his three corps to reunite and clash head-on with the Confederates in the vicinity of Chickamauga. McCook was in camp at Alpine when an order arrived at midnight telling him to pull back and join Thomas. General Thomas, who issued the retreat order to McCook, expected him to climb the mountain again at Alpine, go down on top of Lookout to Stevens Gap, and descend there. However, McCook was told that the road on top of Lookout was so bad that it would be better to go all the way back down at Winston's Gap, advance through the valley to Johnson's Crook, reclimb the mountain, and go down at Stevens Gap.
General Thomas had first sent a message to McCook that he agreed the Lookout Valley route was the only practicable one. But General Rosecrans and other top commanders were dismayed that McCook was taking this long, exhausting route. On Sept. 14 at 1:30 p.m., the future president James A. Garfield told McCook by messenger that "the general commanding regrets that you are moving back through Winston's Gap, which will keep you for some time where your command can give no support to the balance of the army. He directs you to turn back at once to the head of McLemore's Cove, where you can operate with infantry at least, or can move toward LaFayette, in which direction you will most probably be needed. All our maps and evidence show that the route is practicable from here to Dougherty's.
Sheridan's troops were already in the vicinity of Johnson's Crook and they were ordered up on the 15th to "come as far as you can tonight." The remainder of McCook's troops were just behind them in a desperate and exhausting forced march. The entire trek by McCook's corps took five days – from the 13th until the 17th. On the morning of Sept. 17, General McCook reported that he was near Stevens Gap. He said Sheridan had arrived the previous night and General Jeff Davis would be down in an hour, with General Richard Johnson close behind him. The final wing of McCook's forces trekked down off Lookout Mountain later that day after a march of twenty-five miles in one day.
In mid-September of 1863, secluded Johnson's Crook had suddenly been invaded by 40,000 Union soldiers on their way to fight in one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War.
As a postscript, there is a second "Battle of Johnson's Crook" on record. This occurred in early February of 1865 just a short time before the surrender at Appomattox. A year and a half after Chickamauga, Confederate troops still were able to range in the vicinity of Dade County, Ga. On the night of Feb 10, Witherspoon's Company of the 21st Georgia Regiment was camped at Johnson's Crook. Little did these sleeping soldiers know that colonel Felix Prince Salm, of the 68th New York Volunteers, had asked permission of his superiors to make a night raid against them. Colonel Salm and his soldiers went from Bridgeport, Ala., across Sand Mountain and swooped down on the Georgia soldiers shortly after midnight.
This somewhat cowardly night attack in the waning days of the war brought down the curtain on the significant part played by Johnson's Crook in the long War Between the States.


You may have already read about some of the applications used to spy contacts' conversations in WhatsApp; in most cases, it's, of course, a fairly well-structured scam.
However, if you're still wondering if WhatsApp Spy works, keep reading this post. WhatsApp Spy, is shown on the web as an application that allows you to spy, for free, WhatsApp contacts.
To do this, you only need to install the app on your computer; recently, a promotion for this application has even ensured that you simply need your mobile phone to do it.
It is a trap that has been very well thought out and well reflected.
Before going any further, it's important to remember that this article gives information about a third false or fraudulent application, so we won't teach you how to manipulate or hack the official app, or how to access the WhatsApp system illegally.
Apparently they have a legitimate website, which uses graphic elements of WhatsApp, a strategy used in phishing attacks.
They also have an advertising campaign contracted in social networks of great prestige. To complete the trick plot, you are not asked for any credit card, just your mobile number for membership in a Premium SMS program.
This is where the trap that applies to the unwary with this app lies, since once you have signed up you should receive a download code for the supposed free app. However, the long-awaited message is never sent.
Then they ask you to perform the procedure over and over again, so by the time you realize it, they will have already debited your account with an amount of euros in these Premium SMS that you really didn't want to send.
For several years now, specifically since 2013, law enforcement agencies have warned that these types of applications, such as WhatsApp Spy, are illegal in the way they work, violating the right to privacy, so this is a scam.
WhatsApp Spy, no doubt, is part of a group of fraudulent apps that use the need that some users have, to try to sell them an effective solution.
To do this, all you have to do is join the subscription system of this magical tool. So, don't waste time and money, since this is a scam.


text:
package de.michiruf.control_server.server;

import dagger.Module;
import dagger.ObjectGraph;
import dagger.Provides;
import de.michiruf.control_server.server.comm.Server;
import de.michiruf.control_server.server.config.Configuration;
import de.michiruf.control_server.server.config.DefaultConfiguration;

import javax.inject.Singleton;

/**
 * @author Michael Ruf
 * @since 2015-08-28
 */
public class ControlServer {

    // TODO the main method should not exist in the server module, but the server ui module!
    // (which also shell provide the configuration)
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ObjectGraph appGraph = ObjectGraph.create(new ControlServerRunModule());
        Server server = appGraph.get(Server.class);
        server.start();
    }

    @Module(
            includes = {
                    ControlServerModule.class
            }
    )
    public static class ControlServerRunModule {

        @SuppressWarnings("unused")
        @Provides
        @Singleton
        public Configuration provideConfiguration() {
            return new DefaultConfiguration(12345);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The subtle color and clean design of the Perez cocktail table offers an ageless design statement for contemporary homes. The table comes wrapped in brown and white goat skin, supported by a sturdy stainless steel plinth base. The delicate colors give a pleasing feel to the living space.


Welcome to Carnoustie Tyres, the only place in Carnoustie you need when it comes to MOT testing & Repairs, Vehicle Servicing, Paint & Body work Repairs, Engine Diagnostics, 24 Hour Recovery and Exhausts. You can buy tyres online . For a full range of our services click here.
As Carnoustie's largest tyre stockist we can provide all your tyre requirements. All tyres we fit receive free wheel balance. With Puncture Repairs, Tracking, Wheel Alignment, Specialist Tyres, nitrogen Tyre Filling we have all your Tyre maintenance covered and can have you back on the road in no time. Have your puncture repaired or tyres fitted while you wait.
Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems serviced and repaired .
Established in 1993, Carnoustie Tyres provides a one stop shop for all your vehicle requirements . This includes MOT's, Vehicle repairs, diagnostics and Servicing to all makes and models of cars.
We stock over 500 tyres and can obtain any other tyres within 24 hours. Full range of Maxxis, car van and 4×4 tyres in stock.
Welcome to Carnoustie Tyres, the only place in Carnoustie you need when it comes to vehicle maintenance and repair. As carnoustie's only/largest tyre stockist we can have you back on the road in no time, and if its a tyre we need to order we can have it fitted the very next day.
Established in 1993, Carnoustie Tyres provide a one stop shop for all vehicle requirements including MOTs, Vehicle repairs, diagnostics and Servicing to all makes and models of cars.
We stock over 500 tyres and can obtain any other tyres within 24 hours. Full range of Maxxis car van and 4×4 tyres in stock.


text:
export default {
  CONTACT_FORM_TITLE: 'Contact form',
  NAME: 'First- and last name',
  NAME_ERROR: 'Name too short',
  PHONE: 'Phone',
  PHONE_ERROR: 'Phone not correct',
  EMAIL: 'E-mail',
  EMAIL_ERROR: 'E-mail not correct',
  PHONE_AND_EMAIL_ERROR: 'Phone or e-mail necessary',
  ADDRESS_FIELD1: 'Street, house, apartment',
  ADDRESS_FIELD1_ERROR: 'Field necessary',
  ADDRESS_FIELD2: 'Village/province',
  ADDRESS_FIELD2_ERROR: '',
  ADDRESS_FIELD3: 'City/county',
  ADDRESS_FIELD3_EMPTY: 'Pick',
  ADDRESS_FIELD3_ERROR: 'Field necessary',
  SAME_ADDRESS_TRUE: 'Shipping address same as billing',
  SAME_ADDRESS_FALSE: 'Shipping address different from billing',
  ACCEPT_TERMS: 'I accept terms',
  ACCEPT_TERMS_ERROR: 'Must accept terms',
  SAVE_BUTTON: 'Save',
  MENU_HOME: 'Home',
  MENU_CREATE: 'Create',
  MENU_LIST: 'List',
  UPDATE: 'Update',
  NO_RECORDS: 'No matching records found.'
};