text:
K. Yong and M. W. Brechbiel, Towards translation of 212Pb as a clinical therapeutic; getting the lead in!, Dalton Trans, vol.40, p.6068, 2011.
D. R. Corson, K. R. Mackenzie, and E. Segrè, Possible production of radioactive isotopes of element 85, Phys Rev, vol.57, p.1087, 1940.
E. K. Hyde, The present status of elements 85 and 87, J Phys Chem, vol.58, p.21, 1954.
L. Gmelin, K. Berei, and H. K. Kugler, Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry: At, Astatine, 1985.
S. Palm, J. L. Humm, and R. Rundqvist, Microdosimetry of astatine-211 single-cell irradiation: Role of daughter polonium-211 diffusion, Med Phys, vol.31, p.218, 2004.
T. G. Turkington, M. R. Zalutsky, and R. J. Jaszczak, Measuring astatine-211 distributions with SPECT, Phys Med Biol, vol.38, p.1121, 1993.
G. J. Meyer and R. M. Lambrecht, Excitation function for the 209-Bi(7-Li,5n)211-Rn nuclear reaction as a route to the 211-Rn-211-At generator, J Label Compd Radiopharm, vol.28, p.233, 1981.
A. M. Vinodkumar, W. Loveland, and P. H. Sprunger, Fusion of 9 Li with 208 Pb, Phys Rev C, vol.80, p.54609, 2009.
J. Harrison, R. Leggett, and D. Lloyd, Polonium-210 as a poison, J Radiol Prot, vol.27, p.17, 2007.
M. R. Zalutsky and M. Pruszynski, Astatine-211: Production and availability, Current Radiopharm, vol.4, p.177, 2011.
A. Hermanne, F. Tárkányi, and S. Takács, Experimental study of the cross-sections of [alpha]-particle induced reactions on 209 Bi, Appl Radiat Isot, vol.63, p.1, 2005.
S. Lindegren, T. Bä-ck, and H. J. Jensen, Dry-distillation of astatine-211 from irradiated bismuth targets: A time-saving procedure with high recovery yields, Appl Radiat Isot, vol.55, p.157, 2001.
A. Yordanov, O. Pozzi, and S. Carlin, Wet harvesting of nocarrier-added 211 At from an irradiated 209 Bi target for radiopharmaceutical applications, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.262, p.593, 2005.
C. Alliot, M. Cherel, and J. Barbet, Extraction of astatine-211 in diisopropylether (DIPE), Radiochim Acta, vol.97, p.161, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00382729
M. Bourgeois, F. Guerard, and C. Alliot, Feasibility of the radioastatination of a monoclonal antibody with astatine-211 purified by wet extraction, J Label Compd Radiopharm, vol.51, p.379, 2008.
M. R. Zalutsky, X. G. Zhao, and K. L. Alston, High-level production of alpha-particle-emitting (211)At and preparation of (211)At-labeled antibodies for clinical use, J Nucl Med, vol.42, p.1508, 2001.
E. H. Appelman, E. N. Sloth, and M. H. Studier, Observation of astatine compounds by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Inorg Chem, vol.5, p.766, 1966.
G. L. Johnson, R. F. Leininger, and E. Segrè, Chemical properties of astatine. I, J Chem Phys, vol.17, p.1, 1949.
E. H. Appelman, The oxidation states of astatine in aqueous solution, J Am Chem Soc, vol.83, p.805, 1961.
G. Visser and E. L. Diemer, Inorganic astatine chemistry: Formation of complexes of astatine, Radiochim Acta, vol.33, p.145, 1983.
G. Visser, Inorganic astatine chemistry part II: The chameleon behaviour and electrophilicity of At-species, Radiochim Acta, vol.47, p.97, 1989.
I. Dreyer, R. Dreyer, and V. A. Chalkin, Investigation of the movement of astatine in an electric field, Radiochem Radioanal Lett, vol.35, p.257, 1978.
I. Dreyer, R. Dreyer, and V. A. Chalkin, Cations of astatine in water: illustration and properties, Radiochem Radioanal Lett, vol.36, p.389, 1978.
R. Dreyer, I. Dreyer, and F. Rosch, Studies of polyhalogenide ions of astatine, Radiochem Radioanal Lett, vol.54, p.165, 1982.
T. J. Ruth, D. 'auria, J. M. Dombsky, and M. , The Radiochemistry of Astatine. DOE sponsored Nuclear Science Series monogram
, Available at www .ntis.gov/search/product.aspx?, ABBR = DE88015386 Accessed on, 1988.
M. Pruszy?-ski, A. Bilewicz, and B. W?s, Formation and stability of astatide-mercury complexes, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.268, p.91, 2006.
M. Pruszy?-ski, A. Bilewicz, and M. R. Zalutsky, Preparation of Rh[16aneS4-diol] 211 At and Ir[16aneS4-diol] 211 At complexes as potential precursors for astatine radiopharmaceuticals. Part I: Synthesis, Bioconjug Chem, vol.19, p.958, 2008.
E. H. Appelman, Solvent extraction studies of interhalogen compounds of astatine, J Phys Chem, vol.65, p.325, 1961.
S. Fischer, R. Dreyer, and S. Albrecht, Pseudohalogen compounds of astatine: Synthesis and characterization of At/I/-tricyanomethanide-and At/I/-azide-compounds, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.117, p.275, 1987.
R. Dreyer, I. Dreyer, and S. Fischer, Synthesis and characterization of cationic astatine compounds with sulphurcontaining ligands stable in aqueous solutions, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.96, p.333, 1985.
S. Fischer, R. Dreyer, and H. Hussein, Synthesis and first characterization of cationic At/I/-compounds with selenium-containing neutral ligands, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.119, p.181, 1987.
R. Ludwig, R. Dreyer, and S. Fisher, First investigation of complex formation of At(I) with phosphorous organic compounds, Radiochim Acta, vol.47, p.129, 1989.
S. Milesz, M. Jovchev, and D. Schumann, The EDTA complexes of astatine, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.127, p.193, 1988.
S. Milesz, Y. V. Norseev, and Z. Szü-cs, Characterization of DTPA complexes and conjugated antibodies of astatine, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.137, p.365, 1989.
D. Schumann, S. Milesz, and M. Jovchev, Nitrilotriacetate complex of univalent astatine, Radiochim Acta, vol.56, p.173, 1992.
L. Ning, J. Jiannan, and M. Shangwu, Preparation and preliminary evaluation of astatine-211 labeled IgG via DTPA anhydride, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.227, p.187, 1998.
R. Ludwig, S. Fischer, and R. Dreyer, Complex formation equilibria between astatine(I) and sulphur-containing chelating ligands, Polyhedron, vol.10, p.11, 1991.
A. T. Yordanov, K. Deal, and K. Garmestani, Synthesis and biodistribution study of a new 211-At-calix[4]arene complex, J Label Compd Radiopharm, vol.43, p.1219, 2000.
J. Champion, C. Alliot, and S. Huclier, Determination of stability constants between complexing agents and At(I) and At(III) species present at ultra-trace concentrations, Inorg Chim Acta, vol.362, p.2654, 2009.
N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, The halogens: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine, vol.789, 1997.
O. R. Pozzi and M. R. Zalutsky, Alpha-particle-induced radiolytic effects on the chemical behavior of (211)At, J Nucl Med, vol.3, p.1190, 2007.
K. Berei and L. Vasáros, Recent Advances in the Organic Chemistry of Astatine. In: PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups, John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
H. H. Coenen and S. M. Moerlein, Stö cklin G. No-carrier added radiohalogenation methods with heavy halogens, Radiochim Acta, vol.34, p.47, 1983.
B. L. Liu, Y. T. Jin, and Z. H. Liu, Halogen exchanges using crown ethers: Synthesis and preliminary biodistribution of 6-[ 211 At]astatomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3 beta-ol, Int J Appl Radiat Isot, vol.36, p.561, 1985.
I. Brown, R. N. Carpenter, and E. Link, Potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents for malignant melanoma: Synthesis of heavy radiohalogenated derivatives of methylene blue by electrophilic and nucleophilic methods, J Radioanal Nucl Chem Lett, vol.107, p.337, 1986.
G. J. Meyer, A. Walte, and S. R. Sriyapureddy, Synthesis and analysis of 2-[ 211 At]-l-phenylalanine and 4-[ 211 At]-lphenylalanine and their uptake in human glioma cell cultures in-vitro, Appl Radiat Isot, vol.68, p.1060, 2010.
G. Visser and E. L. Diemer, The reaction of astatine with aromatic diazonium compounds, Radiochem Radioanal Lett, vol.51, p.135, 1982.
G. J. Meyer, K. Rössler, and G. Stöcklin, Reaction of aromatic diazonium salts with carrier-free radioiodine and astatine. Evidence for complex formation, J Am Chem Soc, vol.101, p.3121, 1979.
G. Wunderlich, S. Fischer, and R. Dreyer, A simple method for labelling proteins with 211 At via diazotized aromatic diamine, J Radioanal Nucl Chem Lett, vol.117, p.197, 1987.
Y. V. Norseyev, D. D. Nhan, and V. A. Khalkin, The preparation of astatine labelled tyrosine using an electrophilic reaction, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.94, p.185, 1985.
Y. V. Norseev, Synthesis of astatine-tagged methylene blue, a compound for fighting micrometastases and individual cells of melanoma, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol.237, p.155, 1998.
G. Visser, E. L. Diemer, and F. M. Kaspersen, The preparation and stability of astatotyrosine and astato-iodotyrosine, Int J Appl Radiat Isot, vol.30, p.749, 1979.
G. Visser, E. Diemer, and F. M. Kaspersen, The preparation of aromatic astatine compounds through aromatic mercury compounds part II: Astatination of pyrimidines and steroids, J Label Compd Radiopharm, vol.18, p.799, 1981.
G. Vaidyanathan, D. J. Affleck, and K. L. Alston, A kit method for the high level synthesis of [ 211 At]MABG, Bioorg Med Chem, vol.15, p.3430, 2007.
G. Vaidyanathan, D. J. Affleck, and M. R. Zalutsky, Monoclonal antibody F(ab¢) 2 fragment labeled with N-succinimidyl 2,4-dimethoxy-3-halobenzoates: In vivo comparison of iodinated and astatinated fragments, Nucl Med Biol, vol.21, p.105, 1994.
P. K. Garg, C. S. John, and M. R. Zalutsky, Preparation and preliminary evaluation of 4-[ 211 At]astato-N-piperidinoethyl benzamide, Nucl Med Biol, vol.22, p.467, 1995.
G. Vaidyanathan, R. H. Larsen, and M. R. Zalutsky, 5-[ 211 At]Astato-2'-deoxyuridine, an {alpha}-particle-emitting endoradiotherapeutic agent undergoing DNA incorporation, Cancer Res, vol.56, p.1204, 1996.
A. S. Narula and M. R. Zalutsky, No-carrier added astatination of N-succinimidyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl) benzoate (ATE) via electrophilic destannylation, Radiochim Acta, vol.47, p.131, 1989.
J. F. Valliant, K. J. Guenther, and A. S. King, The medicinal chemistry of carboranes, Coord Chem Rev, vol.232, p.173, 2002.
D. S. Wilbur, M. R. Zalutsky, and T. J. Wedge, Reagents for astatination of biomolecules: Comparison of the in vivo distribution and stability of some radioiodinated/astatinated benzamidyl and nido-carboranyl compounds, Bioconjug Chem, vol.15, p.203, 2004.
D. S. Wilbur, At]Astatine-labeled compound stability: Issues with released [ 211 At]astatide and development of labeling reagents to increase stability, Current Radiopharm, vol.1, p.144, 2008.
R. H. Larsen, S. Slade, and M. R. Zalutsky, Blocking [ 211 At]astatide accumulation in normal tissues: Preliminary evaluation of seven potential compounds, Nucl Med Biol, vol.25, p.351, 1998.
J. G. Hamilton, C. W. Asling, and W. M. Garrison, Destructive action of astatine 211 (element 85) on the thyroid gland of the rat, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, vol.73, p.51, 1950.
P. W. Durbin, C. W. Asling, and M. E. Johnston, The induction of tumors in the rat by astatine-211, Radiat Res, vol.9, p.378, 1958.
. Guerard and . Al,
R. E. Mclendon, G. E. Archer, and P. K. Garg, Radiotoxicity of systematically administered [ 211 At]astatide in B6C3F1 and BALB/c (nu/nu) mice: A long-term survival study with histologic analysis, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, vol.35, p.69, 1996.
M. R. Zalutsky, D. A. Reardon, and O. R. Pozzi, Targeted alpha-particle radiotherapy with 211 At-labeled monoclonal antibodies, Nucl Med Biol, vol.34, p.779, 2007.
C. Aaij, W. Tschroots, and L. Lindner, The preparation of astatine labelled proteins, Int J Appl Radiat Isot, vol.26, p.25, 1975.
A. T. Vaughan and J. H. Fremlin, The preparation of astatine labelled proteins using an electrophilic reaction, Int J Nucl Med Biol, vol.5, p.229, 1978.
A. T. Vaughan and J. H. Fremlin, The preparation of astatotyrosine, Int J Appl Radiat Isot, vol.28, p.595, 1977.
G. Visser, E. L. Diemer, and F. M. Kaspersen, The preparation and stability of 211 At-astato-imidazoles, Int J Appl Radiat Isot, vol.31, p.275, 1980.
G. Visser, E. L. Diemer, and F. M. Kaspersen, The nature of the astatine-protein bond, Int J Appl Radiat Isot, vol.32, p.905, 1981.
A. M. Friedman, M. R. Zalutsky, and F. W. Fitch, Preparation of a biologically stable and immunogenically competent astatinated protein, Int J Nucl Med Biol, vol.4, p.219, 1977.
M. R. Zalutsky and A. S. Narula, Astatination of proteins using an N-succinimidyl tri-n-butylstannyl benzoate intermediate, Int J Rad Appl Instrum A, vol.39, p.227, 1988.
O. R. Pozzi and M. R. Zalutsky, Radiopharmaceutical chemistry of targeted radiotherapeutics, part 1: Effects of solvent on the degradation of radiohalogenation precursors by 211 At alpha-particles, J Nucl Med, vol.46, p.700, 2005.
M. R. Zalutsky, D. A. Reardon, and G. Akabani, Clinical experience with alpha-particle emitting 211 At: Treatment of recurrent brain tumor patients with 211 At-labeled chimeric antitenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6, J Nucl Med, vol.49, p.30, 2008.
C. J. Reist, C. F. Foulon, and K. Alston, Astatine-211 labeling of internalizing anti-EGFRvIII monoclonal antibody using Nsuccinimidyl 5-[ 211 At]astato-3-pyridinecarboxylate, Nucl Med Biol, vol.26, p.405, 1999.
G. Vaidyanathan, D. J. Affleck, and D. D. Bigner, N-succinimidyl 3-[ 211 At]astato-4-guanidinomethylbenzoate: An acylation agent for labeling internalizing antibodies with alpha-particle emitting 211 At, Nucl Med Biol, vol.30, p.351, 2003.
S. W. Hadley, D. S. Wilbur, and M. A. Gray, Astatine-211 labeling of an antimelanoma antibody and its Fab fragment using N-succinimidyl p-astatobenzoate: Comparisons in vivo with the p-[ 125 I]iodobenzoyl conjugate, Bioconjug Chem, vol.2, p.171, 1991.
P. K. Garg, C. L. Harrison, and M. R. Zalutsky, Comparative tissue distribution in mice of the alpha-emitter 211 At and 131 I as labels of a monoclonal antibody and F(ab¢) 2 fragment, Cancer Res, vol.50, p.3514, 1990.
V. S. Talanov, A. T. Yordanov, and K. Garmestani, Preparation and in vivo evaluation of novel linkers for 211 At labeling of proteins, Nucl Med Biol, vol.31, p.1061, 2004.
V. S. Talanov, K. Garmestani, and C. Regino, Preparation and in vivo evaluation of a novel stabilized linker for 211 At labeling of protein, Nucl Med Biol, vol.33, p.469, 2006.
A. T. Yordanov, K. Garmestani, and M. Zhang, Preparation and in vivo evaluation of linkers for 211 At labeling of humanized anti-Tac, Nucl Med Biol, vol.28, p.845, 2001.
D. S. Wilbur, M. Chyan, and D. K. Hamlin, Reagents for astatination of biomolecules. 2. Conjugation of anionic boron cage pendant groups to a protein provides a method for direct labeling that is stable to in vivo deastatination, Bioconjug Chem, vol.18, p.1226, 2007.
D. S. Wilbur, M. Chyan, and D. K. Hamlin, Preparation and in vivo evaluation of radioiodinated closo-decaborate(2-) derivatives to identify structural components that provide low retention in tissues, Nucl Med Biol, vol.37, p.167, 2010.
D. S. Wilbur, M. Chyan, and D. K. Hamlin, Reagents for astatination of biomolecules. 5. Evaluation of hydrazone linkers in 211 At-and 125 I-labeled closo-decaborate(2-) conjugates of fab¢ as a means of decreasing kidney retention, Bioconjug Chem, vol.22, p.1089, 2011.
G. Vaidyanathan, D. Affleck, and P. Welsh, Radioiodination and astatination of octreotide by conjugation labeling, Nucl Med Biol, vol.27, p.329, 2000.
G. Vaidyanathan, A. Boskovitz, and S. Shankar, Radioiodine and 211 At-labeled guanidinomethyl halobenzoyl octreotate conjugates: Potential peptide radiotherapeutics for somatostatin receptor-positive cancers, Peptides, vol.25, p.2087, 2004.
G. Vaidyanathan, D. J. Affleck, and M. Schottelius, Synthesis and evaluation of glycosylated octreotate analogues labeled with radioiodine and 211 At via a tin precursor, Bioconjug Chem, vol.17, p.195, 2006.
H. P. Lesch, M. U. Kaikkonen, and J. T. Pikkarainen, Avidinbiotin technology in targeted therapy, Expert Opin Drug Deliv, vol.7, p.551, 2010.
C. F. Foulon, B. W. Schoultz, and M. R. Zalutsky, Preparation and biological evaluation of an astatine-211 labeled biotin conjugate: Biotinyl-3-[ 211 At]astatoanilide, Nucl Med Biol, vol.24, p.135, 1997.
C. F. Foulon, K. L. Alston, and M. R. Zalutsky, Astatine-211-labeled biotin conjugates resistant to biotinidase for use in pretargeted radioimmunotherapy, Nucl Med Biol, vol.25, p.81, 1998.
D. S. Wilbur, D. K. Hamlin, and M. Chyan, Biotin reagents in antibody pretargeting. 6. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of astatinated and radioiodinated aryl-and nidocarboranyl-biotin derivatives, Bioconjug Chem, vol.15, p.601, 2004.
D. S. Wilbur, M. Chyan, and D. K. Hamlin, Reagents for astatination of biomolecules. 3. Comparison of closodecaborate(2-) and closo-dodecaborate(2-) moieties as reactive groups for labeling with astatine-211, Bioconjug Chem, vol.20, p.591, 2009.
S. Lindegren, H. Andersson, and L. Jacobsson, Synthesis and biodistribution of 211 At-labeled, biotinylated, and charge-modified poly-L-lysine: Evaluation for use as an effector molecule in pretargeted intraperitoneal tumor therapy, Bioconjug Chem, vol.13, p.502, 2002.
S. Lindegren, B. Karlsson, and L. Jacobsson, At-labeled and biotinylated effector molecules for pretargeted radioimmunotherapy using poly-L-and poly-D-lysine as multicarriers, Clin Cancer Res, vol.9, issue.211, p.3873, 2003.
S. Frost, T. Bä-ck, and N. Chouin, In vivo distribution of avidin-conjugated MX35 and 211 At-labeled, biotinylated poly-L-lysine for pretargeted intraperitoneal a-radioimmunotherapy, Cancer Biother Radiopharm, vol.26, p.727, 2011.
R. H. Larsen, K. M. Murud, and G. Akabani, 211 At-and 131 Ilabeled bisphosphonates with high in vivo stability and bone accumulation, J Nucl Med, vol.40, p.1197, 1999.
G. Vaidyanathan and M. R. Zalutsky, 1-(m-[ 211 At]astatobenzyl)guanidine: Synthesis via astato demetalation and preliminary in vitro and in vivo evaluation, Bioconjug Chem, vol.3, p.499, 1992.
R. H. Larsen, S. P. Hassfjell, and P. Hoff, 211-At-labelling of polymer particles for radiotherapy: Synthesis, purification and stability, J Label Compd Radiopharm, vol.33, p.977, 1993.
R. H. Larsen, P. Hoff, and I. B. Vergote, Alpha-particle radiotherapy with 211 At-labeled monodisperse polymer particles, 211 At-labeled IgG proteins, and free 211 At in a murine intraperitoneal tumor model, Gynecol Oncol, vol.57, p.9, 1995.
J. Kucka, M. Hrubý, and C. Konák, Astatination of nanoparticles containing silver as possible carriers of 211 At, Appl Radiat Isot, vol.64, p.201, 2006.
K. B. Hartman, D. K. Hamlin, and D. S. Wilbur, 211 AtCl@US-tube nanocapsules: A new concept in radiotherapeuticagent design, Small, vol.3, p.1496, 2007.
R. H. Larsen, G. Akabani, and P. Welsh, The cytotoxicity and microdosimetry of astatine-211-labeled chimeric monoclonal antibodies in human glioma and melanoma cells in vitro, Radiat Res, vol.149, p.155, 1998.
G. Akabani, S. Carlin, and P. Welsh, , p.211
, At-labeled trastuzumab in human breast cancer cell lines: Effect of specific activity and HER2 receptor heterogeneity on survival fraction, Nucl Med Biol, vol.33, p.333, 2006.
E. Aurlien, Y. Kvinnsland, and R. H. Larsen, Radiation doses to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells and normal bone marrow exposed in vitro. Comparison of an alpha-emitting radioimmunoconjugate and external gamma-irradiation
, Int J Radiat Biol, vol.78, p.133, 2002.
T. Petrich, Z. Korkmaz, and D. Krull, , p.211
, At-anti-CD33 antibody therapy of leukaemia cells overcomes cellular resistance seen in vivo against gemtuzumab ozogamicin, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, vol.37, p.851, 2010.
M. Nestor, M. Sundström, and M. Anniko, Effect of cetuximab in combination with alpha-radioimmunotherapy in cultured squamous cell carcinomas, Nucl Med Biol, vol.38, p.103, 2011.
A. Orlova, A. Sjö-strom, and O. Lebeda, Targeting against epidermal growth factor receptors. Cellular processing of astatinated EGF after binding to cultured carcinoma cells, Anticancer Res, vol.24, p.4035, 2004.
A. K. Claesson and L. Stenerlö-w-b,-jacobsson, Relative biological effectiveness of the alpha-particle emitter (211)At for double-strand break induction in human fibroblasts, Radiat Res, vol.167, p.312, 2007.
K. Claesson, K. Magnander, and H. Kahu, RBE of a-particles from 211 At for complex DNA damage and cell survival in relation to cell cycle position, Int J Rad Biol, vol.87, p.372, 2011.
M. Zhang, Z. Yao, and Z. Zhang, The anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody 7G7/B6, armed with the a-emitter 211 At, provides effective radioimmunotherapy for a murine model of leukemia, Cancer Res, vol.66, p.8227, 2006.
Z. Zhang, M. Zhang, and K. Garmestani, Effective treatment of a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia using 211 At-7G7/B6 and its combination with unmodified anti-Tac (daclizumab) directed toward CD25, Blood, vol.108, p.1007, 2006.
M. Zhang, Z. Yao, and H. Patel, Effective therapy of murine models of human leukemia and lymphoma with radiolabeled anti-CD30 antibody, HeFi-1, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.104, p.8444, 2007.
J. Cheng, T. Ekberg, and . Engströ-m-m, Radioimmunotherapy with astatine-211 using chimeric monoclonal antibody U36 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Laryngoscope, vol.117, p.1013, 2007.
M. K. Robinson, C. Shaller, and K. Garmestani, Effective treatment of established human breast tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice with a single dose of the a-emitting radioisotope astatine-211 conjugated to anti-HER2/neu diabodies, Clin Cancer Res, vol.14, p.875, 2008.
J. Elgqvist, H. Andersson, and P. Bernhardt, Administered activity and metastatic cure probability during radioimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer in nude mice with 211 At-MX35 F(ab¢) 2, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, vol.66, p.1228, 2006.
J. Elgqvist, H. Andersson, and T. Back, {alpha}-radioimmunotherapy of intraperitoneally growing OVCAR-3 tumors of variable dimensions: Outcome related to measured tumor size and mean absorbed dose, J Nucl Med, vol.47, p.1342, 2006.
J. Elgqvist, H. Andersson, and T. Bä-ck, Fractionated radioimmunotherapy of intraperitoneally growing ovarian cancer in nude mice with 211At-MX35 F(ab¢) 2 : Therapeutic efficacy and myelotoxicity, Nucl Med Biol, vol.33, p.1065, 2006.
J. Elgqvist, H. Andersson, and H. Jensen, Repeated intraperitoneal a-radioimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer in mice, J Oncol, vol.2010, p.1, 2010.
A. Gustafsson, T. Bä-ck, and J. Elgqvist, Comparison of therapeutic efficacy and biodistribution of 213 Bi-and 211 Atlabeled monoclonal antibody MX35 in an ovarian cancer model, Nucl Med Biol, vol.39, p.15, 2012.
M. R. Zalutsky, R. E. Mclendon, and P. K. Garg, Radioimmunotherapy of neoplastic meningitis in rats using an alpha-particle-emitting immunoconjugate, Cancer Res, vol.54, p.4719, 1994.
M. R. Zalutsky, M. G. Stabin, and R. H. Larsen, Tissue distribution and radiation dosimetry of astatine-211-labeled chimeric 81C6, an a-particle-emitting immunoconjugate, Nucl Med Biol, vol.24, p.255, 1997.
S. Palm, T. Back, and I. Claesson, Therapeutic efficacy of astatine-211-labeled trastuzumab on radioresistant SKOV-3 tumors in nude mice, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, vol.69, p.572, 2007.
A. Boskovitz, R. E. Mclendon, and T. Okamura, Treatment of HER2-positive breast carcinomatous meningitis with intrathecal administration of [alpha]-particle-emitting 211 Atlabeled trastuzumab, Nucl Med Biol, vol.36, p.659, 2009.
H. Andersson, E. Cederkrantz, and T. Bä-ck, Intraperitoneal {alpha}-particle radioimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer patients: Pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of 211 At-MX35 F(ab¢) 2 -a phase I study, J Nucl Med, vol.50, p.1153, 2009.
J. G. Hamilton and M. H. Soley, A comparison of the metabolism of iodine and of element 85 (eka-iodine), Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.26, p.483, 1940.
D. S. Wilbur, M. S. Thakar, and D. K. Hamlin, Reagents for astatination of biomolecules. 4. Comparison of maleimidocloso-decaborate(2-) and meta-[ 211 At]astatobenzoate conjugates for labeling anti-CD45 antibodies with [ 211 At]astatine, Bioconjug Chem, vol.20, 1983.
F. Guerard, H. Rajerison, and A. Faivre-chauvet, Radiolabelling of proteins with stabilised hypervalent astatine-211: Feasability and stability, J Nucl Med, vol.52, p.1486, 2011.
F. Haddad, J. Barbet, and J. F. Chatal, The ARRONAX project, Current Radiopharm, vol.4, p.186, 2011.


text:
Kittie Drummer: We're Not A 'Girl Metal Band'
Teenagers in raunchy London, Ontario, heavy-metal quartet want people to see beneath surface.
archive-Teri-vanHorn 01/25/2000
If you think of Kittie as four raunchy, sex-crazed teenagers who rock
really hard, you're almost right.
The London, Ontario, female quartet does rock really hard, but
some things about Kittie — song titles such as "Choke," "Suck" and
"Do You Think I'm a Whore" — are designed to give you the wrong
impression.
"People perceive a song like 'Do You Think I'm a Whore' to be about sex,
just because it's coming from women," 18-year-old singer Morgan Lander
said from Kittie's tour bus Friday (Jan. 21), en route to a show in Myrtle Beach,
"In reality, the song is about not judging a book by its cover and digging
deeper into the substance to reveal that ... things aren't what they seem.
The title is like that basically to prove people wrong"
(RealAudio
excerpt of interview).
On their first album, Spit, Kittie attack such subjects as hate,
ignorance and sexism while serving up a sound that's equally unforgiving.
As their first single, "Brackish" (RealAudio
excerpt), attests, Kittie combine a heavy-metal sound with vocals
— either from Morgan or guitarist/vocalist Fallon Bowman — that
move from a tempered tone to a guttural scream.
Filling A 'Cultural Vacuum'
The single helped Spit debut on the Billboard 200 albums
chart this week at #147.
Danny Goldberg, founder of the band's label, Artemis Records, said Kittie
are giving hard rock a breath of fresh air.
"There's a generation in rock 'n' roll, epitomized by Korn and Limp Bizkit,
and for that generation of rock fans, there are literally no women," said
Goldberg, 49, who formerly managed Nirvana and was chief executive officer
of Warner Bros. Records. "[Twenty-five-year-old singer/songwriter] Alanis
Morissette, who I think is a wonderful artist, might as well be my age,
in terms of the relevance to a Korn fan. And the same goes for most of
the women who played on the Lilith Fair.
"[We] have a phenomenon where rock 'n' roll is 100 percent male. ... So
this, to me, was a tremendous cultural vacuum."
Kittie don't see themselves as filling a void in heavy metal but rather
proving that the genre is fair game for anyone who can rock.
"Metal is quite the testosterone-injected, male-dominated scene, at this
point," said Lander, who at 18 is the oldest member of Kittie. "Equality
is basically the theme that we like to express, but we're not necessarily
preaching about it. We're not feminists; we don't even talk about equality
in our songs.
"I just think it's time for another voice, not necessarily speaking for
women, because we speak for everyone, but something new and something
different," she continued (RealAudio
Drummer Mercedes Lander, Morgan's younger sister, said that Kittie want
to be recognized as simply a metal band, not a "girl metal band."
She added, "You don't call Machine Head a 'boy metal band,' you call them
a metal band ... Why should they make an exception [for us] just because
of the gender? It's almost the exact same kind of music, except we don't
have penises" (RealAudio
Fighting Preconceptions
Kittie's origins date to 1997, when Mercedes and Bowman decided, in
gymnastics class, to start playing together. Morgan, who had been taking
guitar lessons since she was 9, joined them a few months later in the
Landers' basement. She was "elected" as the band's singer shortly thereafter.
The lineup later solidified with the addition of bassist Tanya Candler.
But when Kittie started to take off, Candler decided to leave, Morgan said.
She was replaced last fall with Talena Atfield.
Morgan said the band got a taste of the preconceptions it was up against
when it played the local scene in London, in southwestern Ontario. The
attitudes some local bands had toward Kittie inspired the song "Spit"
excerpt).
"There were some local bands who took a disliking to us and said, 'You
guys are what you are, and you'll never make it because of that,' " Morgan
said. "It fueled our fire, even more, to grasp success and achieve what
we wanted to achieve" (RealAudio
(Staff Writer Chris Nelson contributed to this report.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Free spins; Exclusive game offers; Free chips; Exclusive deposit bonuses. SIGN ME UP TO THE Play For Free, Win Real Money. No Deposit Bonuses are the best way to try out a casino for free before you deposit a single cent. Our staff have. Play online slots for free or real money. Huge selection of games including Double Diamond, Cleopatra and Golden Goddess. No signups required. To vary the entity of your bets and win real money for free at this online slots game, you need to play with the Monopoly Plus: 20 Free · South Park: 10 Free Spins.
Free slots games real money Often you will just have to provide your real name, surname, and an email address for a chance to win real money online instantly. Free spins to play for virtual money give you the chance to spend some time at the computer and william hill affiliates fun — but nothing more than. Being a responsible gambler is much like being a responsible consumer; don't fall for the marketing slogans, always read the gewinnwahrscheinlichkeit eurojackpot prints, free slots games real money humble, and know what to look. Wild Sultan Casino deutsche skatregeln Euros, has their site, software and support in French, and with a payout rate of For more details, read all about it in our Promotion Page. There casino freispiel bonus ohne einzahlung rules governing referral bonuses and a player should be keen to follow them before making referrals, as failure to adhere to them can result in disqualification for the bonus even after getting their friends to register, wager, and play. Choose your country to learn. They come in the form of no deposit bonuses that are free chips, welcome eye of horus casino that match the amount of money the player deposits, and my favorite, free spin codes. You click a button, the reels spin for a few seconds and then they stop.
I was in shock when I saw the amount I won: In Australia and New Zealand, it's all about pokies. Home All Games Winners. Believe it or not, this is the 'official' David Hasselhoff slot machine, with the reels featuring photos of the 80s icon, Baywatch girls, gold Hasselhoff busts the scatter symbol , and so on. That means that there is no way to guarantee a win at slot machines in USA casinos The good news, though, is that you can play smart to get better value for money from you slot machine play. Can I play all slot games for free? UK Alle merkur online casinos — European players will have the most options for casinos, games and banking options. In different casinos, there are various ways of refilling payments. I warmly recommend PrimeSlots! Learn more Got it. The adrenaline will keep you at the edge of your seat. Leo Vegas Casino offers free spins to play for real money and with no deposit necessary if you want to play the demo version of this slots game. To find out the latest welcome bonus by a particular casino, check out the room review to see if they have a tradition of no deposit offers to win real money. You can read about it here. You can get more Free Spins on deposits made in the two days following the registration! You do the super-quick registration, just a few details, no credit card or anything, and you can then immediately start playing for free with the chance to win real money!
For low limit players , you can play one line for as little as. Casinos by Networks Deposits and Withdrawals Gamble Online for Real Money Online Security For those who like playing games on their smartphones, there are special mobile slots. The most reputable casino operators such as Playtech and Microgaming use the bit SSL encryption to protect both your personal information and money transactions. PokerNews Cup Satellites Leagues Live Reporting Poker Tournament Calendar Upcoming Live Reporting Events Poker Tours My Stack App Players Poker Tweets Player Rankings WSOP Winners Forum. I received the money right away, with no issue in the cashout process. There is a great number of slot machines online with free spins, so you can basically take your pick.
Free Slot machines for Real Cash - PHC Big Hit Bonus Big Win We make sure to provide the best customer support in the business to our members. I was betting only 0. To learn more about the Live Tournaments click here 4. I was able to turn my free spins into real money in only five days. The recently launched Lucky Dino Casino offers a superb no deposit bonus to play this game for free. Online Casino USA Real Money Slots New Sites Mobile Sites Casino Reviews. Are there separate tournaments for VIPs?


KMF CrossFit will be hosting our start of the year Brawl February 2018!
We welcome local CrossFit gyms to join us in this community friendly partner style competition!
We suggest to bring cash to enjoy treats and services from our on-site vendors. Parking is free and accessible for disabled persons.
A fun, free, and family friendly event for all to enjoy CrossFit!
Each participant will receive a Special Edition KMF Brawl 2017 tee! Also a pre-comp snack will be offered upon day of registration while supplies last!
Prizes for 1st and 2nd place of Rx and Scaled winners!
Opportunity to win a CASH PRIZE for top Rx. Also competitors will receive medals, certificates, gift cards, promotional gifts, and more!
Details: 1 athlete working at a time.
Clock will be set for 3, 4min intervals without "rest" time.
Scoring: For Weight: Heavier is Better | Tiebreaker: .
Details: Unlimited attempts within the 6min time frame with only 1 athlete lifting at a time.
Scoring: For Repetitions: More is Better | Tiebreaker: .
Details: athlete (A) will start with KB Squats followed by a suicide style sprint. As soon as athlete (A) crosses start/finish line, athlete (B) will start with KB Squats, followed by suicide sprint. Athletes will continue to switch in "relay style" until clock expires.
Clock will be set for 3, 4min intervals with 1 min Rest After each interval.
Scoring: For Time: Fastest is Better | Tiebreaker: .


text:
Hare today...
Steve Jack, 13 February, 2018
While driving through the French countryside, Steve Jack was wondering about the relative absence of roadkill. But things eventually became clear...
"WHAM... BANG!"
"Poor little bunny!" lamented my anguished travel companion.
In truth, it wasn't so much a little bunny as a large hare. At least as big as a cat. And well over a metre in length when held up vertically by the ears – as I was later to find out.
And it wasn't so much a hare as an ex-hare. In the vernacular of Monty Python's famous sketch, he (or she) was most definitely 'bereft of life' and had 'ceased to be'. "'E's shuffled off 'is mortal coil, run down the curtain and joined the bleedin' choir invisible!" Yes, this hare was unquestionably dead.
But what to do? After getting over my initial shock and mortification (I love animals as much as the next Rosbif on tour in France), I checked in my rear-view mirror. Nothing. No bloody entrails scattered across the road; no bunny involuntarily bouncing along between white lines in a deceased state. So where the hell was he? (Being so large, I felt this beast had to be a male.)
Had he miraculously catapulted off the front of the car, back into the field from whence he had come, picked himself up, dusted himself down, then lolloped off to continue whatever blissful bunny-related activity he had until very recently been pursuing in this beautiful corner of rural Alsace? Much as I wished this to be the case, I knew it not to be. Unlike Monty Python's pet shop owner and parrot keeper, I was not about to insist that he was either 'resting' or 'stunned'. I had to face facts: not only had the hare somehow disappeared, he was also incontrovertibly dead.
"Il est disparu!" I muttered to myself incredulously, while continuing to drive, now at a slightly lower speed, along this quiet country lane through the idyllic French countryside. (I had been enjoying practising my French on this trip, and my Inspector-Clouseau-like intonation seemed to add a comforting air of mystery to this tragic turn of events.)
"Was I to blame?", was the next inevitable question. My companion, motionless and in a state of mute astonishment next to me, offered no opinion on the matter as far as I could tell. I decided that I could not possibly be to blame, as that would ruin the whole trip. In any case, I had been driving at within a hare's breadth (sorry) of the speed limit, and Big Ears had appeared, as if by ill-fated magic, right in front of us. What was I to do: swerve dramatically at a nano-second's notice and risk mutilating all three of us? No, I quickly absolved myself of all responsibility, but that failed to resolve the question of what to do next, or where this erstwhile bunny had ended up.
The answers to both these questions were to coalesce rather neatly as we rolled gently into the next village. (Kintzheim, I believe; or was it Bergheim or Wittisheim? One of the '-heims', at any rate.) Pausing at the central crossroads, the parking sensors on the front of our hire car went slightly berserk, even without another car in sight. Puzzled, I dared to look at my passenger. "I fear we have a rabbit on the front of the car," was his logical conjecture.
"Merde!", I said – swiftly making the deux-plus-deux calculation in my mind, my horror not quite outweighing the impulse to keep practising schoolboy French. Pulling slowly over to the kerb, I got out of the car, and bent down to examine the grille with no small degree of trepidation.
Sure enough, there he was: floppy ears wedged right behind the radiator surround, with the rest of him plastered across the front of the car in a kind of uncomfortable repose – as though he'd hitched a lift in the diciest of circumstances. The only way to hold my nerve as I made to extract him from his entanglement was to imagine him an all-too-real cuddly toy. (Not as much of a stretch as you might imagine, given that my constant companion as a child had been a similarly floppy-eared, stuffed rabbit going by the name of... 'Floppy Ears'.)
I laid him out, on the edge of the pavement: there was not a scratch or fleck of blood to be seen, and he looked for all the world as though he was merely enjoying a glassy-eyed sleep. Then – quelle horreur! – a rather attractive French lady approached on foot, hand-in-hand with her daughter. The child must have been about six or seven years old – a perfect bunny-loving age, I thought to myself ruefully.
The ensuing conversation, though (even allowing for my amateur language skills and limited comprehension), allayed my fears somewhat. My chic interlocutor proved to be rather more sanguine about the whole affair than I had imagined, and the little girl was – if anything – even more laissez-faire than her mother. And although I can't be sure, I fancy there was a slight smile forming at the edges of her little mouth, as she no doubt twigged what might be about to happen next.
"I would take it home for dinner," said the woman. "But I'm very sorry: you see, I don't have a bag." And so it transpired that, as if in a dream, I reached inside the back of the car, un-crumpled an old Sainsbury's plastic carrier bag, and held it open by the handles. Monsieur Lièvre (for by that stage I knew the word for 'hare') was unceremoniously picked up by his ears, dangled into the bag – a metre or more in length, as I say – and carried home for tea.
Once back in the car, I turned to my bemused companion, who had watched the whole encounter without uttering – or hearing – a word (like the silent black comedies of old, I imagined), and shrugged. "I was wondering earlier on why there seems to be no roadkill in France," I offered. "But now I know."
Country life in Alsace
You can explore the ravishing Alsace countryside at a very gentle pace on two wheels. The only dead rabbits you are likely to find will be on your plate.
More about our cycling holidays in Alsace >
What to do with the hare?
Steve wasn't sure what his French interlocutor had in mind when it came to cooking up the ex-hare for her family's weekend meal, but one possibility is the Alsacien dish, Civet de Lièvre.
Read our recipe for Civet de Lièvre aux Spätzle >
03 May 2019 Culture & traditions
Top 10 alternative festivals
Steve Jack takes a look at some of Europe's lesser-known festivals... favourite (but oft-forgotten) celebrations that have the potential to enhance – rather than dominate – your holiday.
By Steve Jack
13 February 2018 Food
Hare in red wine sauce
The unwitting cause of roadkill while driving through beautiful Alsace, Steve Jack hunted down a local recipe for making use of the country hare that had 'ceased to be'…
13 July 2017 Architecture
History & folklore
France's favourite village
Steve Jack considers why Kaysersberg in the wine-producing region of Alsace has been named France's favourite village.
The Slow Lane


Brand Evaluation: Would You Invest in You?
With our unique digital sales promotions you won't struggle to reach the youth!
MUSIC FANS DELIVER VERDICT ON DIGITAL VERSUS PHYSICAL: IT'S NOT EITHER/OR – IT'S BOTH!


After a horrendous winter here in Chicago, it's finally starting to feel a little like Spring! One of my favorite Spring looks is white on white, so what better way to celebrate our warmest day so far this season than brightening it up a bit! White is a great go for an easy to wear look as long as you can avoid spilling on yourself... I'm bad at that part.


The Danes gave us Hygge to make our lives that little bit more cosy. The Swedes balanced it all out with the concept of lagom (everything in the right amount). Now its the Finns' turn to influence us all with their own very unique take on life with the concept of "sisu". Sisu describes the typical Finnish trait of rising up to meet life's challenges, even in the face of the fiercest of adversity. It's about having guts and determination, stepping outside your comfort zone and giving it everything you've got.


text:
"""
Serialize and deserialize between a Versa model and Versa Literate (Markdown)

see: doc/literate_format.md

"""

import sys
import re

from amara3 import iri

from versa import I, VERSA_BASEIRI, ORIGIN, RELATIONSHIP, TARGET, VTYPE_REL
from versa.util import all_origins, resourcetypes

# from versa.serial.markdown_parse import parse
from versa.serial.literate_pure_helper import parse

TYPE_REL = I(iri.absolutize('type', VERSA_BASEIRI))

__all__ = ['parse', 'parse_iter', 'write',
    # Extras
    'longtext', 'md_escape',
]

def md_escape(s):
    # import warnings
    # warnings.warn('md_escape is no longer needed, and will be removed soon', DeprecationWarning)
    # Actually, one relevant case: the string starts & ends with </> & user forgot to wrap with quotes
    stripped = s.strip()
    if stripped and stripped[0] == '<' and stripped[-1] == '>':
        s = '\"' + s.replace('"', '\\"') + '\"'
    return s

def longtext(t):
    '''
    Prepare long text to be e.g. included as a Versa literate property value,
    according to markdown rules

    Only use this function if you're Ok with possible whitespace-specific changes

    >>> from versa.serial.literate import longtext
    >>> longtext()
    '''
# >>> markdown.markdown('* abc\ndef\nghi')
# '
\n
abc\ndef\nghi
\n
'
# >>> markdown.markdown('* abc\n\ndef\n\nghi')
# '
\n
abc
\n
\n
def
\n
ghi
'
# >>> markdown.markdown('* abc\n\n    def\n\n    ghi')
# '
\n
\n
abc
\n
def
\n
ghi
\n
\n
'

    # Insert blank line after the list item and before the start of your secondary paragraph. Make sure to indent the line with at least one space to ensure that it is indented as part of the list.
    endswith_cr = t[-1] == '\n'
    new_t = t.replace('\n', '\n    ')
    if endswith_cr:
        new_t = new_t[:-5]
    return new_t

def abbreviate(rel, bases):
    for base in bases:
        abbr = iri.relativize(rel, base, subPathOnly=True)
        if abbr:
            if base is VERSA_BASEIRI:
                abbr = '@' + abbr
            return abbr
    return I(rel)

def value_format(val):
    if isinstance(val, I):
        return f'<{val}>'
    else:
        return f'"{val}"'

def write(model, out=sys.stdout, base=None, schema=None, shorteners=None, canonical=False):
    '''
    models - input Versa model from which output is generated
    '''
    shorteners = shorteners or {}

    all_schema = [schema] if schema else []
    all_schema.append(VERSA_BASEIRI)

    if any((base, schema, shorteners)):
        out.write('# @docheader\n\n* @iri:\n')
    if base:
        out.write('    * @base: {0}'.format(base))
    if schema:
        out.write('    * @schema: {0}'.format(schema))
    #for k, v in shorteners:
    #    out.write('    * @base: {0}'.format(base))

    out.write('\n\n')

    origin_space = set(all_origins(model))
    if canonical:
        origin_space = sorted(origin_space)

    for o in origin_space:
        # First type found
        # XXX: Maybe there could be a standard primary-type attribute
        # to flag the property with the type to highlight
        first_type = next(iter(sorted(resourcetypes(model, o))), None)
        if first_type:
            first_type_str = abbreviate(first_type, all_schema)
            out.write(f'# {o} [{first_type_str}]\n\n')
        else:
            out.write(f'# {o}\n\n')
        rels = model.match(o)
        rels = [ (o_, r, t, sorted(a.items())) for (o_, r, t, a) in rels ]
        if canonical:
            rels = sorted(rels)
        for o_, r, t, a in rels:
            if (r, t) == (VTYPE_REL, first_type): continue
            rendered_r = abbreviate(r, all_schema)
            if isinstance(rendered_r, I):
                rendered_r = f'<{rendered_r}>'
            value_format(t)
            out.write(f'* {rendered_r}: {value_format(t)}\n')
            for k, v in a:
                rendered_k = abbreviate(k, all_schema)
                if isinstance(rendered_k, I):
                    rendered_r = f'<{rendered_k}>'
                out.write(f'    * {rendered_k}: {value_format(v)}\n')

        out.write('\n')
    return

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<TITLE>
Ethernet
</TITLE>

<META NAME="date" CONTENT="2013-08-27">

<LINK REL ="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../../../stylesheet.css" TITLE="Style">

      Overview
      Package
    Class
      Use
      Tree
      Deprecated
      Index
      Help

 PREV CLASS
 NEXT CLASS

  FRAMES
 NO FRAMES

  All Classes

  SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD

DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD

net.floodlightcontroller.packet

Class Ethernet

java.lang.Object
  net.floodlightcontroller.packet.BasePacket
      net.floodlightcontroller.packet.Ethernet

All Implemented Interfaces:
IPacket

public class Ethernet
extends BasePacket

Author:

David Erickson (daviderickson@cs.stanford.edu)

Field Summary

static short
DATALAYER_ADDRESS_LENGTH

protected  MACAddress
destinationMACAddress

protected  short
etherType

static java.util.Map<java.lang.Short,java.lang.Class<? extends IPacket>>
etherTypeClassMap

private static java.lang.String
HEXES

protected  boolean
pad

protected  byte
priorityCode

protected  MACAddress
sourceMACAddress

static short
TYPE_ARP

static short
TYPE_BSN

static short
TYPE_IPv4

static short
TYPE_LLDP

static short
TYPE_RARP

static short
VLAN_UNTAGGED

protected  short
vlanID

Fields inherited from class net.floodlightcontroller.packet.BasePacket

parent, payload

Constructor Summary

Ethernet()

          By default, set Ethernet to untagged

Method Summary

 IPacket
deserialize(byte[] data,
            int offset,
            int length)

          Deserializes this packet layer and all possible payloads

 boolean
equals(java.lang.Object obj)

 MACAddress
getDestinationMAC()

 byte[]
getDestinationMACAddress()

 short
getEtherType()

 byte
getPriorityCode()

 MACAddress
getSourceMAC()

 byte[]
getSourceMACAddress()

 short
getVlanID()

 int
hashCode()

 boolean
isBroadcast()

static boolean
isMACAddress(java.lang.String macAddress)

          Checks to see if a string is a valid MAC address.

 boolean
isMulticast()

 boolean
isPad()

          Pad this packet to 60 bytes minimum, filling with zeros?

 byte[]
serialize()

          Sets all payloads parent packet if applicable, then serializes this
 packet and all payloads

 Ethernet
setDestinationMACAddress(byte[] destinationMACAddress)

 Ethernet
setDestinationMACAddress(java.lang.String destinationMACAddress)

 Ethernet
setEtherType(short etherType)

 Ethernet
setPad(boolean pad)

          Pad this packet to 60 bytes minimum, filling with zeros?

 Ethernet
setPriorityCode(byte priorityCode)

 Ethernet
setSourceMACAddress(byte[] sourceMACAddress)

 Ethernet
setSourceMACAddress(java.lang.String sourceMACAddress)

 Ethernet
setVlanID(short vlanID)

static byte[]
toByteArray(long macAddress)

          Convert a long MAC address to a byte array

static long
toLong(byte[] macAddress)

          Accepts a MAC address and returns the corresponding long, where the
 MAC bytes are set on the lower order bytes of the long.

static byte[]
toMACAddress(java.lang.String macAddress)

          Accepts a MAC address of the form 00:aa:11:bb:22:cc, case does not
 matter, and returns a corresponding byte[].

 java.lang.String
toString()

Methods inherited from class net.floodlightcontroller.packet.BasePacket

clone, getParent, getPayload, resetChecksum, setParent, setPayload

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

HEXES

private static java.lang.String HEXES

TYPE_ARP

public static final short TYPE_ARP

See Also:
Constant Field Values

TYPE_RARP

public static final short TYPE_RARP

See Also:
Constant Field Values

TYPE_IPv4

public static final short TYPE_IPv4

See Also:
Constant Field Values

TYPE_LLDP

public static final short TYPE_LLDP

See Also:
Constant Field Values

TYPE_BSN

public static final short TYPE_BSN

See Also:
Constant Field Values

VLAN_UNTAGGED

public static final short VLAN_UNTAGGED

See Also:
Constant Field Values

DATALAYER_ADDRESS_LENGTH

public static final short DATALAYER_ADDRESS_LENGTH

See Also:
Constant Field Values

etherTypeClassMap

public static java.util.Map<java.lang.Short,java.lang.Class<? extends IPacket>> etherTypeClassMap

destinationMACAddress

protected MACAddress destinationMACAddress

sourceMACAddress

protected MACAddress sourceMACAddress

priorityCode

protected byte priorityCode

vlanID

protected short vlanID

etherType

protected short etherType

pad

protected boolean pad

Constructor Detail

Ethernet

public Ethernet()

By default, set Ethernet to untagged

Method Detail

getDestinationMACAddress

public byte[] getDestinationMACAddress()

Returns:
the destination MAC as a byte array

getDestinationMAC

public MACAddress getDestinationMAC()

Returns:
the destination MAC

setDestinationMACAddress

public Ethernet setDestinationMACAddress(byte[] destinationMACAddress)

Parameters:
destinationMACAddress - the destination MAC to set

setDestinationMACAddress

public Ethernet setDestinationMACAddress(java.lang.String destinationMACAddress)

Parameters:
destinationMACAddress - the destination MAC to set

getSourceMACAddress

public byte[] getSourceMACAddress()

Returns:
the source MACAddress as a byte array

getSourceMAC

public MACAddress getSourceMAC()

Returns:
the source MACAddress

setSourceMACAddress

public Ethernet setSourceMACAddress(byte[] sourceMACAddress)

Parameters:
sourceMACAddress - the source MAC to set

setSourceMACAddress

public Ethernet setSourceMACAddress(java.lang.String sourceMACAddress)

Parameters:
sourceMACAddress - the source MAC to set

getPriorityCode

public byte getPriorityCode()

Returns:
the priorityCode

setPriorityCode

public Ethernet setPriorityCode(byte priorityCode)

Parameters:
priorityCode - the priorityCode to set

getVlanID

public short getVlanID()

Returns:
the vlanID

setVlanID

public Ethernet setVlanID(short vlanID)

Parameters:
vlanID - the vlanID to set

getEtherType

public short getEtherType()

Returns:
the etherType

setEtherType

public Ethernet setEtherType(short etherType)

Parameters:
etherType - the etherType to set

isBroadcast

public boolean isBroadcast()

Returns:
True if the Ethernet frame is broadcast, false otherwise

isMulticast

public boolean isMulticast()

Returns:
True is the Ethernet frame is multicast, False otherwise

isPad

public boolean isPad()

Pad this packet to 60 bytes minimum, filling with zeros?

Returns:
the pad

setPad

public Ethernet setPad(boolean pad)

Pad this packet to 60 bytes minimum, filling with zeros?

Parameters:
pad - the pad to set

serialize

public byte[] serialize()

Description copied from interface: IPacket

Sets all payloads parent packet if applicable, then serializes this
 packet and all payloads

Returns:
a byte[] containing this packet and payloads

deserialize

public IPacket deserialize(byte[] data,
                           int offset,
                           int length)

Description copied from interface: IPacket

Deserializes this packet layer and all possible payloads

offset - offset to start deserializing from
length - length of the data to deserialize

Returns:
the deserialized data

isMACAddress

public static boolean isMACAddress(java.lang.String macAddress)

Checks to see if a string is a valid MAC address.

Parameters:
macAddress -

Returns:
True if macAddress is a valid MAC, False otherwise

toMACAddress

public static byte[] toMACAddress(java.lang.String macAddress)

Accepts a MAC address of the form 00:aa:11:bb:22:cc, case does not
 matter, and returns a corresponding byte[].

Parameters:
macAddress - The MAC address to convert into a bye array

Returns:
The macAddress as a byte array

toLong

public static long toLong(byte[] macAddress)

Accepts a MAC address and returns the corresponding long, where the
 MAC bytes are set on the lower order bytes of the long.

Parameters:
macAddress -

Returns:
a long containing the mac address bytes

toByteArray

public static byte[] toByteArray(long macAddress)

Convert a long MAC address to a byte array

Parameters:
macAddress -

Returns:
the bytes of the mac address

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Overrides:
hashCode in class BasePacket

equals

public boolean equals(java.lang.Object obj)

Overrides:
equals in class BasePacket

toString

public java.lang.String toString()

Overrides:
toString in class java.lang.Object

      Overview
      Package
    Class
      Use
      Tree
      Deprecated
      Index
      Help

 PREV CLASS
 NEXT CLASS

  FRAMES
 NO FRAMES

  All Classes

  SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD

DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD


text:
Articles about the work of Annie Lowrey
A Particularly Bad Paper
smartertimes.com
It's a disappointing issue of the New York Times today for those who appreciate the occasions when the paper strays outside its usual ideological rut.
The front of the business section of today's New York Times carries an article headlined "Wealth Gap Among Races Widened Since Recession." It reports on an Urban Institute study about racial disparities in wealth accumulation. The headline news is that "the average white family had about $632,000 in wealth, versus $98,000 for black families and $110,000 for Hispanic families."
Here are two ways that both the Urban Institute study and the Times article are flawed:
Lowrey's Campaign
At the New York Sun we had a rule banning the word "still" from headlines or the first paragraphs of news articles. I mean, an article about a police raid on a liquor still probably could have gotten past, but the point of the rule was that the newspaper was supposed to be about new things, not things that were still continuing.
That rule could have been usefully applied by the editors of the New York Times in killing an article that instead, alas, appears in today's paper under the headline "In Obama's High-Level Appointments, the Scales Still Tip Toward Men."
Always the Inequality
A Times news article headlined "The Rich Get Richer Through the Recovery" reports on an updated study by "the prominent economists Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty," showing that "The top 10 percent of earners took more than half of the country's total income in 2012, the highest level recorded since the government began collecting the relevant data a century ago."
The article does a lousy job of explaining what counts as "income" for the purpose of the study. Does the value of employer-provided health benefits count? The value of subsidized housing? Food stamps? Social Security payments? Is it post-tax income or pre-tax income? Sure, a reader can click through to the actual study and try to figure it out for himself, but these are all relevant points, and the Times article just doesn't deal with them.
Annie Lowrey
Books by Annie Lowrey:


Knesset War on Drugs Committee demands strong restrictions on all cigarettes.
Knesset War on Drugs Committee chairman MK Tamar Zandberg, MK Yehudah Glick and others demanded strong restrictions on cigarettes, including Philip Morris's iQOS "warmed-tobacco" cigarette that Litzman allows to be sold without any restrictions.
Health Ministry associate director-general and public- health expert Prof. Itamar Grotto, who had been present in Litzman's meetings with tobacco lobbyists including those from Philip Morris, covered for his boss by saying the minister is "waiting until the US Food and Drug Administration rules on iQOS" before deciding what to do with it.
Grotto said Philip Morris is interested in "moving cigarette smokers" to iQOS. However, public-health advocates insist that no serious research has shown that the electronic product weans smokers away from conventional cigarettes or is not itself harmful.
The Israeli spokesman for Philip Morris commented: "IQOS heats the tobacco rather than burning it, resulting in an average reduction of about 90% in the levels of harmful chemicals and potentially harmful chemicals in the aerosol in comparison with cigarette smoke. Based on the scientific evidence, a complete transition to IQOS may present less risk than continuing smoking cigarettes and therefor it is a better choice than smoking. IQOS has been launched in over 20 countries around the world and more than 1.4 million adult smokers have converted to it. The company has applied to the FDA to approve marketing of the product as a reduced risk product. In the United States, the marketing of new tobacco products requires prior approval, and for this reason alone, the product has not yet been marketed in the United States and it has not been banned. Philip Morris Ltd. Is marketing the product in Israel in a responsible manner to smokers over the age of 18 only, and is placing a warning on each pack. The Company denies any claims that it is in any way addressing to minors. In any case where there is even the slightest doubt, the company's representatives check an identity card. The product is not intended for minors under the age of 18, it says so on the packages and we are acting accordingly."
A Knesset research department report disclosed at the committee session showed that limitations on advertising and marketing of tobacco products lead to a decline in smoking.
Israel, the researchers said, is one of the "most lenient" countries in advertising and marketing cigarettes in the world," even though, decades ago, it was one of the most advanced in antismoking legislation.
"Why are we discussing this when it is clearly a tobacco product? We wait, and in the meantime, we see Philip Morris is running a campaign to penetrate the market of teenagers, into social networks, trying to produce new smokers," Zandberg said.
MK Yael German said that "those youngsters we managed to prevent from smoking when we limited advertising of conventional cigarettes are now getting hooked" on products like iQOS that are not restricted.


I know you're only 5 years old now, but when I raised your mama it seemed like a BLINK between your age and when she left home.
My spirit still feels like a teenager sometimes, so it's hard to believe I'm a grandpa.
Or "Poppy," as you call me.
When I look at you I know I must've done something right for God to bless me so greatly. I don't deserve such a smart and adorable grandson.
Listen, I know it must be tough going from the only child and grandchild to having to share the spotlight with your (equally adorable) little sister.
I further know you're entering the post-toddler age when some people who used to seem so close will start pulling away from you and closer to your sister.
You're getting taller and older, and aren't a little kid anymore. You're awkward sometimes and the stuff you find amusing sometimes bothers the easily-irritated. Some who used to find you SO adorable will seem to grow distant, and it will hurt your feelings.
I know because I remember feeling like that. Sounds crazy to you because you just see "Poppy," but I remember pulling pranks on my sister and accidentally hurting her. What I thought would bring a laugh from the adults only brought scorn.
I remember feeling stupid, fat, awkward and in-the-way. Too big to hang out with the toddlers and too small to hang out with the teens and older kids.
But two relatives always made me feel comfortable: Uncle Jim Weddle and Uncle Jim Wright. They wouldn't ask me to leave the room for "adult talk." They wouldn't ignore me or make me feel stupid.
They talked to me. They listened to me. I never felt awkward around them, not even once.
So I shall do my best to carry on their legacy. As you grow older I'd like you to know that I find you just as amazing as the first time I held you. As you grow bigger and your weight fluctuates and you do things you might regret, I'll always be there for you.
And remember, you can ALWAYS act silly around me.
You'll always be my little buddy, even when you get bigger than me (which you will, if you're anything like your daddy). We'll always be pals, and I'll do my best to always make you feel like the unique GIFT you are.
When life or others make you feel weird or awkward or in-the-way, call me and we'll hang out for a couple hours until you feel special again.
Joshy, you are my inspiration, and I'll always cherish you. Though too big to carry in my arms, I shall always carry you in my heart.


The Public Affairs Coordination working group coordinates the public affairs action of the members in the EU arena. One of the main objectives of the PAC is to highlight the fact that Lotteries are an important stakeholder in the European Union development and generate revenues that bring significant benefits to society as mentioned in the Council conclusions of December 2010. The PAC will advocate in favour of the European Lottery model based upon subsidiarity, solidarity, integrity and precaution.


On-line IELTS Prep – Why Does It Seem Sensible?
Because IELTS is really a challenging analyzes. While many agree that IELTS is an acceptable check, it really is typically viewed as among the most challenging assessments of its sort.
"Studying between the lines," a talent that frequently has to be trained.
Since IELTS utilizes common concern types in special techniques. IELTS short answer questions, for instance, are requested in a few alternative methods. In all cases, at the very least at the most tests facilities, the unwritten principle is the fact that responses needs to be no more than three words and phrases every single. So, even if you have the create respond to but have expressed it in more than about three words, your answer will probably be counted as completely wrong.
Because IELTS often requests even familiarized concern varieties in purposely challenging ways. IELTS might, for instance, give a statement indicated in beneficial language as being a real-or-fake query if they respond to inside the Listening or Looking at physical exercise shows up in adverse conditions that have the identical which means since the optimistic phrases in the question. IELTS could also ask questions which need individuals to blend details from different spots to reach the correct response. Inside the Listening examination, IELTS at times requests queries after an area that demand applicants to get been retaining track during the entire physical exercise; so, in the event the candidate has not yet read the concern initially, they might not be able to response.
Particular its midst portion, in which candidates speak on their own personal – which are not revealed to applicants in advance.
Because IELTS penalizes individuals up to entire music group point because of not addressing questions as asked. There is not any replacement for great, solid The English language skills. They may be what IELTS measures. But without having an in-degree guide to the countless stuff that are either specific towards the IELTS test or the particular ways IELTS is expecting frequent jobs being performed, it can be unlikely that a applicant will generate the highest possible report.
Everyone has one. You understand, that list of points you intend to do before you die? Some individuals may call it a bucket checklist. Whether your listing includes sky diving, a cross-country trip, or swimming with sharks, there is one more thing you need to add: mentor overseas. Read on for the top factors to educate English abroad.
Instructing overseas is so much more than a 9-5 work. When you instruct English abroad you are not simply a visitor, yet you are living in a totally brand-new culture, absorbing a whole brand-new world of experiences first-hand. You will certainly spend all of your time with a group of people whose way of living is entirely different from what you are accustomed to. Aprender inglés en el extranjero will certainly reside in a new city, have entirely strange accommodations, and if you have daring taste buds, you will have adequate possibilities to attempt brand-new foods, and also example brand-new tastes. For some this may seem scary, but after years of living in simply one place, this can be incredibly revitalizing and difficult.
When educating abroad you not only makes money, you reach travel also! While salaries may occasionally seem little contrasted to possible profits in America or Great Britain, you must gain enough mentor to live conveniently and also the possibilities for traveling are invaluable. Staying in an additional nation is the ideal possibility to check out the area, and numerous countries are so close with each other you can visit a number of hotspots done in one short journey. For a perennial job, most instructors take pleasure in regarding 3 weeks of time off, and regional vacations – adequate time to discover your new surroundings!
Whatever market you work in, experience working in a foreign country boosts any type of resume, and mentor is no exemption. An abroad training job on your return to lets possible employers recognize you are open to new challenges, work well with others also if they have various histories or sights, have comprehensive leadership skills, and you can tackle any type of situation thrown at you.
While teaching overseas you will enter into call with people that, like on your own, enjoy traveling and aiding others. These individuals come from around the world and that understands – they could wind up being travel pals, friends, and even the love of your life!
You can make even extra pals anywhere you select the terrific tales you gain from your worldwide living and training experiences. You may not be staying in first-class accommodations, and you may run into some really odd things; however the experiences will stick with you a lot longer than those insects you consumed in Thailand.
There's a great deal of talk regarding the advantages of going to a preparation establishment of instruction. The advantages of Toronto schools that are private would be the scholastic guidelines. There are heaps of particular sorts of schools and the educational cost will differ contingent upon the school. There are a couple of private academies which go to auxiliary training from essential instruction. Most schools give activities and offices. Schools can pay for music instruction programs and the games. The class sizes are normally littler. Alongside the select the best can give pay rates to them and instructors.
Another Benefit of schools is simply the reality they are administering and have the opportunity to extend their program without a school board's limitations. Also, there are more alternatives accessible for Toronto foundations, Toronto schools that are autonomous and Toronto pre schools. Free offer a variety of choices with regards to guidance. Toronto may incorporate schools, boarding, and day schools, unisex or otherworldly.
Further more, they have classes which are trained and organized. Along these lines, students appreciate a learning situation which is helpful for tending to their requirements. Understudies are given by guidance a strong base for instruction. Studies have demonstrated that understudies that go to schools keep on effective achievements in their profession. Free Education does not need to depend on open assets. In this way they constrained with regards to making additional curricular exercises and their program. Private academies do not have to stress over slices and are not liable to government spending requirements.
This Freedom enables schools to build up their own educational module. They can offer a higher nature of guidance and are free of government obstruction. This grants understudies to grow mentally on a wide range of orders.
The Criteria for instructors to be fit the bill to work in establishment, in many states and states, need some kind of testament and a four year college education. In any case, in the schools that are autonomous, their instructors are qualified. Educators who work in schools have different achievements and advanced educations. The two Teachers and school strive to make the most ideal learning condition for their understudies. There are non-public schools and both fabulous schools. There are slated to be schools offering programs that are superior to universities that are open. The private school in singaopre will in general rank higher. Understudies from tuition based schools' trying scores are more noteworthy than those of understudies that go to schools that are open. With respect to training it is critical for guardians to comprehend what they need at a school. It is fundamental to go to with the school and get a chance to invest some energy. Picking your child or girl training will have its commitments that are connected yet the nature of guidance will be definitely justified even despite the venture.
Hospital-like: These are nursing houses that are established like hospitals. Caretakers give treatment and also treatment, including physical, speech, and also job-related therapy. As a whole, there is a nurses' terminal on flooring. An area holds 1 or 2 homeowners, as well as lots of nursing homes allow couples to share an area. Individual touches like photos are usually welcome.
Household-like: These are made to really feel even more like a home, as well as daily routines usually is not repaired. The personnel and locals function as a group to create a neighborhood-like environment. These homes typically consist of community kitchens available to homeowners and also decorations to make it feel like home. Staff is urged to create connections with residents to produce a sense of experience.
Some assisted living facility utilizes seeing doctors that see locals on site, whereas others arrange for residents to visit physicians' Dallas luxury nursing homes. Specific assisted living facility has actually different areas described as Unique Care Devices for elderly people with dementia. Considering a person's unique requirements is crucial when searching for the appropriate nursing home.
– Search for all the nursing homes in your location that are close to family and friends. Determine what is necessary to you-for example, nursing care, dishes, a religious element, hospice care, or Special Care Systems to take care of seniors with dementia.
– Speak with as many people as feasible, including close friends, relatives, social workers, and also spiritual groups that can make tips based upon your needs. Review possibilities with doctors that could tell you which nursing houses provide the most effective senior treatment.
– Get in touch with every facility you are considering to inquire concerns regarding the variety of locals, settlement alternatives, and also whether there is a waiting list.
– Set up a planned browse through to consult with the supervisor as well as nursing supervisor. Some points to search for when visiting are Medicare and Medicaid certification, handicap accessibility, strong smells, a variety of food options, the high quality of older treatment as seen in the homeowners, and also the proportion of staff to patients.
– Do not think twice to ask a great deal of questions-this could be the place your liked one lives, and you want to see to it is right for them. Ask for how long the supervisor as well as department heads have actually worked there. If there is a high turnover rate with people leaving commonly, there could be an issue.
Absences of understudies showed up every year in Tamil Nadu twelfth board examination. The outcome was declared on sixteenth May 2018. The announcement of the outcome relies on the fulfillment of these examinations. The outcome requires a long time to distribute following the conduction of examination because of assessment of assessment duplicates. It is obvious from the table which every year numerous students have raised in Tamil Nadu twelfth board assessment. We have found it in the recent year's examination investigation. Inside this table, understudies may evaluate the measure of students showed up in the examination, pass level of their ladies, young men and general passing level of their first year's students. In the former table, understudies may watch that the measure of students developed in 2014 is more noteworthy than at the year 2013. In year 2017, the tallying of measure of showed up students is more than 2016. The takeoff level of ladies is higher than the young men. In this way, the students are climbing yearly in more sums. Together with the previously mentioned details, understudies may get pondered the current year's outcome passing segment.
Understudies are encouraged to keep up their enlistment sum secured to acquire the outcome following declaration of it. Understudies may likewise get their outcome sheet from their different schools following the couple days. The outcome was discharged for arithmetic, expressions and exchange stream exclusively. Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education (TNBSE) is the discharging energy of 12th result tamilnadu. The barricade has been set in the year 1910 for its smooth conduction of Tamil Nadu state board appraisals. The outcome will be printed independently for each stream, i.e., Science, Commerce and Arts. Understudies may survey their outcomes following maybe a couple a long time of the exam. The board has discharged the outcome through mode. The board had run the twelfth board assessment in the period of March 2018. The outcome was transferred on the site and furthermore imprinted in the territorial every day paper.
We have recorded the some indispensable focuses that understudies must consider subsequent to downloading the Tamil Nadu twelfth outcome.
The understudies should secure their enlistment number to take a gander at the outcome.
Students ought to secure the printout of the come about till getting the underlying imprint sheet in the school/board.
Students should check their outcome deliberately as their name and move number is referred to appropriately or not.
The outcome is that the noteworthy record to get passage into following higher level training as per the imprints acquired by the understudy.


text:
Cardano's ADA Price Analysis: Bullish Development Expected | CryptoGazette
Cardano has been making a lot of headlines back in 2020, and this was mostly due to the fact that the team behind the project has been marking a lot of achievements.
The coin's price has also been reflecting all the successes that the project has been marking.
ADA could shoot for the highest weekly close since 2018
Beincrypto online publication notes this: "ADA has been increasing since March when it reached a low of $0.017. The rally stalled once it reached the $0.166 resistance area in July. The area is also the 0.382 Fib retracement level of the most recent downward move."
At the moment of writing this article, ADA is trading in the red, and the coin is currently priced at $0.172364.
Cardano Foundation is excited about the new opportunities of 2021
The Cardano Foundation dropped a message for 2021 on their Twitter account. The team behind the project is looking forward to the massive opportunities that this year will bring.
Check out the post that they shared on Twitter.
We have all had quite the year. While many may be excited to see an end to the year, we are excited for the opportunities 2021 brings. We at the #CardanoFoundation are wishing you the very best for the new year. Let's conquer the New Year with #Cardano https://t.co/h6l0FOu8GH
— Cardano Foundation (@CardanoStiftung) December 31, 2020
Cardano definitely had a great year, and more successes are expected to be pouring in 2021 as well.
ADA in the crypto market
Regarding the price of ADA, at the moment of writing this article, ADA is trading in the red, and the coin is priced at $0.173745
FXStreet notes, "bulls have been in full control of the trend. ADA aims for $0.25 in the long-term as it faces very little resistance above according to many indicators."
Stay tuned for more Cardano related news.
Ethereum Could Correct Gains, Why Dips Remain Attractive Near $530
Alleged Reinstatement Guru Explains YouTube Crypto Bans


The Centenary Library brings together seven Churchie departments (Senior School Library, Student Services, Churchie IT, Learning Support, Mawson House, Churchie Archives and a research centre). Operating like a tertiary-inspired library environment, the collation of key academic and pastoral services seeks to nurture aspects of Churchie's four tenets, becoming the heart of school life at Churchie.
The array of different learning spaces across the Centenary Library seeks to promote creative, flexible and effective approaches to thinking and learning. Students may undertake and partake in a range of activities and communities of learning that extend from an individual through to mixed classes and ages.
If you have any queries please contact The Centenary Library on 07 3896 2221.


text:
SUBSCRIBE | RENEW
Outdoors, Sports & Nature
Family, Farms & Buisness
Town Guide
VTMAG
OAK SUMMIT FARM & PITCHFORK PRESERVES
Photo by Celia Kelly Photography
It's hard to take the farm out of a true country girl. Melissa Aakjar and her brothers, Lucas and Dylan, grew up on a 55-acre diversified farm in Dutchess County, New York. "Our parents raised poultry and grew 30 acres of vegetables," Melissa explains. "They trucked and sold them at the Union Square Market in New York City in the 1980s. Unfortunately, we had to sell the farm in 2003 after property taxes soared."
To view this full story with all featured photos, visit our online magazine. Jump directly to this story from the table of contents on page 3.
The Aakjar family moved north to Pawlet, Vermont, where they found 100 acres to create their new homestead. Oak Summit Farm drapes across the top of Lilly Hill with majestic views west to Haystack Mountain, among others. "When we moved here, this was just forest and fields. No power, no running water," Melissa recalls. "My dad, Fred Aakjar, spent the next few years plan- ning and building the timber-frame house and pole barn, with the help of my younger brothers. Over the next 10 years, they built every structure on the property: the barn, the garage, the chicken coop, the rabbitry, and the beehives. Constructing the homestead together literally laid the foundation for all that we're doing now at Oak Summit Farm."
Fred Aakjar died unexpectedly on Lilly Hill in March 2017. Although devastated, the family members kept each other strong. "Moving to Vermont was the best thing that happened to us. My brothers learned timber framing from our dad; I'm raising and homeschooling my two kids (Addison, 9, and Leif, 7) on the farm; and Mom is right here, lending a hand to all of us. Dad instilled a solid family work ethic, and we all pitch in to help one another."
Oak Summit Farm has evolved into two family enterprises. Melissa started Pitchfork Preserves in 2009, producing artisanal pickled vegetables, jams, sauces, and honey. Her brothers, Lucas and Dylan, developed their own timber-framing company several years ago. The family also raises chickens, pigs, heritage-breed rabbits, laying hens, ducks, and honeybees. Four compatible farm dogs protect the livestock from bears, coyotes, and hawks.
Melissa has raised rabbits since she was a girl and has a passion for preserving heri- tage breeds to capture their best qualities. "We raise Flemish Giants, New Zealand, Mini Rex, and the endangered Silver Fox. We sell heritage-breeding stock for meat production or as pets. Families who want to raise their own rabbits will buy a trio of a buck and two does." Shawn Comar, Me- lissa's ex-husband, is the head beekeeper in charge of 70 to 100 hives. "We harvest up to a ton of raw honey each year, depending on the year. Everyone helps with extraction in September," says Melissa. Oak Summit hives are located throughout Dorset, Rupert, Pawlet, and Danby.
"I absolutely adore the honey side of the business," Melissa continues. "I visit schools, bring the observation hive, and give kids samples of honey. Many of them have never tasted anything besides gro- cery-store honey, which is often half corn or rice syrup. They're blown away at how creamy and delicious raw honey tastes! It's so important that kids learn about the need for pollinators and to get their honey from local beekeepers."
The Power of Family
Ittakesateamtorunafarmandapairof thriving enterprises. Melissa, 34, Lucas, 30, and Dylan, 27, manage the various operations with their mom, Sabine. "Mom is the backbone of the family, though she prefers to stay behind the scenes," Melissa says. "She does a lot of prep work and helps with the kids. I'm the front person for the family since my brothers are kind of reserved. They help extract the honey and prep vegetables and berries if I'm in a pinch. Dylan helps me at the Dorset Farmers' Market, and I'll help them with oiling the beams and taking photos for their market- ing." Melissa's partner Phil Bowen is a barber and pitches in whenever and however he can.
"My mom's sister-in-law, Aunt Monika, comes from Germany for three months every summer. She helps with the kids and the rabbits. And like my mom, she's happy to lend a hand with anything in the background. That gives me the time and energy to focus on the preserving at the height of the season."
Pitchfork Preserves
Melissa entered the food world when she was 14, waiting tables at a retirement community in Millbrook, New York. "That taught me about food production, high-quality service, and the importance of relationships." When she moved to Southern Vermont, she worked at a variety of restaurants and delis including Dorset Union Store (formerly Peltier's Market), Christo's, and Rachel's Gourmet Deli in Manchester. "Sissy Hicks, Sherrie Baker, Athena Alexiou, and the late Amanda Morris: these women were and are my mentors in the food world."
"Dad understood my entrepreneurial personality and told me I could teach myself anything with books and hands- on experience in areas that interested me. My family moved here right after I graduat- ed from high school so I guess you could say I went to the College of Vermont!" Melissa also managed an alpaca farm in Bondville when she was 19. Melissa's first business was growing and selling cut flowers but she grew frustrated at how fast they died. "I was pregnant with my daughter, Addison, and brainstormed about making beautiful products that have a longer shelf life. Then it dawned on me: canning and preserving! Starting Pitchfork Pre- serves gave me flexibility while raising my kids. The business took off in 2010 and I never looked back."
Melissa learned to can and preserve from her parents and her grandmother, the source of the recipes she uses today. And now Melissa is sharing that wisdom with her own two children. "Even when they were little, I gave my kids a butter knife and let them help me prepare some of the cucumbers or string beans. Addison and Leif are good helpers in the kitchen, washing and cutting some of the vegetables. This helps them understand the whole process of growing and preserving vegetables and working with their food."
"I try to give them a range of experiences, and that includes coming with me on deliveries and to the farmers' market. Leif loves the timber framing and cutting vegetables, and Addison loves caring for the animals and making the preserves. I call it 'world schooling' since so much learning happens outside the home!"
"Teaching kids the value of real food and preservation is so important. A friend and I taught a cooking class last winter for families in our homeschooling group. Imagine a bunch of 5- to 9-year-olds let loose in a commercial kitchen! They absolutely loved it. We made homemade butter, stuffed dump- lings, soups, biscuits, and carrot cupcakes."
Melissa started selling her Pitchfork Preserves at the Dorset Farmers' Market in the winter of 2010. "I love the relationships I develop through the market, with customers, farmers, and other vendors." Her prod- ucts are also available at select retail locations around Dorset and Manchester including H.N. Williams General Store, Dorset Union Store, Al Ducci's, Sissy's Kitchen in Middletown Springs, Merck Forest Visitors Center, and the Killington Market. Customers can also purchase online through Farm Fresh Connect in the Rutland area.
farmfreshconnect.localfoodmarketplace.com
Preserving Vermont's Bounty
Melissa makes all her products by hand at a commercial kitchen in the area. She dreams of the day when she can have her own commercial kitchen at the farm. "That would definitely make things less hectic," she laughs. Produce comes from local farms such as Little Flower Farm in Middletown Springs, Yoder Farm in Danby, Mighty Food Farm in Shaftsbury, and several excellent You-Pick berry farms in Castleton and Danby.
"Farmers let me know how much produce they have so I can plan batches accordingly. I aim to process about a hundred pounds at a time, and I rent a commercial kitchen when the produce is at its peak and put in long hours to get everything into jars. We preserve in the spring, summer, and fall to capture the freshness of the vegetables and fruit."
When Melissa refers to pickles, that encompasses all her pickled veggies, not just cucumbers that she prepares as sweet bread and butter, garlicky sandwich dills, or spicy spears. Pickles are either hot-packed or cold-packed and hot water-processed. When cold-packing she fills the sterilized glass canning jars with the prepped raw veggies and spices and then pours in a just-boiled brine of vinegar, salt, and sometimes a little sugar. She caps each jar and places them into a hot water bath to remove any air and to heat-set the lid's rubber seal. The acidity preserves the contents.
These are truly your grandmother's pickled treasures, a perfect blend of sweet and zing, with just the right amount of tenderness and snap. Spicy pickled carrots toothsome ruby beet chunks, savory green tomatoes. Blazin' Beans and hot peppers aptly dubbed Pure Fire. Pickled wild ramps and fiddle- heads are available seasonally in small batches. The pickled vegetables are perfect to snack on straight out of the jar, as part of an appetizer course, or with a summer cocktail or cold beer.
Melissa also produces cranberry ketchup, made with Vermont-grown cranberries, and Green Mountain Grill Sauce, a maple-based barbecue sauce perfect for marinades or swabbing on top of chicken, beef, or pork. And then an array of jams, crafted to highlight the summer-ripe fruit, not sugar: raspberry peach, strawberry rhubarb, orange marmalade, summer berry, and black gold, a delicious blend of black raspberries and rhubarb. Grab a spoon—toast is optional!
Oak Summit honey is packaged in whimsical chubby bear-shape glass jars or in square-sided bottles capped with a cork and dipped in fragrant beeswax. Thick, creamy raw honey comes in standard glass jars ranging in sizes from one pound to a whopping six pounds.
Melissa gained a keen eye for aesthetics from her dad. "I was always painting or drawing. He encouraged my creativity, and he was honest whether something looked good. That helped me develop a visual concept." Melissa's innate art- istry infuses everything she touches: the colorful pickled veggies, fresh flower arrangements, and the alluring dis- play of pickles, preserves, and honey at her Dorset Farmers' Market stand.
Oak Summit Farm Timber Framing
Lucas and Dylan Aakjar honed their skills under their father's guidance for more than a decade before of- ficially starting their timber-frame construction company in 2016. Just down the hillside from the farm- house, the brothers work outside under a large gothic-shape covered structure similar to a Quonset long house. The roomy workspace is open at both ends but provides shelter from inclement weather and sun.
All of Oak Summit Farm's timber comes from local sawmills within 50 miles. The brothers craft their timbers using hand joinery: wooden pegs, holes, and no nails. Solid hemlock and Eastern white pine timbers are shaped, notched, drilled, oiled, and prepared for delivery to construction sites in Dorset, Pawlet, Rupert, Wells, the Lakes Region, and beyond.
"We do all the joinery, cutting, and shaping here and then transport the completed timbers to the building site," Lucas explains. "We typically raise a frame in less than a week. The beams all fit together just like we designed them to, creating timeless, strong structures. All told, it's a couple of months of preparation nd roughly one week to fully assemble the structure on the building site. Our business is all word of mouth, and we're really taking off now."
Working Together, Staying Together
The Aakjars are a refreshing throwback to another era, embracing traditional practices and skills learned from their forebears. Canning and preserving. Hand-joined timber-frame construction. Raising heritage livestock and living together as three generations on one fam- ily homestead. "It took a long time for us to get where we are," Melissa reflects. "It was a real struggle at first because all the capital went into the land. We're finally at a sustainable level and making a living. Fortunately, we all love manual work, and in turn, we can enjoy the benefits of this rural lifestyle and economy. My brothers and I definitely butt heads at times, but we all have the same vision, work ethic, and dedication to family."
Fred Aakjar would be pleased.
By Maria Reade
Photo by Celia Kelly & Orah Moore
Oak Summit Farm
oaksummitfarmvt.weebly.com
Pitchfork Preserves:
pitchforkpreserves.com
Subscribe to VERMONT Magazine to get the very best of 'people, places, things to do' in Vermont delivered to your home 4x a year.
Start your subscription at vtmag.com today!
HOLIDAY 2019 CROSSWORD
A Tahitian Pearl in Southern Vermont
30 YEARS OF VERMONT MAGAZINE!
(802) 375 -1366 |
info@vtmag.com


What do you think of when you hear "young woman protagonist in a YA dystopian novel?" Do you think of Katniss Everdeen from The Hunger Games, not terribly ladylike, bowhunting for meat and enemies, reluctantly leading revolutions in a gray or black uniform? Or maybe Tris Pryor from Divergent, learning to fight and getting tattoos to blend into an aggressive, military-esque faction in her divided society, despite her more gentle nature? Although their worlds are different, these characters have some similarities, primarily in the challenges they face: they need to run, jump, fight, shoot, and participate in other activities that wouldn't be too far out of place in military boot camp.
But there's another breed of dystopian women, whose battlefields are bedrooms and boardrooms, whose strengths are in flirting, networking, and perhaps even…. birthing? I'm talking about women like America Singer from The Selection, Mare Barrow from Red Queen, and twins Harmony and Melody from Bumped. Obviously, there are some overlaps: Katniss and Tris do have romantic moments, and Mare has some action sequences, but distilled to the books' elevator pitches, there do seem to be at least two types of dystopian women: the fighters and the talkers. It's more of a spectrum than a binary, but all dystopian women must be flexible in a world that is changing around and against them.
Please note: this post may feature minor spoilers from the series listed above, though I will try to keep them about overarching themes rather than specific events.
The worlds in The Hunger Games, Divergent, The Selection, Red Queen, and Bumped are certainly disagreeable and have many of the problems listed: massively unequal worlds where small groups hold all the power and the rest are pawns thrust into games where the house always wins, worlds where teenagers have to pick which sect of society will control the rest of their lives, and worlds where young people shoulder a heavy burden like bearing children for others or engaging in political marriages against their will. As all of these worlds are different (though some have several similarities) the characters, though all young and slightly rebellious or 'different' women, develop different strengths to survive.
Katniss, while not known for her femininity, does have 'beauty queen' moments. Most notably, when she is forced into the Hunger Games for the first time, she undergoes a makeover to improve her image for the Capitol. This isn't by choice, and is an example of how the Capitol controls the lives of its subjects. Despite this, she gains affection for her stylist, Cinna, and appreciates the thoughtfulness and functionality he puts into her outfits. Tris, too, grapples with her image, having been raised in the modest and colorless Abnegation faction, when transferred to the leather-and-tattoos Dauntless. Like Katniss, her struggles have more to do with physical survival than fashion, popularity, and romance.
On the other side of the line, we have Melody from Bumped. Living in a society where teenagers are encouraged to get pregnant and adopt/sell the babies to adults (who are all sterile because of a virus), Melody fully buys into the 'pregnancy is cool' marketing scheme. We even meet her trying on artificial pregnant stomachs at "Babiez R U," and mocking her long-lost twin Harmony for ascribing to her religion's modest dress code. Melody's life isn't at risk, but her social standing and income is, if she doesn't become pregnant before her 'expiration date.' Melody and Katniss share a lot of personality traits, but their worlds could not be more different: fight to the death, or produce children for the highest bidder. Even so, both face challenges that they become uniquely equipped to overcome.
Then we have America in The Selection and Mare in Red Queen. These worlds are not as reproduction-obsessed as Bumped, but the women are both essentially forced into "Bachelor"-like dating situations. They must play the part and try to win the Prince's hand or they and their families will face dire consequences. This is a completely different type of dystopia from the ones faced by Katniss and Tris, and most likely one unique to stories with women protagonists. (Side note: the only situation I have read where a handsome lower-class man is forced to socialize with foul nobles and flirt with princesses, lest his family and girlfriend back home starve, is a side character in The Hunger Games. I have NEVER read this plot with a man protagonist). Anyways, America and Mare's challenges don't often involve running and jumping, they generally involve looking good for cameras, besting mean-girl rivals, charming nobles, and trying to pretend they didn't spend most of their lives in poverty. There's a supernatural twist with Mare, and she is more of a fighter than America, but the two women's worlds are still more similar than not. A different type of challenge than Katniss and Tris, but who knows? Maybe these will be the struggles people will face in some economically collapsed and rebuilt future!
Most likely, if it came down to a fistfight, team Katniss and Tris could beat team America, Harmony, and Melody. (Mare is a bit of a wild card in this scenario due to Reasons — see, I'm avoiding spoilers!) But if it came down to flirting with someone, making contact with an influential figure, or negotiating politics with more delicacy than violence… America, Harmony, and Melody would come out on top. Katniss would try to punch someone in the face, and Tris isn't all that delicate, either. Mare would also be the wild card in this situation — certainly more outspoken than America, she might end up going the 'punch in face' route, too.
Finally, what post about women in dystopias would be complete without a shoutout to The Handmaid's Tale? Like Katniss, Mare, and America, Offred is of a lower caste; like Tris and Mare, peoples' jobs and status in society is dictated by the colors they wear; like Harmony and Melody, Offred's job is to bear children for people with more power; like all of the above she becomes involved in an underground rebellion. The only difference is that Offred is an adult, whereas the characters mentioned in this post are teens. If you have read or enjoyed any dystopian novel with a woman character, The Handmaid's Tale should absolutely be on your reading list. It is dark, but so are Divergent and Red Queen. I suspect that all these books owe a huge thanks to Margaret Atwood.
Womens' roles in books are growing and changing: they are no longer simply objects of romantic affection or young girls learning about the world in coming-of-age stories. But they don't have to be a hard-as-rocks character written as male but with the pronouns swapped out, either. Women can be anything, especially in a screwed up dystopian world: an action hero, a beauty queen, a superhero, a mother, a revolutionary, or all of the above.
Readers, do you read dystopian fiction? Who is your favorite woman protagonist?
Header image is from Hypable.