text:
Панцир-С1 на камиону конфигурације 8x8 КАМАЗ-6560 ТЛАР Панцир-С1 (, НАТО ознака SA-22 Greyhound) је руски ракетни ПВО систем са ракетама земља-ваздух комбинованог кратког и средњег домета. Систем се темељи на СА-19/СА-Н-11 и представља најновију технологију против-ваздушне одбране.

Године 1993. војска Руске федерације увела је у наоружање самоходни против-ваздушни систем Панцир-С1, у суштини унапређена и контејнерску варијанту система Тунгуска.

Панцир је мешовити (хибридни) топовско-ракетни систем који обједињује ракете земља-ваздух, два топа калибра 30 mm, осматрачки и нишански радар као и електрооптички блок за надзор и управљање паљбом. Систем је постављен на камион УРАЛ 5223.4 категорије 10 тона и конфигурације 8x8.

Како је систем израђен у контејнерском облику може се једноставно поставити и на неко друго подвожје, нпр. тело оклопног транспортера или на мање бродове. Док је Тунгуска, која је на подвожју оклопног гусеничара, намењена углавном против-ваздушној одбрани оклопних и оклопно-механизованих јединица, па је због тога смештена на гусеничару велике проходности, основна намена Панцира је заштита важних тачака као што су аеродроми, командна мјеста, комуникацијска средишта итд. Замишљен је за одбрану од авиона, хеликоптера, крстарећих ракета, беспилотних летелица и вођених бомби.

Панцир може деловати и против површинских циљева као што су тенкови, оклопни транспортери, борбена возила пешадије и сл. Систем је осмишљен у Истраживачко пројектном заводу из Туле (Тула КПБ), а производи се у Уљановску. Због своје мешовите ракетно-артиљеријске конфигурације Панцир је делотворнији у односу на своје или само топовске или само ракетне ПВО конкуренте. Произвођач наводи како је због вишеспектралног радарског и оптичког система који ради на дециметарском, центиметарском, милиметарском и инфрацрвеном (топлотном) таласном подручју, Панцир готово потпуно отпоран на ометање.

Карактеристике
Панцир-С1 садржи систем против електронска дејства те га чини значајно отпорним на ометања, систем за контролу пожара, поседује систем за праћење циља или ракете, као и термални систем за праћење и откривање правца ракете, такође поседује могућност праћења 4 мете или циља одједном, као и аутоматски систем за захват.

Наоружање
Панцир-С1 је наоружан са комбинацијом топа и ракета.

Карактеристике топа
 Два топа калибра 30 mm 2А38М.
 Домет дејства топа износи до 4 km.
 Домет дејства по висини је до 3 km.
 Борбени комплет муниције износи око 1400.

Карактеристике ракета
Панцир-С1 може да садржи највише до 12 ракета земља-ваздух.
 Максимални домет по дужини износи 20 km.
 Максимални домет по висини износи до 15 km.

Борбена употреба
Сирија
 22. јун 2012. Сиријска војска је успешно оборила турски извиђачки авион Ф-4Е Фантом близу Латакије, то је званично прво обарање Панцира.
 Март-јул 2017. Панцир-С1 је успео да неутралише и уништи 12 циљева у облику беспилотних летелица попут RQ-21A, Heron, Bayraktar, као и различите врсте ракета и Аеростата.
 Октобар 2017. Панцир-С1 је неутралисао две ракете Град из вишецевног лансера, који су лансирали припадници терористичке ткзв Исламске државе.
 27. децембар 2017. Панцир-С1 је пресрео две ракете испаљене из места Бидма на насељена места близу аеродрома у Латакији. Обе ракете су успешно неутралисане.
 5-6. јануар 2018. У ноћи између 5-6. јануара нападнута је авио база Хмејмим, нападнута је са 12 беспилотних летелица, 7 летелица је уништено од стране Панцир-С1, 6 је слетело на одређене координате (авио база Кхмејм (Khmeimim) је под управом Руске Федерације).
 14. април 2018. У 4 часа ујутру извршен је масовни ракетни напад на Сирију од стране САД, Велике Британије и Француске, лансирано је 103 пројектила и крстарећих ракета на 8 сиријских градове на одређене мете. Према руским званичним изворима лансирано је 25 ракета из система Панцира на шта је уништено 23 надолазеће ракете. САД поричу и тврде да ниједан америчка или савезна (Француска и Уједињено Краљевство) ракета није оборена.

Губици
Сирија 10. мај 2018. Уништен је један Панцир-С1 Сиријске војске од стране израелске војске са ракетом Spike NLOS, претпоставља се да је систем био искључен, такође посада је била ван возила, што је резултирало лако уништење овог борбеног система.'

21. јануар 2019. Израелске ваздушне снаге уништиле су 2 система Панцир у околини Дамаска.

Верзије
 Панцир-С - почетни прототип направљен 1994, био је инсталиран на шасији камиона Урал-5323 8x8.
 Панцир-С1 - прва верзија која се највише производила до 2018.
 Панцир-М/ЕМ - намењена ратним бродовима.
 Панцир-С2/С2Е - Модернизована верзија старијих варијанти за потребе војске Русије и у експортне сврхе.
 Панцир-СА - специјална верзија, развијена за подручје Арктика, како би било функционално да издржи изузетно ниске температуре -50° и више.
 Панцир-СМ - далеко побољшана варијанта за разлику од претходних, повећан је домет уочавања са 40 km до 75 km.и домет извршавања захвата са 20 km на 40 km. Систем користи нове ракете са повећаним дометом, такође систем је смештен на нови Камазов 8x8 камион који је оклопљен. Очекује се да ће бити могуће да се старији системи модернизују на овај стандард. Развој ове верзије биће завршен у току 2019.

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Панцир С1М (Рособоронекспорт - Званични канал)
Анализа: Све о позитивним и негативним странама ПВО система Панцир, његовим верзијама и будућности (Зоран Вукосављевић, 21. децембар 2020, Т6 - Ваздухопловни портал Србије)
Анализа: Ако Србија заиста купи Панцир С1М - сва унапређења у односу на верзију система коју већ имамо (Зоран Вукосављевић, 16. септембар 2021, Т6 - Ваздухопловни портал Србије)
 Панцир-С1 (Телевизија Звезда - Званични канал)
Дејство "Панцира - С1" на руско-српској вежби "Словенски штит 2021" (Министарство одбране Руске федерације  - Званични кнала)
Противваздушна одбрана
Ракетни бацачи
Оклопна возила

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We're lucky that Justine is willing to share her many talents and adventures with DIY Del Ray. We've done an art tour in her home, featured her pour over coffee bar at the Four Mile Run farmers' market, and learned all about seed saving in a demo she led last August. Justine is a teacher at Mount Vernon Community School, where she leads an after-school gardening and environmental learning club. She and her students are busy even in these frigid winter months doing, as she puts it, "projects to green up" the indoors. Today, illustrated with her own photos, Justine tells about her indoor gardening projects both in her own home and with the school garden club.
I can't stand not gardening, so I always enjoy creating an indoor garden during the wintertime. Every year, I experiment and add a new plants to my repertoire. All you need is a window with sunlight to have an indoor garden, so even apartment dwellers or people without a garden can satisfy their green thumb. Succulents can stay in your garden window year round.
This year, my aunt gave me a paper white set. A no-brainer project, the gift included a lovely window pot, soil, and the paper white bulbs. I simply added the bulbs to the soil and watched them grow in my kitchen window.
I planted them the Sunday after Thanksgiving and had beautiful blooms by Christmas. They filled my kitchen with their sweet fragrance throughout the holidays! Next year, I plan on purchasing more of these bulbs to plant throughout the house. I will scatter my plantings so that I will have blooms throughout the winter.
You can also plant daffodil bulbs in a vase or pretty pot inside. This year, I had some leftover daffodil bulbs from my fall planting, so I decided to plant some of the extra bulbs indoors. I planted one in a plastic pot sitting in another pot (allowing drainage). The bulbs developed incredible roots that can reach the water that sits at the bottom of the pot.
I also put some daffodil bulbs in a glass pitcher with rocks at the bottom for drainage. I wanted to see which method would work better. Only time will tell….
I learned through research that it is better to plant indoor bulbs in soil, so that the following year, you can plant them in the garden. Without soil, the bulbs deplete all their nutrients. But it's fun to plant them without soil so you can observe the roots.
To start your herb garden inside, you can begin with seeds in late January to mid-February. I started the school's herb garden in a sunny window with my after-school club. The students did all the work, I just supplied the soil, seeds, pots, and trays.
I like to start basil this way. I also have an oregano plant I originally started in my window. Now that it's established, it does just fine outside year-round. You can also start butterfly weed, marigold, and zinnias inside. Giving them a head start when spring comes!
We reuse old plastic lettuce boxes for our trays. A tray is very important, allowing the plant to save excess water and draw it up when it gets thirsty.
Another activity I did with my after-school club was to make recycled glass jar terrariums. We collected succulent cuttings from the green roof garden in the school's courtyard. These plants have spread so much, it is easy to pull out a small one for replanting. Then, we added rocks to the bottom or top of a recycled glass jar and arranged the plants to our liking. Finally, we put them in our sunny window garden where we have been tending to them.
Every year, I like to try something new as well. This year, it will be sweet potatoes, starting by creating the "slips" indoors and following these instructions.
We look forward to hearing how Justine's experiment turns out!


text:
Q: PHP: how to determine if the browser supports javascript in PHP? I am building an AJAX deep-linked site.
I want PHP to load all the HTML code of the page if the user is trying to access the site with a Javascript non-supported browser or if it is a search crawler. Basically PHP will return the whole page.
On the contrary, when the user is trying to access the site with Javascript supported browser, I want PHP to return only the template code, and let Javascript (AJAX) take care of the rest.  Basically PHP will only load design elements and let Javascript populate them with content.
I looked into PHP's get_browser() function, however it seems it is not such a reliable tool. What is the industry's practice see if the browser supports Javascript or it is a search crawler using PHP?

Background:
Why I want the site to have this behavior.
Since I want the home page to load just by loading the address: example.com, which does not send any query to PHP, PHP returns the HTML code of the home page.  This however causes issues when the user tries to load the following page: example.com#foo. So, for this example, PHP will return the home page and once the home page is loaded, Javascript (AJAX) will change the content around so that it shows proper content for #foo. This will make the user to see the home page, therefore load time will be slower and user-experience will not be so nice. However if my PHP script can figure out that if the use with Javascript supported browser is trying to load the page, it will only return the template of the web site, which has no content) and the javascript will populate that template with content whatever is supposed to be displayed for #foo.  On the other hand, if the Javascript non-separated browser or a crawler will try to access the page example.com#foo, home page will be returned.
I am using SWFaddress (http://www.asual.com/swfaddress/) library for the deep-linking.

Edit
Thank you guys. I did not think of using <noscript></noscript> before.
Here is what I decided to do. PHP by default will load pages such as example.com or example.com#foo (which is essentially the same as example.com from PHP's point of view since fragments by definition are not sent to the server) blank (just visual template) with <noscript> tag inside for the content of the home page. This way users with javascript will not see the home page and AJAX will populate the content of the page according to the #foo fragment. On the other hand, search crawlers and users without javascript will see a home page.
Thank you again. I think this is pretty simple and elegant solution. If you have any further suggestions, please post a comment or another answer.

A: You can't do this using PHP.  What you can do though is use a noscript tag to redirect to another php page if they don't have javascript:
<noscript>
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=nojavascript.php">
</noscript>

A: It's not possible to accomplish this in the way you're trying to do it.
It's rare that someone has JS turned off and doesn't know it.
PHP doesn't get passed anything after #, only javascript can do anything with that.  So even if PHP could determine if the browser has javascript turned on then it still couldn't read # anyways.

A: You could include a link inside some <NOSCRIPT> tags that point the user to something like example.com#foo?javascript=disabled.
Unfortunately, browsers do not report whether JS is enabled or not, so there's no way to know from a simple HTTP GET whether or not you should send JS reliant pages.

A: You should just build an AJAX query that sets a session variable for javascript enabled.
Run this AJAX query before any other information on the site is loaded and then do a simple redirect to the actual site.
You could do something like this pseudo code:
Index.php:
ajax(check_js.php);
redirect(main_page.php);

check_js.php
$_SESSION['js_enable'] = true;

main_page.php
if($_SESSION['js_enable'] == true) {
  //execute page
} else {
  header("Location: no_js_error.php");
}

A: Instead of the server trying to sniff our the user's settings, how about using unobtrusive javascript in the first place? This way, the page will degrade gracefully (to the desired state) if JS is not available.

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March 16, 2019 | Stephen Curry Full Highlights 2019.03.16 Warriors vs Thunder - 33 Pts, 7 Rebs, 3 Asts! | FreeDawkins - NBA ..
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Start the day the Cremorne Street Bakers way. Never is the adage about breakfast being the most important meal of the day truer than during the busy, over-indulgent Christmas period. Our blend of seeds and nuts is complemented by coconut flakes for a healthy and delicious start to the day.


text:
Jobs & The Economy
What Business Means
Business community partners with health department to fight opioid epidemic
Submitted by Jonathan Blake on Tue, 9/18/2018 - 10:13
In response to the ongoing opioid epidemic and its impact on Minnesota, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) and the Minnesota Business Partnership (MBP) today released the Opioid Epidemic Response: Employer Toolkit. Opioid addiction continues to be a major public health problem in Minnesota and other states. In 2017, Minnesota recorded Continue Reading...
Categories: Commentary, Health, Newsroom, PRESSROOM
Statement from Charlie Weaver regarding Minnesota's academic performance data
Submitted by Jonathan Blake on Thu, 8/30/2018 - 12:31
MINNEAPOLIS – Charlie Weaver, Executive Director of the Minnesota Business Partnership, issued the following statement regarding Minnesota's latest round of academic performance data: "Unfortunately, today's release of academic performance data by the Minnesota Department of Education shows that, once again, student achievement in reading and math remains flat, as it Continue Reading...
Categories: Commentary, Education, Newsroom, PRESSROOM
School rating system will help Minnesota parents make informed choices
In a commentary for the St. Paul Pioneer Press, Minnesota Business Partnership education committee chairman Pat Ryan writes that the Legislature should pass an easy-to-understand rating system for schools and districts. No one should oppose a transparent, objective and straightforward rating system that helps parents make informed decisions about their Continue Reading...
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text:
Este artículo describe las características de la demografía de Bangladés

Población
A excepción de países muy pequeños tales como Singapur y Mónaco, Bangladés es el país más densamente poblado en el mundo. La nación, con 912 personas por kilómetro cuadrado, ha sido a menudo comparada con la isla de Java (Indonesia).El país padece una alta superpoblación. En 1992, el gobierno comenzó a promocionar el control natal para frenar el crecimiento de la población, pero con poco éxito. Muchas personas no tienen posesiones o están obligados a vivir en regiones pantanosas peligrosas, con el riesgo de contraer enfermedades. La difícil situación del país ha provocado que muchos bengalíes emigraran a países más prósperos en búsqueda de mejores condiciones de vida, siendo el Reino Unido el destino principal, seguido de otros como Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Estados Unidos y Canadá.

Para el 2020 se estimaba una población aproximada de 168,827,626 habitantes, posicionando al país en el lugar número 8 del total de países más poblados del mundo.

Situación sanitaria
En un esfuerzo para contener la propagación de enfermedades como el cólera o la disentería, algunas organizaciones internacionales han fomentado la construcción de pozos de agua en todo el país. Varios años después de la implementación general del programa, más de un cuarto de la población tenía síntomas de envenenamiento por arsénico. Los altos niveles de arsénico natural en el agua no se habían tenido en cuenta. Los efectos del agua con contenido en arsénico son todavía un problema demográfico para el país.

Etnias
Bangladés es prácticamente una nación homogénea desde el punto de vista étnico, con más de un 98% de población bengalí. La gran mayoría habla bengalí (bangla). El dos por ciento restante son musulmanes no bengalíes de otras regiones de India como Bihar, de habla urdu. Un pequeño número de grupos tribales habita los trechos de colinas de Chittagong al sudeste.

Idioma
El bengalí es el único idioma oficial reconocido, aunque el inglés se utiliza también en todos los ámbitos y círculos oficiales del país, y gran parte de la población lo tiene como segundo idioma, sobre todo en el ámbito urbano.

Religión

La mayoría de los bangladesíes (cerca del 83%) son musulmanes, pero los hindúes constituyen una minoría importante (16%). Existe también pequeños números de budistas, cristianos y animistas. Muchos de los grupos minoritarios sufren persecución por su etnia o su religión.

Referencias

pt:Bangladesh#Demografia


Huh? Punishment for Taking Out A Loan You Couldn't Afford is... You Don't Have To Pay the Loan Back?
I really was not going to blog this week but this article exceeded by fury threshold, which is pretty hard to do nowadays.
So in fact, incredibly, the creditors' very innocence is used as part of the proof that the debt was illegal, and thus that creditors should be expropriated.
This is they type of thing that occurs in banana republics. No honest nation with a strong rule of law operates this way. And what is to prevent other distressed government bodies with limited ethics (e.g. the State of Illinois) from carefully borrowing money in a way that is subtly illegal and then repudiate it a few years later?
Via Shorpy, Cadillac Square in 1916 Detroit. A substantially more prosperous city than today.


Took a little break from blogging, but I'm back! And not happy.
As a proud Southern man and cook, I enjoy our regional cuisine. Tasting the other bountiful harvests of this country and the exciting and varied cuisines of the world has turned me into a happy foodie.
But I get upset and then angry when a myth is perpetuated and the truth gets glossed over – again and again and again. With two major cooking networks and many other food based cooking and talk shows, you and I are inundated with food – all kinds.
Recently watching one of my favorite network daytime cooking/talk shows, a certain red headed famous chef fell into that same myth or trap. Hello world, grits and polenta are not the same thing!!! They are distant cousins, but vastly different. But come on, can't your research teams get it straight.
Grits are made from dried hominy. Hominy is made by taking the whole kernels of corn and cooking them in a high alkaline cooking liquid. In the past, lye was used. My mother even tells me that my grandmother would use ashes from the wood burning stove. Cooking the kernels in this solution makes the corn swell and the outer skin come off. The result is a very fluffy wonderful dish. A lot of you have had hominy in a very famous Mexican soup – pozole.
Hominy kernels are then taken out and dried. When roughly ground, you have our wonderful Southern staple, grits. Grits are cooked in water, broth, milk, or cream – your choice. Seasoned with butter, salt and pepper. Delicious! Add some garlic and some cheese and I am in heaven.
If you grind the hominy into a powder, you have masa. Corn flour is used to make tortillas, tamales and in several other Mexican dishes.
Polenta is ground dried corn. Not grits. Polenta is also delicious, but damn you folks on TV are schooled chefs, get it right! Dried corn that has been ground more finely is corn meal. I use corn meal all of the time. (My corn bread versus corn pone family semantics lesson is another issue altogether.) Just because the corn is ground does not make it grits. Just because you cook the corn in a similar way to making grits, does not make them grits. GET IT RIGHT, PEOPLE!
Several years ago, I got into an email war of words with a very famous lifestyle maven's creative team. She had featured a mill in one of the Carolinas that ground blue corn, red corn and on and on – AND THEY CALLED THEM GRITS! No, ma'am! Her team told me that I should be quiet and respect the fact that they broadcast worldwide and I should consider that they were correct. They were WRONG! I told her, you can call a hamburger a hot dog, but it doesn't make it one.
It is an easy fact for Southerners to know. Don't mess with our grits!
I'll buy the distinction you are making, but does anyone make hominy grits anymore?
All REAL grits are still made from hominy. You just don't hear anybody using the phrase "hominy grits" anymore.


PROTON Holdings Berhad (PROTON) has shared their official statement to refute the recent image circulating on social media warning Proton owners to not jump-start certain Proton models as it will cause irreparable damage to the Transmission Control Unit (TCU). As logic and PROTON will tell you, all cars can be jump-started.
However, just like other cars, Protons are also equipped with electronic systems which are sensitive to power surges. So here, PROTON has provided a more accurate guide to safely jump-start your car with jumper cables (this procedure can also be found in Proton's Owner's Manual, as well as that of most brands).
The proper procedure to jump-start a car is to (1) connect the (+) battery from the assisting car to the (+) terminal of the battery of the affected car; (2) the (-) terminal from the assisting car must be connected to the body of the affected car (i.e. the car that needs to be jump-started), NOT to its (-) terminal.
Both vehicles should be close enough so that the jumper cables can be connected, but NOT touching each other. If they are, it could cause an undesirable ground connection. It will not be possible to start the vehicle, and the bad grounding could damage the electrical systems (Transmission Control Unit, TCU).
The assisting vehicle must have a 12-volt battery and the capacity (Ah) of the booster battery should not be significantly lower than that of the discharged battery, this is to avoid damage of circuit shorting both vehicles.
Only use jumper cables with insulated battery clamps.
Vehicle must be positioned in "P" (PARK) for automatic transmission and "N" (NEUTRAL) for manual transmission.
Turn off the ignition on both vehicles beforehand.
When connecting the booster cable, DO NOT connect the positive (+) cable to the negative (-) terminal or it can cause sparks and battery can explode.
The negative jumper cable (black) must NEVER be clamped to fuel lines with metal sheath or to the fuel filter or brake lines as this could cause a fire.
Start the engine in the vehicle, which has the booster battery, let the engine idle for a few minutes and then start the engine in the vehicle with the discharged battery.
After the engine is started, disconnect the cables in reverse order.
ALWAYS refer to your vehicle's Owner's Manual prior to performing any emergency start to the battery, for your own safety.


Earlier this week during our last team meeting this year, it hit me what progress I experienced during the last year. Reading through my bucket list, I was once again reminded how I like to plan things and life turns out quite differently. On Tuesday we will be celebrating our first Christmas unpacked in Germany….


text:
\section{Introduction}

The abundances of hadrons emerging from relativistic heavy-ion collisions
can be described with surprisingly high accuracy by a thermo-statistical
model \cite{hadro_chemistry}. Over a wide range of bombarding energies
essentially two parameters, the temperature $T_{chem}$ and the baryo-chemical
potential $\mu_{chem}$, adjusted to experimental data give a smooth curve
$T_{chem}(\mu_{chem})$, the so-called chemical freeze-out curve,
being an important landmark in the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter.
At a given beam energy
the variation of $T_{chem}, \, \mu_{chem}$ for various centralities is fairly small
\cite{our_PRC}.

The transverse momentum spectra of various hadron species, at a given beam energy,
may also be described by a set of parameters $T_{kin}$, $\mu_{kin}$, where additionally
a flow parameter may be employed. It was argued, e.g.\ in \cite{bk_early}, and later
confirmed, e.g.\ in \cite{mT_parameters}, that $T_{chem} > T_{kin}$ holds
in central collisions at high energies.
This is often interpreted in a schematic picture as ceasing of inelastic (chemical)
reactions at $T_{chem}$, while in a later stage of the fireball evolution a kinetic
freeze-out happens at $T_{kin}$ where the elastic interactions are no longer efficient
enough to modify the momentum distributions.
A different view was advocated in \cite{BB} with $T_{chem} \approx T _{kin}$.
In the former scenario there is still ''hadronic life'' after freezing out
the chemical composition, while the latter scenario would mean a sudden
termination of inelastic and elastic reactions roughly at the same time.

A possible problem in the commonly accepted first scenario with
$T_{chem} > T_{kin}$ was pointed out in \cite{antip_puzzle_Shuryak}:
The antiproton ($\bar p$) annihilation cross section is so large
that the $\bar p$ survival until kinetic freeze-out needs special consideration.
This was exposed as the ''antiproton puzzle''.
In \cite{antip_puzzle_Shuryak,antip_puzzle_Rapp} it was shown
that chemical off-equilibrium combined with
multi-hadron reactions give rise to sufficient antiproton regeneration
ensuring a moderate drop of the ratio of abundances $\bar p/p$
from $T_{chem}$ until $T_{kin}$ for CERN-SPS energies. This fits well in the
above first hadro-chemical scenario \cite{hadro_chem_Rapp}.

It is the aim of this note to reconsider the off-equilibrium evolution of antiprotons
in an expanding hadron fireball. We extend the consideration of
\cite{antip_puzzle_Rapp,hadro_chem_Rapp}
towards BNL-RHIC and CERN-LHC top energies. In a schematic model we show that the
$\bar p / p$ ratio at CERN-SPS energies decreases from a given temperature
$T_{chem} \approx 170$ MeV until kinetic freeze-out temperature
$T_{kin} \approx 100 - 120$ MeV
only by a small fraction, while at BLN-RHIC energies the variation
of $\bar p / p$ in such a temperature interval is even negligible.
We expect that at CERN-LHC energies the latter statement also applies.
We employ here a transparent (thus simplified) model to elaborate
the features of the evolution towards off-equilibrium
after an assumed chemical equilibrium
which complies with the mentioned hadro-chemical model \cite{hadro_chemistry}.
In contrast to this, the involved and sophisticated transport models
give a much more complicated description, both for hadro-chemistry in general
\cite{Stocker} and for the antiprotons especially \cite{Cassing,Bleicher,Pang}.

Furthermore, we emphasize similarities and differences to antimatter (baryon)
evolution in the early universe after confinement.
The adiabatic path of cosmic baryon matter is exhibited in the
phase diagram of strongly interacting matter.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we discuss the appropriate
evolution equations for protons (baryons) and antiprotons (antibaryons)
coupled by a conservation law.
The main emphasis is devoted to applications in relativistic heavy-ion
collisions (Section 3) covering situations with
baryons and antibaryons being nearly symmetric
or very asymmetric. Section 4 describes the cosmic baryon matter.
The summary can be found in Section 5. Appendix A sketches the derivation of the used
evolution equations.

\section{Off-Equilibrium Evolution of Antiprotons}

Our starting point is the pair of momentum-integrated Boltzmann equations
(see Appendix A)
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d Y_+}{d x} &=& - \frac{\Lambda_{(\xi)}}{x^\xi} \left( Y_+ (Y_+ - \eta) - Y_{eq}^2 \right), \label{eq1}\\
\frac{d Y_-}{d x} &=& - \frac{\Lambda_{(\xi)}}{x^\xi} \left( Y_- (Y_- + \eta) - Y_{eq}^2 \right), \label{eq2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Y_\pm = n_\pm / s$ are the baryon densities
$n_\pm$ normalized to entropy density $s = \frac{2 \pi^2}{45} h_{eff} T^3$.
We attribute $Y_+, n_+$ to protons ($p$) and $Y_-, n_-$ to antiprotons ($\bar p$).
$h_{eff}$ is the effective number of degrees of freedom of hadrons
in the fireball with comoving volume $V(t)$. Here, we assume a spatially homogeneous
fireball and apply for protons and antiprotons the Boltzmann approximation,
which is appropriate for the following since $x \equiv m_N /T$ is larger than unity. Therefore,
$Y_{eq} = \frac{45}{4 \pi^4} \frac{2}{h_{eff}} x^2 K_2(x)$ with
the Bessel function $K_2$.
Both evolution equations
refer to pair-wise annihilations and regenerations, thus
$Y_+ - Y_- \equiv \eta = const$,
i.e.\ $\dot Y_+ = \dot Y_-$.
The two parameters in the evolution equations, $\Lambda_{(\xi)}$
and $\eta$, determine together with initial conditions
the off-equilibrium dynamics. In what follows
we are going to explore their interplay for Little Bangs and Big Bang.

For Little Bangs ($\xi = 4$, see Appendix A) one has
\begin{equation}
\Lambda_{(4)} = 3 \langle \sigma v \rangle \bar \tau m_N^3
\frac{2 \pi^2}{45} h_{eff}
\left(1 + \tau \frac{\dot h_{eff}}{ h_{eff}} \right)^{-1}.
\end{equation}
It encodes essentially the thermally averaged annihilation cross section
$\langle \sigma v \rangle$, and
$\dot h_{eff}$ accounts for the time variation of the effective degrees
of freedom.
In deriving Eqs.~(\ref{eq1}, \ref{eq2})
for Little Bangs
we use adiabaticity of the expanding fireball, i.e.\
$s V = const$.
Instead of a specific expansion model we utilize $V / \dot V = \bar \tau$
with $\bar \tau$ as characteristic time scale.
This allows us to formulate
the evolution as a function of $x$ instead of a function of time.

In the Big Bang ($\xi = 2$, see Appendix A and \cite{Turner,Gondolo,Griest})
the dimensionless factor $\Lambda_{(\xi)}$ reads
\begin{equation}
\Lambda_{(2)} = \langle \sigma v \rangle \,g_*^{1/2} \,M_{Pl} \,m_N \,
\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{45}}
\end{equation}
with $g_*^{1/2} = h_{eff} \, g_{eff}^{- 1/2}
\left(1 + \displaystyle\frac{T}{3 h_{eff}}
\displaystyle\frac{\dot{h}_{eff}}{\dot{T}} \right)$ and
$g_{eff}$ determining the effective degrees of freedom relevant
for the energy density, i.e.\ $e= \frac{\pi^2}{30} g_{eff} \, T^4$,
and $M_{Pl}$ as Planck mass and $m_N$ again as nucleon mass.
Clearly, different $h_{eff}$'s apply in Little Bangs and Big Bang.

Using $\langle \sigma v \rangle = C / m_\pi^2$
with $C = {\cal O}(1)$ and with $m_\pi$ denoting the pion ($\pi^0$) mass one arrives for
$\bar\tau \sim 5$ fm/c at $\Lambda_{(4)} \sim {\cal O}(10^4)$ as an estimate
(for $h_{eff}$ see below), while
$\Lambda_{(2)} \sim {\cal O}(10^{21})$ for $g_*^{1/2} \sim 4$ \cite{Hindmarsh_PoS}
highlights the vast difference of Big Bang and Little Bang dynamics.
Actually, the thermally averaged cross section is
$
\langle \sigma v \rangle =
\frac{\int_{2x}^\infty d \xi \xi^2 (\xi^2 - 4 x^2) K_1(\xi) \sigma (p_{lab})}{4 x^4 K_2^2(x)}
$
\cite{Gondolo} with $p_{lab} = T \xi \sqrt{\xi^2 - 4 x^2} /(2 x)$,
see also \cite{Kapusta_Mekian}.
Employing $\sigma (p_{lab}) = (40 p_{lab, GeV/c}^{-0.5} + 24 p_{lab,GeV/c}^{-1.1})$ mb
\protect\cite{antip_puzzle_Rapp}
or $(38 + 35 p_{lab, GeV/c}^{-1})$ mb
for the $\bar p p$ annihilation cross section
one arrives at
$\langle \sigma v \rangle \simeq$ 42.5 - 47 mb in the temperature interval 170 - 100 MeV
or 51.5 mb fairly independent of $T$, thus yielding $C \sim 2$.

\section{Results for Little Bangs}

Equations (\ref{eq1}, \ref{eq2}) are of Riccati type
with no general analytical
solution in closed form. The solutions, to be found numerically,
depend on $\Lambda_{(\xi)}$ and the initial
conditions (encoded in $\eta$). For the latter ones we employ
$T_{chem} = T_0 = 170$ MeV
and $\mu_{chem} = \mu_0 = 250$ MeV (SPS top energy resulting in $n_- / n_+ = 0.052$)
or  $\mu_{chem} = \mu_0 = 25$  MeV (RHIC top energy resulting in $n_- / n_+ = 0.75$),
thus neglecting a possible small change of chemical freeze-out temperature
when going from SPS to RHIC
but catching the typical values extracted in the data analysis
\cite{hadro_chemistry,our_PRC}.
SPS energies are in the realm $\mu_{chem} > T_{chem}$, while RHIC and
LHC operate in the region $\mu_{chem} < T_{chem}$.
A good approximation of $h_{eff}$ is provided by
$h_{eff}(T)=h_1+\hat b (T-T_1)+ \hat c (T-T_1)^2$
with
$\hat b=\left[h_2-h_1-(h_3-h_1) (T_2-T_1)^2/(T_3-T_1)^2\right]/\left[T_2-T_1-(T_2-T_1)^2/(T_3-T_1)\right]$ and
$\hat c=(h_3-h_1)/(T_3-T_1)^2-\hat b/(T_3-T_1)$
and $(T_1,T_2,T_3,h_1,h_2,h_3) = (0.100,0.150,0.175,3.0,9.8,17.5)$
for small  chemical potentials as appropriate for RHIC top energies
and $(0.100,0.150,0.175,5.411,13.150,21.750)$ for an isentrope with entropy
per baryon equal to 23 as appropriate for SPS top energy. These values are for
the resonance gas model with the first hundred hadronic states as used
in \cite{hadro_chemistry} and for temperatures in GeV. While the scales
$\langle \sigma v \rangle$ and $\bar \tau$ as well as $h_{eff}$
are condensed into one dimensionless
parameter $\Lambda_{(4)}$ which would be useful for $h_{eff} = const$, the strong variation
of $h_{eff}$ in the considered temperature range along isentropic trajectories
makes $\Lambda_{(4)}$ not a concise characteristic quantity.
Therefore, we present the results for various values
of $C$ to expose the influence of annihilations and to discriminate them
from diminishing densities due to expansion.

In Fig.~\ref{fig1} the change of $n_- / n_+$
(denoted by $\bar p / p$) as a function of the temperature
is exhibited. We note that, similar to the consideration in \cite{antip_puzzle_Rapp},
the ratio drops only by a small fraction even when extending
the evolution down to a temperature of 100 MeV. The reason is the small change
of $Y_\pm$.
The experimental mid-rapidity value of $\bar p / p$ is $0.058 \pm 0.005$
(statistical error) in central collisions
of Pb + Pb at $E_{beam} = 158$ AGeV \cite{NA49}. Clearly, our above mentioned
initial value is already somewhat below this experimental value. If one would
change $\mu_0$ to 235 MeV, being still in the range of admissible values
according to \cite{hadro_chemistry}, the start value would be $n_- / n_+ = 0.063$
and all curves exhibited in Fig.~\ref{fig1} are then upshifted, roughly by factor 1.2.
As a consequence, values of $C < 4$
would be compatible with the data. While this range of $C$
is realistic, such a fine
tuning is not appropriate given the schematic character of our model
(use of a characteristic time scale $\bar \tau$ for the expanding fireball,
no feeding etc.). This refrains us from considering further details like
the centrality dependence. Nevertheless, one may consider the beam energy
systematics for central collisions. Instead of individually selected
values of $\mu_{chem}$ and $T_{chem}$, one may use a global fit
of many hadron ratios with the parametrization \cite{hadro_chemistry},
$\mu_{chem} = 1303\,\mbox{MeV}\, /(1 + 0.286 \sqrt{s_{NN}}/\mbox{GeV})$
and $T_{chem} = 162\, \mbox{MeV}\,\left(1 - (0.7+\exp[(\sqrt{s_{NN}}/\mbox{GeV}-2.9)/1.5])^{-1}\right)$
(where $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ is in GeV)
and get initial values for $n_- / n_+$ being
15\%, 1.5\%, 18\%, 30\% and 29\% larger than the experimental ratios $\bar p/p$
quoted in \cite{NA49} for central Pb + Pb collisions at SPS beam energies
of 158, 80, 40, 30 and 20 AGeV. The offset of $n_- / n_+$
above the experimental $\bar p/p$ value \cite{PHENIX}
at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV is 36\% according to this parametrization.
With the exception of the data situation for beam energy of 80 AGeV,
there is room for a 20\% drop, in average, of $\bar p/p$ towards kinetic
freeze-out, consistent with the results in Fig.~\ref{fig1}.

In contrast to the ratio $\bar p / p$, the densities rapidly change with dropping
temperature, as exhibited in Fig.~\ref{fig2}. A notable point is
the increasingly strong departure of $n_-$ from the chemical equilibrium
value $n_-^{eq}$ towards kinetic freeze-out.
For this comparison we have determined $n_\pm^{eq}$ by
$s Y_{eq} \exp(\pm \mu/T)$ with $\mu$ from the resonance gas model
along the isentropic curve imposing baryon conservation (a convenient
parametrization is provided by
$\mu = \tilde a / T^{\tilde x} + \tilde b$ with
$(\tilde x, \tilde a, \tilde b) = (1, 0.045198563, -0.015873836)$ --
$T$ and $\mu$ in units of GeV).
The emerging relation $n_+^{eq} > n_+$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig2}) is surprising
at the first glance. In fact, baryon conservation enforces
$n_N > n_N^{(0)} V(t=0) / V(t > 0)$ for the net nucleon density.
Since the antibaryon density in the situation at hand is significantly
smaller than the baryon density, the nucleon density also decreases
slower than $V(t=0) / V(t > 0)$. As our evolution equations impose
pair-wise annihilations and regenerations, for $n_+ \gg n_-$,
$n_+$ goes approximately with $V(t=0) / V(t)$, while the fiducial
density obeys $n_+^{eq} > n_+^{(0)} V(t=0) / V(t > 0)$. This ostensible
ambiguity can be resolved by introducing effective chemical potentials
in line with \cite{antip_puzzle_Shuryak,antip_puzzle_Rapp,hadro_chem_Rapp}.
This, however, is not necessary for the present purposes, as the
combination $n_+^{eq} n_-^{eq}$ (or $Y_+^{eq} Y_-^{eq}$) enter the evolution
equations, and neither $n_+^{eq}$ nor $n_-^{eq}$ separately:
In the employed Boltzmann approximation, the chemical potentials
cancel in $Y_+^{eq} Y_-^{eq} = Y_{eq}^2$. Discarding this gain
(or recombination) term would result in a significantly reduced ratio $\bar p / p$,
thus emphasizing the importance of the back-reaction, as already stressed
in \cite{antip_puzzle_Shuryak,antip_puzzle_Rapp,hadro_chem_Rapp}.
(In \cite{antip_puzzle_Rapp} the regeneration term is of utmost importance
to counteract the stronger annihilations at the total baryon content.)

Summarizing, the
inspection of Fig.~\ref{fig2} reveals the strong deviation from
equilibrium, i.e., despite of the large annihilation cross section
the expansion is too rapid to maintain chemical equilibrium of antiprotons.
For larger values of $\langle \sigma v \rangle$ parameterized by $C$,
$n_-$ follows more closely the fiducial density
$n_-^{eq}$ and, as a consequence, the antiproton to proton ratio
drops stronger during cooling (see also Fig.~\ref{fig1}).
A larger value of the expansion time scale $\bar \tau$ reduces also
the ratio $\bar p / p$: For $\bar \tau = 10$ fm/c we get 0.040 at $T = 100$ MeV.
In contrast, a shorter expansion time scale keeps the ratio
at higher values, say 0.048 for $\bar \tau = 3$ fm/c.
As $n_+$ is essentially not modified, one can infer the
corresponding values of $n_-$ from these numbers.

Reference \cite{hadro_chemistry} (first quotation) states that the thermo-statistical model
applies not only to selected ratios of hadron yields but also to yields themselves.
It is instructive, therefore, to consider the evolution of the yields
from chemical freeze-out towards kinetic freeze-out temperatures.
We normalize the yields according to
$(n_i V)_{100 \,MeV} / (n_i V)_{170 \,MeV}$ and exhibit in Fig.~\ref{fig2a}
the dependence on $C = \langle \sigma v \rangle / m_\pi^2$.
The yield of antiprotons depends smoothly on $C$; values $C > 3$
would cause a sizeable annihilation
which would obscure the hadro-chemistry picture.

For RHIC energy the same features hold. However, different initial conditions
cause some different evolution: The ratio $\bar p / p$ is fairly insensitive
to $C$, see Fig.~\ref{fig3}. The departure from equilibrium for protons
is nearly as strong as for antiprotons, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig4}.
(Here, the above parametrization of $\mu(T)$ with
$( \tilde x, \tilde a, \tilde b) = (4.8, 2.2671929 \times 10^{-6}, 0.013797031)$
applies.)
Also the yields in Fig.~\ref{fig4a}
drop with increasing values of $C$ as they are more dragged by
the respective equilibrium values. For $C < 10$
the reduction via annihilation is less than 10\% thus not invalidating the consistency
of hadro-chemistry with a late kinetic freeze-out.
Experimentally, one finds $\bar p / p = 0.731 \pm 0.011 \pm 0.062$ \cite{PHENIX}
in central collisions Au + Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV which is fairly independent
of centrality. This value compares well with the results in Fig.~\ref{fig3},
even for large $C$.

For smaller values of $\mu_{chem}$ the difference of $n_-$ and $n_+$
becomes smaller: Annihilation diminishes both $n_-$ and $n_+$ by the
same amount thus keeping the ratio $n_- / n_+$ nearly constant.
This consideration applies in particular for LHC.
In contrast, for the above
baryon-antibaryon asymmetric situation at SPS, given by a larger value
of $\mu_{chem}$, the annihilation of $p$ by the small admixture of $\bar p$
is not severe, and only the evolution equation for $n_-$ is sufficient,
as exploited in \cite{antip_puzzle_Rapp}.

Resolving the ''antiproton  puzzle'' means demonstrating that
the $\bar p / p$ ratio does not change noticeably from
$T_{chem}$ until $T_{kin}$. At high beam energies (say, for RHIC and
LHC energies) corresponding to smaller values of
the normalized particle-antiparticle number difference $\eta$
this seems to be fairly robust.
At SPS one sees already a sensitivity to the interplay of thermally averaged
annihilation cross section and expansion dynamics.
At AGS and later on planned FAIR energies one expects a stronger
drop of the $\bar p / p$ ratio. However, the differences of
$T_{chem}$ and $T_{kin}$ may be much smaller so that again
annihilation is less severe.

Our results base on a few assumptions which we recollect here:
(i) kinetic equilibrium (which is left at the kinetic freeze-out,
see \cite{Csernai} for dealing with the freeze-out itself);
(ii) spatial homogeneity;
(iii) expansion dynamics characterized by one time scale;
(iv) restriction to one hadron species, $p, \bar p$ (the other hadrons
are implicitly in the heat bath, encoded in $h_{eff}$ \footnote{
A more detailed picture is considered in \cite{Kapusta}, where
coupled rate equations for many hadron species
are solved in the dynamical background of
2 + 1 dimensional hydrodynamics.});
(v) chemical equilibrium at $T_{chem}, \, \mu_{chem}$;
(vi) detailed balance and unitarity.
Items (i - v) are relaxed in transport codes, which also attempt
to include (vi). We insist here to arrive
at a qualitative and transparent understanding of an aspect of chemical freeze-out.
Items (i) and (ii) are related with the derivation of the employed
form of the momentum integrated Boltzmann equation, see \cite{Gondolo}
for details. Item (iii) refers to the fact that we consider a specific
expansion pattern of the fireball (which is assumed to contain a homogeneous
matter distribution according to item (ii)) characterized by
$V / \dot V = \bar \tau$ with $\bar \tau$ as expansion time scale, see
Appendix A. Item (v) fixes the initial conditions in agreement with
the thermo-statistical model \cite{hadro_chemistry}.

Strictly speaking, item (vi) refers to the balance
$p + \bar p \leftrightarrow X + \bar X$ as the underlying Boltzmann equation
including a binary collision kernel
leads to our evolution equations (\ref{eq1}, \ref{eq2}).
One may think, however, that both $X$ and $\bar X$
represent clusters of pions. Such states $X, \bar X$ are successfully
considered in
\cite{Cugnon} as two-meson doorway states coupling in turn to multi-pion states.
This approach, also known as minimal two-body model,
realizes the nearest threshold dominance and describes the $p \bar p$ annihilation
data in the energy region relevant for our purposes.
It bridges to \cite{antip_puzzle_Shuryak,antip_puzzle_Rapp},
where such multi-pion collisions were considered as key to resolve
the antiproton puzzle together with chemical off-equilibrium
in the pion component. As further possible ingredients one may consider
the role of baryon excitations (as sources for further annihilations
and regenerations) and feeding of the ground state baryons
eventually observed, as done in \cite{Kapusta} for RHIC energy.

\section{Antibaryons in Big Bang}

Due to the numerically large
value of $\Lambda_{(2)}$, the evolution of $n_\pm$ follows closely the equilibrium
values $n_\pm^{eq}$ for a long time. In other words, $Y_\pm$ are dragged by
$Y_\pm^{eq}$ as evidenced by solving numerically Eqs.~(2.1, 2.2). In the temperature region
$T > 1$ MeV, $Y_\pm \approx Y_\pm^{eq}$ represent highly accurate solutions of the
evolution equations. Freeze-out of the antinucleon annihilation
happens at temperatures being considerably lower than the MeV scale \cite{Turner} thus
yielding an exceedingly small antibaryon density
in the assumed homogeneous scenario (for inhomogeneous scenarios cf.\ \cite{Jedamzik}).
Indeed, using $n_\pm \approx n_\pm^{eq} = s Y_{eq} \exp\{\pm \mu / T\}$,
one finds a rapid dropping of the scaled antibaryon density, represented by $n_-/T^3$,
with decreasing temperature, see top panel of Fig.~\ref{fig5}
($\mu$ is determined by Eq.~(4.1) below). For the given small surplus of baryons,
the scaled density $n_+/T^3$ follows closely $n_-/T^3$ until 40 MeV;
on the exhibited scale in Fig.~\ref{fig5} the difference of $n_+/T^3$ to $n_-/T^3$ is not
visible. Below that temperature of 40 MeV, however, $n_+/T^3$ stays approximately
constant at $\eta s/T^3$; the still continuing annihilations diminish
$n_+/T^3$ only marginally
\footnote{
Given $\Lambda_{(2)} \sim {\cal O}(10^{21})$, only for hypothetical values of
$\eta < 10^{-16}$ the antinucleon contribution
could be sizeable due to chemical freeze-out at $T \stackrel{<}{\sim} 30$ MeV,
as can be found in solving numerically Eqs.~(2.1, 2.2).}
since $n_-/T^3$ became small. The turn of $n_+ /T^3$ from dropping to the
approximately constant value near $\eta s/T^3$ at temperatures of 40 MeV is
entirely determined by the value of $\eta$ \cite{BKBluhm}
which quantifies the baryon surplus, encoding also the chemical potential.

In the cosmic evolution, say after confinement, $\eta \sim 10^{-10}$ is
presumably realized, governed by the observed ratio of baryons to photons
being $6.12 \times 10^{-10}$
($\Lambda$CDM 3-year WMAP-only data \cite{WMAP}) and relying on adiabaticity.
This ratio also determines the adiabatic path of cosmic matter
after confinement until the onset of primordial nucleo-synthesis
at $T \lesssim 1$ MeV, see Fig.~\ref{fig6}
which is based on baryon conservation expressed by
\begin{equation}
\mu = T\, \mbox{arsh} \left( \eta \frac{2 \pi^4}{45}
\frac{h_{eff}}{2} \frac{1}{x^2 K_2(x)} \right).
\label{eq.3.1}
\end{equation}
Strictly speaking, this equation applies for $h_{eff} = const$
and for situations where nucleons are essentially the carriers of
baryon charge. Accordingly,
the cosmic baryo-chemical potential $\mu$ evolves from
$10^{-6}$ MeV at $T = 170$ MeV towards $m_N \sim 938$ MeV prior
to nucleo-synthesis at $T < 1$ MeV \cite{BKBluhm,Rafelski}.
Features of Eq.~(\ref{eq.3.1}) are:
(i) $min (\mu) = {\cal O} (m_N \eta)$,
(ii) $max (\mu) = m_N$,
(iii) crossing the $\mu = T$ line at
$T \approx m_N/(- \log \eta + \cdots)$
(this is the point where the difference of $n_+$ and $n_-$ becomes
large with dropping temperature: $n_+/T^3$ then stays approximately constant at
$\eta (2 \pi^2/45) h_{eff}$,
while $n_-/T^3$ continues dropping
exponentially, see Fig.~\ref{fig5} and \cite{BKBluhm}),
(iv) before the region $\mu \sim T$ is reached, the
temperature drops as $T \propto m_N /(\log(\mu/m_N \eta) + \cdots)$.
The $\cdots$ in items (iii) and (iv) are for subleading terms.
The variation of $h_{eff}$ with temperature, according to the resonance gas
model, pulls down the isentropic curve (solid line) for $\mu < 1$ keV so that the
crossing with the dashed line occurs at a temperature of 165 MeV
(instead of 225 MeV). For $\mu > 1$ keV, the results of the resonance gas
model with adiabaticity and baryon conservation are on top of the
solid line.

For an orientation,
in Fig.~\ref{fig6} also chemical freeze-out points
in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
from the analysis in \cite{hadro_chemistry} (first quotation)
are exhibited. At the freeze-out temperature of about 160 MeV
in Little Bangs at RHIC
the baryo-chemical potential
is about $10^7$ times larger than in Big Bang. Otherwise,
when the baryo-chemical potential values of Little Bangs at RHIC
is achieved, the temperature in Big Bang is about 40 MeV
(see also \cite{PBM_Wambach}), being surprisingly high.

During the evolution of matter after electro-weak
symmetry breaking at $T \sim {\cal O} (100$ GeV) down to confinement
at $T_c \sim {\cal O} (200$ MeV), the strongly interacting matter
dominates by far the pressure, the energy density and the entropy density
\cite{Hindmarsh}. The masses of carriers
of baryon charge change in the confinement transition.
Below 160 MeV the energy density is dominated by electro-weak
matter for a long time including primordial nucleo-synthesis,
see bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{fig5}.
Pions are exceptional, as they are sizeable in number and energy density
contribution down to 5 MeV. The bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{fig5}
evidences also the slow relative increase of the scaled baryonic energy density;
much later (before ''recombination'') it will exceed the electro-weak
matter thus turning the radiation universe into a matter dominated universe.

\section{Summary}

In summary we contrast the baryonic antimatter evolution in Little Bangs
(i.e.\ bulk matter of fireballs created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions) and Big Bang
from confinement
towards the onset of primordial nucleo-synthesis.
To expose the similarities and differences we focus on antiprotons in
heavy-ion collisions and nucleons in the cosmic evolution
within a schematic kinetic description neglecting the explicit coupling to
other hadron states.
The vast differences of Little Bangs and Big Bang are impressively
described by the huge difference of the dimensionless parameters $\Lambda_{(\xi)}$
governing the chemical freeze-out dynamics. In addition, the scaled
net baryon densities encoded in $\eta$ are also drastically different.

In Little Bangs, the ratio $\bar p / p$
drops only by a tiny amount from the established chemical freeze-out
temperature (which is defined by a multitude of other hadron abundances)
until kinetic freeze-out for RHIC conditions, where antiprotons
appear in a sizeable fraction. For a larger asymmetry of antiprotons
to protons (as realized for SPS conditions)
the ratio $\bar p / p$ changes still by a sufficiently small
amount to maintain the consistency of the thermo-statistical
model for hadron chemistry. The thermo-statistical model is an important tool for mapping
out the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter in the $T - \mu$
plane. In so far, it is important that its features conform
with a detailed description of heavy-ion collisions.

In homogeneous scenarios for the Big Bang,
the chemical equilibrium is maintained for a long time
thus resulting in an exceedingly small fraction of primordial antibaryons \cite{Turner}.
An interesting point is the adiabatic path of cosmic baryons through the phase diagram
of strongly interacting matter and the related temperature of about
40 MeV (determined by $\eta$)
during the orders-of-magnitude change of the chemical potential
turning cosmic baryon matter from $\mu / T \ll 1$ into
$\mu / T \gg 1$.

\acknowledgements
The work is supported by BMBF 06DR136, GSI and EU-I3HP.
The authors gratefully acknowledge stimulating discussions
with E. Grosse.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
(65100) Birtwhistle (2002 CR15) – planetoida z grupy pasa głównego asteroid okrążająca Słońce w ciągu 5,61 lat w średniej odległości 3,15 j.a. Odkryta 8 lutego 2002 roku.

Zobacz też
 lista planetoid 65001–66000
 lista planetoid

Linki zewnętrzne

Planetoidy pasa głównego
Nazwane planetoidy
Obiekty astronomiczne odkryte w 2002


Basil is one of the very aromatic and delectable organic herbs and would be a pleasure to have accessible in your own home. Basil is simple to plant and almost easier to care for. Keep reading for the necessary basics of starting your own Basil plant.
If you are planting your Basil outdoors, be sure the timing is right. Basil should never be exposed to any kind of frost, so be patient and wait until all of it is gone. If you just can't wait, you can always start your plant indoors and transfer it outdoors when the time is right. Be sure the patch of ground you are planting in has been broken up well with all of the rocks, weeds and grass taken out. The spot should also get around six to eight hours of sunlight a day for the best conditions for the plant. Mix in some fresh fertilizer and add a bit of water to dampen it before you plant the seeds.
Once the soil is prepared, cover the seeds with about a centimeter of soil and pack it down. If you want to grow your Basil indoors, fill your pots with the organic fertilizer and use water to moisten it a bit. We suggest starting with a small Basil plant and transferring it to a medium-sized pot to grow. This will give you the best chance of enjoying the freshest basil for the longest period of time. Observe how far down the plant went under the soil in its original container and replicate that setup in the new pot. Be sure the pot is in a place that will receive a good amount of sunlight each day.
The hard part is over. From here, a few simple tasks will give you fresh, potent Basil as often as you need it. Water the herb only once a week, and make sure you only add water to the soil, not the leaves or stems. If you are growing outside, a bit of organic mulch will prevent weeds from popping up. You should pick any weeds as soon as you notice them. Before the flowers bloom is the best time to harvest the leaves.
One of the most important parts of caring for Basil, and caring for most herbs for that matter, is actually utilizing your herbs. To continue to allow your Basil plant to grow fresh leaves and always have the freshest herbs possible, consistently harvest the leaves. Use a sharp knife and cut off the leaves that seem the brightest green. Most often, the smaller, brighter leaves will be younger than the others and therefore, more potent and flavorful. If you notice any leaves have dried out or died, you should remove those leaves to make room for fresh ones. Again, simply using your herbs consistently in your home cooking will keep the plant well trimmed and keep new, fresh leaves growing.


Lush, long-lasting sago palms (Cycas revoluta) add a tropical vibe to gardens and landscaping within USDA plant hardiness zones 8 to 10, where they are grown for their feathery, dark-green foliage. Mature sago palms often produce pups, or offsets, around the base of their trunks that can be dug up and used to grow a whole new plant. Removing pups from a sago palm is a simple task requiring few steps and little equipment, but it's not always easy to do due to the plant's tough root system.
Removing sago palm pups at the wrong time of year may slow their rooting or prevent them from rooting altogether. It's best to take the pups in spring just as the weather and soil warm up and the mother plant resumes growing. The night before digging up sago palm pups, water around the base of the mother plant to soften the soil and hydrate the roots – just be careful to avoid overwatering because sago palms don't respond well to sopping-wet soil.
Bacterial and viral diseases can easily transmit to even the healthiest and most mature sago palm, so it's vital to gather and clean your tools properly before trying to remove the pups. A gardening knife, such as a Japanese hori-hori knife, works well for removing sago palm pups due to its sturdy blade. However, more stubborn pups may need a little extra encouragement in the form of a chisel and mallet or a small mattock. Whichever tool you choose, the blade must be cleaned to help protect the health of the pup and its mother plant. Soak the blades for 30 minutes in a 10 percent bleach solution, consisting of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water. Rinse the blade and wipe it dry.
Keep rubbing alcohol wipes with you as you remove the sago pups and wipe down your blade every hour or so to keep it sanitary.
Size, coloration and health all matter when it comes to choosing sago palm pups. Look for pups that are roughly the size of a large chicken egg with a rough, reddish-brown outer skin and no obvious signs of disease or damage. Some sago palm pups produce foliage early on while others don't. Both leafless and leafy pups are fine; just avoid offsets with more than a few leaves because an excess of foliage may cause moisture loss during the rooting phase. Also avoid any pups with blackish coloring because they may be mildewed or rotten.
Sago palms produce a dense root system that can pose a challenge to anyone who wants to remove the pups. However, with the right tools, it's easy to overcome even the toughest roots. Some pups come away easily if you stick the blade of a gardening knife into the soil midway between the pup and the mother plant and pry the handle back and forth until the pup comes loose. For more stubborn pups, clear away the soil from between the pup and mother plant to reveal the roots. Using a chisel and mallet or a mattock, chip away at the roots between the offset and mother plant; then try prying the pup loose with a gardening knife or trowel. After removing the pup, fill in the hole where it was growing with soil to protect the mother plant's roots.
Wear gloves when working closely with sago palms because they are poisonous and mildly allergenic to some people.
Sago pups need a little preparation after they are removed from their mother to ensure rooting. If the pup has foliage, remove all but a couple of leaves to decrease moisture loss and to redirect its energy toward root production. If the pup has roots, cut them off at the base using a sharp, sanitized blade. Wash off any dirt or debris; then dab the pups dry on a clean paper towel. Dust the cut-end of the pup with sulfur or other powdered fungicide to prevent mold growth. Set the pup in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight for a few days to let the cut-end harden or callous. To hasten rooting, dust the calloused end of the pup with rooting hormone powder if desired.
The right pot and soil mixture are vital to successfully rooting sago pups. Choose a plastic pot that is 1 to 2 inches larger than the pup. For instance, a 2-inch-wide pup needs a 4-inch pot to provide an inch of extra space on each side. Pot the pups in a moistened mixture of half potting soil and half sand. Alternatively, use a commercial soil mix formulated for cacti and succulents; just make sure there is no added fertilizer. Pot the sago pup in the center of the pot with the bottom half of the cut-end buried beneath the surface of the soil. Make sure you don't pot the pup upside-down because it won't root.
Be sure to use pots with multiple drainage holes around the base.
Sago pups need very little care or attention to root. Simply place the pots in a warm, bright location out of direct sunlight. In cooler areas, keep the potted pups indoors near a bright window until they root. Provide just enough water to keep the soil barely moist and let the surface dry out completely between waterings to prevent rot. Sago pups take anywhere from a few weeks to several months to root. Look for signs of rooting such as leaf buds or surface roots forming around the base of the pup.
Sago palms grow slowly and can be kept in their rooting pots for several seasons, although they can also be transplanted into a permanent container or garden bed once they establish roots. If transplanting into a container, choose one that is no more than 2 inches larger than the rooted pup and make sure it has drainage holes. If planting outdoors, choose a sheltered bed with full sun or partial shade and well-drained soil. Indoor sago palms need 4 to 6 hours of filtered sun each day, so position them near a south- or west-facing window. Sago palms don't require heavy feeding, although potted specimens benefit from yearly applications of balanced, 10-10-10 ratio fertilizer diluted by half. Garden-grown sago palms need little more than a light top-dressing of bone meal or slow-release fertilizer.
All parts of the sago palm are poisonous so keep the plants away from children and pets.
McMullen, S.. "How to Remove Pups From Sago Palms." Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/remove-pups-sago-palms-42832.html. 28 November 2018.


Specially designed for removing 1-1/8, 1-1/4 and 1-1/2 inch head cups.
High grade steel for long life, Durable, heat treated.
The flared end fits through the head tube and snaps behind the cup, cup can be removed with a tap of a hammer.
If you have any questions about this product by Okared, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.


The Muslim Association of Puget Sound (MAPS) invites you to an open house at their mosque. Come meet your local Muslim neighbors, friends and co-workers, get a tour of the mosque, attend a basic Islam 101 presentation and ask your questions. You can also observe a Muslim prayer. Please make sure to register.
1 – 1:30 more tours and optionally observe the noon Muslim prayer. Lunch will be served.
No child care provided but if little ones can sit still for an hour, they are most welcome.


text:
David Paradine Frost (Tenterden, 7 de abril de 1939 - MS Queen Elizabeth, 31 de agosto de 2013) fue un periodista, comediante, personalidad mediática, presentador de televisión y escritor británico.

Después de graduarse en la Universidad de Cambridge, en 1962 saltó a la fama en su país cuando fue elegido como presentador del programa satírico That was the week that was ('esa fue la semana que fue'). Durante la última parte de su carrera, llegó a ser conocido por sus entrevistas televisivas con figuras políticas ―entre ellas al expresidente de Estados Unidos Richard Nixon en 1977, que fue adaptada para el cine.

En 1983, Frost fue una de las figuras clave en la puesta en marcha de la estación de ITV desayuno TV-am. Para la BBC, dirigió entre 1993 y 2005 el programa de entrevistas Breakfast with Frost, de los domingos por la mañana. Pasó dos décadas como anfitrión del programa Through the keyhole ('a través del ojo de la cerradura'). De 2006 a 2012 fue anfitrión del programa semanal Frost over the world en el canal Al Jazeera English, y desde 2012, el programa semanal The Frost interview ('la entrevista Frost').

Frost falleció el 31 de agosto de 2013, a los 74 años de edad, a bordo del crucero Queen Elizabeth cuando navegaba por el Mar Mediterráneo en su travesía entre Southampton y Civitavecchia, en el que había sido contratado para dar un discurso.

Premios selectos
1970: Oficial de la Orden del Imperio Británico).
1993: Knight Bachelor
1994: Doctor honoris causa por la Universidad de Sussex
2005: Miembro de la BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts).
2009: Doctor honoris causa en Letras por la Universidad de Winchester
2009: Lifetime Achievement Award (Premio a los logros de toda una vida) en los premios Emmy.

Publicaciones
 1978: "I gave them a sword": behind the scenes of the Nixon interviews (1978).
 2007: reeditado como Frost/Nixon.
 1984: David Frost's Book of Millionaires, Multimillionaires, and Really Rich People.
 1986: The Rich Tide: Men, Women, Ideas and Their Transatlantic Impact. With Michael Shea.
 1993: An autobiography. Part 1: From congregations to audiences.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 BBC News Profile of David Frost, artículo en el sitio web de la BBC.

Escritores de Inglaterra del siglo XX
Periodistas de Inglaterra
Metodistas
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cambridge
Escritores en inglés del siglo XX
Corresponsales y enviados especiales
Fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio
Knights Bachelor
Oficiales de la Orden del Imperio Británico
Satíricos del Reino Unido
Ganadores del Premio Emmy
Productores de televisión de Reino Unido
Presentadores de televisión de Reino Unido
Graduados honorarios de la Universidad de Anglia del Este


text:
How Long Does It Take to Become a Certified Phlebotomist?
By Fred Decker Updated July 01, 2018
What Can a Phlebotomy Technician Certificate Do?
Cardiology Technician Certification
Salary in Cytotechnology
What Is Needed to Be a Certified Phlebotomist?
How Much Money Does a Radiologic Technician Make?
Doctors, nurses and medical researchers rely on the support of a wide range of technical staff. Many of these staff members work in the pathology labs of hospitals and clinics, performing a variety of diagnostic tests on blood and tissue samples. The blood for these tests, as well as the blood and blood products used in surgery, are collected by professionals called phlebotomists. Drawing and safely handling blood is their primary duty. Phlebotomy is taught in a wide range of settings, including community colleges and teaching hospitals.
Primary Training
Potential phlebotomists must be high school graduates to enroll in an accredited training program. Students with several credits in the sciences might find the training more accessible, as it's heavily science-oriented. The curriculum includes courses on medical terminology, as well as human anatomy and physiology. Much of the classroom instruction is focused on maintaining the integrity of blood samples by avoiding common mistakes that can contaminate a sample or create a risk of illness for the phlebotomist or patient. Training programs must also include a hands-on clinical component, providing students with supervised opportunities to draw blood and interact with patients. Programs typically extend through one or two semesters or four to eight months.
How to Become a Phlebotomist
Graduates of accredited phlebotomy programs are able to practice and seek work immediately, but many employers prefer to hire certified technicians. Technicians are free to pursue certification as soon as they meet the minimum requirements, or until five years after graduation. The minimum requirements include at least 40 hours of classroom instruction, 100 hours of clinical training and at least 100 unaided skin punctures and venipunctures. Applicants meeting these prerequisites can schedule a certification exam through the American Society for Clinical Pathology, or ASCP, or the National Phlebotomy Association. Some states require phlebotomists to be licensed, which can require a second examination.
The educational requirements for phlebotomy are among the lowest in the medical laboratory, making it an excellent choice for those who need to begin earning quickly or can't afford an extended education. However, many institutions offer subsidies or other assistance to staff who wish to upgrade their skills. Ambitious phlebotomists can take advantage of these programs to cross-train in related fields, such as blood banking, histotechnology or cytotechnology. Holding multiple certifications makes a phlebotomist more employable, and can also lead to higher wages.
Income and Outlook
The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the median average rage for phlebotomists was $32,710 as of May 2016. This means that 50 percent of phlebotomists made more than this amount, and 50 percent made less. The BLS also states that employment in this field should increase by 25 percent between 2016 and 2026, with particularly good prospects for those who hold certification from a recognized professional association.
Explore Health Careers: Phlebotomist
American Society for Clinical Pathology: U.S. Certification
BLS.gov: Phlebotomists
Fred Decker is a trained chef and certified food-safety trainer. Decker wrote for the Saint John, New Brunswick Telegraph-Journal, and has been published in Canada's Hospitality and Foodservice magazine. He's held positions selling computers, insurance and mutual funds, and was educated at Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology.
Phlebotomy Vs. Anesthetist Nurse
LPN Certification for Phlebotomy in Philadelphia
How to Train to Be a Phlebotomist
Phlebotomy Training Classes and Certification
How Much Does a Phlebotomist Make Hourly?
Cytotechnologist Jobs
National Phlebotomy Testing
Phlebotomy Salary vs. Dialysis Salary
1 Phlebotomy Vs. Anesthetist Nurse
2 LPN Certification for Phlebotomy in Philadelphia
3 How to Train to Be a Phlebotomist
4 Phlebotomy Training Classes and Certification


text:
Urban Outfitters Under Fire Again: This Time From the Navajo Nation
By Mallory Farrugia Oct 21, 2011, 3:13pm PDT
Share All sharing options for: Urban Outfitters Under Fire Again: This Time From the Navajo Nation
Urban Outfitters just can't seem to get their act together: the hipster mega-chain is now guilty of violating the copyright of the entire Navajo Nation. It all started on October 10, when Sasha Houston Brown, a Native American woman in Minneapolis, published an impassioned open letter of complaint to the Urban Outfitters C.E.O. Glen Senk. The letter eloquently expressed disgust over the "blatant racism and perverted cultural approbation" implied by products such as the Navajo Hipster Panty and, best of all, the Navajo Print Fabric Wrapped Flask. Beyond the purely offensive nature of these items, it turns out that their use of the term "Navajo" is actually illegal.
The Federal Indian Arts and Crafts Act, passed in 1990, expressly prohibits any false implication of a product's Native American origin:
"It is illegal to offer or display for sale, or sell any art or craft product in a manner that falsely suggests it is Indian produced, an Indian product, or the product of a particular Indian or Indian Tribe or Indian arts and crafts organization, resident within the United States. If a business violates the Act, it can face civil penalties or can be prosecuted and fined up to $1,000,000."
In basic terms: no one can market a product as Native American if it is not in fact made by Native Americans. And it comes as no surprise that Urban Outfitters products are made very cheaply overseas. Not only that, but the Navajo Nation specifically holds 12 trademarks on the use of their name, including two that cover apparel retail, both in-store and online. As such, it is reported that the Attorney General of the Navajo Nation in fact sent a cease and desist notice to Urban Outfitters months before Brown's letter was published, but it went ignored, and even denied, until Brown brought the media's glare to the company.
The result? It seems that Urban realized that their cheeky use of racial terms in their product marketing was not worth the potential $1 mil in fines, and they completely removed the name "Navajo" from all products on their website on the night of October 18. The products themselves remained, but with far more generic descriptions. The "Navajo Flask," for example, became the "Printed Fabric Wrapped Flask," which, according to a recent statement by the Navajo DOJ, is satisfactory action.
But to all of you who want to sport this season's Southwestern looks, we beg the question: why give your dollars to Urban Outfitters' for a flask or a panty, when you could go for, say, French label Sandro's super-chic Gravure cardi-coat, or, better yet, a pair of authentic, handmade Pueblo moccasins, which, thanks to the Internet, are available to everyone for less than $100.
· Urban Outfitters' 'Navajo' Problem Becomes A Legal Issue [Jezebel]
· All Racked LA Controversies Coverage [Racked LA]


text:
Q: Indexeddb shim not initializing on page load on safari I am trying to use IndexeddbShim in Safari(version 5.1.7) but facing some issues using it.It doesn't create the database on the first go. But works fine , when i refresh the page. Even same happens with the example website - http://nparashuram.com/jquery-indexeddb/example/ . You need to refresh the page to load data. Is there any work around of this or i am using it wrong?
Below is the sample code i am using.It works fine in other browsers.
$.indexedDB("SampleStore", {
                "schema": {
                    "1": function(versionTransaction){
                        var store1 = versionTransaction.createObjectStore("store1", {
                            "keyPath": "store1Id",
                            "autoIncrement": false
                        });

                        var store2 = versionTransaction.createObjectStore("store2", {
                            "keyPath": "store2Id",
                            "autoIncrement": false
                        });

                        var store3 = versionTransaction.createObjectStore("store3", {
                            "keyPath": "store3Id",
                            "autoIncrement": false
                        });
                    }
                }
            }).done(function(){
                console.log("Database created and object store opened");
            });

Thanks.

A: I founded a workaround for that, First I created a dummy database and then created my actual database for the application and then it worked fine.


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802.11ac, integrated gigabit ethernet ethernet lan.1x hdmi.1x usb-c.2x usb 3.0.1x headphone/microphone combo jack. Quad core amd a12-9720p apu (2.7 ghz, turbo boost up to 3.6 ghz.2 mb cache).8gb ddr4 sdram memory.500gb solid state drive. Multi-format sd media card reader, vga webcam (front-facing) with integrated digital microphone, dolby audio sound; dual speakers; full-size island-style with numeric keypad; . Windows 10 home; 2-cell lithium-ion battery.5 hr battery life, silver.1-year upgradepro limited warranty,, view description and warranty section below for more details. 15.6″ diagonal hd (1366 x 768) wled-backlit display with anti-glare; integrated amd radeon r7 graphics, dvd-rw.
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CHRIS MCPIKE | Compensation Programs, Inc.
Chris's expertise is in health insurance products for individuals and families and for Medicare beneficiaries. She has developed an extensive knowledge of the ACA and how to navigate clients through their options. Transitioning to Medicare is a big change for most people and they want professional advice in making choices that can impact them for the rest of their lives. Chris will guide them through the process. Chris is frequently invited to speak to civic or industry organizations. She brings 30+ years of managerial and CPA experience to ComPro. She serves as President of the Nebraska Association of Health Underwriters and volunteers in church and civic organizations. Favorite vacation: anywhere with a beach!!


(all visitors and members can upload photos of mastin veterans - age 8 years and more).
Please add age to the title.
Portraits of mastines - close ups of heads and profiles.
(all visitors and members can upload close ups to this album).
Photos of mastines in the snow!
Photos of mastines with children.
(all visitors and members can upload mastines with children to this album).
Photos of the mastines who left us - Fotos de los mastines que nos dejaron.


text:
Malawian lesbian comes out in the open
By: FACE OF MALAWI
A Lilongwe based woman has come into the open and declared that she is lesbian.
Mercy Kumwenda, a health medical carer for the Centre for the Development of People (Cedep) responsible for Lilongwe district, made the disclosure on the sidelines of a post 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) National Consultative meeting organised by Oxfam.
Kumwenda, 23, said like all other lesbians, she is a normal human being deserving respect and not a target for ridicule.
"I am a lesbian and trust me I don't do this because I want to make money. I am in a stable relationship. You need to know that these things are real. I know many others who choose not to come out because they are afraid of the society's reaction," Kumwenda said.
However, she said she had decided to come out in the open as the first step to getting society to accept that they exist and understand that lesbians will always be part of society.
She said she discovered she is lesbian from the time she entered standard eight and said had her first relationship with her closest friend.
She said she is still in that relationship to this day although they are yet to decide on marriage.
Kumwenda said she has only disclosed that she is lesbian to her employers.
She said a lot of lesbians in Malawi cannot come out because of how the society perceives them even on the slightest suspicion of their being what they are.
"We have to come out because if we don't, how will government and other institutions going to help us? We want to be protected. That can only be achieved if the forthcoming MDGs incorporate our issues as well," she said.
She further said it was important for the forthcoming development goals to incorporate issues that are going to liberate lesbians or homosexuals in general from problems they face in the society such as discrimination and access to health services.
"Lesbianism is not something people copied from the western countries. It has been amidst us for a long time," said Kumwenda, observing that this was why there is a local reference to such practice called 'mathanyula'.
The debate of homosexuality in the country gained momentum during the late president Bingu wa Mutharika administration when Tiwonge Chimbalanga and Steven Monjeza became the first gay couple in Malawi to hold a public engagement in Blantyre in December 2009.
They were jailed by the courts, but Mutharika pardoned them in 2010 following pressure from United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon and other western governments and human rights activists.
Currently, there have been observable inconsistencies by the incumbent government of Joyce Banda on the issue of homosexuality.
During her State of the Nation address in May 2012, President Banda said she would repeal the anti-homosexuality laws.
But a few months down the line, she told the Western press that Malawi was not ready to repeal anti-homosexuality laws, as a result of her fear that pushing such an agenda would have ramifications to her political career.
Today, her government insists it will leave it to Malawians to debate the matter. Meanwhile, the gay community is pushing for repealing of the law and they base their argument on Chapter IV Section 20 of the Constitution which says: "Discrimination of persons in any form is prohibited and all persons are, under any law, guaranteed equal and effective protection against discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nationality, ethnic or social origin, disability, property, birth or other status."
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joyce banda
Mercy Kumwenda
Millenium Development Goals
National Consultative
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tiwonge chimbalanga
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Victoria Attempts Strengthening EPA via Overhaul
[메디컬리포트=Oliver Smith 기자] Victoria, Australia is pushing for an overhaul of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that would cost about $45 million to make it more proactive in prosecuting companies for environmental violations.
The Andrews government in Morwell, Victoria would have to adopt 40 of 48 recommendations that a 10-month review of the EPA has made in order to fit the new model.The review found the EPA to be too lethargic in its responses to reported violations, and it also assessed that the EPA lacked necessary resources to enforce conditions imposed upon developers effectively.
The overhaul involves funding more lawyers, investigators, and environmental protection officers with $6.5 million.It calls for $4.8 million to set up a network of government environmental protection officers locally and an additional $4.8 million to further develop the environmental public health team.There are also $2.4 million earmarked for a public database cataloging all sites that represent a legacy contamination risk.
The funding would take effect within the next 18 months, as would the two legislative reform packages intended to modernize the Environmental Protection Act of 1970.Environment Minister Lily D'Ambrosio explained that the reforms proposed would "ensure the EPA maintains its status as a world-leading environmental regulator."
In addition to the seven recommendations supported but not fully enacted were two primary recommendations.One aims to strengthen third-party litigants' rights to raise legal challenges against violations of environmental laws.The other recommends the EPA be afforded a more effective role in the compliance and enforcement of environmental conditions regarding mining licenses.
[메디컬리포트=Oliver Smith 기자]


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John Morris was born and raised in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, and began painting at the age of 17. He now lives in Ayr Scotland and is a public speaker, musician, and preacher. John sold 610 pieces of art in 2013 and did a tour of the USA promoting books, paintings, music, and guest preaching.
#1 What's your favorite medium to work with?
In the beginning of my career it was oil, I loved the passion, colour and levels I could build up with oils… but then when I went to the USA I found acrylic was quicker, cleaner, and the colour was able to lock in better for me, which unleashed a whole new painting experience for me.
#2 Who are your favorite artists &/or pieces of art?
For me as odd as it may sound I only have a few artists that I have looked at and thought, "wooow." Bob Ross who I learned how to paint by watching his tv show… Thomas Kinkade, Chuck Pinson and Eugene Lushpin all have a very similar style of creating paintings which move my eyes and soul, all 4 have what I love to call spirit on canvas… God certainly moved in ways that were special with these men.
#3 Where do you usually get your inspiration?
I usually get inspiration from nature, God's creation, and just from whatever stirs up in me, the love of the mountains and a desire to create something that hasn't been seen on canvas before.
#4 What is your musical genre?
My very favorite kinds of music! What I've heard of yours so far really resonates with me. Any plans for an album?
#5 Is there a connection between your art and your music?
Sometimes yes, sometimes I hear a word or a phrase which can set off images to be painted and vise versa, sometimes I hear a song and it starts a wonderful beginning to a painting.
#6 What is your dream project?
Simple, to preach, teach and perform all on one stage.
#7 What is your favorite tool?
I don't know that i have a favorite tool, all are necessary for me in creating a masterpiece … but there are some like the palette knife or the mop head brush or even the fan brush that i do still get a buzz from using.
I definitely understand that! Some of my art and craft supplies just make me happy!
#8 What advice would you have for parents of young aspiring artists?
Excellent advice! I like to just provide as much variety as possible for our children along with opportunities to meet and visit with artists.
#9 What encouragement would you give young aspiring artists?
Learn the craft, learn your business, get a mentor who is doing what you want to eventually be doing… and be prepared for anything.
That's the key isn't it?! We just never know where God may lead us next!


Katie and I took the boys to Awesomecon at the end of June. Katie drove and I kept thinking it was outside DC (something like BrickFair) but nope it was at the Walter E Washington convention center near the national mall. We decided to go on Friday since we thought it might be a little less crowded. It was fun to see how many people dressed up, the costumes were my favorite part! We did some shopping, people watching, and checked out the little Stan Lee Museum they had set up. There was even free cold brew coffee as you came into the event. The boys seemed to have an awesome time, and it really wasn't an overwhelming crowd on Friday compared to some photos I've seen from Saturday.


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