The founding of Saint Mary's of the Barrens, Perryville, Missouri, precedes the founding of the State of Missouri by two years.
A group of English-speaking Catholics, descendants of Lord Baltimore's first colony of Catholics in Maryland, settled at what is now Perryville in what was then called the Louisiana Territory and named it The Barrens.
Vincentians came to the United States in 1816 to work on the frontier among the rural poor. In 1818, Fr. Joseph Rosati and a small group of Italian Vincentian missionaries, arriving from Bardstown, Kentucky, settled at St. Mary's of the Barrens in Perryville, Missouri, at the invitation of the Catholics in the area.
The first structure built by Fr. Rosati was a small log cabin constructed around 1825, which is still preserved under a shelter on the campus. On 6 January 1827, the foundation stone for the present church was laid, and contributions from Europe helped local efforts to complete and consecrate the structure in October 1837.
St. Mary's of the Barrens Church is modeled after what was at that time the Vincentian Motherhouse chapel in Rome, Monte Citorio. The current church structure was constructed from stone quarried at what is now the Miraculous Medal grotto on the Barrens property. The original architecture of the church was Tuscan Renaissance. Renovations in 1913 changed the front of the church to the Romanesque style. The Angelus Bell Tower adjacent to the church was added in 1980. The freestanding bell tower was designed in the Romanesque style to match the church façade.
The interior walls are decorated with various murals and paintings depicting significant events in the history of the Vincentians and the Catholic Church. Max Autenreib and his family restored many of the interior church paintings in the 1980's. Gary Schumer has added two paintings of recent Vincentian Family saints, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton and Blessed Frederick Ozanam. It is one of the oldest Catholic Churches still in use in the United States.
St. Mary's of the Barrens is the home of the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. In 1832 when the first medals were being distributed in Paris, beautiful St. Mary's of the Barrens Church was being completed in the wilderness of Missouri.
In 1918, 100 years after the establishment of St. Mary's of the Barrens, the priests and brothers of the Congregation of the Mission in the Western Province of the United States established the Association of the Miraculous Medal with headquarters at Perryville, Missouri. The Association brings the message of hope and affirmation from Mary Immaculate, the Mother of God, to North America. The symbol of this message is the Miraculous Medal.
Promoters of the Miraculous Medal Association built the Shrine of the Miraculous Medal in 1928, in anticipation of the 100th anniversary of Mary's apparitions to St. Catherine Labouré. The Shrine is a large chapel on the south side of the nave of St. Mary's of the Barrens Church. The Venerable Felix de Andreis, first superior of the Vincentians in America, is buried beneath its floor.
Through the door on the right wall of the Shrine can be seen the Votive Light room where thousands of lights burn at the request of promoters and members of the Association of the Miraculous Medal.
The National Shrine of the Miraculous Medal is the Association's center of prayer to the Virgin Mary. Mass is celebrated daily at the Shrine, and every Monday night the novena to Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal is prayed there.
Promoters and members send thousands of petitions a year to the Association for remembrance at the Shrine.
The Association invites its members to greater holiness by attending to their pastoral and spiritual needs, by instructing them in the Christian life, and by involving them in the apostolate of charity especially to the poor. Through their prayers and donations, members participate in the Association's mission.
St. Mary's of the Barrens Historic District was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places on 25 August 1995. This was due primarily to the district's significance in the settlement, education, and religious life of the area.
Within the 34-acre historic district are 11 buildings of varying degrees of architectural significance, including the log cabin. Around 1850, the "Mound" was built to honor Our Lady of Victory. It was designed after a similar European shrine described by Fr. Rosati. Symbolic of Mary's virginity, all the plants around the mound are evergreen — myrtles, boxwood, and native Missouri red cedar. Some of the plants of the Mound date to its original construction.
During World War I seminarians constructed a stone grotto dedicated to Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal. St. Mary's hosts an annual May Procession from the church to the grotto on the first Sunday in May. This annual event began more than 85 years ago in honor of the Blessed Mother.
The historic district represents examples of early Missouri Church and Colonial architectural styles. The buildings were constructed of native limestone and brick. Visitors have admired the beauty of the buildings and grounds since the early 1800s.
St. Mary's Historic District is an excellent example of a 19th century and early 20th century college campus. As many as 5,000 pilgrims visit St. Mary's of the Barrens and the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal every year.
Besides maintaining the Shrine as a national center of devotion to the Miraculous Medal, plans for the future include two projects.
First is further restoration of the historic character of the campus. Because missionaries went forth from the Barrens to build the Church in the western United States and in other countries of the world, the Shrine is a treasure of the Catholic heritage of America and it must be preserved.
Second is the construction of a visitor center to invite and accommodate pilgrims and other visitors. It will both serve pilgrims and enhance devotion to Mary. It will also serve as an educational center for the heritage and ministries of the Congregation of the Mission in the United States. In this way thousands of people will be invited to greater appreciation of their Catholic heritage and participation in the mission of St. Vincent.
Vincentiana ArticleNational Shrine of the Miraculous Medal11/3/19699/19/2003Perryville, Missouri, U.S.A.


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Zoamorphosis | The Blake 2.0 Blog
William Blake in art, music, film, and literature
Review: Rock and Romanticism, edited by James Rovira
June 16, 2018 Jason Whittaker
The connection between rock music and Romanticism is a longstanding one. Thomas Goldthwaite, reviewing an Elvis concert in Phoenix, Arizona in 1970, compared the rock star (not entirely favourably) to a mixture of Lord Byron and Davy Crocket, and Camille Paglia was to repeat the comparison – sans Davy Crocket – twenty years later in her sprawling Sexual Personae. Byron doesn't get his own star turn in this latest collection edited by James Rovira, although the artist formerly known as Shelley (as Percy Bysshe has tended to be referred to in recent years) does have a particularly fine chapter dedicated to him. Instead, the essays here largely concentrate on Wordsworth and Blake as influential figures in the field of rock music that runs from the sixties until the present day. This particular review will focus on those chapters dealing with Blake, although this is by no means a comment on the remaining sections that outline Wordsworth's role in defining contemporary music.
James Rovira's introduction to Rock and Romanticism: Blake, Wordsworth, and Rock from Dylan to U2, explores the relationship between its two defining terms and is very good on the established – but not unproblematic – definition of Romanticism, with Michael Löwy and Robert Sayre's Romanticism Against the Tide of Modernity being an important text. The most significant element here is Löwy and Sayre's notion of Romanticism as "opposition to capitalism in the name of pre-capitalist values" (cited p.xiv), which is important in terms of defining the attitudes of both Romanticism and rock music outside of the essentially modernising strands of Marxism. This definition works very clearly in one important aspect in terms of of rock music as not "selling out", a theme which runs through the Situationist Internationale through punk and into grunge, although plenty of Marxist and left-wing critics have noted the intensely capitalist nature of contemporary popular music, the tensions of which are evident in some of the essays in this collection. Marxist readers of Blake such as Saree Makdisi would probably make much more of this tension, but I have never seen Blake as a proto-Marxist but rather, as with William Godwin, a proto-anarchist – which is one reason why he is such a good role model for rock music and something that could have been pursued more forcefully in one or two of the essays here. Rovira is mildly, and correctly, critical of the privileging of the conceptual over the affective in Löwy and Sayre's definition of Romanticism, that it tends to ignore the aesthetic qualities of the movement in favour of economic, social and political contextualisations (p.xvi), but at the same time the use of this approach does provide a coherence and direction to the discussion of relations between rock music and Romanticism throughout the collection.
As well as considerations of direct influences of Blake – such as actual settings of his lyrics to music or allusions to his poetry – some of the theoretical discussion in the book revolves around Raymond William's "structures of feeling", the observation that artistic movements are rarely acknowledged at the time because "both participants and observers are unable to objectively distance themselves far enough from it to classify it" (p.37). As such, influence may be parallel and affective rather than direct and referential, and Lisa Crafton echoes an approach adopted by myself, Steve Clark and Tristanne Connolly in Blake 2.0 to draw attention to models of reception that emphasise affiliation or resistance as much as concepts of transmission and inheritance (p.67). As a very personal aside, it made me laugh to see my own words used against me as, once or twice as detailed below, I would have really appreciated a few more examples of such "patrilineal concepts". Nonetheless, on the whole I agree with this approach (I would have to say that, wouldn't I) as it offers a much more allusive and sophisticated model for discussion Blake's reception.
The first essay in the collection is a perfect example of just such a sophisticated reading. Luke Walker, whose work on the 1960s counterculture and Blake is a fantastic addition to reception studies of Blake, offers a wonderfully subtle interpretation of Blake, Bob Dylan and Allen Ginsberg. Noting that there has not been a great deal of academic work on Dylan and Blake despite bold assertions, as in the Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan, that "Bob Dylan is the spiritual twin of… William Blake" (p.3), Walker provides a delightfully nuanced reading of how much Dylan really knew about Blake – and how little he may have wanted to be influenced by him, at least in the 1960s. Personally, I am perfectly happy with the notion that Dylan didn't actually know Blake at all well, an argument pursued by Tristanne Connolly with regard to The Doors in her article "How Much Did Jim Morrison Know about William Blake?" – the Romantic could still have been important as the grain of sand (literally in Dylan's case) to inspire various pearls of his own music. Walker provides a compelling and extremely well-thought through argument regarding Dylan's struggling anxiety of influence towards Blake but also, in many respects more significantly, towards Ginsberg. Certainly in the later decades of his career Dylan could be much more relaxed in his relationship with Blake's work, indicating a renewed respect towards the poet in an interview from 1992 and incorporating cut-ups (after William Burroughs) of Blake's "The Tyger" in "Roll on John". Again, Dylan's reading of Blake does not need to be particularly deep to be significant: as Walker indicates, throughout the 1960s Blakean texts operated in a rhizomatic, fragmentary fashion, cropping up as aphorisms and graffiti which seemed entirely appropriate to the inventor of the proverbs of hell (p.9).
The next essay on Blake, Douglas T. Root's "William Blake: The Romantic Alternative", is the most frustrating for me and the one where I would have preferred a little less free-form, allusive structures of feelings and a little more rigorous – Urizenic, even – patrilineal heritage. This essay was more frustrating because I essentially agree with Root's argument that Blake's attitude towards art, or more accurately the accepted myth of his attitude towards art as someone who once wrote "I must Create a System or be enslav'd by another Man's", is precisely why he does provide an allusional, parallel model for much contemporary music. From the Pre-Raphaelites through the Surrealists to BritArt, Blake has frequently been seen as a "total artist" – one who lived entirely for his art and someone who, unlike many of the other Romantics, never sold out. Actually, the reality of Blake's personal situation was much more complex than that, and ignores the fact that the editions of Young's Night Thoughts and Blair's The Grave were intended as fully capitalist publishing endeavours for which Blake would have happily sold (if not sold out) his skills for a much higher price were he able. Nonetheless, one legacy of Blake's failure in his life time to be a successful artist – along with his continued faith in his own art and abilities – has been an enduring, and sometimes essential, myth of the Romantic artist alone against the world.
My frustration with Root's essay is that, by concentrating on Blake's influence on alternative American rock music and pretty much ignoring entirely the British scene he effectively eviscerates much of his argument. Blake's influence on figures such as Kurt Cobain is definitely present, but also much refracted: Cobain recorded a soundtrack to Burrough's "The 'Priest' They Called Him", and Allen Ginsberg (who, according to Sam Kashner, rejected Cobain's application to the Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics) was part of the Nirvana front man's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In Gus van Sant's poetic retelling of his final hours, Last Days, Cobain is renamed Blake, but by ignoring the British connection, Root cuts off a direct line into rock music: Malcolm McLaren studied Blake at art school, Derek Jarman name checks the Romantic constantly throughout his movies, and Jah Wobble (John Wardle), bassist in Public Image Ltd alongside John Lyden, recorded an entire album based on Blake's works, The Inspiration of William Blake (1995). I am by no means so crass a reader of reception to insist that direct transmission is the basis for meaningful readings of Blake's afterlife, but the addition of "punk Blake" would have made the argument for "grunge Blake" much more convincing.
By contrast, Nicole Lobdell's essay "Digging at the Roots: Martha Redbone's The Garden of Love: Songs of William Blake", is direct, simple and one of the most joyous essays in the collection, although that probably reflects my attitude that this is among the best musical adaptations of Blake's work ever to be made. Lobdell's contribution is less theoretically complex than that of Root and Walker, probably because when dealing with such an overt piece of musical reception issues of the anxiety of influence or importance of structures of feeling tend not to apply. Instead, the chapter offers a detailed and comprehensive account of the contexts of Redbone's album, outlining how her Appalachian ballad is partly an adaptation of older, English forms to create what she terms "Appalachian Romanticism" (pp,51-2). This chapter is probably weaker in terms of theoretical readings of Romanticism – I did cringe at an appeal to "the universality of the poetry and the timelessness of the Romantic ideals that the music embodies" – but it is excellent in terms of exploring the minute particulars of both the Appalachian context of Redbone's music and close readings of the tracks on the album.
The final essay that deals with Blake, Lisa Crafton's "'Tangle of Matter and Ghost': U2, Leonard Cohen, and Blakean Romanticism", is considerably more sophisticated – and an essay towards I am ever so slightly more ambivalent. It's greatest achievement is to inculcate a greater sympathy towards U2, who for me embody a capitalist sellout of rock music that tends towards an ersatz version of Romanticism. Crafton demonstrates that U2's interest in Blake has existed for a much longer period than I had realised, and offers a much more generous understanding of their political engagement in terms of Löwy and Sayre's notions of Romanticism which, if I never quite fully agree with, I did come to appreciate much more. The vision of Blake that U2 sees may sometimes be my greatest enemy, but what I cannot doubt – quite clearly from their recent albums Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience – is that the group's appreciation of Blake has been an enduring and honest one. Regarding the link to Leonard Cohen, I was slightly more perplexed: Crafton seems to follow a line that Cohen operates more in terms of a Blakean/Romantic aesthetic – I don't really have a problem with this, but also Cohen seems to know Blake fairly directly, as when he invoked the poet in a 1988 interview.
This review has focussed on the chapters dealing with the reception of Blake in Rock and Romanticism and, as such, neglects those that deal with Wordsworth or other aspects. That is no comment on their quality – David Hogsette's chapter on Rush and Romanticism, for example, is an essay in pure, unalloyed joy, and some of the contributions on Wordsworth offer sophisticated readings of musical contexts and influences. The subtitle, relating music to Blake and Wordsworth, doesn't always work (Lorenzo Sorbo's final chapter on the Scapigliatura is fascinating but feels as though it belongs to a different collection) and at times I would have preferred either a more comprehensive collection on the influence of Romanticism throughout rock music – Shelley and Byron are spectres that have haunted the dreams of far too many wannabe rock gods – or, alternatively, a collection that dealt more intensely with William Blake. The latter, perhaps, could have extended the boundaries of rock into other genres, such as pop evocations (one of my favourite settings remains Blur's "Magpie", the b-side to their single "Girls and Boys"), as well as exploring the English music scene, where William Blake thrives in the work of artists as diverse as Van Morrison (mentioned in passing several times), Julian Cope, The Fall and Pete Doherty. Some of these are dealt with in the follow up volume, that explores post-punk, Goth and Metal, and in any case these desires also reflect my intense enthusiasm for this book: Rovira's decision to deploy Löwy and Sayre throughout the collection gives it a coherence that is unexpected in an edited volume, creating an extended argument regarding Romanticism's influence on contemporary music that is frequently compelling and always fascinating.
James Rovira (ed.), Rock and Romanticism: Blake, Wordsworth, and Rock from Dylan to U2, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2018.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Broxbourne School: becoming a national language hub
Earlier this year, NACE member and Challenge Award holder The Broxbourne School was named one of nine schools to become national language hubs, supporting England's new Centre of Excellence for Modern Languages. In this blog post, Deputy Headteacher Peter Clift reflects on the school's journey to becoming a national language hub, and what it hopes to achieve in this role.
We are delighted to have been selected as a national language hub. It is an affirmation of all the hard work of the outstanding practitioners we have in our modern foreign language (MFL) department and the enthusiasm they have engendered in our young people to learn a language.
We are constantly looking for ways in which to further develop our practice as a school and we believe this will enable us to further enhance the effectiveness of our pedagogy, not just in languages. We are also excited at the prospect of working with other schools to develop their practice; we are confident that as well as having a considerable body of expertise and resources to share, we will also learn an immense amount from the MFL colleagues we work with in other schools. Our lead practitioners are also looking forward to the training they will receive from the Centre of Excellence that will be an integral component of the MFL hub programme.
A whole-school commitment to language learning
We are committed to offering a broad and balanced curriculum to all our students and particularly our disadvantaged pupils, whose attainment exceeds those of non-disadvantaged pupils nationally. Modern languages are central to this curriculum offer. In the past year our curriculum pathways ensured that over 52% of our pupils obtained the EBacc at 4+. In the previous two years this led to the Schools Minister writing to congratulate us for being in the top 100 schools in the country for our EBacc outcomes.
In recent years we have given learners a freer choice of languages, which has helped to keep the numbers choosing a language at a very high level, despite a national decline in language numbers. We are keen that the whole school community embrace languages, and this is clear when you walk round our site and see signage in the three languages the school offers.
A good part of our success comes down to a considered approach to pedagogy – one of the reasons for our selection as a hub school was the extent to which our daily practice already exemplified the best practice outlined in the Teaching Schools Council (TSC)'s review of MFL provision and practice, which I would urge interested parties to read.
As an economics teacher, I am more than aware of the increasingly global nature of trade (despite certain challenges!) and that our young people are increasingly being asked to compete in a global marketplace for jobs. Facility in a modern foreign language can enable them to compete successfully. More broadly I believe that learning a language and the doors this opens into other cultures can engender empathy and fellow-feeling amongst people around the world at a time when a narrow nationalism seems to be increasingly and worryingly prevalent.
Developing as a national language hub
On a simple level we hope to improve the outcomes and improve the uptake of languages at our school and those of our immediate hub partners. We are looking to ensure a widespread implementation of the pedagogical approach outlined in the TSC review. We would be particularly proud if our work led to an uptake amongst disadvantaged learners, given the cultural capital that access to a modern language can facilitate.
Initially it is planned that language hub schools will work with other schools in their immediate geographical area. We are also planning a wider offer of training activities and conferences, and will certainly be welcoming as many colleagues as we can from other schools.
Another cohort we think will particularly benefit, and of relevance to our work as a NACE member and Challenge Award school, is our more able language learners. We will be looking to developing a role for them as MFL ambassadors, and from work they have done in the schools as MFL prefects we know they will excel in this.
Read more from The Broxbourne School: 5 ways to challenge and engage learners in MFL
Peter Clift is Deputy Headteacher at The Broxbourne School, a NACE member and Challenge Award-accredited secondary school and sixth form in Hertfordshire. He has been a teacher for 20 years and a senior leader for more than 10. He leads on pupil progress, able, gifted and talented provision and is the SLT lead for The Broxbourne School's new MFL hub.
Communication and partnership


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Jersey City gives final OK on recreational trail around Boonton Reservoir
William Westhoven
A long-discussed plan to establish a recreational trail around the Boonton Reservoir will now move forward, after approval by the Jersey City Council.
The council voted 7-1 to approve the project after hearing public comment at meetings in Parsippany and Boonton, where the 700-acre reservoir lies, and in Jersey City, which owns it and has operated it as a utility and its primary water supply since 1904.
The 7.7-mile trail will be open to the public. Proponents of the plan, including the Open Space Institute, said the project also will safeguard drinking water supplies by enhancing security while installing new drainage solutions and native plantings to reduce stormwater runoff.
"Increasing quality to the environment and to the drinking water is of top priority, but this plan additionally provides our Jersey City students a new opportunity with future educational field trips — similar to our plans underway for Jersey City Reservoir #3 in the Heights," said Jersey City Mayor Steven Fulop.
Permitting and engineering processes will now begin as the next phase of the Boonton Reservoir Protection and Trail Project, project managers said. The commission expects to open Phase 1 of the trail within two years.
The OSI will secure permits from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection for the trail. It also will work with engineers to lay the groundwork for the trail, while the Morris County Park Commission will undertake the actual construction.
The trail would function as a new park in the Morris County park system, with the commission holding a 40-year lease on the operation. Security patrols will be mostly conducted by the Morris County Park Police and officers from Parsippany and Boonton.
"The Open Space Institute is proud to further a legacy of creating life-changing public recreational assets and of safeguarding drinking water resources for generations to come," said OSI President and CEO Kim Elliman. "Strategic land conservation goes hand in hand with providing healthy communities safe, reliable drinking water and places to play."
The Jersey City Council passed an ordinance in September 2018 authorizing the execution of a 40-year lease agreement with the Morris County Park Commission to develop and manage a trail at the reservoir. A shoreline press conference announcing the project followed.
The ordinance also authorized OSI to create a master plan to determine public use of the property.
Big deal:Amazon to open massive delivery center in Morris County, create hundreds of jobs
Bad bust?:Montville man sues Parsippany police, Morris sheriff, says drug evidence was planted
William Westhoven is a local reporter for DailyRecord.com. For unlimited access to the most important news from your local community, please subscribe or activate your digital account today.
Email: wwesthoven@dailyrecord.com Twitter: @wwesthoven


Navigation Home | Windows 7 tutorials | Server 2008 tutorials | Amaya tutorials | |Maths quiz for all ages| My Downloads..
Join me on Google+ .
To compliment this site and all the online computer tutorials on offer I have setup a computer help forum where you can go to ask your questions.
This will open a new window in this window you need to look for the the line like mine below.
That's it you have now found out how much RAM is installed in your PC.


Anyone who has ever remotely interacted with me knows that I possess (what we will call) the "gift of gab." I talk a lot … and I mean a lot. This is partly because I think a lot … and partly because I think that I have a lot to say (whether or not what I have to say is important, however … is an entirely different story).
Two topics in which I seem to possess a seemingly endless ability to talk about are beer and social media (specifically Twitter). I constantly find myself engaging others (often strangers) in conversations about both. And usually, these conversations result in me looking like the biggest geek on the planet. Which is fine by me.
My love, passion and affinity for social media has introduced me to some pretty damn amazing people as well as has brought me opportunities that I would never have found otherwise. One such opportunity is a charity beer dinner with Samuel Adams (The Boston Beer Company) at the Culinary Institute of Charleston, SC on July 14th.
Little (well I'm not so little) old (technically I'm not old either) me got invited to attend THE ULTIMATE BEER AND FOOD EXPERIENCE. The event is being co-hosted by The Boston Beer Company and The Culinary Institute of Charleston with Special Guest, Bob Cannon — Head Brewer for Samuel Adams.
And the best part? It is ALL EXPENSE PAID.
Now how does one get such an honorable invitation? This is where all of my time and energy on social media platforms has successfully paid off (hey Mom & Dad … look at me now).
Combine a passion for writing with a passion for beer and a passion for all things Internet … add in a community of equally passionate food, wine & beer bloggers … create interactions and develop relationships with this community … and you have one big OPEN DOOR to the (food & beverage) world. The connections and opportunities are endless on the internet — and especially on Twitter. And there is no greater proof than this latest opportunity that just "fell" oh so gracefully into my lap.
The image right above is the menu for the beer dinner. Select chefs from The Culinary Institute of Charleston have incorporated the beers of Samuel Adams into a tasting menu to be envied. In addition to containing beer as a major ingredient, each dish will also be paired with a Samuel Adams beer.
This dinner excites me for several reasons. Not only will it be the "ultimate beer & food experience", but it will also give me an opportunity to taste some of Samual Adam's more rare and less mainstream, specialty beers. One such beer is UTOPIA — arguably the boldest, most alcoholic beer in the world. Rumor has it that Utopia will be paired with one of the desserts. (I am praying that both my stomach and my liver will hold up until dessert — and by the sound of things, this may prove to be quite a challenge).
Naturally, every great event has an equally exciting & exhilirating after-party. Lucky for me, I have also been invited to attend the special "VIP" after-party with special guest and head Samuel Adams brewer, Bob Cannon.
Now I know what you are thinking — what is the catch? After all, there is no such thing as "free" in a capitalist society. Well folks, I have agreed to do somethings in exchange for a free flight to Charleston, a free night's stay in one of Charleston's premier hotels, a free ticket to the beer dinner and free pass to the VIP after-party. For all this, I will blog … and tweet … and talk about the event. And while at the event, I will also blog, tweet, talk — and even live ustream the event.
Life, my friends, does not get better than this. I get to do some of the things I love to do most in life (traveling, eating good food & drinking good beer with good people) in exchange for two other things that I love to do most (writing my blog & engaging with others).
Stay tuned for more information regarding the event! CHEERS!


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Drinks companies pull the pin on Super Bowl ads
By Editor on January 26, 2021
Budweiser has pulled out of advertising at the Super Bowl for the first time in 37 years, joining fellow drinks companies Coke and Pepsi in the exodus.
The brewer has decided to use its ad budget to support COVID-19 vaccine awareness instead. Super Bowl ads cost millions to film, with 30-second time slots costing about $5.5million according to CNBC. The game is scheduled to be played on February 7, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.
"Like everyone else, we are eager to get people back together, reopen restaurants and bars, and be able to gather to cheers with friends and family," Budweiser vice president of marketing Monica Rustgi said. "To do this, and to bring consumers back into neighbourhood bars and restaurants that were hit exceptionally hard by the pandemic, we're stepping in to support critical awareness of the COVID-19 vaccine."
Budweiser will donate a portion of the money it would've spent on a Super Bowl commercial time slot to the Ad Council and COVID Collaborative, a coalition of experts in health, education and the economy. They have joined together for a $50million vaccine education campaign.
While Budweiser didn't reveal the exact amount it would spend on the COVID-19 advertisements, it has called the move a "a multi-million dollar commitment."
The brewer will also air a 90-second ad titled The Bigger Picture on digital platforms before and during the Super Bowl.
For the first time in 37 years, we aren't running a commercial during the Super Bowl. Instead, we're helping to safely bring America back together again soon. Watch to learn how. pic.twitter.com/vpfnqDoDMK
— Budweiser (@budweiserusa) January 25, 2021
Parent company AB InBev will still be running four minutes of advertisements throughout the game from some of its other brands: Bud Light, Bud Light Seltzer Lemonade, Michelob Ultra, and Michelob Ultra Organic Seltzer.
The announcement from Budweiser comes after Pepsi revealed it would not have a Super Bowl commercial this year. Instead the company is focussing the money on its sponsorship of the halftime show.
Coca-Cola has been hard hit during COVID-19, since half of its sales come from stadiums, movie theatres and other usually crowded places that have been closed during the pandemic. The company announced retrenchments in December, and said it said it wouldn't advertise this year to ensure it's "investing in the right resources during these unprecedented times."
6 boozy chocolate bar inspired martinis
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The RescueMen 2017 calendar features real stories & photos of inspirational men who are intent on spreading the message that adoption is the only option!
According to the ASPCA, approximately 7.6 million companion animals enter U.S. animal shelters annually — and nearly 3 million of those are euthanized. Long story short: Adoption saves lives.
And it was with the "Adopt, don't shop" movement in mind that casting director Jen Halopern (President of Pillows for Paws) and actor Felicia Greenfield (founder of Grandpa Dave's Creature Comforts) created the RescueMen USA campaign.
In its previous two years, the RescueMen was New York City-local. This year, its founders took their message nationwide.
RescueMen showcases inspirational men who have all rescued their companion animals and is intended to promote how extraordinary and loving shelter animals can be, while erasing any stigma surrounding their health or behavior. Greenfield says shelter pets are often misunderstood by those who aren't involved with rescue.
Beyond that, she noted, many shelter pets are already trained and housebroken!
So who are the men of RescueMen? They come from all walks. Greenfield says (surprise, surprise!) that for she and partner Halpern, interviewing potential models is the best part of the process.
Greenfield knows well the power of social media. In fact, she's harnessed it not only to "seduce" models, but impress her kids.
With the light bulb still floating overhead, they jumped on Barnes' social media accounts. Lo and behold, there were several posts promoting shelter animals! Greenfield spend a day bombarding his Twitter and Instagram accounts until the young actor replied.
The RescueMen 2017 calendar drops next month and a $25 donation to the cause gets you one of your very own. Donate/order here…. And check out this fun video of the process!
UPDATE: Parvo Puppies Have Been Adopted!


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What's behind the Pakistani Taliban's deadly insurgency?
FILE – Albuquerque Mayor Tim Keller speaks at a news conference in Albuquerque, N.M., on Wednesday, Jan. 17, 2018. The American Civil Liberties Union of…
FILE – Albuquerque Mayor Tim Keller speaks at a news conference in Albuquerque, N.M., on Wednesday, Jan. 17, 2018. The American Civil Liberties Union of New Mexico and others are suing the city of Albuquerque to stop officials in the state's largest city from destroying homeless encampments and jailing and fining people who are living on the street. The lawsuit filed Monday, Dec. 19, 2022, accuses the city of violating the civil rights of what advocates describe as Albuquerque's most vulnerable population. Keller's office did not immediately respond to a message seeking comment on the lawsuit. (AP Photo/Mary Hudetz, File)
Albuquerque sued by ACLU for hounding, harassing homeless
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — The American Civil Liberties Union of New Mexico and others are suing the city of Albuquerque to stop officials in the state's largest city from destroying homeless encampments and jailing and fining people who are living on the street.
The lawsuit filed Monday accuses the city of violating the civil rights of what advocates describe as Albuquerque's most vulnerable population.
Lawyers for the ACLU, the New Mexico Center on Law and Poverty and a group of homeless plaintiffs contend that Albuquerque has initiated a campaign in which city personnel is hounding and harassing the homeless.
The complaint blames the city's own policies for causing a housing shortage, along with escalating home prices that have put ownership out of reach and have resulted in more pressure on the rental market. They also point to the trend of institutional investors buying single-family homes and renting them at sky-high rates.
"The lack of affordable housing and adequately paid employment in Albuquerque has not only caused precariously housed individuals and families to lose their housing, but it has also presented a barrier for currently unhoused people to exit homelessness," the lawsuit states.
The lawyers also acknowledge that mental illness, disabilities or substance abuse can be contributing factors to some people's homelessness, but that the city simply doesn't have enough beds or shelters to accommodate the growing population.
Democratic Mayor Tim Keller's office did not immediately respond to a message seeking comment on the lawsuit.
The ACLU is fighting similar actions in Arizona, where a federal judge last week temporarily halted Phoenix from conducting sweeps of a huge homeless encampment downtown.
In Albuquerque, the mayor's office has struggled to address the complaints of residents about homeless encampments taking over public parks and about aggressive panhandling. The city plans to develop a multimillion-dollar center on Albuquerque's south side where the homeless can seek services but the number of beds will meet only a fraction of the need.
Those without a place to go also have complained that the city's emergency housing shelter in a remote area west of Albuquerque is dangerous, unsanitary and infested with black mold.
According to the lawsuit, the shelter — which is able to house as many as 450 people — lacks working fire hydrants, does not meet fire safety and building codes, and has no means of sanitizing sheets, blankets or bedding to rid them of bed bugs and parasites.
Many of those at the shelter also have mental illness and behavioral health disabilities, and the advocates say mental health therapy is not provided there.
The lawsuit also detailed a homeless community of about 120 people that set up camp in Coronado Park, a city park north of downtown along a busy interstate. City workers began clearing the park of tents and belongings earlier this summer, making for what the plaintiffs described as a chaotic scene.
"Because the city lacks adequate shelter space and because even the available shelter space is not a viable option for some people, the people evicted from Coronado Park had nowhere to go," the lawsuit states. "People have looked for other locations, but the city continues to sweep unhoused people from wherever they land, making it impossible for people to settle anywhere."
The New Mexico Coalition to End Homelessness estimates the number of New Mexicans experiencing homelessness statewide is between 15,000 and 20,000. That includes those staying in shelters or outdoors and those who are temporarily living with others, living in unsafe housing conditions, sleeping in cars or staying in motels.
Maria Martinez Sanchez, legal director at ACLU-NM, said laws that criminalize people experiencing homelessness make it harder for them to find housing and jobs because even misdemeanor convictions can make someone ineligible for subsidized housing.
"Criminalizing homelessness does nothing to address its root causes. In fact, it exacerbates the problem," she said. "We know the solution — affordable housing. The city just needs to find the will and the courage to make it happen."
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Philippe Pallafray (b. 1965, France) is a member of the Sculptors Society of Canada and of the Conseil des métiers d'art du Québec. He worked for 15 years in fine arts in France before immigrating to Canada. In 2005, he established a studio on Île d'Orléans, Québec. Pallafray integrates polished stainless steel with natural and man-made materials to create provocative indoor and outdoor sculptures.
Pallafray has exhibited in the US, France and Canada at the John B. Aird Gallery, the Artist Project Toronto, Alliance Française de Toronto and the McMichael Canadian Collection. In 2016, he was artist-in-residence at Saint-Georges de Beauce, where he was commissioned to create the sculpture Aquagraphie. Pallafray's work is held in private and public collections in North America and France.
Pallafray is represented exclusively by Oeno Gallery.


On Wednesday, September 19th at 2pm EST (11am PST) Cheryl B. Engelhardt and I will be talking about email marketing for musicians on Facebook Live.
Cheryl has been a goldmine when it comes to email marketing tips over the past year, doing a podcast interview about 30 automated emails you should create right now, and writing blog posts for us on the perfect welcome email, automation, and more.
Now we're gonna give you direct feedback, plus a quick overview of the power of automated email sequences that take your fans on a journey.
Submit YOUR emails for critique!
In the comments below, please leave a link to your welcome message, a newsletter you're working on, or any automated email you've created in Mailchimp, Constant Contact, etc.
Then tune in on Wednesday, September 19th at 2pm EST. We might just give you constructive criticism or encouragement, LIVE on Facebook!
Be sure to click "Get Reminder" on the video.


text:
SCI and First Solar
Cell efficiency
Cadmium chloride/magnesium chloride
Market viability
Notable systems
References and notes
Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
Type of solar power cell
PV array made of cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar panels
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics describes a photovoltaic (PV) technology that is based on the use of cadmium telluride in a thin semiconductor layer designed to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity.[1] Cadmium telluride PV is the only thin film technology with lower costs than conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon in multi-kilowatt systems.[1][2][3]
As of 2013[update], on a lifecycle basis, CdTe PV has the smallest carbon footprint, lowest water use and shortest energy payback time of any current photo voltaic technology.[4][5][6] CdTe's energy payback time of less than a year allows for faster carbon reductions without short-term energy deficits.
The toxicity of cadmium is an environmental concern during production and when the panels are disposed of. Some of this might be mitigated by recycling of CdTe modules at the end of their life time,[7] as there are uncertainties regarding the recycling of CdTe modules[8][9] and the public opinion is skeptical towards this technology.[10][11] The usage of rare materials may also become a limiting factor to the industrial scalability of CdTe technology in the mid-term future. The abundance of tellurium—of which telluride is the anionic form—is comparable to that of platinum in the earth's crust and contributes significantly to the module's cost.[12]
CdTe photovoltaics are used in some of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations, such as the Topaz Solar Farm. With a share of 5.1% of worldwide PV production, CdTe technology accounted for more than half of the thin film market in 2013.[13] A prominent manufacturer of CdTe thin film technology is the company First Solar, based in Tempe, Arizona.
Cross-section of a CdTe thin film solar cell.
The dominant PV technology has always been based on crystalline silicon wafers. Thin films and concentrators were early attempts to lower costs. Thin films are based on using thinner semiconductor layers to absorb and convert sunlight. Concentrators lower the number of panels by using lenses or mirrors to put more sunlight on each panel.
The first thin film technology to be extensively developed was amorphous silicon. However, this technology suffers from low efficiencies and slow deposition rates (leading to high capital costs). Instead, the PV market reached some 4 gigawatts in 2007 with crystalline silicon comprising almost 90% of sales.[14] The same source estimated that about 3 gigawatts were installed in 2007.
During this period cadmium telluride and copper indium diselenide or CIS-alloys remained under development. The latter is beginning to be produced in volumes of 1–30 megawatts per year due to very high small-area cell efficiencies approaching 20% in the laboratory.[15] CdTe cell efficiency is approaching 20% in the laboratory with a record of 22.1% as of 2016.[16]
Research in CdTe dates back to the 1950s,[17][18][19][20][21][22] because its band gap (~1.5 eV) is almost a perfect match to the distribution of photons in the solar spectrum in terms of conversion to electricity. A simple heterojunction design evolved in which p-type CdTe was matched with n-type cadmium sulfide (CdS). The cell was completed by adding top and bottom contacts. Early leaders in CdS/CdTe cell efficiencies were GE in the 1960s, and then Kodak, Monosolar, Matsushita, and AMETEK.[citation needed]
By 1981, Kodak used close-space sublimation (CSS) and made the first 10%[clarification needed] cells and first multi-cell devices (12 cells, 8% efficiency, 30 cm2).[23] Monosolar[24] and AMETEK[25] used electrodeposition, a popular early method. Matsushita started with screen printing but shifted in the 1990s to CSS. Cells of about 10% sunlight-to-electricity efficiency were produced by the early 1980s at Kodak, Matsushita, Monosolar and AMETEK.[26]
An important step forward occurred when cells were scaled-up in size to make larger area products called modules. These products required higher currents than small cells and it was found that an additional layer, called a transparent conducting oxide (TCO), could facilitate the movement of current across the top of the cell (instead of a metal grid). One such TCO, tin oxide, was available for other uses (thermally reflective windows). Made more conductive for PV, tin oxide became and remains the norm in CdTe PV modules.
The utility-scale Waldpolenz Solar Park in Germany uses CdTe PV modules
CdTe cells achieved above 15%[clarification needed] in 1992 by adding a buffer layer to the TCO/CdS/CdTe stack and then thinned the CdS to admit more light. Chu used resistive tin oxide as the buffer layer and then thinned the CdS from several micrometres to under half a micrometre in thickness. Thick CdS, as it was used in prior devices, blocked about 5 mA/cm2 of light, or about 20% of the light usable by a CdTe device. The additional layer did not compromise the device's other properties.[26]
In the early 1990s, other players experienced mixed results.[26] Golden Photon held the record for a short period for the best CdTe module measured at NREL at 7.7% using a spray deposition technique. Matsushita claimed an 11%[clarification needed] module efficiency using CSS and then dropped the technology. A similar efficiency and fate eventually occurred at BP Solar. BP used electrodeposition (inherited from Monosolar by a circuitous route when it purchased SOHIO, Monosolar's acquirer). BP Solar dropped CdTe in November 2002.[27] Antec was able to make about 7%-efficient modules, but went bankrupt when it started producing commercially during a short, sharp market downturn in 2002. However, as of 2014 Antec still made CdTe PV modules.[28]
CdTe start-ups include Calyxo[29] (formerly owned by Q-Cells), PrimeStar Solar, in Arvada, Colorado (acquired by First Solar from GE),[30] Arendi (Italy).[citation needed] Including Antec, their total production represents less than 70 megawatts per year.[31] Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, focuses on the development of CdTe solar cells on flexible substrates and demonstrated cell efficiencies of 13.5% and 15.6% for flexible plastic foil and glass substrates, respectively.[32]
The major commercial success was by Solar Cells Incorporated (SCI). Its founder, Harold McMaster, envisioned low-cost thin films made on a large scale. After trying amorphous silicon, he shifted to CdTe at the urging of Jim Nolan and founded Solar Cells Inc., which later became First Solar.[33] McMaster championed CdTe for its high-rate, high-throughput processing. In February 1999, McMaster sold the company to True North Partners, who named it First Solar.[34]
In its early years First Solar suffered setbacks, and initial module efficiencies were modest, about 7%. Commercial product became available in 2002. Production reached 25 megawatts in 2005.[35] The company manufactured in Perrysburg, Ohio and Germany.[36] In 2013, First Solar acquired GE's thin film solar panel technology in exchange for a 1.8% stake in the company.[37] Today, First Solar manufactures over 3 gigawatts with an average module efficiency of 16.4% in 2016.[38]
First Solar notably uses a high-rate vapor transport deposition process in lieu of CSS for the deposition of CdTe. This is a type of physical vapor deposition where CdTe is first sublimated in an upstream region. Then, the Cd and Te2 gases flow across a cooler downstream region where they condense on a substrate to form solid CdTe.[39] This process is preferred over CSS because it produces films of greater uniformity and allows for deposition on any configuration of the substrate.[40]
Solar cell efficiencies
In August 2014 First Solar announced a device with 21.1% conversion efficiency.[41] In February 2016, First Solar announced that they had reached a record 22.1% conversion efficiency in their CdTe cells. In 2014, the record module efficiency was also raised by First Solar from 16.1% up to 17.0%.[42] At this time, the company projected average production line module efficiency for its CdTe PV to be 17% by 2017, but by 2016, they predicted a module efficiency closer to ~19.5%.[43][44]
To reach these record high efficiencies of 22%, alloying is used for band gap grading. A compound incorporating selenium into CdTe is used in the solar cell to improve the quantum efficiency response for certain wavelengths of light, in addition to unalloyed CdTe.[45] The other major contributor to this large increase in efficiency is the usage of MgZnO (MZO) within the cell. In a cell using a CdSexTe1-x/CdTe structure, MZO can be used in place of CdS. CdS is source of inefficient absorption, while MZO has a tunable band gap that can be optimized for high transparency and good alignment with CdSexTe1-x.[46]
Process optimization improved throughput and lowered costs. Improvements included broader substrates (since capital costs scale sublinearly and installation costs can be reduced), thinner layers (to save material, electricity, and processing time), and better material utilization (to save material and cleaning costs). 2014 CdTe module costs were about $72 per 1 square metre (11 sq ft),[47] or about $90 per module.[citation needed]
Module efficiencies are measured in laboratories at standard testing temperatures of 25 °C, however in the field modules are often exposed to much higher temperatures. CdTe's relatively low temperature coefficient protects performance at higher temperatures.[48][49][50] CdTe PV modules experience half the reduction of crystalline silicon modules, resulting in an increased annual energy output of 5-9%.[51]
Almost all thin film photovoltaic module systems to-date have been non-solar tracking, because module output was too low to offset tracker capital and operating costs. But relatively inexpensive single-axis tracking systems can add 25% output per installed watt.[52] In addition, depending on the Tracker Energy Gain, the overall eco-efficiency of the PV system can be enhanced by lowering both system costs and environmental impacts.[53] This is climate-dependent. Tracking also produces a smoother output plateau around midday, better matching afternoon peaks.
Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal considered a hazardous substance, is a waste byproduct of mining, smelting and refining sulfidic ores of zinc during zinc refining, and therefore its production does not depend on PV market demand. CdTe PV modules provide a beneficial and safe use for cadmium that would otherwise be stored for future use or disposed of in landfills as hazardous waste. Mining byproducts can be converted into a stable CdTe compound and safely encapsulated inside CdTe PV solar modules for years. A large growth in the CdTe PV sector has the potential to reduce global cadmium emissions by displacing coal and oil power generation.[54]
Tellurium (Te) production and reserves estimates are subject to uncertainty and vary considerably. Tellurium is a rare, mildly toxic metalloid that is primarily used as a machining additive to steel. Te is almost exclusively obtained as a by-product of copper refining, with smaller amounts from lead and gold production. Only a small amount, estimated to be about 800 metric tons[55] per year, is available. According to USGS, global production in 2007 was 135 metric tons.[56] One gigawatt (GW) of CdTe PV modules would require about 93 metric tons (at current efficiencies and thicknesses).[57] Through improved material efficiency and increased PV recycling, the CdTe PV industry has the potential to fully rely on tellurium from recycled end-of-life modules by 2038.[58] In the last decade[when?], new supplies have been located, e.g., in Xinju, China[59] as well as in Mexico and Sweden.[60] In 1984 astrophysicists identified tellurium as the universe's most abundant element having an atomic number over 40.[61][62] Certain undersea ridges are rich in tellurium.[62][63]
The manufacture of a CdTe cell includes a thin coating with cadmium chloride (CdCl
2) to increase the cell's overall efficiency. Cadmium chloride is toxic, relatively expensive and highly soluble in water, posing a potential environmental threat during manufacture. In 2014 research discovered that abundant and harmless magnesium chloride (MgCl
2) performs as well as cadmium chloride. This research may lead to cheaper and safer CdTe cells.[64][65]
By themselves, cadmium and tellurium are toxic and carcinogenic, but CdTe forms a crystalline lattice that is highly stable, and is several orders of magnitude less toxic than cadmium.[66] The glass plates surrounding CdTe material sandwiched between them (as in all commercial modules) seal during a fire and do not allow any cadmium release unless the glass is broken.[67][68] All other uses and exposures related to cadmium are minor and similar in kind and magnitude to exposures from other materials in the broader PV value chain, e.g., to toxic gases, lead solder, or solvents (most of which are not used in CdTe manufacturing).[69][70]
The grain boundary is the interface between two grains of a crystalline material and occur when two grains meet. They are a type of crystalline defect. It is often assumed that the open-circuit voltage gap seen in CdTe, in comparison to both single-crystal GaAs and the theoretical limit, may be in some way attributable to the grain boundaries within the material. There have however been a number of studies which have suggested not only that GBs are not deleterious to performance but may in fact be beneficial as sources of enhanced carrier collection. So, the exact role of the grain boundaries in limitation of performance of CdTe-based solar cells remains unclear and the research is ongoing to address this question. However, in as-grown CdTe, grain boundaries are detrimental to performance. Subsequent processing may change this, but those effects should be studied on a case-by-case basis.[71]
The size of the grains, and thus, the number of grain boundaries in a CdTe film are dependent on substrate temperature during film deposition. The higher the substrate temperature is, the larger the grain size, and the fewer the number of grain boundaries in the film. If a low substrate temperature is used during deposition, grain size is commonly increased by depositing CdCl2 on the film and subsequently annealing. This is a crucial processing step, as cells deposited at low temperatures that lack this step are unable to reach conversion efficiencies above 10%.[46]
Photovoltaic modules can last anywhere from 25 – 30 years. Improper disposal of PV modules can release toxic materials into the environment.[72] Only three methods of high-value recycling are industrially available for thin-film PV modules, as of 2013. SENSE (Sustainability EvaluatioN of Solar Energy systems) and RESOLVED (REcovery of SOLar Valuable materials, Enrichment, and Decontamination) are European funded procedures. SENSE relies on mechanical, chemical and thermal treatments. RESOLVED relies on mainly mechanical treatments. The final method, First Solar, relies on mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical methods of recycling are more environmentally friendly as they do not rely on the use of chemicals.[72]
Materials that can be recovered in the recycling process include metals, mounts, glass, and, in high value cases, the whole PV module.[73]
As of 2013 the recycling costs for CdTe modules are higher than the re-sale of recycled materials. However, possible future recycling methods may decrease in cost through reduction of expensive and environmentally unfriendly processes.[72] Promising future recycling methods include vulcanization-vacuum distillation and the Double Green Process. Vulcanization-vacuum distillation has been suggested as a possible recycling process to obtain Te and can recover Te with purities up to 99.92%.[74] The Double Green Process consists of almost entirely mechanical processes.[75]
Due to the exponential growth of photovoltaics the number of worldwide installed PV systems has increased significantly. First Solar established the first global and comprehensive recycling program in the PV industry in 2005. Its recycling facilities operate at each of First Solar's manufacturing plants and recover up to 95% of semiconductor material for reuse in new modules and 90% of glass for reuse in new glass products.[76][77] A life-cycle assessment of CdTe module recycling by the University of Stuttgart showed a reduction in primary energy demand in End-Of-Life from 81 MJ/m2 to -12 MJ/m2, a reduction of around 93 MJ/m2, and in terms of global warming potential from 6 kg CO2-equiv./m2 to -2.5 CO2-equiv./m2, a reduction of around -8.5 CO2-equiv./m2. These reductions show a highly beneficial change in the overall environmental profile of CdTe photovoltaic module. The LCA also showed that the main contributors to considered environmental impact categories are due to required chemicals and energy within the processing of CdTe modules.[78]
a small PV array used as part of Energy Systems Integration research ongoing at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC)
Photovoltaics can assist in reducing toxic emissions and pollution caused by fossil fuels.[72] Emissions from fossil fuels that impact global climates such as Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) are not emitted from PV. A single gigawatt-hour of electricity produced from PV would decrease the emissions of SO2 by 10 tons, NOx by 4 tons and CO2 by 1000 tons when compared to coal.[79]
CdTe cells are considered to be both toxic and carcinogenic when inhaled or ingested as Cd is a toxic compound by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Workers in processing facilities may be exposed to, and inhale, fine particles or fumes of Cd.[79]
CdTe production facilities may cause environmental issues when there are accidents in high-efficiency production or from by-product exhaust in less efficient production methods.[79]
During a module's lifespan, it will not release any particles or vapors if used as intended. The only way for a completed module to release dust or vapor is by being lit aflame or ground into a fine dust. When exposed to temperatures of approximately 1100 °C in lab tests around 0.4% to 0.6% of the Cd content was released.[73]
The overall Cd air emission estimates can range from 0.02 to 0.5 grams per gigawatt-hour.[73]
Early CdTe modules failed elution tests, however more recent models can pass some elution tests. Despite the small amounts of Cd that may leach out, CdTe modules have low overall leachability as the hazardous materials within them are encased within two layers of glass. Despite their low leachability, CdTe modules have very poor biodegradability.[73]
The Topaz Solar Farm employs 9 million CdTe-modules. It was the world's largest PV power station in 2014.
Success of cadmium telluride PV has been due to the low cost achievable with the CdTe technology, made possible by combining adequate efficiency with lower module area costs. Direct manufacturing cost for CdTe PV modules reached $0.57 per watt in 2013,[80] and capital cost per new watt of capacity is near $0.9 per watt (including land and buildings).[81]
Utility-scale CdTe PV solutions were claimed to be able to compete with peaking fossil fuel generation sources depending on irradiance levels, interest rates and other factors such as development costs.[82] Recent installations of large First Solar CdTe PV systems were claimed to be competitive with other forms of solar energy:
First Solar's 290-megawatt (MW) Agua Caliente project in Arizona is one of the largest photovoltaic power station ever built. Agua Caliente features First Solar's plant control, forecasting and energy scheduling capabilities that contribute to grid reliability and stability.[83][84][unreliable source?]
The 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm in California, finished construction in November 2014 and was the world's largest solar farm at the time.[85]
First Solar's 13 MW project in Dubai, operated by the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, is the first part of the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, and was the region's largest PV power plant at the time of completion in 2013.[85]
A 40 MW system installed by Juwi group in Waldpolenz Solar Park, Germany was, at the time of its announcement in 2007, the world's largest and lowest cost planned PV system. The price was 130 million euros.[86]
A 128 MWp system installed by Belectric at Templin, Brandenburg, Germany is the current largest thin-film PV installation in Europe (as of January 2015).[87]
For the 21 MW Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant in California, a power purchase agreement fixed the price for the generated electricity at $0.12 per kWh (after the application of all incentives).[88] Defined in California as the "Market Referent Price," this set the price the PUC would pay for any daytime peaking power source, e.g., natural gas. Although PV systems are intermittent and not dispatchable the way natural gas is, natural gas generators have an ongoing fuel price risk that PV does not have.
A contract for two megawatts of rooftop installations with Southern California Edison. The SCE program is designed to install 250 MW at a total cost of $875M (averaging $3.5/watt), after incentives.[89]
Renewable energy portal
Energy portal
Environment portal
Abound Solar
Cadmium telluride
Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
First Solar
High efficiency solar cells
Low cost solar cell
Thin film solar cell
^ a b "Publications, Presentations, and News Database: Cadmium Telluride". National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
^ K. Zweibel, J. Mason, V. Fthenakis, "A Solar Grand Plan", Scientific American, Jan 2008. CdTe PV is the cheapest example of PV technologies and prices are about 16¢/kWh with US Southwest sunlight.
^ Further mention of cost competitiveness: "Solar Power Lightens Up with Thin-Film Technology", Scientific American, April 2008.
^ Peng et al. (2013). "Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 19: 255–274. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.035. hdl:10397/34975. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ V. Fthenakis and H. C. Kim. (2010). "Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14 (7): 2039–2048. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.008. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ de Wild-Scholten, Mariska (2013). "Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic systems". Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. 119: 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.037.
^ Fthenakis, Vasilis M. (2004). "Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production" (PDF). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 8 (4): 303–334. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2014.
^ Werner, Jürgen H. (2 November 2011). "Toxic Substances In Photovoltaic Modules" (PDF). postfreemarket.net. Institute of Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Germany - The 21st International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference 2011 Fukuoka, Japan. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ "Water Solubility of Cadmium Telluride in a Glass-to-Glass Sealed PV Module" (PDF). Vitreous State Laboratory, and AMELIO Solar, Inc. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-26.
^ "The Lowdown on the Safety of First Solar's CdTe Thin Film". greentechmedia.com. 2012-03-19.
^ Guest Column (2008-09-25). "Cadmium: The Dark Side of Thin-Film?". gigaom.com.
^ "NREL: Manufacturing Analysis - Supply Constraints Analysis". nrel.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-12-21. Retrieved 2014-12-21.
^ Fraunhofer ISE Photovoltaics Report, July 28, 2014, pages 18,19
^ Various estimates of world module production in 2007 Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ "NREL: News - Record Makes Thin-Film Solar Cell Competitive with Silicon Efficiency". nrel.gov.
^ "First Solar, Inc. - News".
^ D. A. Jenny and R. H. Bube (1954). "Semiconducting CdTe". Phys. Rev. 96 (5): 1190–1191. Bibcode:1954PhRv...96.1190J. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1190. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ R. H. Bube (1955). "Photoconductivity of the Sulfide, Selenide, and Telluride of Zinc or Cadmium". Proceedings of the IRE. 43 (12): 1836–1850. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278046. ISSN 0096-8390.
^ D. A. Cusano (1963). "CdTe Solar Cells and PV Heterojunctions in II-VI Compounds". Solid State Electronics. 6 (3): 217–218. Bibcode:1963SSEle...6..217C. doi:10.1016/0038-1101(63)90078-9.
^ B. Goldstein (1958). "Properties of PV Films of CdTe". Phys. Rev. 109 (2): 601–603. Bibcode:1958PhRv..109..601G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.601.2.
^ Y. A. Vodakov; G. A. Lomakina; G. P. Naumov; Y. P. Maslakovets (1960). "A P-N Junction photocell made of CdTe". Soviet Physics - Solid State. 2 (1): 1.
^ R. Colman, July 28, 1964 U.S. Patent 3,142,586
^ Y. S. Tyan, 1978, Polycrystalline thin film CdS/CdTe photovoltaic cell, Kodak, U.S. Patent 4,207,119 (EP0006025); Y. S. Tyan and E. A. Perez-Albuerne, 1982, Integrated array of photovoltaic cells having minimized shorting losses, Kodak, U.S. Patent 4,315,096. Tyan especially published both patents and papers of significance at Kodak and helped to establish CdTe as an important thin film option.
^ B. Basol, E. Tseng, R.L. Rod, 1981, Thin film heterojunction photovoltaic cells and methods of making the same, Monosolar U.S. Patent 4,388,483. B. Basol patented numerous aspects of electrodeposition and CdTe contacting for Monosolar. Monosolar was subsequently bought by SOHIO, which was then absorbed by British Petroleum. Electrodeposition continued at BP Solar until about 2002 when it was canceled along with all thin film work at BP.
^ Peter Meyers, originally of Ametek, provides a thread stretching from Ametek through Solar Cells Inc. to First Solar. He is on Ametek patents U.S. Patent 4,260,427, 1981; U.S. Patent 4,710,589, 1987; and SCI/First Solar patents
^ a b c K. Zweibel (1995). "Thin Films Past Present and Future" (PDF). Nrel/Tp-413-7486. doi:10.2172/61140. R. Noufi and K. Zweibel (2006). High-Efficiency CdTe and CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells: Highlights and Challenges. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-09. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Fairley, P. (2003). "BP solar ditches thin-film photovoltaics". IEEE Spectrum. 40: 18–19. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2003.1159741.
^ "Bunter ist besser". antec-solar.de.
^ "Company—Yesterday to Tomorrow". Calyxo. Retrieved August 1, 2015. 2011/02 Solar Fields LLC takes over Q-Cells shares
^ "First Solar Acquires GE's PrimeStar Solar IP, Misses Q2 Revenue and Lowers Guidance". GrenntechMedia. 6 August 2013.
^ "While First Solar keeps on trucking, others in CdTe thin-film PV pack keep on muddling". Fabtech.org. 2008-08-21.
^ "Empa CdTe—Thin Films and Photovoltaics". Empa. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ After long wait, McMaster to join hall of fame, April 29, 2008
^ D. H. Rose; et al. (October 1999). Technology Support of High-Throughput Processing of Thin Film CdTe Panels (PDF). NREL SR-520-27149. p. Viii (preface).
^ "First Solar annual manufacturing levels". FirstSolar.com. 2008. [permanent dead link]
^ Friedman, Thomas L. (5 November 2009). Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why The World Needs A Green Revolution - and How We Can Renew Our Global Future. Penguin Books Limited. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-14-191850-1.
^ First Solar Gives GE 1.8% Stake in Thin-Film Partnership. bloomberg.com. 2013-08-07
^ "First Solar Annual Report" (PDF). [permanent dead link]
^ First Solar CdTe Photovoltaic Technology: Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment. (2013). National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Fundacion Chile. https://www.firstsolar.com/en-Emea/-/media/First-Solar/Sustainability-Documents/Sustainability-Peer-Reviews/Chile-Peer-Review---Cener_EN.ashx
^ McCandless, B.E.; Birkmire, R.W.; Buchanan, W.A. (May 2002). "Vapor transport deposition of cadmium telluride films". Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002.: 547–550. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190623.
^ "First Solar Builds the Highest Efficiency Thin Film PV Cell on Record". firstsolar.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
^ "First Solar Sets Thin-Film Module Efficiency World Record of 17.0 Percent". firstsolar.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
^ Sinha, P. (2013). "Life cycle materials and water management for CdTe photovoltaics". Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. 119: 271–275. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.022.
^ "First Solar Hits Record 22.1% Conversion Efficiency for CdTe Solar Cell". Retrieved 2016-11-08.
^ Powalla, Michael; Paetel, Stefan; Ahlswede, Erik; Wuerz, Roland; Wessendorf, Cordula D.; Magorian Friedlmeier, Theresa (2018-12-01). "Thin‐film solar cells exceeding 22% solar cell efficiency: An overview on CdTe-, Cu(In,Ga)Se2-, and perovskite-based materials". Applied Physics Reviews. 5 (4): 041602. doi:10.1063/1.5061809.
^ a b Romeo, Alessandro; Artegiani, Elisa (January 2021). "CdTe-Based Thin Film Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future". Energies. 14 (6): 1684. doi:10.3390/en14061684.
^ This number is calculated by multiplying efficiency (12.6%) by 1000 to get output watts per square meter (126 W/m2), and then multiplying power by the stated cost of $0.57 per watt to get $72/m2
^ "Regenerative Energiesysteme". Hanser Verlag. 2012.
^ P. Singh and N.M. Ravindra (June 2012). "Temperature Dependence of Solar Cell Performance—an Analysis". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 101: 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2012.02.019. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Green, M. (August 2003). "General Temperature Dependence of Solar Cell Performance and Implications for Device Modelling". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 11 (5): 333–340. doi:10.1002/pip.496.
^ N. Strevel, L. Trippel, M. Gloeckler (August 2012). "Performance characterization and superior energy yield of First Solar PV power plants in high temperature conditions". Photovoltaics International. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ "Parabolic Trough Technology Models and Software Tools". 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-10-14. Like any solar price model, the Solar Advisory Model is quite sensitive to assumptions. Different sunlight, tax rates, interest rates, discount rates, loan durations, temperature coefficients, annual degradation rates, initial de-rating versus standard conditions, inverter efficiencies and O&M, and others can each have as much as a 10% impact on costs per unit power.
^ P. Sinha and S. Dailey (November 2013). "Tracking systems boost eco-efficiency". Solar Industry. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-12-13. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ M. Raugei and V. Fthenakis (2010). "Cadmium flows and emissions from CdTe PV: future expectations". Energy Policy. 38 (9): 5223–5228. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.007. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ "Assessment of critical thin film resources". Archived from the original (.doc file) on 2009-05-07.
^ "Tellurium" (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. United States Geological Survey. January 2008.
^ "First Solar CdTe Photovoltaic Technology: Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment". National Renewable Energy Centre. October 2013. p. 32.
^ Max Marwede and Armin Reller (2012). "Future recycling flows of tellurium from cadmium telluride photovoltaic waste" (PDF). Resources, Conservation, & Recycling. 69 (4): 35–49. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.003. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Publications of the Sichuan Xinju Mineral Resource Development Co., China
^ Zweibel, K. (2010). "The Impact of Tellurium Supply on Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaics". Science. 328 (5979): 699–701. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..699Z. doi:10.1126/science.1189690. PMID 20448173.
^ B. L. Cohen (1984). "Anomalous behavior of tellurium abundances". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 48 (1): 204–205. Bibcode:1984GeCoA..48..203C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90363-6.
^ a b Hein, J. (2004). "Chapter 5 from Workshop on Minerals other than Polymetallic Nodules of the International Seabed Area". Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Global Distribution, Composition, Origin and Research Activities. Kingston, Jamaica: Office of Resource and Environmental Monitoring, International Seabed Authority. ISBN 978-976-610-647-8. It has been suggested that Te is unique in the universe in that its cosmic abundance is as great or greater than any of other element with an atomic number higher than 40, yet it is one of the least abundant elements in the Earth's crust and in ocean water."
^ Hein, J.; Koschinsky, A.; Halliday, A. (2003). "Global Occurrence of tellurium-rich ferromanganese crusts and a model for enrichment of tellurium". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 67 (6): 1117–1127. Bibcode:2003GeCoA..67.1117H. doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01279-6. The ridges occur at 400-4000 m depths where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments for millions of years. Crusts…forming pavements up to 250 mm thick
^ Karen Field. "Bean Curd Component Could Slash Solar Panel Costs". EE Times. 2014.
^ Major, J. D.; Treharne, R. E.; Phillips, L. J.; Durose, K. (2014). "A low-cost non-toxic post-growth activation step for Cd Te solar cells". Nature. 511 (7509): 334–337. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..334M. doi:10.1038/nature13435. PMID 25030171.
^ "The Lowdown on the Safety of First Solar's CdTe Thin Film". Retrieved 2016-11-08.
^ V. Fthenakis, M. Fuhrmann, J. Heiser, W. Wang (2004). Experimental Investigation of Emissions and Redistribution of Elements in CdTe PV Modules during Fires (PDF). 19th European PV Solar Energy Conference. Paris, France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-07. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ Beckmann and Mennenga (2011). "Calculation of emissions when there is a fire in a photovoltaic system made of cadmium telluride modules". Bavarian Environmental Protection Agency. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ V. Fthenakis, H. C. Kim (2006). "CdTe Photovoltaics: Life Cycle Environmental Profile and Comparisons". European Material Research Society Meeting, Symposium for Environmental Issues. 515 (15): 5961–5963. Bibcode:2007TSF...515.5961F. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.138. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ D. H. Rose; et al. (1999). "Technology Support of High-Throughput Processing of Thin Film CdTe Panels" (PDF). NREL. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Major, Jonathan D. (2016). "Grain boundaries in CdTe thin-film solar cells: A review". Semiconductor Science and Technology. 31 (9): 093001. Bibcode:2016SeScT..31i3001M. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/31/9/093001. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ a b c d Giacchetta, Giancarlo; Leporini, Mariella; Marchetti, Barbara (July 2013). "Evaluation of the environmental benefits of new high value process for the management of the end of life of thin-film photovoltaic modules". Journal of Cleaner Production. 51: 214–224. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.022. ISSN 0959-6526.
^ a b c d Fthenakis, Vasilis M (August 2004). "Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 8 (4): 303–334. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001. ISSN 1364-0321.
^ Zhang, Xiaofeng; Huang, Daxin; Jiang, Wenlong; Zha, Guozheng; Deng, Juhai; Deng, Pan; Kong, Xiangfeng; Liu, Dachun (January 2020). "Selective separation and recovery of rare metals by vulcanization-vacuum distillation of cadmium telluride waste". Separation and Purification Technology. 230: 115864. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115864. ISSN 1383-5866.
^ Marchetti, Barbara; Corvaro, Francesco; Giacchetta, Giancarlo; Polonara, Fabio; Cocci Grifoni, Roberta; Leporini, Mariella (2018-02-12). "Double Green Process: a low environmental impact method for recycling of CdTe, a-Si and CIS/CIGS thin-film photovoltaic modules". International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 11 (3): 173–185. doi:10.1080/19397038.2018.1424963. ISSN 1939-7038.
^ "Evolution of First Solar's Module Recycling Program" (PDF). FirstSolar. 2013. p. 2. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ ftp://ftp.co.imperial.ca.us/icpds/eir/campo-verde-solar/final/life-cycle-cdte.pdf[permanent dead link]
^ Held, M. (2009-11-18). "Life Cycle Assessment of CdTe PV Module Recycling". 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21–25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany. 21-25 September 2009: 2370–2375. doi:10.4229/24thEUPVSEC2009-3CO.7.4.
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Solar irradiance
Solar cell efficiency
Nominal power (Watt-peak)
Thin-film solar cell
Multi-junction solar cell
Third-generation photovoltaic cell
Solar cell research
Thermophotovoltaic
Thermodynamic efficiency limit
Sun-free photovoltaics
Polarizing organic photovoltaics
List of semiconductor materials
Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
Copper indium gallium selenide
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
Growth of photovoltaics
Timeline of solar cells
Nanocrystal solar cell
Organic solar cell
Quantum dot solar cell
Hybrid solar cell
Plasmonic solar cell
Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
Dye-sensitized solar cell
Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
Printed solar panel
Perovskite solar cell
Balance of system
Solar inverter
Solar micro-inverter
Photovoltaic mounting system
Maximum power point tracker
Solar tracker
Solar shingles
Solar mirror
Synchronverter
System concepts
Perturb and observe method
Incremental conductance method
Constant voltage method
Fill factor
Concentrated photovoltaics
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
Space-based solar power
PV system performance
Solar-powered refrigerator
Solar air conditioning
Solar lamp
Solar tree
Solar-powered pump
Solar-powered watch
Solar Tuki
Photovoltaic keyboard
Solar cell phone charger
Solar notebook
Solar-powered calculator
Solar-powered fountain
Solar-powered radio
Solar-powered flashlight
Solar-powered fan
Solar vehicle
Solar car
Solar roadway
Solar golf cart
The Quiet Achiever
Sunmobile
Mauro Solar Riser
Solar panels on spacecraft
Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
Gossamer Penguin
Qinetiq Zephyr
Solar Challenger
Solar boat
Solar vehicle racing
Solar car racing
List of solar car teams
Solar challenges
World Solar Challenge
American Solar Challenge
Formula Sun Grand Prix
Solar Cup
Frisian Solar Challenge
Solar Splash
South African Solar Challenge
Tour de Sol
Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
PV power station
Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
List of photovoltaic power stations
Building-mounted
Rooftop photovoltaic power station
Building-integrated photovoltaics
Solar Ark
Strasskirchen Solar Park
PV companies
List of countries by photovoltaics production
Individual producers
Hanwha Q CELLS
Motech Solar
Solar Frontier
Sungen Solar


Below are explanations of terms used in the Census. When a term has a discipline-agreed upon definition, we used it. However, certain terms remain contentious in the field, so we explain how and why we use them below.
are an established framework for classifying colleges and universities in the United States. The Census uses the classification information listed by the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).
are colleges and universities who may be members of the NSSE consortium of the same name.
of the Census were determined by the seven regions of the Two-Year College English Association (TYCA).
are institutions designated by the federal government as serving specific racial and ethnic minorities. The Census received enough response from four types of MSIs (see below) to allow searches for data on those types of instructions. We have also included an option to search all seven types of MSI, which includes the four types below, Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs), Native American-Serving Nontribal Institutions (NASNTIs), and Alaskan Native or Native Hawaiian Serving Intuitions (AANHs).
have a student body that is at least 10% Asian American, Native Alaskan, and/or Pacific Islander and have received a Title V AANAPISI grant.
have a student body that is at least 25% Latino/a and have received a Title V HSI grant.
are federally designated institutions that served a black population before 1964. The Census received enough responses from HBCUs to allow searches of them as a category in the four-year survey, but not in the two-year survey.
have a student body that is at least 40% Black and have received a Title V PBI grant. The Census received enough responses from PBIs to allow searches of them as a category in the two-year survey, but not in the four-year survey.
are institutions that are members of the SLAC-WPA Consortium, which are small liberal arts colleges that also belong to the Annapolis Group.
are defined by which site of writing the person administers rather than by the generic term writing program administrator (WPA) or the title of a position on a given campus.
may be the dean or provost of an institution.
was an option added to the responses after we coded the "other" responses from a number of questions. Respondents explicitly noted that a director of writing oversaw a particular site of writing, but the Census at this point does not have a shared definition for this classification. It is because of this lack of definition that data on the classification of these positions or their job responsibilities are not included in this iteration of the Census.
is an explicit position that administers or directs the first-year writing requirement. This does not include a department chair, CAO, or director of writing.
administers or directs a learning center with writing tutors, which may or may not include a designated writing center.
is the only writing professional at an institution and often directs all sites of writing. This classification was not utilized when a chair or CAO oversaw the administrative tasks of a particular site of writing such as WAC or FYW.
is an explicit position that administers or directs the writing across the curriculum program.
is an explicit position that administers or directs the writing center.
of basic writing, in which students are given information about the course options, and they place themselves in one of several first-year writing courses/tracks.
of basic writing, in which students are placed in an intensive version of the standard first-year writing course.
of basic writing, in which all students are placed in the standard first-year writing course; students can get support for writing through the writing center and other tutoring options, including additional help from the professor.
of basic writing, in which students take a non-credit bearing course that must be passed before taking the credit-bearing first-year writing course.
of basic writing, in which students take the standard first-year writing course over two semesters rather than one.
of basic writing, in which students take the standard first-year writing course, but they have additional small group meetings with an instructor.
which are first-year writing courses taught by faculty, adjuncts, or TAs in an English Department or Writing program/department.
are first-year courses where writing is an explicit goal, but the course is not an official writing requirement.
are WAC-based first-year writing course taught by faculty from across the disciplines.
courses include first-year Writing Intensive (WI) courses and/or first-year "Core" courses, such as great books courses.
includes elements of both writing across the curriculum and writing in the disciplines programs.
refers to the administrative unit that hosts a particular site of writing.
describes the different places on a given campus where writing is explicitly required, administered, or supported. We utilized this term in both surveys to allow different types of institutions to identify where writing instruction and support take place because some institutions do not have a formal writing program.
employ undergraduate or graduate students to serve as course-based peer writing mentors; writing fellows may be assigned to particular non-writing classes.
are a writing requirement that extends writing beyond first-year writing. Each institution has its own criteria for what constitutes a WI course. Some schools refer to these courses by other names such as writing-enriched or writing-enhanced courses.
When used in the Census, as in much of the field, the term WPA is meant as a general term for anyone who administers any part of a writing program. In conducting the Census, we discovered that the term is fraught with misunderstanding as many who administer different sites of writing do not consider themselves WPAs.
Some respondents reported on the 2012-13 academic year.
In questions about writing majors or minors, the Census includes results in which respondents indicated that a writing concentration as an option in a larger major, usually a larger English major.
This question uses a box-and-whisker plot to visualize quartiles. The range of responses is represented with the two whiskers and the line in the box represents the median.
Respondents answered based on their own definitions of these terms.