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Items where Subject is "E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics > E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy > E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Intergenerational Income Distribution ; Aggregate Human Capital ; Aggregate Labor Productivity"
JEL Classification (639)
E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics (639)
E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy (639)
E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Intergenerational Income Distribution ; Aggregate Human Capital ; Aggregate Labor Productivity (639)
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ABDELLAOUI, Okba and BEN AMARA, Naoual and SALHI, Nadjai (2014): التمويل بالمشاركة وأثره على التوازن الآني في سوقي النقد والسلع والخدمات.
AITOUTOUHEN, latifa (2021): Study of the Socio-Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis in Morocco.
Abban, Stanley (2020): The Prospect of the Proposed Currency Union on Intra-regional Trade: Southern African Customs Union.
Abbritti, Mirko and Boitani, Andrea and Damiani, Mirella (2006): Unemployment, Inflation and Monetary Policy in a Dynamic New Keynesian Model with Hiring Costs. Published in: HEI Working Paper No. 07/2007 (January 2007): pp. 1-33.
Abdel Aal Mahmoud, Ashraf (2010): FDI, local Financial Markets, employment and poverty alleviation.
Abdelaal Mahmoud, Ashraf (2010): FDI, local Financial Markets, Employment and poverty alleviation. Published in: DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS eJOURNAL , Vol. Vol. 2, No. 134 (30 July 2010)
Abo-Zaid, Salem (2014): Net Job Creation in the US Economy: Lessons from Monthly Data, 1950-2011. Published in: Applied Economics , Vol. 46, No. 22 (15 April 2014): pp. 2623-2638.
Abugamea, Gaber (2019): The nexus of trade, employment and economic growth: evidence from Palestine. Published in: Journal of Smart Economic growth , Vol. 4, No. 3 (21 November 2019): pp. 1-21.
Ackon, Kwabena Meneabe (2018): Essays In Fiscal Policy And State Dependence Fiscal Policy Innovations Using A New Econometric Approach. Forthcoming in:
Adams, Charles and Coe, David T. (1989): A Systems Approach to Estimating the Natural Rate of Unemployment and Potential Output for the United States.
Afful, Efua Amoonua (2014): Does Employment Protection Legislation Induce Structural Unemployment? Evidence from 15 OECD Countries.
Ager, Philipp and Brückner, Markus and Herz, Benedikt (2014): Effects of Agricultural Productivity Shocks on Female Labor Supply: Evidence from the Boll Weevil Plague in the US South.
Agnese, Pablo and Hector, Sala (2008): Unemployment in Japan: A look at the 'lost decade'. Published in: Asia Pacific Journal of Economics and Business , Vol. 12, No. 1 (2008): pp. 16-35.
Agnese, Pablo and Sala, Hector (2008): The fading 1990s in Japan: Driving forces behind the unemployment upsurge. Published in: International Review of Economics and Finance , Vol. 18, No. 3 (June 2009): pp. 428-439.
Ahiadorme, Johnson Worlanyo (2020): Inflation, output and unemployment trade-offs in Sub-Saharan Africa countries.
Ahmed Imran, Hunjra and Muhammad Asghar, Ali and Muhammad Irfan, Chani and Hashim, Khan and Kashif Ur, Rehman (2010): Employee voice and intent to leave: an empirical evidence of Pakistani banking sector. Published in: African Journal of Business Management , Vol. 4, No. 14 (18 October 2010): pp. 3056-3061.
Ahmed Imran, Hunjra and Muhammad Irfan, Chani and Sher, Aslam and Muhammad, Azam and Kashif-Ur, Rehman (2010): Factors Affecting job satisfaction of employees in Pakistani banking sector. Published in: African Journal of Business Management , Vol. 4, No. 10 (18 August 2010): pp. 2157-2163.
Akar, Gizem and Balkan, Binnur and Tumen, Semih (2014): Overview of Firm-Size and Gender Pay Gaps in Turkey: The Role of Informal Employment.
Alasrag, Hussien (2002): دور سوق الأوراق المالية فى تنمية الادخار فى مصر.
Albu, Lucian-Liviu (2006): A dynamic model to estimate the long-run trends in potential GDP.
Albu, Lucian-Liviu (2005): A dynamic model to estimate the "pure" productivity. Published in: Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting , Vol. 1, (March 2005): pp. 30-34.
Ali, Amjad and Audi, Marc (2018): Macroeconomic Environment and Taxes Revenues in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach. Forthcoming in:
Ali, Amjad and Zulfiqar, Kalsoom (2018): An Assessment of Association between Natural Resources Agglomeration and Unemployment in Pakistan. Forthcoming in:
Ali, Amjad and Şenturk, İsmail (2019): Justifying the Impact of Economic Deprivation, Maternal Status and Health infrastructure on Under-Five Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis.
Almosabbeh, Imadeddin (2008): العوامل المؤثرة في البطالة في الجمهورية العربية السورية دراسة تطبيقية باستخدام منهجية التكامل المشترك.
Alonso Ortiz, Jorge (2009): Social Security and Retirement across OECD Countries.
Alonso Ortiz, Jorge (2014): Social Security and Retirement across the OECD. Published in: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control , Vol. 47, (1 October 2014): pp. 300-316.
Alonso Ortiz, Jorge and Leal Ordóñez, Julio C. (2011): Taxes, Transfers and the Distribution of Employment in Mexico.
Alonso Ortiz, Jorge and Rogerson, Richard (2009): Tax and Transfer Programs in an Incomplete Markets Model.
Alonso-Ortiz, Jorge (2010): Social security and retirement across the OECD.
Alonso-Ortiz, Jorge (2013): Taxes, Transfers and the Macroeconomy.
Alonso-Ortiz, Jorge and Leal Ordonez, Julio (2014): Cross-subsidies, and the elasticity of informality to social expenditures.
Alonso-Ortiz, Jorge and Leal Ordonez, Julio (2013): The Elasticity of Informality to Taxes and Transfers.
Alvarez, Jorge and Benguria, Felipe and Engbom, Niklas and Moser, Christian (2017): Firms and the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil. Published in: American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics , Vol. 1, No. 10 (January 2018): pp. 149-189.
Antoci, Angelo and Galeotti, Marcello and Russu, Paolo (2012): Global analysis and indeterminacy in a two-sector growth model with human capital.
Apaydın, Şükrü (2018): The Relations Between Unemployment and Entrepreneurship in Turkey: Schumpeter or Refugee Effect? Published in: Fiscaoeconomia , Vol. 2, No. 2 (May 2018): pp. 1-14.
Arpaia, Alfonso and Curci, Nicola (2010): EU labour market behaviour during the Great Recession.
Arseneau, David and Epstein, Brendan (2017): Offshoring, Mismatch, and Labor Market Outcomes. Published in: Globalization: Strategies and Effects (2017)
Asali, Muhammad (2015): Recessions are Not Good for Your Health: the Counter-Cyclical Health Outcomes Revisited. Published in: European Economics Letters , Vol. 4, No. 1 (June 2015): pp. 11-14.
Awan, Masood Sarwar and Iqbal, Nasir and Muhammad, Waqas (2011): The impact of human capital on urban poverty: The case of Sargodha city. Published in: Journal of Sustainable Development , Vol. 4, No. 1 (2011): pp. 143-150.
Awasthi, I. C. and Shrivastav, Puneet Kumar (2015): Inequalities in Economic and Educational Status in Social Groups in India: Evidences from Village Study in Uttar Pradesh.
Awolaja, Oladapo G. and Yaya, OlaOluwa S and Vo, Xuan Vinh and Ogbonna, Ahamuefula and Joseph, Solomon O. (2021): Unemployment Hysteresis in Middle East and North Africa Countries: Panel SUR-based Unit root test with a Fourier function. Published in: Middle East Development Journal (2 August 2021)
Ayoki, Milton (2020): The employment effects of trade policy reform in Myanmar.
alamro, Hassan and Al-dalaien, Qusay (2014): Modeling the relationship between GDP and unemployment for Okun's law specific to Jordan.
BAZHAL, IURII (2015): Impact of Wage Policy on Economic Growth in Transitive Countries and New Interpretation of the Phillips Curve.
BENYOUB, Mohammed (2018): L'impact De L'investissement Des Revenus Pétroliers Sur La Croissance, L'inflation Et Le Chômage : Cas D'Algérie (2000-2015).
BLINOV, Sergey (2014): Закон Оукена, парадокс занятости и влияние безработицы на экономику СССР и России.
BLINOV, Sergey (2014): Okun's Law, Employment Paradox and Impact of Unemployment on the Economy of the USSR and Russia.
Babina, Tania and Ma, Wenting and Moser, Christian and Ouimet, Paige and Zarutskie, Rebecca (2019): Pay, Employment, and Dynamics of Young Firms.
Bagur, Prakash and Anthony, Balu (2012): Employment and Productivity Trends in the Organised Manufacturing Sector of Tamil Nadu: 1983-2006. Published in: The Journal of Industrial Statistics , Vol. 2, No. 1 (March 2013): pp. 128-137.
Baharom, A.H. and Habibullah, M.S. (2008): Crime and Income Inequality: The Case of Malaysia.
Baharom, A.H. and Habibullah, M.S. (2008): Is crime cointegrated with income and unemployment?: A panel data analysis on selected European countries.
Balan, A. Ana Maria (2011): Theoretical approach and practical analysis on employment measures- case study on Romania, 2010.
Bande, Roberto and Riveiro, Dolores (2012): The Consumption-Investment-Unemployment Relationship in Spain: an Analysis with Regional Data.
Banfi, Stefano and Choi, Sekyu and Villena-Roldán, Benjamin (2019): Deconstructing Job Search Behavior.
Banfi, Stefano and Choi, Sekyu and Villena-Roldán, Benjamin (2019): Sorting On-line and On-time.
Banfi, Stefano and Villena-Roldán, Benjamín (2018): Do High-Wage Jobs Attract more Applicants? Directed Search Evidence from the Online Labor Market. Forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics , Vol. 37, No. 3 (July 2019)
Baranowska, Anna and Bukowski, Maciej and Bober, Magda and Lewandowski, Piotr and Magda, Iga and Sarzalska, Malgorzata and Szydlowski, Arkadiusz and Zawistowski, Julian (2006): Zatrudnienie w Polsce 2006: Produktywnosc dla pracy. Published in: (2007)
Barnette, Justin (2021): Long-Term Impacts of Short-Term Income Replacement Ratios After Job Loss.
Basu, Rahul (2014): Implementing Intergenerational Equity in Goa. Published in: Economic & Political Weekly , Vol. XLIX, No. 51 (20 December 2014): pp. 33-37.
Bayari, Celal (2010): Japanese Hybrid Factories in Australia: Analysing Labor Relations and Reflecting on the Work of Tetsuo Abo. Published in: Euro Asia Journal of Management , Vol. 20, No. 39 (2) (1 December 2010): pp. 111-134.
Bayari, Celal (2008): Japanese auto manufacturers in the Australian market and the government industry assistance spending. Published in: The Otemon Journal of Australian Studies , Vol. 34, No. 34 (1 December 2008): pp. 87-107.
Bedi, Jatinder S. (2002): Scope of ethanol blending with gasonline and its impact on direct and indirect employment generation in rural and urban India. Published in: The Indian Journal of Labour Economics , Vol. 45, No. 4 (28 October 2002): pp. 950-963.
Beja, Edsel (2014): Measuring economic ill-being: Evidence for the 'Philippine Misery Index'.
Belanger, Gilles (2016): Inequality Causes Recessions: A Fallout from Ramsey's Conjecture.
Benos, Nikos and Zotou, Stefania (2013): Education and Economic Growth: A Meta-Regression Analysis.
Bista, Raghu (2019): Accounting Total Factor Productivity of FDI Firm in Nepal. Published in: Journal of Advanced Research in Business Law and Technology Management , Vol. 2, No. 1 (13 July 2019): pp. 1-6.
Blanco, Andrés and Diaz de Astarloa, Bernardo and Drenik, Andres and Moser, Christian and Trupkin, Danilo (2021): The Evolution of the Earnings Distribution in a Volatile Economy: Evidence from Argentina.
Bocean, Claudiu George (2007): The Impact of Active Labour Market Policies in Romania.
Bonga, Wellington Garikai (2019): Measuring Macroeconomic Uncertainty in Zimbabwe.
Borissov, Kirill and Bosi, Stefano and Ha-Huy, Thai and Modesto, Leonor (2018): Heterogeneous human capital, inequality and growth: the role of patience and skills.
Bornukova, Kateryna (2009): Real Business Cycles in The Model with Two-Person Household and Home Production.
Borys, Paweł and Ciżkowicz, Piotr and Rzońca, Andrzej (2013): Panel data evidence on effects of fiscal impulses in the EU New Member States.
Bouarar, Ahmed Chemseddine and Mouloudj, kamel (2021): Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explore Employees Intentions to Implement Green Practices. Published in: Dirassat Journal Economic Issue , Vol. 12, No. 1 (27 January 2021): pp. 641-659.
Bourlès, Renaud and Cette, Gilbert (2005): A comparison of structural productivity levels in the major industrialised countries. Published in: OECD Economic Studies No. 41 (2005): pp. 75-108.
Bournakis, Ioannis and Christopoulos, Dimitris and Mallick, Sushanta (2015): Knowledge Spillovers and Output per Worker: An Industry-level Analysis for OECD Countries. Published in: Economic Inquiry
Bournakis, Ioannis and Christopoulos, Dimitris and Mallick, Sushanta (2015): Knowledge Spillovers, Absorptive Capacity and Growth: An Industry-level Analysis for OECD Countries.
Breiding, Torsten (2006): Die Arbeitslosenversicherung in Deutschland – Beitrag zur Bekämpfung oder Ursache von Arbeitslosigkeit.
Brzoza-Brzezina, Michal and Socha, Jacek (2006): Downward nominal wage rigidity in Poland.
Bukowski, Maciej and Koloch, Grzegorz and Lewandowski, Piotr (2008): Shocks and rigidities as determinants of CEE labor markets' performance. A panel SVECM approach.
bao, haisong (2013): 储蓄过剩与经济危机.
CERQUA, AUGUSTO and LETTA, MARCO (2020): Local economies amidst the COVID-19 crisis in Italy: a tale of diverging trajectories.
Caleiro, António (2011): Desemprego e felicidade em Portugal.
Camilleri, Silvio John and Falzon, Joseph (2013): The Challenges of Productivity Growth in the Small Island States of Europe: A Critical Look of Malta and Cyprus. Published in: Island Studies Journal , Vol. 1, No. 8 (2013): pp. 131-164.
Campbell, Carl (2013): Efficiency wage setting, labor demand, and Phillips curve microfoundations.
Campiglio, Luigi Pierfranco (2014): Unbundling the Great European Recession (2009-2013): Unemployment, Consumption, Investment, Inflation and Current Account.
Cardullo, Gabriele and Guerrazzi, Marco (2015): The Cyclical Volatility of Equilibrium Unemployment and Vacancies: Evidence from Italy.
Caroleo, Floro Ernesto (2012): Il difficile passaggio verso il lavoro dei giovani che lasciano la scuola: quali possibili politiche?
Carone, Giuseppe and Koopman, Gert Jan and Pichelmann, Karl (2009): Labour market prospects and policies to soften the impact of the financial crisis. Published in: ECONOMIC BRIEF ECFIN , Vol. 1, No. 1 (May 2009): pp. 1-7.
Carone, Giuseppe and Stovicek, Klara and Pierini, Fabiana and Sail, Etienne (2009): Recent reforms of the tax and benefit systems in the framework of flexicurity. Published in: European Economy-Occasional Paper No. 43 (February 2009): pp. 2-86.
Cavapozzi, Danilo and Garrouste, Christelle and Paccagnella, Omar (2010): Childhood, Schooling and Income Inequality. Published in: MEA Discussion Papers No. 212 (December 2010): pp. 1-15.
Cebula, Richard (2000): Determinants of the Rate of Return on Commercial Bank Assets in the United States, 1959-1998. Published in: The Journal of American Academy of Business , Vol. 12, No. 1 (30 September 2001): pp. 157-159.
Cebula, Richard (1971): Interregional Income Determination: A Graphical Analysis for Interdependent Economies. Published in: Tijdschrift Voor Economie , Vol. 17, No. 1 (10 March 1972): pp. 33-47.
Cengiz, Gulfer and Cicek, Deniz and Kuzubas, Tolga Umut and Olcay, Nadide Banu and Saglam, Ismail (2007): A Monetary Union Model with Cash-in-Advance Constraints.
Cengiz, Sibel and Sahin, Afsin (2013): Modelling Nonlinear Behavior of Labor Force Participation Rate by STAR: An Application for Turkey.
Cervini-Plá, María and Silva, José I. and López-Villavicencio, Antonia (2012): Labor disruption costs and real wages cyclicality.
Chakraborty, Bidisha and Chakraborty, Kamalika (2016): Low Level Equilibrium Trap, Unemployment, School Quality, Child Labour and Human Capital Formation.
Chakraborty, Kamalika and Chakraborty, Bidisha (2016): Child labour ban versus Education subsidy in a model with learning by doing effect in unskilled work.
Chakraborty, Kamalika and Chakraborty, Bidisha (2016): Will increase in size of landholding reduce child labour in presence of unemployment? A theoretical analysis.
Chakraborty, Lekha S and Singh, Yadawendra (2018): Fiscal Policy, as the "Employer of Last Resort": Impact of Direct fiscal transfer (MGNREGA) on Labour Force Participation Rates in India.
Chani, Muhammad Irfan and Hassan, Mahboob Ul and Shahid, Muhammad (2012): Human capital formation and economic development in Pakistan: an empirical analysis. Forthcoming in: Actual Problems of Economics No. 6 (June 2012)
Chani, Muhammad Irfan and Shahid, Muhammad and Hassan, Mahboob Ul (2011): Some socio-economic determinants of fertility in Pakistan: an empirical analysis. Published in: Actual Problems of Economics (May 2012)
Charpe, Matthieu and Kühn, Stefan (2012): Bargaining, Aggregate Demand and Employment.
Chatri, Abdellatif and Maarouf, Abdelwahab and Ezzahid, Elhaj (2015): Productivité agricole, intégration et transformation structurelle de l'économie marocaine.
Chella, Namapsa and Phiri, Andrew (2017): Long-run cointegration between foreign direct investment, direct investment and unemployment in South Africa.
Chen, Kuan-Jen and Lai, Ching-Chong and Lai, Ting-Wei (2016): The Division of Temporary and Permanent Employment and Business Cycle Fluctuations.
Chen, Siyan and Desiderio, Saul (2014): Sticky wages, labor demand elasticity and rational unemployment.
Chichilnisky, Graciela (1990): General equilibrium and social choice with increasing returns. Published in: Annals of Operations Research , Vol. 23, (1990): pp. 289-297.
Chichilnisky, Graciela (1989): North-South trade and basic needs. Published in: International Journal of Development Planning and Literature , Vol. 4, No. no. 4 (1989): pp. 180-221.
Chichilnisky, Graciela (1990): North-South trade and basic needs. Published in: North-South trade in Manufactures , Vol. 7, No. chapter 25 (1990): pp. 661-711.
Chivu, Luminița and Georgescu, George (2020): Vulnerabilități ale pieței muncii din România sub impactul COVID-19.
Chletsos, Michael and Roupakias, Stelios (2012): Immigration, Unemployment and Growth: Empirical Evidence from Greece.
Chletsos, Michael and Roupakias, Stelios (2012): The impact of immigration on the greek labor market.
Choi, Sekyu and Figueroa, Nincen and Villena-Roldán, Benjamin (2020): Wage Cyclicality Revisited: The Role of Hiring Standards.
Chu, Angus C. and Cozzi, Guido and Fan, Haichao and Furukawa, Yuichi (2013): Inflation, Unemployment and Economic Growth in a Schumpeterian Economy.
Chu, Angus C. and Cozzi, Guido and Fan, Haichao and Furukawa, Yuichi and Liao, Chih-Hsing (2020): How Minimum Wages Affect Automation and Innovation in a Schumpeterian Economy.
Chu, Angus C. and Cozzi, Guido and Furukawa, Yuichi (2014): Labor Unions, Directed Technical Change and Cross-Country Wage Inequality.
Chu, Angus C. and Cozzi, Guido and Furukawa, Yuichi (2015): Unions, Innovation and Cross-Country Wage Inequality.
Chu, Angus C. and Fan, Haichao and Furukawa, Yuichi and Kou, Zonglai and Liu, Xueyue (2019): Minimum Wages, Import Status, and Firms' Innovation: Theory and Evidence from China.
Chu, Angus C. and Kou, Zonglai and Wang, Xilin (2019): Dynamic Effects of Minimum Wage on Growth and Innovation in a Schumpeterian Economy. Forthcoming in: Economics Letters
Cimoli, Mario and Porcile, Gabriel (2011): Technology, structural change and BOP constrained growth: A structuralist toolbox.
Cimoli, Mario and Porcile, Gabriel (2011): Tecnologia, heterogeneidad y crecimiento: una caja de herramientas estructuralista.
Claar, Victor V (2002): Is the NAIRU More Useful in Forecasting Inflation than the Natural Rate of Unemployment? Published in: Applied Economics , Vol. 38, No. 18 (October 2006): pp. 2179-2189.
Coe, David T. (1989): Structural Determinants of the Natural Rate of Unemployment in Canada.
Coelho, José (2020): Universal basic income and skill-biased technological change.
Colciago, Andrea and Rossi, Lorenza (2011): Endogenous Market Structures and Labor Market Dynamics.
Consoli, Davide and Vona, Francesco and Saarivirta, Toni (2010): An analysis of the Graduate Labour Market in Finland: the impact of Spatial Agglomeration and Skill-Job Mismatches.
Contreras, Juan (2006): An Empirical Model of Factor Adjustment Dynamics.
Cortez, Willy W. and Islas-Camargo, Alejandro (2017): Delincuencia, Pobreza y Crecimiento Económico en México, ¿existe una relación asimétrica? Forthcoming in: (September 2017)
Craighead, William (2016): Hysteresis in a New Keynesian Model.
Craigwell, Roland and Mathouraparsad, Sebastien and Maurin, Alain (2011): Unemployment hysteresis in the English-speaking Caribbean: evidence from non-linear models. Published in: International Research Journal of Finance and Economics No. 65 (2011): pp. 98-111.
Cruz Mejía, Jose Vidal and Cruz-Rodríguez, Alexis (2020): Impacto de la inversión extranjera directa en el crecimiento económico, las exportaciones y el empleo de República Dominicana.
Cruz Rodriguez, Alexis (2008): A Phillips curve to the Dominican Republic.
Cruz-Rodríguez, Alexis (2008): A Phillips Curve for the Dominican Republic. Published in: The Empirical Economics Letters , Vol. 7, No. 8 (August 2008): pp. 845-850.
Cuéllar Martín, Jaime and Martín-Román, Ángel L. and Moral, Alfonso (2017): A composed error model decomposition and spatial analysis of local unemployment.
Cuéllar-Martín, Jaime and Martín-Román, Ángel L. and Moral, Alfonso (2017): Natural and cyclical unemployment: a stochastic frontier decomposition and economic policy implications.
colciago, andrea and Rossi, Lorenza (2011): Endogenous Market Structures and the Business Cycle.
D'Agostino, Antonello and Mendicino, Caterina (2014): Expectation-Driven Cycles: Time-varying Effects.
D'Orlando, Fabio and Ferrante, Francesco (2015): The benefits of stabilization policies revisited.
Dadam, Vincent and Viegi, Nicola (2021): Hysteresis without Hope: investigating unemployment persistence in South Africa.
Dahmani, Mohamed Driouche and Rekrak, Mounia (2015): Revisiting the Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Algeria, 1970-2014: Co-Integration Approach using ARDL model.
Daianu, Daniel and Albu, Lucian-Liviu (1996): Strain and the inflation - unemployment relationship: a conceptual and empirical investigation. Published in: Ace Project Memoranda, Department of Economics, University of Leicester , Vol. 96, No. 15 : pp. 1-39.
Dalton, John (2012): The Evolution of Taxes and Hours Worked in Austria, 1970-2005.
De Koning, Kees (2014): About winners and losers: the Euro Area example.
De Koning, Kees (2019): Are there fault lines in the Netherland's pension provision?
De Koning, Kees (2013): Debt, equity and income: the limits to the freedom of choice in an economy.
De Koning, Kees (2013): Economic System Failures: the U.S. case.
De Koning, Kees (2014): Financial crisis, economic crisis and individual households' income and savings crisis.
De Koning, Kees (2021): How can household wealth be used to stimulate economic growth. The Italian example.
De Koning, Kees (2020): Inequality as a Source of Recessions and Poverty.
De Koning, Kees (2019): Pension savings: A key question about returns.
De Koning, Kees (2021): Quantitative Easing Home Equity An Alternative Economic Management Tool.
De Koning, Kees (2020): Rebuilding the U.K.economy after the corona virus pandemic: a new Home Equity Release Method (U.K. HERM).
De Koning, Kees (2020): Rebuilding the U.S. economy after the corona virus pandemic: a new Home Equity Release Method (HERM).
De Koning, Kees (2020): Savings; the least understood economic concept, the U.S. case.
De Koning, Kees (2021): U.S. Government debts, a dangerous cocktail of borrowing, spending and inflation levels.
De Koning, Kees (2021): The U.S. Great Recession Experience. The Reasons why Losses in Jobs and in Home Equity Savings reinforced each other.
De Koning, Kees (2020): U.S. Households' Balance Sheet and the link to economic policies.
De Koning, Kees (2013): The United Kingdom: Economic Growth, a Draft Master Plan.
De Koning, Kees (2012): The United States: An Economic Balance Sheet Analysis.
De Koning, Kees (2021): Who manages savings in the U.S. and why should they be managed?
De Koning, Kees (2020): A different economic growth strategy for the U.S.
De Koning, Kees (2015): The evil force of borrowing and the weakness of Quantitative Easing.
De Koning, Kees (2013): An income gap theory and its effects on unemployment and economic growth.
De Koning, Kees (2013): The real financial crisis: an individual households' crisis The case for index-linked government bonds for the Netherlands, the U.S. and the U.K.
De Koning, Kees (2013): The world's dream, economic growth revisited.
Deiana, Claudio and Giua, Ludovica (2018): The US Opidemic: Prescription Opioids, Labour Market Conditions and Crime.
Demertzis, Maria and Van Els, Peter and Peeters, H.M.M. (2002): EUROMON: De Nederlandsche Bank's multi-country model.
Demir, Firat (2010): Exchange Rate Volatility and Employment Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Turkey. Published in: World Development , Vol. 8, No. 38 (August 2010): pp. 1127-1140.
Detotto, Claudio and Pulina, Manuela (2010): Assessing substitution and complementary effects amongst crime typologies. Published in: European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (February 2013)
Dhamija, Nidhi (2019): Trade Liberalization and Unemployment in India: A State Level Analysis.
Dhas, Albert Christopher and Helen, Mary Jacqueline (2008): SOCIAL SECURITY FOR UNORGANISED WORKERS IN INDIA.
Dizioli, Allan and Pinheiro, Roberto B. (2012): Health insurance as a productive factor.
Duduiala-Popescu, Lorena (2008): Measures of compliance with sustainable development objectives adopted by Romania in the pre-and post-accession.
Duduiala-Popescu, Lorena (2009): The priorities of the EU budget for 2009.
de la Fonteijne, Marcel R. (2018): Why the concept of Hicks, Harrod, Solow neutral and even non-neutral augmented technical progress is flawed in principle in any economic model.
Eagle, David M. (2012): Nominal GDP targeting for a speedier economic recovery.
Eberhard, Juan (2012): Immigration, Human Capital and the Welfare of Natives.
Efayena, Obukohwo Oba and Olele, Hilda Enoh (2020): A Validation of the Phillips Curve Hypothesis in Nigeria: A Quarterly Data-Based Approach.
El Alaoui, Aicha and Ezzahidi, Elhadj and Eladnani, Mohamed Jellal (2013): Etimating NAIRU: the Morocco case.
Elasrag, Hussein (2012): The developmental role of SMEs in the Arab countries.
Emara, Noha and Ma, Jinpeng (2019): An Analysis of the Seasonal Cycle and the Business Cycle.
Engbom, Niklas and Gonzaga, Gustavo and Moser, Christian and Olivieri, Roberta (2021): Earnings Inequality and Dynamics in the Presence of Informality: The Case of Brazil.
Engbom, Niklas and Moser, Christian (2018): Earnings Inequality and the Minimum Wage: Evidence from Brazil.
Engbom, Niklas and Moser, Christian (2020): Firm Pay Dynamics.
Epstein, Brendan (2018): Labor Force Participation Dynamics.
Epstein, Brendan and Finkelstein Shapiro, Alan (2017): Banking and Financial Participation Reforms, Labor Markets, and Financial Shocks.
Epstein, Brendan and Finkelstein Shapiro, Alan (2018): Financial Development, Unemployment Volatility, and Sectoral Dynamics.
Epstein, Brendan and Finkelstein Shapiro, Alan and Gonzalez Gomez, Andres (2018): Global Financial Risk, Domestic Financial Access, and Unemployment Dynamics.
Escudero, Veronica (2014): Are active labour market policies effective in activating and integrating low-skilled individuals? An international comparison.
Estrada, Fernando and Patiño, Gonzalo and Pulido, Antonio (2014): Economía del desarrollo y calidad de vida: estudio regional para Santander, Colombia.
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The Boeing 737 is a common medium passenger jet used by many budget airlines. See more flight pictures.
When air travel debuted in the early 20th century, it was both rare and expensive. Air travel was restricted to the very wealthy, and each trip was a special occasion -- even if the plane was deafeningly loud and rattled your teeth for the entire flight. After World War II, powerful engines and improved plane designs made it possible to carry more passengers for longer distances. The economics of scale brought the price of a plane ticket within reach of the average family.
Many airlines continued to treat air travel as a luxury, however. Free meals and drinks, expansive and comfortable seats, personal attention from flight attendants and other amenities kept the price of plane tickets relatively high. Airline deregulation and the changing economics of the airline industry in the 1970s and '80s lead to a new type of airline category -- the budget airline.
Budget airlines, as you would guess from the name, offer inexpensive tickets -- sometimes as low as $50 for a one-way ticket. They manage this by cutting their own operating costs. How do they cut costs? There are many ways an airline can trim operating expenses, but budget airlines are most well-known for cutting back on passenger luxuries, or making passengers pay for luxuries à la carte.
What's behind the success (and sometimes failure) of budget airlines? Do they cut corners on safety? What is it like to fly on a budget airline? In this article, we're going to take a hard look at airline economics and find out how budget carriers stay in the black.
Running an airline is unavoidably expensive. One of the most basic costs is the price of buying the airplanes themselves. For instance, a Boeing 737, a relatively small passenger jet, costs around $50 million or more. Larger jets can approach $300 million in price [source: Boeing].
Hiring qualified pilots to fly the planes is another major cost. A pilot with 10 years of experience will earn upwards of $100,000 in annual salary. First officers and other crew members make less, but still represent a major cost [source: Payscale.com].
Fuel costs not only take a huge chunk out of an airline's revenue, they are notoriously volatile. From month to month, airlines never know exactly how much fuel is going to cost. Domestic airlines in the U.S. spend a combined $2 to $5 billion on jet fuel every month [source: Air Transport Association].
Countless other expenses also weigh down an airline's bottom line: maintenance costs, fees paid to airports, fees paid to the government, the cost of food served to passengers, the cost of running computer systems to track bookings, fees and percentages paid to travel agents and Web sites, pilot training, and other incidental costs all add to operating expenses.
These costs can be compounded by certain realities of the airline industry. For example, long flights cost the airline proportionally more money -- that's because they're in the air for a long while and burn a lot of fuel -- but the passengers still only pay for a single ticket. Empty seats represent an additional cost. The plane has to make the trip for the paying passengers, but if not all of the tickets were sold, the airline is not making the maximum possible profit on that flight.
If airlines have to deal with so many costs, how do budget airlines offer cheap tickets? Find out in the next section.
Until the 1970s, all U.S. airlines that flew across state lines were regulated by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). CAB set minimum fares, doled out flight routes and generally kept all the major airlines on equal footing (while keeping smaller competitors out). Regulated fares lead the airlines into strange forms of competition, such as serving steak dinners or attracting their predominantly male customers with stewardesses in short skirts. In 1978, the airlines were deregulated, opening the door to low-cost airlines.
Having only one type of airplane in the fleet streamlines maintenance and training procedures.
There is no single silver bullet that budget airlines use to cut costs. They generally address every possible aspect of their business model, trim where they can and use the gains to offset reduced ticket prices. Not every budget airline uses every cost-cutting method -- some of them specialize in one area, or use a specific practice to set themselves apart from the competition.
One of the most important ways for an airline to save money is through fuel hedging. All airlines use fuel hedging, but budget airlines seem to be particularly good at it. For example, between 1991 and 2008, Southwest Airlines paid $3.5 billion below the industry average for jet fuel by using aggressive fuel hedging [source: Reed]. What is hedging? It's a gamble against the future price of jet fuel. If an airline thinks that the cost of fuel is going to rise in the future, they can sign contracts locking in the current price for months or even years. If fuel prices double in 12 months, the airline would be buying fuel at last year's cheaper rate. However, if prices drop, the airline is stuck paying their "locked in" higher rate.
Another excellent way to cut costs is to use only one kind of plane. Southwest only uses Boeing 737s. This saves money on maintenance and repair, since the company only has to stock parts for the one make and model of plane they use. They also save money on pilot and mechanic training, since they don't need separate training programs for each different type of aircraft.
Cheaper airport fees can also help the bottom line. How do airlines pay cheaper airport fees? Sometimes they can do it just by negotiating ruthlessly, but the tried-and-true budget airline method is to use smaller, underutilized airports. A major airport, like Chicago O'Hare, is in high demand from airlines. The airport commands higher fees because so many airlines want to use it. Chicago's Midway Airport is less popular, though it serves the same basic function -- allowing planes to take off and land near the Chicago metropolitan area. Budget airlines are willing to deal with whatever drawbacks the smaller airport may have in return for the smaller fees required to use it.
Of course, not every city has two airports to choose from. In that case, an airline might choose to fly into a smaller city in the same region as a major destination. The airports in Washington, D.C. are very expensive for airlines (and passengers). The airport in nearby Baltimore, Md., is cheaper, though it requires a train ride or a drive to get into D.C. Budget airlines bank on the fact that many passengers are willing to take the extra train ride if it means saving hundreds of dollars on their plane fare.
Next, we'll see what it's like to fly on a budget airline.
Budget airlines generally offer only one class of seating. It may not be the most comfortable, but it is cheap.
A lot of the business decisions that budget airlines make are invisible to passengers, but some are evident as soon as you fly on one.
Single-class seating is common. On most budget airlines, you won't find first class, business class or economy class. The entire plane is one class, with all the seats lined up in one cabin. It's basically like a bus with wings. Budget airlines also streamline things by eliminating reserved seats -- passengers file into the plane and choose their own seats on a first-come, first-served basis. This simplifies designing the interior of the planes, reduces the number of crew members required per flight and reduces the overhead necessary to run complicated booking systems. It also speeds up turnaround times, allowing the airline to schedule more flights and therefore make more money.
Short-haul and direct flights are common, too. Instead of scheduling long flights and transferring passengers at busy hubs, budget airlines emphasize short-haul flights that allow passengers to fly directly to their destination. This increases the number of scheduled flights, boosts profits and cuts down on waiting time on the ground.
Budget airlines also offer fewer cabin amenities. This can take many forms, from smaller, lightly padded seats to the absence of free meals and alcoholic beverages. The typical budget airline offers a basic seat and anything else a passenger wants in-flight can be had for an additional fee. Not every budget carrier follows this model, however. Some budget airlines differentiate themselves from their competitors by offering power connections for electronic devices, larger seats and other small perks.
Direct-ticket sales are another cost-saving tactic. If you go to an Internet travel site to book a flight, the site gets a cut of the ticket price from the airline. The same thing happens if you use a travel agent. Some budget airlines use the age-old cost-cutting practice of "cutting out the middleman," and not allowing their tickets to be sold through these third party outlets. Instead, they only sell tickets through their own Web site or at the ticket counter.
Some people fear that all the cost-cutting extends to safety and maintenance. We'll find out if there's any truth to it in the next section.
To read more about airplanes and other flight related topics, follow the links on the next page.


MICHAEL EAVIS has revealed that he's chasing Madonna to play this year's Glastonbury Festival.
Speaking to nme.com after addressing the Cambridge University Union Society at a function for students last week, he also said he was still hopeful that Oasis would play the event.
Eavis went on to confirm that both Richard Ashcroft and Radiohead WOULD NOT play because they were behind schedule recording new material.
Eavis refused to give the names of any bands he was especially interested in, saying: "I don't want to give the impression anyone's playing because it's still only January. It gets me into deep trouble! If I say anything to you now, all the others (festival organisers) will go and offer them loads of money to play theirs. There's a lot of competition at the moment.
He did, however, confirm he hoped to see Barry White at Glastonbury 2000 and that he'd turned down Whitney Houston's offer to play. However, his one wish for this year's festival, on June 23-25 at his farm at Pilton, Somerset, would be to see Madonna headline.


text:
package eulerian_cycle

func EulerianCycle(g Graph) []int {
	if !g.Directed {
		panic("This algorithm only supports directed graphs")
	}

	// A directed graph contains an Eulerian cycle if and only if:
	// - It is strongly connected;
	// - And each vertex has the same in-degree as out-degree.
	if !stronglyConnected(g) || !sameInDegreesAsOutDegrees(g) {
		return nil
	}

	return findEulerianCycle(g.Edges)
}

func stronglyConnected(g Graph) bool {
	// A directed graph is strongly connected if and only if all vertices can reach, and are
	// reachable, from a given vertex.
	x := 0
	return canReachEntireGraph(g, x) && canReachEntireGraph(reverse(g), x)
}

func canReachEntireGraph(g Graph, from int) bool {
	n := 0
	NewAdjacencyList(g).DepthFirstSearch(from, func(x int) {
		n++
	})
	return n == g.VertexCount
}

func reverse(g Graph) Graph {
	reversedEdges := make([]Edge, len(g.Edges))
	for i, edge := range g.Edges {
		reversedEdges[i] = Edge{edge.Y, edge.X}
	}
	return Graph{g.VertexCount, g.Directed, reversedEdges}
}

func sameInDegreesAsOutDegrees(g Graph) bool {
	degrees := make([]int, g.VertexCount)
	for _, edge := range g.Edges {
		degrees[edge.X]--
		degrees[edge.Y]++
	}
	for _, degree := range degrees {
		if degree != 0 {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

func findEulerianCycle(edges []Edge) []int {
	eulerianCycle := []int{}
	visited := make([]bool, len(edges))

	// The visitEdges call below will return a cycle, starting and ending at the vertex 0.
	// Explanation from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulerian_path#Hierholzer.27s_algorithm:
	// "It is not possible to get stuck at any vertex other than [0], because the even degree of all
	// vertices ensures that, when the trail enters another vertex w there must be an unused edge
	// leaving w. The tour formed in this way is a closed tour, but may not cover all the vertices
	// and edges of the initial graph."
	path := visitEdges(edges, visited, 0)

	for len(path) > 0 {
		// Move the last edge of path into the eulerian cycle. This builds the eulerian cycle in
		// reverse order, so to get the correct final order we need to prepend the edge instead of
		// appending it.
		popped := path[len(path)-1]
		path = path[:len(path)-1]
		eulerianCycle = prepend(eulerianCycle, popped.X)

		// The visitEdges call below will again return a cycle, starting and ending at popped.X.
		// That's because each vertex in the graph of unvisited edges still maintains the Eulerian
		// property of in-degree == out-degree, so the same reasoning as above still applies.
		//
		// Note that if path is not empty, popped.X is equal to path[len(path)-1].Y, so path will
		// still be a valid continuous path even after being extended by the new cycle.
		path = append(path, visitEdges(edges, visited, popped.X)...)
	}

	return eulerianCycle
}

// visitEdges builds a path of unvisited edges, starting at the vertex start, and marking the edges
// of the path as visited. When the path cannot be extended with unvisited edges anymore, visitEdges
// returns the path.
func visitEdges(edges []Edge, visited []bool, start int) []Edge {
	for i, edge := range edges {
		if !visited[i] && edge.X == start {
			visited[i] = true
			return append([]Edge{edge}, visitEdges(edges, visited, edge.Y)...)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func prepend(a []int, v int) []int {
	return append([]int{v}, a...)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub