Gross domestic product ("GDP") measures the monetary value of final goods and services produced in an economy in a given period of time. GDP is important due to the information it provides on an economy's performance. An expansion of a country's GDP is an indication of a growing economy, while a contraction in GDP signals an economic downturn.
When the GDP in an economy is growing strong, employment is likely to increase and companies are likely to make more profit, providing support to stock prices. A comparison on GDP growth rates across different countries also gives us an idea of the relative outlook of their economic expansion. Given its vast breadth, GDP is among the most quoted indicators by the financial markets.
The purchasing managers' index ("PMI") surveys are used to gauge the activity in manufacturing and services. They are used by many countries worldwide to monitor the macroeconomic trend. Generally speaking, a reading above 50 indicates a sign of expansion and a reading under 50 represents a contraction.
Being a soft data (i.e. survey based data, as opposed to hard data which refers to tangible activity), the index is a measure of sentiment. Many investors see the monthly calculated PMI as a leading indicator for economic growth or contraction as companies usually stop purchasing raw materials immediately when the demand dries up, much before the time when other reports on retail sales or consume spending indicate any problems in an economy.
Interest rate is one of the most important policy aspects of central banks which creates monetary policy and exerts significant control over a country's economy. The most widely monitored interest rate in the world is the Fed Funds rate in the United States, which is set by the Federal Open Market Committee, a committee within the Federal Reserve.
Interest rates are closely watched by investors because of their profound implications on the financial markets and the economies and they can indicate the economy's direction. They also influence the cost of borrowing and the return on savings, and are an important component of the return of many investments.
Everyone would like to get their hands on the fortune-telling crystal ball, but experience have repeatedly confirmed that forecasting the economy is difficult. We believe that while we may not see the future, investors need to have a good understanding of where we are today.
Our Nowcast methodology is a "big data" systematic approach that measures where we are in the economic cycle. We draw information from a whole range of economic data series – as many as 80 to 200 per country. We run our Nowcast model every week to provide an updated measure of economic activities. It identifies the relevant economic signal amid the excitement, randomness and noise of the macroeconomic news flow, so investors can use it as a "ready-reckoner" for where we are in the business cycle today.
Please refer to the offering documents for further details including the risk factors. Investment involves risk and past performance is not indicative of future performance. The document has not been reviewed by the Securities and Futures Commission.
The opinions expressed herein should not be considered to be a recommendation by HSBC Global Asset Management (Hong Kong) Limited to any reader of this document to buy or sell securities, commodities, currencies or other investments referred to herein. HSBC Global Asset Management (Hong Kong) Limited, its ultimate and intermediate holding companies, subsidiaries, affiliates, clients, directors and/or staff may, at any time, have a position in the markets referred to herein, and may buy or sell securities, currencies, or any other financial instruments in such markets. HSBC Global Asset Management (Hong Kong) Limited has based this document on information obtained from sources it believes to be reliable but which it has not independently verified. HSBC Global Asset Management (Hong Kong) Limited and the HSBC Group make no guarantees, representations or warranties and accept no responsibility or liability as to its accuracy or completeness.
Copyright© HSBC Global Asset Management (Hong Kong) Limited 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, store in a retrieval system, or transmitted, on any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of HSBC Globa Asset Management (Hong Kong) Limited.


We try to use MapServer in our web mapping project.
But we have some issues.
Our shapefiles have win-1251 encoding (charset) and contain russian text in the dbf files.
How to set win-1251 encoding (charset) for MapServer and Apache?


Second only in popularity to our TSJ-210W, the TSJ-62W is an ideal choice for smaller prisons and detention centers, as well as learning institutions. This is a very powerful unit which is well suited for indoor / outdoor use.
Provides 62W of total power over 5 channels.
Designed for prison and detention center applications, but also a favorite for academic testing centers and issuance of standardized tests.
Designed to prevent abuse and sabotage.
Integrated circuit protection to prevent damage in the event of antenna short circuiting or disconnection.
Antennas External Omnidirectional - Included.
Waterproof Cover for Outdoor use - Included.
Adjustable RF Power output level for each individual channel.
Range: up to 150 meters [where local signal strength is <or=-75dBm].
See more in our Prison Jammer Category.


text:
Q: Can a mistake in simple WPF programming trigger a blue screen? I was doing some .NET programming in WPF which involved reading .png and .txt files, placing images on a canvas, moving them around and then removing them and all of a sudden I get a bluescreen. I didn't think my little tinkering could cause a driver issue until I restarted and did the exact same thing with my program and I got another driver error. It seems that an intel graphics driver had failed and my resolution went way down. No bluescreen the second time, though. I was playing pretty fast and loose adding and removing elements from the children of the canvas. My question is, how could such simple programming cause such a serious error and how do I fix it?

A: As a first order approximation all bluescreens are caused by buggy drivers, and most driver bugs are race conditions. (see footnote 1)  That is - it's not necessarily the specific operations, but the exact timing of them interacting with other things that are out of your control.
So if you can nail it down to a sequence of operations, then you can just avoid that sequence.   but usually the only fix is to get better drivers - and not necessarily the latest drivers, sometimes its best to go back to an older set of drivers.
footnotes:
1 Of course, not all bluescreens are drivers, but they are all from kernel mode, it should never be possible for user mode code to make calls that crash in kernel mode, so when you hit a bluescreen, you have found a bug in some component that runs in kernel mode.  A bluescreen is by definition not your bug (2) (or not only your bug).
2 unless you write drivers.

A: It sounds like you have a buggy graphics driver.  WPF by itself cannot trigger a blue screen -- but WPF does call DirectX, which in turn calls the graphics driver -- and if the graphics driver contains bugs, those can cause a blue screen.
You cannot fix this at the WPF level, because WPF is innocent in this particular problem.  You need to update your graphics driver.  A possible workaround if there are no updates or the latest version doesn't fix it is to disable hardware acceleration for WPF, as this may avoid hitting the buggy bit of the driver.

A: Try disabling WPF hardware rendering (DirectX) and see if your problem goes away:
Graphics Rendering Registry Settings
Excerpt:
Disable Hardware Acceleration Option
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Avalon.Graphics\DisableHWAcceleration
DWORD
The disable hardware acceleration option enables you to turn off hardware acceleration for debugging and test purposes. When you see rendering artifacts in an application, try turning off hardware acceleration. If the artifact disappears, the problem might be with your video driver.
The disable hardware acceleration option is a DWORD value that is either 0 or 1. A value of 1 disables hardware acceleration. A value of 0 enables hardware acceleration, provided the system meets hardware acceleration requirements; for more information, see Graphics Rendering Tiers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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[Free&Easy] Deco cowls for your Goodness.
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Crochet Cowl of Many Colors.
Crochet Loken Scarf. Skill level: Experienced. Free Pattern.
Winter Collection of The Boots Cuffs.
Boot Cuffs Free Crochet Pattern and Video Tutorial.
[Free Easy Crochet Pattern] Practical Afghan Blanket.
A white-green mandala crochet carpet.
[Free Pattern] Crochet Nordesia Cowl.
Fall Into Color Cowl - Free Pattern.
[Free Pattern] Crochet Raphael Cowl.
Awesome Crochet Cowl and Bag With The Same Technique.
CROCHET What Do Beginners Need To Know?
Easy Cowl free pattern and tutorial.


It was in March 2009 that I was afforded the nice honour by Jaguar Julie of being invited to turn out to be the primary recipient of the Journal of the Traveling Squid. This associated to a charity mission which Julie had conceived of, making an attempt to ship a journal and t-shirt around the world through Squidoo contributors to the final word benefit of any number of worldwide charities and charity initiatives. It was my pleasure to simply accept her invitation, to write down in the journal and to have my photograph taken with the t-shirt and journal previous to passing the whole thing on to the following participant.
Healthy Office Award The Wilkes-Barre Chamber of Commerce has been helping native companies in the Wilkes-Barre area since 1884. Annually the chamber has acknowledged a local business that have been dedicated to serving to their workers enhance their total health and wellbeing. Good lens and I'm so looking ahead to more days on the seashore this summer as we reside on a peninsula surrounded by beaches!
We used this on considered one of our newer trips, and I do not assume I could do it another way now. We have a Garmin Nuvi 200w, and nearly each mannequin is definitely worth the price, especially if you'll make a number of stops along the way. Click on the links below to see the Amazon description. What attractive pictures and an interesting article. I might love to visit Nova Scotia but it surely's a LONG way from Maryland!
The city is home to a lighthouse that Canada proudly proclaims to be the most photographed within the country and perhaps the world. Peggys Point lighthouse in reality is the picture in the introduction on the high of the web page. It is closed to the public however it actually is a pleasant-looking building in an important location. At a minimal, a light-weight, wide brimmed seashore hat with UPF 50+ ultraviolet protection is a great accent to pack in your suitcase.
Don't worry about staying several blocks away from Duval – even a dozen blocks back. But don's stay too close: Duval is noisy each night time till 4am so it's a good thing to be set again – and a 10 or 15 minute stroll is not any drawback in Key West. I like all locations in of them I have visited but a few of them not but 🙁 Hearst Fort look so good I would like to go to it some day.


Last night, I posted this photo on Instagram, and got bombarded with encouragement.
Two years ago, I found the blog of a magazine called Southern Weddings. Although I didn't have a ring on my finger, nor did I expect one soon, I fell in love with the site. I was drawn to the infusion of the South into everything posted, and even though I didn't really care about weddings at that point, I read page after page. I was drawn to how stinking COOL all of the ladies of SW were. I, like millions of other women, felt like I could be their best friends. I then put a pause on reading the site, because I felt very strongly about guarding my heart. Meaning, I wasn't going to think about weddings until I was having one. I really do believe that living present in the season you're in is so important.
On June 1, 2012... Benjamin Luke surprised me by asking me to be his wifey. After I said "yes, yes, yes!!" Two things happened. I emailed my dream wedding photographer and ordered a copy of Southern Weddings magazine. I didn't think a publication could be that beautiful. Every page was packed full of beauty and meaning and love. Even the advertisements carried the overall aesthetic of the magazine. I gathered so much inspiration from their pages and their blog.
Then, I decided to take a leap and attend Making Things Happen, founded by Lara Casey, the editor of Southern Weddings. Several of the ladies were there, and although I expected to be starstruck, God had some major revelations that needed to take place during my time there, so I just got to know people and again, saw that this brand and these people were just as lovely as I had thought. During and after the conference, I loved being encouraged and pushed towards greatness by Kristin, and developing a kindred spirit blog friendship with Emily. I can't help but mention that being in Lara's small group kicked my hiney, and made me realize that I was letting a bunch of toxic things control my life.
A few months ago, I got an email about contributing to a feature on marriage advice, including little snippets from people who have been married all different amounts of time. I poured my heart into my little paragraph, and tried not to assume it would for sure make it in the feature. Yesterday, my friend Meredith texted me a photo of my name in print.. she had found a copy of V6!
Every Thursday, Ben and I go on a date. So last night's date night involved a planned search to find an issue of V6 even though we already had one coming in the mail. :) Our search was short and strategic when we found it on our first stop. I was so overwhelmed with joy in that moment. One, I was so amazed at the beautiful, authentic publication that these incredible ladies had put together once again. Two, little old me had somehow weaseled my way in!!!
To some, I have three sentences among hundreds. To me, it is a true honor and excitement to be included among so many women that I look up to. The feature is filled with people who's blogs I read or who's work I admire. When else, ever again, am I going to see my name in print like that? It's something to celebrate!
Our first year of marriage has been filled with so many outside obstacles. In whole, it's been a difficult year for me. There have been a lot of hard and bold decisions that I believe will have changed my life for the better. This feature represented so much encouragement and joy and hope and just screamed at me "YOU CAN DO IT!"
This is AWESOME! I'm not even Southern and I love Southern Weddings. I'm so excited for you!


text:
European Film Festival to explore 'Beyond Love' in May
9-18 MAY 2014
@ CINEMA NOUVEAU JHB, CPT, PTA & DBN
Love has many faces, sometimes unexpected, sometimes challenging. As the Beyond Love theme suggests, the European Film Festival (#EuroFilmFestSA) explores some of them with the screening of ten internationally-acclaimed films, representing the best of European cinema but never before screened to South African audiences.
The EUFF will be shown at Cinema Nouveau theatres and runs from 09 – 18 May 2014, in partnership with the European Union and nine European cultural agencies and embassies in South Africa: the British Council, the Camões Institute, the French Institute of South Africa, the Goethe-Institut, the Italian Cultural Institute, the Embassy of Belgium and Flemish delegation, as well as the Embassies of Austria, Denmark and Spain.
All the featured films are the recipients of numerous awards and accolades at international film festivals and competitions, including the Oscars and the Cannes Film Festival. They are the latest productions from the most exciting and talented film directors in Europe at the moment, and a true reflection of European cinematographic creativity and diversity.
"The theme of Love serves as an interesting starting point for a European film selection. This contemporary selection of films allows us to experience tales beyond the cliché and 'national' narrative, to offer challenging, entertaining and compelling images of love, desire and the current state of Europe,' says Darryl Els, EUFF 2014 festival director.
The list of films to be screened during the European Film Festival 2014 include:
•Paradise: Love (Austria) - Cannes Film Festival 2012 – Official Competition,
•The Broken Circle Breakdown (Belgium) - Best Foreign Language Film Oscar nominated, 2014,
•The Hunt (Denmark) - Cannes Film Festival 2012 – Official Competition Best Foreign Language Film Oscar nominated, 2014,
•Stranger by the Lake (France) - Cannes Film Festival 2013 – Best Director Award, Un Certain Regard section,
•Barbara (Germany) - Berlin International Film Festival 2012, Best Director Award,
•The Great Beauty (Italy) - Best Foreign Language Film Oscar 2014,
•Tabu (Portugal) - Berlin International Film Festival 2012 – Official Competition,
•Child's Pose (Romania) - Berlin International Film Festival 2013, Golden Bear (Best Film),
•Living is Easy with Eyes Closed (Spain) - San Sebastian International Film Festival 2013 - Official Competition, and
•Le Week-End (United Kingdom) - Toronto International Film Festival 2013.
This very special treat for movie-lovers is hosted exclusively by Cinema Nouveau nationwide, with the ten-day screening programme taking place concurrently in Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg and Pretoria from 09 – 18 May. Bookings open on 15 April and special festival rates apply.
The festival also features an outreach screening programme and a competition that gives ticket-holders the chance to win a trip for two to France, courtesy of Air France and Atout France (French tourism agency).
The European Film Festival is hosted by Cinema Nouveau, co-ordinated by the French Institute of South Africa and organised in partnership with the European Union and eight other European cultural agencies or embassies in South Africa: the British Council, the Camões Institute, the Goethe-Institut, the Italian Cultural Institute, the Embassy of Belgium and Flemish delegation, as well as the Embassies of Austria, Denmark and Spain.
For booking information on the 2014 EUFF
Visit www.cinemanouveau.co.za or sterkinekor.mobi
Ticketline on 082 16789
Twitter @nouveaubuzz
Facebook and Twitter #EuroFilmFestSA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Clutch your pearls and shield the impressionable, ladies and gentleman of decent society!
This weekend is PulpFest, the annual gathering of pulp fiction's savants. Pulp fiction was printed in magazines made from inexpensive pulpwood during the early 20th century, and the periodicals were known for their (at the time) salacious cover art and racy storytelling.
Today, pulp fiction is valued for its historical impact on nearly all avenues of popular culture - from TV to film noir to LGBT art - and the shaping of genre literature. Not bad for a popular scene once pooh-poohed for its prurience.
"It was considered by many to be a lowbrow market and therefore a market that could be easier to break into," said Eric Johnson, associate curator of Ohio State's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library, home to thousands of pulps.
That ease was due to the multitude of magazines looking for content, not because of lack of literary merit.
"It gave would-be authors so many publishing opportunities," he said. "They could cut their teeth in the profession and work out their own writing style and development."
Pulp magazines featured the writing of many of today's high school English class staples - F. Scott Fitzgerald, O. Henry, Ray Bradbury. Science, romance, horror and western fiction also matured in the pages of pulp magazines.
"Modern genre fiction would not exist if not for pulp fiction," Johnson said. "Stephen King would be a pulp writer."
See or purchase bibliophilic history at PulpFest, and check out a lineup of lectures and panels and a 1930s short-film tribute to crime-fighting pulp character The Shadow (tonight at 9 p.m.).
"You will see a ton of stuff you have no chance of seeing anywhere else," Johnson said. "All these guys who are dealers are the true historians of the field."


text:
Gamerschwang ist ein Teilort der Großen Kreisstadt Ehingen (Donau) im Alb-Donau-Kreis in Baden-Württemberg. Der Ort wurde im Jahr 1972 nach Ehingen eingemeindet. Ortsvorsteher ist derzeit (2010) Josef Stiehle.

Geschichte

"Gamenesuuanc" wurde schon im 12. Jahrhundert in Dokumenten erwähnt. Eine Adelsfamilie, die ihren Namen nach dem Ort wählte, wurde im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert erwähnt. Sie gehörte zu den Dienstleuten der Grafen von Berg. Vermutlich nahm ihre Burg die Stelle des 1760/70 erbauten Raßler'schen Schlosses ein. Die Oberhoheit über Gamerschwang hatten die Grafen von Berg. Im Jahr 1343 ging dieses Recht an Österreich über.

Die Grafen von Helfenstein und später die Grafen von Werdenberg und von Fürstenberg belehnten verschiedene Familien mit Ortsherrschaft und Burg. Unter diesen Familien waren etwa die Sefler von Ulm, die Herren von Reischach und die Krafft von Ulm.

Die Kraffts verkauften Gamerschwang im Jahr 1435 an die Herren von Schienen. Diese lebten nach dem Jahr 1441 hier. Mehrere Familien hatten den Ort inne, bevor er als Lehen im Jahr 1661 an die Patrizierfamilie Raßler überging. Die Raßler nannten sich ab ihrer Erhebung in den Reichsfreiherrenstand im Jahr 1681 Raßler von Gamerschwang. Der Ort gehörte in dieser Zeit zum Ritterkanton Donau. Nach 1805 gehörte Gamerschwang zu Württemberg. Im Jahr 1810/11 war es dem Schultheißenamt Nasgenstadt unterstellt, wurde aber später selbständig.

Die im Jahr 1353 erstmals erwähnte Gamerschwanger Kapelle war erst eine Filiale der Pfarrei Nasgenstadt. Im Jahr 1469 ist eine eigene Kaplanei gestiftet worden. Seit den Jahren 1875/76 war Gamerschwang eine selbständige Pfarrei. Die heutige Pfarrkirche stammt aus dem Jahr 1689, im Jahr 1870 wurde jedoch das Schiff nach Westen verlängert. Auch der Turm ist neu errichtet worden. Kirchenpatron der Pfarrkirche ist der Heilige Nikolaus. Der schlichte Kirchenraum besitzt eine hochbarocke Gottesmutter im Strahlenkranz sowie gotische Skulpturen der Heiligen Nikolaus und Wendelin sowie an der Orgelbrüstung Statuetten von Nikolaus und Augustinus, die wohl aus der Vorgängerkirche stammen. Unter den Grabsteinen findet sich das klassizistische Denkmal Johann von Raßlers († 1792) und ein Gedenkstein für Eduard Friedrich von Raßler († 1839).

Kuno Freiherr Raßler von Gamerschwang (1869–1952) hinterließ das Schloss Gamerschwang seinen Töchtern Hedwig Braunmüller und Hildegard Ruß.

Gamerschwang wurde am 1. Oktober 1972 nach Ehingen eingemeindet und ist dort einer von heute 17 Teilorten.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Gamerschwang bei LEO-BW
 Homepage der Stadt Ehingen (Donau)

Einzelnachweise

Ortschaft von Ehingen (Donau)
Ort im Alb-Donau-Kreis
Ort an der Donau
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Alb-Donau-Kreis)
Ersterwähnung im 12. Jahrhundert
Gemeindeauflösung 1972

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Brad Culp
HJ Heads to Hawaii: The Final Countdown
by Brad Culp
Ed. Note—this is our third piece in a series of checking in with Wattie Ink. professional triathlete Heather Jackson. Miss parts one or two? Check them out via the links above. Editor Brad Culp checked in with HJ at her pre-Kona informal training camp in the Arizona desert.
When we last checked in with Heather Jackson, she was entering that critical part of the season she calls "lockdown mode." That means two months of swearing off beer, a bedtime that's earlier than most toddlers, and no more easing off the gas in training when things get tough. It's the hardest two months of the year, but it's also her favorite part of the season. It's when motivation is easiest to come by, and it's when the bricks are laid that she hopes will have her back on the podium for the second time in four races in Hawaii. Coach Joe Gambles has one last big workout planned for Jackson, and it's a doozy: Two hours of riding at race pace followed immediately by a one-hour run at race pace—and then she'll do the whole thing over again a second time with no rest in between. She'll perform this six-hour suffer-fest in Tucson before hopping on a plane and heading to Kona on Monday.
Jackson finished with her fastest time ever in Hawaii last year, but after placing third in 2016, her fourth-place showing stung a bit. She remembers vividly the moment Sarah Crowley passed her for third place and her legs just couldn't respond. "I can still picture Crowley running away from me out of the Energy Lab," she says. It's still fresh in my mind—seeing the podium go away up the road. That wasn't fun."
As much as it wasn't fun going from third to fourth in the final miles of the marathon, it's motivated Jackson during the home stretch of training for this year's race, and it also has her coming in with a fresh, relaxed perspective. "I felt pressure to get back on the podium last year—I was racing for a place all day," she says. "I'm trying not to think too much about that this year. 2015 was fun because I didn't feel that pressure. I was out there having fun all day. I'm more relaxed this year because now I know the race; I know how it usually unfolds. I just want to go out there and have some fun."
The swim is typically the part of the race where Jackson doesn't have any fun, but she has a new card to play this year thanks to a big technique breakthrough last month—as well as a new swim training partner in the form of triathlon legend Matty Reed, who has been keeping Jackson company in the pool. With Reed alongside for swims that have been as long as 8K, Jackson has a confidence in her opening leg that's been missing throughout her career. "Basically I've been holding my breath while I swim for the past ten years," she says. "I've finally learned to exhale underwater. It's something Joe and I have been working on for a while, and it finally clicked a few weeks ago. I'm no longer going full-lactic while I swim."
The swim may be the least significant part of the race in terms of total time, but it could make all the difference between second and fifth in a race that's expected to be one of the closest in Kona history. Jackson lost nine minutes to runner-up Lucy Charles in Kailua Bay last year, and ultimately finished three minutes behind her. If that deficit is only six or seven minutes this year, it could make all the difference.
But it's not just Charles she's chasing. With all of the top-seven women from a year ago returning, as well as speedy rookies like Sarah True and Anne Haug in the mix, this will be the best deepest field in race history.
"Last year it was so close among the top five, and that's how I think it'll be among the top ten this year," Jackson says. "It's all about who can dig deep in those final miles. On race day, anything can happen."


text:
FSFE interviews its Fellows
Who are our sustaining members?
Author Archives: Matthias Kirschner
About Matthias Kirschner
FSFE 's vice president. Working for FreeSoftware, so every individual can self-determined use, study, share, and improve software.
Fellowship interview with Richard Shipman
Posted on August 23, 2011 by Matthias Kirschner
Richard Shipman
Richard Shipman, Teaching Fellow at the Computer Science department of Aberystwyth University, has extensive experience of working with Free Software and discussing its strengths and weaknesses with others. In this month's interview he shares his thoughts on the importance of promoting it alongside alternatives, of the extension of Free Software at school level, and what role the computer sciences can play in relating the messages of Free Software to other institutions and disciplines.
Chris Woolfrey: When did you first get involved with Free Software? Was it through your studies?
Richard Shipman: I first used Free Software many years ago; I think I was using FreeBSD or NetBSD on my Amiga in the '90s. It was purely through an interest in different operating systems: I'd used a reasonable number of different mainframe operating systems and been a Vax sys admin, and was looking for something that was more like that to play with on my home machine.
CW: So it was the practical rather than the political benefits that sparked your interest?
RS: Absolutely. I wasn't very aware of the political movement at the time – it was the early to mid '90s, when we used Gopher rather than HTTP on the internet. But it was the history of Free Software at Aberystwyth that got me really involved, and trying to build on the reputation that some of the alumni have developed in the community: Alan Cox (formerly maintainer of the 2.2 Linux kernel, and a major influence on the Linux kernel since 1991) started his degree here, and has become a friend through one thing and another. AberMUD, which is named after Aberystwyth, was the first multiuser game that I played many years ago. And I shouldn't overlook Alun "Da Penguin" Jones, who might have had some influence on Tux. The town and university are pretty small, but there is a community of Linux users that meet up informally at the moment.
I suppose that I'm quite vocal about the political side now, and I've been getting involved with the advocacy side a lot more in the past few years. I'm mainly a pragmatist and attempt to use the best tools for the job, and most of the time I find that Free Software is the best tool, even for novice users. It's just that we don't have the advertising budget that the competitors have.
"most of the time Free Software is the best tool, even for novice users"
CW: Has a culture of using Free Software at Aberystwyth contributed to its reputation for producing great programmers and developers?
RS: At Aberystwyth, we attempt to produce good software engineers. We provide an environment in which students can learn and experience different aspects of the computing industry. We provide Free Software for our departmental students as well as the "corporate standard" provided by the Information Systems department so the students get to experience both environments and make a free choice as to what they prefer. In my honest opinion, the students will gravitate towards the best tools and a lot of the time that will be Free Software.
Even on the Microsoft platform, we encourage students to use Eclipse and Netbeans as their development environment, for example. Then they are also able to use the same tools on OpenSolaris desktops or on their own Linux desktops.
There is also quite an active IRC culture, leading to people getting an informal training on how communication works in Free Software projects. And then there's also the general environment where researchers have to make something work with very few resources, and that is generally done with Free Software rather than a proprietary system.
We depend on the reputation of our students and alumni who do a fantastic job of spreading the word that Aberystwyth is a great place to be and to get involved with Free Software. Having 20 students in Aberystwyth hoodies running around at FOSDEM, for example, gets people asking questions like "Why are Aberystwyth here in such large numbers, what are they doing?"
Just last weekend at OggCamp, I met 4 graduate alumni who are all doing interesting things in the Free Software community.
CW: Does the Computer Sciences department at Aberystwyth promote Free Software over proprietary solutions?
RS: We have a very mixed culture here, but we do try to offer a balanced view. I do find myself and colleagues promoting Free Software as an alternative pretty heavily in order to counter the proprietary message coming from other parts of the university.
I did build a freedom toaster a few years ago and that sits in the foyer of the department so that students can burn CDs and DVDs of up to date distributions – especially useful if they live in private accommodation with ADSL lines and usage caps.
We find that we tend to spend a larger amount of time covering Linux and other Free Software than proprietary simply because the students are generally familiar with Windows when they come to us, as the school system has taught them about a Microsoft monoculture.
"the school system has taught students the Microsoft monoculture"
CW: So, it's with the aim of balancing students' understanding of computing in general that you might promote Free Software?
RS: Absolutely – the last thing that we ought to be doing in university is telling the students that Free Software is the only correct way. They should be exposed to alternatives and be able to come to that conclusion on their own.
Of course, they sometime make other choices, but as long as that's their own informed choice, they've at least experienced a set of options and made up their minds.
CW: The reason for that, presumably, is that the university can't be seen to favour one system over another?
RS: As a department or institution it would be wrong of us to dictate that one way or the other is the only way to work. Students should be attending university to learn rather than to be taught; I'm afraid that I'm a little bit old fashioned in my opinions and expectations of students. We provide a safe environment in which they can explore options and make up their own minds. After being spoon fed in schools with "the answers" for so many years, it can take a while for them to learn that there is not one answer but many, and they will have to decide which suits them best.
As for favouring one style over another – we offer a BSc Open Source Computing, but don't offer one in closed or proprietary computing. I take groups of students to Free Software conferences, but not to Microsoft or Apple conferences; students compete and take part in Google Summer of Code, but also in the Microsoft Imagine Cup.
I think that we could be seen to favour one style, but a monoculture can breed complacency and stagnation, so having a number of opinions is useful, if only to see how not to do it. Overall I believe that the department generally promotes Free Software if only to make up for the disproportionate marketing force of the alternatives.
CW: So the department has a duty to promote Free Software because of its unnatural disadvantage? And does that apply to education at a lower level, like secondary school?
RS: To your first question: yes I believe that we do, in the same way that society will positively discriminate for a minority; although that is not too good an analogy as it makes the Free Software community sound like the poor relation.
"Government directives about looking at Free Software alternatives seem like lip service"
I was angered by the recent Bristol City Council decision to adopt Microsoft over Free Software and the Computacenter gag on them to even discuss the way in which the decision was made. It was looking so hopeful for a while. The government directives about always looking at a Free Software alternative seem a little too much like lip service at the moment, but hopefully they will provide a platform from which campaigning can take place and stop companies from this kind of anti-competitive practice.
As for secondary schools, if we can get Free Software into schools then it will hopefully start to mitigate the "retaining costs" that are always quoted when switching from Windows to Free Software desktops.
I've been getting a little involved with schools through the Computing in Schools project run by the Royal Society and we're working in Wales with that and with the Technocamps project to simply get more computing taught in schools rather than ICT. Showing the kids that there's more to computing than just Excel and Powerpoint is vital.
Computing itself isn't being taught at very many schools, but ICT is. It's the old analogy that ICT is like driving the car, but computing is about how to build a car, maintain it and design a better one.
CW: It's about promoting computing as an aid to thinking rather than a method of working?
RS: Yes. Computing doesn't necessarily need a computer: it's an analytical way of looking at problems. Promoting a computing way of thinking is a way of looking at problems, promoting analytical thinking and supporting the scientific method. It is about allowing you to be creative rather than being limited to a script of known solutions.
"Showing the kids that there's more to computing than just Excel and Powerpoint is vital"
CW: Does your department encourage other disciplines within the University, such as English Literature, to take the same creative approach? And does FSFE play a role in enabling this kind of dialogue?
RS: I'm not sure how much we would be able to promote things to the English department, but we certainly work with the Arts and Drama departments. We have a certain amount of interaction with them already and are able to provide Free Software solutions to problems. The development of Arduino has meant that we get requests for assistance every so often, and being able to offer that sort of Free Software solution is helpful as a way of breaking the ice with the whole Free Software discussion. I was incredibly impressed by Chris Gutteridge, from Southampton OpenData Project, at OggCamp, and what he was tying to achieve: to try to get all disciplines involved in opening up all their data sources.
Personally I think that the earlier that we can get more rational thought back into schools, the better. Computing is a very good way of introducing kids to cause and effect and scientific thinking. If they've been introduced in schools then there are less remedial actions that have to be taken in university to help the students with whatever their choice of study is.
If the data curators can be persuaded to use Open Standards then the flexibility of data becomes enormous. If FSFE can help to highlight the fact that so little data is open these days, and that it's to the advantage of everyone that we use Open Standards, then I think that would be a very worthwhile cause. Of course there are "open" standards and Open Standards and we have to be very careful about the corruption of words by interested parties.
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged Aberystwyth, arduino, FOSDEM
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Trading of the cross is neutral. Breach of 129.97 minor resistance will suggest progression of increase from 124.89. Following pivot points include: (S1) 128.92; (P) 129.36; (R1) 129.80.
EUR/JPY should align repeat test of 130.86. Breach will align 132.56 key fibonacci resistance. Breach of 127.85 will resume the decline from 130.86.


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Home » English Vocab and Grammar » 27 Common English Conjunctions and How to Use Them
By Laura Grace Tarpley
27 Common English Conjunctions and How to Use Them
"To be, or not to be?" –"Hamlet"
"I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog too!" –"The Wizard of Oz"
"If you build it, he will come." –"Field of Dreams"
Most English conjunctions are short, teeny-tiny words. Blink, and you'll miss them. You might not even notice these tiny words in a sentence.
But they're everywhere. And they're some of the most important English words.
Watch one scene of a popular TV show, like "Friends" or "The Big Bang Theory."
If you were to count the number of conjunctions used in just one scene, I bet you'd count at least five—probably more like 10 or 20!
So it makes sense that it's time to learn English conjunctions.
They make up the sentences you speak every minute of every day.
What Are Conjunctions?
A conjunction is a part of speech, just like a noun, verb or pronoun. The basic purpose of a conjunction is to combine other parts of speech.
Conjunctions can combine two basic words:
Do you prefer pizza or salad?
I run and play every day.
They can also combine clauses:
Until next month, I can't afford to go to the movies.
Or, you can take two sentences and combine them into one sentence with a conjunction. For example, look at these sentences:
I can play the guitar.
My husband can sing.
Using the conjunction "and," you can create one sentence:
I can play the guitar, and my husband can sing.
Let's look at one more example. Look at these two sentences:
I like school.
I don't like math class.
Separately, those two sentences seem to be in conflict with each other. You don't like math class? I thought you just said you like school, and math is a part of school!
You can combine these two ideas into one sentence using the word "but," which connects two opposing ideas:
"I like school, but I don't like math class."
Now, people will understand that you enjoy school in general. However, math class is the one part of school you don't like. Using that conjunction makes your point much easier to understand!
See? Conjunctions can be useful as well as convenient.
Conjunctions are extremely common. Once you become advanced enough to put together basic sentences in English, the next logical step is to learn conjunctions.
How to Master English Conjunctions
When it comes to other parts of speech, I might recommend memorizing definitions before learning to use them in a sentence. For example, you should learn what the word "cat" is before talking about cats.
However, when it comes to conjunctions, the best way to learn how they're used is just to dive in!
Conjunctions don't always have clear, easy-to-understand definitions. Instead, they have rules about when to use them. So, the best way to learn is to practice using them in sentences correctly. Then, keep practicing, practice again and practice some more.
There are a lot of English conjunctions, so it can be easy to get confused. The best way to figure out when to use each one is to see and hear them used in real-life scenarios.
You won't just hear real examples of English conjunctions being used. You'll also receive learning material.
Each video features annotated subtitles. Just hover over a word to see the definition, part of speech and an associated image. You can also click on a word to see a list of more FluentU videos that include this word.
Use FluentU's advanced search tool to watch videos using specific conjunctions. Try searching "conjunctions" or the specific word to find the video that fits your needs.
After watching a video, hop on over to Quiz Mode. These interactive quizzes help you learn the definition, pronunciation and practical use for words. And, FluentU builds a digital flashcard set for words you need more practice with.
Access the full FluentU video library on your web browser, or better yet, study conjunctions on the go with the app for iOS or Google Play.
Looking for an app dedicated exclusively to conjunctions? You might like easyLearn Conjunctions & Interjections, a simple app that's a great place for true beginners to start. With eight different question formats and plenty of quizzes, this app can help you master English conjunctions.
There are three types of English conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating and correlative.
Let's break up the following conjunctions using each of these three categories. We'll start with the simplest type (coordinating conjunctions) before moving on to more difficult territory.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are the words that probably come to mind when you think of English conjunctions. They're the most basic type, and they connect two sentences or ideas together.
There are seven coordinating conjunctions, and there's actually an easy way to remember them. Just use the acronym FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Here are the definitions and uses of each coordinating conjunction, as well as some example sentences.
1. For
When to use it: You're providing a reason for something (similar to the word "because," which we'll cover later in this post).
Example sentence:
"I eat at the café every weekend, for they serve the best bagels in town."
2. And
When to use it: "And" joins two ideas, things or sentences together.
"I have two cats and one dog."
"I drink coffee in the morning. I drink wine in the evenings." This can turn into "I drink coffee in the morning, and I drink wine in the evenings" or "I drink coffee in the morning and wine in the evenings."
3. Nor
When to use it: When you have a negative statement, "nor" adds another negative alternative.
"My mom was not happy, nor was she upset. She didn't care."
4. But
When to use it: This conjunction connects two ideas, similar to how you might use the word "and." However, while "and" connects two alike ideas/things, "but" connects contrasting ideas/things.
"I want to go to the movies, but Sarah wants to go out to eat."
If you said "I want to go to the movies, and Sarah wants to go out to eat," that would imply that you and Sarah are going to do both activities. Using the word "but" communicates that you are going to do either one or the other.
5. Or
When to use it: "Or" presents an alternative to an option.
"Would you rather wear a dress or jeans?"
"We can go to the movies or we can go out to eat."
6. Yet
When to use it: When you present a statement, "yet" presents an idea that contrasts the first statement logically.
"I don't like soda, yet I think root beer floats are delicious."
7. So
When to use it: This conjunction gives a reason for something.
"I have to wake up early, so I don't stay out late."
"John is struggling in his math class, so he hired a tutor."
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are a little more complex than coordinating conjunctions. These English conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.
Don't know what those two terms mean? That's okay—a lot of native English speakers couldn't tell you if you asked them!
An independent clause is a group of words that make up a sentence. For example: "I know how to play basketball."
A dependent clause is a group of words that don't make up a sentence on their own. For example: "of my dad."
Subordinating conjunctions connect these dependent clauses to independent clauses. If you add the subordinating conjunction "because," you can combine those two clauses:
"Because of my dad, I know how to play basketball."
Now it's clear that your dad taught you how to play basketball.
Occasionally, the group of words that make up a dependent clause can make up a complete sentence. But for these sentences, the dependent clause still needs to be connected to an independent clause for context.
For example, if the dependent clause is "I wash my face" and the independent clause is "I can't go to bed," you can connect them with "until."
"I can't go to bed until I wash my face."
There are a lot of subordinating conjunctions, but let's just cover some of the most common!
8. Although
When to use it: "Although" means "even though," or in spite of something.
"Although she is a great creative writer, she has trouble writing academic papers."
9. Though
When to use it: "Though" can often be used the same way as "although." However, it's more likely to be found in the middle of a sentence than "although."
"Though I don't drink milk, I do pour milk in my coffee."
"I don't drink milk, though I do pour milk in my coffee."
10. While
When to use it: "While" refers to the moment something is/was happening.
"The mailman delivered a package while you were at school."
"While you were at school, the mailman delivered a package."
11. If
When to use it: "If" introduces what to do in the event that something happens.
"You can eat an apple if you get hungry before dinner."
"If you get hungry before dinner, you can eat an apple."
12. Until
When to use it: This conjunction means "up to the point that something happens."
"I can stay until 12:00 today, but then I have to go to work."
"I am on vacation until January 5th."
13. Whether
When to use it: Use "whether" when expressing a choice between two options. In many cases, "whether" is used along with the conjunction "or."
You can also use "whether" to express an investigation. In this case, you probably won't use "or."
"I can't decide whether I want rice or beans."
Below is an investigative situation in which you don't use "or."
John [on the phone]: "Hello, Mrs. Smith. Is Mary home?"
Mrs. Smith: "I'm not sure. Let me check whether she's in her room."
14. After
When to use it: Use "after" to talk about what happens in the period of time following something else.
"I went to church after my hair appointment."
"After my hair appointment, I went to church."
15. Before
When to use it: "Before" is the opposite of "after." Use "before" to talk about what happens in the period of time preceding something else.
"I had a hair appointment before I went to church."
"Before I went to church, I had a hair appointment."
16. Because
When to use it: "Because" explains the reason for something.
"I'm staying home tonight because Sarah canceled our plans."
17. Since
When to use it: The primary use of "since" is to talk about the amount of time that something has been happening.
You can also use "since" as a synonym for "because."
"She has been wearing makeup since she was 16 years old."
"He has been afraid of driving since the car crash last year."
"I'm staying home tonight since Sarah canceled our plans."
18. When
When to use it: This conjunction refers to the time that something was happening.
"I loved ice cream when I was a kid."
"When I was a kid, I loved ice cream."
19. Where
When to use it: You may know "where" as a word to talk about a place. It's a little different when you use it as a conjunction.
The English conjunction "where" can be used to mean "whereas."
"Where some people don't care about politics, others consider it one of the most important things in their lives."
20. How
When to use it: "How" describes the way that something is or happens.
"Tell me the story of how you and mom fell in love."
21. Than
When to use it: When you're comparing two things, "than" can be used to introduce the second thing.
"He's much nicer than his sister."
"I'd rather eat at a restaurant than at home."
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that come in pairs. You need both words for the sentence to make sense, and they must be in the correct order.
Here are some of the most common pairs of correlative conjunctions. This is the most complicated group of conjunctions, so I'm including a few example sentences for each pair to help you gain a better understanding.
22. Whether/or
When to use them: I briefly mentioned this pairing when discussing "whether" previously. Use "whether/or" to talk about two options.
"Have you decided whether you want to wear the red shirt or the blue shirt?"
"Whether we leave at 8:00 or 8:30, we're going to get stuck in traffic."
"You're going to eat your vegetables, whether you like it or not."
(Note: "Whether you like it or not" is a common phrase for expressing that someone doesn't have a choice in the matter. It's probably most common for parents to say to children.)
23. Either/or
When to use them: These words express two alternatives. It can be confusing to decide between using "whether/or" or "either/or," but here's the main difference:
"Whether/or" is usually used when you're trying to make a decision. "Either/or" is typically used to compare two nouns or options.
It's tricky, but here are some examples of "either/or."
"This summer, I want to visit either France or England."
"Either we can eat Chinese food, or I'll make food at home."
"I want to attend either Harvard or Yale."
24. Neither/nor
When to use them: "Neither/nor" is very similar to "either/or." The difference is that you use "neither/nor" in a negative statement.
"Neither Cindy nor her husband will attend the parent-teacher conference tomorrow."
To expand, you would use "either/or" to say "Either Cindy or her husband will attend the parent-teacher conference tomorrow." In the first example, the parents are not attending, and in the second example, at least one of them will attend.
"Pat likes neither big cities nor small towns. She prefers small cities, like Greenville."
"Neither my brother nor my sister is a good singer."
25. Both/and
When to use them: Use this pair to talk about two related things.
"I'm studying both theater and communications at college."
"Let's order both mozzarella sticks and cheese dip."
"My daughter takes both ballet classes and karate classes. She likes to be active!"
26. Not only/but also
When to use them: "Not only/but also" is basically a way of saying, "But wait… there's more!" It's a way to convey more information, often information that is unexpected or impressive.
"I want to be not only a wife and mother, but also a doctor."
"My son not only plays basketball and football, but also takes piano lessons."
"My dog not only knows how to sit, but also how to shake and lie down."
27. If/then
When to use them: The words "if" and "then" separate two clauses. Use the pair to talk about something that will happen as a result of something else happening.
"If Bob graduates from college, then he can apply for the job opening at Google."
"If I order a medium pizza instead of a small, then I'll have leftovers to eat tomorrow."
"Joe is allergic to peanut butter. If he accidentally eats some, then his tongue will swell up."
Now you know the different types of conjunctions and how to use them.
You can not only recognize an English conjunction in a sentence, but also create your own sentences with them.
After you memorize and practice your conjunctions, you'll be able to impress all your English speaking friends.
Laura Grace Tarpley is a freelance writer based in Nashville. You can find her work at outlets such as Business Insider, Roads & Kingdoms and The Write Life. Follow her on Twitter @lgtarpley.
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European Union set for new accord with China on cultural cooperation
Posted on 29, November 2012 by EuropaWire PR Editors | This entry was posted in Art & Culture, Belgium, European Union, Government, Politics, Society and tagged AGREEMENT, CHINA, COMDOC, ECMY, HREXTRELS, VASSILIOU. Bookmark the permalink.
Brussels, 29-11-2012 — /europawire.eu/ — Androulla Vassiliou, European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth, will reiterate the importance and benefits of increased cultural cooperation between the European Union and China when she meets Ministers and senior officials in Beijing this week (29 November-1 December). During her visit, the Commissioner and Chinese Minister of Culture, Cai Wu, will adopt a new joint declaration on EU-China cultural cooperation and take part in the closing ceremony of the 2012 EU-China Year of Intercultural Dialogue. The Commissioner will also attend the launch of the first Online EU Film Festival in China and a conference on multilingualism aimed at promoting the teaching of EU languages in China and Mandarin in Europe.
"The European Union is committed to strengthening its cooperation with China in the areas of culture, education, youth and multilingualism. This year has seen some important milestones in this process with the launch of our High-Level People-to-People Dialogue and the success of the EU-China Year of Intercultural Dialogue. These initiatives are helping to bring our peoples closer together and I look forward to further deepening our ties during this visit," said Commissioner Vassiliou.
On 29 November, the Commissioner will attend a gala evening at Beijing's first art house cinema, the Broadway Cinematheque MOMA, to mark the launch of the 1st Online EU Film Festival and celebrate the 5th 'traditional' EU Film Festival, which is taking place in cinemas and cultural centres in four Chinese cities – Beijing, Chengdu, Shenzhen and Tianjin. The Beijing event will include a screening of James Huth's French romantic comedy Un bonheur n'arrive jamais seul (Happiness never comes alone), starring Sophie Marceau and Gad Elmaleh.
On 30 November, the Commissioner is due to meet State Councillor Liu Yandong, to take stock of the results so far of the People-to-People Dialogue launched in April (IP/12/381), and with Education Minister Yuan Guiren to discuss extending cooperation on joint schools and scholarships to boost learning mobility between the two regions. In the evening she will attend the closing ceremony of the EU-China Year (IP/12/91), which has provided the impetus for nearly 200 events. Together with Minister of Culture Cai Wu she will then adopt the new joint declaration on cultural cooperation, which identifies priority areas of mutual interest such as the creative and cultural sectors, cultural heritage and contemporary arts.
On 1 December Commissioner Vassiliou will address the China-EU Conference on Multilingualism. Organised with the Beijing Foreign Studies University and gathering 200 representatives from China and the EU, the event seeks to encourage training and mobility for language students and teachers. She will then visit the China Europe International Business School, where she will deliver a keynote speech on education and employment.
EU-China Year of Intercultural Dialogue
At the EU-China Summit in 2010, EU and Chinese leaders decided to designate 2012 as the EU-China Year of Intercultural Dialogue. Events and projects that contributed to the objectives of the EU-China Year were granted its official label. Almost 100 multilateral events, involving two or more EU Member States, were part of the Year's official calendar, from 1 February-30 November. A further 100 bilateral projects also took place, covering all cultural sectors as well as education, research, multilingualism and youth. The EU-China Year of Intercultural Dialogue is the second in a series of thematic years in EU-China relations. 2011 was the EU-China Year of Youth.
EU-China High-Level People-to-People Dialogue
In May 2011, EU and Chinese leaders signed a declaration to extend the scope of their cooperation by creating a 'third pillar' of their strategic partnership, through the EU-China High-Level People-to-People Dialogue. This complemented the High-Level Economic and Trade Dialogue ('first pillar') and the High-Level Strategic Dialogue ('second pillar'). The people-to-people dialogue enjoys the same status as the other two dialogues and has a flexible structure with low financial implications. It integrates existing dialogues on education, culture, youth and multilingualism(IP/12/381).
Higher education, multilingualism and youth
The number of Chinese students at European universities has multiplied six-fold between 2000 and 2010, reaching a total of over 120 000. The EU has provided Erasmus Mundus grants to more than 2 000 Chinese students in the past six years, allowing them to study at a European university.Over the next four years, to 2016, the Chinese government has committed to provide 10 000 scholarships to Europeans who wish to study at Chinese universities.
Erasmus for All, the Commission's proposed new programme for education, training, youth and sport for the period 2014-2020, will be open to non-EU countries, including China, enabling European students and staff to receive grants to go to a non-EU country, as well as for non-EU students and staff to come to study, train or teach in the European Union.
Cooperation in the area of multilingualism between China and the EU has developed rapidly in recent decades and multilingualism is part of the High-Level People-to-People Dialogue. The Commission's policy aims to promote the teaching and learning of European and Chinese languages at international level, to explore new paths to enrich language training and mobility for language students and teachers, and to underline the important role of languages for cultural exchanges and people-to-people dialogue.
In 2012 the Youth in Action programme provided around €1 million in support for 15 projects involving more than 100 Chinese and European youth organisations. The projects developed joint activities linked to employment, volunteering and active participation of young people in society.
The aim of the 1st Online Film Festival is to enable a larger Chinese audience to see European films. During the visit, Commissioner Vassiliou will explore whether steps can be taken to avoid quotas and facilitate access to films. The European Union's MEDIA Mundus programme supported screenings of Chinese films such as Back to 1942 by Feng Xiaogang and Judge Archer by Xu Haofeng at the Rome Film Festival, as well as industry meetings between EU and Chinese film-makers at the Udine, Warsaw and Rome film festivals. Each year MEDIA Mundus allocates around €5 million in total for cooperation projects involving EU film professionals and their counterparts from around the globe. The EU-China Trade Project made a number of workshops and study visits possible in the cultural and creative sectors.
Commissioner Vassiliou is due to take part in press conferences at the 1st Online Film Festival (29 Nov, Broadway Cinematheque MOMA, 17:35-17:45); following the adoption of the new joint declaration on EU-China cultural cooperation (30 Nov, National Art Museum of China, 18:40-18:50);and during her visit to the China Europe International Business School (1 December, 14:20-14:30).
EU-China Year of Intercultural Dialogue 2012
MEDIA Mundus Programme
EU-China Trade Project
European Commission: Education and training
Androulla Vassiliou's website
Follow Androulla Vassiliou on Twitter @VassiliouEU
Dennis Abbott (+32 2 295 92 58); Twitter: @DennisAbbott
Dina Avraam (+32 2 295 96 67),
William Fingleton (EU Delegation in Beijing) (+86 108 45 48 000)
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text:
How Zimbabwe Normalised the "bucket-a-day" Life
A Decade's Long Water Crisis
Feature19.11.2020Martha Mamombe
Water in its basic form is a human right and a means to all forms of life. Its uses have enabled inventions, and sustained life on earth. When its supply is abundant, mankind will tend to waste it away. But what if there wasn't enough for household or commercial use, how would a country develop? In July of 2010 the United Nations recognised the right to water for every human being, citing in part "The Assembly recognised the right of every human being to have access to enough water. The water costs should not exceed 3 per cent of household income. Moreover, the water source has to be within 1,000 metres of the home and collection time should not exceed 30 minutes."
In Zimbabwe the water crisis has been swept under the rug for far too long. They say Zimbabweans are resilient and by any measure that much is true. So, how is it that for over 15 years, decent service delivery and the provision of water for urban and rural settings has been neglected to the point of normalisation? "Water is at the core of sustainable development and is critical for socio-economic development, energy and food production, healthy ecosystems and for human survival itself. Water is also a rights issue. As the global population grows, there is an increasing need to balance all of the competing commercial demands on water resources so that communities have enough for their needs." Further cites the recognition by the United Nations.
Buying water for household or commercial purposes is a common feature of Zimbabwean life "an abnormal norm" of sorts. In urban and rural settings women (as the home makers) are expected to walk short, sometimes long distances with heavy containers carefully placed on their heads or in a wheelbarrow as they take water home from wells and boreholes. When safe water cannot be supplied by responsible authorities, people resort to unsafe water sources often contaminated and its consumption resulting in water-borne diseases, often sending the already strained health sector into panic mode.
Buying 5000 litres of water costs an average $USD 40 in Zimbabwe. The amount considers the cost of water and that of delivering it. The water business is quite lucrative because water supply is a scarcity in almost every part of the country. The average Zimbabwean cannot afford $USD 40 to access portable water. Under Statutory Instrument 81 of 2020 the national minimum wage is $2549,74 ZWL (roughly $32 USD against the official auction exchange rate) although the Zimbabwean dollar is the official legal tender, the United States dollar is widely used and preferred for its value and stability. Inevitably, many urban and rural households alike store water in bathtubs, buckets, dishes, bins, jars and any other container found in the home.
When local councils fail to deliver the commodity, long queues can be found at public boreholes (many of them courtesy of donors) or water bowser collection points. The young and old take turns to collect and store as much as possible. In a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) report on Water Sanitation and Hygiene Financing in Eastern and Southern Africa: Zimbabwe Country Level Assessment, research showed that "Despite the positive trend, WASH sector allocations fall far below government commitments to the WASH sector and 2018's budget allocation was only about 0.43 per cent of the total national budget and 0.13 per cent of GDP."
In high density suburbs of the capital city Harare, those fortunate enough to have wells or boreholes in their backyards don't just donate water to neighbours and the community it's a means to income, they make a profit from it. The trend was confirmed by the Director of the Harare Residents Trust (HRT), Precious Shumba, "We have been told by residents that a 20 litre bucket of water is selling at $20 ZWL (roughly 25cents USD against the official auction exchange rate). Some people have found a way to get excess water from community boreholes. They collect water for personal use and the rest they sell later to desperate people when the borehole is closed for the day. The situation is prevalent in densely populated areas of Glen View, Budiriro and Kuwadzana."
One resident of Hatcliffe- a high density suburb of Harare, Samson Kosam lamented his ordeal "In our home, my wife and I use 40 lites of water a day. My wife and I bath together to save water, we use 10 litres. The rest of the water we use to cook, do dishes, drink and flush the toilet. When it's laundry day we take the wheelbarrow to get an additional 20 litres. It's difficult because we have not had running water in Hatcliffe for sometime. No one knows why. So, we collect water from the community borehole at 4am every day before there's a long queue, it's a 15-minute walk from where we live and we get ready for work after."
In Zimbabwe, water is literally recycled many times over. In most homes the same water used to wash dishes can be used for laundry before it is eventually flushed down the toilet. This is done because council water flows at most twice a week for not more than 6 hours but then again there are times when residents go for weeks on end with no water supply. In some areas residents detailed having gone for years without water supply as a result of broken pipes that were never eventually repaired. This has led to increasingly worrisome poor hygiene levels. "The 2008–2009 Zimbabwe cholera epidemic resulted in 98,585 reported cases and caused more than 4,000 deaths." reports the Health and Human Rights Journal.
In September 2018, a decade after the devastating impact of the cholera epidemic, it was reported once again in the high-density areas of Budiriro and Glen View, where residents had long grown tired of reporting sewer waste flowing through their streets. Desperate times call for desperate measures and boreholes and wells are a means to a desperate end. "As Harare Residents Trust we are concerned. This is a real crisis. Drilling more boreholes across suburbs is not the solution, it will result in the water table being compromised and boreholes running dry. The city council needs to increase pumping capacity to reach every community and every household." Precious Shumba of HRT further added.
The bucket-life has become a way of life. Harare, the sunshine city as it is affectionately known- supplies water less than 3 times a week to almost every part of the city, in some areas the plight can be felt for weeks sometimes months when faults are not attended to. When the precious liquid flows through taps every conceivable container is filled with just about enough supply until the next scheduled supply.
"We don't have enough water bodies to give water to all the residents. We need to build dams and reservoirs. The combined cost would be not more than $USD 250 million. The next step would be building water treatment plants. In addition, we need to refurbish and extend distribution pipes. The cost of chemicals is high and without tariffs it becomes difficult. Currently we spend $3 million ZWL on water chemicals to treat and purify the water" said Harare Mayor Jacob Mafume.
It's no secret that Morton Jeffrey Water Treatment Plant- the capital's main treatment site has been operating in its current form with no major infrastructural refurbishment since before independence in 1980. The plant was built over 60 years ago. It is nothing short of a miracle that the plant still pumps the little water it does. That is but one of the antiquated treatment plants in Zimbabwe and as such, water rationing is exercised by every local authority in the country.
Mayor Mafume went on to add "When Morton Jeffrey was built by an English engineer it was intended to service a population of over 400 000. Now it is serving a combined population of 3 million people in Harare. The Chinese did some refurbishing of the plant and that has increased capacity to around 640 mega litres per day but the city requires over 1200 mega litres to provide water everywhere everyday"
It is no wonder that infectious diseases such as typhoid and cholera break out in some high-density suburbs of the country, and during a pandemic the scale of Covid-19 availability of water is a matter of life and death. According to a Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency and World Bank ongoing report on the Poverty and Social Impacts of Covid-19 "water shortage remains a challenge during the pandemic with 21% of urban households reporting a shortage of drinking water compared to 9% in rural areas."
The framework for the development of infrastructure is very much there, but it is evident that lack of funding, the absence of public-private partnerships and a reactive approach have rendered interim measures to solving the country's water crisis useless. In 1998, the Zimbabwe National Water Authority Act led to the creation of ZINWA, a parastatal agency responsible for water planning and bulk supply, operating and maintaining infrastructure as well as executing development projects.
"We can't really say we are giving 100% supply to the 500 small towns and growth points across the country we are responsible for because of many challenges. Our infrastructure is obsolete and old and can no longer satisfy demand. We also have electricity challenges, load shedding and electrical faults. Some of our clients take so long to pay rates. We are currently owed in excess of $USD 1,2 billion," said Zimbabwe National Water Authority Corporate Communications Officer Marjorie Munyonga.
According to the African Development Bank report on Water Resource Management Supply and Sanitation "There has also been a significant decline in the quality of urban and rural services (poorer water quality, intermittent supplies, and longer walking distances)."
In the face of a global pandemic such as the Covid 19, questions will be raised over how resilience building mechanisms need to include provision of water as a source of life and basic human need and right. While it may not be known how and when Zimbabwe's water crisis will be resolved, it remains of paramount importance for a multi-stakeholder approach to find lasting solutions to avert any health hazard that can arise from lack of consistent water supply. Politics and divisions aside, it is long overdue for Zimbabwe to be afforded the right to consistent tap water supply. Something has got to give.
The views of the author do not necessarily reflect those of the Foundation.
East and Southeast Europe
European & Transatlantic Dialogue
Southeast and East Asia
freiheit.org
Copyright Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit


text:
Q: Read out USB-Device with evtest we have an ubuntu server running in our network.
At this server we have connected an usb barcodescanner, which is read out via evtest and cut.
So now we have the problem, that the scanner data is only read out at the 2nd scan attempt.
We get the full barcode we have scanned and the half of the same barcode again as a result.
Is there any option to read the keys out at the first time and not after scanning each code two times?
Best regards
EDIT:
Posted the Solution to a seperate answer and marked it as the solution.

A: UPDATE(02-12-2014) We already solved the problem. Instead of evtest we created a script which reads out a user input and use that to get the barcodes from the scangun.


text:
Post Malone trying to release new music before the end of the year
It appears that Post Malone is trying to release new music before the end of 2018!
Beth Casteel
2018 has been a pretty chaotic year for Post Malone.
Not only has the Texas rapper dropped his album Beerbongs & Bentleys, but he's also had a string of bad luck (thanks to a pesky curse), spent $40K on fast food delivery, he chopped off his signature locks and he's dropped a Crocs collab.
With all this added stuff, it appears the rapper is also trying to release some new music by the end of this year.
Read more: Post Malone, Billie Eilish featured on 'Forbes' 30 Under 30 list
The rapper took to Twitter Tuesday night (Nov. 20), where he shared dropped some pretty surprising news: he's currently in the process of working on a new project that's set to be released before the end of 2018.
"Trying to put out a new body of work before the end of the year but we all know how that goes wish me luck k," he wrote in his post on Twitter.
Trying to put out a new body of work before the end of the year but we all know how that goes wish me luck k
— Beerbongs & Bentleys (@PostMalone) November 21, 2018
What that body of work will be, is unclear, but we seriously can't wait to find out.
Post Malone dropped his second studio album, Beerbongs & Bentleys, back in April, and it's had some pretty big success. As Hot New Hiphop notes, the album reached no. 1 the Billboard 200 chart, which sold "461k album equivalent units" during its debut week.
With Post Malone's 2018 ending fairly busy, the rapper recently made the announcement that his 2019 will just be as chaotic as this year.
As we've recently reported, Post will embark on an arena tour starting February next year. First, he will hit Europe and the UK and, then, Post will be heading to Australia.
Check out all Post Malone's tour dates, with the newly added Australian shows in bold.
Post Malone tour dates
11/22 – Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates @ du Arena
12/14 – Los Angeles, CA @ Banc of California Stadium
02/14/2019 – Dublin, Ireland @ 3Arena
02/16/2016 – Birmingham, UK @ Genting Arena
02/17/2019 – Glasgow, UK @ Hydro
02/19/2019 – Manchester, UK @ Arena
02/22/2019 – Paris, France @ Accorhotels Arena
02/25/2019 – Amsterdam, Netherlands @ Ziggo Dome
02/27/2019 – Hamburg, Germany @ Barclaycard Arena
03/01/2019 – Stockholm, Sweden @ Globen
03/02/2019 – Copenhagen, Denmark @ Royal Arena
03/04/2019 – Berlin, Germany @ Mercedes-Benz Arena
03/05/2019 – Munich, Germay @ Olympiahalle
03/07/2019 – Zurich, Switzerland @ Hallenstadion
03/09/2019 – Oberhausen, Germany @ Koenig Pilsner Area
03/11/2019 – Antwerp, Belgium @ Sportpaleis Antwerpen
03/13/2019 – London, UK @ 02 Arena
Australian tour dates
04/26/2019 – Perth @ Rac Arena
04/28/2019 – Adelaide @ AEC Arena
04/30/2019 – Melbourne @ Rod Laver Arena
05/04/2019 – Brisbane @ Entertainment Centre
05/07/2019 – Sydney @ Qudos Bank Arena
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text:
Terry A. Westphal
What do you remember about Terry A.? Share your stories and photos here, and invite others to come share their memories.
Terry Allen Westphal, 50, of Cassopolis, died Thursday, October 20, 2022.
His life began October 31, 1971 in Dowagiac, Michigan, one of three boys of Jim and Leann Molnar.
Terry loved the outdoors and lived for hunting and fishing. He cherished time spent with his family.
Terry will be greatly missed by family and friends. He is survived by one daughter, Diana Westphal of California; one son, Jonathon Westphal of California; two grandchildren, two brothers, Todd Molnar, Toby Molnar, both of Cassopolis; his stepfather, Jim Molnar of Edwardsburg; aunts, Mildred Morey, Louann (Robert) Service, both of Grandview Idaho, Caroline Holland of Minnesota; uncles, Burt (Heidi) Westphal of Cassopolis, Wayne (Brenda) Westphal of Decatur, Ron (Rhonda) Westphal of Lewiston, Minnesota, Roy Westphal of Grandview, Idaho; and a host of nieces and nephews, including Christian Molnar of Cassopolis.
He was preceded in death by his mother, Leann Molnar; his maternal and paternal grandparents, Burton and Marilee Westphal; and several aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews.
Family and friends will gather to celebrate Terry's life on a later date to be announced.
Arrangements have been entrusted to Wagner Family Funerals Connelly Chapel, Cassopolis. Please share a memory or a message online: wagnercares.com.
Wagner Family Funerals Connelly Chapel
http://www.wagnercares.com
Niles Daily Star
http://www.leaderpub.com
Dowagiac Daily News


text:
Max Bitzer
SELFREFLECT
HOLYPHONE
What is ppm?
What is ppm? It's a measure of extremely thin down concentration. In scientific contexts, https://sugar-sites.com/secret-benefits/ this refers to the mass of your chemical within a given amount of water or perhaps soil. A person part per million is definitely equal to a single milligram of the substance within a liter of water or a kilogram of soil. So , part every million is a more precise method to evaluate a substance's presence.
The mass of an solute is normally smaller than the mass from the solution. A person kilogram of water has a mass of about 1 ) 0 g, while 388 ppm of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere weighs about about three hundred or so grams. To analyze the ppm in a gram, multiply the mass simply by 104 or ten thousand. If you are unsure, try a free online PPM calculator. There are a variety of online tools available for this kind of purpose.
Avenue Integration refers to the technique used in start path devices. In this technique, a mild wave is projected right from a transceiver, through open air, and returned to the transceiver with respect to analysis. Avenue Integration offers you an accurate dimension of the mass of a molecule. The number is certainly expressed in some parts per , 000, 000 per m (ppm/m) and is also also known as route averaging.
Gas concentrations are being used in market, such as gas and oil. Point sensors are commonly accustomed to measure attentiveness in ppm equipment. Nevertheless, it is critical to remember that the sensor must make contact with the gas before it might accurately statement the effects. This is because the sensors can no longer image gas plumes slightly. However , this procedure can be beneficial when found in a field environment. In this case, the ppm worth will tell you just how much methane exists in a particular location.
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text:
Nona Asiae Tabula
Stock# 7659
Bernardus Venetus de Vitalibus
Rome / 1507
Uncolored
Rare map of part of the Northwest India and Pakistan, from the 1507 edition of the so-called Rome Ptolemy, the first edition of Ptolemy's Geographia to be published in the 16th Century.
In 1507 and 1508, Bernardus Venetus de Vitalibus published editions of Ptolemy's Geography in Rome. It included not only the theretofore traditional 27 maps, but seven additional maps based on contemporary information. The maps in this edition includes a new world map showing the discoveries of the New World by Johann Ruysch, the first obtainable map to show any part of America.
The present map is printed on two sheets, and shows Pakistan, NW India, the Ganges, Indus and contiguous regions. Includes excellent detail, based upon Ptolemy, including the marginal notes which are only present in the earliest editions. Excellent detail and a fine example of early 16th Century Italian printing. A fine dark impression, Excellent example of this legendary rarity. While examples of the the Rome Ptolemy from the 1478 and 1490 editions appear on the market periodically, maps from the 1507 edition are very rare on the market.
This map first appeared in the 1478 Rome edition of Ptolemy's Geography, Claudii Ptholomei Alexandrini. Cosmographia..., created under the direction of Conrad Swenheym (who apprenticed with Guttenberg) and pubished after Swenheym's death (1477) by Arnold Buckinck. As noted by Rodney Shirley:
The new copper plates engraved at Rome for the 1478 edition of Ptolemy's 'Geography' are much superior in clarity and craftsmanship to those of the Bologna edition. There is evidence that work on the Rome edition had been started in 1473 or 1474, and several of the plates may well have been engraved before those printed [by Taddeo Crivelli] at Bologna in 1477. The printing was carried out by two skilled printers of German origin: Conrad Sweynheym and his successor Arnold Buckinck; the publisher was Domitius Calderinus. Many consider the Rome plates to be the finest Ptolemaic plates produced until Gerard Mercator engraved his classical world atlas of 1578."
Swenheym (and Arnold Pannartz) introduced the printing press to Italy at the height of the Renaissance, having been apprenticed to Guttenberg. Initially, under the enthusiastic patronage of Pope Paul II, Swenheym concentrated on publishing texts, but later turned to producing the first illustrated Cosmographia in the early 1470s, when enthusiasm was not sustained by the Pope's successor, Sixtus IV. The work was ultimately published one year after Swenheym's death in 1477. The plates for the 1478 Rome Ptolem were later purchased by Petrus de Turre in 1490, who published the second edition of the map.
Until the 1477 edition was definitively dated, the 1478 edition was believed to be the first printed atlas. It was printed by Arnoldus Buckinck, and is thought to be the only known book with his imprint. Buckinck complete the work started by Conrad Sweynheym, whose method of using a printing press for the copperplate maps, together with the fine engraving, produced an excellent result. The text was edited by Domitius Calderinus of Verona; he collated various Latin manuscript in the translation by Jacobus Angelus with an ancient Greek Manuscript, which had been amended by Geirgius Gemistus (d. 1450). Calderinus was a careful worker, and his edition had been much admired for the correctness of the text, the fine typography and the brilliant engraving. Christopher Colombus owned a copy of this edition, which he annotated. The run of the edition is not known, but it is considered to be scarce, and is therefore rare and important.
Conrad Swehnheym's 1478 edition of Ptolemy's work is also of tremendous importance as the first set of maps to employ the "punched letter" printing process. As noted by Tony Campbell,
The development of lettering and numeral punches in fifteenth-century Italy, as a semi-mechanical alternative to the engraver's burin, marks a little-known point of contact between the histories of engraving and cartography. One of the unique features of a map is its necessarily dense toponymy, requiring the time-consuming skills of an experienced lettering engraver. Very early in the history of printed maps, indeed during preparation of the first set of maps to be engraved (if not quite the first to be published), punching was devised as a labour-saving alternative.
Conrad Sweynheym does not expressly claim responsibility for inventing punched lettering. But the dedication to the 1478 Rome edition of Ptolemy's Cosmographia (or Geographia), which appeared the year after his death, referred to the three years (i.e. 1474-77) during which, 'calling on the help of mathematicians, he gave instruction in the method of printing [the maps] from copper plates'. On this passage and the evidence of the engraved maps which Arnoldus Buckinck issued after Sweynheym's death, hangs the German-born printer's claim to a technique that would be used fairly widely on Italian maps for the next century or more.
Conrad Swenheym (Mainz), is widely thought to have been present at the birth of printing while an apprentice of Johann Guttenberg. After Mainz was sacked in 1462, Swenheym fled south to Italy and arrived at the Benedictine Monastery of Subiaco, at the suggestion of the great humanist and cartographer Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa. In 1464-5, Swenheyn and Arnold Pannartz introduced the first printing press to Italy. Over the next few years, Pope Paul II was to become so enthusiastic about the new medium that he liquidated scriptoria and commissioned several newly established printers to publish vast quantities of religious and humanist texts. In 1467, Swenheym and Pannartz moved to Rome under the Pope's patronage where they printed over fifty books from their press at the Massimi Palace. Unfortunately, when the pope died in 1471, the new pontiff Sixtus IV disavowed the numerous unpaid orders of his predecessor.
Swenheym and Pannartz elected to refocus there efforts on to creating the first printed illustrated edition of Ptolemy's Cosmographia, By 1474, Swenheym is recorded as having trained "mathematicians" to engrave maps on copper. Unfortunately, he did not survive to see the book's publication, but his contribution to the history of printing and map making places him at the highest level of importance in the evolution of the printed map.
Antique Maps / Asia / South Asia / India
Antique Maps / Asia / Central Asia & Caucasus
Routes et Aerodromes du Nepal (with contemporary manuscript additions)
Scarce chart showing the routes and airports in Nepal, with numerous additional routes drawn in and named by a prior owner.
Outlines of the Countries Between Delhi and Constantinople By A. Arrowsmith 1814. Additions to 1816.
Foreshadowing The Great Game -- A Monumental Map of The Region Between Istanbul and Delhi
Islands in the Indian Ocean
Striking full color example of this marvelous map of the Indian Ocean, including Madagascar, Ceylon and a large inset of Mauritius.
(Early Nepal Trekking Map used by Famed Botanist Oleg Polunin) Latest Trekking Map Pokhara to Jomosom Manang Showing the New Treks
Early trekking map of the northern portion of West Nepal, focused on the region just to the south of the Chinese border, in the vicinity of Jomson.
A New Map of Persia
Rare English map of Persia, colored by Tribal Kingdoms and extending from the Gulf of Ormus to the Caspian Sea.
A New Chart of Part of the Coast of Coremandell from Armegon to Bimlepatam
Scarce engraved sea chart of the Coromandel coast in southeast India covering the state of Andhra Pradesh from Bheemunipatnam (Bimlepatnam) near Visakhapatnam to Armegon.


text:
<?php
/**
 * Created by PhpStorm.
 * User: dzaki
 * Date: 23/07/17
 * Time: 1:53
 */

namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use AppBundle\Entity\Poli;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;

class PoliController extends Controller
{

    public function inputPoliAction(Request $request)
    {
        $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getEntityManager();

        if($request->getMethod() == 'POST') {
            $poli = new Poli();
            $poli->setNamaPoli($request->get('nama_poli'));

            $em->persist($poli);
            $em->flush();

            return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl('app_admin_daftar_poli'));
        }

        return $this->render('AppBundle:poli:input-poli.html.twig');
    }

    public function listPoliAction()
    {
        $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getEntityManager();

        $data = $em->getRepository(Poli::class)->findAll();

        return $this->render('AppBundle:poli:list-poli.html.twig',['data'=>$data]);
    }

    public function updatePoliAction(Request $request,$id)
    {
        $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getEntityManager();

        $data = $em->getRepository(Poli::class)->find($id);

        if($request->getMethod() == 'POST') {
            if($data instanceof Poli) {
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            }

            $em->persist($data);
            $em->flush();

            return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl('app_admin_daftar_poli'));
        }

        return $this->render('AppBundle:poli:update-poli.html.twig',['data'=>$data]);
    }

    public function deletePoliAction($id)
    {
        $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getEntityManager();

        $data = $em->getRepository(Poli::class)->find($id);

        $em->remove($data);

        $em->flush();

        return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl('app_admin_daftar_poli'));
    }

}


Why do drugs or alcohol become a problem?
Common to all drug use is a 'positive' function. Young people wouldn't do it if there wasn't a good reason. The function might be to provide pleasure (to enhance social activity) or provide an enjoyable physical response.
Or it might be to offer relief from physical or emotional pain or anxiety. For many, the positive function is a combination of each. Despite the positive function, drugs become a problem for many students. Rather than an individual failing or simply a disorder from within a young person's brain, a multitude of factors can all have an influence over whether or not a young person develops a drug or alcohol problem.
For instance young people might begin drug use as part of adolescent experimentation. Or perhaps they're introduced to alcohol and other drugs in a family context where drug use is normal. Living in environments where drug use is an accepted part of everyday life significantly increases the likelihood of a young person developing a problem with drugs. Youth workers call such environments a 'risk factor'.
Risk factors are circumstances or factors that increase the chances of problems developing. Risk factors can occur at an individual, peer, family, school and wider community level. They include experiences of abuse or neglect, absence of family supports, homelessness, family violence, school exclusion and high availability of drugs in a neighbourhood.
In addition to risk factors there are 'protective factors'. These increase a young person's likelihood of avoiding problematic substance use. Protective factors also occur at different levels of a young person's life and include strong and supportive relationships with caregivers, positive peer networks, meaningful engagement with school or work, safe and secure housing and a positive relationship with adults outside of the family (such as teachers). Check out this table with examples of risk and protective factors specific to the development of drug and alcohol problems.
There is no single cause or prevention of problematic substance use; however, when risk factors outnumber protective factors, a student is not only more vulnerable to developing a problem, but is also less likely to be able to get back on track given the absence of supports and protection.
Want to know how schools can help? Check out this article about the role of schools in supporting young people or talk to YoDAA for more info and advice.