I'll be on vacation during the dates shown in the post title. Even worse, I don't expect to be very internet accessible, so please don't expect any correspondence from me during this period. I'll start working on service requests again starting Monday, July 27.
If you need service during this period, it's best to look elsewhere. phpbb.com itself is a useful place to find qualified consultants. Often those offering services will put notices in their signatures in forum posts. Of course, anyone you try to get help from over the Internet is inherently suspicious. See phpbb.com's warning page.
I've spent a couple of weeks trying various approaches to the last big chunk of Smartfeed, generating the feed itself. For much of that time I was mired in confusion on how to integrate an external feed into the extensions framework. I think I finally figured out an approach that will work and it will simplify things. Meanwhile I was diverted with other issues, such as how to not use an include file for constants. The solution seems to be to build these into the extension's main object when it is constructed. A lot of things require rethinking with the new architecture.
Anyhow, what I am likely to do is collapse smartfeed_url.php and smartfeed.php (as they were called in the modification) into a single program. Since the two programs share a lot of similar code, it gives me the opportunity to move the shared code into functions. I was using a 3rd party library (the Universal Feed Creator) to create the feed. Now it looks like I will simplify the approach and simply use phpBB's template system, with a switch based on the feed type (Atom, RSS 1.0 and RSS 2.0). Now that I am over this major bottleneck, I think the rest of the development will proceed in a fairly straightforward manner.
I embedded a total of 6 ads, 2 on index only and the rest on forum pages only on a phpBB 3.1 forum. I had to do this manually because there is currently no extension for placing ads for phpBB 3.1. I did it by embedding template switches in the appropriate templates. I made a search field behave and look similar to a vBulletin site. I also went into the stylesheets and removed some padding/margin around certain elements and blocks in a 3.1.5 prosilver style because the customer wanted a tighter look to the page.
Upgraded a forum from 3.0.7-PL1 to 3.1.5, ditching old style and using the default prosilver style.
Moved a 1 post forum with lots of dense of text and images in the post (integrated with phpBB Gallery) to a new domain. The database was very large. To move the tables over successfully, I removed rows in some unneeded tables in the export, since otherwise timeouts occurred when the database was loaded, making it impossible to complete the database migration. The data in these tables could be recreated during forum use. mbstring errors were encountered on the new domain due to new PHP configuration.
An administrator on a domain could not see new posts. Had to add the user to Administrators group and set group forum permissions for administrators to full access for some forums, so the search permission would exist for all forums.
A Smartfeed 2.2.27 installation did not work for customer that installed it himself. He wanted me to fix it. He missed some language file changes that needed to be applied to the French language pack. I also applied missing user interface changes to his default Supernova style. The PHP warnings he was getting was caused by a BOM marker at the bottom of /language/fr/acp/board.php. Once removed that issue went away.
To address a crushing amount of spam registrations, I installed the Advanced Block Mod 1.1.14 on phpBB 3.0.11 instance. Had to make template changes for adm/style/acp_log.html to accommodate 3.0.11.
Provided troubleshooting assistance for a client that was getting HTTP 500 errors. After looking at his web server error logs, I determined these were related to his using a shared server and resource limitations. Offered advice on upgrading to better hosting plan.
Client wanted to keep the size of his web server log down to a manageable size, as his popular forum was creating huge web logs. I changed his Apache configuration so that the web server log kept no more than three 3 months of web log statistics. Also upgraded his forum from 3.0.13-PL1 to 3.0.14, accommodating the Advanced Block Mod.
For one client: investigated an issue of IE11 and phpBB logging out when Quicktime is not installed. Can't replicate since I don't have Windows 8.1 to test, but it's probably not a phpBB problem. It is more likely an infrastructure issue that could be addressed by Windows update or similar software. Researched and responded to question on how to require moderation in particular forums for particular groups. Researched extensions for client in preparation for call and responding to forum questions. Had a Skype call with client on phpBB upgrade requirements. 2 hours unsuccessfully trying to upgrade from phpBB 3.0.14 to phpBB 3.1.5 on their Windows servers. Eventually determined the upgrade stopped because Windows file permissions on folders that needed public write access were missing. 2 more hours upgrading phpBB to 3.1.5, installing numerous extensions and integrating their logo.
Previous customer accidentally deleted his forum's database making the board inaccessible and did not have a copy of it. I still had my backup. I tried to recover it and upgrade it to phpBB 3.1.4 but every attempt to upgrade to 3.1.4 caused TWIG template errors. database_update.php ran very quickly as well, suggesting that a lot of stuff needed to be done that wasn't. Test database would update to 3.1.4 using 5/23 database instance, but production would not. Stopped at a step during database_update.php and would not progress. Tried to replicate success with test database and experienced similar issues. Eventually I figured out the button at the bottom of the page wasn't working, and I succeeded in getting it to continue by pressing the browser refresh button instead.


text:
Diese Liste gibt einen Überblick über alle Mitglieder des Landtags von Schleswig-Holstein in der 18. Wahlperiode, die in der Landtagswahl vom 6. Mai 2012 gewählt wurden. Die konstituierende Sitzung fand am 5. Juni 2012 statt.

Abgeordnete
Bei den Abgeordneten mit Direktmandat ist deren Wahlkreis sowie ihr dort erreichter Stimmenanteil angegeben. Die anderen Abgeordneten zogen über die Landesliste der jeweiligen Partei in den Landtag ein.

Weblinks
 Landtagswahl in Schleswig-Holstein mit Listen der gewählten Bewerber in den Wahlkreisen und aus den Landeslisten
 Übersicht über die aktuellen und ausgeschiedenen Abgeordneten auf der Internetseite des schleswig-holsteinischen Landtags

Mitglieder, 18. Wahlperiode
 20

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Stay prepared to deal any disaster: PM to new Navy officers
Publish : 22 Dec 2022, 13:55 Update : 22 Dec 2022, 14:22
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina today (December 22) asked the newly commissioned Navy officers to stay prepared to deal any natural disaster in the country.
"Being imbued with the quality of honesty, leadership and self-sacrifice, you (Navy men) have to be prepared always to face any disaster alongside protecting the country's sovereignty standing shoulder to shoulder with the Army and Air Force members," she said, reports BSS.
The premier was addressing the Winter President Parade of the passing out cadets of the "Midshipmen 2020 Alfa Batch" and the "Direct Entry 2022 Bravo Batch" of Bangladesh Navy at Bangladesh Naval Academy (BNA) at Patenga in Chattogram.
Mentioning that Bangladesh is a disaster-prone country, she said Bangladesh Navy always stands beside people and takes part in rescue operation and relief distribution efficiently during any disaster.
"I want new officers (of Navy) to work with sincerity," she said, adding, "You must have to be disciplined all times and have to discharge duty with discipline and devotion being imbued with patriotism."
She hoped that the new officers, who are passing out today and going to take responsibility, will brighten the country's image by discharging own duty.
Sheikh Hasina said Bangladesh will be made a developed country by 2041 and each citizen of that Bangladesh will prepare themselves with the knowledge of technology.
"Our economy and implementation of any plan will be made digitally. Bangladesh will be 'Smart Bangladesh' and developed Bangladesh, as dreamt by Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman," she said.
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mandy has worked with clients to overcome symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and life adjustments since 2011. With focus on self-care, effective coping strategies, and mindfulness-based stress reduction she creates a gentle and supportive environment to explore areas where clients feel stuck or held back. She believes there is power in clients taking positive action for themselves by creating healthy habits and utilizing the skills necessary to live their best life.
Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Central Methodist University in 2009.
Master of Arts in Counseling from Missouri Baptist University in 2011.
She has received training in CBT and DBT and has experience in school-based, in-home, hospital, and private practice settings.


text:
Man accused of driving limo onto Vegas airport, bomb threat
Dec. 10, 2021 11:26 AM PT
LAS VEGAS —
A court appearance is set for next week for a man accused of driving a limousine onto aircraft ramps at Las Vegas' international airport, donning a clown mask and declaring he had a bomb before surrendering to authorities.
Matthew Ray Hancock, 36, was arrested Wednesday near private air carrier operations off Las Vegas Boulevard on felony charges including making a terrorist threat, causing dispersal with a hoax substance and misdemeanor trespassing, according to court records. No injuries were reported.
According to police, Hancock told investigators he was "Tik Tok famous" after having been stopped by officers Nov. 11 and ticketed for reckless driving with a limousine spinning its tires through traffic on the Las Vegas Strip, the Las Vegas Review-Journal reported.
On Wednesday, authorities allege Hancock drove a limousine through gates of a private air carrier, breached inner and outer airport security barriers, spun vehicle wheels across an aircraft ramp and stopped near parked aircraft.
Witnesses told police that Hancock got out of the limousine, put on a clown mask and shouted that he had a bomb and was going to detonate it, the Las Vegas Sun reported.
Nearby employees fled, and Hancock drove away before being stopped by police.
Hancock told officers there was a shotgun and a "gasoline device" in the car, and that he intended to take a jet to fly to Area 51 to look for aliens, authorities said. Area 51 is a former top-secret U.S. Air Force base about a two-hour drive north of Las Vegas famous for theories about space visitors and extraterrestrial lore.
Police said McCarran air traffic was "altered" during the incident.
Investigators said they found an apparent oxygen tank in the limousine with a pressure gauge, Christmas lights and metal objects attached that made it look like a bomb.
Hancock also allegedly told police he had high-security clearance, that he was in the mob and that someone owed him millions of dollars, according to his arrest report.
Hancock remained jailed Friday. He was characterized as "disruptive" and refused to appear in court Thursday, according to records that show he is due again in court on Tuesday.
A judge set bail at $150,000 and ordered house arrest with electronic monitoring if Hancock is released. A deputy public defender represented him temporarily. It was not clear Friday if Hancock had hired a lawyer.
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Stocks continued to fall on Wall Street Wednesday as investors review the latest corporate earnings and prepare for higher interest rates
New York Attorney General Letitia James is using a court filing to outline much of the evidence her investigators have gathered so far in her yearslong investigation of former President Donald Trump
Ford, US Bancorp fall; Bank of America, Tegna rise
Stocks that traded heavily or had substantial price changes Wednesday: Ford, US Bancorp fall; Bank of America, Tegna rise
Closing prices for crude oil, gold and other commodities
Closing prices for crude oil, gold and other commodities, and foreign exchange levels
The head of Libya's national oil company has said that his country will try to keep oil production at 1.2 million barrels a day in 2022, but that the company is dealing with serious budget shortfalls
Nuclear fusion energy device at General Atomics coming back online
Mister A's is sold but will fine-dining icon change?
Omicron drives sales surge for local at-home COVID test maker Quidel
Tijuana's largest-ever tower nears completion with condos more than $1M
Utilities commission releases proposal for new rooftop solar rules in California
GM expands market for hydrogen fuel cells beyond vehicles
Unilever won't top $68B bid for GSK consumer healthcare unit
BNSF railroad tries to block 17,000 workers from striking


text:
Steffensen, S.C. et al.
Transgenic rescue of SNAP-25 restores dopamine-modulated synaptic transmission in the coloboma mutant.
Many of the molecular components constituting the exocytotic machinery responsible for neurotransmitter release have been identified, yet the precise role played by these proteins in synaptic transmission, and their impact on neural function, has not been resolved. The mouse mutation coloboma is a contiguous gene defect that leads to electrophysiological and behavioral deficits and includes the gene-encoding SNAP-25, an integral component of the synaptic vesicle-docking/fusion core complex. The involvement of SNAP-25 in the hyperactive behavior of coloboma mice, which can be ameliorated by the indirect dopaminergic agonist, amphetamine, has been demonstrated by genetic rescue using a SNAP-25 transgene. Coloboma mice also exhibit increased recurrent inhibition, reduced theta rhythm by tail-pinch and reduced long-term potentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus that, as the hyperkinesis seen in these mutants suggests, may reflect impaired monoaminergic modulation. We sought to identify neurophysiological correlates of the rescued hyperactivity within hippocampal synaptic circuitry of SNAP-25 transgenic coloboma mutant mice. In contrast to the differences between coloboma and wild-type mice, there was no significant difference in the duration or amplitude of theta rhythmic activity (4-6 Hz) induced by tail-pinch (10 s), afferent-evoked field potentials, or paired-pulse responses recorded in the dentate gyrus of SNAP-25 transgenic coloboma and wild-type mice. Amphetamine (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) produced disinhibition of dentate paired-pulse responses in both SNAP-25 transgenic and wild-type mice but increased inhibition in non-transgenic coloboma mice. These findings support the hypothesis that alteration of monoaminergic neurotransmission, which can be reversed by the indirect agonist, amphetamine, is particularly sensitive to alterations in the expression of SNAP-25.[1]
Transgenic rescue of SNAP-25 restores dopamine-modulated synaptic transmission in the coloboma mutant. Steffensen, S.C., Henriksen, S.J., Wilson, M.C. Brain Res. (1999) [Pubmed]


text:
MICHAEL COLGAN
A balance of light (white wall) and dark (black polished table top) make
for a Zen-like dining room. This room has more ying than yang.
Designing harmony
Feng shui uses simple ideas to
design homes with balance
See also: In The Garden
By Suzanne Tswei
THE DRUNKEN DRIVER who almost plowed through Michael Colgan's living room the night before Thanksgiving in 1993 may have been his wake-up call.
The Honolulu interior designer has since turned his attention to feng shui, the Chinese practice of designing one's environment for balance and harmony, and thereby good fortune. Now that he understands the principles of feng shui, Colgan believes the catastrophic accident more than seven years ago was inevitable.
"I lived in a house that was not inauspicious, on a site that was not inauspicious. So things were good, but the trouble was, I was living in a cul-de-sac," Colgan said.
Cul-de-sacs are as inauspicious, or unlucky, as can be. "Chi," or life energy, can pick up speed in a dead-end configuration and become a negative force, shooting forward like a poison arrow.
"In retrospect, I should have seen it coming," Colgan said. There was no place for an out-of-control car to go except straight toward his home at the end of the cul-de-sac.
A warm and inviting sitting room that doubles as an eating and working
area. The books are considered soft elements in feng shui and balance
the metal chairs, which are hard elements. The interplay of lighting
and warm brown color of the wood paneling creates good feng shui
"The only thing that saved us was a small rock wall in front," he said. "Otherwise, the car could have gone through the garage and then the living room and taken out the whole family," Colgan said. (The driver wasn't seriously hurt, but his car was destroyed.)
It's a classic example of feng shui at work -- an inauspicious situation, which is a home in a cul-de-sac -- resolved with a simple solution, a small rock wall to break the poison arrow.
"That's the good thing about feng shui: There's a remedy for everything," said Colgan, who is assistant professor at the Hawaii College of Design.
But he isn't interested in the remedy aspects, which involve using mirrors, crystal balls, wind chimes and other devices. Nor is he a practitioner of feng shui. He's interested in the intellectual dissecting of the ancient Chinese practice, discovering the scientific basis for the practice.
"You have to remember feng shui, which has several different schools of thought, is 5,000 years old. That means it's based on 5,000 years of observations, and what is science anyway? Science is based on observations," Colgan said.
A comfortable and elegant bedroom. Black is not a desirable color
in feng shui but the rich rose color used for the upholstered
wall and pillows off set the black.
Colgan is studying feng shui with the help of a former student who went on a recent study tour in China in an effort to become a better designer. He plans to offer "Introduction to Feng Shui" talks to the public to promote understanding of good design and to raise money for the American Association of Interior Designers, but no dates are set yet. Call 595-8071 for information.
FENG SHUI has become a trendy practice, Colgan said, because of the mystical associations and easy-to-understand solutions to life's problems, which also give the practice a superstitious and less respectable reputation.
"But if you look at the principles behind feng shui, you'll see that it is based on common sense -- common sense that comes from thousands of years of observations, common sense that works," Colgan said.
For example, in the Land School of Feng Shui, four allegorical animals are used to explain the selection of an ideal home site: a black turtle or tortoise in the north, a red phoenix in the south, a green dragon in the east and a white tiger in the west.
The black turtle symbolizes a rounded hill, which is good for protecting the home from the cold north winds. The round shape of the hill signifies that it is settled and solid, not prone to landslides, Colgan said.
DENNIS ODA / STAR-BULLETIN
Becca Dailey, left, and Michael Colgan sit in the hallway
of the Gentry Pacific Design Center. They use feng shui
as a design influence.
The red phoenix symbolizes a low hill, which is equated to a footstool, signifying a life of comfort, ease and wealth. Again, the small hill offers protection and is indicative of stable land.
Colgan hasn't figured out the science behind the green dragon and the white tiger. The Chinese practice says the dragon is good as it breathes chi, bringing positive energy. The white tiger should not be disturbed.
The four animals, as well as other feng shui do's and don'ts, are the tools to help people achieve balance in their lives, Colgan said. Balance means having a healthy mix of the yin and the yang.
"If you have balance in your life, then you will be happy. Feng shui is all about being happy," Colgan said.
Feng shui is also about making compromises, which is a mainstay in the work of an interior designer, Colgan said.
A husband and a wife may have conflicting auspicious directions and ruling elements, which are determined through elaborate mathematical formulas and a south-pointing compass in the Compass School of Feng shui.
For the marriage to be happy, the couple needs some give and take. The wife may have to defer to her husband by giving up an auspicious closet or her choice for the kitchen countertop.
"Now, compromises, that is a Western concept as much as it is a Chinese concept," Colgan said. "It works."
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text:
Campus & Life Safety
Dealers & Integrators
Govies
Fire and Life Safety
Security Today Industry Directory
Campus Security Industry Directory
GovSec Industry Directory
GOVIES 2020
Campus Security & Life Safety
Report: Insurance Companies Are Exacerbating Rise in Ransomware Attacks
A ProPublica investigation found that the decision by insurers to pay hackers instead of encouraging victims to recover files by themselves is helping fuel a surge in ransomware.
By Haley Samsel
When the leaders of Lake City, Florida, agreed to pay hackers about $460,000 in return for control of the town's files and servers, they were playing into a disturbing and growing trend. Lake City's insurer said the government would only be responsible for a $10,000 deductible and receive access to their data at a much faster speed than it would take for their IT staff to recover the files.
So the city council and mayor unanimously agreed to pay the ransom in June, unintentionally giving other malicious actors a signal that insurance companies will pay increasingly large sums if it is less than the amount it would take to independently recover files. A recent ProPublica investigation revealed the dicey dynamic between organizations, the insurers that represent them and the attackers targeting vulnerable systems.
"We pay a $10,000 deductible, and we get back to business, hopefully," Lake City Mayor Stephen Witt told the outlet. "Or we go, 'No, we're not going to do that,' then we spend money we don't have to just get back up and running. And so to me, it wasn't a pleasant decision, but it was the only decision."
Ransomware is only becoming more widespread, taking down systems in 22 Texas towns earlier this month and fueling worries that it might be used to take down state election systems. That means there is an increasing demand for cyber insurance, which has become an estimated $7 billion to $8 billion-a-year market in the United States, ProPublica reported.
While the FBI and security experts warn against paying ransoms and encouraging more hackers to target city governments and other institutions, it makes financial sense for insurance companies that do not want to be responsible for huge costs associated with lost revenue, ongoing data recovery fees and more, according to insurance industry members.
"The onus isn't on the insurance company to stop the criminal, that's not their mission," Loretta Worters, a spokeswoman for the Insurance Information Institute, said. "Their objective is to help you get back to business. But it does beg the question, when you pay out to these criminals, what happens in the future?"
She added that hackers "see the deep pockets. You've got the insurance industry that's going to pay out, this is great."
The average ransom payment also grew sixfold between last October and this July to about $36,000, according to an analysis by Coveware, a security firm. Experts interviewed by ProPublica noted that the growth in ransomware attacks creates a "vicious circle" because there's good money in ransomware for the attacker, recovery experts and insurers.
"It's a hard cycle to break because everyone involved profits: We do, the insurance carriers do, the attackers do," said Bret Padres, the CEO of The Crypsis Group, an incident response firm.
While ransom payment can encourage attackers, it's up to insurers to decide the cost-benefit analysis and make the right decision for all involved, said Michael Lee, the city spokesman for Lake City.
"The insurer is the one who is going to get hit with most of this if it continues," Lee said. "It's kind of hard to argue with them because they know the cost-benefit of [paying ransoms]. I have a hard time saying it's the right decision, but maybe it makes sense with a certain perspective."
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Customs and Border Protection Plans to Expand Use of Facial Recognition in Global Entry Program
Despite Hacking Threats, Iowa and Nevada Democratic Caucuses Will Use Mobile Apps to Tally Votes
New Security, Video Surveillance Requirements For Illinois Gun Dealers Go Into Effect
Ransomware Possession Would Become A Crime In Maryland Under Proposed Legislation
Surveillance Strategies - Camera Positioning to Maximize Coverage and Reduce Project Cost
Infusion Direct Announces New Partnership With Security Network Associates
U.S. Department of Education Releases School Safety Guide
• The Security of Medicine
• Security Trends to Watch
• Envisioning What Might Be Ahead in 2020
• Security Foresights of the New Year
• Integrated Technology Drives Security
Perimeter and Intruder Security for Educational Establishments
The AI (R)Evolution of Enterprise Security
A K9 Nose Best


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Hello, I have a formulas in this sheet and everything works fine but it is not picking up on those notification#s that have multiple dates (multiple dates shown as hashtags in the pivot table). If there are multiple dates, I want it to show as "*CHECK*", if that notification is does not exist in column D, then I want it to show as a dash i.e. "-". Can you please help? Thank you.
Regular PT does not allow text in Values.


Traditionally, the back to school trading period for retailers in early September gives a good guide to how the rest of the Autumn will pan out on the High Street.
So what are we to make of Next's view that things have been disappointingly and unusually quiet?
Next, of course, is famous for eschewing short-term trading trends and focusing on the big long-term picture, so what its highly respected chief executive Simon Wolfson has said today about the outlook being "overcast" should be taken seriously.
Yet we also hear today of bumper current trading at John Lewis department stores, with like-for-like sales up by 8.5% over the last six weeks, despite a quiet time during last week's heatwave.
And JLP's equally highly respected chairman, Charlie Mayfield, thinks that consumer demand, though fragile, has stabilised. Are Next and John Lewis living on different planets?
The first point to make is that consumer electronics and technology is the best retail sector to be in at present, given the consumer's insatiable appetite for tablet computers and smartphones, even though it is relatively big-ticket.
John Lewis is still seeing huge sales increases in this area, driving its overall growth in market share, helped by its powerful multichannel business model.
And even beleaguered Argos has joined the party, reporting some modest like-for-like sales growth over the last quarter thanks to its exposure to this booming market.
Outside electricals things are more subdued in non-food in general and it is always important to be aware of substitution effects in spending – ie, money spent on a trendy new tablet device is money that can't be spent on a new suit.
Next report that their clothing sales have worsened more than homewares in recent weeks - with womenswear and kidswear feeling the brunt - and that online sales have slowed more than retail sales.
Now, the Olympics and the weather are two obvious issues to reflect on when looking at trading over the last six weeks and, remarkably, the weather was actually surprisingly good during the Olympics, when so many of us were engrossed watching it all on TV.
And the so-called Indian summer last week was a recipe for consumers to rush to the parks and gardens rather than do their patriotic duty and go shopping, to celebrate the new national mood of post-Olympics confidence.
But, underneath it all, and looking through the spread of winners and losers (with John Lewis up there on a pedestal), perhaps there is more of a 'trend' than a 'blip' about slow recent trading and weak high street footfall.
After all, consumers know that interest/mortgage rates can't stay low for ever and that getting credit is difficult, so a bit of prudence this autumn when it comes to spending and saving is not surprising.
Inflation is creeping up again, not least in the form of higher petrol prices, putting pressure on real disposable incomes and a lot of the so-called jobs being created by the private sector seem to be temporary or part-time.
The John Lewis consumer may be a bit more insulated from such things, but in the mass-market it looks like the run-up to Christmas is going to be more difficult than ever for retailers.


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text:
The Copernican Revolution from the Inside
by jacobjacob 18 min read1st Nov 201744 comments
1. Scholasticism
2. Ptolemy
3. Copernicus
4. Kepler and Galileo
5. Newton
What about Ibn ash-Shãtir?
Careful with appearances
Careful with your reductios
The data is not enough
...and, finally, deep learning
The Copernican revolution was a pivotal event in the history of science. Yet I believe that the lessons most often taught from from this period are largely historically inaccurate and that the most important lessons are basically not taught at all [1]. As it turns out, the history of the Copernican revolution carries important and surprising lessons about rationality -- about what it is and is not like to figure out how the world actually works. Also, it's relevant to deep learning, but it'll take me about 5000 words on renaissance astronomy to make that point.
I used to view the Copernican revolution as an epic triumph of reason over superstition, of open science over closed dogma. Basically, things went as follows: Copernicus figured out that the sun rather than the earth is at the center of our planetary system. This theory immediately made sense of the available data, undermining its contorted predecessors with dazzling elegance. Yet its adoption was delayed by the Catholic Church fighting tooth and claw to keep the truth at bay. Eventually, with the emergence of Newton's work and the dawn of the Enlightenment, heliocentrism became undeniable and its adoption inevitable [2].
This view is inaccurate. Copernicus system was not immediately superior. It was rejected by many people who were not puppets of the Church. And among those who did accept it, better fit to the data was not a main reason. What did in fact happen will become clear in a moment. But in reading that, I'd like to prompt you to consider the events from a very particular vantage point: namely what they would be like from the inside. Ask yourself not what these events seem like for a millennial with the overpowered benefit of historical hindsight, but for a Prussian astronomer, an English nobleman or a Dominican priest.
More precisely, there are two key questions here.
First, if you lived in the time of the Copernican revolution, would you have accepted heliocentrism? I don't mean this as a social question, regarding whether you would have had the courage and resources to stand up to the immensely powerful Catholic Church. Rather, this is an epistemic question: based on the evidence and arguments available to you, would you have accepted heliocentrism? For most of us, I think the answer is unfortunately, emphatically, and surprisingly, no. The more I've read about the Copernican revolution, the less I've viewed it as a key insight followed by a social struggle. Instead I now view it as a complete mess: of inconsistent data, idiosyncratic mysticism, correct arguments, equally convincing arguments that were wrong, and various social and religious struggles thrown in as well. It seems to me an incredibly valuable exercise to try and feel this mess from the inside, in order to gain a sense what intellectual progress, historically, has actually been like. Hence a key reason for writing this post is not to provide any clear answers -- although I will make some tentative suggestions -- but to provoke a legitimate sense of confusion.
If things were that chaotic, then this raises the second question. How should you develop intellectually, in order to become the kind of person who would have accepted heliocentrism during the Copernican revolution? Which intellectual habits, if any, unite heliocentric thinkers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Descartes, and separates them from thinkers like Ptolemy and Tycho? Once again, my answer will be tentative and limited. But my questions, on the other hand, are arguably the right ones.
My view of the Copernican revolution used to be that when people finally switched to the heliocentric model, something clicked. The data was suddenly predictable and understandable. Something like how Andrew Wiles describes his experience of doing mathematics:
"[...] in terms of entering a dark mansion. You go into the first room and it's dark, completely dark. You stumble around, bumping into the furniture. Gradually, you learn where each piece of furniture is. And finally, after six months or so, you find the light switch and turn it on. Suddenly, it's all illuminated and you can see exactly where you were."
However, this is most certainly not how things appeared at the time. Let's start at the beginning.
The dominant medieval theory of physics, and by extension astronomy, was Scholasticism, a combination of Aristotelian physics and Christian theology. Scholasticism was a geocentric view. It placed the earth firmly at the center of the universe, and surrounded it with a series of concentric, rotating "crystalline spheres", to which the celestial bodies were attached.
Ptolemy of Alexandria provided the mathematical foundation for geocentrism, around 100 AD. He wanted to explain two problematic observations. First, the planets appear to move at different speeds at different times, contrary to the Aristotelian thesis that they should move with a constant motion. Second, some planets, like Mars, occasionally seem to briefly move backwards in their paths before returning to their regular orbit. Like this:
Link to 7-second video.
In order to explain these phenomena, Ptolemy introduced the geometric tools of equants and epicycles. He placed the earth slightly off the center of the planetary orbits, had the planets themselves orbit in little mini-cycles -- so-called "epicycles" -- along their original orbit, and introduced another off-center point, called the equant, in relation to which the motions of the planets are uniform, and which Ptolemy also claimed "controlled" the speed of the planets along their larger orbits. Like this:
Here's how these additions make sense of retrograde motion [4]:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
The ability of the Ptolemaic system to account for these phenomena, predicting planetary positions to within a few degrees (Brown, 2016), was a key contributor to its widespread popularity. In fact, the Ptolemaic model is so good that it's still being used to generate celestial motions in planetariums (Wilson, 2000).
Copernicus published his heliocentric theory while on his deathbed, in 1543. It retained the circular orbits. More importantly, it of course placed the sun at the centre of the universe and proposed that the earth rotates around its own axis. Copernicus was keen to get rid of Ptolemy's equants, which he abhorred, and instead introduced the notion of an epicyclet (which, to be fair, is kind of just like an equant with its own mini-orbit) [5]. Ptolemy's system had required huge epicycles, and Copernicus was able to substantially reduce their size.
Retrograde motion falls out of his theory like this:
In order to get the actual motion of the planets correct, both Ptolemy and Copernicus had to bolster their models with many more epicycles, and epicycles upon epicycles, than shown in the above figure and video. Copernicus even considered introducing an epicyclepicyclet -- "an epicyclet whose center was carried round by an epicycle, whose center in turn revolved on the circumference of a deferent concentric with the sun as the center of the universe"... (Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 2008).
Pondering his creation, Copernicus concluded an early manuscript outline his theory thus "Mercury runs on seven circles in all, Venus on five, the earth on three with the moon around it on four, and finally Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn on five each. Thus 34 circles are enough to explain the whole structure of the universe and the entire ballet of the planets" (MacLachlan & Gingerich, 2005).
These inventions might appear like remarkably awkward -- if not ingenious -- ways of making a flawed system fit the observational data. There is however quite an elegant reason why they worked so well: they form a primitive version of Fourier analysis, a modern technique for function approximation. Thus, in the constantly expanding machinery of epicycles and epicyclets, Ptolemy and Copernicus had gotten their hands on a powerful computational tool, which would in fact have allowed them to approximate orbits of a very large number of shapes, including squares and triangles (Hanson, 1960)!
Despite these geometric acrocrabitcs, Copernicus theory did not fit the available data better than Ptolemy's. In the second half of the 16th century, renowned imperial astronomer Tycho Brahe produced the most rigorous astronomical observations to date -- and found that they even fit Copernicus' data worse than Ptolemy's in some places (Gingerich, 1973, 1975).
This point seems to have been recognized clearly by enlightenment scholars, many of whom instead chose to praise the increased simplicity and coherence of the Copernican system. However, as just described, it is unclear whether it even offered any such improvements. As Kuhn put it, Copernicus's changes seem "great, yet strangely small", when considering the complexity of the final system (Kuhn, 1957). The mathematician and historian Otto Neugebauer writes:
"Modern historians, making ample use of the advantage of hindsight, stress the revolutionary significance of the heliocentric system and the simplifications it had introduced. In fact, the actual computation of planetary positions follows exactly the ancient pattern and the results are the same. [...] Had it not been for Tycho Brahe and Kepler, the Copernican system would have contributed to the perpetuation of the Ptolemaic system in a slightly more complicated form but more pleasing to philosophical minds." (Neugebauer, 1968)
At the turn of the 17th century Kepler, armed with Tycho Brahe's unprecedentedly rigorous data, revised Copernicus' theory and introduced elliptical orbits [6]. He also stopped insisting that the planets follow uniform motions, allowing him to discard the cumbersome epicyclical machinery.
Around the same time Galileo invented the telescope. Upon examining the celestial bodies, he found irregularities that seemed to contradict the Scholastic view of the heavens as a perfect, unchanging realm. There were spots on the sun...
...craters and mountains on the moon…
...and four new moons orbiting Jupiter.
Spurred on by his observations, Galileo would soon begin his ardent defense of heliocentrism. Despite the innovations of Galileo and Kepler, the path ahead wasn't straightforward.
Galileo focused his arguments on Copernicus' system, not Kepler's. And in doing so he faced not only the problems with fitting positional planet data, which Kepler had solved, but also theoretical objections, to which Kepler was still vulnerable.
Consider the tower argument. This is a simple thought experiment: if you drop an object from a tower, it lands right below where you dropped it. But if the earth were moving, shouldn't it instead land some distance away from where you dropped it?
You might feel shocked upon reading the argument, in the same way you might feel shocked by your grandpa making bigoted remarks at the Christmas table, or by a friend trying to recruit you to a pyramid scheme. Just writing it, I feel like I'm penning some kind of crackpot, flat-earth polemic. But if the reason is "well obviously it doesn't fall like that… something something Newton…" then remind yourself of the fact that Isaac Newton had not yet been born. The dominant physical and cosmological theory of the day was still Aristotle's. If your answer to the tower argument in any way has to invoke Newton, then you likely wouldn't have been able to answer it in 1632.
Did you manage to find some other way of accounting for objects falling down in a straight line from the tower? You might want to take a few minutes to think about it.
[...time for thinking…]
Now if at the end of thinking you convinced yourself of yadda yadda straight line physics yadda yadda you were unfortunately mistaken. The tower argument is correct. Objects do drift when falling, due to the earth's rotation -- but at a rate which is imperceptible for most plausible tower heights. This is known as the "Coriolis effect", and wasn't properly understood mathematically until the 19th century.
In addition a fair number of astronomical observations seemed to qualitatively contradict heliocentrism -- by leaving out predicted phenomena -- as opposed to just providing quantitative discrepancies in planetary positions. Consider the stellar parallax. A "parallax" is the effect you might have noticed while looking out of a car window, and seeing how things that are closer to you seem to fly by at a faster pace than things farther away. Like this:
Link to 15-second video.
If the earth orbits the sun, something similar should be visible on the night sky, with nearby stars changing their position substantially in relation to more distant stars. Like this:
No one successfully detected a stellar parallax during the renaissance. This included Tycho, who as mentioned above had gathered the most accurate and exhaustive observations to date. His conclusion was that either the distant stars were so distant that a parallax wasn't detectable using his instruments -- which would entail that space was mostly an unfathomably vast void -- or there simply was no stellar parallax to be detected.
Once again, with the benefit of hindsight it is easy to arbitrate this debate. Space just is really, really, really vast. But it is worth noticing here the similarity to Russell's teapot-style arguments [7]. On two points in a row, the defenders of heliocentrism have been pushed into unfalsifiable territory:
Heliocentrist: "There is drift when objects fall from towers -- we just can't measure it!"
Geocentrist: "But provide a phenomenon we can measure, then."
Heliocentrist: "Well, according to my recent calculations, a stellar parallax should be observable under these conditions…"
Geocentrist: "But Tycho's data -- the best data astronomical we've ever had -- fails to find any semblance of a parallax. Even Tycho himself thinks the idea is crazy"
Heliocentrist: "The fact that Tycho couldn't detect it doesn't mean it's not there! The stars could be too far away for it to be detected. And things aren't absurd just because prominent scientists say they're absurd"
Geocentrist: "Hold on… not only does your new theory contradict all of established physics, but whenever you're asked for a way to verify it you propose a phenomenon that's barely testable… and when the tests come out negative you blame the tests and not the theory!"
Heliocentrist: "Okay okay, I'll give you something else… heliocentrism predicts that Venus will sometimes be on the same side of the sun as Earth, and sometimes on the opposite side..."
Geocentrist: "Yes?"
Heliocentrist: "This means that Venus should appear to vary in size… by..." and the heliocentrist scribbles in his notebook "… as much as… six times."
And this prediction of the change in size of venus was indeed made by proponents of heliocentrism.
And, once again, although today we know this phenomena does in fact appear, the available observations of the 17th century failed to detect it.
This might all seem messy, complicated, disappointing. If this is what the history of intellectual progress actually looks like, how can we ever hope to make deliberate progress in the direction of truth?
It might be helpful to examine a few thinkers -- Copernicus, Kepler, Descartes, Galileo -- who actually accepted heliocentrism, and try to better understand their reasons for doing so.
Little is known about the intellectual development and motivations of Copernicus, as the biography written about him by his sole pupil has been lost. Nonetheless, a tentative suggestion is that he developed rigorous technical knowledge across many fields and found himself in environments which were, if not iconoclastic, at least exceptionally open-minded. According to historian Paul Knoll:
"[The arts faculty at the University of Cracow, where Copernicus studied] held the threefold promise of mathematics and astronomy which were abreast of any developments elsewhere in Europe, of philosophical questioning which undermined much the foundations of much that had been characteristically medieval, and of a critical humanistic attitude which was transforming older cultural and educational values" (Knoll, 1975)
Later, when studying law at the University of Bologna, Copernicus stayed with the astronomy professor Domenico Maria Novara, described as "a mind that dared to challenge the authority of [Ptolemy], the most eminent ancient writer in his chosen fields of study" (Sheila, 2015). Copernicus was also a polymath, who studied law in addition to mathematics and astronomy, and developed an early theory of inflation. His pupil Rheticus was an excellent mathematician, and provided crucial support in helping Copernicus complete his final, major work.
Beyond that some authors claim that Copernicus was influenced by a kind of neoplatonism that regarded the sun as a semi-divine entity, being the source of life and energy -- which made him more content to place it at the centre of the universe (Kuhn, 1957). These claims are however disputed (Sheila, 2015).
These conditions -- technical skill, interdisciplinary knowledge and open-mindedness -- seem necessary for Copernicus development, but they also feel glaringly insufficient.
As for Kepler and Descartes, their acceptance of heliocentrism was not motivated by careful consideration of the available data, but commitments to larger philosophical projects. Kepler is known as a mathematician and astronomer, but in his own day he insisted that he be regarded as a philosopher, concerned with understanding the ultimate nature of the cosmos (Di Liscia, 2017). He did have access to better data -- Tycho's observations -- than most people before him, and he pored over it with tremendous care. Nonetheless, his preference for elliptical over circular orbits was equally influenced by mystical views regarding the basic geometric harmony of the universe, in which the sun provided the primary source of motive force (Ladyman, 2001; Di Liscia, 2017; Westman, 2001).
Something similar was true of Descartes, although his underlying philosophical agenda is quite different. A striking example of these commitments is that both Kepler and Descartes argued that a heliocentric world-view was self-evident, in the sense of being derivable from first principles without recourse to empirical observation (Frankfurt, 1999).
Beyond that, I know too little about their respective views to be able to offer any more detailed, mechanistic account of why they preferred heliocentrism.
Galileo -- Copernicus' bulldog -- is a confusing figure as well. Just like Copernicus, Kepler and Descartes, Galileo was not purely guided by careful experiment and analysis of the data -- despite the weight popular history often places upon these characteristics of his. As Einstein writes in his foreword to a modern edition of Galileo's Dialogue:
"It has often been maintained that Galileo became the father of modern science by replacing the speculative, deductive method with the empirical, experimental method. I believe, however, that this interpretation would not stand close scrutiny. There is no empirical method without speculative concepts and systems; and there is no speculative thinking whose concepts do not reveal, on closer investigation, the empirical material from which they stem." (Einstein, 2001)
For Galileo, this speculative system consisted in replacing the four Aristotelian elements with a single, unified theory of matter, and replacing the view of nature as a teleological process with a view of it a deterministic, mechanistically intelligible process. Einstein later points out that in some respects this approach was inevitable given the limited experimental methods available to Galileo (for example, he could only measure time intervals longer than a second).
Galileo was also a man of courage and belligerence. One of his strengths was an absolute refusal to accept arguments from authority without experimental evidence or careful reasoning. It appears as if though his belligerence aided him several times in a quite ironic way. Many of the arguments he marshalled against his opponents were either incorrect, or correct but based on incorrect observations. One example is his attempt to derive a theory of tides from the motions of the earth, a project to which he devotes about a fourth of his famous Dialogue. Einstein, again, writes "it was Galileo's longing for a mechanical proof of the motion of the earth which misled him into formulating a wrong theory of the tides. [These] fascinating arguments [...] would hardly have been accepted as proofs by Galileo, had his temperament not got the better of him".
Moreover, Galileo's observations of sunspots and moon craters weren't unproblematic. In both cases there is evidence to indicate that he was fooled by optical illusions. And though he was also right about the existence of moons orbiting Jupiter, which contradicted the uniqueness of the earth as the only planet with a moon, what he actually observed rather seems to have been Saturn's rings (Ladyman, 2001) [8].
Nonetheless, at this point you might be aching to object that, disregarding inconsistent data, theoretical flaws, failed predictions and incorrect formulation of a theory of the tides... surely Galileo's Dialogue provided other convincing arguments that finally tipped the balance in favour of heliocentrism?
Alas, history is messy.
Recall that Galileo defended Copernicus system, not Kepler's, and hence had to deal with its flaws. More strikingly, in the above I still haven't mentioned the existence of a third major theory, rivalling both Ptolemy and Copernicus: Tycho Brahe's combined geoheliocentric theory. This theory retained the moon and sun in orbit around the earth but placed all the other planets in orbit around the sun.
Galileo's Dialogue does not engage with Tycho's theory at all. One suggested explanation (given by an unknown Wikipedia contributor) is that, assuming Galileo's theory of the tides, the Ptolemaic and Tychonic systems are identical, and hence it would suffice to rebut the former. But the theory of the tides was wrong.
These theories only differ in their prediction of whether we should be able to observe stellar parallaxes. And as mentioned above, Tycho's data had failed to detect one, which he saw as key evidence for his view.
Eventually though, this historical mess was straightened out, and a crucial experiment arbitrated Galileo, Tycho and Ptolemy. German astronomer Friedrich Bessel's finally managed to observe a stellar parallax in 1838. About 200 hundred years later. By that point, the Copernican revolution was surely already over -- even the Catholic church had removed Copernicus' De revolutionibus from Its index of banned books, as it was simply accepted as true (Lakatos & Zahar, 1975).
At one point Newton also came along, but Galileo died about a year before he was born. Newton's marriage of physics and mathematics, which implied Kepler's laws as a special case, was crucial in demonstrating the viability of heliocentrism. But nonetheless some thinkers did something very right decades before the arrival of the Cambridge genius, which he was very well aware of. For the Copernican revolution might have been completed by Newton, but in the end he still stood on the shoulders of giants.
One purpose of this essay has been to portray an important historical era in a more realistic way than other popular portrayals. I asked two questions at the beginning:
If you lived in the time of the Copernican revolution, would you have accepted heliocentrism?
How should you develop intellectually, in order to become the kind of person who would have accepted heliocentrism during the Copernican revolution?
The preceding section argued that the answer to the first question might quite likely have been no. This section takes a closer look at the second question. I do however want to preface these suggestions by saying that I don't have a good answer to this myself, and suggest you take some time to think of your own answers to these questions. I'd love to hear your thought in the comments.
There seems to be some Islamic scholars who beat Copernicus to his own game by a few hundred years. I'd be keen to learn more about their story and intellectual habits.
Geocentrists liked to claim that it certainly seems like the sun orbits the earth, and not vice versa. There is something odd about this. Consider the following Wittgenstein anecdote:
"He [Wittgenstein] once asked me [Anscombe]: 'Why do people say it is more logical to think that the sun turns around the Earth than Earth rotating around its own axis?' I answered: 'I think because it seems as if the sun turns around the Earth.' 'Good,' he said, 'but how would it have been if it had seemed as if the Earth rotates around its own axis then?'" (Anscombe, 1959)
This quote hopefully inspired in you a lovely sense of confusion. If it it didn't, try reading it again.
When I said above that it certainly seems like the sun orbits the earth and not vice versa, what I meant to say was that it certainly seems like it seems like the sun orbits the earth and not vice versa [9].
There's a tendency to use the word "seems" in quite a careless fashion. For example, most people might agree that it seems like, if an astronaut were to push a bowling ball into space, it would eventually slow down and stop, because that's what objects do. At least most people living prior to the 20th century. However, we, and they, already know that this cannot be true. It suffices to think about the difference between pushing a bowling ball over a carpet, or over a cleaned surface like polished wood, or over ice -- there's a slippery slope here which, if taken to its logical extreme, should make it seem reasonable that a bowling ball wouldn't stop in space. A prompt I find useful is to try to understand why the behaviour of the bowling ball in space could not have been any other way, given how it behaves on earth. That is, trying to understand why, if we genuinely thought a bowling ball would slow down in space, this would entail that the universe was impossibly different from the way it actually is.
Something similar seems true of the feeling that the sun orbits the earth, and this is brought out in the Wittgenstein anecdote. What we think of as "it seems as if though the sun orbits the earth" is actually just us carelessly imposing a mechanism upon a completely different sensation, namely the sensation of "celestial objects seeming to move exactly as they would move if the earth orbited the sun and not vice versa". Whatever it would look like to live in a world where the opposite was true, it certainly wouldn't look like this.
Many of the major mistakes made by opponents of heliocentrism was to use reductio ad absurdum arguments without really considering whether the conclusion was absurd enough to actually overturn the original argument. Tycho correctly noted that either there wasn't a stellar parallax or he couldn't measure it, but incorrectly took the former as more plausible. Proponents of the tower argument assumed that objects fall down in straight lines without drift, and that anything else would be percetible by the naked eye. In both cases, people would just have been better off biting the bullet and accepting the implications of heliocentrism. That, of course, raises the question of which bullets one should bite -- and that question is beyond the scope of this essay.
There's a naïve view of science according to which the scientist first observes all the available data, then formulates a hypothesis that fits it, and finally tries to falsify this new hypothesis by making a new experiment. The Copernican revolution teaches us that the relation between data and theory is in fact much more subtle than this.
A true theory does not have to immediately explain all the data better than its predecessors, and can remain inconsistent with parts of the data for a long time.
The relation between data and theory is not a one-way shooting range, but an intricate two-way interplay. The data indicates which of our theories are more or less plausible. But our theories also indicate which data is more or less trustworthy [10]. This might seem like a sacrilegious claim to proponents of the naïve view described above: "ignore the data!? That's just irrational cherry-picking!" Sure, dishonest cherry-picking is bad. Nonetheless, as the Copernican revolution shows, the act of disregarding some data in a principled manner as it doesn't conform to strong prior expectations has been critical to the progress of science [11].
When Einstein famously remarked "God doesn't play dice", he arguably adopted the same kind of mindset. He had built a complex worldview characterised by a certain mathematical law-likeness, and was confident in it to the extent that if quantum mechanics threatened its core principles, then quantum mechanics was wrong -- not him.
Sometimes, scientists have to be bold -- or arrogant -- enough to trust their priors over the data.
It seems apt to notice some similarities between the state of astronomy during the Copernican revolution and the current state of deep learning research.
Both are nascent fields, without a unifying theory that can account for the phenomena from first principles, like Newtonian physics eventually did for astronomy.
Both have seen researchers cling to their models for decades without encouraging data: many of the most succesful current deep learning techniques (conv nets, recurrent nets and LSTMs, gradient descent, ...) were invented in the 20th century, but didn't produce spectacular results until decades later when sufficient computing power became available. It would be interesting to find out if people like like Geoffrey Hinton and Yann Le Cunn share intellectual habits with people like Copernicus and Galileo.
Finally, I'm particularly struck by the superficial similarities between the way Ptolemy and Copernicus happened upon a general, overpowered tool for function approximation (Fourier analysis) that enabled them to misleadingly gerrymander false theories around the data, and the way modern ML has been criticized as an inscrutable heap of linear algebra and super-efficient GPUs. I haven't explored whether these similarities go any deeper, but one implication seems to be that the power and versatility of deep learning might allow suboptimal architectures to perform deceivingly well (just like the power of epicycle-multiplication kept geocentrism alive) and hence distract us from uncovering the actual architectures underlying cognition and intelligence.
Crossposted to my blog here.
[1] They of course are taught, because that is how I learnt about them. But this was in a university course on the philosophy of science. The story of Galileo is probably taught in most middle schools [no source, my own hunch]. But only about 0.5% of US college students major in philosophy [source], and I'd guesstimate something like a third of them to take classes in philosophy of science.
[2] This last step is kind of a blackbox. My model was something like "a true theory was around for long enough, and gained enough support, that it was eventually adopted". This sounds quite romantic, if not magical. It's unclear exactly how this happened, and in particular what strategic mistakes the Church made that allowed it to.
[3] Figure credit of the Polaris Institute of Iowa State University, which provides a great tutorial on medieval and renaissance astronomy here.
[4] I spent way too long trying to understand this, but this animation was helpful.
[5] I spent two hours trying to understand the geometry of this and I won't drag you down that rabbit-hole, but if you're keen to explore yourself, check out these links: [1], [2].
[6] It is however a common mistake to imagine these as clearly elongated ellipses: their eccentricity is very small. For most practical purposes apart from measurement and prediction they look like circles (Price, 1957).
[7] Russell's teapot is a skeptic thought-experiment intended to reveal the absurdity of unfalsifiable views, by postulating that there's a teapot orbiting Jupiter and that it's too small to be detectable, but nonetheless insisting that it really is there.
[8] And to think my philosopher friends thinks Gettier problems are nonsense!
[9] There's of course a sense of mysticism in this, which -- like the rest of Wittgenstein's mysticism -- I don't like. Mysticism is mostly just a clever way of scoring social understanding-the-world-points without actually understanding the world. It might be that heliocentrism and geocentrism are genuinely indistinguishable from our vantage point, in which case the confusion here is just a linguistic sleight-of-hand, rather than an actual oddity in how we perceive the world. But this doesn't seem correct. After all, we were able to figure out heliocentrism from our vantage point, indicating that heliocentrism is distinguishable from geocentrism from our vantage point.
[10] In Bayesian terms, your posterior is determined by both your likelihoods and your priors.
[11] And is core to rationality itself, on the Bayesian view.
Anscombe, E. (1959). An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus. pp. 151.
Brown, M. (2016) "Copernicus' revolution and Galileo's vision: our changing view of the universe in pictures". The Conversation. Available online here.
"Copernicus, Nicholas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved October 26, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com, here.
Di Liscia, D. A. "Johannes Kepler". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Zalta, E. N. (ed.).
Einstein, A. (2001). (Foreword) Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican.
Frankfurt, H. (1999), Necessity, Volition and Love. pp. 40.
Gingerich, O. J. (1973) "The Copernican Celebration". Science Year, pp. 266-267.
Gingerich, O. J. (1975) "'Crisis' versus aesthetic in the Copernican revolution". Vistas in Astronomy 17(1), pp. 85-95.
Hanson, N. R. (1960) "The Mathematical Power of Epicyclical Astronomy" Isis, 51(2), pp. 150-158.
Knoll, P. (1975) "The Arts Faculty at the University of Cracow at the end of the Fifteenth Century". The Copernican Achievement, Westman, R. S (ed.)
Kuhn, T. (1957) The Copernican Revolution. pp. 133.
Ladyman, J. (2001) Understanding Philosophy of Science. Chapter 4: Revolutions and Rationality.
Lakatos, I. & Zahar, E. (1975). "Why did Copernicus Research Program Supersede Ptolemy's?". The Copernican Achievement, Westman, R. S (ed.)
MacLachlan, J & Gingerich, O. J. (2005) Nicolaus Copernicus: Making the Earth a Planet, pp. 76.
Neugebauer, O. (1968). "On the Planetary Theory of Copernicus", Vistas in Astronomy.,10, pp. 103.
Sheila, R. "Nicolaus Copernicus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Zalta, E. N. (ed.), available online.
Price, D. J. (1957) "Contra Copernicus: a critical re-estimation of the mathematical Planetary Theory of Copernicus, Ptolemy and Kepler". Critical Problems in the History of Science, Clagett, M. (ed.).
Westman, R. S. (2001) "Kepler's early physical-astrological problematic." Journal for the History of Astronomy, 32, pp. 227-236.
Wilson, L. A. (2000) "The Ptolemaic Model" in the Polaris Project, Iowa State University. Available online here.


On October 11 2014, the Toledo International Centre for Peace (CITpax) convened a group of policy experts to explore ideas to help resolve current conflicts in the region and explore new political and security architectures in the Middle East. The meeting was chaired by Javier Solana, President of ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics, and Thomas Pickering, former Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs at the State Department (USA), and it was as a follow-up of the round table that took place on May 2014.
On September 18 2014, the Toledo International Centre for Peace (CITpax) gathered a group of experts from Europe and the Middle East to discuss the current situation of the Temple Mount / Haram al-Sharif and possible scenarios and options for the management of the site.


Look at the growth one year after my first surgery in the second picture! Pretty impressive!
I often get asked on hair transplant sites what to expect during the first year of growth after surgery. This illustrates how I progressed during the first year. New growth started for me around 3-4 months post surgery.
I thought I would post a couple pictures taken at our Golf Club on Valentine's night. Michele was stunning as always! I'm glad I have more hair which certainly makes me look younger and a little closer to her age!
The other picture was taken of us prior to my first surgery in 2012.
You can obviously see the transformation starting at a Norwood 6 in 2012!
This is a picture of Michele and me at a recent Opera fund raising event at a restaurant called 8-Up in downtown Louisville. My hair was a bit wind-blown but at least I have hair!
I'm posting a couple older photos from 2012 showing the start of new growth in my crown area. I often get the question regarding the first sign of new growth. Of course it's different for every individual but for most it starts about months 3-4.
This picture was taken 11 weeks and three days after surgery and you can clearly see the tiny new hairs popping through my scalp. You can also see a pimple in the second picture which is very common after a transplant. This occurs when new hairs encounter an issue breaking through the surface. Nature always wins and the hair eventually surfaces.


Currently, we have Ruckus 7962, 7363 access points and Zone Director 1112.
we have multiple devices and OS in our network. we are facing wifi disconnection issue only in MacBook pro with os 10.9 and +. we observed Macbook devices roaming from one AP to another in one minute multiple times. on other side windows devices working fine and connected to same AP. Macbook pro face this issue only at peak office hour. in late night when traffic is very less every macbook pro working fine.
We have also faced the same issue that you are facing and we are unable to find the solution. We are facing this issue with Macbook Pro Mid 2011 only. Macbook Mid 2012 was working fine and normal without any roaming.
What could be the reason for this behavior. Why we are not facing the same issue on MacBook pro and Air after mid-2012.
Your problem is related to the firmware compatibility with MAC OS devices, Ruckus ZD 1100 support MAC OS 10.9 and 10.10 on ZD firmware 9.10, which is the max firmware release for ZD 1100.
information extracted from the release note firmware 9.10.2.
Zone flex 7962 is not supported on firmware 9.10 and Zone flex 7363 face performance issues due to it RAM size.
we are not facing the same issue with 10.12, 10.9 in Macbook air and Mabook mid 2012. We are only facing this issue with Macbook Mid 2011. Please suggest any solution.
You are right. But we are not facing the same issue with 10.12, 10.9 in Macbook air and Mabook mid 2012. We are only facing this issue with Macbook Mid 2011. Please suggest any solution.


Move-in ready! Attached single family residence with garage and spacious fenced yard. Step into the open floor plan with vaulted ceilings, brick fireplace, and exposed beam. Open kitchen with breakfast bar and formal dining room. Master suite plus additional bed and full bath. Laundry in hallway. Sliders in living room lead to private yard with large wrap around deck. Close to public transit, shops, groceries, and schools!


At least seven Christians have been killed and nine injured in an attack on a bus convoy in Minya today. Armed terrorists opened fire on two buses as they were leaving Saint Samuel's monastery.
Please pray to the God of all comfort, that He will comfort the bereaved, the injured, and all who are fearful in Egypt today. Pray for healing for the injured. Pray for protection over our Egyptian brothers and sisters.


text:
William Henri Audie Howard (* 25. Oktober 1993 in Montbrison) ist ein französischer Basketballspieler.

Laufbahn
Sein aus den Vereinigten Staaten stammender Vater Skip spielte Ende der 1970er und in den 1980er Jahren als Basketballprofi in Frankreich und lernte dort seine spätere Ehefrau Sylvaine kennen, die ebenfalls Basketball spielte.

Von 2009 bis 2011 wurde William Howard am nationalen französischen Leistungszentrum INSEP ausgebildet, das folgende Spieljahr verbrachte er im Heimatland seines Vaters und besuchte die New Hope Academy im Bundesstaat Maryland. Nach seiner Rückkehr wechselte er zum Erstligisten BCM Gravelines, spielte aber vornehmlich in der Jugend. Er sammelte in den folgenden Jahren Spielerfahrung in der zweiten französischen Liga, mit Hyères-Toulon wurde er 2016 Zweitligameister und stand für die Mannschaft dann auch in der höchsten Spielklasse des Landes auf dem Feld. Seine dort erbrachten Leistungen brachten ihm 2017 einen Vertrag bei Limoges CSP ein, wo er wie bei seinen vorherigen Stationen insbesondere als treffsicherer Distanzschütze auf sich aufmerksam machte. Im Sommer 2019 nahm er an einem Trainingslager der NBA-Mannschaft Utah Jazz teil und unterschrieb kurz darauf einen Vertrag bei den Jazz. Er nahm an drei Vorbereitungsspielen teil, wurde von Utah im Oktober 2019 aber vor dem Saisonbeginn aus dem Aufgebot gestrichen.

Er schloss sich den Salt Lake City Stars an, für die er in der NBA-G-League in 15 Spielen 13,1 Punkte je Begegnung erzielte, ehe er Ende Dezember 2019 von den Houston Rockets mit einem Zweiwegevertrag für die NBA sowie die Fördermannschaft der Texaner, Rio Grande Valley Vipers, ausgestattet wurde. Er bestritt zwei Spiele für Houston und 36 für Rio Grande. Mitte Juli 2020 wurde er vom französischen Erstligisten ASVEL Lyon-Villeurbanne verpflichtet. 2021 und 2022 gewann er mit der Mannschaft die Meisterschaft in Frankreich.

In der Sommerpause 2022 nahm er ein Angebot des spanischen Erstligisten Joventut de Badalona an. Ende Dezember 2022 gab es die Vertragsauflösung.

Nationalmannschaft
Nachdem er in den Altersbereichen U16, U18 sowie U20 für Frankreichs Auswahlmannschaften gespielt hatte, bestritt er im Frühjahr 2018 sein erstes Länderspiel für die Herrennationalmannschaft.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Französischer Meister (Basketball)
Basketballspieler (Joventut de Badalona)
Basketballspieler (Limoges CSP)
Basketballspieler (ASVEL Lyon-Villeurbanne)
Basketballnationalspieler (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1993
Mann
Basketballspieler (BCM Gravelines)


Issue #9188 has been updated by tmm1 (Aman Gupta).
> How about only using rb_fstring for string literal hash keys?
I think this makes sense. We won't see a 10% savings like we did in #8998, but it's a fair compromise.
Do you have any thoughts on an implementation? I'll revert the existing commit in the meantime.
I think r43870 make benchmark/bm_so_k_nucleotide.rb slow.


text:
LABEL / CONSULTANCY
THEATRE / LIVE
Illan Eshkeri
The genius behind Space Station Earth Ilan has an extensive career spanning through several musical accomplishments. Ilan Eshkeri is an award-winning British composer whose work uses multiple disciplines in various fields of art. Composer, songwriter, producer and conductor, Eshkeri's work is performed in concert halls, theatres, galleries and on film & television; his eclectic body of work is linked by his love of narrative.
His diverse portfolio is appealing to creative people from all walks of life, allowing him to work on a multitude of different projects. This year Ilan has co-created two ballets; Symbiosis with acclaimed choreographer Andonis Foniadakis for the Rambert Dance Company and Narcissus and Echo, choreographed by famed dancer Sergei Polunin with set designs by photographer David LaChapelle. Eshkeri was also commissioned by Burberry for their game-changing autumn 2016 fashion show in London, where he conducted his choral symphonic suite Reliquary, which subsequently reached no. 1 in the classical chart. Before this, he created music for British astronaut Tim Peake's Principia mission to the International Space Station.
Eshkeri has collaborated with Annie Lennox on a live orchestral show of her songs, David Gilmour on his solo record On An Island, written a song for Sinead O'Connor, and worked with other rock bands and pop stars including KT Tunstall, Tom Odell, Ash and The Cinematic Orchestra, as well as avant-garde electronic artist Amon Tobin re-composing the electronic music for symphony orchestra, performed to a sold-out Royal Albert Hall. Eshkeri composed a symphonic tone poem about a Korean artist for the Louvre in Paris and conducted the work to projected visuals of the art to thousands in the gardens of the Louvre. He has collaborated with infamous British art duo Jake & Dinos Chapman, legendary naturalist David Attenborough, and fashion brands, dancers and astronauts.
Amongst his extensive catalogue of film & television are multiple Oscar & BAFTA winning films such as Still Alice, The Young Victoria and Shaun The Sheep. Eshkeri has been nominated for an Ivor Novello, as well as nominated for a BAFTA for The Snowman & The Snowdog, where he co-wrote the hit Light The Night.
Eshkeri is signed to Globe, a division of Universal Records.
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/IlanEshkeri/videos
Mighty Village 2015 © All Rights Reserved.


text:
PUBLIC LAW 100-418—AUG. 23, 1988
the administering authority finds a reasonable basis to suspect that the alleged subsidy is inconsistent with the Agreement, the administering authority may request the Commissioner of Customs to compile information on an expedited basis regarding entries of the class or kind of merchandise that is the subject of the investigation. Upon receiving such request, the Commissioner of Customs shall collect information regarding the volume and value of entries of the class or kind of merchandise that is the subject of the investigation and shall transmit such information to the administering authority at such times as the administering authority shall direct (at least once every 30 days), until a final determination is made under section 705(a), the investigation is terminated, or the administering authority withdraws the request.". (2) Paragraph (1) of section 703(e) (19 U.S.C. 1671b(e)(l)) is amended by inserting "(at any time after the initiation of the investigation under this subtitle)" after "promptly". (3) Subparagraph (A) of section 705(b)(4) (19 U.S.C. 1671d(b)(4)(A)) is amended to read as follows: "(A) RETROACTIVE APPLICATION.—
"(i) IN GENERAL.—If the finding of the administering authority under subsection (a)(2) is affirmative, then the final determination of the Commission shall include a finding as to whether retroactive imposition of a countervailing duty on the merchandise appears necessary to prevent recurrence of material injury that was caused by massive imports of the merchandise over a relatively short period of time and will be difficult to repair. (ii) PREVENTION OF RECURRENCE.—For purposes of
making its finding under clause (i), the Commission shall make an evaluation as to whether the effectiveness of the countervailing duty order would be materially impaired if such imposition did not occur. "(iii) EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS.—In making the
evaluation under clause (ii), the Commission shall consider, among other factors it considers relevant— "(I) the condition of the domestic industry, "(II) whether massive imports of the merchandise over a relatively short period of time can be accounted for by efforts to avoid the potential imposition of countervailing duties, (III) whether foreign economic conditions led to the massive imports of the merchandise, and "(IV) whether the impact of the massive imports of the merchandise is likely to continue for some period after issuance of the countervailing duty order under this subtitle.", (b) ANTIDUMPING DUTY INVESTIGATIONS.—
(1) Section 732 (19 U.S.C. 1673a) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection: Records.
"(e) INFORMATION REGARDING CRITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES.—If, a t
any time after the initiation of an investigation under this subtitle, the administering authority finds a reasonable basis to suspect that— "(1) there is a history of dumping in the United States or elsewhere of the class or kind of the merchandise which is the subject of the investigation, or