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Q: How is an Interrupt handled in Linux? I just know that Interrupt is a hardware signal assertion caused in a processor pin. But I would like to know how Linux OS handles it.
What all are the things that happen when an interrupt occurs?

A: First of all participants involved in interrupt handling are peripheral hardware devices, interrupt controller, CPU, operating system kernel and drivers. Peripheral hardware devices are responsible for interrupt generation. They assert interrupt request lines when they want attention from operating system kernel. These signals are multiplexed by interrupt controller, which is responsible for interrupt signals collection. It also responsible for determination of the order in which interrupt signals will be passed to CPU. Interrupt controller is able to temporally disable particular interrupt request line (IRQL) and reenable it again (IRQL masking). Interrupt controller pass collected interrupt requests to the CPU sequentially. CPU after completion of execution of each instruction CPU does check is there any waiting interrupt requests from the interrupt controller. If CPU finds that there is waiting request AND Interrupt Enable flag is set in the internal CPU control register then CPU starts interrupt handling. As you can see, by manipulation on the Interrupt flag in the CPU and communication with interrupt controller, Linux kernel is able to control the interrupt acceptance. For example, Linux can disable acceptance of interrupts from the particular device or disable interrupt acceptance at all.
What happens when the processor receives an interrupt request?
Firstly, CPU automatically disables interrupts by resetting Interrupt Flag. They will be reenabled once interrupt handling will be finished. In the same time CPU makes minimal amount of work needed for switching CPU from the user mode to kernel mode in such a way that will allow it resume the execution of the interrupted code. CPU consults with special CPU control structures filled by Linux kernel to find an address of code to which control will be passed. This address is the address of the first instruction of interrupt handler, which is a part of the Linux kernel.
As a first step of interrupt handling kernel identifies vector of interrupt received to identify what kind of event has been happened in the system. Interrupt vector defines what actions will Linux take to handle it.
As a second step Linux saves the rest of the CPU registers (which wasn't saved by CPU automatically) and which potentially can be used by the interrupted program. This is very important action, because it allows Linux to handle interrupts transparently regard to the interrupted program.
As a third step, Linux accomplish switching to the kernel mode by setting the kernel environment and setting the CPU state required for it.
And finally, vector dependent interrupt handler is called. (You can look on BUILD_INTERRUPT3 macro in arch\x86\kernel\entry_32.S to grab the additional details for x86 architecture related example) In the case of peripheral devices this a do_IRQ() routine. (Look into the arch\x86\kernel\irq.c)
The vector dependent interrupt handler usually wrapped by calls to irq_enter() and irq_exit(). Code area enclosed within a pair of these functions, is atomic with respect to any other such areas and also is atomic with respect to pairs of cli/sti. Irq_enter() and irq_exit() also captures some statistics related to the interrupt handling.
Finally, kernel looks into the vector_irq table to find the irq number assigned to the vector of the interrupt received and call handle_irq() (from arch\x86\kernel\irq_32.c).
At this point the common part of the interrupt handling in Linux ends, because kernel looks the device dependent interrupt handler routine installed by device driver as part of the irq descriptor and invokes it. If such handler wasn't been installed by driver, kernel just acknowledge interrupt on interrupt controller and goes to exit from general interrupt handler.
After the end of the interrupt handling kernel restores the state of the program which was interrupted previously and resumes this program execution.

A: Here's a high-level view of the low-level processing. I'm describing a simple typical architecture, real architectures can be more complex or differ in ways that don't matter at this level of detail.
When an interrupt occurs, the processor looks if interrupts are masked. If they are, nothing happens until they are unmasked. When interrupts become unmasked, if there are any pending interrupts, the processor picks one.
Then the processor executes the interrupt by branching to a particular address in memory. The code at that address is called the interrupt handler. When the processor branches there, it masks interrupts (so the interrupt handler has exclusive control) and saves the contents of some registers in some place (typically other registers).
The interrupt handler does what it must do, typically by communicating with the peripheral that triggered the interrupt to send or receive data. If the interrupt was raised by the timer, the handler might trigger the OS scheduler, to switch to a different thread. When the handler finishes executing, it executes a special return-from-interrupt instruction that restores the saved registers and unmasks interrupts.
The interrupt handler must run quickly, because it's preventing any other interrupt from running. In the Linux kernel, interrupt processing is divided in two parts:

*

*The "top half" is the interrupt handler. It does the minimum necessary, typically communicate with the hardware and set a flag somewhere in kernel memory.

*The "bottom half" does any other necessary processing, for example copying data into process memory, updating kernel data structures, etc. It can take its time and even block waiting for some other part of the system since it runs with interrupts enabled.

As usual on this topic, for more information, read Linux Device Drivers; chapter 10 is about interrupts.

A: Gilles already described the general case of an interrupt, the following applies specifically to Linux 2.6 on an Intel architecture (part of this is also based on Intel's specifications).
An interrupt is an event that changes the sequence of instructions executed by the processor.
There are two different kinds of interrupts:

*

*Synchronous interrupt (Exception) produced by the CPU while processing instructions

*Asynchronous interrupt (Interrupt) issued by other hardware devices

Exceptions are caused by programming errors (f.e. Divide error, Page Fault, Overflow) that must be handled by the kernel. He sends a signal to the program and tries to recover from the error.
The following two exceptions are classified:

*

*Processor-detected exception generated by the CPU while detecting a anomalous condition; divided into three groups: Faults can generally be corrected, Traps report an execution, Aborts are serious errors.

*Programmed exception requested by the programmer, handled like a trap.

Interrupts can be issued by I/O devices (keyboard, network adapter, ..), interval timers and (on multiprocessor systems) other CPUs. When an interrupt occures, the CPU must stop his current instruction and execute the newly arrived interrupt. He needs to save the old interrupted process state to (probably) resume it after the interrupt is handled.
Handling interrupts is a sensitive task:

*

*Interrupts can occur at any time, the kernel tries to get it out of the way as soon as possible

*An interrupt can be interrupted by another interrupt

*There are regions in the kernel which must not be interrupted at all

Two different interrupt levels are defined:

*

*Maskable interrupts issued by I/O devices; can be in two states, masked or unmasked. Only unmasked interrupts are getting processed.

*Nonmaskable interrupts; critical malfunctions (f.e. hardware failure); always processed by the CPU.

Every hardware device has it's own Interrupt Request (IRQ) line. The IRQs are numbered starting from 0. All IRQ lines are connected to a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC). The PIC listens on IRQs and assigns them to the CPU. It is also possible to disable a specific IRQ line.
Modern multiprocessing Linux systems generally include the newer Advanced PIC (APIC), which distributes IRQ requests equally between the CPUs.
The mid-step between an interrupt or exception and the handling of it is the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT). This table associates each interrupt or exception vector (a number) with a specified handler (f.e. Divide error gets handled by the function divide_error()).
Through the IDT, the kernel knows exactly how to handle the occurred interrupt or exception.

So, what does the kernel when an interrupt occurres?

*

*The CPU checks after each instruction if there's a IRQ from the (A)PIC

*If so, consults the IDT to map the received vector to a function

*Checks if the interrupt was issued by a authorized source

*Saves the registers of the interrupted process

*Call the according function to handle the interrupt

*Load the recently saved registers of the interrupted process and try to resume it


Should I Split Up My Credit Card Balance?
Advice to manage credit-to-debt raio.
Q: I know that my FICO credit score depends in part on the total amount of my credit-card debt vis-á-vis the credit limits on my cards. I have five accounts, each with a $10,000 limit, and I owe a total of $20,000. Does it matter if the debt is concentrated on one or two cards, or spread across all five? That is, am I better off carrying a balance of $4,000 on each card or dividing the debt between two cards ($10,000 on each) with zero balances on the other three?
Do Reissued Cards Hurt a Credit Score?
You are better off dividing up your debt among the five cards. The fact that you have multiple cards with balances may drop your score slightly, but maxing out your credit on two cards would lower your score even more.
Your FICO score is compiled on the basis of five criteria, which are assigned different weights. The "amounts owed" category, which makes up 30% of your score, looks at the percentage you are using of your total available credit, how much youÕre using on each card and the number of accounts with balances greater than zero. Other criteria include your payment history and the length of your credit history.
The important thing is not to worry about micromanaging your debt -- just concentrate on paying it off. As John Ulzheimer, president of consumer education for Credit.com, explains, "You canÕt fool the FICO scoring model. Consumers may think that they can manipulate debt by moving it to other cards, but in the end you still have the same amount of debt."


text:
Home World Toxic atmosphere in Marengo process – NRC
Toxic atmosphere in Marengo process – NRC
Dislike, mistrust, delay, a conflict about an iPhone. The atmosphere between the parties to the proceedings in the mega-trial Marengo has fallen below zero after 2.5 years of litigation. The criminal case against Ridouan Taghi and sixteen co-defendants, which revolves around six murders and several attempts, continues this week with a thirteenth interim session.
The dormant disagreement between prosecutors and lawyers came to the fore when the Public Prosecution Service added a lengthy story to the file in August about the statements of the crown witness. In it, a number of lawyers in the case were accused of leaking information to the underworld.
It came in addition to a quarrel that broke out in private at the beginning of August between the examining magistrate leading the investigation in the Marengo case and one of the defendants' lawyers, Nico Meijering. Meijering had stated the name of that family member in a written request to hear a family member of crown witness Nabil B., as required by law. That was against the sore leg of the investigating judge. For the sake of security, she had proposed not to mention the names of vulnerable witnesses.
Meijering's request was contrary to that agreement, according to the investigating judge. Prior to a hearing of crown witness Nabil B., it led to a fierce clash between the investigating judge and Meijering. When the investigating judge refused to apologize, Meijering decided to avenge her. That request was rejected, although the challenge room did show understanding in the judgment for the fact that Meijering felt he was being treated unfairly. He has not broken any agreements.
Word choices
The judgment of the challenge chamber summarizes the relationships well: "The tone of and word choices in the challenge request submitted, the correspondence, the documents submitted and the handling in and counselors – be on edge. "
After that determination, the judges recommend that all professional parties 'consult themselves on the tone they wish to use and the wording they wish to use'. 'Respect for each other's role' is necessary to be able to continue the procedure properly.
This advice fell on deaf ears. The disagreement turned into explicit suspicion when three days after the challenge request it came out that Meijering and a colleague had been observed in 2019 by order of the Public Prosecution Service during a trip to Dubai, in the hope that this would lead to the whereabouts of the then still fugitive Ridouan Taghi. That turned out not to be the case, but that did not diminish the excitement about this very unusual investigation.
Also read: It different story about crown witness Nabil B.
The explanation of the Public Prosecution Service during an extra session could not calm the emotions. Lawyers submitted a long series of requests; both about the official report and about the leakage of information to the underworld and about the Dubai observation. The claims about the leak have all been rejected by the court. This matter thus seems to be off the table. But that does not apply to the observation in Dubai. The court rejected witness requests on this point, but asked for an official report in which numerous details about the observation must be included. That will therefore lead to a delay.
Previously challenged
What does not help is that the examining magistrate, who had previously been challenged by the defense, has recently resigned. Although the challenge room allowed her to continue, she finds that "statements by some counsel are beyond all standards of decency."
This means, among other things, that planned interrogations of crown witness Nabil B. have not taken place. An important subject for those interrogations is an iPhone 5 that Nabil B. secretly used in his cell while he was negotiating his crown witness deal. The existence of that phone – Nabil B. has denied under oath that he had the device – came to light this spring when a lawyer fired by the crown witness reported it. The device was investigated and it appears that Nabil B. communicated with it about his crown witness deal and "looks back on crime that has taken place and persons associated with it".
The decision to add some of the phone's content, especially text messages, to the file has been challenged by his lawyers. They argue that the information on the device is confidential because it has been deposited with a lawyer. In principle, communication between lawyer and client is confidential. The court rejected this, and the lawyers turned to the Supreme Court. That too will lead to delays.
A version of this article also appeared in nrc.next on October 27, 2020
Source link by https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2020/10/26/giftige-sfeer-in-marengo-proces-a4017498
*The article has been translated based on the content of Source link by https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2020/10/26/giftige-sfeer-in-marengo-proces-a4017498
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Q: Why is the default colorspace of opencv different in android? I thought that the default colorspace of opencv is BGR?
i've developed a c++ code using opencv for desktop and is now successfully integrated in android using the JNI and NDK, however, i noticed that images are loaded initially RGB colorspace in android and not BGR.
I transformed first the bitmap to Mat in android and passed it to my JNI function.
this turned my world upside down in image processing as it affected my binarization algorithm particularly the cvtColor function(which i do in native c++). Binarized images are not as clean as before and i had to find a way to fix it(before i do 2 times dilation then 1 erosion, but now, its 1 erosion and 2 times dilation), which gives a binary image not as good when i run the code using openCV desktop.
even if a draw a circle with the Mat image using a Scalar(0,0,255) (which is supposed to be red), i noticed its BLUE.
can i load an image in android it its BGR colorspace?
EDIT:
cvtColor(RGB2BGR) shows this in android:
!(https://fbcdn-sphotos-b-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-prn2/t1/q71/s720x720/1979665_10202132337484510_1325794214_n.jpg)
since in opencv for desktop, its the BGR colorspace that is loaded for images, it loads the original image in BGR colorspace:
!(https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc3/t1/10013535_10202132340924596_1741770081_n.jpg)
when i do cvtColor(BGR2HLS) in opencv for desktop, the result is this:
!(https://fbcdn-sphotos-c-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-frc1/t1/1920558_10202132339444559_2012886085_n.jpg)
but in android when i do cvtColor(RGB2HLS) the result is:
!(https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-prn2/t1/q71/s720x720/1505483_10202132336164477_595021411_n.jpg)
notice that if i do cvtColor(RGB2BGR) then cvtColor(BGR2HLS), it is not the original image that is converted to HLS.
PS: what i mean by android is using the c++ code i imported using the JNI.
its the same c++ code when im using opencv for desktop in visual studio. OPENCV libraries version is the same.

A: I guess they changed that, in the past for Android it was also loaded as BGR but now it seems RGB.
You can always convert it:
Imgproc.cvtColor(src, dst, Imgproc.COLOR_RGB2BGR);

or
Imgproc.cvtColor(src, dst, Imgproc.COLOR_RGBA2BGR);

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text:
Eco-friendly locations / The Best Volcanoes to Visit in the World / Shiveluch
Shiveluch
The Shiveluch volcano is the northern most active volcano of Kamchatka , located in the northern Central Kamchatka Depression. The diameter of its base is of 45-50 km and it has an area of not less than 1300 km2. The absolute height is of 3283 m ( of the main peak), the highest point of the existing apparatus (Young Shiveluch) is of 2800 m. This is one of the largest volcanic structures in Kamchatka. The modern volcano comprises three main elements: the Old Shiveluch, the ancient caldera, an active Young Shiveluch.
Activity of the volcano
The Old Shiveluch on the morphology and geology should be considered a difficult constructed stratovocano. The base of the stratovolcano is composed of a strong layer of coarsely fragmented significantly andesite. In the central part is dominated by a variety of tuffs. The diameter of the crater is of 6 - 7 km. Some of the domes are connected short and the thick lava flows. Prior to the eruption of 1964,the apical part of the volcano was formed by four domes. After the explosion in 1964, these domes were destroyed and in their place a dual crater with steep walls up to 600 m diameter crater north - 1.7 - 1.8 km south - 1.9 - 2.0 km arose. These craters were formed here before, as evidenced by the well-preserved fragments of their shoulders. The Shiveluch volcano began to form about 60-70 thousand years ago. Originally it was a huge andesitic stratovolcano pyroclastic significantly. Its growth was accompanied by the formation of numerous volcanic extrusive domes. Later on the side of buildings were cinder cones and lava, centers of the outpouring of numerous lava flows of andesite, of basalt composition, andesite extrusive domes. A major event in the life of the old volcano was a giant eruption of Shiveluch, resulting in the 9-km in diameter caldera. This event occurred before the second phase of the Pleistocene glaciation. Further, the bottom of the caldera has been the main arena of the manifestation of the volcanic activity. Dominated by powerful explosive eruptions the Holocene volcanic activity of Shiveluch has not undergone fundamental changes. The volcano is dominated by explosive eruptions of varying strength, during which the major emitters are of juvenile pyroclastics. When the most powerful eruption volume of pyroclastic material reaches 4-5 km, their Tephra falls out within a radius of 500-1000 km, covering an area of Kamchatka and adjacent marine areas. For each eruption of a volcano formed at the foot of the plains area, pyroclastic flows of several tens of square kilometers and thick deposits of explosive power of 10-50 m cover more extensive areas . In Holocene a modern building of young Shiveluch was formed and there were several extrusive domes. All in the Holocene there were at least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch. Several strong eruptions occurred in the early Holocene 10,5 - 7000 years ago. Holocene volcanic formations (Young Shiveluch buildings, deposits of pyroclastic flows, explosions) currently occupy an area of about 300 km2.
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Others from The Best Volcanoes to Visit in the World
A volcano is a geological structure more or less complex, which is generated in the earth for the ascent of the molten rock called magma formed beneath or within the Earth's crust .
A volcano is formed by a non-visible internal structure of the crust including magma chamber , magma pipes and a visible structure.
More commonly, the term volcano refers only to the outside and the visible part to the right of the volcanic relief , more or less conical, consisting of all those materials, liquid, solid or gaseous fuels, which were issued from the craters during the various stages of the eruption of the volcano itself.
The masses of rocks which form a volcano are called igneous rocks , as derived from the cooling of the magma ascended from the Earth .
The shape and the height of a volcano depend on several factors including the age of the volcano, the type of the eruptive activity, the type of the released magma and the characteristics of the underlying volcanic structure.
In general volcanoes are discontinuities in the Earth's crust through which all various events and magmatic endogenous products: powders, gases, vapors and solid volcanic material is casted.
The release of this material is erupting and the erupted materials are lava , ash , gas , slag and various water vapors .
On the surface, 90% are submarine volcanoes (mostly located along the dorsal mid-ocean), while about 1500 volcanoes are now active on land.
Description What is commonly called a volcano, technical terminology is defined in the volcano or volcanic cone , but since the term most used is the volcano.
The volcano is often named in geology .
The volcanoes testify to the existence, in the deep zones of the lithosphere , the molten masses of silicate are called natural magmas .
A generic volcano is formed by: a magma chamber or a magma basin, fed by magma , when it is empty after an eruption.
A volcano may collapse and create a caldera .
The magma chambers are located between 10 and 50 km depth in the lithosphere .
a stack or a duct volcanic main crossing point of the magma from the magma chamber to the surface.
a crater summit, where the main pipe flows.
one or more secondary ducts, which, flowing from the flanks of the volcano or the same basis, give life to the secondary cones.
lateral cracks, fractures on the longitudinal side of the volcano, caused by the pressure of the magma.
They allow the escape of lava in the form of eruption.
For their grandeur of the event the volcanoes are an object of admiration, of fear, of curiosity and of study since the antiquity with different interpretations created to explain its origin.
Plato admitted the existence of an underground river of fire.
Seneca indicated as the cause of eruptions and earthquakes, the penetration of water into the ground, when the water reached the incandescent matter, vapors under high pressure.
In 79 AD ,Pliny the Younger described the eruption of Vesuvius that buried Pompeii , Herculaneum and Stabiae.
But the real science that studies volcanoes, the volcanology ,was born only in the seventeenth century , when the naturalists were interested in the eruptions of Vesuvius ( in 1631 ) and of Etna ( in 1669 ).
This science is more decisive in progress with the studies of Spallanzani and then in the nineteenth century , with the help of petrography .
The origin of volcanoes is explained by various theories, including two important, but opposite theories: the theory of craters of lifting De Buch ; the theory of external accumulation of Scrope and Spallanzani .
In the theory of De Buch, volcanoes would have originated from the magma which would raise the outer layers of the Earth forming the cone, which then would break up to form the craters.
In the second theory, the volcanoes would be due to the accumulation of the solid material emitted or projected from the volcanic conduit.
The heat that is produced inside exerts a pressure evenly over the crust, thinner where the magma would surrender, letting it , causing the birth of the volcanoes.
The classification of volcanoes The volcanoes can be classified according to the type of external device or the type of the volcanic eruptions, both of these characteristics being closely linked to the composition of the magma and the magma chamber (and thus emitting lava).
This classification is called Lacroix Classification by the French geologist Alfred Lacroix who first conceived.
Depending on the type of the volcanic external apparatus Considering the type of the volcanic cone there are 2 types of volcanoes: 1.
Shield volcanoes 2.
Cone volcanoes Shield volcanoes A shield volcano has moderately sloping sides, and it is built by the eruption of the lava basalt fluid.
The basaltic lava tends to build enormous cones low slope, because its low viscosity allows it to slide smoothly on the ground or under it, in the lava tubes, up to many kilometers without significant cooling.
The major volcanoes of the world are the shield volcanoes.
The name comes from the same geometry, which makes them look like shields resting on the ground.
The largest shield volcano in the world is in Hawaii , its name is Mauna Loa .
It measures about 4000 m above the sea level , but its base is located at 5000 feet below the sea level, so its actual height is of 9000 meters, while its base diameter is about 250 km.
Cone volcanoes We find a volcano cone when the lava is acidic.
In these cases, the magma is very viscous and it is difficult to trace, solidifying quickly once outside.
Emissions flow and alternate with the solid material that is shot out and alternate with the cast, as the layers of the building.
The eruptions of this type can be very violent (like that of Vesuvius that buried Pompeii ), because the magma tends to obstruct the volcanic chimney creating a "cap" only when the internal pressures are sufficient to overcome the obstruction, the eruption resumed ( the eruption of Vulcan type), but in extreme cases there may be an explosion that may come to destroy the entire volcano ( Peleus).
The volcanism of this type is present along the continental margin of the pits or arc-trench systems, where the magma comes from the crust where the rocks are more of an exogenous composition.
Depending on the type of the eruptive activity Broadly speaking we distinguish red volcanoes (volcanoes characterized by effusive emissions in which the accumulation of the volcanic lava flows gives the building looks "reddish brown"), and gray volcanic (eruptions of volcanoes with explosive character in which the accumulation of ash give the building looks gray-black volcanic).
Specifically, considering the type and the power of the eruption of a volcano you have: 1.
Hawaiian volcanoes in eruption type 2.
Volcanoes in eruption of Icelandic type 3.
Strombolian volcanoes in eruption type 4.
Volcano eruption at Vulcan type 5.
Volcano eruption at Vesuvius type 6.
Plinian eruptions at volcanoes and Pelean type 7.
Large calderas ("super-volcanoes") Hawaiian Type The eruptions are not related to the tectonic movements that are due to the plaque but rather to see the phenomena the magma plumes from the back to warm up the hot spots.
The summit of the volcano is occupied by a large depression called caldera , bounded by steep walls due to the collapse of the fund.
Others occur within the caldera collapses, creating a well structure .
The lava is very basic and therefore very fluid, it produces the typical volcanic edifices form a "shield , with weak slopes of the mountains.
Icelandic type They are also called volcanic fissure eruptions which occur through long slits and not by a circular crater.
The casting, basic and the ultra basic magmas fed by, tend to form the highland basalt (basalt plateaus).
At the end of an eruption fissure (or linear), the eruptive fissure may disappear since it is covered by lava and solidified spill, does not reappear until the next eruption.
The best examples are found in Iceland , from which the special designation of the type, an excellent example of the Icelandic volcano eruption is that of Laki of 1783 , one of the most famous volcanic eruptions in the history of the European Union .
Strombolian type Very viscous basaltic magmas give rise to an enduring characterized by emissions at regular intervals and fragments of lava fountains that reach hundreds of meters high, and the launch of lava and volcanic bombs.
The fallout of these products creates scoria cones from the quite steepides .
Stromboli , the island-volcano from which it takes its name, this kind of effusive activity, has been in business for two millennia, much to be known, since the time of the earliest civilizations as the " lighthouse of the Mediterranean .
" Type Vulcan They were named after the island of Vulcano in the archipelago of the Aeolian Islands .
They are explosive eruptions during which lava bombs release clouds of gas and ash laden.
The explosions can produce fractures, ruptures of the crater and the opening of lateral vents.
Vesuvius type From the name of the volcano Vesuvius , it is similar to the Vulcan, but with the difference that the initial explosion is tremendously violent enough to drain most of the magma chamber: the magma from deep zones, then back up at high speed out of the crater and dissolve in tiny droplets.
When this type of eruption is at its most violent it is called Plinian eruption (in honor of Pliny the Younger who first described the course in 79 AD).
Plinian type The eruptions are produced by very viscous magma .
Hot clouds are frequently formed from gas and pulverized lava.
They are very dangerous eruptions ending usually with partial or total collapse of the volcano or the release of a plug of lava that of a volcanic plug or dome .
In some cases both phenomena occur.
The volcanic eruption that exhibits this behavior are characterized by the shape of a cone.
These eruptions are named for Pliny the Younger who first described this type of eruption observing the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, which submerged Pompeii and Herculaneum in ashes .
A variant is the Plinian eruption : if during a Plinian eruption the main body of the glowing cloud released from the crater summit during an eruption peleana (which takes its name from the volcano 's Pelee in Martinique ) , the volcano erupts from the crater, but not centrally splitting up the side of the volcano.
This eruption has devastating effects concentrated in the direction of the main eruption of a glowing cloud that can reach more than 20 km from the building volcanic (as happened in 1980 in the eruption of St.
Helens ).
Other variants of the Plinian eruptions are the ultra-plinian : these eruptions are characterized for having an even bigger explosion, which may come to completely destroy the volcanic edifice (it is an example of the Krakatoa or Santorini ), and above all for the enormous amount of the released volcanic ash.
The explosion of this type, based on the large amount of ash that remains in suspension in the atmosphere, has a greater or lesser impact on the global climate in the years following the eruption.
Large calderas Although not recognized as true volcanoes, they deserve a separate mentioning: the case of 7-8 large calderas identified on the surface.
These structures are characterized by not having a volcano rather than a depression of volcanic origin (known as Caldera), which covers a vast area, more than 10-15 km.
Inside the caldera, you can see the development of various craters formed more or less.
It was never observed an eruption of this type of calderas (which have periods of eruption of hundreds of thousands of years) and these areas are now subject only to a minor type of volcanism (geysers, fumaroles, hot springs, .
The best known examples of this type of equipment is the park of Yellowstone , The Phlegraean Fields , the Alban Hills , the Toba Lake .
Activities of volcanoes The magma rises through the mantle or less dense than the Earth's crust because of the surrounding rocks (lifts for buoyancy ).
During the ascent, due to the decrease in pressure , the gases dissolved in the melt dissolve a further decrease of the density .
The magma in the crust can build up, to cool and solidify, or climb up to the surface of the earth thus giving rise to an eruption .
The eruptions may be of different types: they can give rise to explosive phenomena, where ash and lapilli are projected up to tens of kilometers above the crater and deposited up to hundreds of miles away from the eruptive center, or effusive, if the magma flows, forming a lava flow that propagates to shorter distances (tens of meters to a few km from the eruptive center).
One of the characteristics that influences the type of the eruption is the viscosity of the magma, which depends on the content of silicon , which binds with the oxygen molecules that form always tend to bond with each other and form indestructible chains.
If the magma has more than 60% silica [SiO2] it is considered viscous and more likely to give rise to an explosive eruption, but if the magma has less than 50% silica it is likely to be erupted with dynamic and effusive emitted lava as flows.
Here is a presentation of the most famous and the most popular volcanoes in the world.
Of course, I referred to their power of eruption, their activity and their beautiful environment provided to visitors.
Volcanoes represent huge interest to people, not only for the fact that they are dangerous but for many other reasons too.
Discover the most famous volcanoes in the world.
Images of Shiveluch, icons, photos, figures, visions, appearances, illustrations, snapshots, captures, canvas and pictures of Shiveluch - The Best Volcanoes to Visit in the World
Shiveluch - Marvelous landscape


Roomy 2nd floor, 2 bedroom, 2 bath, fully furnished condo at Litchfield By The Sea Resort. Enjoy pool, lazy river and owner's oceanfront Beach Club with sunning decks, restrooms, walking and biking trails, lighted tennis courts. Condo offers lockout option and screened porch.


I haven't really had a chance to follow up here on last week's Notes "Hannover" announcement. You've read some of the press, and there have been a lot of bloggers writing on the topic. The news has been all positive -- summarizing what we've heard -- great UI, good to hear that Notes has a committed future, good to see IBM take the offensive, etc.
I know there are high-profile "corporate bloggers" who frequently mention the kind of impact their blogging has within an organization, but generally, I've left that realm alone. Until now. The blogosphere's collective reaction to "Hannover" has raised awareness of blogging within IBM. Specifically, an interesting thing I've seen in the last several days is that there are a lot of additional eyes on edbrill.com and other websites. Not just reading, but reacting. One developer e-mailed another based on a question that was raised in the first discussion thread here about "Hannover". Executives enquired about hit counts and the background on certain comments/commenters. The IBM intranet blogs are buzzing.
This isn't truly new -- for years, I and others within Lotus have read/lurked on notes.net/LDD/developerWorks to obtain customer perspective and feedback, as well as places like the Lotus Partner Forum. What is new is the very public nature of the perspectives shared, the immediacy of the medium, and the way the blogging realm has taken root in other facets of my job. A colleague asked me the other day, "How are things in Highland Park?" I had never discussed my home/office location with him, but he had read the Sun-Times article a few weeks back.
My question is, does knowledge that there are a lot of additional eyes reading edbrill.com mean that more readers are likely to comment, knowing their words can and do make a broad impact, or will more readers stand silent, afraid to say something that will slight a lurker?


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text:
The LERU and U21 networks arrange summer schools and conferences for doctoral students. Current Lund University doctoral candidates (PhD students) apply through Lund University, which then nominates a limited number of candidates. Accepted students will partially be sponsored by Lund University.
LERU Doctoral Summer School
LERU Doctoral Summer School is organised annually and is hosted by one or more of the LERU members. The aim of the doctoral summer school is to provide doctoral candidates with professional and personal development opportunities.
The theme of the summer school is of general professional development interest to doctoral candidates. By creating an international, intercultural and interdisciplinary environment, the summer school provides a highly stimulating learning experience, which is of value to the participants' future careers.
The Summer school is to further strengthen ties within the network and to contribute to increasing the network's reputation and influence in European policy setting in higher education. It is also a way to show that LERU universities are at the forefront of innovative practices in training new researchers.
LERU Doctoral Summer School 2021 – Online
Due to the uncertainties and possible travel restrictions in connection with Covid-19, the 2021 LERU Doctoral Summer School will be a fully online edition. Trinity College Dublin has redesigned the programme to tailor it specifically to a virtual audience.
The revised format has allowed to broaden the number of speakers and to include speakers who otherwise might not have been able to travel to participate.
Theme: Reasserting the Value of the Expert; The role of Doctoral Research and Researchers in Promoting the Importance of the 'Expert' in Europe
Dates: 8–13 August 2021
Host institution/venue: Trinity College Dublin is this year's host. The summer school is organised online.
Application deadline: Wednesday 7 April 2021
For whom: Doctoral candidates from all academic disciplines with an interest in this topic are invited to apply.
The focus of this summer school is on how the next generation of researchers can reclaim the role of the expert and convince people – including the suspicious and the cynical – as to the value of expertise and thus of research and researchers.
Format of the Doctoral Summer School
Each day of the Summer School will include a two-hour slot where invited speakers present their papers, followed by a discussion facilitated by a session host.
Each day will also include a one-hour slot with short presentations from summer school participants. In advance of the Summer School, each participant will sign up to speak about one of the selected themes. Each participant will prepare three PowerPoint slides and present them for a maximum of five minutes. After lunch, the participants will be divided in small groups and have workshop sessions of about 90 minutes–two hours.
The main focus is on the development of a policy paper and resources for early-career researchers. The completed programme is equivalent to 5 ECTS credits.
There is also an online social event every day, hosted by the Graduate Students' Union.
Preliminary timetable for the LERU Doctoral Summer School 2021
Entry requirements for applicants
You must be registered as a doctoral candidate at Lund University.
You should be approximately half way or at a later stage in your doctoral education.
You must be keenly motivated to work on the topic of the LERU Summer School as set out in the programme and description.
You must be able to participate in all activities in the programme.
You must be fluent in written and spoken English.
More information about the application process and the summer school – LERU blog
The application, in English, shall include:
A statement of purpose of one A4 page. In the statement of purpose, you should motivate your interest in the topic of the summer school and give a description of what makes you a suitable representative for Lund University and the contribution you can make to the conference. It should also include the theme and title of the your own research project.
A letter of recommendation from Head of Department
A CV
An excerpt from Ladok showing your admission date and accomplishments
The application deadline is Wednesday April 7, 2021. Applications with reference number U 2021/221 are to be sent by email to registrator [at] lu [dot] se.
Selection Criteria and Conditions
The selection criteria are the quality of the statement of purpose, your arguments for participation, their relevance to the theme of the conference and an overall judgement of your application, grades and CV.
Lund University conducts a selection procedure and nominates and ranks candidates. Places are then assigned by the organisers of the Doctoral Summer School at Trinity College Dublin and the LERU Doctoral Studies Community steering group after consideration of all applications. The aim is to achieve a balanced representation with regard to disciplines, gender and university affiliation with due consideration of rank order and merit.
More information about LERU and contact details
LERU website
LERU members on the LERU website
LERU Office, Leuven, Belgium
Veerle Van Kerckhove, veerle [dot] vankerckhove [at] leru [dot] org
Research Services Office, Lund University
Cecilia Gagné, cecilia [dot] gagne [at] fs [dot] lu [dot] se
U21 summer activities for doctoral students
Summer activities for 2021 to be announced.
Page manager: josine [dot] greidanus [at] kommunikation [dot] lu [dot] se | 9 Apr 2021


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Photo: Otto Frick in 2008 [PlessPix]
The death has occurred in Hobart of Otto Frick, one of the founding members of Rapid SC in Hobart in 1958. He was aged 88 and had been in ill health for some time.
Frick was the club's first goalkeeper, but he initially played for Juventus after arriving from Austria in 1956.
He was born in the western Austrian town of Rankweil, known since ancient times as a place where superbly built Roman roads converged.
Frick was a very cool-headed and reliable goalkeeper. In 1958, he saved a penalty taken by the renowned George Arnott in Rapid's 2-1 loss to Caledonians before a huge crowd at South Hobart in that year's Falkinder Cup Final.
His place in goal for Rapid was eventually taken by Karl Jaeger, who later played for Juventus.
After retiring, he was sometimes recalled when the club had goalkeeping problems.
Frick also served in many positions on Rapid's committee after retiring as a player.
The Rapid squad of 1958 was: Frick; Ioannou, Zurasek, Rader, Syrginis, Hattinger, Pieper, Gmelch, Deutsch, G Kaiser, H Kaiser, Nikolai, Umgeher, Krusic, Stee.
Photo: The Rapid side of 1961, with Otto Frick at far left of the front row.
The brilliant Jan Zurasek, a 43-year-old Pole, was player-coach of Rapid, while Frank Gmelch possessed the most powerful shot in Tasmanian soccer and was tragically killed in a mountaineering accident a few years later while on holiday in his native Austria.
Frick is survived by his wife, Edite, whom he married in 1967, two daughters and a grandson.
Photo: Otto Frick, third from right, at a Rapid reunion in 2008, with (L-R) Joe Rader, Hubert Kaiser, Fritz Hattinger, Walter Nikolai, Gary Schmull and Chris Syrginis [PlessPix]
[Footnote: Rapid is no more. The club had to change its name in 1997 according to the Soccer Australia edict about ethnic names and it became Kingston Cannons.
The club then amalgamated with Christian United, which eventually became Southern FC.
From being a club founded by a group of Austrian and German migrants, it is tenuously linked to Southern FC, which has just withdrawn from the Southern Championship and will probably play in the social league.
Hank Gervan, who has coached Southern FC, is probably the only former Rapid player involved with Southern FC. His father played with Hollandia in the 1950s.]
Photo: The Rapid team and other players of the 1960s era at the 2008 Rapid reunion. Back Row (L-R) - Joe Rader, Hubert Kaiser, Walter Nikolai, Otto Frick, Gary Schmull, Tony Goodman, Chris Syrginis, Alan Mackie. Front Row (L-R) - Fritz Hattinger, Jim Dolliver, Johnny Stee and Fritz Umgeher [PlessPix]
Nice tribute, Walter. Vale Herr Frick
I remember Rapid colours being green and white. Am I wrong about this or did they change from the photo red to Green and white at some stage?
Walter said...
Rapid started with red shirts in 1958 (probably because these were the only strips available at the time and the colours of the Austrian flag are red and white) and it wasn't until the late 1960s or about 1970 that they switched to green and white, the colours of Sportklub Rapid Wien, or Rapid Vienna. Rapid in Hobart were, of course, named after that team in the Austrian capital.
Walter. Do you have a private email I can contact you on please. Thank you.


This 18 acre water remains one of the top day ticket lakes in the UK and many anglers visiting this beautifully mature water, some for the first time, have gone home happy in the knowledge that they had caught a personal best carp, tench, catfish, pike or even bream.
The carp still continue to grow and in the last two years there have been four different fish caught between 40 and 44lbs. St. Johns is probably one of the most prolific twenties and thirties day ticket waters in the country. With the phenomenal growth rate that has been recorded there over the years there is every good reason to say this and nothing to say that it will not improve even more. Not including the forties Linear estimate that the water could hold up to forty 30 pound plus fish which have been recorded to weights over 37lb; in addition the water holds a very large head of twenties. In 2007 despite the heavy flooding and the poor fishing weather that followed mirrors to 44lbs and a common just under 40lbs were recorded.
Linear's stocking policy on the water is ongoing and selected carp from our stock ponds are being introduced regularly. We estimate that the current carp stock levels are close to 800 fish. The lake records for carp stand at 41.04 for a common and 44.06 for a mirror.
Catfish regularly feature in catches. These have been caught at weights of over 76lb and are now regularly targeted by catfish anglers. St. Johns is the only one of our waters that has been stocked with catfish. Pike to over 20lbs are known to be present and in the past the water has produced fish to over 28lbs. The tench fishing can also be brilliant and fish to over 12lb along with bream of over 15lb have been recorded.


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«Таганрог-Молоко» — таганрогский молокозавод (гормолзавод), открытый в 1938 году и приостановивший деятельность в 2012 году.

История завода
Строительство предприятия на месте разрушенной церкви во имя Святого Архангела Михаила началось в 1932 году. Был выстроен один двухэтажный кирпичный корпус, на фундаменте бывшей церкви установили кефирные чаны. В 1937 году, ещё до завершения строительства, завод начал выпускать продукцию. Официальное открытие гормолокозавода было приурочено к юбилею революции, 7 ноября 1938 года. Ассортимент 1940 года: молоко, масло, сырково-творожные изделия, диетические продукты, мороженое (5 сортов). 1 марта 1941 года завод получил статус городского молочно-механизированного комбината. Во время войны работа не прекращалась, предприятие практически не пострадало. В дальнейшие годы проводилась частичная реконструкция ГМЗ, менялся ассортимент, переоснащалось производство, внедрялись поточные линии.

В 1949 году на территории завода была открыта Таганрогская специальная школа мастеров молочной промышленности, с курсом обучения, рассчитанным на два года. Школа просуществовала как минимум до 1956 года.

В 1959 году запущена в эксплуатацию линия по розливу в стеклянные бутылки молока и диетической продукции. В 1960-е годы работало около 270 человек. Стеснённая территория, невозможность дальнейшего расширения производства вызвали попытки строительства нового завода на другом участке. Однако из-за отсутствия финансирования они не были осуществлены. В 1989 году к старому корпусу пристроили маслоцех, установили полуавтоматы по розливу молока в пакеты «полипак», произвели другие усовершенствования. В 1991 году построен новый участок по выработке масла «Крестьянское».

В декабре 1992 года предприятие стало акционерным обществом открытого типа, что значительно расширило возможности по освоению новых видов продукции и её реализации — это сметана фасованная, брынза, йогурт, суфле, сыр адыгейский. Выпускаемая продукция: фасованное молоко и молочная продукция, масло, сметана, творожные изделия. Проектная мощность составляет 100 тонн цельного молока в сутки.

На 2002 год основными потребителями продукции молзавода являлись бюджетные организации города (школы, больницы, детские сады) и различные местные предприятия общественного питания. Некоторая часть продукции реализовывалась в розницу в таганрогских магазинах и на рынках.

В октябре 2011 года в прессе появились сообщения об ожидаемом массовом сокращении сотрудников в связи с жёсткими условиями, в которых оказалось «Таганрог-Молоко»: повышение цен на сырьё, увеличение налогового бремени и рост тарифов на газ и электроэнергию.

1 февраля 2012 года производство на заводе было остановлено. Все работники предприятия уволены, осталось лишь 6 человек. Произведён демонтаж части оборудования. Основной причиной остановки руководство завода назвало работу предприятия последние два года в убыток. «Таганрог-Молоко» перерабатывало до 10 тонн молока в сутки, при имеющихся производственных мощностях, рассчитанных на 200 тонн в сутки. Земельным участком, занимающем в самом центре города полтора гектара земли, заинтересовались несколько крупных федеральных торговых сетей. К территории молкомбината приценивалась компания «Магнит», однако стороны не сошлись в цене. Также интерес к территории проявляла компания «Х5 Retail Group». По информации газеты «Коммерсантъ», собственники завода и раньше пытались реализовать участок, но  городские власти не позволяли им это сделать.

На август 2013 года оборудование ОАО «Таганрог-Молоко» находилось в законсервированном состоянии. Доход предприятия складывался из сдачи в аренду части помещений завода.

Предприятие информировало об убытках с 2010 года. Максимальный размер убытков в 7,7 миллионов рублей был достигнут в 2012 году. В 2013 году убытки составили около 2,8 миллионов рублей. В 2014 году, сдавая площади завода в аренду, «Таганрог-Молоко» получило прибыль 933 тысячи рублей.

Директора завода
 с 2007 по наст. время — В. В. Минченко
 с 2006 по 2007 — С. П. Макаров
 с 1993 по 2006 — Р. Ф. Ковалёва
 с 1989 по 1993 — А. А. Андреева
 с 1982 по 1989 — Н. Г. Харченко
 с 1980 по 1982 — Г. А. Варченко
 с 1979 по 1980 — В. А. Барчук
 с 1966 по 1979 — А. В. Корнев
 с 1964 по 1966 — И. Ф. Есипенко
 с 1957 по 1964 — А. И. Смирнов
 с 1938 по 1957 — Т. Е. Глущенко

Примечания

Исчезнувшие предприятия Таганрога
Предприятия молочной промышленности СССР

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to add custom text field inputs for attributes in backend? I wanted to have custom text input fields with the attribute name already defined for the products. Since this is not natively possible in Woocommerce I have added a custom text input field for one of my attributes "Forgaffel". This information is to be shown under the "Additional information" tab on the product page a long with the other product attributes.
I have used the following code for this:
* Add custom text field
**/
function my_woo_custom_price_field() {

  $field = array(
    'id' => 'christmas_price',
    'label' => __( 'Forgaffel', 'textdomain' ),
    'data_type' => 'text' //Let WooCommerce formats our field as price field
  );

  woocommerce_wp_text_input( $field );
}
/**
* Save custom text field
**/
add_action( 'woocommerce_process_product_meta', 'save_custom_field' );
function save_custom_field( $post_id ) {

  $custom_field_value = isset( $_POST['my_custom_input'] ) ? $_POST['my_custom_input'] : '';

  $product = wc_get_product( $post_id );
  $product->update_meta_data( 'my_custom_input', $custom_field_value );
  $product->save();
}

However, how do I retrieve this information and display it under "Additional information" tab? I am using the WP Ocean theme.
And is there an easier way to add custom text input fields (with the attribute name predefined) for the information under "Additional information" tab?
Thanks in advance!

A: I managed to achieve this using ACF and editing the "product-attributes.php" file in the woocommerce plugin.


text:
Q: Find next smaller and next larger values I have two vectors:
smaller_array <- c(50,  60,  70,  75,  80,  85,  90,  95, 100, 105)
moneyness_cert <- c(105.8138,   105.7155,   105.4637,   104.5942,   105.0757,   105.316,    104.641,
                    105.0637,   105.461,    104.971,    105.2471,   105.1348,   105.638,    105.8024,
                    105.592,    104.9338,   105.0133,   104.613,    104.9407,   105.0136,   107.2144,
                    107.0112,   105.7793,   106.4742,   105.5703,   106.0615,   106.3446,   105.7296,
                    105.1307,   104.6472,   103.6721,   104.607,    105.1265,   105.2077,   104.363,
                    104.5036,   104.2205,   104.9135,   103.8404,   105.1506,   105.8887,   105.0894,
                    104.3529,   103.0007,   103.0904,   103.334,    103.2959,   103.4819,   103.504,
                    102.7641,   102.5911,   102.5386,   102.843,    103.8211,   102.3814,   105.265,
                    104.3255,   104.1589,   105.6462,   107.0716,   106.5527,   104.655,    103.1285,
                    102.3955,   102.8577) #length of vector is 65

I want to find for every moneyness_cert value the value which is closest to it in smaller_array.
The so found values should be saved in a vector (e.g. "result_vector")
Example for the 64th element in moneyness_cert:
moneyness_cert = 102.3955
then return in smaller_array the value "100"
and save it in result_vector at place 64
I tried (which returned unuseful results); match.closest-function from MALDIquant-Package:
>     match.closest(x = moneyness_cert, table = sort(smaller_array, decreasing = F), tolerance = Inf, nomatch = NA)
 [1] 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
[26] 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
[51] 10 10 10 10  9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10  9 10

Another try was:
> apply(smaller_array, 1 , function(x) moneyness_cert - x)
Error in apply(smaller_array, 1, function(x) moneyness_cert - x) :
  dim(X) must have a positive length

Via lapply it didn't work either.
Can anyone help me?
Thank you very much!

A: Try:
sapply(moneyness_cert, function(x) smaller_array[which.min(abs(smaller_array - x))])

Output:
[1] 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
[34] 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 100 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 100 105

Or directly for the 64th element:
sapply(moneyness_cert, function(x) smaller_array[which.min(abs(smaller_array - x))])[64]

# [1] 100

A: using the same purrr
library(purrr)
map_dbl(moneyness_cert, ~ smaller_array[which.min(abs(smaller_array - .x))])


Thanks for visiting the new Aaron Imaging website. I am a native of Brevard NC and I grew up exploring the mountains of WNC. After high school I moved to Montana to concentrate on learning the craft of fine photography. I enjoyed photography school but I learned more from working with outstanding veteran photographers who taught me the value of being technically flawless and relying on natural light to create mood in my images.
While I do travel for weddings most of my weddings are in the Southeast and more specifically in the mountains of Western North Carolina. Let me tell you about some of my favorite spots in my childhood home!
The Asheville area is known for spectacular wedding venues and one of the foremost is the legendary Grove Park Inn. I have photographed both intimate and epic weddings at every location on the expansive estate. I have also been privileged to photograph major events and celebrity guests who attended. Closer to my home is the newly redesigned Lake Toxaway Country Club which sits near the banks of the largest private lake in North Carolina and is surrounded my some of the most majestic private residences in the United States. Just up the road is the private Castle Ladyhawke which I have enjoyed many a spectacular wedding. Of course any discussion about Asheville venues must include the immense Biltmore House and Estate which I have been photographing weddings and events for over 15 years. Other venues that are noted for an elegant feel include Homewood, The Century Room, Biltmore Forest Country Club, Kenmure Country Club, The Crest Center and Pavilion, The Venue, and The Grand Bohemian. One of my favorite elegant settings in Winston Salem NC is the Gralyn Estate which I look forward to returning to soon! Many of the photos you see on my gallery are fromThe Old Edwards Inn and Lonesome Valley both high in the mountains above my hometown of Brevard. If you like lakeside weddings the 1927 Lake Lure Inn and Rumbling Bald resort must be seen!
While I enjoy elegant weddings, my own was a rustic wedding with mountain views and Asheville is blessed with many rustic venues that I just love. Claxton Farm has some of the best views and real farm scenery anywhere and I am honored to be one of the original photographers to start photographing weddings at Claxton. The Farm, A Gathering Place, also sits amid a real working farm and offers lodging for guests surrounded by countryside. Honeysuckle Hill is a new venue that is gaining popularity and I have enjoyed several weddings in their unique barn. Sawyer Family Homestead is just up the road and I am looking forward to my first wedding there overlooking the lake. I also am eager to photograph The Ridge in Madison county which I toured recently. And one of my favorite venues anywhere is Lake Eden home to the world famous LEAF festival. I love the the privacy and expansive views and I have fond memories of many incredible weddings at Lake Eden.
In 2010 I was honored to photograph an Asheville wedding planner's own wedding in Charleston SC and it quickly became one of my favorite cities to photograph. My favorite venue in Charleston is the Magnolia Plantation but I am looking forward to weddings at Boone Hall plantation and the new Hotel Bennett. I also have enjoyed many engagement session in the historic downtown of Charleston as well as bridal sessions on the beaches and horse farms outside of the city. Charleston along with Savanah GA are two of my favorite wedding cities outside of Asheville.
I have enjoyed photographing several sessions in the DC and Alexandria area and I hope to return soon but one of my favorite Virginia wedding locations is tucked far away in the mountains of Hot Springs Virginia. The exclusive Omni Homestead resort is rich with history and the weddings there are just grand! There are so many incredible backdrops on the estate and the service is outstanding.
Thanks for taking time to review the galleries I look forward to hearing about your big day!


Located in the centre of Bangkok, Tonson Residence offers spacious accommodation with free Wi-Fi. A 10-minute walk from Ratchadamri BTS Skytrain Station, the property is equipped with a 24-hour security system, a pool and a fitness centre.
The residence is a 5-minute drive to American Embassy. It is a 10-minute drive to Lumpini Park and Siam Paragon. It is a 30-minute drive from Suvarnabhumi Airport.
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Local dining outlets are located within walking distance from the residence.
Offering the most living space, this 2-storey family unit features 4 bedrooms and 5 bathrooms. It comes with a kitchen, a balcony and a living area with a flat-screen cable/satellite TV.
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This suite features a balcony, sofa and kitchenware.
Rate: THB 2336.14 ... THB 18032.00; select dates below to get current rates.
This apartment has a balcony, seating area and satellite TV.