text:
LEWISIANA.NL
Quotations and Allusions in
C. S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy
compiled by Arend Smilde (Utrecht, The Netherlands)
C. S. Lewis's autobiography Surprised by Joy (1955), like most of his books, contains a great number of allusions to unspecified sources, including literal quotations. It is perhaps never vitally important to know these sources; yet tracing them can be a rewarding enterprise. Here is a listing by chapter of many such words and phrases with brief references to what I have found to be their sources and, occasionally, notes suggesting their relevance to the context in which Lewis uses them. I have also included a few other items where a short explanation may be of use to some readers. The list has its origin in the notes I added to my Dutch translation of the book, published in 1998 as Verrast door Vreugde.
Double question marks in bold type – ?? – follow items where I have not found the required information. Corrections and additions, including proposed new entries, are welcome. Updates are listed at the end.
This website also features an INDEX of writers and writings quoted in Surprised by Joy. The Index contains additional information in the form of dates for most of the items, including those not dealt with in the notes below. For example, "Bekker's Charicles" in chapter IV of Surprised by Joy is not in the notes, but is briefly identified (and Bekker's name corrected to Becker) in the Index.
book's motto
Surprised by joy – impatient as the wind : Wordsworth, "Surprised by joy" (Sonnet, 1815).
Chapter I: The First Years
chapter motto
Happy, but for so happy ill secured : Milton, Paradise Lost IV, 370.
Both my parents
Neither had ever listened for the horns of elfland : From Tennyson's poem, "The splendour falls on castle walls" etc. in The Princess (1847), between parts III and IV. "O sweet and far from cliff and scar / The horns of Elfland faintly blowing!" Cf. what Lewis wrote in a letter of 25 March 1933 to his friend Arthur Greeves about a recent talk with J. R. R. Tolkien, "We agreed that for what we meant by romance there must be at least the hint of another world – one must 'hear the horns of elfland'." Collected Letters II (2004), p. 103.
County Down : County in Northern Ireland, immediately south of Belfast.
The other blessing
the Blue Flower : A symbol of romantic longing in the novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen (1802), by Novalis.
If aesthetic experiences
Prayer Book : The Book of Common Prayer, service book of the Anglican Church. Large parts of it were written by Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556). By 1662 it had the form in which it was to survive for more than three centuries.
I soon staked out
What more felicity can fall to creature... : Spenser, "Muiopotmos", 209–210, in Complaints (1591).
Of the books that
dark backward and abysm of time : Shakespeare, The Tempest I.2, 49.
Tenniel : Sir John Tenniel (1820–1914), cartoonist in the satirical magazine Punch and illustrator of Alice in Wonderland.
The first is itself
there suddenly arose in me without warning... : According to Dorothee Sölle in her Mystik und Widerstand (1997, translated as The Silent Cry: Mysticism and Resistance, 2001) Lewis is here quoting or alluding to the 14th-century anonymous mystical work The Cloud of Unknowing, chapter IV. It is impossible to be sure whether this is indeed a case of quotation or allusion, but there is an undeniable relevance of the Cloud passage to what Lewis says here.
"enormous bliss" : Milton, Paradise Lost V, 297. "...for Nature here / Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will / Her virgin fancies, pouring forth more sweet, / Wild above rule or art, enormous bliss."
'Іοϋλίαν ποθω / Oh, I desire too much : ?? The phrase really consists of three words and may be transcribed as Iou, lian potho ("Oh, / too much / I desire")
The third glimpse
I heard a voice... : Longfellow, "Tegnér's Drapa", in The Seaside and the Fireside (1849). Lewis is quoting the first half of the stanza. The second half runs: "And through the misty air / Passed like the mournful cry / Of sunward sailing cranes." The poem is not a translation in blank verse, as Lewis says it is, but original work by Longfellow, viz. a lament (drapa) in Old Norse style on the death of the Swedish poet Esaias Tegnér.
Chapter II: Concentration Camp
No Englishman will
Kalevala : Finnish national epic, compiled from folk poetry by Elias Lönnroth in the years 1835–1849.
Our destination was
"Green Hertfordshire", Lamb calls it : Charles Lamb (1775–1834), "Amicus Redivivus", seventh paragraph, in Last Essays of Elia (1833). Lamb was born and raised in London, but he and his sister spent many holidays with their grandmother at Blakesware, a large country house in Hertfordshire which he fondly remembered and described in later years.
The curious thing
Which like to rich and various gems inlaid... : Milton, Comus (1634), 22–23. "...the sea-girt isles / That, like to rich and various gems, inlay / The unadorned bosom of the deep..."
You may ask
"to treat of the good that I found there" : Dante, Inferno I, 8. "...ma per trattar del ben ch'i' vi trovai..."
First, I learned
"the slow maturing of old jokes" : G. K. Chesterton, George Bernard Shaw (1910), in the long last section called "The Philosopher" (at about one quarter the length of that section from its beginning; penultimate sentence of the paragraph starting "Now the reason why our fathers did not make marriage..."):
All the things that make monogamy a success are in their nature undramatic things, the silent growth of an instinctive confidence, the common wounds and victories, the accumulation of customs, the rich maturing of old jokes.
The reader will
Dr Grimstone's school in Vice Versa : A famous school story published in 1882, Vice Versa: A Lesson to Fathers by F. Anstey tells about a father who is magically transformed into his son and vice versa, so that the father experiences the harsh and sordid reality of school life.
So much for
to be stayed with flagons and comforted with apples... : Song of Songs 2:5.
In attempting to give
Martial, ... "This case, I beg..." : From Epigrammata VI.19.
But I must not
Garuda Stone : See note on F. Anstey's Vice Versa, above. The Garuda Stone is the magical device by which father and son swap roles.
Chapter III: Mountbracken and Campbell
For all these fair people, etc. : Free rendering of lines 48–55 of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a late 14th-century anonymus poem. The original passage starts with the words "with all the wele of the worlde". In chapter XIV (see note there) this phrase appears to have been partly confused with another passage from Sir Gawain.
To speak of my
a Fabian : Fabianism was an English variety of democratic socialism during the latter decades of the nineteenth century.
I am always glad
before Arnold : i.e. before the time of the Thomas Arnold (1795–1842), English educational reformer.
Much the most
Sohrab and Rustum : A poem by the English poet Matthew Arnold (1822-88, son of Thomas Arnold), first published in 1853.
ogni parte ad ogni parte splende : Dante, Inferno VII, 75. "Each part emitting its radiance to each other part" – "Each part" means each of the nine angelic choirs; "each other part" means each of the nine celestial spheres.
Chapter IV: I Broaden my Mind
I struck the board... : George Herbert, "The Collar" (from The Temple, 1633).
In January 1911
just turned thirteen : Born on 29 November 1898, he had in fact just turned twelve.
Tamburlaine : Tamburlaine the Great (1590) by Christopher Marlowe, tragedy in blank verse about the life, conquests, and death of the 14th-century Mongol conqueror Timur the Lame, or Timurlane.
Browning's Paracelsus : Dramatic poem by the English poet Robert Browning (first published 1835) based on the life of the Swiss doctor, alchemist and philosopher Paracelsus (1493-1541). He has an obsessive lust for knowledge; although he is aware of the importance of love, he does not discover the true and fruitful relationship between love and knowledge until he dies.
The smoking was
Hippodrome : Originally denoting an open-air court for horse and chariot races in ancient Greece and Rome, the English word has come to cover a variety of popular entertainments. The Royal Hippodrome (or "New Vic") was a Belfast theatre built in 1907 and demolished in 1996. Lewis also mentions the Empire Theatre of Varieties, which lasted from 1894 till 1965.
Most reluctantly, venturing
I believe... One does feel : From a satiric poem by Ronald Knox, "Absolute and Abitofhell" (1913), written in response to Foundations: A Statement of Christian Belief in Terms of Modern Thought by Seven Oxford Men (1912).
When suave politeness, tempering bigot zeal
Corrected I believe to One does feel.
Knox further developed his critique in Some Loose Stones: Being a Consideration of Certain Tendencies in Modern Theology Illustrated by reference to the Book called "Foundations" (1913). (The authors of Foundations were B. H. R. Brook, W. H. Moberly, R. G. Parsons, E. J. Rawlinson, B. H. Streeter, and the future bishop of Canterbury, William Temple.)
One reason why
prattler : George Herbert, "Conscience" (from The Temple, 1633). "Peace, pratler, do not lowre: / Not a fair Look, but thou dost call it foul: / Not a sweet dish, but thou dost call it sowre: / Musick to thee doth howl. / By listning to thy chatting fears / I have both lost mine eyes and eares..."
To these nagging
by maistry : Walter Hilton, The Scale of Perfection I.33.
...lift up thine heart to God acknowledging thy wretchedness, and cry mercy with a good trust of forgiveness. And strive no more therewith, nor hang no longer thereupon, as thou wouldest by mastery not feel such wretchednesses.
(ed. Evelyn Underhill 1923.)
There was another
Lucretius : De rerum natura II, 180.
We became – at least
knut : obsolete word for dandy.
Pogo's communications, however
"looked upon to lust after her" : Matthew 5:28
Chapter V: Renaissance
Traherne : Thomas Traherne (1637–1674), Anglican divine; author of Centuries of Meditations, first published in 1908. Each of the five chapters in this book contain one hundred meditations and are therefore called "Centuries". The present quotation is from the first Century's second medtiation.
This long winter
as the poet says, "The sky had turned round" : Charles Williams, "Palomides before his christening", 77, from Taliessin through Logres (1938).
the sunward-sailing cranes : See note to I heard a voice... in chapter I.
After this everything
the whole Ring : Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), a cycle of four operas by Richard Wagner: Das Rheingold (1854), Die Walküre (1856), Siegfried (1857) and Götterdämmerung (1874).
Descend to earth, descend, celestial Nine... : This poem in so far as it has survived (792 lines of it) has been published, along with much more otherwise unpublished poetry, by Don W. King in his book C. S. Lewis, Poet: The Legacy of His Poetic Impulse (Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 2001). The present poem appears as the first item in Appendix One.
But they were
Clovelly : A picturesque fishing village in Cornwall, in the South-West of England.
John Betjeman : English poet (1906–1984); he was a pupil of C. S. Lewis's at Magdalen College, Oxford, during the years 1926–1927.
The interesting thing
the Seventh Benjamin (a rabbit, as you will have guessed) : An allusion to Beatrix Potter's Benjamin Bunny (1904).
Chapter VI: Bloodery
Any way for Heaven sake... : John Webster (English dramatist, c. 1580–1634), The Duchess of Malfi, IV.2. The words quoted are spoken by the Duchess to her murderers shortly before they kill her.
Going to the Coll
Park Lane : Street near Hyde Park, where traditionally the richest people in London live.
As we sat round
Chesterfield... Stanhope : Lord Chesterfield (1694–1773) wrote the Letters to his Son, Philip Stanhope (1774) to help this (natural) son to avoid the mistakes which Chesterfield had himself made in the course of his life.
In justice to Wyvern
As common as a barber's chair : perhaps an allusion to Shakespeare, All's well that ends well II.2, 18. "It is like a barber's chair, that fits all buttocks."
Indeed, taking them
the Marconi period : Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), inventor of radio telegraphy and Nobel laureate for Physics 1909. He worked mostly in England. In 1912 the Marcony Company secured a big order from the British government. A scandal followed when it appeared that several ministers, including the Prime Minster Lloyd George, owned shares in this company. See G. K. Chesterton's Autobiography (1936), chapter IX, "The case against corruption".
Chapter VII: Light and Shade
Goldsmith : Oliver Goldsmith (1731–1774), English novelist. The quotation is from his best-known novel, the Vicar of Wakefield, where it is the headline of chapter XXV.
I have now
Mr Ian Hay : John Hay Beith, alias Ian Hay (1876–1952), The Lighter Side of School Life (1914), p. 107.
"G. B. S." and "G. K. C." : George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) and Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874–1936). Lewis is referring to The Lighter Side of School Life, a series of pen-pictures by the witty and popular novelist Ian Hay (John Hay Beith, 1876–1952); chapter 4 of that book is on "Boys", i.e. schoolboys, in two sections, "The Government" and "The Opposition". The latter section has the following episode (pp. 106–107):
...Then comes the Super-Intellectual – the 'Highbrow.' He is a fish out of the water with a vengeance, but he does exist at school – somehow. He congregates in places of refuge with other of the faith; and they discuss the English Review, an mysterious individuals who are only referred to by their initials – as G. B. S. and G. K. C. Sometimes he initiates these discussions because they really interest him, but more often, it is to be feared, because they make him feel superior and grown-up. Somewhere in the school grounds certain youthful schoolmates of his, inspired by precisely similar motives but with different methods of procedure, are sitting in the centre of a rhododendron bush smoking cigarettes. In each case the idea is the same – namely, a hankering after meats which are not for babes. But the smoker puts on no side about his achievements, whereas the 'highbrow' does. (...) Intellectual snobbery is a rare thing among boys, and therefore difficult to account for.
But this innocence
enormous bliss : See note to chapter I.
What an answer
As Aristotle remarked, men do not become dictators to become warm : Aristotle, Politics II.7 (1267a, 15), "...the greatest crimes are caused by excess and not by necessity. Men do not become tyrants in order that they may not suffer cold; and hence great is the honor bestowed, not on him who kills a thief, but on him who kills a tyrant."
Except at Oldie's
"beyond expectation, beyond hope" : Boswell, Life of Johnson, 4 June 1781. Johnson during a visit to Luton-Hoe "to see Lord Bute's magnificent seat" –
The library is very splendid; the dignity of the rooms is very great; and the quantity of pictures is beyond expectation, beyond hope.
Thrones, dominations... : Milton, Paradise Lost V, 601.
He nevere yet... : Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Prologue, 70 (description of the Knight).
Thus, even had
a delicacy, to lack which argued "a gross and swainish disposition" : Freely quoted from John Milton, An Apology for Smectymnuus (1642), I –
"Nor blame it, readers, in those years to propose to themselves such a reward, as the noblest dispositions above other things in this life have sometimes preferred: whereof not to be sensible when good and fair in one person meet, argues both a gross and shallow judgment, and withal an ungentle and swainish breast." (from the introductory section).
Lewis also quotes this, again freely, in his chapter on Sidney and Spenser in English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, II/1, p. 339, in Sidney's Arcadia:
"We can hardly doubt that it was among the lofty romances which Milton acknowledged as his textbooks of love and chastity, replete with those beauties whereof 'not to be sensible argues a gross and swainish disposition'."
the other undisguised
Oh the brave music... : Edward Fitzgerald, The Rubáiyát of 'Omar Khayyám (1859), 12.
Corpus Poeticum Boreale : edited by Gudbrand Vigfusson & F. York Powell, published in two volumes, Oxford 1883. Subtitle: The Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue from the earliest times to the nineteenth century. I: Eddic Poetry; II: Court Poetry.
Asgard : "God-garden"; abode of the Aesir, i.e. the gods of Germanic mythology such as Odin, Thor and Loki.
Cruachan : Capital of the old Irish province of Connacht.
the Red Branch : A fortified palace in Tara (north of Dublin), abode of the ancient Irish kings; also an order of knights who had the right to live there.
Tir-nan-Og : Tír na nOc, "Land of Youth", was one of the regions of the other world where the dispossessed gods in ancient Irish mythology might go after leaving Ireland. Anyone returning from there to the world of mortals found that either much more or much less time had passed there than in the other world.
Cuchulain, Finn : Hero figures with supernatural powers in Celtic mythology; principal figures in the Ulster Cycle and the Fenian (or Ossianic) Cycle respectively. Cú Chulainn, or "hound of Culann", was called after the dog whose killing was the first feat in his short and violent life as defender of Ulster. He was especially feared and famous for his battle-frenzy, and he was invincible, but not invulnerable. Finn, or Fionn mac Cumhaill (also Finn MacCool or Fingal), was the father of the bard Ossian.
But the Northernness
Loki replied, "I pay respect to wisdom not to strength" : Fragments from Lewis's early work "Loki Bound" have survived and were published by Don W. King in 2001 (see note to Descend to earth etc. in chapter V, above, ). The "Loki" fragments appear as the second item in Appendix One – and do not contain the present line.
Chapter VIII: Release
Pearl : An anonymous late-14th-century poem on a father's grief at the death of his infant daughter. The lines quoted, "As Fortune is wont, at her chosen hour," etc., are 129–132.
A few chapters ago
leprechauns : A type of dwarf in Irish fairy tales.
The hours my father
Mahaffy : John Pentland Mahaffy (1839–1919), Professor of Ancient History at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was Provost from 1914 onwards.
Jowett : Benjamin Jowett (1817–1893), Regius Professor of Greek at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was Master from 1870 onwards. See note to The Master of Balliol in chapter IX.
Such was the situation
Sandhurst : Location of the Royal Military Academy.
I should be sorry
as the proverb has it, like an ass to the harp : See Erasmus, Adagium 335 (asinvs ad lyram).
Chapter IX: The Great Knock
Lord Chesterfield : See note to chapter VI. The quotation (inaccurate) is from Chesterfield's letter dated at Bath, October 19, 1748.
If Kirk's ruthless
The Master of Balliol : Very probably Jowett (see note to chapter VIII, above). He was an influential figure in Oxford during the latter decades of the nineteenth century as many other colleges came to be headed by Balliol graduates.
It will be imagined
ful drery was hire chere : Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The Clerk's Tale, 458. "Al drery was his cheere and his lookyng."
Having said that
McCabe : Joseph Martin McCabe (1867–1955) left the Franciscan Order and the Roman Catholic Church in 1896; for the rest of his life he was a militant rationalist and freethinker and a prolific writer. He had just died at the time when Surprised by Joy was published.
The Golden Bough : A thirteen-volume work on religious anthropology by J. G. Frazer, published in 1890–1915.
Such is my ideal
"settled, calm, Epicurean life" : Tennyson, "Lucretius" (1868), 215. "Nothing to mar the sober majesties / Of settled, sweet Epicurean life."
But Homer came
wise-wife : witch, sorceress.
"eucatastrophe" (as Professor Tolkien would call it) : J. R. R. Tolkien coined this word to denote a modified form of Happy Ending, as a distinctive feature of fairy-stories. See "On Fairy-Stories", his Andrew Lang Lecture at the University of St Andrews in March 1939, first published in 1947, then in 1964, and lastly in 1983 in a volume of his essays called The Monsters and the Critics. In the fourth paragraph from the end of the section called "Recovery, Escape, Consolation" (p. 153 in the 1983 edition), Tolkien says
... At least I would say that Tragedy is the true form of Drama, its highest function; but the opposite is true of Fairy-story. Since we do not appear to possess a word that expresses this opposite – I will call it Eucatastrophe. The eucatastrophic tale is the true form of fairy-tale, and its highest function.
The consolation of fairy-stories, the joy of the happy ending: or more correctly of the good catastrophe, the sudden joyous "turn" (for there is no true end to any fairy-tale): this joy, which is one of the things which faire-stories can produce supremely well, is not essentially escapist, nor "fugitive". In its fairy-tale – or otherworld – setting, it is a sudden and miraculous grace: never to be counted on to recur. It does not deny the existence of dyscatastrophe, of sorrow and failure: the possibility of these is necessary to the joy of deliverance; it denies (in the face of much evidence, if you will) universal final defeat and in so far is evangelium, giving a fleeting glimpse of Joy, Joy beyond the walls of the world, poignant as grief.
Charlotte M. Yonge : English novelist (1823–1901), much in favour with the Oxford Movement. She was a Sunday school teacher all her life.
Pylos : Residence of King Nestor in Homer's Odyssey. In Book III Telemachus, starting his quest for his father Odysseus, is kindly received at the aged king's court but gets no useful information. Since excavations in the mid-20th century, ancient "sandy Pylos", as Homer often calls it, is believed to have been the location of present-day Pylos-Navarino, on the southern west coast of the Peleponnese.
Sir Maurice Powicke : Frederick Maurice Powicke (1897-1963), medieval historian, Regius Professor of History at Oxford from 1929. His many works include a volume the 13th century in the Oxford History of England, published in 1953. Location of the saying about "civilised people in all ages" unknown. – ??
Smewgy and Krik
My debt to him is very great : In his earlier book Miracles (1947), chapter X, Lewis refers to Kirkpatrick as
The very man who taught me to think – a hard, satirical atheist (ex-Presbyterian) who doted on the Golden Bough and filled his house with the products of the Rationalist Press Association ... and he was a man as honest as the daylight, to whom I here willingly acknowledge an immense debt. His attitude to Christianity was for me the starting point of adult thinking; you may say it is bred in my bones. And yet, since those days, I have come to regard that attitude as a total misunderstanding.
Chapter X: Fortune's Smile
The fields, the floods... : Spenser, The Faerie Queene I.ix.12, 8–9.
These leaves were
R.A.S.C. : Royal Army Service Corps. Formed in 1888 as Army Service Corps, it was not called Royal until 1918. Its job was to deliver all supplies including petrol, food and ammunition up to the front line. In 1965 this branch of the British army was reorganized and renamed as Royal Corps of Transport.
Inceptus clamor... : "The cry rising in the gaping mouth is muffled". Vergil, Aeneid VI, 493.
Though my friendship
Plymouth Brothers : Properly called Plymouth Brethren, of briefly "the Brethren", this religious sect or movement without organized ministry was founded around 1827 in Dublin. It was Puritanical in outlook and prohibited many secular occupations for its members. Its first meeting on English soil was established in Plymouth in 1831, The movement then soon spread throughout the U.K. and, in time, all over the world. Adherents are sometimes designated as "Darbyites", after evangelist John Nelson Darby, one of the founding figures in Plymouth.
Loki Bound : See note to Descend to earth... in chapter V, above.
The Newcomes : Novel by William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863), first publisehed in 24 parts in 1853-1855 and very popular in the 19th century. The book's subtitle is "Memoirs of a most respectable Family", and the name of the principal character is Clive (C. S. Lewis's official first name).
First of all
what Dyson calls "the ancient, bitter earth" : Hugo Dyson and John Butt, Augustans and Romantics 1689–1839. Introductions to English Literature, ed. Bonamy Dobrée, Vol. III (1940), pp. 90–91, about the poet William Wordsworth:
It is a pity that the accident of Wordsworth's habitation and life-long preference has made him known as a "Lake-Poet". He is an earth poet. Not the green earth of the pastoral poetry of Pope and Gray and Philips, but the ancient bitter earth from which men wrest a living. The earth of Hesiod and of Piers Plowman."
Lewis quoted from this and other passages in the same book in a letter to his brother of 3 March 1940; Collected Letters II, p. 361.
Although these hills
Handramit and Harandra : The two main types of landscape on the planet Malacandra (Mars) in C. S. Lewis's Out of the Silent Planet (1938).
smoke and stir : Milton, Comus, 5. "In regions mild of calm and serene air, / Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot / Which men call Earth..."
I number it among
infinite riches ... a little room : Christopher Marlowe, The Jew of Malta (ca. 1592), I.1, 37. "Thus methinks should men of judgement frame / Their means of traffic from the vulgar trade, / And, as their wealth increaseth, so enclose / Infinite riches in a little room."
My relations to my father
eating and drinking my own condemnation : 1 Corinthians 11:29. "For he who eats and drinks without a proper sense of the Body, eats and drinks to his own condemnation" (Moffatt translation).
the Authorized Version : Standard English translation of the Bible, dating from 1611; King James Bible is (or was) the usual American name for this translation.
The Syrian captain ... the house of Rimmon : See 2 Kings 5:18.
Chapter XI: Check
When bale is at highest... : "Sir Aldingar" is a medieval ballad, included in Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765). George MacDonald used the same motto for chapter 4 of Phantastes, where the hero, Anodos, first meets the "shadow" that his dreaded companion for the rest of his journey through Fairy Land.
I have already hinted
Edda : Two Icelandic books, containing between them most of what is now known about Norse mythology, are each called Edda. The Prose Edda is an early-13th-century Icelandic work by Snorri Sturluson and hence is also called Snorri Edda; intended as a handbook for poets, it is a treasure trove of prose retellings and verse quotations of much ancient mythological lore. The Poetic or Elder Edda is a 13th-century manuscript (discovered in 1643) containing poems on gods and heroes probably dating from various points in time between the ninth and eleventh centuries.
Sagas : A saga is an Old Norse semi-fictional historical narrative, often telling about events in the period roughly around the year 1000, and written down in the 13th century after a long oral tradition.
the Ash : Yggdrasill, the "world tree" in Norse mythology. According to modern interpretations this immense tree was not originally conceived to be an ash tree but a taxus.
"I should know most and should least enjoy" : Robert Browning (1812–1889), "Cleon", 317; the poem was published in Men and Women (1855). In Browning, the relation between knowing most and enjoying least seems to be biographical rather than psychological –
While every day my hairs fall more and more,
My hand shakes, and the heavy yeas increase –
The horror quickening still from year to year,
The consummation coming past escape
When I shall know most, and yet least enjoy –
When all my works wherein I prove my worth,
Being present still to mock me in men's mouths,
Alive still, in the praise of such as thou,
I, I the feeling, thinking, acting man,
The man who loved his life so over-much,
Sleep in my urn.
the Wordsworthian predicament ... a "glory" had passed away : See Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from recollections of early childhood" (1807), II. "But yet I know, where'er I go, / That there hath passed away a glory from the earth." See also the penultimate paragraph of Surprised by Joy ("I cannot, indeed, complain, like Wordsworth, that the visionary gleam has passed away.")
In my scheme
"Why seek ye the living..." : Luke 24:5–6.
If nothing else
by "maistry" : After Walter Hilton; see note to chapter IV.
Such, then, was
Santayana, "All that is good is imaginary..." : George Santayana (1863–1952), Spanish-born American philosopher, poet and novelist. The maxim may – ?? – be a paraphrase by Lewis. According to a quotation in the online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a similar idea is expressed in the first part, Persons and Places (1944), p. 167, of Santayana's autobiography: "That the real was rotten and only the imaginary at all interesting seemed to me axiomatic".
The only books by Santayana which Lewis can be known to have read, however, are Reason in Art (1905), Three Philosophical Poets (1910, on Lucretius, Dante and Goethe), and Winds of Doctrine (1913). As appears from his diary, he read all of these in 1923-1924.
Hardly, but not
Tantum religio : Or, in full, Tantum Religio potuit suadere malorum. "So much evil is made acceptable by religion." Lucretius, De rerum natura I, 101.
Among all the poets
Yeats : William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Irish poet and dramatist. Cf. Lewis's first reference to Yeats in chapter VII, as one of the authors he first read in the "Wyvern" school library.
Now the fat was
Anactoria : A poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909), included in his Poems and Ballads (1866).
The other results
the unimaginable lodge for solitary thinkings : Keats, Endymion (1818) I, 293–294.
That was the marvel
The first touch of the earth... : Keats, Endymion IV, 614.
Unde hoc mihi? : Luke 1:43 in the Vulgate version. "Et unde hoc mihi ut veniat mater Domini mei ad me?" – It is Elisabeth's exclamation when Mary enters her house, both women being miraculously pregnant: "And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?"
Chapter XII: Guns and Good Company
La compagnie, de tant d'hommes vous plaist... : "The company of so many noble, young, and active men delights you; (...) the freedom of the conversation, without art; a masculine and unceremonious way of living." Montaigne, Essays, III.13, "On Experience".
My first taste
"dreaming spires" : Matthew Arnold, "Thyrsis" (1866), 19–20. "And that sweet City with her dreaming spires, / She needs not June for beauty's heightening."
"last enchantments" : Matthew Arnold, Essays in Criticism, First Series (1865). "Beautiful City! (...) whispering from her towers the last enchantments of the Middle Age..."
Though I was now
Responsions : In Oxford, the first of three exams to be passed for obtaining the degree of Bachelor of Arts (B.A.).
Now, as an alternative
"very heaven" : Wordsworth, French Revolution, as it appeared to Enthusiasts at its Commencement (1809), 5; The Prelude (1850) XI, 108. "Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, / But to be young was very heaven!"
It was here that I
the humour which is ... (as Aristotle would say) the "bloom" on dialectic itself : Lewis appears to be making his own use of a "bloom" image somewhere in Aristotle; but the image itself might be his own, rather than Aristotle's. This is suggested by the penultimate chapter of Lewis's Letters to Malcolm, where he refers to Aristotle's description of delight as the "bloom" on an unimpeded activity; the reference is to Ethics, 1153b, but no bloom actually comes in there.
I can attribute this
the cynic's nose, the odora canum vis or bloodhound sensitivity... : The Latin words are from Vergil's Aeneid, IV.132 and literally mean "the smelling power of dogs". Vergil actually means "hunting dogs (with keen noses)". The Cynics were an ancient Greek school of philosophy originating at the Cynosarges gymnasium just outside Athens, ca. 400 B.C. The word "cynic" seems to stem as much from that gymnasium's name as – directly – from Cyôn, Greek for "dog", since the Cynics' way of life caused Athenians to compare them to dogs. Meanwhile it may well be an original idea of Lewis's to re-connect the modern meaning of cynicism to this ancient etymology and thus to further develop that meaning – suggesting the dog's smelling power as a new point of comparison.
In 1954 Lewis published a poem titled 'Odora canum vis: a defence of certain modern biographers and critics' (now in Collected Poems, 1994) poking fun at 'disproportioned views on lust'.
In reading Chesterton
Bibles laid open... fine nets and stratagems" : George Herbert, "Sin" (in The Temple, 1633).
In my own battalion
"unexamined life" : Plato, Apology 38a.
The war itself
H.E. : High Explosive. Cf. Lewis's Screwtape Letters, XXXI, 4th paragraph, "the stink and taste of high explosive on the lips..."
Chapter XIII: The New Look
This wall I was many a weary month in finishing... : Last words of the paragraph which begins "So that I had now a double Wall...", almost exactly half-way Robinson Crusoe. (This is near the end of chapter XVII in some editions, of chapter XI in others; Defoe's original text has no chapters.) The passage comes a few pages after Robinson Crusoe sees "the print of a man's naked foot on the shore" and is "terrify'd to the last degree". He fits the outer defence wall around his cave with seven muskets in "frames that held them like a carriage, that so I could fire all the seven guns in two minutes time."
The rest of my
Falstaff, Sir Colville : A scene in Shakespeare's King Henry IV, second part, IV.3. "Do ye yield, sir, or shall I sweat for you? .... He saw me, and yielded; that I may justly say with the hook-nos'd fellow of Rome – I came, saw, and overcame."
"Blighty" : A word derived from Hindi, designating England as seen from abroad as a longed-for haven and place of plenty. Metaphorically, it may also mean an injury which, though not really serious, is just serious enough to compel (i.e. to justify) a return to England for recovery.
C.C.S. : Casualty Clearing Station.
the water-colour world of Morris : i.e. William Morris (1834–1896), English poet, painter, socialist and general crusader against ugliness. See also Lewis's references to Morris
– in chapter IX, fourth paragraph from the end (starting "But Homer came first"), where he describes himself as "a boy soaked in William Morris"
– toward the end of chapter X, where he describes Morris as "my great author at this period" whose very name was "coming to have at least as potent a magic" as Wagner's
– in chapter XI, par. 5 ("One thing, however..."), where "the world of Morris became the frequent medium of Joy".
– in chapter XI, par. 18 ("The woodland journeyings..."), where Morris is mentioned along with Malory, Spenser and Yeats as an author whose works had, for Lewis, prefigured George MacDonald's Phantastes.
For a fuller account of what Morris meant for Lewis, see his letters to Arthur Greeves of 1 July 1930 and 22 September 1931, in Collected Letters I (2000), pp. 911 and 970.
Malory : Sir Thomas Malory (1400?–70), compiler and author of Le Morte Darthur (1485), a prose rendering in twenty-one books of the Arthurian legends, made up from the French versions with additions of his own.
The word "life"
Shelley in The Triumph of Life : Unfinished poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822). It describes a vision of the captive multitude of humanity, through which the triumphal chariot passes. This is the procession of Life, the conqueror; chained to the chariot are the great men of history – vanquished by the mystery of life. The vision is succeeded by the allegory of a single life which, after a hopeful and aspiring youth, falls victim to the same mystery; love is the only armour against defeat. The vision is explained to the poet by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
–– n.b. This note is taken almost verbatim from Michael Stapleton's excellent Cambridge Guide to English Literature (1983).
Goethe ... des Lebens goldnes Baum : From Goethe's play Faust (1838), toward the end of the second scene called Studierzimmer (Study); Mephistopheles talking to the Student. "Grau, teurer Freund, ist alle Theorie / Und grün des Lebens goldner Baum." – "Grey is, dear friend, all theory / And green the golden tree of life." (N.B. goldnes is a slight misquotation of goldner.)
Closely linked with
Barfield of Wadham ... Harwood of The House : "Wadham" is Wadham College in Oxford; "The House" was a nickname for Christ Church, another Oxford college. Lewis's own college in these years was University College, which was also the one where Hamilton Jenkins (mentioned in the previous paragraph) began his studies in 1919.
"stop for Fortune's finger" : Shakespeare, Hamlet III.2, 66 – "...blest are those / Whose blood and judgment are so well commeddled / That they are not a pipe for Fortune's finger / To sound what stop she pleases. Give me that man / That is not passion's slave, and I will wear him / In my heart's core, ay, in my heart of heart, / As I do thee."
During my first two
Mods, Greats : Short names for Classical Honour Moderations and Final Honour School, the two parts of Literae Humaniores – a four-year course in classical Greek and Roman literature and philosophy.
For one thing
an old, dirty, gabbling, tragic, Irish parson : Rev. Dr Frederick Walker Macran (1866-1947). Several notes on conversations with him can be found in Lewis's published diaries of the mid-1920s, All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C. S. Lewis, 1922-1927, edited by Walter Hooper (1991), which also has a item on "Cranny" in the Biographical Appendix.
the very world, which is the world / Of all of us... : Wordsworth, The Prelude (1850) XI, 142–144.
Secondly, it had been
Be not too wildly amorous of the far... : Walter de la Mare, "The Imagination's Pride" (The Veil and Other Poems, 1921).
Thirdly, the new
delectable mountains : Episodes in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress I (1678) and II (1684).
western gardens : Apparently a generic name for mythical and paradisal places like Avalon and the garden of the Hesperides (see the end of this paragraph), from Arthurian and Greek mythology respectively.
Finally, there was
Promethean or Hardyesque : In ancient Greek mythology, Prometheus ("he who thinks ahead") is a benefactor of mankind who suffers for his revolt against Zeus. Lewis is combining allusions to the ancient Greek dramatist Aeschylus, author of the tragedy Prometheus Bound, and to English novelist Thomas Hardy (1840-1928). The idea to compare Hardy with Aeschylus was not original to Lewis, and he may have been inspired also by G. K. Chesterton's scorn for Hardy's bitter pessimism and alleged atheism.
In his 1950 polemic with philosopher C. E. M. Joad on "The Pains of Animals" (in God in the Dock, 1970, p. 171), Lewis suggested the even more obvious link between the poet Shelley and the Prometheus theme (Shelley himself wrote a verse drama Prometheus Unbound):
The more Shelleyan, the more Promethean my revolt, the more surely it claims a divine sanction.
Lewis wrote a paper called "The Promethean Fallacy in Ethics" in January 1924; see All My Road Before Me, pp. 283, 284, 296.
"quietly declaims the cursings of itself" : Matthew Arnold, "Empedocles on Etna" (1852), 301.
Carlyle's lady : cf. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Lecture 2:
"I accept the universe" is reported to have been a favorite utterance of our New England transcendentalist, Margaret Fuller; and when some one repeated this phrase to Thomas Carlyle, his sardonic comment is said to have been: "Gad! she'd better!" At bottom the whole concern of both morality and religion is with the manner of our acceptance of the universe.
The attribution to Carlyle is doubtful. Lewis first read the passage in William James on 11 June 1922 and was "pleased to find for the first time Carlyle's remark about the lady"; see All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C. S. Lewis, 1922-1927, ed. Walter Hooper (1991). Margaret Fuller (1810-1850) was a journalist and critic associated to the American literary and philosophical movement called Transcendentalism, which took much of its founding inspiration from Ralph Waldo Emerson's first book, Nature (1836).
As for Joy
that whole year of youth... : ??
Barfield's unhappiness is briefly described in passages of Lewis's diary for 5 Mary 1922:
Barfield seemed perfectly miserable and hoping for nothing. This wretched love affair has gone very deep tho' it has made him a real poet. I am sure he is going to be great.
(All My Road Before Me, p. 30)
and 24 May 1922:
We then drifted into a long talk about ultimates. Like me, he has no belief in immortality, etc., and always feels the materialistic pessimism at his elbow. He is most miserable. He said however that the "hard facts" which worried us, might to posterity appear mere prejudices de siècle, as the "facts" of Dante do to us. Our disease, I said, was really a Victorian one. The conversation ranged over many topics and finally died because it was impossible to hold a court between two devil's advocates.
(ibid., p. 50)
In an undated later diary note, briefly describing the last two months of 1923, Lewis recorded that
[Barfield] has completely lost his materialism and "the night sky is no longer horrible". I read to him in my diary the description of the talk I had with him in Wadham gardens when he was still in pessimism, and we enjoyed it.
(ibid., p. 278)
Barfield never made
Bridges' Testament of Beauty : Robert Bridges (1844-1930), English poet, friend and literary executor of Gerald Manley Hopkins. An anthology from Bridges's verse and prose titled The Spirit of Man was published in 1916 with a view to the spiritual needs of a country at war. His long philosophical poem The Testament of Beauty was published to great acclaim in 1929. Bridges was Poet Laureate from 1913 and spent his last years in Oxford.
Gilbert Murray (1866-1957) : Classical scholar, Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford 1908-1936. Lewis attended Murray's lectures on Euripides almost as soon as he began his regular studies in January 1919 (Collected Letters I, p. 426) and also consulted Murray's work on Greek epic after reading Hippolytus in 1924 (cf. note to ch. XIV, below, and Lewis's diary note for 7 March 1924 in All My road Before Me, p. 299).
In 1955, the 89-year-old Murray appears to have read Surprised by Joy within a week after publication and written to Lewis – who replied on 26 September:
Yes, opposite sides of the fence, but in your middle and my early life the country on both sides had something in common which distinguished it from the country on both sides now. Hence the agnosticism of that age is in some ways more congenial to me than the Christianity of this, and you have changed in my mind only from dolce maestro to dolce nemico.
–– Collected Letters III (2006), pp. 648-649 (the two Italian terms mean "good teacher" and "good enemy")
An affinity between Murray' thought and even the mature Lewis is evident from several passages in Murray's 1918 presidential address to the Classical Association, Religio grammatici.
Lord Russell's "Worship of a Free Man" : Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), English philosopher, mathematician and prolific humanist writer and activist; Noble laureate for Literature 1950. His 3,500-word essay "The Free Man's Worship" was first published in 1903 and later reprinted as "A Free Man's Worship".
the Jenkinian zest... : A reference to his friend A. K. Hamilton Jenkin, mentioned in this chapter's third paragraph. See also chapter XV, sixth paragraph, "..my Jenkinian love of everything which has its own strong flavour." There are many references to Hamilton Jenkin as well as a short biography of him in Lewis's diary published as All My Road Before Me (1991), and letters to him (plus, again, a short biography) in the first two volumes of Lewis's Collected Letters.
It is astonishing
"the fuller splendour"behind the "sensuous curtain" : From a passage in The Principles of Logic by the English idealist philosopher Francis Bradley (1846–1924).
"That the glory of this world (...) is appearance leaves the world more glorious, if we feel it is a show of some fuller splendour; but the sensuous curtain is a deception (...) if it hides some colourless movement of atoms, some (...) unearthly ballet of bloodless categories."
The words about "the glory of this world" are also quoted by Lewis in his earlier autobiographical book, The Pilgrim's Regress (1932), at the end of chapter VII/9. I have not traced the exact location in Bradley's book – ??
Yet there was one
"in desire without hope" : Dante, Inferno IV, 42. "...che senza speme vivemo in disio."
And so the great
"We give thanks to thee for thy great glory" : From the "Gloria" in the Latin mass. "Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam".
Chapter XIV: Checkmate
The one principle of hell is – "I am my own" : George MacDonald, Unspoken Sermons, Third Series (1889), Nr. 6, "Kingship" (on John 18:37).
Jesus is king because his business is to bear witness to the truth. What truth? All truth; all verity of relation throughout the universe – first of all, that his father is good, perfectly good; and that the crown and joy of life is to desire and do the will of the eternal source of will, and of all life. He deals thus the deathblow to the power of hell. For the one principle of hell is – "I am my own. I am my own king and my own subject. I am the centre from which go out my thoughts; I am the object and end of my thought; back upon me as the alpha and omega of life, my thoughts return. ... To do my own will so long as I feel anything to be my will, is to be free, is to live." To all these principles of hell, or of this world – they are the same thing, and it matters nothing whether they are asserted or defended so long as they are acted upon – the Lord, the king, gives the direct lie.
The statement used as chapter motto is also included as No. 203 in C. S. Lewis's George MacDonald: An Anthology (1946).
No sooner had I
"freedom" and "gentillesse" : Words from the vocabulary of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
laudator temporis acti : Someone who sings the praises of the Past. Horatius, Ars poetica (Epistulae II.3), 173.
Donne's maxim : The line quoted is not in Donne but in Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream II.2, 138–139 (Lysander speaking): "For, as a surfeit of the sweetest things / The deepest loathing to the stomach brings, / Or as the heresies that men do leave / Are hated most of those they did deceive, / So thou, my surfeit and my heresy, / Of all be hated, but the most of me!"
Now that I was
Restoration Comedy : Comedies written in the period following the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660.
Roland's great line : Chanson de Roland, 1015. "Paien unt tort et chrestïens unt dreit."
As the plot quickens
the Fark : A. S. L. Farquharson (1871–1942), who taught Philosophy at Magdalen College, Oxford.
five great men ... Benecke ... (etc.) : The book to read on Lewis's academic biotope and philosophical inspiration from colleagues in the early years of his career as a tutor is James Patrick, The Magdalen Metaphysicals: Idealism and Orthodoxy at Oxford, 1901-1945 (Mercer University Press, 1985). The book's four protagonists are Clement C. J. Webb (1865-1954), John Alexander Smith (1863-1939), R. G. Collingwood (1889-1943) and C. S. Lewis respectively, with occasional references to Carritt, Beneke (not Benecke), Brightman and Onions.
Alanus : Alanus ab Insulis, or Alain de Lille (c. 1125–1203), French scholar, rector of the university of Paris, reputed to be a universally learned man; author of De planctu naturae ("Nature's Lament", a satire on human vice) and Anticlaudianus.
Macrobius : Ambrosius Macrobius Theodosius (c. 500 A.D.). Latin grammarian, author of a mathematical and astronomical commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis.
Du Cange : Charles du Fresne, seigneur du Cange (1610–1688), French lexicographer and Byzantinologist; compiler of two major dictionaries of Medieval Latin and Medieval Greek.
Comparetti : Domenico Comparetti (1835–1927), Italian philologist, author of Virgilio nel Medio Evo (1872; English: Virgil in the Middle Ages, 1895).
much help in getting over the last stile : The nature of this help from Dyson and Tolkien is described in some detail in two letters of Lewis to his friend Arthur Greeves, written on 22 September and 18 October 1931; see Lewis's Collected Letters I (2000), pp. 969-972 and 975-977.
H. V. V. Dyson : A typo, both in the first and later British editions; Dyson's initials were H. V. D.
The first move
Hippolytus of Euripides ... certainly no business of mine at the moment : Euripides (480?-406 B.C.) was one of the three great ancient Greek tragic playwrights. As appears from Lewis's diary, it was on 1 March 1924 that he "took Euripides from his shelf for the first time this many a day, with some idea of reading a Greek play every week end (when I am not writing) so as to keep up my Greek." On 3 March he "read the first act of the Hippolytus with great enjoyment." The next day he
went on with the Hippolytus – splendid stuff. I wish I knew how Euripides meant the Nurse to be taken. Some of the things she says are sublime: others appear comic to us – I fancy only because we are not simple and matter of fact enough.
Then on 5 March he noted that
after some shopping, I trudged home and after tea went on with the Hippolytus: I read the chorus ἠλιβάτοις ὑπὸ κευθμῶσι γενοίμαν [ēlibatois hupo keuthmōsi genoiman]. It is strange that for so long I found this mood the only interesting one – I mean in the old days at Bookham. The whole of my mental life, even my appreciation of actual nature, was included in that romantic longing for the Ἑσπερίδων μηλόσπορον ἀκτὰν [Hesperidōn mēlosporon aktan]. I wonder if I shall be driven back upon it?
The diary fragments of 3 and 5 March are not included in the published text as found in All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C. S. Lewis 1922-1927, edited by Walter Hooper (1991), but are found in the unpublished "Lewis Papers", Vol. VIII, pp. 190-192.
The passage referred to in Hippolytus is the first strophe and antistrophe in the play's second stasimon, beginning at line 732; underlined in the following quotation are the two Greek fragments transcribed in the diary fragments (as shown above). The chorus comments on the despair that has driven Phaedra, hopeless lover of Hippolytus, to commit suicide.
Under the arched cliffs O were I lying,
That there to a bird might a God change me,
And afar mid the flocks of the winged things flying
Over the swell of the Adrian sea
I might soar – and soar, – upon poised wings dreaming
O'er the strand where Eridanus' waters be,
Where down to the sea-swell purple-gleaming
The tears of the Sun-god's daughters are streaming,
Of the thrice-sad sisters for Phaëtan sighing,
Star-flashes of strange tears amber-beaming!
O to win to the strand where the apples are growing
Of the Hesperid chanters kept in ward,
Where the path over Ocean purple-glowing
By the Sea's Lord is to the seafarer barred!
O to light where Atlas hath aye in his keeping
The bourn twixt earth and the heavens bestarred,
Where the fountains ambrosial sunward are leaping
By the couches where Zeus in his halls lieth sleeping,
Where the bounty of Earth the life-bestowing
The bliss of the Gods ever higher is heaping!
–– translation Arthur S. Way
Loeb Classical Library vol. 12, Euripides IV (1912), p. 221.
In the Introduction of his great work on 16th-century English literature, Lewis quotes the last of these Greek fragments. referring approvingly to their "romantic" rendering in English by his own old professor of Greek, Gilbert Murray:
Whether Professor Murray's version of Euripides is good or bad literature, I need not here decide; but to blame it simply for being romantic, on the supposition that there are no romantic passages in the original, is absurd. How can a man translate Ἑσπερίδων μηλόσπορον ἀκτὰν or Ἱκοίμαν ποτὶ Κύπρον without sounding romantic? For the truth is that a very large area of sensibility is common to the ancient, the medieval, and the romantic mind, and that humanism stands outside that area. Until the fog of classicism has lifted, the greater classics are invisible.
– English Literature in the Sixteenth Century (1954), pp. 27-28.
For Murray, see also the note on him in chapter XIII, above.
The next Move
Alexander's Space, Time and Deity : Samuel Alexander (1859–1938), Australian-born philosopher who first taught at Oxford and then became Professor of Philosophy in Manchester. His earliest work was Moral Order and Progress (1889), an exposition of evolutionary ethics which won him both a glowing review and the life-long friendship of C. Lloyd Morgan – another pantheistically-minded thinker in the wake of recent great developments in biology and physical science. Alexander's large two-volume main work Space, Time and Deity (1920) resulted from his Gifford Lectures at the University of Glasgow in 1916–1918. In the preface to the 1927 new edition he states that "the hypothesis of the book is that "Space-Time is the stuff of which matter and all things are specifications." Lewis began reading it on 8 March 1924, as appears from his diary for that day (published in All My Road Before Me, 1991). The passage about Enjoyment and Contemplation is in the Introduction:
"Enjoyed" and "contemplated"
For convenience of description I am accustomed to say the mind enjoys itself and contemplates its objects. The act of mind is an enjoyment; the object is contemplated. If the object is sometimes called a contemplation, that is by the same sort of usage by which 'a perception' is used for a perceived object or percept as well as for an act of perceiving. The contemplation of a contemplated object is, of course, the enjoyment which is together with that object or is aware of it. The choice of the word enjoyment or enjoy must be admitted not to be particularly felicitous. It has to include suffering, or any state or process in so far as the mind lives through it. It is undoubtedly at variance with ordinary usage, in which, though we are said indeed to enjoy peace of mind we are also said to enjoy the things we eat, or, in Wordsworth's words, a flower enjoys the air it breathes, where I should be obliged to say with the same personification of the flower that it contemplates the air it breathes, but enjoys the breathing. Still less do I use the word in antithesis to understanding, as in another famous passage of the same poet, "contented if he might enjoy the things which others understand." Both the feeling and the understanding are in my language enjoyed. I should gladly accept a better word if it is offered. What is of importance is the recognition that in any experience the mind enjoys itself, and contemplates its object or its object is contemplated, and that these two existences, the act of mind and the object as they are in the experience, are distinct existences united by the relation of compresence. The experience is a piece of the world consisting of these two existences in their togetherness. The one existence, the enjoyed, enjoys itself, or experiences itself as an enjoyment; the other existence, the contemplated, is experienced by the enjoyed. The enjoyed and the contemplated are together.
In the preface to the second edition of his book (1927) Alexander spent a few more pages (xiii-xxi) on the subject.
The fox had been
"with all the wo in the world" : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (anonymous late 14th-century poem) III.23, 1717, about a fox being hunted by a pack of hounds. "With all the wo on lyue / To the wod he went away." See also note to chapter III, motto.
Dom Bede Griffiths : Alan Griffiths (1906-1993) is the dedicatee of Surprised by Joy. His own spiritual autobiography was published in a year earlier as The Golden String; this book is mentioned in chapter XV, par. 8 (starting "As I have said..."). He came to Oxford in 1925 and had Lewis as his tutor for English literature in 1927–29. On becoming a Benedictine monk in 1933, he took the name Bede, after the 8th-century English church historian, Beda Venerabilis. "Dom" was the usual prefix for a Benedictine or Carthusian monk's name, derived from Latin Dominus, "Lord".
For of course there
(in MacDonald's words) "something to be neither more nor less nor other than done." : from a passage near to the end of MacDonald's essay "A Sketch of Individual Development" (1880), in the volume A Dish of Orts (1893); p. 56 in the Electronic Classics edition available at http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/g-macdonald.htm.
... the man shall be the rightness of which he talked: while his soul is not ... longing to be himself honest and upright, it is an absurdity that he should judge concerning the way to this rightness, seeing that, while he walks not in it, he is and shall be a dishonest man: he knows not whither it leads and how can he know the way! What he can judge of is, his duty at a given moment – and that not in the abstract, but as something to be by him done, neither more, nor less, nor other than done. Thus judging and doing, he makes the only possible step nearer to righteousness and righteous judgement; doing otherwise, he becomes the more unrighteous, the more blind. For the man who knows not God, whether he believes there is a God or not, there can be, I repeat, no judgement of things pertaining to God. To our supposed searcher, then, the crowning word of the Son of Man is this, "If any man is willing to do the will of the Father, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself."
Really, a young Atheist
"know of the doctrine" : Gospel of John, 7:16–17, quoted at the end of the above passage from MacDonald.
My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me. If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself."
My name was legion : Cf. Mark 5:10 and Luke 8:30.
Of course I could
that dreadful valley of Ezekiel's : Cf. Ezekiel 37:1–14.
"I am the Lord"; "I am that I am"; "I am." : Cf. Exodus 3:14.
You must picture me
That which I greatly feared had at last come upon me : Job 3:25. Lewis used the same phrase in a very different context in his last book, Letters to Malcolm (1964), chapter 11. Much more relevant to his experience and view of conversion, however, is the way this quotation from Job appears in George MacDonald's Unspoken Sermons, Series One (1867), nr. 2, "The Consuming Fire" –
...when we say that God is Love, do we teach men that their fear of him is groundless? No. As much as they fear will come upon them, possibly far more. But there is something beyond their fear, a divine fate which they cannot withstand ... The wrath will consume what they call themselves; so that the selves God made shall appear, coming out with tenfold consciousness of being, an bringing with them all that made the blessedness of the life the men tried to lead without God. They will know that now first are they fully themselves. ... The death that is in them shall be consumed.
Lewis included part of this same passage as nr. 7 in his George Macdonald: An Anthology (1946).
In the Trinity Term of 1929 : The year must in fact have been 1930, as was discovered almost simultaneously, but independently and in different ways, by two Lewis scholars (Andrew Lazo and Alister McGrath) in 2012. Trinity Term is the last of the three Terms in an academic year in Oxford, covering the late spring and early summer. The precise day is now thought to be have been in the first three weeks of June 1930.
compelle intrare, compel them to come in : Luke 14:23. "And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled."
Chapter XV: The Beginning
Aliud est de silvestri cacumine videre... : "For it is one thing to see the land of peace from a wooded ridge . .. and another to tread the road that leads to it." Augustine, Confessions VII.21.
Thus my churchgoing
Griffiths ... a copious correspondence : None of this early correspondence appears to have survived. The earliest of Lewis's 46 letters to Griffiths published in the Collected Letters dates from April 1934.
either in Hinduism or in Christianity : In a letter of 29 April 1938 to Griffiths (see note above) Lewis recalled
the view you then expressed to me, in words that I have never forgotten "The choice in the long run is between Christianity and Hinduism".
–– Collected Letters II, 225
As I have said
protest too much : Shakespeare, Hamlet III.2, 225; see also the preceding passage in Hamlet for some skeptical reflections on what Lewis here calls "the great passion or the iron resolution". One important place where Lewis expressed very similar ideas is the passage towards the end of chapter 11 in his novel Perelandra, where the hero's great and difficult decision to resist evil is described ("...you might say that he had been delivered from the rhetoric of his passions and had emerged into unassailable freedom").
But what, in conclusion
We would be at Jerusalem : After Walter Hilton, The Scale of Perfection II.21. "What so thou hearest or seest or feelest that should let thee in thy way, abide not with it wilfully, tarry not for it restfully, behold it not, like it not, dread it not; but aye go forth in thy way, and think that thou wouldest be at Jerusalem", etc.
ch. 2, "slow maturing of old jokes"
ch. 2, Dr. Grimstone's school in Vice Versa
ch. 2, Garuda Stone
ch. 4, Tamburlaine the Great
ch. 4, Paracelsus
ch. 4, Belfast Hippodrome


Event structures are models of processes as events constrained by relations of consistency and enabling. These notes are intended to introduce the mathematical theory of event structures, show how they are related to Petri nets and Scott domains, and how they can be used to provide semantics to programming languages for parallel processes as well as languages with higher types.
Articles published in DAIMI PB are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.


Jimmy grew up in a family that was always training and loving dogs.
Jimmy started pet obedience training at 12 years old for his father's clients. He started working dogs in bitework at the age of 16 years old, and got hooked on the sport of French Ring- a sport including bitework/protection, agility, and obedience.
-From 2002-2004, Jimmy got his degree at Saint Gervais D'Auvergne, which primarily focused on breeding, caring for, and training dogs. This also included an internship (which Jimmy did with his own father) at his kennel (De la Teniere D'or).
-From 2004-2008, Jimmy was a police officer of the Gendarmerie in France. He specialized in police training, including bitework techniques for patrol and SWAT canines. During his time at the Gendarmerie, Jimmy trained dogs for Search and Rescue (training in the Alps, the biggest mountain range in Europe), Narcotics, Explosives, and Obedience.
Jimmy was also part of the Demonstration Team at the Gendarmerie with his dog.
* Numerous trials/seminars (for decoys, handlers, and bitework) in the United States, Russia, Canada, Mexico, Gaudeloupe, Reunion Isle, Brazil, and France.


We had the pleasure of detailing this Ferrari F430. The car was booked into DWR Detailing for a protection detail.
The Ferrari received a deep clean before being protected using a natural caranuba wax to help keep the car looking its best as well giving it that lovely deep finish you can achieve with a wax.


Our judges have pored over more than 650 entrants to our pub fundraising competition, all of them doing inspiring and often wacky things to help support us with our vital work. But there could be only two winners and we spoke to them both about their extraordinary bar-based efforts.
The winners of our 2018 Men United Arms pub-fundraising campaign have been chosen! The Engine and Tender in Ampthill, Bedfordshire, has been named our favourite local of the year, while the Grafton Club in Surrey won the judges' vote for landlord of the year.
Under landlord Ken Maguire, the Engine saw off competition from 650 other pubs across the UK, raising a huge £8,000 from bringing the community together for a range of activities – from meat raffles to race nights.
But Steve and the whole of Ampthill aren't stopping there. They've set themselves a target of £20,000 with lots more fundraising events planned, including golf days and a sponsored car rally tour of Europe.
At the Grafton Club, it was the diagnosis of club president Kim Spickett's husband with prostate cancer that prompted her to join the Men United Arms campaign – eventually winning her and her team the landlord of the year accolade.
The club's 200 members threw themselves into a whole range of fundraising activities, including a Halloween Silly Games Night, darts tournaments and poker nights, raising more than £350 overall.
"Taking part and fundraising has been so positive for the club," says Kim (pictured above with the Club's landlord, Jim Phipps). "It's been a huge team effort so I definitely cannot take the credit.
"When my husband was diagnosed, it was such a shock. But thankfully due to him being diagnosed early and with the incredible support and advice he received, he is now OK.
"It was great to be able to raise awareness in the club – talking about prostate cancer can save lives as well as being reassuring. One of our members has since been diagnosed but thankfully it's been caught early enough that he will be OK."
This is the second year we've run the competition, with a panel of industry experts judging participating pubs and their landlords based on their creativity and innovation, customer involvement, commitment to raising money and raising awareness of prostate cancer in their local community.
Thank you to all of you who took part this year and your incredible money and awareness-raising efforts. From all of us at Prostate Cancer UK and the vital work you're helping to support, cheers!
Find out more about our Men United Arms campaign.
From The Leigh Arms in Northwich to The Engine and Tender in Bedfordshire, you've been helping us scour the UK to find our favourite local pub and landlord of 2018 as part of our Men United Arms pub-fundraising campaign. We've whittled it down to our top five – is your local or landlord among the finalists?


text:
Q: Irrationality of 0.123456789101112 ... and similar numbers Consider four numbers in $(0,1)$:
$n_1$ in base $10$ is formed by listing the decimal digits $1,2,3,4,\ldots$;
$b_1$ in binary is formed by $0$ and $1$ for each
even and odd digit of $n_1$:
$$
n_1 = 0.123456789101112131415161718192021 \ldots
$$
$$
b_1 = 0.101010101101110111011101110110001 \ldots
$$
$n_2$ and $b_2$ are formed similarly, but listing
the primes $2,3,5,7,\ldots$:
$$
n_2 = 0.23571113171923293137414347535961 \ldots
$$
$$
b_2 = 0.01111111111101011111010101111101 \ldots
$$
Which of these numbers is known to be {rational,
irrational, algebraic, transcendental}?
I presume that all four are irrational.

A: $n_1$ is the Champernowne constant, which is known to be normal. $n_2$ is the Copeland–Erdős constant, which is also known to be normal in base $10$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Just hand silk-screened a short run of "color options" posters for the GyroGPS Designated Driver Bar Stool. You can choose to have J. Haley add any color or pattern of which you dream, for a nominal fee. Also, try taking a print home to color yourself for a fraction of the cost!… Heck! You can even color it here, at the Pop-up Parking Lot Product Lab at Pump Project this coming Saturday or Sunday. While supplies last.
Also a few GyroGPS Tees made it out of the screening flurry… a men's large on blue, and a women's green, and the elusive ladies style black on black tee.
These are very limited runs and won't last long.
All works will be signed in your presence with a special note just for you, in order to verify authenticity.


text:
Elisa Díaz González (Alacant, 1977) és una política valenciana, filla de Luis Díaz Alperi l'alcalde d'Alacant (1995-2008). És militant del Partit Popular.

Biografia
Llicenciada en dret i màster en Ordenació del Territori i Urbanisme, obté la plaça de tècnic d'Administració General de l'Ajuntament d'Alacant el 2006, siguent el seu pare alcalde. L'abril de 2009 pren possessió com a diputada a les Corts Valencianes en substitució de José Ciscar que deixà l'escó per a ser delegat del Consell a Alacant.

A les eleccions autonòmiques de 2011 no renovà l'acta de diputada i va ser nomenada Directora Territorial d'Urbanisme a Alacant quasi a la vegada que sortia a la llum un presumpte cas de corrupció política al voltant de la redacció del Pla Urbanístic d'Alacant quan el seu pare Luis Díaz Alperi era l'alcalde de la ciutat. En 2012 va substituir en el seu escó Pedro Hernández Mateo. Aconseguí novament escó a les eleccions a les Corts Valencianes de 2015.

Referències

Enllaços externs
 Fitxa de la diputada a la web de les Corts

Polítics alacantins
Diputats a les Corts Valencianes pel PP
Militants valencians del Partit Popular

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wondering about paypal alternatives? Are there any better online payment services? There are plenty of paypal competitors available for accepting credit cards and online payment.
We have a round up of best PayPal alternatives for merchants to setup up their own online e-commerce business.
PayPal has emerged as an industry standard in today's internet connected world for processing online payments. However, not all are comfortable with PayPal due to their varied personal reasons. Some try to implement their own As such, the main reason why people fear PayPal today is because PayPal is not considered a bank in the United States and does not need to adhere to federal banking regulations. In fact, there are definite benefits of using a traditional merchant account over PayPal for many reasons whereas others are looking for more options.
PayPal is a secure online service that helps send money, and receive payments. The key reason for PayPal adoption is it can complete a transaction without revealing your financial details to other party.
The technology behind PayPal works on simple idea. It uses email address of person involved in transaction to make or receive payments. Each person can configure a PayPal account using a email address and link it to a bank account or credit card. Once the initial setup of linking accounts is done all work is done using email address.
PayPal is world leader in online payments and adopted by most online sellers. It can easily integrate with any website, technology and platform.
PayPal uses strong encryption software to secure transaction information.
As such, the main reason why people fear PayPal today is because PayPal is not considered a bank in the United States and does not need to adhere to federal banking regulations. In fact, there are definite benefits of using a traditional merchant account over PayPal for many reasons.
One of the prime reasons is that in case of a traditional merchant account, your money gets deposited directly in your bank account and not a PayPal account. Therefore, you get more control over your money as well as business and your money is projected by federal banking regulations in case of a merchant account. For individuals who feel that they need an alternative to PayPal, here are best Alternatives to PayPal for going ahead with their online payments. Read on...!
WebPay is arguable the best free alternative to PayPal for customers, however its also a good option for merchants.
It provides online payment service using email address at no cost.
It also supports payment via text message using mobile phone. You can use a credit card or a bank account to make payments.
customer service team, WePay's focus is to make your website more professional and focus on the individual's interests rather than just base economic interests.
• No set up, monthly or hidden fees.
• While also reducing the scope of their PCI compliance.
robust shopping cart, as well as recurrent billing.
Skype, eBay, and oDesk. It is easy to use and also allows you to transfer an account balance onto a prepaid debit card almost immediately.
Google Wallet, which was formerly known as Google Checkout, is another global and good online payment online system. Although it does not have all the features of PayPal, it does a good job for personal as well as business payments. At the time of writing this article, it does not cost you to send money directly from your bank account or from your Google Wallet balance.
• $ 500 limit per 30 days for uploading money to your Wallet Balance with a credit/debit card.
Although Payoneer is very similar to other international services, its USP is that you get a virtual U.S. bank account with it. Despite higher fees, it has become popular and many sites accept it along with some of the best marketing networks.
Formerly popular as AlertPay, PayZA's is available in more than 190 countries. Generally offering low fees along with some free services, it is not so popular compared to other PayPal alternatives, but it is still accepted by many websites.
This payment is recommended for large, single item transactions as this is an escrow service. Using this service significantly reduces the potential risk of fraud, as it acts as a trusted third party. The company collects the purchase funds and releases them only after both the parties have agreed that the transaction has been completed to their satisfaction. This service is not really recommended for high volume transactions, but for services involving high ticket transactions, such as a car or a website.
This service provides a compatible credit card processing service for US as well as international sellers. Being over ten years in the industry, it is a well known provider of online payment processing solutions. The company works on a no setup/no cancellation fees approach and their transaction fees are lower compared to PayPal.
• Most people ready to accept credit cards the same day.
• Only compatible with eBay for US Bay users. However, international merchants can still use the service to accept all major cards outside of eBAY.
Via this provider, merchants can accept payments without a payment gateway. It is the latest innovation for small and medium scale merchants who need to take payments on the go.
• Multiple products – single account and view.
This is a quick payment network that is light on fees. You can make transfers from bank account to bank account through 1 – 2 business days, for which a flat 50 cent fee is charged. It can be linked to QuickBooks, so that customers can pay from your QuickBooks Invoice.
• Most payments deposited next day.
• Automatic payments from payor's bank to receiver's bank.
• No setup or monthly fees, and no cancellation fees.
Square is pioneer in iPhone and iPad based payments, however its also a really good alternative for merchants that want to quickly start accepting payment with a flair. The setup is absolutely easy and payments can be easily accepted on any iOS or Android device.
Dwolla offers a payment system that can be used to make payments online easily. They have a simple payment policy and easy to integrate.
Kathy Kim is working with web, software and mobile application development company Fusion Informatics as a software developer. She is exploring their experience through informative article with others.


We have two interesting speakers for you to enjoy.
Our first speaker will be Wayne Colman from "Superb Herbs" a local business situated in West Auckland which has been growing and supplying herbs for more than 15 years. You will be pleasantly surprised to hear how much effort goes in to the production, and care of their products, so that you, the consumer can enjoy fresh healthy herbs. This will be a most interesting and informative talk.
We are delighted to welcome Allyson to our seminar. Allyson has been cooking for 30 years and has written more than 20 cookbooks. Allyson is known for her magazine columns and television appearances, and has a best-selling series of cook books.
The adventures of her family in France during their 18 month stay will have you delighted and enthralled and she will be giving us a slide presentation. While in France Allyson discovered ways of traditionally preparing and preserving foods.
Her book "Recipes from the French Kitchen" will encourage you to be adventurous in the kitchen and you can buy your copy at the seminar.
Cash only no EFTPOS for all purchases.


How much to pay for your membership?
We offer single tips-by-tips membership, starting from an affordable USD 68 for INSIDER TIPS to USD 88 for our higher confidence SUPER INSIDER TIPS. If you buy both tips together, the price will be USD 128, a discount of 18%. At this moment, we are unable to offer any weekly or monthly memberships.
Do you offer any kind of guarantee?
Yes of course! If you do not achieve profit from your purchased tips, the next 3 tips will be sent absolutely free of charge. Free tips are automatically send on the following match days, as and when available. We regret that we do not allow members to select the free tips matches.
Can I request for refunds?
After payment has been confirmed, we are not able to provide any refunds in any circumstances. Doing so will enable us to focus on delivering the best possible tips to our members.
Can I pay using bank transfer or Western Union?
We strongly encourage online payments by credit cards, debit cards using PayPal. You will allow INSTANT access if you make payment by Paypal as we have our backend server link up with the server with Paypal. However, to accommodate more members, we are open to accepting other form of payments. Please contact our members relations officers for more information.
All our tips are based only on the popular Asian Handicap Odds. All odds are obtained directly from SBOBET, one of Asia's most established and largest Asian Handicap Odds bookmaker.
After making payment, what should I do?
Login to your account using your registered username and password. To access SUPER INSIDER Tips, click here. To access INSIDER Tips, click here. We provide you with INSTANT access to allow you to make a late decision on your purchase. No more worries about not receiving the tips by SMS or email.
Please do not hesitate to contact our members relations officers here.


40 Gallon Water Heater Price Inspire Rheem Performance 75 Gal Tall 6 Year 76 000 BTU Natural Gas Tank And 5 | Footyflash.com lochinvar 40 gallon water heater price. lowes 40 gallon electric water heater prices. price for 40 gallon water heater.


Have You or Someone You Know, Injured Due to General Negligence?
No Expenses or Fees Unless You Win Your General Negligence Lawsuit!
A personal injury case is a legal dispute that involves one person who alleges being injured by some type of accident or neglect; another individual may be legally responsible for the harm. Typically, a personal injury case is formalized through civil court proceedings; however, disputes may also be resolved prior to filing a lawsuit.
A personal injury lawsuit generally begins when a private person, known in the lawsuit as the "plaintiff" brings a civil complaint against another individual, business, corporation, government agency, or other entity (the defendant), over allegations of careless or irresponsible actions that led to an accident or injury that led to harm.
In some cases, resolution is conducted through negotiations among the parties and attorneys involved. Negotiations are typically followed by a written agreement in which both sides agree to forego future action and to resolve the matter by payment of an agreed-upon amount of money.
Statutes do not rule personal injury cases; personal injury law has occurred through court decisions and documents written by legal scholars. Although some states have attempted to summarize development of personal injury law in written statutes, court decisions are the main source of law in cases arising from accidents or injuries.
Plaintiffs have a limited time in which to file a lawsuit, which is known as a "statute of limitations." Typically, the statute of limitations begins when the plaintiff becomes injured or discovers the injury. Statutes of limitations are established by state law and, in many cases, the type of injury.
Personal injury law that involves general negligence concern matters in which one individual's action or lack of action led to, or caused, a failure to act with appropriate or reasonable care, leading to harm to another individual. General negligence cases involve medical malpractice; nursing home abuse; general negligence; wrongful death; traumatic brain injuries; or fire and burn injuries, including gas explosions and fires in high buildings.
General negligence seeks to prove if a reasonably prudent person would have acted in the same way under the same circumstances. If not, the party may be found negligent and if someone was injured due to this alleged recklessness or carelessness, the injured party may be able to bring a lawsuit against the negligent party for, among other issues, financial compensation.
Four specific elements must be proven in a general negligence lawsuit in civil court against an individual or entity for general negligence. The elements may change, depending on the jurisdiction. The attorneys Parker Waichman have a long history of successfully litigating general negligence cases and recovering fair compensation for their clients. If you or someone you know has been injured due to general negligence, the firm offers legal consultations to individuals with questions about filing a lawsuit.
One aspect that must be proven is Duty. The defendant must have had a duty to the plaintiff to act in a certain way. For example, a nursing home nurse, doctor, or attendant has a duty to nursing home residents to provide a safe, medically appropriate, healthy, and respectful environment. If a resident is injured or sickened due to negligence, duty may not have occurred.
The second aspect is breach. The defendant must have breached his/her duty in some way. For example, if the nursing home resident, under the contract originally signed when the resident moved into the facility, is supposed to receive specific medications, a certain number of meals daily, and ongoing oversight to ensure safety and that resident is found bruised, or bloody, or raped, or ill, or deceased, the nursing home and its representatives may be found to have breached duty to the resident. Causation is when the defendant's act or inaction to have been the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries.
Should negligence on the part of a duty nurse lead to injuries, death, abuse, etc., this may be sufficient proof of causation. The final aspect is damage in which the plaintiff must have experienced measurable damage such as a broken limb, concussion, or illness. The damage tied injuries may include medical expenses, lost earnings, pain and suffering.
If you or someone you know was injured or died in a general negligence accident, the attorneys at Parker Waichman LLP, who have decades of experience handling negligence claims may be able to help you file a lawsuit to recover compensation for your expenses, damages, and injuries. The firm continues to offer free legal consultations to individuals with questions about filing a general negligence lawsuit involving injuries, losses, or death associated with medical malpractice; nursing home abuse; general negligence; wrongful death; traumatic brain injuries; or fire and burn injuries, including gas explosions and fires in high buildings.
Medical malpractice lawsuits may be brought against a physician or hospital for administering improper doses of medication, negligent care, or lapses in sanitation or equipment maintenance that lead to injuries or infection. To be considered medical malpractice, the individual must have been under the care of a physician and that during advising, diagnosing, or treating the patient, the physician failed to act as a doctor in that specialty should act. Because of this, the patient was injured, became ill, or a condition or injury worsened.
A patient may have a malpractice case if a physician deviates from the accepted standards of practice or a specialist who deviates from the nationally accepted standard of practice for specialists in that field of medicine. In some instances, a case may be brought against a government agency that operates a hospital or that provides medical care.
Nursing home abuse is one of the most devastating of humiliations tormenting older, vulnerable loved ones. Unfortunately, nursing home abuse routinely makes headlines; however, that has done nothing to stop the appalling practice. Sadly, family and loved ones who are looking for ethical and appropriate care for their senior relatives are often left with limited options and their loved ones often suffer serious abuse and neglect that leads to physical pain, emotional pain, humiliation, and death over inadequate care, neglect, and abuse.
Nursing homes should provide safe, compassionate, ethical, dignified, clean, and healthy treatment, living spaces, and occur. Abuse does occur and, when our elder loved ones are injured in any way, those responsible must be held responsible for their actions. If you are concerned that a loved one has been, or is being victimized, at a nursing home facility, you may have valuable legal rights that will enable you to receive justice and hold the nursing home and its staff accountable.
When someone died because of someone else's wrongful actions, the person or entity causing the death may be held responsible in a wrongful death action. A wrongful death action may arise from a construction accident, medical malpractice, vehicular accident, police misconduct, or product liability involving defective, dangerous products.
In New York State, only the personal representative of a deceased person appointed by Surrogate's Court might bring a wrongful death action. That representative must prove that the defendant in the case acted negligently and that this negligence caused the deceased person's death, that there is a surviving spouse, child/children, or other beneficiaries or dependents, and that the survivor(s) have suffered financial damage due to the death.
Survivors may bring a lawsuit to recover damages for any economic loss and the conscious pain and suffering of the person who died; however, survivors may not recover for their own pain and suffering in a wrongful death lawsuit.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a serious public health concern. Research revealed that TBI visits to hospital emergency departments (ED) from 2006 to 2010 that revealed an increase in TBI-involved concussions or unspecified head injuries, according to JAMA. The greatest increase was seen in young children under the age of three and adults who were over the age of 60.
According to the CDC, TBI is tied to a serious amount deaths and permanent disability each year, In 2010, approximately 2.5 million TBIs were seen as both individual injuries or with other injuries. TBIs typically follow some type of bump or blow to the head or from a penetrating head injury. A TBI may be mild to severe and range from minor changes in consciousness or mental status to a long period of unconsciousness or amnesia.
TBIs are often accidental in nature and may occur due to the actions of someone else. This may lead to very significant and expensive injuries and may lead to death. When a TBI occurs due to another person, persons, or entity's negligence, a personal injury lawsuit may be filed.
A number of birth injuries may occur due to a medical error and when birth trauma takes place because of a medical mistake that leads to life-long consequences for both the mother and the baby. These types of injuries may occur, for example, to either the baby or mother when the obstetrician does not handle the baby correctly during the birthing process, which may lead to Erb's Palsy.
Should the obstetrician fail to diagnose that the expectant mother must give birth by cesarean section and the mother experiences a serious bleed during the birth process, suffering a stroke and the baby suffers brain physical injury because of a lack of oxygen, a birth injury has occurred.
Patients who have suffered a birth injury caused by a medial error may file a medical malpractice claim against those who are responsible for the injury. Erb's palsy is a type of obstetric brachial plexus disorder that usually occurs when the nerves in a baby's upper arm are damaged causing what is known as shoulder dystocia during a difficult birth.
A serious burn injury leads to extreme pain at the moment when the burn occurs as well as for a significant time later. Burns may lead to extended recovery time and may leave permanent and disfiguring scars. When someone suffers a burn injury due to another person's negligence, the people, persons, or entity responsible for the injury are usually held responsible.
Burns are classified into three degrees. First degree burns are superficial and will have simple redness and blisters. First degree burns may be treated at home. A second degree burn penetrates deeper into the skin, may cause fluid-filled blisters, ongoing pain, and permanent scarring.
Third degree burns penetrate through the skin tissues, cause scarring, may make the skin look waxy or papery, and may lead to permanent nerve damage that may cause numbness. Fourth degree burns go through the skin and damage the tissue below. Skin may be charred or may be gone, leading to severe pain. In severe cases of nerve damage, there may be no pain. Third and fourth degree burns may require skin grafts and other surgical treatments, physical restriction, physical therapy, and other treatments.
Burn injury may be caused by various types of negligence, including car accidents, construction side accidents, defective products, or medical malpractice. When a burn injury is caused by another person's negligence, the injured party may be able to receive compensation.
The attorneys Parker Waichman have a long history of successfully fighting general negligence cases and recovering compensation for their clients for lost wages; medical expenses, including for cosmetic scar revision medical procedures; and diminished quality of life that may include disfigurement depending on the injury. If you or someone you know has been injured due to general negligence, the firm offers legal consultations to individuals with questions about filing a lawsuit.
Have You or Someone You Know Injured Due to General Negligence?


On May 19, NewSchool's chapter of the American Institute of Architecture Students hosted its annual Napkin Sketch auction. The event raised $3,800 to help students attend industry conferences. This year, there were 36 sketches contributed by 20 architects, including NewSchool president Marvin Malecha, who contribute five. Here he shares his perspective on napkin sketches.
The napkin sketch holds a hallowed place in design history. It is a medium that is at once frivolous and the carrier of sublime design ideas. The paper napkin is ephemeral. It is a fragile medium best suited to ideas of the moment. In the course of a design project it becomes tempting to use whatever means possible to convey or record an idea. It is therefore important to understand the bias of the individual who is drawn to such a medium.
I have my own experience with a seminal design idea recorded on a drink napkin that guided the work of a team through a complex client community. The sketch became an informal/formal basis of agreement regarding the progress and direction of the Chancellor's residence at North Carolina State University after a lengthy and sometimes uncomfortable search for the right expression. However, for me this use of a napkin sketch is an anomaly. I have a hierarchy of papers and pencils that demark the exercise of sketching on a substantial pad, to more professional communications recorded in a notebook. The napkin sketch is an exercise of folly and free daydreaming. Please do not misunderstand me: free daydreaming is one of the most important regular exercises that a creative individual can undertake.
This is the best way to describe the sketches titled "Temple to Wishful Thinking" and "Beach Folly." Both sketches are simple musings about life and site, the sacred and the inconsequential.
The pursuit of the idea of sacred is represented in the sketch titles as "Path to a Sacred Place." This sketch is a bit more intense than the first two in that it represents the uphill struggle, often in less than ideal places, to achieve the sacred as it is represented as the bright light at the end of an uphill journey. The bright light recurs in my daydream sketches. It is my belief that the better is always ahead even though great darkness must sometimes be traversed. This optimism is reflected in the titled greeting the sky. The tower reaching out of the darkness, like the light at the end of the path is an expression of optimism.
The final sketch, "'Interwoven Trees' of Life," is a frequent exploration for me. It is an ancient symbol of family and the strength derived from a mature family unit. The natural forms derived from the tree trunks interwoven to carry a unified tree canopy is nature's way to dramatically illustrate the model for the human family.
Is the napkin sketch folly? Yes. But it is through free exploration that folly provides that serious subjects may be pursued. Like staring out of a classroom window drawn to the miracle of a spring day, folly is after all serious business.


If you have any questions about Ennvironment.com, please feel free to give us a call at 1-888-894-5434.
A fantastic and increasingly relevant name based on the highly recognizable word "environment. This brand is all about protecting resources and utilizing it effectively.


Lil Mama can't catch a break. Just after releasing a remix of Rihanna and Drake's "Work" to a terrible Twitter reception, the "Lip Gloss" rapper was arrested for speeding and driving without a license in Harlem.
She was allegedly pulled over around 4 AM last night, driving 38 mph in a 25 mph zone, then got charged with aggravated unlicensed driving, and driving without a license. Chances are she was already probably super stressed, since Twitter just shat all over her Rihanna remix.
So Lil' Mama did a version of Rihanna's "Work" and yes it is just as terrible as you think it is.
The Lil Mama crying meme has some real validity now. And is the song really that bad? Listen for yourself below.


text:
Nadal ousts Federer in straight sets, will face Wawrinka in final of Australia Open
The much-anticipated clash between 17-time Grand Slam champion, Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal proved to be a one-sided affair. The World No. 1 ousted the Swiss in straight sets 7-6 6-3 6-3 in the second semi-final of Australian Open at the Rod Laver Arena to book his berth for the final against Stanislas Wawrinka.
The first set was the highlight of the match which lasted for 59 minutes and was decided through a tiebreaker. Federer was looking more fit than Nadal, who continued to fight despite having a blister on his left-hand.
Federer was looking confident as he swiftly moved across on the court until the tiebreaker. Nadal changed gears from there onwards, and it became the Spaniard's match.
In the early part of the second set, Federer saved four break points in the fourth game. In that particular game, Rafa once again troubled the Swiss with his top spin, as Federer ended up hitting couple of shots wide and long. Despite his struggle, Federer managed to hold on following a corrected call from the chair umpire which was called wide.
Federer had an opportunity to bounce back in the second set when he had a 0-30 lead over the Spaniard's serve in the ninth game. But Rafa once again bounced back and won the next four points of the game to win the set in a convincing manner.
The Spanird continued to dominate Federer's serve as he broke it again in the sixth game of second set off a forehand winner. Rafa then served for the set in the ninth game of the second set and won it ease.
In a must-win third set, Nadal yet again broke Federer's serve in the third game. The 17-time Major champion got his first break point of the match in the fourth game of the third set. While Rafa saved the first break point, scores leveled at 2-2 when the Spaniard's shot went wide and Federer broke Nadal's serve for the first time in the match. But Nadal once again broke Federer's serve in the seventh game, and finally in the ninth game which proved to be decisive. Even though Federer saved one match point in the ninth game, Rafa capitalised on the second one as Federer's forehand landed long.
'Saawariya', 'Guzaarish' ahead of their times: Vibhu Puri
Sania Mirza-Horia Tecau beat defending champions to reach mixed doubles final
Australia Open 2019: PV Sindhu knocked out, losses to Thailand's Nitchaon Jindapol
World Cup 2019: South Africa win toss, choose to bat against India
Former FIFA prez and the architech of 'Champions League football' Lennart Johansson passes away
R Ashwin lacks the deception required to succeed overseas: Prasanna
Talks with Iran over nuclear program face dilemma
Glad that 'Queen' connected with people: Kangana Ranaut
Keep the spirit of Cricket in a sporting way
Donald Trump is hate monger and against India
President Trump will address unity, national security immigration issues in State

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl