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The Info List - Puget Sound
Puget Sound /ˈpjuːdʒɪt/ is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state
U.S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea. It is a complex estuarine[3] system of interconnected marine waterways and basins, with one major and two minor connections to the open Pacific Ocean via the Strait of Juan de Fuca— Admiralty Inlet
Admiralty Inlet being the major connection and Deception Pass and Swinomish Channel
Swinomish Channel being the minor. Water flow through Deception Pass
Deception Pass is approximately equal to 2% of the total tidal exchange between Puget Sound
Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca.[1] Puget Sound
Puget Sound extends approximately 100 miles (160 km) from Deception Pass
Deception Pass in the north to Olympia, Washington
Olympia, Washington in the south. Its average depth is 450 feet (140 m)[4] and its maximum depth, off Jefferson Point between Indianola and Kingston, is 930 feet (280 m). The depth of the main basin, between the southern tip of Whidbey Island
Whidbey Island and Tacoma, Washington, is approximately 600 feet (180 m).[1] Since 2009, the term Salish Sea
Salish Sea has been established by the United States Board on Geographic Names as the collective waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia. Sometimes the terms "Puget Sound" and " Puget Sound
Puget Sound and adjacent waters" are used for not only Puget Sound
Puget Sound proper but also for waters to the north, such as Bellingham Bay
Bellingham Bay and the San Juan Islands region.[5] The term "Puget Sound" is used not just for the body of water but also the Puget Sound region
Puget Sound region centered on the sound. Major cities on the sound include Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, and Everett, Washington. Puget Sound
Puget Sound is also the third largest estuary in the United States, after Chesapeake Bay
Chesapeake Bay in Maryland
Maryland and Virginia, and San Francisco Bay in northern California.[6]
1 Names 2 Definitions 3 Geology 4 Hydrology 5 Flora and fauna 6 History 7 Transportation 8 Environmental issues 9 Prominent islands 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links
Names[edit] In 1792 George Vancouver
George Vancouver gave the name "Puget's Sound" to the waters south of the Tacoma Narrows, in honor of Peter Puget, a Huguenot lieutenant accompanying him on the Vancouver Expedition. This name later came to be used for the waters north of Tacoma Narrows
Tacoma Narrows as well.[7] An alternative term for Puget Sound, still used by some Native Americans and environmental groups, is Whulge (or Whulj), an anglicization of the Lushootseed
Lushootseed name x̌ʷə́lč, which means "sea, salt water, ocean, or sound".[8] Definitions[edit] The USGS
USGS defines Puget Sound
Puget Sound as all the waters south of three entrances from the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The main entrance at Admiralty Inlet
Admiralty Inlet is defined as a line between Point Wilson
Point Wilson on the Olympic Peninsula, and Point Partridge on Whidbey Island. The second entrance is at Deception Pass
Deception Pass along a line from West Point on Whidbey Island, to Deception Island, then to Rosario Head on Fidalgo Island. The third entrance is at the south end of the Swinomish Channel, which connects Skagit Bay
Skagit Bay and Padilla Bay.[9] Under this definition, Puget Sound includes the waters of Hood Canal, Admiralty Inlet, Possession Sound, Saratoga Passage, and others. It does not include Bellingham Bay, Padilla Bay, the waters of the San Juan Islands
San Juan Islands or anything farther north. Another definition, given by NOAA, subdivides Puget Sound
Puget Sound into five basins or regions. Four of these (including South Puget Sound) correspond to areas within the USGS
USGS definition, but the fifth one, called "Northern Puget Sound" includes a large additional region. It is defined as bounded to the north by the international boundary with Canada, and to the west by a line running north from the mouth of the Sekiu River
Sekiu River on the Olympic Peninsula.[10] Under this definition significant parts of the Strait of Juan de Fuca
Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia are included in Puget Sound, with the international boundary marking an abrupt and hydrologically arbitrary limit. According to Arthur Kruckeberg, the term "Puget Sound" is sometimes used for waters north of Admiralty Inlet
Admiralty Inlet and Deception Pass, especially for areas along the north coast of Washington and the San Juan Islands, essentially equivalent to NOAA's "Northern Puget Sound" subdivision described above. Kruckeberg uses the term " Puget Sound
Puget Sound and adjacent waters".[5] Geology[edit]
Snowcapped peaks are a backdrop to many Puget Sound
Puget Sound scenes; here Mount Rainier is seen from Gig Harbor.
Continental ice sheets have repeatedly advanced and retreated from the Puget Sound
Puget Sound region. The most recent glacial period, called the Fraser Glaciation, had three phases, or stades. During the third, or Vashon Glaciation, a lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, called the Puget Lobe, spread south about 15,000 years ago, covering the Puget Sound region with an ice sheet about 3,000 feet (910 m) thick near Seattle, and nearly 6,000 feet (1,800 m) at the present Canada-U.S. border. Since each new advance and retreat of ice erodes away much of the evidence of previous ice ages, the most recent Vashon phase has left the clearest imprint on the land. At its maximum extent the Vashon ice sheet extended south of Olympia to near Tenino, and covered the lowlands between the Olympic and Cascade mountain ranges. About 14,000 years ago the ice began to retreat. By 11,000 years ago it survived only north of the Canada–US border.[11] The melting retreat of the Vashon Glaciation
Vashon Glaciation eroded the land, creating a drumlin field of hundreds of aligned drumlin hills. Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish
Lake Sammamish (which are ribbon lakes), Hood Canal, and the main Puget Sound
Puget Sound basin were altered by glacial forces. These glacial forces are not specifically "carving", as in cutting into the landscape via the mechanics of ice/glaciers, but rather eroding the landscape from melt water of the Vashon Glacier creating the drumlin field. As the ice retreated, vast amounts of glacial till were deposited throughout the Puget Sound
Puget Sound region.[11] The soils of the region, less than ten thousand years old, are still characterized as immature. As the Vashon glacier receded a series of proglacial lakes formed, filling the main trough of Puget Sound
Puget Sound and inundating the southern lowlands. Glacial Lake Russell
Glacial Lake Russell was the first such large recessional lake. From the vicinity of Seattle
Seattle in the north the lake extended south to the Black Hills, where it drained south into the Chehalis River.[12] Sediments from Lake Russell form the blue-gray clay identified as the Lawton Clay. The second major recessional lake was Glacial Lake Bretz. It also drained to the Chehalis River until the Chimacum Valley, in the northeast Olympic Peninsula, melted, allowing the lake's water to rapidly drain north into the marine waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which was rising as the ice sheet retreated.[12] As icebergs calved off the toe of the glacier, their embedded gravels and boulders were deposited in the chaotic mix of unsorted till geologists call glaciomarine drift. Many beaches about the Sound display glacial erratics, rendered more prominent than those in coastal woodland solely by their exposed position; submerged glacial erratics sometimes cause hazards to navigation. The sheer weight of glacial-age ice depressed the landforms, which experienced post-glacial rebound after the ice sheets had retreated. Because the rate of rebound was not synchronous with the post-ice age rise in sea levels, the bed of what is Puget Sound, filled alternately with fresh and with sea water. The upper level of the lake-sediment Lawton Clay now lies about 120 feet (37 m) above sea level. The Puget Sound
Puget Sound system consists of four deep basins connected by shallower sills. The four basins are Hood Canal, west of the Kitsap Peninsula, Whidbey Basin, east of Whidbey Island, South Sound, south of the Tacoma Narrows, and the Main Basin, which is further subdivided into Admiralty Inlet
Admiralty Inlet and the Central Basin.[13] Puget Sound's sills, a kind of submarine terminal moraine, separate the basins from one another, and Puget Sound
Puget Sound from the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Three sills are particularly significant—the one at Admiralty Inlet
Admiralty Inlet which checks the flow of water between the Strait of Juan de Fuca
Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget sound, the one at the entrance to Hood Canal
Hood Canal (about 175 ft or 53 m below the surface), and the one at the Tacoma Narrows
Tacoma Narrows (about 145 ft or 44 m). Other sills that present less of a barrier include the ones at Blake Island, Agate Pass, Rich Passage, and Hammersley Inlet.[5] The depth of the basins is a result of the Sound being part of the Cascadia subduction zone, where the terranes accreted at the edge of the Juan de Fuca Plate
Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted under the North American Plate. There has not been a major subduction zone earthquake here since the magnitude nine Cascadia earthquake; according to Japanese records, it occurred 26 January 1700. Lesser Puget Sound
Puget Sound earthquakes with shallow epicenters, caused by the fracturing of stressed oceanic rocks as they are subducted, still cause great damage. The Seattle Fault cuts across Puget Sound, crossing the southern tip of Bainbridge Island and under Elliott Bay.[14] To the south, the existence of a second fault, the Tacoma Fault, has buckled the intervening strata in the Seattle
Seattle Uplift. Typical Puget Sound
Puget Sound profiles of dense glacial till overlying permeable glacial outwash of gravels above an impermeable bed of silty clay may become unstable after periods of unusually wet weather and slump in landslides.[15] Hydrology[edit]
Low tide on Whidbey Island
United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines Puget Sound
Puget Sound as a bay with numerous channels and branches; more specifically, it is a fjord system of flooded glacial valleys. Puget Sound
Puget Sound is part of a larger physiographic structure termed the Puget Trough, which is a physiographic section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System.[16] Puget Sound
Puget Sound is a large salt water estuary, or system of many estuaries, fed by highly seasonal freshwater from the Olympic and Cascade Mountain watersheds. The mean annual river discharge into Puget Sound
Puget Sound is 41,000 cubic feet per second (1,200 m3/s), with a monthly average maximum of about 367,000 cubic feet per second (10,400 m3/s) and minimum of about 14,000 cubic feet per second (400 m3/s). Puget Sound's shoreline is 1,332 miles (2,144 km) long, encompassing a water area of 1,020 square miles (2,600 km2) and a total volume of 26.5 cubic miles (110 km3) at mean high water. The average volume of water flowing in and out of Puget Sound
Puget Sound during each tide is 1.26 cubic miles (5.3 km3). The maximum tidal currents, in the range of 9 to 10 knots, occurs at Deception Pass.[1]
Evening on Puget Sound
Puget Sound by Edward S. Curtis, 1913
The size of Puget Sound's watershed is 12,138 sq mi (31,440 km2).[2] "Northern Puget Sound" is frequently considered part of the Puget Sound
Puget Sound watershed, which enlarges its size to 13,700 sq mi (35,000 km2).[17] The USGS
USGS uses the name "Puget Sound" for its hydrologic unit subregion 1711, which includes areas draining to Puget Sound
Puget Sound proper as well as the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Strait of Georgia, and the Fraser River.[18] Significant rivers that drain to "Northern Puget Sound" include the Nooksack, Dungeness, and Elwha Rivers. The Nooksack empties into Bellingham Bay, the Dungeness and Elwha into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The Chilliwack River
Chilliwack River flows north to the Fraser River
Fraser River in Canada. Tides in Puget Sound
Puget Sound are of the mixed type with two high and two low tides each tidal day. These are called Higher High Water (HHW), Lower Low Water (LLW), Lower High Water (LHW), and Higher Low Water (HLW). The configuration of basins, sills, and interconnections cause the tidal range to increase within Puget Sound. The difference in height between the Higher High Water and the Lower Low Water averages about 8.3 feet (2.5 m) at Port Townsend on Admiralty Inlet, but increases to about 14.4 feet (4.4 m) at Olympia, the southern end of Puget Sound.[1] Puget Sound
Puget Sound is generally accepted as the start of the Inside Passage.[19][20]
Mount Rainier looms over the still waters of Totten Inlet, one of the Sound's southern fjords. Mason County, Washington.
Flora and fauna[edit] See also: List of fishes of the Salish Sea Important marine flora of Puget Sound
Puget Sound include eelgrass (Zostera marina)[21] and kelp, especially bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana).[22]
Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Among the marine mammals species found in Puget Sound
Puget Sound are harbor seals (Phoca vitulina).[23] Orca (Orcinus orca) are famous throughout the Sound, and are a large tourist attraction. Although orca are sometimes seen in Puget Sound
Puget Sound proper they are far more prevalent around the San Juan Islands north of Puget Sound.[24] Many fish species occur in Puget Sound. The various salmonid species, including salmon, trout, and char are particularly well-known and studied. Salmonid species of Puget Sound
Puget Sound include chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), sea-run coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki), steelhead (O. mykiss irideus), sea-run bull trout ( Salvelinus
Salvelinus confluentus), and Dolly Varden trout
Dolly Varden trout ( Salvelinus
Salvelinus malma malma).[25][26] Common forage fishes found in Puget Sound
Puget Sound include Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus), and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus).[27] Important benthopelagic fish of Puget Sound
Puget Sound include North Pacific hake
North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocelhalus), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias).[28] There are about 28 species of Sebastidae
Sebastidae (rockfish), of many types, found in Puget Sound. Among those of special interest are copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus), quillback rockfish (S. maliger), black rockfish (S. melanops), yelloweye rockfish (S. ruberrimus), bocaccio rockfish (S. paucispinis), canary rockfish (S. pinniger), and Puget Sound
Puget Sound rockfish (S. emphaeus).[29] Many other fish species occur in Puget Sound, such as sturgeons, lampreys, various sharks, rays, and skates.[30] Puget Sound
Puget Sound is home to numerous species of marine invertebrates, including sponges, sea anemones, chitons, clams, sea snails, limpets crabs, barnacles starfish, sea urchins, and sand dollars.[31] Dungeness crabs (Metacarcinus magister) occur throughout Washington waters, including Puget Sound.[32] Many bivalves occur in Puget Sound, such as Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and geoduck clams (Panopea generosa). The Olympia oyster
Olympia oyster (Ostreola conchaphila), once common in Puget Sound, was depleted by human activities during the 20th century. There are ongoing efforts to restore Olympia oysters in Puget Sound.[33]
Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
There are many seabird species of Puget Sound. Among these are grebes such as the western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis); loons such as the common loon (Gavia immer); auks such as the pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba), rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), common murre (Uria aalge), and marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus); the brant goose (Branta bernicla); seaducks such as the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus), and surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata); and cormorants such as the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). Puget Sound
Puget Sound is home to a non-migratory and marine-oriented subspecies of great blue herons (Ardea herodias fannini).[34] Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) occur in relative high densities in the Puget Sound
Puget Sound region.[35] It is estimated[by whom?] that more than 100 million geoducks (pronounced "gooey ducks") are packed into Puget Sound's sediments. Also known as "king clam", geoducks are considered to be a delicacy in Asian countries. History[edit]
U.S. Coast Survey nautical chart of Puget Sound, Washington Territory, 1867
Puget Sound, Washington
George Vancouver
George Vancouver explored Puget Sound
Puget Sound in 1792. Vancouver claimed it for Great Britain on 4 June 1792, naming it for one of his officers, Lieutenant Peter Puget.[36] After 1818 Britain and the United States, which both claimed the Oregon Country, agreed to "joint occupancy", deferring resolution of the Oregon boundary dispute
Oregon boundary dispute until the 1846 Oregon Treaty. Puget Sound was part of the disputed region until 1846, after which it became US territory. American maritime fur traders visited Puget Sound
Puget Sound in the early 19th century.[37] The first European settlement in the Puget Sound
Puget Sound area was Fort Nisqually, a fur trade post of the Hudson's Bay Company
Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) built in 1833.[38] Fort Nisqually
Fort Nisqually was part of the HBC's Columbia District, headquartered at Fort Vancouver. The Puget Sound
Puget Sound Agricultural Company, a subsidiary of the HBC, established farms and ranches near Fort Nisqually. British ships such as the Beaver, exported foodstuffs and provisions from Fort Nisqually.[39] The first American settlement on Puget Sound
Puget Sound was Tumwater. It was founded in 1845 by Americans who had come via the Oregon Trail. The decision to settle north of the Columbia River
Columbia River was made in part because one of the settlers, George Washington Bush, was considered black and the Provisional Government of Oregon
Provisional Government of Oregon banned the residency of mulattoes but did not actively enforce the restriction north of the river.[40] In 1853 Washington Territory
Washington Territory was formed from part of Oregon Territory.[41] In 1888 the Northern Pacific
Northern Pacific railroad line reached Puget Sound, linking the region to eastern states.[42] Transportation[edit] A unique state-run ferry system, the Washington State Ferries, connects the larger islands to the Washington mainland, as well as both sides of the sound, allowing people and cars to move about the greater Puget Sound
Puget Sound region.
View northwest from the Space Needle, overlooking (left to right) Elliott Bay, Duwamish Head, Puget Sound, and Restoration Point.
Environmental issues[edit] Main article: Environmental issues in Puget Sound In the past 30 years there has been a large recession in the populations of the species which inhabit Puget Sound. The decrease has been seen in the populations of: forage fish, salmonids, bottom fish, marine birds, harbor porpoise and orcas. This decline is attributed to the various environmental issues in Puget Sound.[citation needed] Because of this population decline, there have been changes to the fishery practices, and an increase in petitioning to add species to the Endangered Species Act. There has also been an increase in recovery and management plans for many different area species.[43] The causes of these environmental issues are toxic contamination, eutrophication (low oxygen due to excess nutrients), and near shore habitat changes.[43] Prominent islands[edit]
Anderson Island Bainbridge Island Blake Island Camano Island Fidalgo Island Fox Island Harstine Island Herron Island Indian Island Marrowstone Island Maury Island McNeil Island Squaxin Island Vashon Island Whidbey Island
Back-arc basin Fjords of Canada Puget Sound
Puget Sound AVA Seattle
Seattle Metropolitan Area
^ a b c d e f g h i Lincoln, John H. "The Puget Sound
Puget Sound Model Summary". Pacific Science Center. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ a b "Watershed Boundary Dataset". USDA, NRCS, National Cartography and Geospatial Center. Retrieved 6 September 2010. ArcExplorer GIS data viewer. ^ "Basic Information about Estuaries". United States
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Saving the Sound". ecy.wa.gov. Washington State Department of Ecology. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ a b c Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (1991). The Natural History of Puget Sound Country. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 61–64. ISBN 0-295-97477-X. ^ "Saving Puget Sound". Washington State Department of Ecology. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016. ^ Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (1991). The Natural History of Puget Sound Country. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 427–428. ISBN 0-295-97477-X. ^ Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1 January 1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295973234. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Puget Sound ^ Environmental History and Features of Puget Sound
Puget Sound Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine., see also: Map of subareas of Puget Sound Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Marine Fisheries Service ^ a b Kruckeberg (1991), pp. 18–23. ^ a b Baum, Rex L.; Godt, Jonathan W.; Highland, Lynn (2008). Landslides and engineering geology of the Seattle, Washington, area. Volume 20 of Reviews in engineering geology. Geological Society of America. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-8137-4120-8. ^ "Features of Puget Sound
Puget Sound Region: Oceanography and P" (PDF). kingcounty.gov. Seattle: King County Department of Natural Resources. 2001. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Ancient seismic stresses at work in Puget Sound
Puget Sound region" Cyberwest Magazine 9 June 2004 ^ "Washington State Department of Ecology: " Puget Sound
Puget Sound landslides"". wa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 August 2006. ^ "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S." U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 6 December 2007. ^ " Puget Sound
Puget Sound Basin NAWQA". USGS. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "List Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) – USGS
USGS Washington". USGS. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ Merriam-Webster, Richard (2000). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Merriam-Webster. p. 808. ISBN 978-0-87779-017-4. ^ Manning, Richard (2001). Inside Passage: A Journey Beyond Borders. Island Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-55963-655-1. ^ "Eelgrass". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Kelp". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Harbor seals". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Killer Whales". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Salmonids". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ " Puget Sound
Puget Sound Shorelines: Salmon". Washington Department of Ecology. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Forage Fishes". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Bentho-Pelagic Fish". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Rockfish". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Taxonomic List of Puget Sound
Puget Sound Fishes". Burke Museum. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (1995). The Natural History of Puget Sound Country. University of Washington Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-295-97477-4. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Dungeness Crabs". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Bivalves". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Marine birds". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Bald eagles". Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical atlas of the Pacific Northwest: maps of exploration and discovery : British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon. Sasquatch Books. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-57061-215-2. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading beyond the mountains: the British fur trade on the Pacific, 1793–1843. UBC Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7748-0613-8. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "History of Fort Nisqually". Metro Parks Tacoma. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading beyond the mountains: the British fur trade on the Pacific, 1793–1843. UBC Press. pp. 235–239. ISBN 978-0-7748-0613-8. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Tumwater History". City of Tumwater, WA. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Settlers met at Monticello to sign a petition asking Congress to create a separate territory north of the Columbia River". Washington Secretary of State. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "First trains cross the Northern Pacific
Northern Pacific Railroad bridge spanning the Columbia River
Columbia River between Pasco and Kennewick on December 3, 1887". HistoryLink. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ a b "2007 Puget Sound
Puget Sound Update: Ninth Report of the Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program". wdfw.wa.gov. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
Jones, M.A. (1999). Geologic framework for the Puget Sound
Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1424). Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. LeWarne, Charles P. (1995). Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295974446. Prosser, William Farrand (1903). A history of the Puget Sound country : its resources, its commerce and its people : with some reference to discoveries and explorations in North America from the time of Christopher Columbus down to that of George Vancouver
George Vancouver in 1792, when the beauty, richness and vast commercial advantages of this region were first made known to the world. Lewis Pub. Co. Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Puget Sound.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puget Sound.
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs A collection of 420 photographs depicting life on Vashon Island, Whidbey Island, Seattle, and other communities of Washington State's Puget Sound
Puget Sound from the 1880s through the 1930s. Pacific Science Center: Geology of Puget Sound USGS: Puget Sound
Puget Sound earthquake origins Life on Whidbey Island, the largest in Puget Sound Features of Puget Sound
Puget Sound Region: Oceanography And Physical Processes[permanent dead link], Chapter 3 of the State of the Nearshore Report, King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington, 2001.
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Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley
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Anderson Island Bainbridge Island Blake Island Camano Island Fidalgo Island Fox Island Guemes Island Harstine Island Herron Island Indian Island Marrowstone Island Maury Island McNeil Island Squaxin Island Vashon Island Whidbey Island
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 241512905 GND: 4217703-0 BNF:


The project aims at establishing waterbird population trends, through analysis of over 20 years of waterbird count data, as well as determining changes in habitat conditions through analysis of demographic data for the Sanderling (Calidris alba). The Sanderling breeds in the highest Arctic (which is susceptible to the effects of global warming) and relies on shoreline habitats (which are under stress from sea level rise), thus making it a unique model for understanding the changing environment. These analyses will permit the re-definition of key wetland sites and buffer sites and the results will permit well-informed advocacy for their protection and adaptive management under protected climate change scenarios and impacts on coastal wetlands. The project will also advocate for enhanced management of designated Ramsar Sites and protection of additional key sites.
Activities include completing the data entry process and updating already-entered data; training personnel on techniques for long-term population counts and survival analyses and use of relevant software; completion of Sanderling survival data collection; conducting studies on Sanderling feeding ecology at selected sites; preparing a policy document on the current status of Ghana's coastal wetlands for use by the Ghana Wildlife Division; organizing two information workshops to inform representatives from the local and national government on waterbirds and wetlands.


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Let us fight the battles facing your profession.
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So Autodesk University 2008 doesn't officially get started until tomorrow (Tuesday). That small detail didn't get in the way of some very cool sessions and gatherings from being hosted. For me my day got started at the Richmond International Airport, for a quick flight to New York (JFK). My layover was only supposed to be long enough for me to get from one gate to another, but as "luck" would have it – my flight from JFK to Las Vegas was delayed for about an hour. Better late than never, I finally made it to The Venetian (host hotel for AU 2008) just in time for the AUGI Community Leadership Conference.
Well respected individuals such as Robert Green took the stage to discuss what it takes to run and manage a successful Local User Group. LUG's are of course at the heart of AUGI, and so there were lots of good tidbits to be gathered during the session.
A very apparent theme of this years AU is to make the conference more environmentally friendly. Unlike years past, session handouts aren't blindly distributed at registration, but rather at the classes their self. Also session evaluations will not be done via scantron, but rather electronically. Some may have noticed the bank of computers upon registering. From there you will be able to submit your session evals. And as if saving the environment wasn't cool enough, submitting your eval will enter you for a chance to win a number of free trips to AU 2009! Definitely worthwhile.
Finally, I concluded my evening at the BIM Mixer. All industries were included, and I think everyone there was able to engage in some very good conversation with other industry professionals. Tomorrow is the official start to AU 2008, so stay tuned! Of course you can follow me at AU this year via twitter where I am live "tweeting" this years conference. Likewise you can see a twitter mashup of everyone tweeting the conference here.


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South Carolina Solar Energy News – June Edition
June 26, 2017 /in In the News, Utility & Solar Farms /by Solar Staff
The following article contains important news about solar & renewable energy in South Carolina from the month of June. Contact the Southeast's leading solar company Southern Current to learn about saving money by powering your home or business with clean, unlimited solar energy.
June News About Solar Energy In South Carolina
The Times and Democrat: Southern Current Launching New Solar Farm
Southern Current is launching a new $2.5 million dollar solar farm in Hampton County, South Carolina. In a press release, Governor Henry McMaster said, "When a company invests in one of our rural counties, it's investing in the future of a community with tremendous potential, and that's why we are so grateful for Southern Current's decision to locate in Hampton County."
Solar Industry Mag: Large Solar Project Goes Online At South Carolina Airport
The Columbia Metropolitan Airport is now generating power onsite thanks to 4,000+ solar panels that were installed in June. The 1.38 megawatt (MW) project was constructed on five acres of land between two of the airport's active runways. The solar install is part of the airport's effort to adopt environmentally friendly programs while meeting its obligation to run as economically as possible by lowering energy costs.
The Post and Courier: Tesla-owned SolarCity Leaves South Carolina Months After Entering
SolarCity, the clean-energy subsidiary of Tesla Inc., announced in June it is closing offices in the Lowcountry less than a year after it opened in the state. The move comes at a moment when the solar industry is gaining traction in South Carolina, driven by giant industrial-scale installations and complemented by an expanding market for residential solar power.
Live 5 News: SCE&G Rolls Out New Community Solar Program
Click the link above to watch as Live 5 News reports from the Jerry Zucker Solar Park, discussing a new community solar option for people who rent or cannot go solar on their properties. "If you don't live in a home suitable for solar or you live in an apartment, this is a great opportunity for you to get access to the benefits of solar," said Bret Sowers, a member of Southern Current and chairman of the South Carolina Solar Business Alliance.
Save Money With Solar Energy In South Carolina
Southern Current is proud to be one of the top solar installers in the Southeast. Thanks to the numerous South Carolina solar rebates & incentives that are currently available, there's never been a more affordable time to create your own energy! View the Southern Current Solar Panel Installation Portfolio to see projects we've completed in your area, or Contact Us to request information about a solar panel installation for your home or business and see how much you can save with solar.
Tags: Columbia Metropolitan Airport, Hampton County, SCEG Community Solar Program, Solar farms, SolarCity, South Carolina solar news
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South Carolina Solar Energy News - July Edition
South Carolina Solar Energy News - September Edition
South Carolina Solar Energy News - October Edition
South Carolina Solar Energy News - November Edition
South Carolina Solar Energy News - December Edition
South Carolina Solar Power Rebates And Incentives 5 Reasons To Go Solar In South Carolina This Summer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Philippe Voissière, the cutler sculptor, bagan in the cutlery in 1987. His work becoming his passion, he began to sculpt during his free time in order to create knives of exception. He began to work as a craftman in 2003.


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Merz won the "Best Injectables" award for BOCOUTURE, RADIESSE and BELOTERO by the Aesthetic Guide.
The award was announced in the Spring issue that was distributed at AMWC in Monaco. Here is a link to see the winners feature.
This magazine has a 25,000+ distribution, so this should generate some interest from your customers.


Authors are always asked the same question: 'How do you go about starting a book?' In Sidney Sheldon's case, he answered by telling guests at his party at the Dorchester that he always began by washing his hands. The occasion was to celebrate a citation by his publishers HarperCollins for being its most translated author, with 970 million books sold in 180 countries and 51 languages. Even Eddie Bell, chief executive of HarperCollins, expressed surprise - 'I didn't even know there were 180 countries,' he admitted. The charming, self-effacing author of 250 television screenplays, six plays and 25 films also has an Oscar and a Tony to his credit, and he's only 80. Among the many friends who came to congratulate him was Vivienne Ventura, who brought along a troupe of travelling minstrels as a surprise (though where she'd found them was a subject for conjecture). And the Hon Carol Thatcher, when being complimented on her outsize jewellery, told friends that since she was moving house it was easier to wear the lot than pack it away.


Julie has been out of work for some time now due to severe work stress that has put her out on disability due to harassment and they are refusing to pay her. Julie has filed an EEOC suit against her employer due to the nature of the abuse she was suffering from work. She has filed unemployment but was denied.She has gone through the proper steps to file a complaint, in turn the company has filed a complaint against her. During this time, her working conditions also have caused her Rheumatoid Arthritis to flare up. She has found an attorney to handle her case.
Julie is also in the middle of a divorce and has two children. For what money she has left she is trying to put food on her table and keep a roof over their heads. Ive known Julie for 27yrs. Julie would do anything for anybody She is a wonderful person and kind at heart. . This is why im asking my friends, and friends of friends to help her out!
I ask if we can help her to keep the food on her table, bills paid, gas in her car so she can get to her appointments. Im sure we all have had rough times. I myself have and people have given to me. Now i ask if WE can help her! Lets make her life a little easier and one less thing to worry about!
PLEASE lets help Julie and her kids make it through this tuff time in her life!


Market-based visas (MBVs) are a better solution in almost every respect than the the Republicans' Securing America's Future Act (SAFA)--even for conservatives. And unlike SAFA, MBVs will garner Democratic support when it's time to vote.
To recap: Market-based visas would allow background-checked Mexicans and Central Americans to work in the US on demand in return for a market-based fee.
Below is a link to a feature-by-feature comparison of SAFA v MBVs. This easy-to-use analysis is recommended for those with deeper interest in immigration policy options. Academics and policy staff will want to take a look.


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Resistance and Transformation
Workshop 7: Utopianism
Handout 1: Utopianism and Apocalypticism
Part of Resistance and Transformation
Whether implicitly or explicitly, much of radical political thought falls within established patterns of either utopian or apocalyptic thought. Utopian thinkers believe a better society can be created in a particular place and time. They sometimes put this theory to the test by retreating to utopian communities where they seek to develop their vision of a perfect society free from the constraints of the dominant culture. Apocalyptic thinkers, however, believe a better society will come after an event which reorders human social structures. Progressive thinkers—including many Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists—have been influenced by both of these ideas in greater and lesser ways.
Utopian thinkers believe social transformation can take place in the present moment when people change the way they relate to each other. Rather than waiting for a new society to be born as a result of events in some distant future, they seek to create a new society by acting as if the new world has already arrived. The thought of such utopian thinkers might be best summed up by the peace activist and pacifist A.J. Muste who proclaimed:
There is no way to peace. Peace is the way.
Some utopian thinkers, such as the Jewish theologian Martin Buber and the Sufi Hakim Bey, argue that the utopian experience is by its very nature temporary. The vision of society utopians seek to create can never be realized for all time. It can only be approached in the moment when people live and act in accordance with their highest ideals.
Utopian practice and thought can be found in the efforts of our Unitarian and Universalist forebears to create utopian communities, including Rakow in 17th-century Poland, and, Hopedale, Brook Farm and Fruitlands in mid 19th-century New England. Utopian thinking informed a number of social justice movements and religious thinkers in our history. Henry David Thoreau, who refused to pay taxes to support the United States government's war with Mexico, can be understood as a utopian thinker. In his essay "Civil Disobedience," he argued that ending slavery did not require the changing of any laws but simply a choice on the part of people to refuse to cooperate with the laws that upheld slavery. In his view, noncompliance with the laws—acting as if they did not exist—would render such laws irrelevant and produce the abolition of slavery.
By contrast, subscribers to an apocalyptic worldview believe a better society will only come into being after some event causes a fundamental reordering of social and economic relations. Both secular and religious movements have underpinnings in apocalyptic thought. Secular adherents to apocalypticism believe that a human-created event, such a revolution, can bring about a new era of human relations. Believers in a religious apocalypse think a divine event, such as the coming of the Messiah, for example, will transform both humanity and the natural world.
By its very nature, early Universalist thought was a form of religious apocalypticism. Early Universalists believed either after death or at the end of times, all people would be transformed, and united with God. Apocalyptic thought appeared in the abolition movement when people such as John Brown and his supporters, among them Unitarians Theodore Parker, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and Samuel Gridley Howe, sought to spark a revolution that would destroy slavery. Unitarians, including William Howard Taft, who argued for fighting World War I because it was a "war to end all wars," held a kind of apocalyptic world view. They claimed that permanent peace would come after the war's conclusion. In 1861, Unitarian Julia Ward Howe offered an apocalyptic vision in the famous lyrics of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic:"
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored.
He hath loosed the fateful lightening of his terrible swift sword.
His truth is marching on.
Though often presented as opposites, utopian and apocalyptic notions can sometimes be complementary. The contemporary environmental movement has both utopian and apocalyptic tendencies. Fears of catastrophic global warming, rising oceans, mass hunger, and extinction of species all have at least a tint of apocalypticism to them, offering a vision of environmental destruction as a way to spur a change in human behavior. Some of the proposals for delaying or avoiding these cataclysmic events are utopian in nature, asking people to live in a sustainable manner in the present moment, for example, decreasing behaviors that generate large amounts of carbon dioxide. Thus, a change of behavior in the present moment inspired by apocalyptic fears could alter, forestall or prevent a cataclysmic change in the environment, bringing humankind closer to living an environmentally utopian vision.
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Activity 1: Utopianism and Apocalyptism
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This article was originally written in Norwegian for World Statistics Day on 20 October 2015, and updated for the International Migrants Day on 18 December 2015. Figures in the article were updated to reflect the preceding two months' growth in asylum seekers to Norway.
The large influx of refugees is headline news throughout Europe, including Norway. However, despite all the attention, only a very small percentage of the refugees have found their way to Norway so far (UNHCR 2015). It is nevertheless evident that Norway is experiencing record numbers of asylum seekers and refugees.
Written by: Lars Østby
In recent months, the record influx of refugees into Europe has been a top news story across Europe. The situation has also been followed with great interest in Norway. But to date only a very small percentage, from a few countries, have made their way to Norway. This article examines the number of refugees living in Norway today, and the extent to which they have participated in the education system and labour market. We also present some figures and findings on asylum seekers in 2015.
It's not just the content of the news story that is important; the terms and definitions used and how the situation is portrayed have a large impact on how a story is interpreted. It may focus on the 3 year-old, Aylan Kurdi, whose body was washed up on a beach in Turkey on 4 September. Or we can report that the boats in the Mediterranean Sea are filled, not just with refugees fleeing war in Syria, but with fortune seekers, particularly from Africa, who are seeking to live in Europe in unprecedented numbers. In Norway, we can emphasise that the forecasted immigration from Syria could cost us NOK 430 billion, or we can present the cost as 0.53 øre per day per capita for the remainder of this century. Neither of these approaches are inherently wrong, but when empirical data is selected based on such different perspectives, it is easy to see how disagreements can arise on which knowledge base should be used to throw light on the situation. It is important to use accurate and unambiguous definitions in the descriptions, and to be aware of how we define and use certain terms and on what basis. Such terms include: resettlement refugees, refugees, migrants, immigrants, asylum seekers and asylum seekers who are granted residence. Over the autumn, it has become increasingly common to refer to those crossing the Mediterranean as 'refugees and migrants', thereby perhaps implying a distinction between the 'worthy needy' and 'fortune seekers'. We must also clearly distinguish between actual observations (for which period they are made, and using what methods) and figures on future arrivals (if they are targets, expectations, projections, forecasts, etc.). It is particularly important to make the basis for comparison absolutely clear when comparing countries and periods of time.
Asylum seekers from Syria to Europe were in the minority in 2015
Europe has seen a large influx of refugees and migrants over a long period of time, and the number is increasing rapidly (OECD 2015). Media coverage has centred around the Syrian refugees, many of whom will be granted asylum following their arrival in the country they want to flee to. Germany and Sweden seem to be prepared to grant asylum to all of the war refugees from Syria who apply. By doing so, they are effectively disregarding the Dublin Regulation, which gives countries the right to return refugees to the first EU or EFTA country they arrived in. The Syrians, however, do not make up the majority of the influx to Europe. OECD (2015) shows that only 14 per cent of asylum seekers who arrived in the EU in the first quarter of 2014 and 2015 were from Syria.
The number of Syrians seeking asylum in Norway was relatively high in the autumn of 2015, but their share of the overall influx has fallen (UDI 2015). If we assume that the UDI's current practice will continue (UDI 2015), the majority will probably be granted permission to stay, perhaps with the exception of those coming via counties where they have stayed legally for shorter or longer periods. Even if there was a quick resolution for peace and stability in Syria, refugee camps in neighbouring countries will still be home to millions of people and hundreds of thousands more will still be making their way to or passing through Europe.
Since September, more than half of the asylum seekers to Norway have been from Syria.
A total of 30 110 asylum seekers arrived in Norway in the first 11 months of the year; an increase from around 500 per month in the spring to more than 8 000 in both October and November (table 1). Since mid-November, the number of new asylum seekers has seen a sharp drop, from a record 2 500 one week in mid-November to 363 and 285 in the first and second weeks of December respectively, which are the lowest weekly figures since June.
This sharp decline in the number of asylum seekers was concurrent with the parliament passing a range of proposals (11.19.2015) to tighten the asylum policy (Regjeringen.no, 2015), which followed weeks of intense debate in the media. The individual measures scarcely had any immediate impact, but as an indication of policy tightening their effect is likely to be more far-reaching. While Norway was tightening its policy, crossing the Danish and Swedish borders became much more difficult for those who wanted to get into Norway, and in the first week of December not one asylum seeker crossed the Norwegian-Russian border at Storskog in Finnmark. Furthermore, fewer are tempted to cross the Mediterranean on their way to Europe in the autumn and winter due to poorer weather, and this will also have played a role. All of these factors have no doubt contributed to the sharp decline in the number of asylum seekers from the second half of November to the start of December. Estimated numbers for the weeks and months ahead are as yet unknown.
In total, more than half of the asylum seekers to Norway in 2015 were from Syria, but the breakdown has changed considerably during the year. In the first five months of the year, 13 per cent of asylum seekers were from Syria. In September, the share passed 50 per cent, where it remained during the first half of October. In November, the share fell again to 30 per cent. The number and the share who came from Afghanistan increased in 2015 and was higher in November than the number from Syria. For the year as a whole, Afghanistan is a clear number two behind Syria. Iraq's share increased in the autumn. In the first few months of the year only a few per cent of asylum seekers were from Iraq, but in the year up to November the figure was 10 per cent. Eritrea was the country with the most asylum seekers in Norway for a number of years, but in the second half of 2015 the picture changed dramatically, and up to December less than 10 per cent of asylum seekers were from Eritrea. Both in relative and absolute terms, there is a drop in asylum seekers from Somalia, and compared with the rest of Europe, asylum seekers from the former Yugoslavia and Albania make up a small minority. We also still get very few asylum seekers from African countries other than Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia.
We do not know how many recent asylum seekers will be granted protection in Norway. Of the more than 10 000 decisions made by UDI up to the end of November, almost 20 per cent were refusals and more than 20 per cent did not receive a substantive decision either because another country was responsible for the application under the terms of the Dublin Regulation or the applicant could be returned to a safe third country. Fifty-five per cent of those who applied were successful. One in four applications from Syria did not receive a substantive decision in Norway, and the remainder were permitted to stay here. More than 90 per cent of applications from Eritrea had a positive response, while a third from Afghanistan did not receive a substantive decision in Norway.
Of Germany's 262 000 asylum seekers in the first nine months of the year, 25 per cent were from Syria. Only 5 per cent were from Afghanistan or Iraq, and 3 per cent were from Eritrea. Asylum seekers from the former Yugoslavia and Albania totalled more than 100 000 (40 per cent), but most of them will probably be returned as quickly as possible (MPI 2015). The breakdown of Sweden's 149 000 asylum seekers more closely resembles the Norwegian figures than the German breakdown, but the concentration of a few countries is smaller in Sweden (SCB 2015). The share from Syria has been about 40 per cent throughout the year, followed by Afghanistan, Iraq and Eritrea. These four countries together account for three-quarters of the asylum seekers to Sweden.
It has been said that many of those who cross the Mediterranean are from countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and that these people have the least grounds for asylum. Asylum is granted to many from the Horn of Africa. Furthermore, there are a few thousand asylum seekers from Nigeria in Germany, while there are not many from sub-Saharan Africa who seek asylum in Sweden or Norway (UNHCR 2015).
3.6 per cent of Norwegian population are refugees
Statistics and information on asylum seekers
Statistics Norway publishes statistics on persons who are legally resident in Norway. We do not compile statistics on asylum seekers, i.e. persons awaiting a final decision on their application for protection (asylum) in Norway. Statistics and information on asylum seekers are available from the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI).
At the start of 2015, 188 000 persons with a refugee background were living legally in Norway. A total of 138 000 have refugee status, 35 000 (25 per cent of the total refugees) have come through family reunification with a refugee and 15 000 through the establishment of a family with a refugee. The 188 000 refugees come from a total of 169 different countries (figure 1), mostly from Somalia, Iraq and Iran (see figure 6). Of the 138 000 with refugee status, approximately 90 000 are asylum seekers whose application was successful, 28 000 are resettlement refugees, and almost 20 000 fall under the category 'Other' or 'Unspecified' (Statistics Norway 2015a). Many of the 20 000 are people from Bosnia and Herzegovina who were granted collective protection in the early 1990s. The refugees constitute a significant share of the immigrants in Norway (28 per cent), and make up 3.6 per cent of the total population (table 2).
Figure 2 shows that refugees reside in all parts of Norway. Eighteen municipalities have no refugees, which is just a fifth of the 2012 figure (Østby et al. 2013). Many of the municipalities with the most immigrants in both absolute and relative terms also have many refugees. Nevertheless, there are some interesting divergences from this pattern. Oslo has the most immigrants, both in absolute and relative terms, as do many of the surrounding municipalities, Drammen, the other cities and some municipalities along the coast (Østby et al. 2013). The largest shares of refugees are found in Vadsø, Nesna, Hattfjelldal and Drammen, where they constitute 7.5 to 11 per cent of the population. The shares are also high in other small rural municipalities, some of which have large numbers living in reception centres. However, those living in reception centres are not normally registered as resident in the host municipality unless they have been granted asylum.
Many of those who receive a positive response to their application for asylum remain in the reception centre for many months before they are resettled in a municipality. At the start of 2015, this applied to around 5 000 refugees; about a third of the 14 500 who were in reception centres (UDI, 2015). Refugees are normally issued with a personal identification number when they are granted asylum, and for the period they remain in the reception centre they are normally registered as resident in that municipality. In some municipalities, more than half of the residents in reception centres were waiting to move to their resettlement municipality, and in small municipalities with large reception centres this group can push up the share of refugees in the municipality.
In Oslo and a number of neighbouring municipalities, 6 to 7 per cent of the inhabitants have a refugee background, and Kristiansand, Skien and Fredrikstad are also in the highest category (over 5.53 per cent) in figure 2. Bergen, Stavanger and Trondheim are around the national average, and there are few refugees in many remote areas.
Years following 2005 see strongest growth in labour immigration
Growth in the number of refugees has been steady for the past 15 years (see figure 3). Until 2005, the growth rate for refugees was the same as for immigrants in total, but since 2006, the increase in labour immigration from the new EU countries has meant that the number of immigrants in other categories has grown much faster than the number of refugees. In figure 4, we examine the number of immigrants each year from 1990, broken down by reason for immigration. Here the increase in labour migration (and subsequently the accompanying family immigrants) has remained strong, while the annual number of refugees has increased steadily, but not to the same degree. In recent years, the refugees have constituted almost 15 per cent of the total non-Nordic immigration.
In recent years (to 2014), immigration from Syria has seen a considerable increase (see figure 5), most of which is made up of refugees. The asylum seeker figures in 2015 to date (UDI 2015) suggest a significant increase from Syria and Iraq, as well as an increase from Afghanistan, while the figures for Eritrea seem to be stable. The number of asylum seekers from Somalia is seeing a clear decline, but family reunification is curbing the fall.
Although Norway has hitherto seen a steadily increasing number of refugees, the refugee countries are not among the largest immigration countries. Figure 6 shows that Poland is by far the largest immigration country and that Somalia, which is the largest refugee country, is the fourth largest country with immigrants moving to Norway. Iraq is sixth and Iran is tenth.
Employment rate increases with length of residence
How have the refugees in Norway faired? Employment levels among immigrants are lower than among non-immigrants, with 63 and 69 per cent respectively (Statistics Norway 2015b). As expected, labour immigrants have the highest employment rate, while refugees have the lowest (see figure 7). Employment among refugees has declined somewhat in recent years, partly due to the increase in the share of new arrivals, and partly because there have been an increasing number from countries with a low employment rate (see figure 8). Employment shows a clear improvement the longer an immigrant has lived in Norway, but as we see in Figure 8, there are few refugee countries (only Bosnia and Herzegovina) that achieve 60 per cent employment for both sexes. Employment among men from Sri Lanka is 76 per cent. The lowest employment level is among refugees with the shortest period of residence, i.e. from Somalia, Eritrea and Iraq. These shares will undoubtedly increase as their length of residence increases, but even among Somalis who have lived here for more than 10 years, employment is barely 50 per cent (Statistics Norway 2015b).
Many have been concerned about the employment rate among the Syrians, since we are likely to take in many more in the years ahead. Figures from Statistics Norway's labour market statistics suggest that the employment level among today's newly arrived Syrians is roughly equivalent to the level of the Bosnians after the same short period of residence; 22 per cent were in employment in 1996. We can now see that the Bosnians have a higher employment level than most immigrant groups, which means that low employment immediately following their arrival in Norway is not necessarily an indication of permanently low employment.
Table 4 shows employment by length of residence for immigrants from Syria and Iraq. The total employment for Iraqis and Syrians was fairly steady from 2009 to 2012, with over 40 per cent. The Syrians' total employment then sees a sharp fall due to the increase in refugees from this country. The figures for 2013 and 2014 for the Syrians are dominated by new arrivals who are still on the introduction programme for refugees. During this period, very few will be in employment. The table shows us, however, that when we take into account length of residence, employment will be somewhat higher for Syrians than Iraqis (see table 4). We cannot on this basis make any forecasts for the Syrians' employment in the long term, but as we have seen, low employment levels in the first years after arrival are not an indication of long-term low employment.
Lower share with a higher education
Education is an important prerequisite for finding work in the Norwegian labour market. We have insufficient information about the education of newly arrived immigrants, but in table 3 we show the breakdown of the different levels of education for those we have information on. We compare Syrians aged 25-49 years in 2014 with Bosnians of the same age a few years after arrival (1994) and the Iraqis in 2002. For the Iraqis, there is not one single year of arrival that dominates in the same way as among the Bosnians, and the figures are the same throughout the 2000s. Among Syrians whose education is specified, the share with a higher education is slightly lower than the share among the other two groups. The disparity is due to the fact that the share with a short tertiary education is lower among Syrian men than among others. The share who only have a compulsory education was much lower among Bosnians than among Syrians and Iraqis.
Despite the lack of information on the education of newly arrived immigrants, we do have good data on immigrants' participation in higher education. We see in figure 9 that a much lower share of immigrants are in higher education at the start of their 20s than the population as a whole. There are also large disparities between countries. Many new immigrants have to complete their basic education in Norway before they can start higher education, no one can speak Norwegian, many have no or little qualifications, and it can be difficult to get recognition for education completed abroad. As expected, it is therefore immigrants from Somalia and Afghanistan who have low shares of higher education. Forty per cent of immigrants from Bosnia in their early 20s are taking higher education, which is higher than the average in Norway. We know from other sources (Statistics Norway 2015c) that the share in education among Norwegian-born children of immigrants is much higher than the national average.
The low level of employment among immigrants, and particularly refugees, also means that income levels are low. Figure 10 shows how the median income for the main categories of immigrants varies with length of residence. Income shows a clear increase in all groups as length of residence increases, but even after ten years, refugees still have lower incomes than other immigrants. The median income in Norway measured in this way is NOK 337 000 (Statistics Norway 2015d), so even after living in Norway for ten years, the refugees only manage to achieve 75 per cent of this level.
It is clear that Norway is now having to deal with greater numbers of asylum seekers and refugees than ever before. We have had large numbers of asylum seekers before, but only for brief periods, and never as many as now (Thorud 2012, UDI 2015). This unprecedented influx is likely to go on for longer than previously. There is also a far greater concentration of certain countries now than at any time since 1992. How the resettlement refugees and asylum seekers arriving this and the coming years will fair, is difficult to predict, but previous experience suggests that participation in the labour market will be a determining factor.
Table 1. Monthly breakdown of asylum applications in 2015, in total and for the five countries with the most aslyum seekers
To table
Table 2. Number and share of immigrants and refugees 2015
Table 3. Education among immigrants aged 25-49 years, where education is specified. Syria, Bosnia and Herzegovinia and Iraq, measured some years after arrival. Per cent
Table 4. Employed immigrants aged 15-74 years from Iraq and Syria, by length of residence. 2009-2014. Per cent
MPI (Migration Policy Institute) (2015): Europe's Migration Crisis in Context: Why Now and What Next? http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/europe-migration-crisis-context-why-now-and-what-next
OECD (2015): Migration Policy Debates No. 7, September http://www.oecd.org/migration/Is-this-refugee-crisis-different.pdf
Regjeringen.no (2015): Tiltak for å møte flyktningekrisen (Initiatives to tackle the migrant crisis) https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/7d82bd6cce8b466dacbb01d360846f79/asylavtale_stortinget_2015-11-19.pdf
Statistiska Centralbyrån (2015): Inkomna ansökningar om asyl, 2015. 01.12.2015 07:19:38 http://www.migrationsverket.se/Om-Migrationsverket/Statistik.html
Statistics Norway (2015a): http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvgrunn/aar/2015-06-18?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=228139
Statistics Norway (2015b): http://www.ssb.no/en/innvregsys
Statistics Norway (2015c): http://www.ssb.no/en/utuvh
Statistics Norway (2015d): StatBank, table 09593
Thorud, E. (2012): International Migration 2010-2011. SOPEMI report for Norway. Oslo 2012. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/ad/publikasjoner/rapporter/2012/sopemi_report_2011.pdf
UDI (2015): http://www.udi.no/statistikk-og-analyse/statistikk/asylsoknader-etter-statsborgerskap-og-maned-2015/
UNHCR (2015): http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/asylum_seekers_monthly
Østby, L. et al. (2013): Innvandrernes fordeling og sammensetning på kommunenivå (Breakdown and composition of immigrants at municipal level). Report 37/2013, Statistics Norway, Oslo-Kongsvinger http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/136681?_ts=140e2a916f8
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This tour de force by way of a grasp of experimental novels reveals the writer reflecting on her outdated age and its results on her writing. As she displays on her personal profession, her experiments with narrative, and at the narrative she writes right here, she eventually reasserts herself and accepts the lifestyles in the back of her.
After 15 years of designing greater than 1,500 booklet jackets at Knopf for such authors as Anne Rice and Michael Chrichton, Kidd has crafted an affecting an interesting novel set at a country collage within the overdue Nineteen Fifties that's either slap-happily humorous and heartbreakingly unhappy. The Cheese Monkeys is a faculty novel that occurs over a tightly written semesters.
Can dormant good looks fairly be woke up by means of a Princely contact? The vintage tale of drowsing good looks has had us believing so for years. Now, spun as though via magic from the threads of the cherished Brothers Grimm fairy story comes the mesmerizing memoir of favor clothier Christian Lacroix—the high fashion icon whose creations have invited thousands of ladies to get pleasure from the fairy princess models in their desires.
The classy mind takes readers on a thrilling trip throughout the global of good looks, excitement, and paintings. utilizing the newest advances in neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, Anjan Chatterjee investigates how a cultured feel is etched into our minds, and explains why inventive issues function centrally in our lives.
Surrealist artist Max Ernst outlined college because the "alchemy of the visible snapshot. " scholars of his paintings have frequently pushed aside this remark as easily a metaphor for the transformative strength of utilizing chanced on photos in a brand new context. Taking a totally diversified point of view on Ernst and alchemy, besides the fact that, M. E.
Six weeks with no hairwash, hoping opposed to wish to do it on my own less than the bathe as earlier than. So Valérie jewelry a home-hairdresser she is familiar with – she understands everybody within the village and the subsequent – who comes on Friday with a tall head-bowl and lengthy tubes that hook up with the bathe and tub. desiring a disobedience to the physio's ban on zimming with no him. simply to succeed in the rest room. The shampoo and minimize and set are profitable, sitting conveniently on a immediately chair. Then working towards at the zimmer on my own the total weekend, then telling him on Monday. considering that his accountability is secure, he approves, congratulates, encourages. Now why couldn't God do this? It's nonetheless, although, excruciating for the 2 pillars of fireplace. finally 5 mins an afternoon with him to the living-room and again is not anything to what's being completed on my own. the top ambition and private hope is on the way to zimm to the toilet and not use the bedpan. that's then accomplished. And instantaneously the top ambition and private wish is which will wash on the washstand, although sitting on a chair, as for the hairdresser with out after all with the ability to lean the hypothalamus opposed to the reflected cabinet, now too excessive. That toilet-dream can also be reached and the executive pleasure is now with a purpose to brush teeth after supper rather than earlier than, with the nurse. And, admittedly, to assert see you later to the nurses, despite the fact that captivating and vigorous. at the least, their prescribed days are at an finish. in order that the physio and Valérie at noon are doubly welcome, and provides particularly sufficient cognizance. but when zimming by myself to the rest room is now the top ambition and inner most hope, this confirms that there are moments in lifestyles while in simple terms the instantly previous fulfillment and the instantly next want are suitable. there's no aspect in regretting the auto and the cane, or in longing to stroll back. Can black holes be the beginning of existence? As an individual or different says on television. however, what losses? again to the mind, enduring as a beehive of reminiscence, or is it Kant's Schwärmerei of buzz phrases? Husbands, fans, no, no regrets, loss virtually organised. What else? it sort of feels at the present time that there's way more enjoyable than loss all through, until eventually loss probably accumulates in previous age. using. And the overdue analysis. The toes blocks of ice after 5 mins, a lot later the ordering of a motor vehicle with all instructions at the wheel, yet already attempted in one of these automobile lent by way of the storage, so refused, in useless, for the kindly traveling salesman assures it's now not an identical mechanism however it is. needs to be a troublesome task, mendacity forever. No provide or information regarding retraining. Self-practice by myself alongside the neighborhood nation roads is all. Then the crashed backing into the gate, the choice to prevent using. the auto, image and software of independence, the Polish poet deserted via motor vehicle, right into a new lifestyles, a brand new occupation, now thirty-three years in the past. in comparison to the twenty-two of that marriage. however, the car-loss drives deep, prefiguring all later losses of independence that slowly collect in a single tiny aspect after one other.


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 1954 în literatură — 1955 în literatură — 1956 în literatură
Anul 1955 în literatură a implicat o serie de evenimente și cărți noi semnificative.

Evenimente

Cărți noi
Kingsley Amis - That Uncertain Feeling
Isaac Asimov
The End of Eternity (Sfârșitul eternității)
The Martian Way and Other Stories (Calea marțiană)
Leigh Brackett  - The Long Tomorrow
Ray Bradbury  - The October Country
John Dickson Carr - Captain Cut-Throat
Agatha Christie - Hickory Dickory Dock
Arthur C. Clarke - Earthlight
Thomas B. Costain - The Tontine
Gertrude Crampton - Scuffy the Tugboat
Patrick Dennis - Auntie Mame
J. P. Donleavy - The Ginger Man
Ian Fleming - Moonraker
Franquin - La corne de rhinocéros
William Gaddis - The Recognitions
William Golding - The Inheritors
Graham Greene - The Quiet American
Henri René Guieu
L'Agonie du Verre
Commandos de l'EspaceRobert A. Heinlein - Tunnel in the SkyFrank Herbert - The Dragon in the SeaGeorgette Heyer - Bath TanglePatricia Highsmith - The Talented Mr. RipleyRobert E. Howard și L. Sprague de Camp - Tales of ConanMac Hyman - No Time for SergeantsAldous Huxley - The Genius and the GoddessMacKinlay Kantor - AndersonvilleNikos Kazantzakis - ediția greacă a Patimilor lui Chrisots (Ο Τελευταίος Πειρασμός)
Yasar Kemal - Memed, My HawkC. S. Lewis - The Magician's NephewAlistair Maclean - HMS UlyssesGabriel García Márquez - Relato de un náufrago J. J. Marric's - Gideon's DayBrian Moore -The Lonely Passion of Judith HearneVladimir Nabokov - LolitaFlannery O'ConnorGood Country PeopleA Good Man Is Hard To FindMarco Denevi - Rosaura a las 10John O'Hara - Ten North FrederickAnthony Powell - The Acceptance WorldMarin Preda - Moromeții, vol. I
Barbara Pym - Less than AngelsRobert Ruark - Something of ValueJuan Rulfo - Pedro ParamoFrançoise Sagan - Bonjour TristesseIsaac Bashevis Singer - Satan in GorayThomas Sterling - The Evil of the DayRex Stout - Before MidnightMorton Thompson - Not As a StrangerJ. R. R. Tolkien - Stăpânul inelelor : Întoarcerea regeluiPatrick White - The Tree of ManLeonard Wibberley - The Mouse That RoaredSloan Wilson - The Man in the Gray Flannel SuitHerman Wouk - Marjorie MorningstarJohn Wyndham - The Chrysalids''

Teatru

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Since 1983, The Rehabilitation Unit has been providing the highest quality services designed to help patients with acute physical limitations progress toward independent living.
To be eligible for admission, the patient must be willing and able to participate in an intensive therapy program (3 hours per day) and have potential for improvement. In addition, the patient must require specialized rehabilitation medical management and rehabilitation nursing.
Our highly experienced Rehabilitation physicians direct and follow each patient's treatment and progress. The Nurse Practitioner visits patients frequently during their stay to ensure that services are coordinated to best meet their specific needs.
Specially trained rehabilitation nurses provide care 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They educate patients and families to manage medical needs and encourage carry-over of techniques learned in therapy.
Based on each individual patient's needs, our highly experienced rehab staff members implement specialized treatment programs.
In order to ensure that we are providing the most effective treatment possible for our patients, we closely monitor our treatment results and patient/family satisfaction through national databases. We use this feedback to constantly improve and enhance the services that we provide to all our patients.
Our therapy staff is highly experienced the majority of our therapists have received advanced training in Neurodevelopmental Treatment Techniques and orthopedic rehabilitation. Therapy services are provided 7 days a week including weekends and holidays.
The Saint Thomas Inpatient Rehabilitation unit is designed with "real-life" therapy areas - like a working kitchen and a simulated automobile - to prepare patients for returning home. Plus our gym has a spectacular view of the downtown Nashville skyline!
In preparation for discharge, the patient and family are trained by the rehabilitation staff in the skills needed at home. In order to ensure a safe transition home, family members who will be helping in the care of the patient will attend therapy sessions to learn how to provide assistance in the home setting. Our staff will provide individualized written discharge instructions that patients and their family caregivers can refer to once they return home. We will also arrange for any services or equipment that the patient may need after discharge.


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Gran Hotel Ciudad de México
Staying in a hotel which is itself a historical building is always exciting. The present is the past, and it is easy to imagine ourselves a part of what went on previously. Such is the case with the Gran Hotel Ciudad de México, located on the Plaza de la Constitución, or Zócalo, right in the historic centre of the national capital. On the recommendation of a friend, my husband and I spent two nights there when we first arrived, and another prior to our return early Monday morning.
As early as 1529, three houses built on this site were known as the Merchant's Porch. In 1899, one of the houses was reconstructed as El Centro Mercantil, the Commercial Centre, designed and built by military engineer David Garza. It became the first major department store in the country, selling high-end jewellery, imported fabrics, the accessories and clothing sought by the wealthy. In 1959, the Centro Mercantil was closed and the building preserved. It reopened as a hotel in l968 and was renovated in 2004. It remains today a spectacular example of Art Nouveau architecture which would be the envy of the department stores of Paris. The famous atrium with its fine trappings has been restored to its original splendour and forms the heart of the hotel around it.
The entrance to the hotel is off a walking street, a modest doorway leading to a staircase hung with a massive Louis XV chandelier. At the top of the stair, canaries in an array of bright colours sing from two twelve-foot gilded birdcages, one on each side of the staircase. At this point, you are in the lobby of the atrium. On all sides, several floors of what are now hotel rooms cascade upward, the decorated cast iron bannisters of the spacious corridor in front of them overlooking the lobby below. At each end of the atrium are two 19th-century cast iron elevators constructed as was the Eiffel Tower and decorated with elongated organic flower designs. An attendant welcomes guests on their arrival with a ride up one of these historic elevators. A double staircase, its bannisters also made of ornate cast iron all in one piece, rises to the top of one side of the atrium, large mirrors and other Art Nouveau artifacts decorating each landing. At night, the space impresses, and the bank of ornamental antique lights on the upper floor casts a stately glow. In the daytime, the atrium dazzles, for the roof is made of Tiffany-style glass, with three large glass domes filtering the sunlight through a breathtaking array of coloured Art Nouveau designs.
The stained glass is the work of Jacques Grüber (1870-1936), a French artist specializing in glass and iron. He studied in Paris with Gustave Moreau, and, in l893, became a professor of the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy, France. Later, he established his own studio and became a founder of the Nancy School movement. This amazing glass structure is a fine example of his work and one of the highlights of any tour of the city. The pictures will give you an idea of the glory of the building.
By the way, my friend was right. Apart from its historical value, the location, rooms and reception/concierge services of the Gran Hotel are outstanding. It is also surprisingly reasonable, given their advance booking deals and their upgrade offers for repeat customers.
Written by Marion Lane Posted in Posts, The Arts, Travel	Tagged with Art Nouveau in Mexico, Centro mercantil Mexico City, David Garza, Effervescent Bubble, Gran Hotel Ciudad de Mexico, Jacques Gruber, Marion Lane, Tiffany-style glass
January 22, 2014 - 6:15 pm Julie
Wonderful stained glass and metal!
January 22, 2014 - 6:31 pm Beth
…how splendid it must have been to stay here. A remarkable building – I am so glad to be aware of it. Thanks for writing about it.
A Visit to Cuernavaca
Service with a Smile at an Asian Supermarket


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text:
Bobby Silverstein
Executive Summary Funding Health-Related VR Services: The Potential Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Use of Private Health Insurance and Medicaid to Pay for Health-Related VR Services
Read more about Executive Summary Funding Health-Related VR Services: The Potential Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Use of Private Health Insurance and Medicaid to Pay for Health-Related VR Services
A Description and Analysis of State Policy Frameworks Regarding Order of Selection Under Title I of the Rehabilitation Act
Report Prepared for
The Rehabilitation Research and Training Center
On Vocational Rehabilitation
University of Massachusetts, Boston
100 Morrissey Blvd.
Robert "Bobby" Silverstein, J.D.
POWERS PYLES SUTTER & VERVILLE, P.C.
1501 M Street, N.W., 7th Floor
Bobby.Silverstein@ppsv.com
Read more about A Description and Analysis of State Policy Frameworks Regarding Order of Selection Under Title I of the Rehabilitation Act
Funding Health-Related Vocational Rehabilitation Services: The Potential Impact of the Affordable Care Act
Review VR issue NO. 3, 2013
This issue of ReviewVR explores the policy level impact of the Affordable Care Act on funding health-related vocational rehabilitation services. By Robert "Bobby" Silverstein.
Read more about Funding Health-Related Vocational Rehabilitation Services: The Potential Impact of the Affordable Care Act
Overview of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Amendments Act of 2008
Presentation Date: 01/01/2009
This presentation was given by Robert "Bobby" Silverstein from Powers Pyles Sutter & Verville, P.C. This presentation provides an informative overview on the 2008 ammendments to American Disability Act (ADA).
Read more about Overview of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Amendments Act of 2008


Director of Purchasing, Mark Dorlaque, details how he transformed the organization's P2P processes from 1965 to the modern era.
Paper-based purchasing processes that aren't automated can lead to misordering and lengthy approval times that cause inventory fluctuations and late payment, resulting in a loss in productivity as well as early-payment discounts.
Join Bethesda Health Director of Purchasing, Mark Dorlaque, as he discusses how he streamlined purchasing, approval and payment processes to bring efficiency across the organization.