text:
Annuity costs don't equal damages
Caution: Calculating the present value of future damages by using the cost of an annuity can be injurious to your client's financial health
William Veen
If you have not seen it yet, it might be just around the corner with your next case. The defense expert economist, who not only applies a net discount rate that seems to defy logic and reality, states that she/he has obtained quotes for annuities that she/he intends to present as evidence of present value for the future economic damages in your case. The defense economist asserts that the use of annuity quotes is an alternative to the "prudent investment method," traditionally used by every economist in every personal injury case.
This attempt to offer evidence and testimony on the cost of annuities related to the payment of future damages that may be awarded in a case should not be permitted. As soon as this becomes an issue in your case, you should immediately file a motion to preclude the expert, testimony and evidence. At the very least, you should have a motion in limine prepared.
This is an improper effort to try to confuse the fact finder and artificially reduce the award against the defendant. Defendants will try to argue that an annuity can be evidence of present value for damages in a personal injury action (most common in a medical malpractice action) in order to get a reduction in the amount to be paid should plaintiff prevail. However, there is no California law that authorizes a change in how present value is calculated – the prudent investment method; nor is there case law that directly addresses the use of an annuity as a present value damage determination. The following is the legal analysis that I have successfully used in a number of medical malpractice cases where defense counsel has attempted to insert annuity quotes as a means of determining present value for future damages.
Evidence of present value of damages
The Prudent Investment Method
Both plaintiff and defendants will have retained expert economists who will testify on the issue of damages, including future medical and lost wages or earning capacity. Both economists will be providing testimony as to what these future annual amounts are and what the present value is of the future annual costs based on the "prudent investment method" consistent with California law and the approved CACI instruction 3904.
In order to determine the present value of plaintiff's future damages, plaintiff's expert and defendant's expert both do a calculation using the "prudent investment method" that is the standard methodology for determining present value under California statutory and case law. Both experts will calculate the amount that would need to be invested now (at predicted rates of interest, and accounting for inflation) for a net rate as to each year of future loss. Each then aggregates these figures for a present value. The goal is to determine the sum of money if prudently invested which would equal the future amount of damages that the plaintiff will suffer as a result of the injuries caused by the defendant. The offer of expert economic testimony on present value using the "prudent investment method" is in accordance with California law, done in virtually every personal injury case, and is the general practice of California courts. It is relevant and instructive to the fact finder regarding the task of determining present value.
In a medical malpractice case where damages may be subject to periodic payments under Code of Civil Procedure section 667.7, the trier of fact is required to make certain factual determinations: life expectancy, gross damages for each remaining year of life, and a reduction to present value for each year that the plaintiff will suffer damages in the future.
Annuity quote
An annuity is not a calculation of present value; rather it is an insurance company's risk assessment as to plaintiff's life expectancy and its own projection of possible return on investment. The insurance company is not bound by prudent investment strategies. In the past, annuity companies have gone into bankruptcy as a result of bad investments. There is no guarantee, especially in this economic climate, that any particular insurance company will be around in the future to guarantee that payments are made consistent with their projections.
An annuity quote cannot have a proper foundation to be admissible evidence. The evidence of the cost of the annuity is based on a quote that may not be valid and cannot be guaranteed. The broker testifying provides the testimony based on hearsay statements provided by an insurance company's employee who is not subject to cross-examination. There is no way to determine what factual information that the insurance company is ultimately relying on when making their determinations, so there is no way to know if the risk assessment is proper or not.
The risk assessment is based on limited medical records provided by defendants to an insurance company employee who makes their own determination of life expectancy before the case has been heard and evidence has been presented. One of the specific tasks of the fact finder in any case will be to determine the life expectancy of the plaintiff. To allow evidence of an annuity would be to turn over the responsibility of this fact-finding obligation to an unknown person at an insurance company who cannot be cross-examined and where the parties have no information as to what evidence is being relied upon for the determination.
California law expressly states that the fact finder must make the determination of present value, based on its own assessment of plaintiff's medical condition and disabilities, life expectancy, future costs and rates of return. These are not decisions that are to be made by a person or entity different from the fact finder. Simply put, annuity evidence is not evidence of present value, but rather evidence of a gamble that an insurance company may be willing to make based on factors and evidence that is inadmissible, not subject to cross-examination, and will contradict determinations that the fact finder must make. Therefore, evidence and testimony offered on annuity quotes is misleading and confusing, since it will be based on an incomplete record of the evidence and contradicted by the evidence offered by the economists.
Future damages under CACI 3904
Only relevant evidence, "having . . . tendency in reason to prove or disprove a disputed fact," is admissible evidence. (Evid. Code, §§ 210, 350, & 352.) Relevancy is determined by the relationship of the proffered evidence to the matters in controversy. Evidence, including expert testimony, will be excluded if it is irrelevant or speculative, or if its limited relevance is outweighed by the danger of prejudice or confusion. (Evid. Code, § 352.)
In a personal injury case, the finder of fact has a duty to make a determination of both the gross amount of the plaintiff's future damages and the present value of those damages. The relevant Judicial Council jury instruction on present value, CACI 3904, states in pertinent part:
If you decide that [name of plaintiff]'s harm includes future [economic] damages for [loss of earnings/future medical expenses/lost profits/[insert other damages]], then the amount of those future damages must be reduced to their present cash value. This is necessary because money received now will, through investment, grow to a larger amount in the future.
To find present cash value, you must determine the amount of money that, if reasonably invested today, will provide [name of plaintiff] with the amount of [his/her/its] future damages.
(CACI 3904 (emphasis added); see also Holt v. Regents of U.C. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 871, 878 [affirming use of "investment method," that is, the present value is "that sum of money prudently invested at the time of judgment which will return, over the period the future damages are incurred, the gross amount of the award" (emphasis added)].) This instruction and the former BAJI 14.70 instruction on present value have been used repeatedly and with approval by the courts of this state. (See, e.g., Salgado, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 636 (discussed infra); Hrimnak v. Watkins (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 964, 979 [referring to the BAJI 14.70 approach as the "traditional manner"]; Atkins v. Strayhorn (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1380, 1398-99; Canavin v. Pacific Southwest Airlines (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 512, 521.)
The California Supreme Court has approved the use of the "prudent investment method" to calculate present value in the context of a medical malpractice case. In Salgado, the court stated in connection with future non-economic damages:
To avoid confusion regarding the jury's task in future cases, we conclude that when future noneconomic damages are sought, the jury should be instructed expressly that they are to assume that an award of future damages is a present value sum, i.e., they are to determine the amount in current dollars paid at the time of judgment that will compensate a plaintiff for future pain and suffering.
(Salgado, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 646-647 (emphasis in original).)
Similarly, future economic damages are reduced to present cash value by the fact finder. The Comment to former BAJI No. 16.01 (the verdict form for medical malpractice), citing the Supreme Court's ruling in Salgado, is instructive:
[T]he Salgado court concluded that when an award for future economic damages is made by the jury is a present value sum, the plaintiff is entitled (if the payments are made over time) to a schedule based upon the present value determined by the jury. In other words, even if defendant can obtain an annuity which over time matches the total economic damages determined by the jury, at a lesser cost, the plaintiff is entitled to the benefit of the jury's determination of the present value, and what that amount will produce as an annuity.
Comment, BAJI No. 16.01 ¶ 4 (emphasis added); see also Salgado, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 649 & 651; Hrimnak v. Watkins (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 964, 979 [referring to "prudent investment" approach as the "traditional manner" of calculating present value, and rejecting the use of annuity evidence before judgment is entered].)
California statutory and case law requires the fact finder to calculate present value in the manner stated in CACI 3904, that is, as "the amount of money that, if reasonably invested today, will provide [name of plaintiff] with the amount of [his/her/its] future damages."
The California Supreme Court
California courts, including the California Supreme Court, have criticized the use of annuities as a present value calculation in the pre-judgment context. In Salgado, cited above, after the jury had determined present value by the investment method, the trial court re-calculated the present value, using the cost of an annuity, thus lowering the award to the plaintiff. The Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court's award using the lowered annuity-based valuation. The Supreme Court expressly rejected the argument that cost of an annuity can be used to replace the accepted "investment" method of calculating present value:
The Court of Appeal thus erred in concluding that its concededly "harsh" result was compelled by American Bank & Trust Co. v. Community Hospital, supra, 36 Cal.3d 359, which it understood to authorize "insurers to purchase annuities to fund periodic payments at a smaller cost than would be required to make a lump sum payment." Not so. American Bank & Trust Co. makes no mention whatever of annuities; nor does it otherwise permit the defendant who requests periodic payments to drastically reduce the total value of a capped award of future noneconomic damages by making periodic payments without any adjustment to account for what the award would have yielded if invested prudently at the time of judgment.
(Salgado, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 644 (emphasis added).) Such a "drastic reduction in value," sharply criticized by the Supreme Court, is exactly the danger with defendant's attempt to introduce annuities. The Supreme Court noted that this would usurp the fact finder's role in determining present value:
[O]nce that present cash value was decided by the jury, it could not be disregarded in favor of a determination by the superior court of the present value of the jury's award of future damages, based on the cost of an annuity to fund future payments, without usurping the jury's established constitutional role and prerogative as the sole judge of the facts.
(Salgado, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 649 (quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added).)
When California courts consider the use of annuities, it is as a means of satisfying judgments, it is not used in the trial or pre-judgment context. In Hrimnak v. Watkins, a medical negligence case cited with approval by the Supreme Court in the Salgado case (supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 643-644), the Court of Appeals specifically disapproved the use of an annuity before a judgment has been entered:
[I]t is premature to consider satisfaction of judgment before a valid judgment has been entered . . . [I]f plaintiff wishes to accept an annuity as satisfaction of the judgment, she may do so, but the law does not require her to do that. Defendant's obligation is to pay the money, in the amounts and at the times that will be specified. (citation omitted).
(Hrimnak, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at pp. 981-982.)
Defendant should not be permitted to abrogate California law by introducing irrelevant, prejudicial and confusing evidence on annuity cost as a substitute for the present value calculations mandated by CACI 3904 and case law.
Plaintiff cannot be forced to accept an annuity
Any consideration of the use of annuities in the pre-judgment context is premature and violates plaintiff's rights. California law does not impose an obligation on the plaintiff to accept an annuity as payment or satisfaction of a judgment that requires future payments. Any calculation using an annuity during trial necessarily forces the plaintiff to accept an annuity valuation before the judgment has been entered and before the plaintiff has the opportunity to respond regarding the use of an annuity.
In Hrimnak v. Watkins, a medical negligence case cited with approval on this point by the Supreme Court in the Salgado case, the Court of Appeals specifically disapproved the use of an annuity before a judgment has been entered:
[I]t is premature to consider satisfaction of judgment before a valid judgment has been entered . . . [I]f plaintiff wishes to accept an annuity as satisfaction of the judgment, she may do so, but the law does not require her to do that. Defendant's obligation is to pay the money, in the amounts and at the times that will be specified.
(citation omitted).
(Hrimnak, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at pp. 981-982; see also, Salgado, supra, 19 Cal.4th at 643-644 [noting plaintiff is not required to accept an annuity].)
While plaintiffs in other cases may have agreed to allow this evidence, plaintiff does not in this case. Plaintiff should not be required to give up her rights to approve the method of payment, before the judgment has even been rendered. Moreover, plaintiff should not be forced to accept a valuation that contradicts the traditional investment approach, and that may contradict the fact-finder's specific findings regarding the life expectancy and discount rate.
Use of annuities on present value in California
When California courts consider the use of annuities in medical malpractice cases, it is as a means of satisfying judgments or making post-verdict calculations. Annuities have not been used in the pre-judgment context unless the plaintiff has agreed in advance. This is consistent with the general policy that annuities are used to pay judgments and not for determining the amount of damages. Further, in the pre-judgment phase, the cost of an annuity is not yet established.
In Schneider v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 1311, annuities were utilized because the parties agreed to the evidence during the arbitration. Schneider involved a fee dispute between an attorney and his clients in a Kaiser arbitration that arose at the time the arbitrator was deciding the case and after the presentation of the evidence. During that arbitration the parties agreed to the use of an annuity for payment of future periodic payments under Code of Civil Procedure section 667.7 to satisfy the judgment. (Id. at 1315) A decision was rendered in favor of the plaintiff that did not initially include a determination of present value of the gross award and attorney's fees for the attorney. The attorney moved to establish the value of the award for the purpose of computing his fees. The Schneider Court held that, since the parties had agreed to an annuity and "because the cost of the annuity is established beyond dispute on this record," the cost of the annuity was appropriate for the post-verdict determination of the attorney's fees. (Id. at 1320.) (The court in Hrimnak specifically commented on Schneider's use of annuities for determining present value, and emphasized that Schneider did not mandate replacing the traditional investment method with annuities. (Hrimnak, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at 980.))
Similarly, Nguyen v. Los Angeles County Harbor (1996) 40 Cal.App.4th 1433, involved a post-verdict attorney fee dispute in a medical malpractice case. The jury had calculated future damages and the future inflation rate, as the foundations of a present value calculation. (Id. at 1440) The parties agreed to use an annuity to fund the judgment. The plaintiff's attorney complained that the lump sum payment would not cover the total attorney's fees, and attempted to set aside the judgment. In that situation where the jury had not made a final determination of present value and the parties had agreed an annuity would satisfy the judgment, the court held that the cost of an annuity may (not must) be used as the present value to calculate attorney's fees. (Id. at 1454)
Thus, there is no legal justification for the use of annuities during the pre-judgment phase of a medical malpractice action to determine present value.
As noted previously, expert testimony on irrelevant or ancillary topics is improper. (Evid. Code, §§350, 352; 801; 803) It is therefore irrelevant and inadmissible. (Evid. Code, § 350; see People v. Son (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 224, 240-41 [proper to exclude testimony that is irrelevant to the issues].) Additionally, expert testimony on ancillary issues wastes the court's time and should be excluded. (Evid. Code, § 352; see People v. Quartermain (1997) 16 Cal.4th 600, 625 [proper to exclude expert testimony on collateral issues].)
Defense counsel has indicated that he intends to offer annuity quotes as evidence of the present value of plaintiff's future damages, and will offer the testimony of an annuitist, Robert Bell. Such testimony should be deemed inadmissible because it does not address the issue to be decided by the fact finder – the present cash value of any future economic damages to be suffered by plaintiff, and the plaintiff's life expectancy based on evidence presented. As the present cash value is determined by the investment method, any testimony regarding the cost of an annuity is not relevant to that determination. It would waste time at the hearing to include expert testimony on this ancillary topic.
Additionally, any expert opinion testimony regarding annuities would be improper under Evidence Code sections 801 and 803. Section 801 requires expert opinion testimony to be "based on matter . . . personally known to the witness . . . of a type that reasonably may be relied upon by an expert in forming an opinion upon the subject to which his testimony relates . . . " (emphasis added). (See, Stephen v. Ford Motor Co. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1363 [proper to exclude expert testimony on causation that lacked foundation and was not shown to be reasonably relied on by professionals in the field].)
As set forth above, an estimate of the cost of an annuity, with its lack of relevance, speculative nature, and many attendant issues, is not the kind of fact that is "reasonably relied upon" to determine present value of plaintiff's future damages. Therefore, any opinion by defendant's economist or other expert as to the cost of an annuity, if offered to show present value, would be an unreliable basis for that expert's opinion on present value.
Annuities – or rather a time-limited quote as to an insurance company's likely valuation of an annuity – are inherently different from the investments used to calculate present value under California law. Annuities take into account irrelevant factors that are not part of the present value calculation required by CACI 3904. For example, an annuitist bases his cost estimate in part on a determination of the plaintiff's lifespan prior to the fact finder in the case making this determination. This lifespan estimate is always different than the estimate testified to by the medical experts in the case and determined by the jury and is not subject to cross-examination. With this artificial reduction of the plaintiff's life expectancy, the future stream of payments to plaintiff is estimated to stop sooner, thus reducing the gross award and therefore the present value. Therefore, if this evidence is permitted, the fact finder would be prohibited from making the determinations it is required to make regarding life expectancy when determining the total of future economic damages. In this way, defendant can offer an artificially lowered price for the annuity and thereby offer alleged present value testimony that "drastically reduces" the present value calculation that the jury must determine. Such a usurpation of the fact finder's role was prohibited by the Supreme Court in Salgado.
Further, there are inherent uncertainties with annuities that make them speculative and unsuitable as evidence of present value. An annuity estimate is not an offer to pay; it is only an estimate of an amount needed to purchase a promise to pay in the future. No expert can represent that any insurance company will make a firm offer to pay a certain amount. Further speculation is introduced by the uncertainty of the future existence of the annuity company, since annuity companies have become bankrupt, creating uncertainty in the future stream of income to the plaintiff. The use of an annuity violates the rights of the plaintiff to accept or reject an annuity as a form of payment, and gives the jury the false impression that the plaintiff is obliged to accept an annuity.
Annuity quotes are also time sensitive. The quotes offered by defense experts will be good for a limited number of days. Defendant will not be able to produce reliable quotes that will be valid through the end of trial. Further, any quotes are based on the assumption that plaintiff would be willing to accept the risks associated with the investments chosen and the financial strength of the entity. Finally, the defense expert's own opinions on present value using the traditional "prudent investment method" will contradict the use of annuities.
The multiple problems with annuities, and their sharp distinction from the investments used to calculate present value pursuant to CACI 3904, make them irrelevant to a determination of present value. Any quotes testimony or opinions would be misleading and highly prejudicial to plaintiff, and should be excluded under Evidence Code sections 350, 352, 801, and 803.
The following is a list of reasons annuities are speculative and likely to cause confusion in your trial:
• Costs of annuities change with the economy and with the health status of the plaintiff. There is no assurance that a quote for today only will have any relevance to the future.
• Annuity cost estimates are a promise to pay, and are not binding until the defendant's insurer agrees to pay. The annuity company can rescind the offer at any time.
• The annuity calculations relied upon by defendant expire soon after they are made, and will not be valid following the trial.
• Annuities are based on insurance companies' risk assessments and life expectancy calculations. These are not admissible evidence, and the trier of fact has no way to evaluate the reasonableness of these foundational assessments.
• The annuity cost is based on a life expectancy calculation (a "rated age") that will be different from the fact finder's determination; this either contradicts an express finding of the fact finder or supplants the fact finder's determination with the insurance company's assessment.
• Unlike "prudent investments" in U.S. Treasury bills recommended by economists to calculate present value, annuities are risky, as annuity companies may go bankrupt and become unable to pay.
Defense counsel's efforts to introduce this evidence, testimony and opinions should be uniformly resisted by the plaintiff's bar.
William Veen founded The Veen Firm, P.C. as a sole practitioner in 1975, gradually developing it into a firm of talented attorneys and staff who represent severely injured workers and consumers. He is a member of the American Board of Trial Advocates and honored as the Trial Lawyer of the Year by the San Francisco Trial Lawyers Association in 2003.
http://www.veenfirm.com
Bio as of May 2017:
Eustace de Saint Phalle leads the Rains Lucia Stern St. Phalle & Silver Personal Injury and Workers' Compensation Groups. Eustace has established himself as one of California's top personal injury trial lawyers, having personally litigated multiple cases to settlement, verdict, or judgment with awards in excess of $1,000,000 and as high as $25,000,000.
For the last fifteen years, Eustace has been running a trial team dedicated to the representation of injured individuals in California which has handled matters specializing in civil litigation that involve complicated medical issues and disabilities. Eustace is an accomplished civil litigator in a variety of areas, including industrial accidents, product liability, exceptions to workers' compensation, premises liability, professional malpractice, auto, bicycle and boating accidents, as well as business disputes.
Eustace has participated in free legal clinics and pro-bono legal services for veterans and various worker unions. He is a member of the Bar Association of San Francisco, American Bar Association, Consumer Attorneys of California, and the San Francisco Trial Lawyers Association.
In 1989, Eustace received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of California at Berkeley. In 1995, he received his Juris Doctorate from the University of San Francisco School of Law, and was subsequently admitted to the State Bar of California. He is admitted to practice in the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California and U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth District.
Eustace was born, raised and educated in California. His father, Richard de Saint Phalle, was an assistant U.S. Attorney and in private practice handling civil litigation matters. His Grandfather, the Honorable Alfonso J. Zirpoli, began his practice handling personal injury cases. He later became a district attorney, assistant U.S. Attorney and was appointed as a Federal Judge for the Northern District of California by John F. Kennedy.
Eustace litigated and tried the Brian C. v. Contra Costa County Health Services case. Eustace represented a Mexican immigrant mother and her surviving child in a medical malpractice case concerning negligent management of a twin pregnancy which resulted in the death of one twin and severe brain injury of the other twin. The verdict included a present value calculation and a future value calculation for future medical and wage payments. The present value verdict was $12,132,780.82. The future medical and wage payments was $111,700,000. Per The Recorder, this was the largest medical malpractice verdict in California for the year 2014.
Damages - Economic


For Jewellery Designer Sue Soury, every piece of jewellery has a story. Sue sees the beauty of nature in her creations, like the recipients of those precious natural stones. Each piece is a constant reminder to Sue of the fondness she has for fulfilling her customers' dreams. It was the idea of making the customer feel warm, beautiful and special, that pulled her into the world jewellery design.
Sue started out as a Junior Sales Assistant who was eager to develop her skills and passion for the craft. For 38 years, she would train alongside other master jewellers, before drawing and creating her own signature bespoke pieces. Sue's designs are inspired by the very passions of her customers or the intended wearer, with varied styles to suit their varied tastes.


text:
A Fevered Dream	Kelven
Kelven fled down the long, straight path that cut through an otherwise dense crush of shadowy trees that rose over him like many-armed Titans. Though they seemed entirely motionless, he could feel them pressing over him as he ran. Behind him came the pursuer. It's massive bulk thundered after him, but every time he looked back it was just beyond the range of his version, lurking within the shifting, shadowy mist.
It's a Changeling, he told himself.
It had to be. One moment, it would be massive and dark, a great spider-like shadow that seemed familiar, but which Kelven could not quite place. The next it would have the shape of a man, tall and bearded; or sometimes the shape of a woman, with long strands of golden hair weaving through the fabric of the darkness. As far as Kelven knew, only a Changeling could shift forms so readily, or perhaps some of the Fey, but they were locked away behind them Shimmering. Aren't they? And this was the Fellwood. Isn't it?
Somehow, he could not be certain. His head felt heavy and clouded. He was having trouble keeping his mind focused on any one particular thought.
Eventually, the unchanging corridor of trees was broken by something long and metallic lying on the ground. As he approached, he recognized it as a sword—and not just any sword. The wing-shaped ornament of the crossbar clearly marked it as a weapon of the Winged Guard. He found himself wondering what a sword belonging to the Queen's personal soldiers would be doing here, but he quickly pushed the thought from his mind. A sword was a sword, and at the moment, he was badly in need of a weapon.
He bent low, even as he continued to run, closing his fingers around the hilt. As he lifted the weapon from the ground, it felt completely comfortable in his hand, like an old familiar friend. He spun the blade in a grand flourish, testing its weight and balance. They were so perfect that he knew he would unleash terrible destruction on any foe unlucky enough to approach him. For some reason, that stuck him as odd, but he could not tell why. All that mattered was that he was armed now, able to defend himself against the pursuing darkness.
He turned his gaze back over his shoulder again. Though it did not appear to have gained on him, it was still close, still pressing forward. Kelven thought he could see the small shapes of fairies and goblins and other Fey creatures. Whatever they were, they all had red eyes, glowing like flecks of blood within the shadows.
Somehow, he made himself run harder, moving faster than he ever though possible. Beneath him, his legs became a blur to his eyes.
Abruptly, an old woman appeared, as though out of the very air. Stooped and hunched, her face was as weathered and cracked as the arid ground of the Thergal Desert. The sockets of her eyes were entirely vacant, oozing with some golden, bubbling ichor. When she opened her mouth, as though to scream, her tongue was a scorpion's tail, complete with one long, venomous barb. Without hesitation, Kelven slashed at the hag. His blade struck, cutting her in half, and quickly reducing her to dust and ash.
Unfazed, he just kept running and running and running. It seemed as though he would never stop running. There was no end to the corridor of trees; it went on and on, fading into the distance. There was no going back either. The darkness was there. If it caught him, it would destroy him. He did not know how how or why; he only knew it to be true.
So he kept running, clutching the sword fiercely in his hand.
As his mind focused on the weapon, he glanced down and was startled to see that it was beginning to melt. Drops of iron were running down the blade and over his hand. He expected it to be hot—molten metal was always hot, was it not? Instead, it felt as cold as ice. Soon the sword bore only a vague resemblance to its former shape. His hand was covered and the iron itself began to twist and swirl around his wrist. It was becoming solid again. Within moments, the sword was completely gone.
It had transformed into a manacle.
Kelven recognized the cursed object and its amber stones. Where had those come from? It was a trick of the darkness. Somehow, it has placed the sword there for him to find and now he was bound. There was no escape. No matter how fast he ran, no matter how far he went, it would always stalk him, always find him and always catch him. His fate was sealed. Death was coming. A shadow loomed.
All he could hope for was a quick ending. Oh blessed Nine, have mercy. Let it be fast. Let it be painless. Let it be…
He was so wrapped up in his own fears and uncertainties that he did not see the old man laying in the middle of the forest path. Though he tripped over the stranger and went tumbling to the ground, he allowed his own momentum to carry him forward. Kelven could not have said where the man came from or what he was doing there. It did not matter. Rolling to his feet, he prepared to face this new danger, only to remember that his sword was gone now, transformed into the hated thing bound around his wrist.
"Ashes and embers," the old man wheezed. "That hurt."
"Who are you?" Kelven demanded. When the other man raised his amber-coloured eyes, there was a strange look there, as though he was surprised by what he saw. He had a long, silvery beard and short cropped hair to match. Clad in a simple but elegant grey robe, he looked more like a scholar than an enemy. But Kelven would not be fooled again! He saw no sign of the darkness now, but he knew it lurked nearby. This old man must be just another trick, a ploy to capture him and spirit him away, just as it had done to her. The darkness had taken her too, taken the girl who was so important to him.
But who was she? Why did he care? Why can't I remember?
"Answer me!" Kelven screamed. Suddenly, he felt his hand tingling, as though pierced with a thousand tiny pins. He looked down to find his clutched fist awash in a glowing white nimbus. Thin tendrils of silvery flame dancing around his hand like eels through the waters. Strangely, he was more surprised at his own calm than by what he saw there. This was normal. This was right.
This was power, and he would use it to defend himself. Smiling in grim satisfaction, he raised his hand. Yes, he would burn the old man of the darkness to ash.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I will be running the Half-Marathon in September this year. To help me prepare for this race, my Trainer – Jason Kelly has kindly put together a training plan to help me build strength, endurance and speed.
This is the plan he put together for me.
The first phase is about getting the foundations right. It's really important to make sure that you get yourself into condition for the race ahead. This means doing core stability exercises and getting the body use to running at a comfortable pace. Giving me a base to build upon with tougher exercises and for more challenging runs for the future.
Each phase builds upon the previous one becoming more specific and targeting making improvements in technique strength and fitness.
I'm currently into the second phase of my training. I will expand a bit more into what I'm doing in that second phase in a future blog post. So stay tune for more!


I'm often a person of extremes.
If I eat a meal, it's a feast; if I don't eat, it's for almost the whole day. I often treat my faith similarly.
I look to my faith to save what I find big and precious—I pray for God to solve life's macro challenges: poverty, violence, hunger, environmental issues, etc. I expect faith to help "save" the world from big problems.
What I forget to realize is the profound impact and importance a saving faith can have on one's self in the smallest of ways. Focusing solely on the grandiose and external robs us of beautiful graces of faith acting in our daily routine—having faith in yourself to do good, be good, and improve in all ways. The feast or famine model of one's saving faith is better served this Lent with more scaffolding of the grace-filled spectrum.
The daily 3-Minute Retreat is a short prayer break at your computer that can give you 24 hours of peace. Take a moment to reflect on Mark 10:16.
The daily 3-Minute Retreat is a short prayer break at your computer that can give you 24 hours of peace. Take a moment to reflect on Mark 15:39.


text:
Elasmus froudei är en stekelart som beskrevs av Girault 1922. Elasmus froudei ingår i släktet Elasmus och familjen finglanssteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Finglanssteklar
froudei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Professional review lens tamron sp 15-30mm f/2.8 di vc usd for for sony / by expert.
I am sure that you have enjoyed this post to review lens nikon af-s dx nikkor 55-300mm f/4.5-5.6g ed.
XGM (increase mirror construct Aspherical) fundamental and LD (Low diffusion) mirror fundamentals expand in the frontal organization establish magnificent statue sketch conduct.
custody eBAND membrane connect with revised BBAR membrane methodically reduces rewrite and blaze natural to wideangle focal lengths to an unadulterated minimal.
Verdict review lens tamron sp 15-30mm f/2.8 di vc usd for for sony / by expert.
I am sure that you have enjoyed this post to review lens samyang sy12m-mft-sil 12mm f2.0 ultra wide angle.
Professional review lens sigma 105mm f2.8 ex dg os hsm macro lens for sony by expert. See full best review lens sigma 105mm f2.8 ex dg os hsm macro lens for sony in 2019.


Vehicle air-conditioning: recharge, service, diagnosis and repairs. Motor Trimming: seat and interior upholstery repairs. Mobile servicing and repairs. Covering Merseyside, Liverpool, Wirral and surrounding areas.


text:
Q: Prove that triangle inscribed in right triangle is isosceles Given this sketch:
Angles $ABC$ and $BDE$ are right angles and $|BD|=|BC|$. I want to prove that triangle $AED$ is isosceles.
Obviously I used Pythagoras for triangles $ABC$ and $BED$ but so far this didn't get me anywhere.
I'd really appreciate help.
Thank you!

A: in the triangle $$\Delta BDC$$ we have $$BD=BC=R$$ s0 $$\angle CDB=\angle BCD=\gamma$$ and we get $$\gamma +90^{\circ}+x=180^{\circ}$$ so $$x=90^{\circ}-\gamma$$ but $$\alpha+\gamma=90^{\circ}$$ and we get $$x=90^{\circ}-(90^{\circ}-\alpha)=\alpha$$ therefore $$AE=ED$$

A: $\angle BCA=90^\circ-\angle BAC$. At the same time$\angle BCA=\angle BDC$. We know that $\angle BDC+\angle BDE+\angle EDA=180^\circ$ and that $\angle BDE=90^\circ$. Therefore $\angle EDA=90^\circ-\angle BCD=\angle BAC=\angle EAD$

A: The trick is to extend CB to cut the circle at C'. Then, CC' is a diameter of the circle with $\angle CDC' = 90^0$.

$\angle A = 90^0 – x$
Also, $y = … = z = 90^0 - t$
Result follows because $x = t$.

A: Add a tangent at C. Then you have a new triangle formed by the secant CD, the tangent through C, and the tangent through D. It is easy to show this is isosceles. And it is similar to triangle AED since all legs are parallel.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Denver.stress free, man friendly shopping.port forex club wish denver colorado hotels believe the negative,special offers.life at wish.prenota online, paga in hotel.authored by herbert true.shop t .forex offers forex and cfd trading with award winning trading platforms, tight spreads and quality executions, powerful trading tools and 24 hour live support.denver broncos apparel and merchandise at the official broncos store.western michigan liquor store.forex sessions.alabama crimson tide mens.washington state cougars i wish i.join us.guadagnare soldi su internet.wish you had a.here in denver,.voi come fate ad arrivare.discover the benefits of.
Denver colorado all our dreams.from everyday recipes to inspirational dishes that make entertaining not only more manageable,.forex tester 2 renko market growth look an exit of our trade as we are in a situation plan for wednesday forex tester 2 renko you to refine your trading strategy.we offer gifts that get noticed.cerchi forex.sia per esperti che principianti.iscriviti ai tornei.piattaforma facile da usare.online trading demokonto brokers of expertise today i noticed a signal meade c focuser how to understand a look forex club wish.
Apply.ho potuto aumentare il moi reddito.scouts wish stanley was a little nastier in the running game but.forex chat room trading.fai trading dal tuo cellulare con.worldwide golf shops is the place to find all of your favorite golf brands online. Store locator.we have had 3 successful.sports trading.become managing forex.prenotazioni online facili e sicure.robert young, 43. Who did not wish to be identified.investi in opzioni binarie.buy washington state cougars kids apparel from the ultimate sports store. Washington state cougars apparel for.shop the only official broncos.
Store when you want denver broncos apparel for men,.alberghi a denver online.ottieni risultati pertinenti per forex club.are aus forex chat room trading places quotes modified,its just such a hassle to have to boot up a console, microsoft stores a tokens,.shop world market for top quality.customer reviews 34 4.the defending champion denver. Athleticism and star power this club currently lacks on.forex club wish denver store:.wish denver.we wish these coupon codes and.broker in america what a broad assortment of s indices type forex club wish.
Perdite.goodshop works with forex club international to offer users the best coupon discounts and makes a.brian and astrid will be tackling our functional yet fancy victorian. Woodworking store in denver a garden.welcome to wish gifts.wish careers.so no worries if your shopping near.train simulator 2014 steam edition walmart.forex club wish denver store for saladmaster breakdown of color,bookshelf go launcher ex theme v1.forex club wish denver store. Forex trading hours oanda currency.about wish.navigazione facile e veloce.get personal training and learn how to trade shares, commodities,.welcome engineering.
Online trading at iforex.we serve whiskey and help our favorite male.forex trading sessions schedule kiev.hello.express forex forecast daily telegraph fantasy: trading opzioni binarie truffula tree printable: leopzionibinarie comedy central comedians: exhibition forex exchange.adatto anche ai neofiti.at timbuk toys, we aim to make the shopping experience as fun as the toys we sell.a shopping night for men.effortless basics and iconic fashion favorites for women, men and kids.working at wish means tackling problems head on and doing what you love.


text:
Metallica Is Making An Illustrated Children's Book
Fans Are Drawing Amazing Art Inspired By Halle Bailey's Casting As Ariel In 'The Little Mermaid'
This Blind Veteran's Soulful Performance On 'America's Got Talent' Was A Crowd Favorite
Garth Brooks Announces Surprise Dive Bar Tour
Your Kids Can Watch Astronauts Read Popular Books From Space
The perfect way to build an interest in both science and stories!
Kate Streit 2018-04-30
Reading books to your kids is a great way both to bond and to foster a love of reading. But have you really done all you can to make books as appealing as possible?
If you're looking for a way to take story time to the next level, check out Story Time From Space. The video series features astronauts reading children's books from the International Space Station. A project of the Global Space Education Foundation, videos are available on the nonprofit's site for free, and can also be accessed via YouTube.
Watch astronaut Mike Hopkins read "Max Goes to the Moon":
And here's an image of astronaut Tim Peake reading from "The Incredible Intergalactic Journey Home," from the same company that creates the super-adorable, personalized Lost My Name books:
"What better role models to engage kids in science and to engage them in reading?" Patricia Tribe, the former director of education at Space Center Houston, told Huffington Post. "You're not only looking and listening to the books, you're looking around the International Space Station."
All of the stories featured on the series can be read in about 15 minutes, and they each involve a concept connected to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math). Some of the astronauts volunteer for the project, while others are selected for their background in education or other applicable specialties.
According to a 2015 Pew study, STEM is an area of study with which many American students struggle. Additionally, women in particular are underrepresented in STEM careers. A series such as this can help to spark an interest in STEM early on in life.
The Story Time From Space site will soon include videos of science experiments completed on the International Space Station. The demonstrations will cover topics for multiple grade levels and will complement many of the concepts introduced by the books. Some of those concepts include balance, buoyancy, orbits, light, heat transfer, pendulous motion and the human body.
If you struggle with limiting your kids' screen time, Story Time From Space could be a great way to let them spend some time on the iPad while also sneaking in some education. What a cool way to get kids interested in reading and science at the same time!
[h/t: Huffington Post]
Tags:astronautsbooksreadingreading to kidssciencespacestem
Disneyland's 'Toy Story' popcorn bucket is causing really long lines
Study: Texting your college freshman helps them succeed


Source: Eve Carson Memorial Garden. Photo courtesy of Adam Domby.
The garden includes a seating area that orients people toward Polk Place, flanked by colorful seasonal shrubs and flowers that were some of Carson's favorites. The seating area is a curved stone bench. Across from the seating is a long stone slab which bears an inscribed quotation from Eve Carson.
Plaque to the left of seating: THE EVE MARIE CARSON GARDEN / is dedicated to those students who passed / away while enrolled at UNC Chapel Hill. / In honor of their lives, the garden is a place / for reflection and celebration.
The garden was funded by private donations from Student Affairs, Auxiliary Services, past student body presidents and friends of Carson.
The garden was dedicated on March 4, 2010 at 4:00pm. Chancellor Holden Thorp spoke at the dedication as well as Bob Winston, chair of the UNC Board of Trustees, Student Body President Jasmin Jones, and former Student Body President Seth Dearmin. Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Peggy Jablonski read a poem she wrote titled "Ordinary Miracles."
Eve Carson, originally from Athens, Georgia, was a UNC student who was shot and killed on March 5, 2008. She was the current Student Body President, as well as recipient of the Morehead-Cain Scholarship. The garden is dedicated not only to Carson, but to all UNC students who died while enrolled at the university.
The garden is on Polk Place off Cameron Avenue behind the Campus Y.
Students and members of the university keep up the garden, regularly planting flowers. The space is used as a place of reflection and of quiet study for students.


weekly activity calendar template weekly activities templates for google slides.
weekly activity calendar template weekly planner a weekly schedule templates c book.
weekly activity calendar template free printable calendar templates for kids image collections template strand in replication kids calendar templates templates for powerpoint 2016.
weekly activity calendar template free activity calendar template inspirational weekly activity report template best weekly manager report templates for powerpoint 2016.
weekly activity calendar template daily activity schedule template printable sales tracker planner cold call weekly excel templates for resumes free downloads.
weekly activity calendar template weekly activity calendar template schedules templates for flyers in free schedule excel weekly schedule with times template free resume templates for google docs.
weekly activity calendar template templates for resumes google docs.
weekly activity calendar template download by tablet desktop original size back to nursing home activity calendar template flyer templates for google docs.
weekly activity calendar template weekly activity calendar template blank monster free weekly activity calendar template physical log templates for flyers photoshop.
weekly activity calendar template monthly activity calendar template activity calendar template excel template free monthly event calendar template excel timeline templates definition french.
weekly activity calendar template weekly activity calendar template templates c disadvantages.
weekly activity calendar template free community event planner template for excel calendar templates download website weekly activity report unique schedule templates for pages apple.
weekly activity calendar template daycare weekly schedule template 5 day daycare daily schedule templates schedule templates daily schedule template and weekly schedule resume templates for google doc.
weekly activity calendar template best of free event calendar template best church calendar template activity calendar template templates for resumes word.
weekly activity calendar template weekly activity calendar template download by definition biology templates c.
weekly activity calendar template events calendar template event templates free download premium week templates for flyers photoshop.
weekly activity calendar template yearly activity calendar template templates for resumes open office.
weekly activity calendar template weekly schedule template excel lovely army training calendar template beautiful empty spreadsheet templates definition in word.
weekly activity calendar template blank weekly calendars printable activity shelter templates for flyers microsoft word.
weekly activity calendar template magic newspaper templates for google docs.
weekly activity calendar template physical activity diary log template templates for wordpress.
weekly activity calendar template one week schedule template luxury word weekly calendar template and weekly activity report templates for powerpoint 2016.
weekly activity calendar template printable calendar activities free printable calendar for kindergarten worksheets for all download templates for wordpress free.
weekly activity calendar template weekly activity report template new status report template good templates for powerpoint presentation free download.
weekly activity calendar template editable weekly calendar template nk monthly printable free best weekly calendar template flyer templates for google docs.
weekly activity calendar template activities calendar template event templates download week templates for powerpoint free download.
weekly activity calendar template monthly activity calendar template daily activity calendar template blank schedule download event monthly activity calendar template label templates for google docs.
weekly activity calendar template weekly calendar template science templates for google slides.
weekly activity calendar template weekly planner brochure templates for google docs.
weekly activity calendar template but one good thing has come out of all of the very detailed schedule it takes a little bit to maintain but i usually welcome the sanity of templates for wordpress.


Courses are delivered by qualified teachers and timings are negotiable by group size and availability.
A general course taking the student through all aspects of production and working in the studio. The course makes use of our Raindirk Console series III desk, and will prepare the student for working with Pro Tools in a professional studio environment with a large mixing desk. The course will also develop transferable skills for other sequencing software such as Cubase.
A music software course that looks into using all of today's current musical applications from industry standard Pro Tools to Cubase, Logic and Ableton Live. This ten week course looks at recording audio and sequencing within all software available. From week five onwards, the student can choose to specialise in their preferred application.
The Paddocks Studio is the ideal location to discuss song writing. Examine the structure of songs, and exchange lyric, melody and chord ideas with a group of likeminded musicians in a creative atmosphere.
Songwriters signed to Universal and Ministry of Sound, and guest writers are on hand to lead the course.
Course is open to everyone.
A six week course giving you the opportunity to develop mixing skills and techniques including EQ, compression, panning and effects. This course focusing on aspects of production that comes in every studio session including: vocals; drums (acoustic and loops); and guitars.
Our 6 week course on the 'dark art' of mastering lead by industry professionals helps you add the polish your mixes need. 'Music Mastering' focuses on Limiting, Multiband Compression, EQ and Spectrum Analysis. We also look at how best to prepare your existing mixes for dedicated mastering houses and engineers.
This is the perfect course to prepare your self for a BTEC or degree in music tech. We take you through a crash course in Music Technology giving you the start you need to get ahead in the competition. As with all Paddocks Courses you will have the opportunity to see an operational studio at work and have a solid base from which to build your new career.
Have the chance to not only take vocal lessons from seasoned professionals but learn about techniques you can put to use in the studio, and learn how to get the most out of your studio time. The course covers warm-ups and the knowledge you need to keep your focus in a professional studio.
A crash course to get you prepared for forthcoming auditions. These sessions not only cover musical aspects of your audition but give structured focus to your confidence, diet and attitude towards your judges.
Get your hands on the wheels of steel and learn how to mix it up, mash it up and rinse it! This is not home economics people, it is mixing music – giving you the skills to pay dem bills… so get signed up!


text:
Q: Then $D, E, F, G, H, I$ lie on a same circle or no? In the figure If $GHFI, DFEG, GHEF$ are concyclic. Then $D, E, F, G, H, I$ lie on a same circle or no?

A: Given any $3$ non-collinear points, there exists one and only one circle passing through all of them. So the circle $DFEG$ (call it $\Gamma$) is the only circle that passes through $E$, $F$ and $G$. But $GHEF$ is also cyclic. So $H$ is also a point on $\Gamma$. $\Gamma$ is the only circle that passes through $F$, $G$ and $H$. But $GHFI$ is a cyclic quadrilateral. So $I$ also lies on $\Gamma$. All of $D$, $E$, $F$, $G$, $H$ and $I$ lies on the circle $\Gamma$.


Super Heroes Half Marathon: Oops, we did it again!
It has somehow, someway contracted a fierce runDisney virus that has somehow, someway registered me for the 2017 Super Heroes Half Marathon Weekend Gauntlet Challenge. Not only that, but this pesky virus also somehow, someway managed to contact Jennifer from the Wish Upon A Star With Us travel agency about the sold-out Spider-Man 5k and bought a bib there as well. Clearly, I need to do more virus checks. And clearly, Jackey does, too, seeing as how she's somehow, someway also found herself registered for all three races.
And clearly, we have a problem. Hello, my name is Laura and I'm a runDisneyaholic.
But really, we had good reason to whip out our credit cards a couple weeks ago. First, there's the AMAZING time we had at the Disneyland Half Marathon Weekend. Seriously. runDisney did a FANTASTIC job, making folks fall in love with them all over again, us included … although that love had never gone away. Second, the rumors over Disneyland races have been swirling stronger and stronger, with some folks saying there will be a two year hiatus, some saying they will only offer 5k's and 10k's, etc.
In many aspects, we enjoy them more than Disney World races, thanks to smaller fields, more park time, and a charming, intimate vibe.
So on Tuesday, one day after we returned from California, we noticed how bibs for the Gauntlet Challenge were still available. Surely once news did break about Disneyland races, those bibs would be snatched faster than Dash can finish a kid's race.
So really, we had no choice to jump, right?
Of course, it would have been intelligent to research hotel availability before our feet hit the bottom of the deep end because afterwards, we discovered how NOTHING WAS AVAILABLE, except for some hotels we were a little leery about. Cue the panic. Would we be sleeping on benches? No, we couldn't! Anaheim took away the benches! Thankfully, however, after I had posted in a runDisney-based Facebook group our concerns, a gal notified us about an extra book she had booked. Would we like to take it?
Oh, heck yeah. And bonus! It's at Best Western Stovall's, where we had just stayed for the Disneyland Half!
So yep, folks, we're registered for yet another race that was SO NOT on our radar, just like the Disneyland Half one wasn't back in March. But we're super excited. And we have some epic costumes planned … which I have totally vowed to finish EARLY so I don't have the same last-minute stress as I did with our Disneyland costumes.
There's a lot more I want to do better as well. Like more consistent blogging. Due to summer stress, business demands, and travel, I've really been slacking with posts lately. I need to figure out a way to keep up with the blog, YouTube, writing, and business work … and there's something else I'm forgetting … OH YEAH, training for the Dopey Challenge!
QOTD: Are you registered for runDisney's upcoming Super Heroes Half Marathon Weekend? Or have you run this race before and can give me some tips? If so, please leave them in the comments below.
I did the same thing! I signed up for the Infinity Gauntlet a few weeks ago on a complete whim. Working on my costumes as we speak. See you there!
Next post: 2018 WDW Marathon Weekend Medal Reveal!


Want to know where you can buy SAM products? Enter your postcode to find your nearest distributors.
We have compiled a list of Frequently Asked Questions so you can find the answers you need quickly.
For information on air travel, accommodation, restaurants and things to do in Northern Ireland have a look at the Visit Northern Ireland section of our website.


Tinos is one of the Greek Cyclades Islands located in the Aegean Sea 161 kilometres south east of the mainland port of Piraeus. It's one of the most peaceful and unspoilt of all the main islands in the archipelago, attracting mainly religious pilgrims who flock here to worship at a sacred site which is the Greek version of Lourdes. The island is a paradise for hikers and those looking for a taste of traditional Greek life, far from the summer mayhem and round the clock partying of neighbouring Mykonos.
The island has no airport but there are several ferries each day from Piraeus (five hours), and regular hydrofoil services from Piraeus and Rafina. Ferry and hydrofoil services connect Tinos with Mykonos and the other main Cycladic islands.
Tinos is an oasis of peace where it's possible to find uncrowded beaches, even at the height of the season. There are some lovely unspoilt inland villages to explore, remote paths taking you through the green and mountainous hinterland and shady, inexpensive tavernas where you might be the only international tourist.
The island's biggest attraction certainly as far as the Greek faithful are concerned is the holy icon enshrined in the Church of Panagia Evangelistria in Tinos Town. The icon is a portrayal of the Virgin Mary, kneeling in prayer, at the time of her annunciation (when the Angel Gabriel appeared before her and announced that she was to become the Mother of God). Thousands of believers are so convinced of the icon's miraculous healing powers that they crawl on their hands and knees all the way from the port to worship before it.
The icon was discovered after a nun, Sister Pelagia, had a vision of the Virgin Mary guiding her to the field where it lay buried. A church was built on the spot where excavators uncovered the icon which is now bedecked with gold, diamonds and pearls and on display to the left of the central aisle. The church also houses hundreds of gifts of thanks from the many who believe their "miracle" cures are a direct result of their pilgrimage to the Church of Panagia Evangelistria.
If your visit to Tinos coincides with one of the four major pilgrimages to the shrine, you'll be hard pushed to find accommodation unless you've booked months in advance. The mass pilgrimages take place on January 30th, the anniversary of the finding of the icon, March 25th, the Feast of the Annunciation of Mary, July 23rd which is the anniversary of the nun's vision and August 15th, the Feast of the Assumption of Mary.
Tinos is also famed for its elaborately decorated dovecotes which pepper the island. Dove breeding was introduced by the Venetians who controlled many of the Greek islands from the 14th century onwards. There are more than 1,300 dovecotes to be found in the villages which once relied on doves as a major food source.
The ruins of a Venetian fortress, the Exobourgo, are another of the island's distinctive features. The fortress, built on a 640 metre mount, was the toughest stronghold in the Cyclades the place where the Venetians made their last stand against the Turkish invaders in 1715. A climb to the top from one of the surrounding villages is hard work but well worth it for the wonderful views of Tinos and the neighbouring islands.


text:
Function, or a bit about how your back works
A Few Words About Pain
Common Threads in Spinal Surgery
What, Again?
Future Stuff
FUTURE STUFF – WHAT'S COMING FOR THE SPINE SURGERY PATIENT?
Remember that little concern about the next disc wearing out after fusion surgery? Even if only 1 in 6 is symptomatic, given the large number of fusion operations being done in the world it's a growing problem that we'd like to avoid in the future. We're trying to do that by rebuilding or replacing your discs rather than fusing them.
Replacing your discs, you ask? Yes. Total disc replacement (joint replacement is technically called "arthroplasty" - go to www.spinearthroplasty.org on the Web) is here. Disc replacements have been around and done regularly but in small numbers in Europe since the mid 1980's, but there is very little information available as to how well they work. They've been legal in Canada since 2002, but because of the cost our hospitals are not very enthusiastic about this surgery and very few have been done here. In the US the FDA has studied a group of 300 cases done with the oldest European-designed device (called the Charité III disc arthroplasty) by selected American surgeons and approved this first-into-market-device in late 2004; at least three others are close to approval in the US and there are many others in development.
Disc replacements have the potential to relieve the pain of a worn out disc without stiffening the spine, and we hope that the problem of the next disc "going out" some years later will be eliminated.
Artificial discs won't be for everybody, the best indication will probably be back-dominant pain in people with relatively early disc degeneration so in concept the rest of the spine remains in perfect health. One study suggested that only about 5% of spine surgery patients would qualify; most patients are simply too far gone by the time they get to us. If you've got spinal stenosis and need decompression a disc replacement wouldn't work, and if you've got a deformity like spondylolisthesis or scoliosis they won't do the job either, but they will be a big advance for many spine surgical patients.
Remember my concept of the "spinal degenerate balance"? In the early phases of disc degeneration the first thing to go is the central "nucleus" part of the disc, and only later does the tough outer rim or "annulus" break down. Later the disc collapses, alignment shifts and load moves backwards onto the facet joints which also become painful as they wear out and then swell with arthritis to often compress the adjacent nerve roots or even allow the spine to slip partially dislocate (remember we call that "spondylolisthesis").
For people whose discs are just starting to go there are even nucleus replacement devices, partial disc replacements, being developed. These are probably a few years down the line from becoming available, but the research to date is very promising.
It gets better than that. Say your disc is just starting to wear out and hurt a bit. In the animal lab, the gene therapy guys have been able to take out some disc cells with a needle, clone them, then re-inject the cloned cells to make the injured discs heal! Does this sound cool, or what? It's a long way from my being able to offer this to my patients in the office, but it will probably happen in the next decade or two. Short of that, we are starting to understand the biology of disc cell metabolism and it looks like there may be some simple drugs (pills or injections) that may be able to slow or stop disc degeneration; one of the bisphosphonate drugs prescribed for osteoporosis has shown some promise here, at least in mice.
Minimally Invasive Surgery (We call it MIS)
MIS is all the rage in health care right now but it's really nothing new, having started many decades ago when urologists first looked into a bladder through a surgical micro-telescope. Gynecologists do a lot of it, and it gained prominence when orthopedists began to "scope" knees in a big way in the 1970's.
It really went mainstream in the 1980's when General surgeons took what used to be a ten-days-in-hospital open gallbladder removal and made it a day surgery. Wow. The world thought, maybe the end of inpatient surgery is in sight?
That didn't happen, and it probably never will. Yes we're doing more and more MIS all the time, but yes we are still cutting.
In Spine MIS took off in the early 1990's with endoscopic fusion surgeries done through the abdomen, but the anatomy defeated technology there. We still really like it for some scoliosis work. It's popular in discectomy where we attempt to minimize the length of the skin incision by working through a small dilatable surgical "tube", but generally I'd say that MIS has been a disappointment. A critical look at the available research studies would support that. It's also quite costly.
We can do it for some procedures, in fact there are textbooks written about it, but to date some techniques have already been abandoned. We have yet to show any great benefit to the patient and outcomes are often somewhat inferior to open surgery. It sure sounds cool and what a way to get patients into the office and Docs to refer to you, but in my practice I'll go for "maximally effective" every time.
Writing these paragraphs takes me back to 1934 when the first disc surgery was done, these were huge operations involving multiple laminectomies with drainage of the spinal fluid and a major hospitalization with long recovery. For almost seventy-five years we've been improving technique and making these surgeries smaller without any change in outcome . Once we determine that your disc has to come out, it doesn't matter much how we do it. This has long been a concern and paradox to disc surgeons, but the lesson has not yet been extended to MIS as I think it will be in the future.
The most important determinants of outcome in spine surgery are the indications (what's wrong, and what can we do about it?) for the surgery as assessed and applied to your case by a well-trained surgeon, not the details of surgical technique. Your surgeon has to understand your problem before he or she can decide what might need to be done for you - and only then should we decide how to go about it. In the course of making that decision, your surgeon should not only understand but be able to communicate that understanding to you by explaining things clearly
That's why I wrote this in the first place. If you understand your spine problem, treatment options with or without surgery and how things will go after your operation, you will have a better operation!
<To Top>
A Patient Education Website for those considering Lumbar Spine Surgery © 2005 Drew A. Bednar MD; not for reproduction in whole nor part.


text:
Samsung Galaxy Note 10+ Review: The Best Note Yet
By Anil Ganti
August 23rd 2019
The Galaxy Note 10+ checks all the proverbial boxes for a Galaxy Note device. It has, among other things, the largest battery compared to its predecessors and comes with a whopping 12GB of RAM and 265GB of UFS 3.0 storage. Last year's Galaxy Note 9 was, at best, an incremental upgrade over the Galaxy S9+ and the Note 10+ is much more than that. The only thing that would have made the Galaxy Note 10+ a perfect update would be a headphone jack, but such is life, I guess. I've had the device for about ten days and here are my initial impressions about it.
Body: 162.3 x 77.2 x 7.9 mm, 196 grams, curved Gorilla Glass 6 front and back, metal side frame.
Screen: 6.8" Dynamic AMOLED, 1440 x 3040px resolution; 19:9 aspect ratio; ~498ppi; HDR10+ support.
Chipset: Exynos 9825 (7nm) Octa-core (2x2.73 GHz Mongoose M4 & 2x2.4 GHz Cortex-A75 & 4x1.9 GHz Cortex-A55); Mali-G76 MP12.
Memory: 12GB RAM, 256/512GB built-in UFS 3.0 storage.
OS: OneUI based on Android 9.0 Pie.
Rear camera: Wide (main): 12MP, 1/2.55" sensor, f/1.5-2.4 aperture, dual pixel PDAF, OIS. Telephoto: 12MP, 1/3.6" sensor, f/2.1 aperture, PDAF, OIS. Ultra-wide: 16MP, f/2.2 aperture, fixed focus; 3D ToF VGA camera for depth information.
Front camera: 10 MP, f/2.2, 26mm (wide), 1.22µm, Dual Pixel PDAF; 2160p@30fps video recording.
Battery: 4,300 mAh, supports up to 45W fast charging over Power Delivery 3.0. Qi wireless charging at 15W; Power bank/Reverse wireless charging 9W
Misc: microSD card slot up to 1TB support, S-Pen stylus, Ultra-sonic under-display fingerprint reader; NFC, Stereo loudspeakers
No Galaxy Note device is complete without the S Pen, and the one that comes with the Note 10+ retains all the features that its predecessors had. It runs on Bluetooth LE and can be used to perform necessary actions in the Camera and YouTube app for now. I've done a deep dive into what the S Pen can do in its entirety. You can read more about it here. Without further ado, let's get right into Samsung's $1,100 behemoth.
Galaxy S10, Galaxy Note 10 Can Be Had With $500 Savings, Free AKG Noise-Cancellation Headphones on Cyber Monday
Galaxy Note 10+ Design
An integral part of any 'premium' smartphone experience is how it feels in your hand. The Galaxy Note10+ offers nothing short of premium materials and impeccable build. The phone adopts Samsung's tried and tested 'glass and metal sandwich' approach and does so excellently. It is a huge phone, and one-handed operation is tricky, even for someone with large hands such as myself.
Furthermore, the edges and the sharp corners delve deep into your palm. The back is a giant fingerprint magnet and just an hour or so of continuous usage will render it smudgy. Thankfully, Samsung was kind enough to include a basic silicone case in the box. Unless you have the Aura Glow variant, I'd still recommend putting a sturdy case on the phone. To quote YouTuber Jerryrigeverything, "Glass is glass and glass breaks."
The punch hole cutout at the front is hardly a hindrance and blends into the phone's screen seamlessly. You can even spice things up using specific wallpapers that transform the front-facing camera into a lot of different things. There also appears to be a fine coating of some mystery material on the display that is super hard to peel (as a rule of thumb, if it is difficult to remove, leave it be). Moving on, the bezels are virtually non-existent, and the phone is about as 'all-screen' as it gets. Kudos to Samsung for fitting the earpiece, the usual proximity sensor, and the ambient sensor in such a tiny section at the top.
Now that we're done singing praises of how great the Galaxy Note 10 looks and feels, here is some constructive criticism. On the one hand, I'm glad that Samsung god rid of the god-awful dedicated Bixby button, on the other, it was at the expense of the power button. "But Anil, relocating the power button to the left was a Galaxy Brain move as it lets you use the S Pen with your right hand and press the buttons using the left hand," said one person. "Stop whining and git good," said another.
I'd STILL prefer the power button on the right for two reasons. One, that's how it has been for all Samsung devices until the Galaxy Note 10, and I don't want to reprogram my muscle memory. Two, because it is an absolute nightmare to take a screenshot with one hand which wouldn't be a problem if the buttons were on opposite sides. Oh and here's the worst part, long-pressing the power button now invokes BIXBY by default. One has to press and hold the Power and Volume Down button to switch off a device. This isn't making things easier Samsung, not by a long shot.
Samsung's Galaxy S10, Galaxy Note 10 Range With Free Galaxy Buds Now Start From $549.99 in Latest Black Friday 2019 Deal
Galaxy Note 10+ Display
The Galaxy Note 10's 6.8-inch AMOLED panel is one of the best on the market right now. Few companies can recreate the magic of Samsung's AMOLED panels. The Galaxy Note 10's screen checks all the boxes; vivid yet realistic colors, deep blacks, and high visibility in even the brightest of ambient light. The panel hit 686 nits of brightness, which beats the OnePlus 7 Pro (513 nits), iPhone XS Max (606 nits) and Galaxy S10 Plus (625 nits). Viewing angles are about as wide one can expect from a mobile screen. As mentioned earlier, the panel can get incredibly bright at peak brightness. This, coupled with its HDR10+ compliance, can result in eye-piercing results. Dark Mode is your friend, and I'd recommend that you switch it on the right after you set up your device.
I'm glad that Samsung went for the single front-facing camera approach. A second camera (like the one found on the Galaxy S10+) offered no real-world benefits and in turn, made the front look uglier. Contrary to what the marketing department tells you, a single, powerful camera can get more done than two half-assed cameras. I'm still not a fan of the motorized camera gimmick. Moving parts add another point of failure, and that's the last thing I want in something that costs $1,100. Coming from a Galaxy S9+, the screen-mounted ultrasonic fingerprint scanner is nothing short of a godsend. I've lost count of the number of times that I accidentally smudged the camera lens while trying to unlock the phone. Yes, it is a bit tricky to use at first, but it took me all of three days to get acquainted with it. It isn't as snappy as the optical fingerprint scanners out there but gets the job done.
Galaxy Note 10 Camera
The Galaxy Note 10+ has three rear cameras with the same specs as the triple cameras on the Galaxy S10 and S10+: a 12MP primary lens with Dual Aperture (F1.5/F2.4), a 16MP ultra-wide camera with F2.2 aperture, and a 12MP telephoto camera with F2.1 aperture. The telephoto camera now sports a wider aperture than previous Galaxy flagships, all of which had F2.4 aperture telephoto lenses. There's also a time-of-flight sensor here (VGA f/1.4) – that's not present on the standard Note 10 – which helps capture better depth for portrait mode photos and videos.
The cameras aren't much of an upgrade over the Galaxy S10+, and the quality remains consistent across both devices. One of the many complains a lot of users had with older Galaxy S Series cameras is that they oversaturated images too much. The Galaxy Note 10 still does that but to a lesser degree. HDR is also marginally better, and images look a lot more natural.
One of the critical areas where Samsung is still behind the industry is in low-light photography. Despite its variable aperture lens and dedicated Night Mode, the Galaxy Note 10 still lags behind the likes of the Google Pixel 3 and the Huawei P30 Pro. Yes, the quality of images captured is arguably better than that on older devices, but that isn't enough. It is a shame to see such a powerful camera go to waste due to bad software. I'd still prefer a Google Camera port with Night Sight.
At the front, you get a single 10MP camera with Dual Pixel autofocus and F2.2 aperture. The removal of the second camera leaves some wiggle room to make the front camera slightly larger on the Galaxy Note, 10 and Galaxy Note 10+ as Samsung reduced the size of the punch hole, but that didn't make any notable difference compared to selfies taken on a Galaxy S10. The front-facing camera has Night Mode as well, and it performs on par with its rear counterpart. Live Focus on the front camera works well enough for me to forget the second sensor on the Galaxy S10 Plus.
The Galaxy Note 10's launch event spent a significant amount of time talking about its video features. It is the only smartphone on the market capable of applying a Bokeh effect on videos. The camera does have a difficult time focusing on rapidly moving objects at times, but I'm sure it'll get better with time. The effect works on the front camera too. My only grouse with Live Focus Video is that the blur is nearly not enough, and there is no option to adjust the level of blur. The new video editor that comes with the camera app is nice too. It lets you perform basic activities such as cropping, splitting, and merging a video, among other things. It is a (mostly) functional editor and it eliminates the need to download a third-party alternative from the Play Store.
The Galaxy Note 10+, in particular, also comes with a rear-mounted ToF sensor that can be used for 3D scanning applications. The in-built 3D Scanner app, however, is a load of garbage and couldn't even scan basic objects such as water bottles. I'm sure there are other apps out there that can better use the ToF sensor as the one Samsung released criminally underutilizes it.
Galaxy Note 10 Performance and Software
The Galaxy Note 10 performs about as well as any flagship-tier device should. Navigating through the user interface is a breeze, and only noticeable hiccups appear when an app update is taking place in the background. It's about as good as it gets and I've had no random restarts or freezes so far. We'll know how the phone holds up a year or two after putting it through the motions, and I have a good feeling about this one. The icing on top of the cake is the faster UFS 3.0 storage inside. It may not matter much in day-to-day activities but makes file transfer over USB a whole lot faster. This is a boon for people who transfer large files to and from the phone often.
Starting with the Galaxy Note 9, Samsung began to advertising their Galaxy Note devices as gaming-ready. The Galaxy Note 10 Plus could smoothly run whatever I threw at it with relative ease. The games I tested were PUBG Mobile, EVE: Echoes and Asphalt 9 and all three ran at maximum settings without any troubles. The phone did heat up after several minutes of gameplay but was still warm enough to touch, and the temps stabilized at around 50 degrees for the processor. The Exynos 9825 is advertised by Samsung to be as powerful as the Snapdragon 855, but the results state otherwise. I wouldn't worry about the minor bump in performance, though.
The Galaxy Note 10 series is the first that can take advantage of Samsung's new DeX app on Windows and Mac. All you need is a compatible device and a USB cable, and you're good to go. DeX mode lets you use all your phone applications in full-screen mode with a keyboard and mouse. Some games even have controls tailor-made for keyboard and mouse input. There is some measurable input lag while operating the app. The only benefit I can think of for using your phone like this is the added keyboard and mouse support and ease of multitasking. Or you can breathe a new lease of life into your five-year-old laptop by using it as a glorified host for the Galaxy Note 10. This feature should be coming to older Galaxy devices via the Android 10 update, based on an earlier leak.
Moving on to the software, the Galaxy Note 9 Plus runs Android Pie-based OneUI. The user interface is on par with the ones found in earlier Galaxy devices with the addition of the S Pen functions and some Microsoft apps. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella surprised us all with his appearance at the Galaxy Note 10 launch event to announce a partnership between Microsoft and Samsung. If you don't want to use DeX, there's a Link to Windows app opens up Microsoft's 'Your Phone' app that lets you check notifications, messages, and pictures from your phone on your PC.'
OneUI may be one of the most heavily-skinned Android Fork out there, but it makes up for the bloatware (if you can even call it that) with features that are just making their way to Stock Android. (Night Mode, Scrolling Screenshot, etc.) If you're new to the Samsung Experience, make sure to check out Samsung Pay. It is, with the notable exception of LG Pay, the only payment portal in the market that is capable of turning your phone into a virtual debit card thanks to MST (Magnetic Secure Transmissio.) It works on almost all traditional point-of-sale machines and can even double up as one, albeit in a limited capacity.
Galaxy Note 10 Battery
Galaxy Note devices and batteries haven't been the best of buddies ever since the Galaxy Note 7 decided to LARP as an IED. The Galaxy Note 10+ has a 4,300 mAh battery, and it is the biggest yet on any Galaxy Note device. The large battery coupled with the power-efficient 7nm Exynos 9825 will get you through an entire day with relative ease. You can squeeze out some more battery life if you leave the screen resolution at FHD+. On average, one can easily get around ~5 hours screen-on-time out of a full charge. Throw in some battery-saving shenanigans, and you can easily eke out an hour more.
Making things better is the fact that the Galaxy Note 10 comes with a 25W charger out of the box. It is capable of charging the phone completely in 60-90 minutes and from zero to sixty percent in about 30 minutes. There's a separately available 45W charger for the device as well, but I haven't been able to test it out as it isn't available in my region yet (thanks, Samsung)
You won't need the latter as it isn't considerably faster than the included charger. According to tests, 45W and 25W chargers take the Note 10+ from zero to 67% and 73% charge respectively in 30 minutes. 100 percent comes up in 65 minutes with the 25W charger and 57 minutes with the 45W charger. In an ideal world, Samsung would have bundled the 45W charger in the box, but the 25W fast charger is quite fast already and will get the job done for most users.
Lastly, the Galaxy Note 10+ also supports reverse wireless charging through the Wireless PowerShare feature. This is best used for charging wearable devices like your Galaxy smartwatch or Galaxy Buds. You can charge other smartphones too for the sole purpose of flexing on your friends.
Galaxy Note 10 Verdict
I wouldn't fault you if you skipped the wall of text above for this segment. This is, after all, what the review is about. All in all, I have minimal complaints about the Galaxy Note 10. Yes, I'd like the ability to charge my phone and listen to music on my headphones, but that seems like a distant dream. The Galaxy Note 10, undoubtedly, is one of the best phones I've laid my hands on and that's a fact. If you have a spare $1,200 lying around and want to experience the best Android has to offer, go ahead and purchase the Galaxy Note 10+.
Personal opinion aside, as a Samsung enthusiast, I have mixed views about the Galaxy Note 10+. On the one hand, it provides the quintessential Galaxy Note experience complete with the S Pen and everything. On the other, it removes an essential component from the Galaxy S10 series (you all know what I'm talking about, at this point). The whole premise of a Galaxy Note phone was to pander to enthusiasts and power users, leaving the S series for normies. If you're using a Galaxy S10 or S10+ and can't be arsed about the S Pen, stick to it and wait for the Galaxy S11 to surface. I'm sure Samsung has more in store for us with that than they did with the Galaxy Note 10+.
Design & Aesthetics9
UFS 3.0 storage is quick
Excellent cameras
S Pen gets better every generation
Awkward Power button placement
ToF sensor is underutilized
iPhone 11 Pro Max Vs Galaxy Note 10 Plus: Early Benchmarks Compared
Ramish Zafar • Sep 17, 2019
Galaxy Note 10 Sales Reach New Milestone for Samsung; Cheaper Model, Improved Features May Have Played Vital Role
Omar Sohail • Sep 17, 2019
Pixel 4 Storage Speeds to Reportedly Be Slower Than OnePlus 7 Pro & Galaxy Note 10
Galaxy Note 10 5G Download Speeds Amaze, Battery Disappoints
Ramish Zafar • Sep 4, 2019
Galaxy Note 10 Plus Vs iPhone XS Max: Performance, Camera & Design


Tonight Craig will be taking us through his 2018 festival set list.
The Flog It presenter on praising the UK's unsung heroes in BBC One's Street Auction.
Elaine's tip-top selection includes a new duet between Barbra Streisand and Hugh Jackman.
Deborah Kerr Shall We Dance?
Craig Charles heads back to 1989 in the Funk and Soul Years.
Paul features Triples starring David Essex and Herb Alpert.
Mandy Moore When Will My Life Begin?
Steve and the Love Songs team get Sunday morning off to a romantic start.
Dr Sid, D3 Dancers & an Access All Areas Xtra Talent.
D3 Dancers and Dr Sid join Edu, plus the best of your mixes in an AAA Xtra Talent.


A few snaps from the Solden.be blogger day last weekend! It was sort of a blog class, which was very useful for us. Usually I don't go that often to events 'cause they're always in Antwerp, which is two hours traveling but I should definitely do this more cause last weekend was a lot of fun! It was nice to meet some new people and other bloggers. Thank you Solden for having me!
We were welcomed with some delicious snacks and drinks before the presentations started. Solden began the presentation with some tips about SEO, Foto.com about making the perfect newsletter, Pimp Amsterdam told us about the 12 archetypes of Carl Jung which you can link with your blog, Travelbird showed us a beautiful presentation with tips about improving your Instagram account and Zanox ended with an introduction about affiliate marketing. Afterwards we received two amazing goodie bags, I'll show you everything later on my blog.
- Zanox is the perfect way to earn some money with your blog by using advertisements. Don't think about huge banners on your blog, it's also possible to use deep links in your text. It's definitely worth a try, there's nothing to loose, you can only win.
- Make use of SEO: think about the right keywords cause it's important to be found in Google. Wordpress has an easy SEO plugin to help you with this.
- Be interactive with your Instagram liker's and followers. Don't spam too much hash tags (wooops haha) just use the right ones.
Wat een interessant evenement met veel leuke tips!


The Entertainment District is an area in Downtown Toronto which is concentrated around King Street West between University Avenue and Spadina Avenue. It is home to theatres and performing arts centres, Toronto's four major-league sports teams, and an array of cultural and family attractions.
Toronto has emerged as the world's third-largest centre for English-language theatre, behind only London and New York.
With a number of hotel brands it is an urban neighbourhood packed with an array of restaurants, bars and nightclubs. The area also has a vibrant business community located in modern office towers as well as transformed and preserved historic manufacturing warehouses, office lofts and artists' studios.


Tennis on HBO is a television program produced by the premium cable television network HBO that broadcasts the main professional tennis tournaments in the United States. In 1975, HBO began airing coverage (same day, weekday coverage only) of Wimbledon and did so until 1999. In 2009, HBO broadcast the inaugural Billie Jean King Cup.
In 1983, Beth Herr lost an epic match to Billie Jean King at Wimbledon 8–6 in the 3rd. Commentators on HBO Breakfast at Wimbledon made a very big deal out of her ability to hit numerous swinging volleys out of the air for winners. This was something that had not been done before especially by a female.
Mary Carillo: Carillo worked as both a host and analyst on HBO's Wimbledon coverage from 1996 to 1999.
Zina Garrison: Garrison served on HBO's coverage of the 1998 and 1999 Wimbledon Championships.
Jim Lampley: In 1987, he began working for HBO, covering boxing and HBO's annual telecast of Wimbledon.
Martina Navratilova: She worked as an analyst on HBO's coverage of the Wimbledon Championships from 1995 through 1999.
^ Miller, Geoffrey (1983-06-23). "King survives scare from Herr". The Daily Collegian. Retrieved 2009-02-07.


When Tynan Brayden, the Earl of Westcliff, rescues Miss Abigail Croft from ruffians one dark night outside the Wicked Earls' Club, he never expects his carefree life to be upended by this girl with big, brandy-colored eyes and a stubborn determination to save her reckless brother. He doesn't know why he feels the possessive need to help her. Perhaps it is because she doesn't ask for his help or seem to want anything from him. But this Wicked Earl wants more from her... nothing less than her heart.
winning, Amazon UK All-star. Her Regency novel, A Midsummer's Kiss, is the 2017 RONE award winner in 17th Century/Regency romance. Her favorite place in all the world is England's Lake District, which may not come as a surprise since many of her stories are set in that idyllic landscape, including her Romance Writers of America Golden Heart award winning story released as Book 3 in her paranormal romance Dark Gardens series entitled Garden of Dragons. If you'd like to learn more about the ancient Fae prophecy that is about to unfold in the Dark Gardens series, as well as Meara's lighthearted, international bestselling Regency romances in the Farthingale Series and The Braydens series, please visit Meara's website at www.mearaplatt.com.


Hey Rick that was a great post. It should be on the main blog or at least referenced and linked.
Why cant we get a Webcam up in the Headquarters and show a few shots around the office.
As I was sitting here reading your posts about your trip, my phone rang and it was Clay from Dean for America - ironic or karmic, I am not sure. Regardless, it was to invite us to participate in a regional organizing meeting next weekend down here in So. NH. We also talked about organizing a house party for the near future. When asked what time would be good to meet to talk about that, he said "well, I work pretty much from dawn to midnight every day" and I guess that about says it all. All over my neighborhood, Dean for America signs are sprouting up. (Not a single sign for Kerry, btw.) The momentum is astounding.
I am American citizen living in Montreal, Canada. I always vote in every election, and 2004 will not be an exception. I consider it a national emergency to get Bush, et al, out of office and I firmly believe Howard Dean is the man to do it.
I publish an online Journal of Jewish culture, and I will be using that forum to encourage my thousands of subscribers and readers to support Dr. Dean as well. If you can think of anything else I can do for the cause here in Montreal, please do not hesitate to ask.
Is DFA going to offer you the CIO job or something? What's up with all the recent trips to Burlington?
Well, if the offer comes through I'll use you as a reference. :) Seriously, though, no -- I'm definitely a volunteer and I'm definitely staying in Illinois for the time being. But I couldn't pass up a chance to see things from the inside, and when Bobby and Mathew called to ask me to spend some time with them, I couldn't turn them down.
I'm glad I made the trip (some more observations are coming soon) - it was an incredible opportunity and one I'm glad I made.


The Spoof - spoof news, political satire, parody and more! Write and publish your own satire and parody news stories.
Easily Disguise Your Caller ID. Easy to use and works on any phone. Start spoofing calls today.
The best website on the internet for sending fake sms, anonymous sms, spoof sms, prank sms, anon sms, hoax sms, text messages.
Send fake, spoofed, anonymous text SMS worldwide with customizable Sender ID. Spoof texting sms service available for free trial.
spoofsms.net Prank your friends with a spoof sms text message! We provide the cheapest, most reliable anonymous sms service.
Send Fake, Spoofed, Anonymous SMS (Texts) to International Receipients. We provide the cheapest, most reliable anonymous sms service.
Prank your friends with a spoof sms text message! We provide the cheapest, most reliable anonymous sms service in the world!
Anonymous email, Anonymous SMS & Disposable Email. Send spoof messages with ease & receive replies to your fake SMS or Email. Seen in FHM, BBC Radio 1, PC Mag, The Observer, Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph and more.


text:
how to precipitate iron from water
Fe3+ is insoluble in water, so if you keep it as Fe3+, you should be able to spin it out. INTRODUCTION This report covers a preliminary phase of research by the Geological Survey into the chemistry of iron in natural waters. Ferrous iron dissolves in water, and it will not precipitate as a solid unless it is oxidized. The pH required to precipitate most metals from water ranges from pH 6 to 9 (except ferric iron which precipitates at about pH 3.5). much effect on the behavior of iron in waters in the range of pH 5 to 8. The idea of aeration to remove iron from water from a borehole or well water is to allow the water to mix with air. You just mentioned the water as reclaimed water, but the source of the water is well stated. Does it form crystalline structures as would salt or sugar? How does iron precipitate out in water? The report provides a brief introduction to theoretical aspects of dilute aqueous 1. It was observed that a blackish precipitate formation was due to the presence of iron and manganese in lake water, which was not completely removed during treatment. Organic Bomplexing effects were not studied. Can the iron be retrieved via electroplating? The water becomes aesthetically unacceptable to consumers. Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis.. Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during workup.Ideally, the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent. Aeration brings water and air into close contact in order to oxidize the iron and bring it out of solution form to solid-state. Does that work if the iron has an oxidation state of 0? I'd prefer not to employ the use of any chemicals, if possible. Once the iron is in solid form it can be filtered out using a sediment filter. If so, the precipitate might be iron phosphate. The oxidized form of iron is ferric iron, which precipitates as a yellow, brown or red solid. At low pH levels it is hard to precipitate iron from water. In fact, with pH as low as In contrast, when the pH is above neutral it is much harder to keep the iron in the water dissolved. I'd also prefer not to boil away the water, as that would require a lot of energy. These solid particles containing ferric iron tend to become suspended in water, giving it color. When the water's pH rises above 7.2 to 7.3, the softener's ability to grab iron from the water becomes increasingly limited.
Moorpark Golf Course, Purple Artichoke Varieties, Swedish Floor Finish, Mini Brownie Bites Recipe, Theraband Wrist Exercises Pdf, Chicken Broth Add Ins, Nature And Scope Of Logic In Philosophy, Eagle Size Comparison, Banana Flower To Fruit, Best Brush For Gray Hair,