text:
by Alessia Leibert and Teri Fritsma
PDF of article
Minnesota is struggling to meet growing demand for mental health workers, particularly in rural parts of the state.
While many people pursue higher education in mental health-related fields like psychology, counseling, social work, and marriage and family therapy, a scarcity of mental health providers throughout Minnesota is raising considerable concern.
Long wait times for clinical appointments and lack of access to mental health specialists—particularly in rural areas of the state—have, in recent years, prompted a variety of studies, task forces and legislative interventions to increase the size of the mental health workforce. Though these efforts have met with some success, they have also highlighted significant challenges around defining and quantifying the state's mental health workforce.
Mental health providers come from at least five different profession types, covering nine different professional licenses that occupy separate but overlapping niches of service.1 As we will see, there is also a large non-licensed contingent of workers in social service industries, making it even more difficult to estimate the supply and demand for mental health workers.
Compared with the straightforward training and licensure requirements for similar health professions such as nursing, pharmacy or dentistry, the mental health workforce includes providers with varying levels of education, licensure, scopes of practice and job requirements. Yet without a way to count them, it is extremely difficult to evaluate whether efforts to grow the mental health workforce are effective.
This article is the first attempt, to our knowledge, to provide a comprehensive investigation into Minnesota's complete mental health workforce. Our goals are to (1) identify and describe the educational pipeline for mental health workers in Minnesota; (2) examine both the licensed and unlicensed workforce in order to determine the extent to which these two groups are occupying a similar niche in the labor market; (3) identify which regions struggle most to attract licensed mental health providers; and (4) discuss potential policy implications of the findings.
The Mental Health Educational Pipeline
Following the federal Health Resource and Services Administration and the Minnesota Legislature,2 this study includes the following groups as part of the mental health workforce:
Mental health professionals include licensed psychologists, licensed independent clinical social workers, licensed professional clinical counselors, and licensed marriage and family therapists. These are highly trained professionals who complete a graduate degree (master's or above), hours of supervised clinical work and a licensure examination. Their scope of practice, as defined by the Minnesota Legislature, allows them to provide independent clinical services, including therapy.
Mental health practitioners include licensed social workers, licensed graduate social workers, licensed independent social workers (excluding independent clinical social workers) and licensed professional counselors (excluding professional clinical counselors). By law, these providers may offer clinical or therapeutic services to people with mental illness (excluding licensed social workers), but only under the supervision of mental health professionals. We also include licensed alcohol and drug counselors in this group. They have a limited scope that does not include mental health counseling, but they are nevertheless part of the licensed workforce that interfaces with mental health patients and clients.
Non-licensed mental health/social service workers include graduates of mental health-related programs who are employed in health care, social assistance, education or public administration industries but did not obtain licensure. These workers often go uncounted in studies of the mental health workforce. Though they lack the legal authority to diagnose or create a plan of care for patients with mental illness, they comprise a large share of workers who provide direct service and support. (It is important to note that under state law, people providing mental and behavioral health services must be licensed. See the below for more details.)
Licensure in Mental Health
Licensing is intended to protect the public by ensuring that competent and ethical individuals practice in an occupation.
State law mandates that individuals must be licensed to provide mental or behavioral health services, with very few exceptions. The four state licensing boards of Psychology, Marriage and Family Therapy, Behavioral Health and Therapy, and Social Work are responsible for establishing and enforcing state laws that govern professional standards in these fields.
In practice, however, the distinction between work that requires a license and work that does not is difficult to enforce, especially in human service or social assistance fields that may not involve the provision of mental health services.
It is important to note that licensing boards, not employers or workers, ultimately have the authority and responsibility to determine who needs to be licensed.
Consequently, the formal educational pipeline for mental health workers includes all individuals who pursue training that prepares them for licensure as one of these provider types, regardless of whether they obtain licensure. We include all graduates in this study in order to get a comprehensive picture of those who are likely providing mental or behavioral health and related social services in Minnesota. Only the work of licensed mental health practitioners and professionals, however, is governed by Minnesota law and sanctioned by state licensing boards. As shown in Table 1, Minnesota licensing standards vary widely by profession, with educational requirements ranging from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate.
Educational Pipeline and Licensure Requirements by Profession Type
Provider type/Licenses
Current education and supervised practice requirements for licensure
Example job titles
Psychologists (LP)
Doctorate in psychology (except educational psychology)
Doctorate in psychology
1,800 hours of postdoctoral supervised employment in psychology
Clinical or private practice psychologist
Social Workers (LICSW)
Graduate degree in social work
200 hours of direct supervision over 4,000 hours of post-graduate clinical practice.
Clinical social worker; licensed therapist
Marriage and Family Therapists (MFT); Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors (LPCC)
Graduate degree in counseling, marriage and family therapy, or a related degree
LMFT: Graduate degree in marriage and family therapy or a related field from an accredited program and 200 hours of direct supervision over 4,000 hours of supervised professional practice.
LPCC: Graduate degree in counseling or a related field from an accredited program and 200 hours of direct supervision over 4,000 hours of supervised professional practice.
Marriage and family therapist; licensed mental health counselor; behavior analyst
Social Workers (LSW, LISW, LGSW)
Bachelor's or graduate degree in social work, depending on license type
LSW: Bachelor's degree in social work. 4,000 hours of supervised practice is required after the license is issued.
LGSW: Graduate degree in social work. 4,000 hours of supervised practice is required after the license is issued.
LISW: Graduate degree in social work. Supervised non-clinical practice is required before licensure: 100 hours of direct supervision over 4,000 hours of non-clinical practice.
Caseworker; protective service worker; adoption social worker; mental health practitioner
Counselors (LADC, LPC)
Bachelor's or graduate degree in counseling, with emphasis on substance abuse, depending on license type
LADC: Bachelor's degree with at least 18 semester hours of alcohol and drug counseling coursework, and an 880-hour alcohol and drug counseling practicum.
LPC: Graduate degree in counseling or a related field from an accredited program and 100 hours of supervision over 2,000 hours of professional practice that occurs either before or after licensure.
Alcohol and drug counselor; substance abuse counselor; correctional counselor; employment counselor
1 Sources: Online information and personal conversations with the boards of Psychology, Social Work, Marriage and Family Therapy, and Behavioral Health and Therapy. These requirements are subject to change and only include education and clinical supervision hours. Licensure also requires an examination, and some licenses also require supervised field experience in a graduate program.
Broadly speaking, two factors determine the supply of professional mental health providers: (1) the size of the pipeline and (2) the rate at which graduates become licensed. As of 2015, Minnesota employed an estimated 22,630 workers in mental health-related occupations, including both licensed and non-licensed employees.3 In just nine years—from July 2006 to June 2014—Minnesota colleges and universities produced nearly half that number of graduates (9,851) in the mental health-related programs identified in Table 1.4
Of these 9,851 Minnesota graduates, only half (49.1 percent) pursued licensure. Figure 1 displays the share of graduates who went from degree to licensure by field of specialization. The likelihood of pursuing a license varies by field. During this period, master's-level graduates of marriage and family therapy as well as counseling programs were the least likely to pursue a license, whereas master's-level graduates in social work were the most likely.
Interestingly, among master's graduates in social work, one out of four decided to obtain a practitioner's license rather than a professional license. In some cases, this could be because master's-level social work graduates have obtained the practitioner license but are still working toward a professional-level license.
In terms of size, the largest pipeline is in social work and the smallest in psychology PhDs. It is important to point out that bachelor's programs in psychology are extremely popular among students. From July 2006 to June 2014, Minnesota colleges produced nearly 14,710 bachelor's graduates in psychology. This large supply, however, either did not continue in school or leaked out to other fields. Only 20—less than 1 percent—completed a doctoral-level credential in psychology.
Table 2 shows how long it took to obtain a license after completing the required degree. Graduate degree holders in counseling, marriage and family therapy, social work, and psychology took between 23 and 37 months on average to complete a license. In contrast, bachelor's graduates in social work and substance abuse/addiction counseling obtained licensure within 19 and 10 months on average, respectively.
Graduates to License Flows, Classes of 2007-2014
Field and degree level
Total graduates*
Graduates who obtained a license after graduation
Rate of licensure
Average months from degree to licensure
Substance Abuse Counseling Bachelor's
Social Work Bachelor's
Social Work Graduate Degree
Counseling/Marriage and Family Therapy Graduate Degree
Psychology Doctorate (research or practice) **
*Includes graduates who had at least one quarter of employment in Minnesota wage records since 2003.
**Note that of the 582 doctorate completers in psychology, 246 completed a research (as opposed to a clinical) track.
Source: see "About this Data" for additional data details.
The pipeline of practitioners is strong because practitioner-level licensure requires far fewer supervised practice hours than professional-level licensure. Obtaining the supervised practice hours can create a significant barrier, because prospective licensees are frequently responsible not only for finding a practicing professional to serve as their supervisor, but often they must pay supervisors for that time directly out of their own pockets.
The low rate of licensure among psychologists raises a special concern. According to the Minnesota Department of Health's 2016 Healthcare Workforce Survey, psychology is demographically the oldest mental health profession, with a median age of 57. Roughly one-quarter of practicing psychologists indicated on the survey that they planned to leave the profession within five years, most to retire. If the graduation and licensing rate of doctoral-level psychologists continues at the meager pace we see here, it will not be enough to fill the need or the demand (which many have argued is already woefully undersupplied).
Among the three types of professional-level licenses—marriage and family therapists, independent clinical social workers and licensed professional clinical counselors (LPCC) —LPCCs are closest to psychologists in terms of the theoretical underpinnings and orientation of their educational coursework. Therefore, they may be best positioned to at least partially fill the gap left by retiring psychologists.5
But while the number of master's-level counselors is more than adequate, their rate of licensure (39.9 percent, combined with marriage and family therapy graduates) is low, and the length of time from graduation to licensure is long. The low rate of licensure in this group might be because the LPCC license itself is new, dating back to 2008. The licensed counseling profession is growing, and we expect the licensure rate will increase over time.
In general, these findings raise concern, but also pinpoint areas of opportunity. We return to this discussion in the final section of this report.
Comparing Licensed and Non-licensed Graduates
The approximately 5,000 non-licensed mental health graduates pose a puzzle: Are they, in fact, part of the mental health workforce, and should they be factored in to discussions about supply and demand of this critical group of providers?
Recall that people who provide mental health services must be licensed in Minnesota (see sidebar). However, non-licensed mental health program graduates who work in social service-oriented positions take a wide variety of settings and roles, some of which overlap with licensed positions in terms of skill requirements and duties. They may work as life coaches, independent living skills specialists, youth program coordinators, clinic intake coordinators and direct care providers, for example. A key difference between licensed and non-licensed workers is the degree of independent decision-making permitted by Minnesota law. Non-licensed mental health workers can provide direct or "front line" care under supervision, and they are not permitted to diagnose patients or devise treatment plans.
This research relies primarily on three data sources: (1) 2016 public licensure data from the four licensing boards that govern the licensure of the mental health workforce: Psychology; Social Work; Marriage and Family Therapy; and Behavioral Health and Therapy; merged with (2) wage record data from DEED and (3) post-secondary graduation records from the Office of Higher Education, which covers for-credit public and private programs of one term or longer in Minnesota.
Included in the dataset are 9,851 graduates from 23 institutions in Minnesota, both public and private, who obtained a post-secondary credential from July 2006 to June 2014. Graduates who earned more than one degree in the same academic year were classified according to the highest degree obtained.
The dataset used for the labor market outcomes analysis (Figures 2-3 and Table 3) has fewer than 9,851 records because of a few exclusions. Graduates who went to work for the federal government, owned their own small unincorporated business, or left the state are excluded because these workers are not covered by the Minnesota Unemployment Insurance Program. Graduates older than 60 at the time of graduation were excluded because people who are near retirement might skew the results of a study of labor market outcomes.
Beyond that, however, the distinction between licensed and non-licensed mental health positions can be blurred. Some employers advertise positions open to both licensed and unlicensed applicants. DEED's Job Vacancy Survey shows that only about half of all job openings for positions advertised as mental health counselors or substance abuse counselors required licensure in the 2015-2016 period. Licensure was required for about 70 percent of job openings listed as marriage and family therapists and for 70 to 80 percent of those listed as social work positions.
By contrast, nearly all other job vacancies that involve diagnosing or treating health conditions required licensure. All openings for doctors, physician assistants, dentists, dental hygienists, occupational therapists and speech-language pathologists required licensure. And nearly all vacancies for registered nurses and physical therapists required licensure. While no hospital would consider hiring a non-licensed registered nurse, these findings suggest that some employers view licensed and non-licensed mental health workers as interchangeable.
To better understand the role of non-licensed workers, we examine two questions. First, do non-licensed graduates work in similar industries (settings) as licensed workers? Second, to what extent does licensure bring higher market rewards such as stable employment and higher wages?
Comparing the Industries of Licensed and Non-Licensed Workers
By and large, licensed and non-licensed mental health graduates work in similar industries. Figure 2 displays all mental health program graduates by their industry of employment, and allows us to compare the share of licensed versus non-licensed graduates across various industry settings.
Licensed providers are more likely to be employed in the health care industry compared with their non-licensed counterparts (23.4 percent versus 14.6 percent). They are less likely to be employed in industries other than health care, social assistance, education and public administration (3.8 percent versus 10.3
Overall, though, employment similarities outweigh differences, with the health care sector being the most likely employer and the education sector being the least likely. These findings further support the idea that licensed and unlicensed graduates occupy the same "space" in the market—and that non-licensed employees, while legally barred from performing certain duties, are clearly serving in roles that support and contribute to mental health outcomes in Minnesota.
Comparing Market Rewards of Licensed and Non-Licensed Workers
The next question focuses on the market returns associated with licensure. Full-time, year-round employment is an indicator of job quality and stability. As shown in Figure 3, full-time, year-round employment is by no means a given among these recent mental health graduates, particularly among licensed counselors, who have a roughly 54 percent chance of working full-time, year-round.6
Across the board, however, licensed mental health providers have a higher chance of securing stable, full-time employment after graduation compared with others with the same education but no license. In general, licensed social workers and licensed alcohol and drug counselors are most likely to land this type of stable employment.
Even more than job quality and stability, wages are often regarded as the quintessential market reward. Table 3 shows the difference in median hourly wages in the fourth year after graduation for each mental health pipeline group by licensure status and industry (work setting).7
Median Hourly Wages Earned in Selected Industries, by Field of Study and License Status, Fourth Year After Graduation
Share of Employment
Not Licensed
License Wage
Psychology Doctorate (N=211)
Clinics, Including Mental Health
Total, All Industries
Social Work Master's and Above (N=1,160)
Counseling and Marriage & Family Therapy Master's and Above (N=1,043)
Social Work Bachelor's (N=1,761)
Addiction Counseling Bachelor's (N=266)
Note: All wage figures have been adjusted for inflation to be in terms of constant 2015 U.S. dollars.
*Note that social workers (at both the bachelor's and master's levels) who work in education are most likely to be employed in elementary and secondary schools and counselors are evenly split between elementary/secondary and university-level institutions. Wages are higher for mental health workers in elementary/secondary schools than they are in colleges and universities.
Source: The figures presented in this table include graduates who had an employment record in Minnesota in their fourth year after graduation. We limit the display only to graduates ages 20 to 35 because wages for older graduates are more likely to be influenced by work experience than by post-secondary education. Individuals who obtained a license after 45 months from graduation were also excluded because we are unable to determine the impact of licensure on wage results.
See "About this Data" for additional data details.
Before turning to a discussion of these results, it is important to note that the wage data may exclude some graduates who are working in their own small, unincorporated private practices. This exclusion has the potential to skew results because professionals in private practice are likely earning more than their non-private practice counterparts. Analyses suggest, however, that any bias that exists is minimal.
Overall, 92.4 percent of graduates (four years after graduation) are included in the analysis. Of the 7.6 percent who were excluded, some were excluded because they were no longer in Minnesota or they were not working. An examination of a sample of records showed that most self-employed mental health professionals were identified in DEED wage records and therefore were included in the wage analysis.
There are three main findings to note in Table 3. First, wages generally increase with educational attainment, with the lowest among bachelor's holders and highest among doctorate degree holders.
Second, there is indeed a wage premium associated with licensure. Licensed graduates earn more than non-licensed graduates in every single industry, with only two exceptions—doctorate-level psychology graduates employed in other industries unrelated to mental health, and master's-level social workers who are employed in nursing and residential care facilities.
Third, differences in the distribution of graduates across industries explain some of the differences in earnings across groups. Since wages are almost always highest in hospitals and lowest in social assistance, licensed graduates with lower concentrations in hospitals and higher concentrations in social assistance have lower earnings overall relative to others with the same education level. In particular, mental health counseling professionals have relatively lower wages partially because they can't take advantage of high-paying sectors.
Both wage levels and wage premiums vary substantially by industry setting. Some industries offer both higher wages and a larger wage premium for licensure, while others offer one but not the other advantage. Caution is warranted in interpreting the wage premium results. Premiums ranging from -10 to +10 have to be interpreted as "neutral." Premiums greater than 10 percent indicate license holders earned more than non-license holders among this group of graduates, but we would need a much larger sample to know exactly how much more.
We see the smallest wage premiums in public administration, presumably because these jobs often do not require a license. For example, social work graduates who are county human services workers are not required to be licensed under current state law, though many are licensed voluntarily.
In contrast, some of the largest wage premiums for licensure are in the education sector for social workers. Licensed social workers at the bachelor's and master's level earn approximately 42.8 and 16.3 percent more, respectively, in this sector than their non-licensed counterparts. The health care sector (including clinics, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities) presents a mixed picture. The wage premium in hospitals is stronger than in other health care settings, ranging from about 2.2 percent to 27.8 percent, suggesting that licensure is in relatively high demand at hospitals and that licensed workers perform more complex tasks than their non-licensed counterparts.
This is not always the case in clinics and nursing and residential care facilities, where we find no wage premium for licensure at the master's level for social workers, and modest premiums—around 20 percent or less—for other licensed graduates. Such modest wage differentials may not be enough to offset the cost of licensure, especially at the professional level. Even more importantly, wage levels in these two health care sectors are lower than in other industry settings, with the exception of social assistance.
These findings raise questions: Can counseling, marriage and family therapy, and social work graduates access similar types of jobs in clinics and nursing and residential care facilities, regardless of licensure? Lower wage levels and modest wage premiums for licensure among individuals with the same education can cause imbalances in the mental health workforce by discouraging the pursuit of a license in certain segments, or by discouraging employment in the health care sector. Furthermore, if public sector wages for non-licensed individuals are higher than what a licensed individual can make in the health care industry, the incentives to pursue a license will diminish.
Finally, it is important to point out that regardless of pipeline group or licensure status, these wages are below standard compared to others with the same level of education and credentialing required. In 2017, registered nurses (who require an associate degree and license for employment) earned median hourly wages of $36.25. Likewise, occupational, respiratory, speech-language and physical therapists—all licensed occupations requiring comparable amounts of education to mental health professionals—earned median hourly salaries of at least $32. The wages of highly-trained mental health care professionals are closer to those of providers such as licensed practical nurses, respiratory therapy technicians and medical laboratory technicians, all of which require only associate degrees and only one of which requires a license.
Stakeholders have advocated for retention strategies that focus on career laddering opportunities for mental health paraprofessionals. These wage results, however, underscore the challenge for an associate or bachelor's graduate to progress in a mental health career. Without some kind of loan forgiveness program or other incentive, it is hard to imagine how a bachelor's graduate in a mental health program who is already employed could easily afford the cost of a master's degree and licensure.
Urban/Rural Distribution of the Mental Health Workforce
There are two distinct stories when it comes to the health care workforce: an urban story and a rural one. While health care professionals are generally available and accessible in most metropolitan areas, rural areas consistently struggle to attract health care providers of all types. There are a variety of reasons for this: rural pay is typically lower, there is a smaller recruitment pipeline, and it can be a challenge to attract urban residents to relocate and practice in rural areas.
Figure 4 quantifies the urban/rural distribution for licensed mental health providers in Minnesota, and includes all the professions we have studied thus far. Based on data from the four governing health licensing boards, this population-to-provider ratio is a measure of the per capita size of the workforce, or the population that hypothetically "shares" a single provider within an area. Figure 4 shows that there are 340 people to every one licensed mental health provider in metropolitan areas of Minnesota, compared with nearly 2,000 people to every one licensed mental health provider in rural areas.
In response to this problem, public health stakeholders emphasize the importance of developing their own local pipeline. Among other initiatives, these "grow your own" strategies include developing and offering post-secondary programs in rural regions.
Figure 5 offers some evidence on the likely effectiveness of grow-your-own strategies, showing the employment distribution of those who attended school in the Twin Cities metro versus elsewhere in the state (Greater Minnesota). While the majority (about 74 percent) of mental health students trained in the Twin Cities metropolitan area stay there to work, only about 60 percent of graduates from institutions in Greater Minnesota remain there to work. That is, even given the small share of licensed graduates who attended school at non-Twin Cities institutions (1,765 versus 1,563) Greater Minnesota still loses a higher share of its licensed graduates to Twin Cities employment. This suggests that it will not be enough to simply offer higher education in rural areas. It will also be important to reduce barriers and increase incentives to practice in non-Twin Cities areas, particularly rural areas.
Conclusions and Policy Implications
This article identified areas of strength in the mental health educational pipeline and areas of risk.
The first area of strength is the market rewards for licensure. Across the board, licensed mental health providers earn higher wages and have a higher chance of securing stable, full-time employment after graduation compared with others with the same education but no license.
At the same time, even without licensure, graduates in mental health fields find employment in industry settings most highly related to their academic background. Though they cannot legally perform the same scope of work as licensed providers, they should be legitimately counted as part of the mental health workforce.
The second area of potential strength is the popularity of bachelor's programs in psychology and social work. These large programs could sustain future employment growth in the mental health workforce in Minnesota, yet this opportunity is not being leveraged. Only a small fraction of this potential supply goes on to complete graduate training and licensure because of a series of bottlenecks that could be addressed through targeted policies.
Specifically, the findings here lend support to a set of legislative recommendations that resulted from a 2014 mental health workforce task force led by HealthForce Minnesota. Those recommendations included measures to reduce the barriers and burdens associated with clinical and non-clinical supervision, such as creating an institute to provide free supervisor training; creating tax incentives for mental health professionals who offer supervision; and requiring third-party payers to reimburse for the mental health care trainees provide when working under supervision (which they currently do not). Changes such as these would increase the number of working professionals who are willing to offer supervision and potentially reduce or remove the high cost of supervision from students and trainees.
The third area of strength is the expected job growth in mental health careers, especially licensed alcohol and drug counselors, driven by the rising drug epidemic. The data reveal that a bachelor's degree in addiction counseling coupled with an LADC license is a very marketable combination, and these workers are likely to end up in stable, full-time, well-paying positions relative to other mental health bachelor's completers.
There are also areas of specific concern. Even though licensure requires a significant investment of time and money, licensed workers sometimes compete in the market with non-licensed workers with similar levels of training. In some industry sectors, such as nursing and residential care facilities, the wage premium is modest. And regardless of license status, earnings among newly trained mental health individuals are definitely below standard compared with typical wages earned by workers in other health care occupations requiring comparable schooling.
From the perspective of an individual who is making career choices, this certainly reduces the incentive to pursue a professional-level career in mental health. That, in turn, threatens the adequacy and quality of Minnesota's mental health workforce.
Another special area of concern is rural practice. All else being equal, rural providers would have client caseloads of roughly five times the number in urban areas. While offering post-secondary training in Greater Minnesota and rural areas is somewhat effective, Twin Cities employment exerts a strong pull. Just under half of mental health providers educated in Greater Minnesota come to work in the Twin Cities. This suggests that for grow-your-own efforts to be most successful, postsecondary programs in rural areas should be coupled with aggressive efforts to retain workers.
Some rural areas have had success with reaching out to middle school students to get them interested in health careers and with offering health care internship opportunities to college-age students as a way of connecting them to local employers and keeping them tied to the region. The data presented here suggest that creative strategies such as these will be important to retain a strong workforce outside of the Twin Cities.
More broadly, these findings reflect a problem of a higher order: a devaluing of the work of mental health professionals and practitioners. In no other segment of the health care workforce would licensed workers compete for jobs with non-licensed workers, or earn similar wages even though the level of investment, training and competency was far higher. Simply put, hospitals do not hire non-licensed nurses or doctors, and clinics do not hire non-licensed physical, occupational or respiratory therapists.
On-the-job training is also often less structured in mental health than in other health care occupations, leaving it to students to finance their own on-the-job training on top of their formal academic education. We must ask why standards for mental health care are looser, why the line between licensed and non-licensed work is not brighter, and why these professionals are not valued, supported in their training, or compensated to a level commensurate with their preparation.
A common policy solution to health care workforce shortages is to create new professions with lower levels of education and narrower scopes of practice that can assume some of the duties of the shortage profession. Examples include physician assistants to supplement the physician workforce, and dental therapists to supplement the dentist workforce.
These strategies have been successful in other fields, but the findings here caution against such initiatives in mental health. Such a short-term fix will exacerbate the underlying problem in the long run. There are already thousands of non-licensed workers providing services related to mental health and social service. If licensed mental health professionals are not already established as an integral, well-respected and well-compensated part of the health care team, then a strategic policy of hiring more paraprofessionals will only de-professionalize and further depress wages for the licensed workforce. Instead, long-term strategies should emphasize and preserve the importance of high-quality credentialing and standards for this critically important workforce.
It is clear that the need for highly-trained mental health workers will only increase with our population. This research has contributed to our understanding of how to enumerate, support and grow this important group of workers.
1 For the purposes of this research, we exclude advanced practice psychiatric nurses and psychiatrists.
2 Minnesota Statute 245.462, Subd. 16-17.
3 This includes DEED's 2016 Occupational Employment Statistics counts for psychologists, substance abuse and other types of mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, and four classifications of social workers. It excludes psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses.
4 A few educational programs were excluded from this count of graduates because they are not designed to prepare for licensure or for employment in a mental health-related field: educational psychology, vocational rehabilitation counseling, and master's and post-master's psychology programs except those in counseling psychology specifically geared toward licensure.
5 It is important to note that all three professional-level mental health licenses require nearly identical levels of education, clinical supervision hours and licensure examination. Therefore, though they might have slightly different clinical orientations and foci, these three groups are equally qualified to provide mental health services.
6 By way of comparison, national data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that about 17 percent of all adults age 25 and older worked part-time for any reason in 2016. (Among only women, that share was 27 percent.)
7 Tracking wages in the fourth year allows enough time for graduates to fulfill the practicum requirements.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At the end of 2016, MA Design: Ceramics, Furniture, Jewellery and MA Industrial Design students at Central Saint Martin's College were tasked with a brief to create new accessories for the brand, based around the concept of "The New Aesthetic". The winner and runner-up designs were developed into models and showcased at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona to coincide with the launch of Huawei's P10 phone.
David Kim, Huawei Brand Director, introduces the brief and gives a background to the company. Not so well-known here, yet Huawei is the world's 3rd largest smartphone vendor, after Samsung and Apple.
Two design masterclasses followed later from Mark Delaney, Head of Huawei London Design Centre, and Abi Brody - formerly of Apple, PayPal and eBay - who is Chief Designer + VP at Huawei Consumer.
In February, students presented their ideas in front of the panel of judges from Huawei and CSM.
The winning design - Spectra - is a necklace which scans colours and textures, transforming them into sounds.
The user can "collect" sounds to create a kind of music as a way to document their experiences of a place.
The entries are debated until late in the afternoon, and the winning team announced.


As a child growing up in the 1950s, I remember seeing official-looking signs on street corners, etc., which said "No Loitering." That term seems to have become passé in the decades since then, but it does seem to be applicable to the situation causing so much controversy in Ashland. Whatever happened to those "No Loitering" laws, or are they just a figment of my aging imagination?
By the phrase "situation causing so much controversy," we'll assume you mean the issue of homeless people in public spaces that is a continuing source of debate in Ashland.
We turned to Ashland Police Department Sergeant Bob Smith for insights.
" 'No Loitering' signs are not a figment of his imagination," Smith said in response to your question. "But case law indicates public property is just that — public property. You can't prevent people from being on public property."
That being said, some communities have tried to restrict the amount of time people can spend in a public place for certain activities, he said.
But a statement from the federal Department of Justice, coupled with court rulings, challenge the ability of communities to enact laws that criminalize common behavior of homeless people, such as sleeping in public.
Smith said anti-loitering laws could be unconstitutional.
In August, DOJ argued in a Boise, Idaho, case that laws such as bans on sleeping or camping in public places effectively criminalize homelessness when cities don't provide adequate shelter.
In regards to loitering laws in particular, the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned several anti-loitering laws for being unconstitutionally vague, according to the National Coalition for the Homeless.
Anti-panhandling laws can also unconstitutionally infringe on free speech rights, the coalition said.
Smith said Ashland has an ordinance banning people from blocking or restricting use of sidewalks. A homeless person sitting or lying on the sidewalk could be violating that ordinance.
"You have to leave enough distance for people to pass by," Smith said.
Ashland also has an ordinance against camping on public property. The ordinance doesn't refer to sleeping, he said.
"Sleeping is closing your eyes. Camping is putting out your stuff and hanging out," Smith said. "If people want to camp, they have to go outside city limits."
A person in a vehicle or motor home parked on a street could be violating the ordinance if he or she is spending time there, including overnight, he said.
"We try to be sensitive, but we have people who will try to take advantage," he said. "We generally respond to complaints of people sleeping in vehicles. We don't seek it out per se."
Regarding the difference between loitering and trespassing, Smith said trespassing usually refers to someone being on private property without permission. Ashland does have an ordinance allowing it to ban people from public parks for a period of time.
Send questions to "Since You Asked," Mail Tribune Newsroom, P.O. Box 1108, Medford, OR 97501; by fax to 541-776-4376; or by email to youasked@mailtribune.com. To see a collection of columns, go to mailtribune.com/youasked. We're sorry, but the volume of questions received prevents us from answering all of them.


text:
Figuring out the contingent plan for Covid19 effects on the pre-decided career paths
in Career Advice, Career Tips, Expert Speaks, Higher Education, K12, Opinion
By Kirti Krishan, Co-founder and CMO, Precisely
You're a student, suited up and ready for the world beyond your school, and then COVID happens. Undergraduate Admissions are pushed back, graduations are delayed.
It's chaos. Even for universities. It is evident by the recent splurge in online courses.
Scott Galloway, professor of marketing at the New York University Stern School of Business has said, "if not thousands but hundreds of brick-and-mortar universities will go out of business". The scrambling of the schools and universities to figure out a process if the students do not go to campuses is adding more to the nebula.
So, what should you do?
COVID has been around for quite some time, and it has been a prime concern for many. But yet again, there's always a silver lining if you just look hard enough
What are you made of?
Take out some time to reflect on yourself. What do you like? This is the perfect time to work on your Ikigai. The concept of ikigai is made to enable you to systematically define your needs, wants, and skills and come to a conclusion. Start with a simple checklist, and build upon it.
Here's a framework for you –
Nobody knows you better than yourself. Draw a persona of who you are right now, and how you want to be. Get as much information as you can from people who are experienced in what you want to be, read blogs, articles, watch videos, and absorb as much as you can. Your goal is to make a plan that shows who you are right now and covers the steps to who you want to be. You're a student, unaware of career planning. I don't blame you. Interests are like sparks, it's hard to find what you genuinely like without investing enough time into it. Look through your personality, and come up with five things you like, and have a genuine interest in.
Those are your five keywords. Go on Google Trends, look around what is the world doing with those five words. That's how you do your research, you now have an idea as to what is going on with the words you're interested in.The next thing you do is find the trending blogs to read, videos to watch, and people to follow to get an in-depth review of what your interest is all about. Your in-depth reviews should now lead you to the subject matter experts of the said interest.
Remember, exposure is the key. Once you know all that, you're ready to make a decision. Now, think in terms of feasibility. Do you have the resources, time, and money to pursue a certain interest? If not, move onto the next. That's how I did it.
I'm going to summarize it in 3 steps.
Find out who you are.
Figure out your five interests.
Perform an in-depth analysis of your interests, and narrow down on choices.
Apply this framework, work out a set of courses you want to do, treat it like a gap year, where your sabbatical is more for skill enhancement and personal growth than regular academics. Set aside the anxiety of missing out on personal timelines. Consider all the different variables of life which would help you accept that there's no set timeline. The only truth is that the more you do now, the better you would reap when the new normal is pushed back to the old normal.
Nainital Bank Recruitment 2020: Check details of vacant posts
Tamil Nadu TN Polytechnic Result 2020 released
JEE Advanced 2020: Architecture Aptitude Test on October 8


I'd prance to if I ever won anything.
You make me laugh and I'm glad you won. Keep writing Rebecca. Maybe thats whats giving you all this luck, your entertaining website.
I couldn't be more happier for you, Rebecca. When Wolfy announced the winner, I knew it was going to the right person. Way to bring it home!
Enjoy your "stuff" and have a wonderful December. Happy hook ups!
Congrats! With this type of luck following you around, I recommend getting on a plane to Vegas right NOW!
I forgot to ask, what'd you win?
Woa! What a grand prize you've won there Rebecca! It could Not have gone to a more deserving person to be sure. Especially seeing as you don't tie up yer own little bits of fluff 'n stuff. Nice to see that all of your fine work and a little bit of luck, has scored You the big goal little fishin' sister! Looks reel good on ya too!
Oh, good luck on the awesome Bass Pak Wolfy's givin' out this round, 'cause I'm in it too this time, cutey!
So…this is what the energizer bunny playing a drum and a kazoo looks like, huh?
@Larry Thank you! I didn't enter the Bass fishing contest because I'd rather remain a Miracle than fall back into my normal losing catagory. Wishing you luck though! Remember, luck + hope x a miracle= winner!
@Indigo So happy to see you visiting this side of my writing life. A bit different than the other place huh….as for the snow. Shhhh! If it snows here in the next few days, I shall totally blame you.
@Wolfy the Santa Claus himself! I will most certainly appreciate everything and I thank you so much for running a great contest. Even if I hadn't won, I thought it was very cool you were doing it. This week, I am SOO excited for the mail!
Winning is always good. Good defeats are kinda special too.
I got here from the long and winding blog trail from Bayou Woman's blog.
I fish but I'll be back.


text:
Maldonado es uno de los diecinueve departamentos que componen la República Oriental del Uruguay. Su capital es la homónima Maldonado.

La capital departamental, la ciudad de Punta del Este y parcialmente la de San Carlos debido a su cercanía, forman el segundo conurbano más poblado del país, donde residen más de 135 000 personas.

Este departamento está ubicado al sureste del país, limitando al norte con Lavalleja, al este con Rocha, al sur con el Río de la Plata y el océano Atlántico, y al oeste con Canelones.

Con 4793 km² es el tercer departamento menos extenso —por delante de Canelones y Montevideo, el menos extenso—, con 183.887 habs. en 2011, el tercero más poblado —por detrás de Montevideo y Canelones— y con 34,28 hab/km², el tercero más densamente poblado, por detrás de Montevideo y Canelones. Frente a las costas continentales de este departamento se encuentran las islas de Lobos y Gorriti.

El 19 de octubre de cada año se celebra el Día de Maldonado.

Historia

Toponimia

El origen de su nombre data del año 1530, cuando el colono y navegante Sebastián Gaboto partió rumbo a Castilla, España, dejando el cargo al teniente Francisco Maldonado, que dirigía el barco de «Santa María de Espinar».

Primeros poblados

A fines de 1749, el rey de España decidió nombrar a Don José Joaquín de Viana como primer Gobernador de Montevideo, asumiendo el mando en las postrimerías de 1751 tras su desembarco en Buenos Aires en febrero de ese mismo año.

Viana, una vez en el poder, se planteó la posibilidad de ir ganando terreno, por lo que no vaciló en hacer entrega de estancias en predios que iban distanciándose notoriamente del dominio montevideano (que en su momento estaba compuesto de pequeños ranchos y haciendas que formaban parte de lo que hoy comprende el barrio de la Ciudad Vieja).

En 1752, el Tratado de Madrid establecía los límites administrativos y Viana autorizaba una orden de arresto para Francisco Gorriti, capitán del Regimiento de Cantabria, por rehusarse a contribuir con los gastos expedicionarios defensivos que se realizaban, por ejemplo, contra los indios minuanes. Este hecho es muy significativo para la historia departamental puesto a que es el motivo por el cual la Isla de Maldonado pasara a conocerse como la actual Isla Gorriti.

Simultáneamente se llevaba a cabo la colocación de los Marcos que comprendían a la Banda Oriental en una línea divisoria que justificaba la ocupación del territorio con la firma del Tratado. De esta manera, Montevideo se exponía a merced del invasor y Maldonado a las intenciones colonizadoras del Imperio lusitano.

El gobernador comienza a preocuparse ante lo inevitable y decide acudir al apoyo del rey, enviándole un Oficio en julio de 1754, en el que expresaba su malestar ante el ligero avance de los portugueses que ya se hacían con un establecimiento en la abadía del Chuy. Viana proponía que se levantaran dos poblados, el primero en Maldonado y el segundo en Minas, para controlar la situación y a lo que se podría llegar si se destinaban fondos suficientes por parte de la Real Hacienda. El fin primordial sería auxiliarse de forma mutua y servir de barrera ante posibles ofensivas provenientes de Río Grande.

Ante la indiferencia de su majestad, Viana tomó la directiva de emprender un viaje en compañía de 13 vecinos en agosto de 1755, fundando el asentamiento de "La Caballada del Diario". Unos cuantos meses después, la población se traslada a su emplazamiento actual.
Para tal efecto se desconoce la participación del rey español o de alguna autoridad vinculada a la jurisdicción oriental, por lo que se presume que debe haber sido una intervención de facto.
Viana pasaría desde ese momento a exigir igualdad de condiciones y buen trato a los nuevos colonos de Maldonado, tal y como se había dado con los primeros habitantes montevideanos.

El pueblo recibió el nombre de Maldonado que, desde tiempo inmemorial, había sido adjudicado tanto a la isla como a la bahía. Poco después, y en homenaje al rey Fernando VI, se comenzó a emplear la terminación de San Fernando de Maldonado.

La edificación de la villa corrió bajo cuenta del ingeniero Francisco Rodríguez Cardozo, quien eligió el lugar adecuado sobre el que se asentaría de forma definitiva.

Construcciones antiguas

Maldonado

La Catedral San Fernando de Maldonado: edificio de estilo neoclásico. Su creación data del año 1801, y se fundó en octubre de 1895 por obra del Arzobispo montevideano, el Dr. Mariano Soler (nacido en San Carlos).
El altar mayor representa el trabajo de Antonio Veiga, que obtuvo dos premios en la exposición continental llevada a cabo en Buenos Aires hacia 1882.

La imagen de la Virgen del Carmen situada en el extremo superior del altar, fue propiedad del Vapor "Ciudad del Santander", que naufragó en las proximidades de Isla de Lobos en 1829. El Marqués de Comillas, su legítimo propietario, donó la imagen que hoy recibe la veneración a la Virgen y sobre cuyo soporte el pintor uruguayo Carlos de Santiago, representó al barco "Ciudad del Santander".

Capilla: en febrero de 1801 el párroco Dr. Dámaso Gómez de Fonseca estableció de forma oficial este emplazamiento, para poder construir en el solar pensado para Iglesia la actual Catedral. En tiempos de invasión inglesa la Capilla fue el sitio que se encontró a salvo de las ofensivas bélicas, aunque en 1889 se corría el rumor de que podría derrumbarse debido a su deterioro.

Torre del Vigía: fue edificada por Don Rafael Pérez del Puerto en 1800.
Tiene cinco metros de lado y trece de altura. Su fin era el de observar el río de la Plata e informar al gobierno de Buenos Aires sobre cualquier ingreso marítimo al estuario bajo su jurisdicción.Según cuentan leyendas locales, existía bajo la torre una entrada a un complejo de túneles que la comunicaban con el Cuartel de Dragones y la Catedral. Estaba destinado a usarse en casos de emergencia e invasión; lamentablemente aún no se ha encontrado evidencia arqueológica de su existencia.

Marcos de los Reyes: instalado en 1752 para servir de límite entre las posesiones españolas y portuguesas de acuerdo a lo redactado en Madrid en 1750.Existían varios de ellos, que marcaban los límites acordados en el Tratado de Tordesillas y el de San Ildefonso, resultados entre otras tratativas diplomáticas, de la Bula del Papa Alejandro VI (Rodrigo Borgia o Borja) de origen valenciano. Es de mármol blanco salpicado en color rosado, y fue fabricado en Lisboa, esculpido con fechas y nombres de los monarcas de aquel entonces, Fernando VI de España y Juan II de Portugal.

Cuartel de Dragones o Blandengues:
el levantamiento de este edificio se produjo en marzo de 1771 y culminó en 1797.
Fue planificado por Bartolomé Howel, un ingeniero español, quien lo sobrellevó en su primer tramo.
En él se inició el General José Gervasio Artigas, prócer nacional uruguayo como blandengue, al servicio de la corona española.

Piriápolis

El Castillo de Piria: construido hacia 1894 por Don Francisco Piria (al que debe su nombre), tiene una mezcla de estilos francés e italiano. Lo rodeaba un enorme jardín con plantas exóticas y estatuas de terracota traídas de Europa,(las que fueron rotas a balazos por un conocido expresidente uruguayo) dos fuentes, una redonda que tiraba agua de unos peces en terracota y una rectangular que se destacaba por su tamaño y profundidad, la cual que tenía en un extremo un balcón con San Isidro de dónde emanaba un chorro de agua desde una jarra que tenía en su mano. Las habitaciones eran de estilo Luis XV con paredes revestidas con papeles de origen europeo con detalles en dorado; cielorrasos con «medias cañas» pintadas con oro a la hoja, pisos de pinotea, la escalera principal de granito extraído del cerro Pan de Azúcar.
Fue vendido en 1975 por la familia Isola Piria (hijos de Adela Piria) a la familia Amaro, y luego donado a la IDM quién lo convirtió en Museo Histórico en 1980 recibiendo vajillas y adornos del Argentino Hotel y el ex Hotel Piriápolis, material fotográfico y recuerdos de la época por parte de la Sra. Julia Guadalupe.
Ha sido objeto de leyendas que versan de tesoros escondidos, que nunca se encontraron y de energías en su contorno. Tal vez esto se deba a la supuesta actividad y creencias de Piria en la alquimia y de su participación en la Masonería, lo que le da el tinte místico a su obra. A pocos kilómetros del castillo, existen restos de una catedral de estilo gótico que él estaba construyendo cerca de Piriápolis que nunca terminó, y supuestamente dejó de hacerlo porque la Iglesia se negó a consagrarla debido a que no fue bendecida su piedra fundamental.
Aparte de su castillo, con reminiscencias francesas e italianas, este hombre, luchador incansable, construyó El Argentino Hotel (un gigantesco complejo que parece extraído de la riviera francesa), parques y jardines con esculturas que él mismo trajo de Europa, como el toro de bronce que remata el paseo del cerro del Toro (un toro de bronce de más de 600 kg que escupe agua), el Jardín de Venus, de estilo puramente griego, y el Pabellón de las Rosas, donde año a año se realizan certámenes de belleza y desfiles de modas. Lo cierto es que hoy puede visitarse y conocer el estilo de vida de la que fuera la familia más rica de la zona.

Punta Ballena

Casapueblo: obra del pintor y escultor Carlos Páez Vilaró, sobre la costa occidental de Sierra de la Ballena. Es el producto de más de tres décadas de trabajo, y es famoso por sus casas de piedra y cal blanco dándole un toque rústico y natural a la vez. Se dice de esta obra que no tiene un solo ángulo recto en toda su construcción. Recuerda vagamente a las construcciones de las islas griegas.

Punta del Este

Faro de Punta del Este: su construcción data de 1860 y fue entregado por Tomás Libarona para la correcta vigilancia de la navegación Río de la Plata-Mar Uruguayo-océano Atlántico. Posee 45 m de altura.

Puerto Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria: hallado en febrero de 1506 por el explorador Juan Díaz de Solís, el día que tenía lugar la celebración a la Virgen de la que adoptó su nombre.

San Carlos

La ciudad de San Carlos fue fundada en 1763 por don Pedro de Cevallos, con un pequeño núcleo de familias azorianas radicadas en Río Grande, al cual luego se sumaron familias españolas. La Iglesia de San Carlos Borromeo, con el empuje fundamental del cura Amenedo de Montenegro, se comenzó a construir en 1792 y se finalizó en 1801. Es la única con planos similares a la Iglesia de Santa María, en el sur de España, planos que datan del S IV. De estilo romano antiguo, posee en su patio exterior lápidas pertenecientes a los primeros habitantes con curiosas inscripciones. Este cementerio funcionó hasta 1850. Fue declarada Monumento Histórico Nacional en el año 1963.Es la Iglesia más antigua del país que se conserva en su estado original.

Casona de Don Carlos Seijo: perteneció al historiador del mismo nombre, que fue asimismo el primero en realizar investigaciones sobre la población carolina a fines del .

Molino Lavagna: recibe el seudónimo de su antiguo propietario Ignacio Lavagna, nacido en Italia y trasladado a Maldonado en 1870.
Trabajó en el Molino Perdomo hasta que en 1884 comprara el suyo y ejerciera en calidad de empresario. El mismo año de su muerte, en 1928, el molino se incendió perdiéndose todo tipo de ganancia. Carlos Lavagna, su hijo, se encargaría de hacerlo funcionar nuevamente al traer maquinaria alemana, pero en 1931 fallece y la deuda que subyacía a la fábrica hizo que se clausurara de forma definitiva. Hoy en día se encuentra sumido en ruinas.

Estación de Trenes: construida a la usanza de la época; se conserva en bastante buen estado y evoca los tiempos en que la actividad ferroviaria era el principal medio de transporte en el país. Aún se encuentran vagones de madera y zorras en sus vías abandonadas

Geografía

De entrañable posición geográfica, Maldonado es un departamento rico en contrastes. Posee un relieve sorprendente que se caracteriza por la presencia de sierras en la casi totalidad de sus confines, y por una cotizada península que separa al río de la Plata del océano Atlántico a lo largo de una costa de unos 100 km que va desde su límite con Canelones (por el arroyo Solís Grande) hasta su frontera con Rocha en el extremo este del país.

Orografía

Es algo rocoso y de medianas a elevadas alturas. Desde el conjunto serrano de Carapé, alejado de la zona costera, emergen los de Caracoles y Ballena con dirección al sur, la sierra de las Cañas hacia el norte, y hacia el suroeste, el Cerro Catedral (con 513 m s. n. m., el punto más alto de Uruguay).
Sobre el litoral meridional, la Cuchilla Grande abre paso al Cerro de las Ánimas, ubicado en la sierra de mismo nombre, la segunda más alta del país, con 501 metros. Próximo a Piriápolis se sitúa el Cerro Pan de Azúcar (423 m s. n. m.).

Las playas son arenosas y empinadas, como se aprecia en los balnearios de Las Flores, José Ignacio, Manantiales, Punta Colorada y Santa Mónica, entre otros tantos.

Hidrografía

El departamento de Maldonado es el único del país al que no lo recorre ningún río. La mayor parte de los arroyos desembocan en pequeñas lagunas, como lo son el arroyo Garzón, que desemboca en la laguna de mismo nombre, el arroyo José Ignacio, afluente de la laguna homónima, y los arroyos Sauce y Pan de Azúcar que fluyen en la Laguna del Sauce.

En el Río de la Plata desembocan el arroyo Solís Grande y el arroyo de Mataojo, el principal afluente de este último es el arroyo de San Carlos, desembocando a través de él los arroyos de las Cañas y de los Caracoles.

El arroyo del Aiguá pertenece a la Cuenca de la laguna Merín, y tiene como afluente a los arroyos del Alférez y Sarandí Grande.

Sismicidad

La región responde a la «falla de Punta del Este», con sismicidad baja; y su última expresión se produjo el , a las 3.20 UTC-3, con una magnitud de 5,5 en la escala de Richter. (Terremoto del Río de la Plata de 1888).

Clima

El clima de Maldonado es templado y húmedo (promedio 16 °C , promedio aprox. de 22 en verano, 10 en invierno y 1000 mm anuales de lluvias). Tienen características semejantes a las zonas "templadas marítimas". Las nevadas son raras, aunque en el invierno del año 1993 fue posible observar la sierra de las Ánimas nevada, aunque este caso no fue un caso único ni aislado en la historia del departamento.

Flora y fauna

Próximo a San Carlos podemos encontrar árboles que nacieron antes de 1910, pudiendo verse eucaliptus, coníferas, ombúes, hibiscos, romeros, palmeras, y tunas, en menor medida.

En cuanto a su fauna, en las cercanías del cerro Pan de Azúcar se encuentra la «Reserva de Fauna Autóctona», abierta al público, en la que se puede visitar a los animales en su entorno natural.

Destacan el carpincho, el gato montés, el puma, el yacaré, el yaguareté, el zorro gris, la mulita, el pecarí de collar, el ciervo guazú-virá, el benteveo, el ñandú, y otras especies de aves, como por ej: la garza bruja, el carancho y el chimango, etc.
Otras especies, como los murciélagos habitan hacia el norte, en las grutas de Salamanca en Aiguá. En las costas se reproducen dos especies de lobos marinos, cuya principal población se encuentra en la isla de Lobos, situada en el océano Atlántico, que es considerada una reserva natural, no abierta al público.
También en la costa se puede apreciar a la ballena franca austral, que habita en las aguas del mar Uruguayo.

Economía

La principal fuente de ingresos del departamento se encuentra dada por la inmensa actividad turística que tiene su mejor época en los meses de verano, esto es, desde mediados de diciembre a principios de marzo. A la gente le llama la atención sus hermosas playas, la rambla de Punta del Este y sus hoteles 5 estrellas, como el ENJOY Punta del Este, el hotel San Rafael, Las Cumbres y otros lugares lindos para visitar.
También juega un papel importante la agricultura, con mayor campo laboral en el sur, y la cría de ganado vacuno y ovino, más común del centro al norte de Maldonado.
Las plantaciones son bastante variadas y van desde maíz, trigo, forrajes, papas (o patatas), hasta la cosecha de hortalizas y vid.
Por último, existe una explotación minera e industrial prolongada. En Pan de Azúcar se pueden encontrar empresas dedicadas a la producción de mármol, de cemento tipo Portland, y allí y en la zona serrana de Carapé se explotan canteras de esa piedra. En las ciudades más centralizadas hay una extendida industria destinada a la manufactura de conservas, harinas, productos vinícolas, azúcar y textiles.

Infraestructura

Transporte
Maldonado está conectado, tanto con el resto del país como a nivel interno, mediante las rutas 9, 10, 12, 13, 37, 38, 39, 60, 71, 72, 73, 93, 104, 109 e Interbalnearia.

También existe un ramal ferroviario, actualmente clausurado, que hasta 2002 unía Montevideo con Rocha, atraveando Maldonado en sentido este-oeste. El 28 de noviembre de 1982 partió desde la hoy desaparecida estación Punta del Este el último tren que circuló por ese balneario. Al año siguiente se procedió con el desmantelamiento del ramal de 6 km que unía el balneario con la capital fernandina, para en su lugar instalar el Bulevar Artigas y la Terminal de Ómnibus de Punta del Este. En 1998 la ferroviaria estatal AFE, presidida por el Sr. Víctor Vaillant, procedió al desmantelamiento del ramal que quedaba entre la ciudad de Maldonado y San Carlos, con el fin de arrimar la ruta 39 al bulevar ya mencionado.

A nivel aéreo Maldonado cuenta con los aeropuertos departamental El Jagüel e internacional de Laguna del Sauce. Este último sirve como complementario al aeropuerto de Carrasco.

En materia de transporte de pasajeros, posee un sistema departamental de transporte que une destinos dentro del departamento a través de distintas líneas de ómnibus. Estas son operadas por empresas autorizadas.

Educación

Maldonado cuenta con una serie de instituciones orientadas a la formación de servicios en hostelería, turismo, medicina, derecho, entre otras.
La Universidad de la República dispone de un centro asociado a tales propósitos, que organiza de forma conjunta con la Intendencia Municipal.
En la capital encontramos además a un centro regional de formación docente, el Centro Regional de Profesores (CERP del Este) y en esta y en el resto, a la Universidad del Trabajo del Uruguay (UTU); además cuenta con una gran cantidad de universidades privadas como puede ser el CLAEH (universidad de derecho y medicina), la UDE (Universidad de la empresa), UNIFA (Universidad Francisco de Asís), entre otros institutos de formación terciaria.

Demografía

Conforme al censo de 2011, Maldonado contaba con una población de 164 300 habitantes y había un total de 110 794 viviendas en el departamento (47 657 en 2004). Por cada 100 mujeres había 96,9 hombres. En 2004, el hogar promedio era de 2,9.

 Tasa de crecimiento intercensal: 17,20% (2011-2004)
 Tasa de crecimiento anual: 2,29% (2011-2004)
 Tasa de natalidad: 17,10 nacimientos/1000 personas (2004)
 Tasa de mortalidad: 7,06 bajas/1000 personas
 Promedio de edad: 31,0 (30,1 hombres, 32,0 mujeres) (2004)
 Esperanza de vida al nacer (2004): 76,2 (72,2 hombres, 80,4 mujeres) (2004)
 Promedio de hijos por familia: 2,31 hijos/mujer (2004)
Crecimiento de la población (habitantes):
 1852: 9 733
 1860: 20 000
 1908: 28 020
 1963: 61 259
 1975: 76 211
 1985: 94 314
 1996: 127 502
 2004: 140 192
 2011: 164 300

Gobierno

De acuerdo con el artículo 262 de la Constitución de la República, en materia de administración departamental "el Gobierno y Administración de los Departamentos, con excepción de los servicios de seguridad pública, serán ejercidos por una Junta Departamental y un Intendente. Tendrán su sede en la capital de cada departamento e iniciarán sus funciones sesenta días después de su elección."
Además, "el Intendente, con acuerdo de la Junta Departamental, podrá delegar en las autoridades locales el ejercicio de determinados cometidos en sus respectivas circunscripciones territoriales"(...).

Ejecutivo
La Intendencia Municipal es el órgano ejecutivo del departamento. El Intendente es electo de forma directa con cuatro suplentes,por un período de cinco años con posibilidad de reelección.

Legislativo
La legislatura está ejercida por una Junta Departamental compuesta de 31 ediles, con tres suplentes, que acompañan a las listas electorales y son elegidos de forma democrática. Los ediles son los encargados de proponer reformas municipales, decretos e impuestos, así como cualquier otro proyecto que estimen conveniente coordinar con el Intendente. Estos cumplen la función del Poder Legislativo a nivel departamental.

Municipios

Centros urbanos
Además de la capital propiamente dicha, Maldonado cuenta con otras ciudades, entre ellas, San Carlos, Punta del Este, considerada uno de los principales balnearios sudamericanos, Piriápolis, circundada por los cerros de San Antonio, del Toro y Pan de Azúcar, la propia ciudad de Pan de Azúcar y Aiguá.

Los siguientes son pueblos o ciudades con una población de 1000 o más personas (datos del censo del año 2011):

a Parte del área urbana de Maldonado

b Parte del área urbana de Punta del Este

Otras localidades con menos de 1000 habitantes son:

Referencias

Véase también
 Organización territorial de Uruguay

Enlaces externos

 Intendencia de Maldonado
 Página de Punta del Este www.puntadeleste.com
 Maldonet, el Portal de Maldonado
 Maldonado en la Enciclopedia geográfica de Uruguay
 Breve reseña geográfica del departamento de Maldonado-Incluye mapas ilustrados.
 Fotos de Maldonado, Punta del Este, Punta Ballena, Casapueblo, José Ignacio, Piriápolis, La Barra, Sierra De Las Animas
 Guía de comercios de Maldonado en PlanetaUruguay.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Hired Guns are looking for a highly motivated, extremely collaborative Senior Recruiter to join our in-house core team. To land this gig, you'll need to be an experienced recruiter who understands the ultra-competitive digital and emerging tech scene. And if you have a sweet spot in UX or Design — even better.
As a Senior Recruiter for The Hired Guns, you'll get to work on a variety of exciting digital roles across industries. All our clients sit at the intersection of Innovation and Transformation, so if you like being on the cutting edge and working on roles where the candidate you find might be the first person ever to hold that position, you'll be coming to the right place.
The right Senior Recruiter for us is someone who cares deeply about the success of both our candidates and our clients. Our clients hold us accountable to knowing the digital space inside and out, having access to the right people, being deliberate and accurate in our candidate presentment — all of which will help their companies grow faster. Beyond recruiting, we love Senior Recruiters who are relationship builders. Account expansion is a key skill that will definitely put you at the top of the list.
You'll have a ton of ownership in this position. You'll be assigned clients and roles for which you'll need to do 100% of the candidate sourcing, recruiting, vetting and presentment. You will keep your clients and talent informed throughout the search as you drive to a successful close.
This gig is equal parts recruiter, advisor and leader. If you've done internal recruiting or worked for a larger staffing firm, and are ready to join a team that prides itself on making the right hire every time, you've just found your people. Alternatively, if you're a lone gunman in a market with a big tech community and you're sick of going it alone, we'd be a great firm to join forces with.
While we would love someone to come and work out of our NYC loft — right at the top of Madison Square Park — we are also open to a Senior Recruiter who would like to work remotely. Here's the caveat there: you must have a proven track-record, killer recommendations and stellar references. We'd also need you to travel to NYC (or other markets) for key client meetings, training, conferences and assorted internal rah-rahs.
You understand the digital ecosystem as well as your clients — who are hiring managers and working in senior operating roles at top companies. You enjoy staying on top of big trends in the space, which gives you a knack for knowing what the next hot in-demand positions will be. You're a natural networker and enjoy being a part of the digital community by attending conferences and events. And above all else, you have an uncanny ability to get the very best talent to commit to being represented by you.
Your client-facing chops are exceptional. Your customers know they can trust you to find the very best people for the most sought-after positions in digital and emerging tech. And when it comes to client communications, you are extraordinary: expectations are always managed and recruiting timelines are always met. You don't require hand-holding, either. You're self-directed and have a passion for growing your own accounts as well as onboarding new ones.
Ideally, you come with a Rolodex full of top-shelf digital folk that will wow our clients and help them build products and experiences that delight their customers and drive growth.
We've been in business for nearly 20 years. When we look across our most successful recruiters, the glue that holds us together is grit, perseverance, an all-around can-do attitude and a genuine devotion to the craft of recruiting. People who not only participated in lots of on-campus activities during college but who also worked through college tend to do very well here. And while making money is always important in a production-driven environment, your truest passion is coaching candidates and clients through the process.
We're a shop that does things differently. If you're looking for a place with a big heart and a ton of independence, this is the place for you. If you're looking for business as usual, then it might not be a great fit.


text:
Ohio bill would reduce penalty on concealed-carry gun notice
News, State Wire
COLUMBUS (AP) — Ohio lawmakers are looking at cutting the penalties for concealed-carry permit holders who don't tell police that they have a weapon when they're detained by authorities.
A House committee approved softening the penalties Tuesday, reducing them from a misdemeanor that carries up to six months in jail and a $1,000 fine to only a $25 fine.
The current penalties also could lead to violators losing their concealed-carry license.
Gun rights groups were hoping lawmakers do away with the penalties entirely.
"A logical explanation of how notification makes officers safe has not been provided by law enforcement," said Gary Witt, legislative coordinator for Ohioans for Concealed Carry.
"Thirty-six states do not require notification, and there has not been a problem with officer safety in these states," he said. "We believe that law enforcement claims of officer safety are false claims."
James Irvine, president of the Buckeye Firearms Association, said the compromise struck a reasonable balance.
Lawmakers also introduced a "stand-your-ground" proposal. It would eliminate a requirement in Ohio that says a person who claims self-defense in someone's death must prove the claim is more likely true than false.
The proposal facing lawmakers would shift the burden on to prosecutors to prove that shooters claiming self-defense didn't act to defend themselves.
"Current Ohio law is giving more legal protections to the perpetrators of violent crimes than to the victims of violent crimes," said Sen. Joe Uecker, a Republican from Miami Township and one of the bill sponsors.
Many law enforcement groups oppose the idea.
Sen. Sean O'Brien, a Bazetta Democrat and former prosecutor, said that if a person who was shot dies, they can't testify about who was the aggressor.
https://www.limaohio.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2017/09/web1_Ohio-101.jpg
Hi! A visitor to our site felt the following article might be of interest to you: Ohio bill would reduce penalty on concealed-carry gun notice. Here is a link to that story: https://www.limaohio.com/news/261107/ohio-bill-would-reduce-penalty-on-concealed-carry-gun-notice


White House trade advisor Peter Navarro said that any new trade deal between the U.S. and China will be on President Trump's terms, not Wall Street's.
Trump "has had the courage and wisdom to stand up to the globalist elites, to stand up to the countries of the world that are engaging in unfair trade practices," he said.
Navarro, known for his hawkish economic views toward China, has encouraged President Trump's tough talk with Beijing throughout an escalating trade war.
White House trade advisor Peter Navarro said Friday that any new trade agreement between the United States and China will be on President Donald Trump's terms, not Wall Street's.
"If there is a deal — if and when there is a deal, it will be on President Donald J. Trump's terms. Not Wall Street terms," Navarro said from the Center for Strategic & International Studies in Washington, D.C.
"If Wall Street is involved and continues to insinuate itself into these negotiations, there will be a stench around any deal that's consummated because it will have the imprimatur of Goldman Sachs and Wall Street," he added.
Navarro, known for his hawkish economic views toward China, has encouraged President Trump's tough talk with Beijing throughout an escalating trade war between the two countries. Both economic powerhouses have imposed and threatened tariffs on billions of dollars' worth of each other's goods.
Trump "has had the courage and wisdom to stand up to the globalist elites, to stand up to the countries of the world that are engaging in unfair trade practices," the trade advisor added. "Donald J.Trump has done an amazing job of addressing that issue and he didn't need the help of Wall Street. He didn't need the help of Goldman Sachs. And he doesn't need it now."
Gary Cohn, the former top national economic adviser, argued against imposing tariffs on China. Cohn was formerly the president and chief operating officer of Goldman Sachs.
Navarro's comments come ahead of a widely-anticipated meeting between Trump and President Xi Jinping of China, an encounter economic advisors to both nations hope could provide an opportunity to calm the trade tensions. The meeting is set for the Group of 20 leaders' summit in Buenos Aires at the end of November.
The White House slapped tariffs of 10 percent on $200 billion of Chinese products in September, with the duty set to increase to 25 percent in 2019 notwithstanding a trade agreement. In response, Beijing said it would impose taxes on 5,207 U.S. imports worth about $60 billion.
The two nations had already imposed tariffs on $50 billion of each other's goods before the September sanctions.


1. Using a food processor or pastry cutter, mix the flour, five spice powder, and sugar until combined. Cut the cold butter into the flour mixture until the size of small peas.
1. Bring the water and sugar to a boil in a large pot.
2. Add the orange slices to the boiling sugar water and reduce heat to a simmer. Cook for about 45 minutes to an hour, until the pith turns translucent. Be careful not to overcook the oranges because they will become mushy.
3. Strain and remove the orange slices from the liquid. Reserve 2 Tbspn of the liquid. Lay the orange slices out on a wire mesh rack to drain and cool.
1. In a small saucepan over medium heat, combine the reserved liquid and the honey. Simmer for about 3-5 minutes, skimming off any foam that rises to the top.
2. Remove from heat and let cool to room temperature. The mixture should be syrupy.
1. In a small saucepan, bring the chopped almonds and 1/2 cup of heavy whipping cream to a simmer. Remove from heat, cover tightly with a lid, and let cool. Continue to let the cream steep, covered, in the refrigerator until cold, preferably overnight.
2. Strain out and discard the almond pieces from the cream. Add the remaining 1/2 cup of heavy cream.
3. Whip the cream just until you reach soft peaks (I like mine extra soft for this purpose.) Gently stir in the powdered sugar and almond extract.
To assemble the tart, layer the orange slices in the cooled tart shells, brushing the honey generously on each layer. Serve with almond cream.
Going back to the recipe now!!
your pictures are just stunning! Is that a table you have (the wood?) it is beautiful. This tart looks fantastic, I may have to try and find some blood oranges around here!
what stunning colors and flavours !!! I'm in love !!
I always love your pictures. So beautiful and soft. This dessert looks fantastic too!
"Peace and long life" is it? I've never watched star trek, but I grew up with 3 older brothers and have vague recollections of this being said around the house a lot when I was younger! If I'm right I'd like to trade those brownie points in for some midnight cocoa brownies!!!
I definitely agree with you about the brilliance of blood oranges, I was so excited to see them coming into the shops. Your photographs are amazing and the tart looks beautiful. I'm a big fan of citrus recipes using peel and all.
I love the "still-life painting" photo of the blood oranges.
Looks delish! Love the pic of blood oranges with black background.
E' splendida questa crostata con le arance, ciao !
Absolutely beautiful, and if I wasn't craving something with blood oranges, I sure am now!
Oh I just erupted in smiles when I opened your post - this is so pretty! What a lovely combination.
This has sensational written all over it!
this looks incredible! your photos are divine.
I LOVE blood oranges and your tart looks gorgeous!
That tart is so pretty! I don't know if I could eat it, it's so pretty! Just kidding. I could eat it.


Visit Stephanie Leigh Bridal to find a complete selection of flower girl gowns in a variety of exquisite styles, colors, and fabrics. We offer flower girl dresses from wonderful designers, such as Kids Dream and Tip Top. You'll also be able to get lovely accessories, such as headpieces, veils, jewelry, and gifts.
In addition to flower girl dresses, you'll find a fantastic selection of dresses for young girls that are perfect for a variety of formal special occasions, such as first communion and father-daughter dances. If you have any questions or would like to schedule an appointment, call us at 330-545-8500. Walk-ins are welcome, but appointments are preferred.
Complete your bridal party with a great dress for your flower girl.
"Hands down the best bridal shop! From start to finish everything was perfect! The girls at the boutique were an absolute wonder to work with. Also, my August Jones dress was absolutely stunning! I've never received so many compliments!!! Thank you Stephanie Leigh's for making my dream wedding a reality!!"


text:
Q: MVC3 CustomRoleProvider Dependency Injection Issue I'm trying to create a custom RoleProvider in my MVC3 project. My RoleProvider is defined as follows:
public class MyRoleProvider : System.Web.Security.RoleProvider
{
    private IAccountService _accountService;

    public MyRoleProvider()
    {
        _accountService = DependencyResolver.Current.GetService<IAccountService>();
    }

    //...
}

As you can see, I'm trying to use the DependencyResolver to get my binded service. My binding is done in my App_Start:
private static IKernel CreateKernel()
{
    var kernel = new StandardKernel();
    kernel.Bind<Func<IKernel>>().ToMethod(ctx => () => new Bootstrapper().Kernel);
    kernel.Bind<IHttpModule>().To<HttpApplicationInitializationHttpModule>();

    RegisterServices(kernel);
    return kernel;
}

private static void RegisterServices(IKernel kernel)
{
    // Add data and infrastructure modules
    var modules = new List<INinjectModule>
    {
        new ConfigModule(),
        new LoggingModule(),
        new RepositoryModule(),
        new ServiceModule()
    };
    kernel.Load(modules);
}

ServiceModule is where im doing the actual binding:
public class ServiceModule : NinjectModule
{
    public override void Load()
    {
        Kernel.Bind<ICoreService>().To<CoreService>();
        Kernel.Bind<IAccountService>().To<AccountService>();
    }
}

My problem is that when I debug the website, I'm getting a configuration error:
Configuration Error
Description: An error occurred during the processing of a configuration file required to service this request. Please review the specific error details below and modify your configuration file appropriately.
Parser Error Message: Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation.
Source Error:
Line 45:     <roleManager>
Line 46:       <providers>
Line 47:         <clear />
Line 48:         <add name="MyRoleProvider" type="Project.Web.Ui.Helpers.MyRoleProvider, Project.Web.Ui" connectionStringName="MyConnection" />
Line 49:       </providers>
Line 50:     </roleManager>

If I place a breakpoint on my role providers constructor:

_accountService = DependencyResolver.Current.GetService();

and I place a breakpoint on my App_Start Dependency Injector:

var kernel = new StandardKernel();

The _accountService breakpoint hits first, but if I try to step over or step in, it just blows up. Any thoughts on what I might be doing wrong or any ideas on figuring out a way to dig deeper?
Edit: I'm assuming that the reason is because my Dependency Injector has not bound my services to the interfaces and the DependencyResolver doesn't know about the binding.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Looking for a new luxury home in or near a golf course community? This is a current list of the ten most expensive luxury homes for sale in Golf Communities here in Vancouver, Washington. Please bookmark this page as the available real estate listings change from day to day. If you have any questions about properties within Golf Communities located in Vancouver or are thinking about putting your home on the market please call me at 360.335.4209.
ARE YOU LOOKING TO SELL A PROPERTY IN any of the Vancouver Golf Communities?


text:
L'Innocent (títol original: The Innocent) és una pel·lícula germano-britànica dirigida per John Schlesinger estrenada l'any 1993. Ha estat doblada al català.

Argument
El film té lloc després de la Segona Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) als anys 1950 a Berlín, al cor de la guerra freda. L'Operació Gold consisteix a cavar un túnel sota del sector rus de Berlín.
Un jove enginyer hi es enviat. Allà s' enamorarà d'una dona misteriosa.

Repartiment
 Anthony Hopkins: Bob Glass
 Isabella Rossellini: Maria
 Campbell Scott: Leonard Markham
 Ronald Nitschke: Otto
 Hart Bochner: Russell
 James Grant: Macnamee
 Jeremy Sinden: Capità Lofting
 Richard Durden: Black
 Corey Johnson: Lou
 Richard Good: Piper

Referències

Pel·lícules del 1993 doblades al català
Pel·lícules dramàtiques d'Alemanya
Pel·lícules dramàtiques del Regne Unit
Pel·lícules d'Alemanya del 1993
Pel·lícules dramàtiques del 1993


text:
Xerox moves into paperless mortgages with Advectis acquisition
BlitzDocs Collaboration Suite will retain its brand
Xerox Corp. says it has agreed to pay $32 million to acquire Advectis Inc., the Atlanta-based provider of the BlitzDocs suite for mortgage lenders, brokers and investors.
Xerox's expertise in automating document processes is "an ideal fit" with Advectis' BlitzDocs paperless solution for mortgages, said John Kelly, president of Xerox Global Services North America, in a press release. "In an industry that is ripe for change, Advectis offers technology that improves productivity for its users while giving lenders better control of their processes."
Advectis' Web-based BlitzDocs Collaboration Suite helps lenders, brokers and investors collaborate in managing the underwriting, auditing, delivery and archiving of electronic loan documents. BlitzDocs' electronic loan folders are set up to mirror the paper folders still used by many lenders, but allow mortgage documents to be viewed and processed online.
Advectis claims it's helped manage more than 1 million loan folders since the company was founded in 2000, through a network that today includes more than 35,000 broker shops, the top seven mortgage insurance companies and four of the top due diligence providers.
All Advectis employees are expected to join Xerox, and Advectis founder Gregory Smith will continue to lead the Advectis business reporting directly to Kelly, the companies said.
While Advectis will become part of Xerox Global Services, the BlitzDocs Collaboration Suite will retain its brand, Xerox said.
Xerox said its all-cash purchase of Advectis includes an additional performance-based incentive to the sale price, and that the acquisition is expected to close within 30 days.
Xerox, which offers document consulting and outsourcing services, records management and digital imaging, said it is pursuing an acquisition strategy in which it identifies successful companies that are a good fit with the company.
Citing an estimate by business process outsourcing analysts at NelsonHall, Xerox said the global mortgage outsourcing market is worth $11 billion.
"We believe that the recent challenges in the mortgage industry will encourage lenders to adapt new technological solutions that improve efficiency while managing underwriting risks through increased documentation requirements," Xerox said in a fact sheet explaining the sale to investors.
Xerox noted a TowerGroup estimate that document management costs in loan origination totaled $3.2 billion last year.


text:
<mappings>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/@default-currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/activity-date/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="ActivityDateType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/activity-status/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="ActivityStatus" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/activity-scope/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="ActivityScope" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/budget/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="BudgetType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/budget/value/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/collaboration-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="CollaborationType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/conditions/condition/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="ConditionType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/contact-info/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="ContactType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/country-budget-items/@vocabulary</path>
        <codelist ref="BudgetIdentifierVocabulary" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/country-budget-items/budget-item/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="BudgetIdentifier" />
        <condition>@vocabulary = '1'</condition>
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/country-budget-items/budget-item/description/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="DescriptionType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/crs-add/aidtype-flag/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="AidTypeFlag" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/crs-add/loan-status/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/crs-add/loan-terms/repayment-plan/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="LoanRepaymentPeriod" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/crs-add/loan-terms/repayment-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="LoanRepaymentType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/default-aid-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="AidType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/default-finance-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="FinanceType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/default-flow-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="FlowType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/default-tied-status/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="TiedStatus" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/description/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="DescriptionType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/document-link/@format</path>
        <codelist ref="FileFormat" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/document-link/category/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="DocumentCategory" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/document-link/language/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="Language" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/fss/forecast/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/administrative/@country</path>
        <codelist ref="Country" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/administrative/@vocabulary</path>
        <codelist ref="GeographicVocabulary" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/coordinates/@precision</path>
        <codelist ref="GeographicalPrecision" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/feature-designation/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="LocationType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/gazetteer-entry/@gazetteer-ref</path>
        <codelist ref="GazetteerAgency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/location-class/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="GeographicLocationClass" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/location-id/@vocabulary</path>
        <codelist ref="GeographicVocabulary" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/location-reach/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="GeographicLocationReach" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/location-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="LocationType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/location/exactness/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="GeographicExactness" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/participating-org/@role</path>
        <codelist ref="OrganisationRole" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/participating-org/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="OrganisationType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/planned-disbursement/value/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/policy-marker/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="PolicyMarker" />
        <condition>@vocabulary = '1' or not(@vocabulary)</condition>
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/policy-marker/@significance</path>
        <codelist ref="PolicySignificance" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/policy-marker/@vocabulary</path>
        <codelist ref="Vocabulary" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/recipient-country/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="Country" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/recipient-region/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="Region" />
        <condition>@vocabulary = '1' or not(@vocabulary)</condition>
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/recipient-region/@vocabulary</path>
        <codelist ref="RegionVocabulary" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/related-activity/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="RelatedActivityType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/reporting-org/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="OrganisationType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/result/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="ResultType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/result/description/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="DescriptionType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/result/indicator/@measure</path>
        <codelist ref="IndicatorMeasure" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/result/indicator/description/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="DescriptionType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/sector/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="Sector" />
        <condition>@vocabulary = 'DAC' or not(@vocabulary)</condition>
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/sector/@vocabulary</path>
        <codelist ref="Vocabulary" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/transaction/aid-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="AidType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/transaction/disbursement-channel/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="DisbursementChannel" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/transaction/finance-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="FinanceType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/transaction/flow-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="FlowType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/transaction/tied-status/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="TiedStatus" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/transaction/transaction-type/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="TransactionType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-activity/transaction/value/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//@xml:lang</path>
        <codelist ref="Language" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/@default-currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/reporting-org/@type</path>
        <codelist ref="OrganisationType" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/recipient-country-budget/recipient-country/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="Country" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/document-link/@format</path>
        <codelist ref="FileFormat" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/document-link/category/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="DocumentCategory" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/document-link/language/@code</path>
        <codelist ref="Language" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/total-budget/value/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/recipient-org-budget/value/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
    <mapping>
        <path>//iati-organisation/recipient-country-budget/value/@currency</path>
        <codelist ref="Currency" />
    </mapping>
</mappings>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A History Of The Bureau Of Mines Pittsburgh .
The history of the Bureau of Mines. (Book, 1996) .
Structure Response and Damage Produced by .
Bureau of Mines cost estimating system handbook : .
How can I find U.S. Bureau of Mines publications?
See 1 photo and 1 tip from 11 visitors to Bureau Of Mines. "Don't take pictures."
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources - .
New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral ... - .
The museum became part of the New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources (NMBGMR) in 1960 (then Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources).
The New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources is a non-regulatory agency that serves as the geological survey for the State of New Mexico.
MBMG Publications Catalog - Montana Bureau of Mines .
MBMG Publications and Maps. Welcome to the online catalog for the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology (MBMG). Our catalog contains all Bureau publications .
U.S. Bureau of Mines publications and articles, 1994.
The ultimate list of US US Bureau of Mines Report list.
Montana's Ground-Water Information Center (GWIC) | .
Ground Water Information Center | MBMG Data Center Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Montana Tech of The University of Montana 1300 West Park Street - .