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Who was Newton Clark?
May 3, 2020 May 3, 2020 / Tom Kloster
The Newton Clark Glacier flows from Mount Hood's east face
High on Mount Hood's broad east face is the Newton Clark Glacier, third largest of the twelve named glaciers on the mountain. Many assume a hyphen must be missing in what appears to be two surnames, especially since the two major glacial outflows from this glacier are separately known as Newton Creek and Clark Creek. Who is this Newton character… and what about Clark?
Instead, it turns out that Newton Clark was just one man who made his place in local history as one of the early surveyors mapping the Mount Hood area. And in a rarity among place names in Oregon, his full name made it to our maps, where our modern naming rules limit honorary place names to surnames. It also turns out that nearby Surveyor's Ridge, with its popular mountain biking trail, is also named for Newton Clark, albeit anonymously.
Topo map of the Newton Clark Glacier on Mount Hood's east face
The sprawling glacier named for Newton Clark is unique among Mount Hood's glaciers: it's wider than it is long! While glaciers like the Eliot, White, Coe and Reid flow down the mountain in rivers of ice, the Newton Clark Glacier is draped like a big ice blanket on the east face of the mountain high atop a steep bench formed by the Newton Clark Prow, a massive lava outcrop that prevents the glacier from flowing any further down the mountain.
The Newton Clark Prow splits the glacier into its twin canyons, Clark Canyon to the south and Newton Canyon on the north. At nearly 8,000 feet in elevation, this jagged rock outcrop once divided a much larger ice age glacier into two rivers of ice that left today's massive Newton Clark Moraine behind, a medial moraine that once had rivers of ice as high as the moraine flowing on both sides (you can read more on that topic in this blog article). Today, the Newton Clark Prow forms the rugged head of Newton Canyon, with summer meltwater from the glacier tumbling over its cliffs in dozens of waterfalls.
The broad Newton Clark Glacier is bordered on the north by Cooper Spur, a long, gentle ridge that extends from Cloud Cap to the summit of Mount Hood. At 8,514 feet, the summit of Cooper Spur is among the highest points in Oregon that can be reached by trail, and one of the more popular hikes on the mountain. The view from the top of Cooper Spur provides a close-up look the rugged, crevassed surface of the Newton Clark Glacier.
The Newton Clark Glacier from Cooper Spur
Giant ice pinnacles known as seracs are pushed into the air by this icefall on the Newton Clark Glacier
From below, the Newton Clark Glacier actually looks stranded (below), sitting unusually high on the mountain, with its crevasse fields spreading out in multiple directions as the glacier sprawls above the cliffs of the Newton Clark Prow.
The Newton Clark Glacier and Prow as viewed from Newton Canyon
Rare, close-up view of the Newton Clark Prow (photo: Chip Down)
Downstream, the Newton and Clark canyons eventually merge at the southern foot of the Newton Clark Moraine, where the flat, mile-wide floor of the East Fork Hood River valley begins. Here, the arms of the ice age ancestor of the Newton Clark Glacier continued for miles down the mountain toward Hood River, creating the broad, U-shaped valley we travel today on the OR 35 portion of the Mount Hood Loop Highway.
Newton and Clark creeks don't quite merge as the converge at the foot of the Newton Clark Moraine
Surprisingly, the two glacial outflows don't merge on the valley floor. Instead, they each flow into the East Fork Hood River separately, about a mile apart. Both Newton and Clark creeks are notoriously volatile glacial streams, each changing course on the floor of the East Fork valley during recurring flood events.
Of the two outflows, Newton Creek is the largest and most volatile stream, repeatedly sending massive debris flows down the East Fork Hood River valley over the years and washing out OR 35 in the process (more on that later). Clark Creek is less violent, but still a powerful glacial stream that challenges Timberline Trail hikers attempting to ford it during the summer glacial melt.
Now that we've met the Newton Clark Glacier and its sibling streams, what about the man behind the name?
Newton Clark in the 1880s
Newton Clark was born in Illinois in 1838 and soon moved as a child with his family to Wisconsin as pioneer settlers. Clark spent his youth there, becoming an exceptional student and later studying surveying at the Point Bluff Institute.
In October 1860, Newton Clark married Scottish immigrant Mary A. Hill, and the two resided in North Freedom, Wisconsin. Just one year later, in September 1861, 23-year old Newton enlisted in the 14th Volunteer Infantry, Company K Wisconsin volunteers of the Union Army. His company served in 14 battles under General Ulysses. S. Grant in Civil War battles across the south.
Newton Clark in the early 1900s
Like so many in their Civil War generation, young Newton and Mary's married life was put on hold during his four years of service. Mary remained in Wisconsin with their young daughter during Newton's infantry service, undoubtedly anxious for her young husband's return from our nation's deadliest war.
When he left for battle, Newton said "If I never come back remember that you have our little Minnie to live for, work for her and she will be a comfort to you." Newton later returned from battle, but their little Minnie died during his time away at war.
Newton Clark served as Quartermaster during his Civil War enlistment, and he furnished the flag that was raised above the Vicksburg, Mississippi courthouse when the war was ended on May 9, 1865. After the war, Newton was an active veteran with the Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.) fraternal organization. The above portrait above was taken late in is life, and proudly shows his G.A.R. insignia.
Detailed view of the G.A.R. insignia worn in the late 1800s
The G.A.R. was much more than what we think of with today's fraternal organizations. Following the Civil War, the G.A.R. emerged as among the first and largest advocacy group on the nation's political scene, dedicated to both political causes and the benevolent interests of their veteran members.
The G.A.R. was an important arm of the Republican Party (at the time, the progressive party in American politics), and in this capacity the organization was deeply involved in the reconstruction that followed the war. Among their efforts, the G.A.R. actively promoted voting rights for black Civil War veterans. They also became a racially integrated organization at a time when the emerging Jim Crow era was about to stall civil rights in this country with another century of racial segregation and persecution of black Americans. At its political peak in the late 1800s, the G.A.R. had nearly half a million members.
The G.A.R. Monument in Washington, D.C., located on Pennsylvania Avenue across from the National Archives (Wikipedia)
The G.A.R. also focused on advancing Republican candidates to public office and promoted patriotism and veteran's rights across the country. This included providing pensions for veterans, creating hundreds of war memorials so that the Civil War might never be forgotten and establishment of Memorial Day as a national holiday, a legacy many of us celebrate without knowing of its origins.
In his later years, Newton Clark served as an officer in the Ancient Order of United Workmen (A.O.U.W.) for decades, a fraternal benefit society formed to provide mutual social and financial support for its membership after the Civil War. By the late 1800s, it was the largest fraternal organization in the country, and one that Newton continued to serve until his death.
Newton and Mary's Life in the West
Newton Clark is identified in this photo taken at Twin Oaks Farm in the Hood River Valley in 1914 (back row, center, wearing a bow tie) (photo: Hood River History)
Soon after Newton's return from his service in the Civil War, he and Mary moved west to the new Dakota Territory that had been created in 1861, just as the Civil War erupted. There, the Clarks farmed as pioneers in what is now the state of South Dakota.
The old Dakota Territory was massive, encompassing today's North and South Dakota, most of Montana and the north half of Wyoming until statehood came to Wyoming and the Dakotas in 1888-89, long after the Clarks had moved again, this time to Oregon.
During their time in the Dakota Territory, Newton and Mary continued to have children, in the wake of losing their baby daughter Minnie, eventually adding two daughters and a son to their young family. The Clarks built the first frame house in Minnehaha County, where they farmed on a homestead located two miles from today's town of Sioux Falls. Newton also worked as a surveyor of public lands for eight years, where he laid out the sections and townships in much of the Dakota Territory.
Newton Clark entered politics while in the Dakota Territory, too. He served as school superintendent, and was chairman of the board of county commissioners in Minnehaha county for several years before serving as a state legislator in the Dakota Territorial Legislator in the early 1870s. Newton Clark's public service in the Dakota Territory put his name on the map of today's South Dakota, with Clark County and the county seat of Clark, South Dakota named for him.
Mary Clark (on the far right) at a garden party in the 1910s (photo: Hood River History)
The grasshopper plagues that swept the high plains in mid-1870s eventually drove Clark from the Dakota Territory, and he continued his family's migration west to Oregon in 1877. That year, he left Mary behind to care for the children in the Dakota Territory while he joined up his parents, Thomas and Delilah Clark, who had been living in Colorado.
Together, Newton and his parents traveled three months overland in the summer of 1877, arriving in the Hood River area on September 1. Mary Clark and their three children, William, Jeanette and Grace, eventually joined Newton and his parents in 1878, settling into their new home in Oregon.
Newton later said "I tried farming on my homestead in Dakota, but after two years of successful crops of grasshoppers, I became a disgusted with that form of agriculture and struck for Oregon, driving a team overland."
Closer view of Mary Clark enlarged from the previous photo (photo: Hood River History)
Newton and Mary Clark arrived in Oregon with almost no money to their name, and set about creating a new life in Hood River. They were among the first pioneers to settle there, and Newton initially found work cutting cordwood and splitting shingles for other valley settlers. By 1878, he was able to purchase 160 acres on the west side of the Hood River Valley, where they built their family home. Newton's parents built their home on an adjoining parcel.
Newton Clark said later of their new home "We found the Hood River Valley as nature had designed it and habited by a handful of the pioneers… the salubrity of the climate, its freedom from storms of wind and lightning of summer and its frigid blizzards of winter as compared with the Dakotas, all delighted us."
Newton soon began taking contracts with the federal government to survey public lands in the rugged western and southern parts of Hood River County, establishing the section lines in the Upper Hood River Valley and surrounding mountain country that are still the basis of our maps today. Most of these areas would become part of today's Mount Hood National Forest. Loggers in the early 1900s were still reporting survey marks on trees left by Newton Clark's crews more than 30 years later.
Many of the section lines (the grid system based on township and range) on this early 1900s map of the Hood River Valley were surveyed by Newton Clark in the 1880s
Like today's immigrants to Oregon, Newton Clark was drawn to explore the unmatched scenery that we sometimes take for granted. He was among the first to summit Mount Hood and he was also a member of the first party of white men to set eyes on iconic Lost Lake.
Surveying and exploring in Mount Hood country the 1880s was difficult and dangerous. Trips into the mountains took days, with Clark's crews carrying heavy supplies on their backs and packhorses. There were few trails, so much of the travel was cross-country, through dense, virgin forests.
Though not identified on the image, Newton Clark and Mary clearly appear beneath the arched window on the right in this photo taken at the Riverside Congregational Church in 1913 (photo: Hood River History)
A closer view of the previous photo showing Newton Clark and Mary standing behind him, looking over his right shoulder (photo: Hood River History)
Comparison of the known image of Newton Clark in 1914 at Twin Oaks (right) and 1913 Riverside Church photos (left), and it's clearly Newton Clark in the Riverside photo (photos: Hood River History)
Comparison of the early 1910s garden party photo (left) and 1913 Riverside Church photos (right), and we can clearly see Mary Clark standing just behind her husband (photos: Hood River History)
Like other pioneer explorers of Mount Hood, Clark eventually had a feature on the mountain named for him. For unknown reasons, his full name was used in naming the Newton Clark Glacier. Perhaps this was to prevent confusion with the many features in the West named for William Clark, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition? It remains among the few places in Oregon to feature the full name of its namesake.
The Clarks left Hood River in 1888 when Newton was elected Grand Recorder of the A.O.U.W., his beloved fraternal older, though he retained some of his property in the Hood River Valley until his death. He served in this capacity with the A.O.U.W. for the next 20 years, with the family living in downtown Portland in a house at "400 Broadway". Under Portland's historic address system, this would have been at the corner of Broadway and Stark, where the Hotel Lucia now stands today — in theory, as least.
This illustrated map from 1890 shows a home located at the southeast corner of Broadway and Start, a few blocks from the once iconic Portland Hotel that stood where today's Pioneer Courthouse Square is located.
While the 1890 map seems to provide a plausible case for where the Clarks lived in Portland, the fact that today's historic Hotel Lucia (once called the Imperial) was built in 1909 at this corner clouds that history. The Clarks moved back to Hood River that year, which might make a plausible case for a new hotel going up where home had been, but newspaper accounts show them living at the same home in Portland a few years later, with their daughter. So, more research is needed to know just where the Clarks lived in Portland.
The historic Hotel Lucia was originally the Imperial, built in 1909, a full nine years before Newton and Mary Clark lived on Broadway at the end of their lives
The family returned to Hood River in 1909 when Newton retired from his A.O.U.W. office and built a new home on a hill above town that became their retirement residence.
During these later years in Hood River, the Clarks spent summers at a cabin Newton built at Lake Lyttle on the Oregon Coast, in today's town of Rockaway Beach. Unlike today's travelers, they didn't follow roads to Rockaway Beach. Instead, they took the new Oregon Pacific Railway that had recently opened a route through the Coast Range from Hillsboro to Tillamook.
It's unknown if Newton's parents joined him when the Clarks moved to Portland in 1888, but his father died in 1892 and historic accounts show his mother living with the Clark family in Portland when she died in 1905, at the age of 98. So, one possibility would be that Delilah Clark joined her son's family when Thomas Clark passed away in 1892, though there are no history accounts to confirm this.
What is clear is that Newton was close enough to his parents to bring them west to Hood River with his family in 1877, and later, to bring his elderly mother into his home in Portland. Somewhere out there, a portrait of the extended Clark family exists, and I'm hopeful a reader of this article might be able to help with that.
Newton Clark's Family
True to the era, less is known about Newton Clark's wife, Mary, beyond her husband's description of their life together. She was a native of Edinburgh, Scotland, and according to the historical accounts available, she shared Newton's passion and determination in their adventurous life as pioneers.
Two of Newton and Mary's children died while the parents were still living, baby Minnie in the early 1860s, while Newton was serving in the Civil War and later, their adult daughter Grace (Clark) Dwinell, in 1910.
Grace finished school in Portland after the family had relocated there in 1888, and became a West Side (now Lincoln) High School graduate. What history is recorded about Grace describes her as outgoing and with a beautiful singing voice that she would often entertain with at family gatherings.
West Side (which later became Lincoln) High School was located at 14th and Morrison in downtown Portland, seven blocks from where the Clarks live on Broadway. The school was completed in 1885, and opened while the Clarks were living in the neighborhood.
The ornate, gothic-style West Side (later called Lincoln) High School as it appeared when Newton Clark and his family lived in the neighborhood. This impressive structure is among the many grand buildings built in downtown Portland in the 1800s that were later razed as the city continued its rapid growth.
Grace Clark met young Frank Dwinnell while on a trip to visit family in Wisconsin, and he followed her back to Portland, where the two married. They moved back to Wisconsin for a time and started a family, but sometime in the late 1890s, Grace contracted tuberculosis — then called "consumption" and the leading cause of death at the turn of the century.
At the time, Grace attributed her illness to the harsh climate in Wisconsin, and the family relocated back to Oregon. After initially recovering from the disease, her tuberculosis eventually returned and Grace died in 1910 at the age of 37. Her funeral was held at Newton and Mary's new home overlooking Hood River. Frank Dwinnell later moved back to Wisconsin with their young son and daughter to be near his family.
Grace (Clark) Dwinnell's grave in the Idlewild Cemetery in Hood River
Two of Newton and Mary Clark's children survived them, including their son William Lewis Clark and daughter Jeanette (Clark) Brazelton. Jeanette's life is the least documented of the three Clark children who survived childhood, except that she became Mrs. W.B. Brazelton and appeared to living with her parents in their Portland home at the time of their deaths in 1918. I was unable to discover more about her life or even where she was buried for this article, so hopefully a reader will have more of Jeanette's history to share.
William Lewis Clark followed his father's footsteps and became a prominent civil engineer in Oregon. William was eleven when the family moved west to Oregon, and after finishing school in Hood River, he worked on his father's survey crews. At age 19, William went to work for the Northern Pacific Railroad and later the Southern Pacific, overseeing various construction projects across the West.
William Lewis Clark sometime around the turn of the 20th Century
William married Mary Ann Mabee in 1880 (later records show her as Estella Mabee), and the two would later have a son in 1899, Newton Mabee Clark, who would become a third-generation engineer in the Clark Family. Newton Mabee Clark attended Stanford University, graduating in 1916. He was enlisted in Stanford's elite Student Army Training Corps, a unit of the U.S. Marines, and served in World War I. Newton M. Clark died in Seattle in 1975 and had no children.
In 1900, the year after his only son was born, William Lewis Clark left the railroads and became the City of Portland's district engineer for next seven years. William returned with his family to Hood River in 1907, shortly before his parents made their own return to Hood River from Portland.
For the next ten years he worked in the flour and grain business for C.H Stranahan in Hood River before returning to public service in 1917 for the Oregon Highway Department, at a time when the Historic Columbia River Highway construction was in full swing.
William Clark's grave in the Idlewild Cemetery in Hood River
William finished his career with the City of Hood River, serving as city engineer from 1922 to (apparently) his death in April 1930, at the age of 62. Mary Ann (also listed as Estella) Clark moved to Seattle sometime after William's death, apparently to be near their own son. She died in 1950 at the age of 75.
Back to Portland to serve his beloved A.O.U.W
Historical accounts show that Newton and Mary had moved back to Portland in about 1914. He had been called back from retirement to once again serve Grand Recorder of his beloved A.O.U.W. in the wake of so many members of the organization being called to serve active duty in World War I. If this timeline is correct, the Clarks spent just five years in Hood River after their 1909 return, and the photos in this article of the Clarks taking part in community life in Hood River marked their final days living there.
Newton and Mary Clark both died in 1918, and remarkably, both were exactly 80 years and 24 days old at the time of their deaths. Newton died on June 21 of that year at his daughter Jeanette Brazelton's home in Portland, which seems to be the home where Newton and Mary lived in during their previous 20 years in Portland. Despite a global influenza pandemic that year, Newton died of a "paralytic stroke", according to historical new accounts.
The Riverside Community Church in Hood River today
Newton's death was widely covered by newspapers in Portland and Hood River, and his funeral at Riverside Congregational Church in Hood River drew a large turnout from the community, including many of the surviving pioneers who had known the Clarks since the mid-1800s. However, Mary Clark was in failing health when her husband died, and she was unable to travel to Hood River to attend his service.
The Hood River Glacier published this tribute to Newton:
Newton Clark
"A soldier, and a fighting one, for four years of his early manhood, and then a frontiersman, he experienced life as men of the following generations could not. It was a privilege to hear him recount tales of the days of the past. As everlasting as the hills and mountain crags he loved were the principles and rugged honesty of Newton Clark. He was loyal to the things he believed in and fought untiringly for their accomplishment.
"But few men knew that Mr. Clark had passed the age of 80 years. He walked with erectness and his step was firm. News of his death brought a shock of grief to all here last Friday. His comrades, men who knew him best, and loved him, and the families of pioneers, heard the sad news with pains of deepest regrets.
"Another of our pioneers has gone on the long trail, and we will miss him."
The Hood River Glacier, June 27, 1918
After the shock of Newton's death, Mary seemed to be recovering and traveled to Hood River with Jeanette to visit their old home, returning in "better health and good spirits" according to news accounts. But on the morning of July 20, Jeanette found that her mother had died in the night at her home in Portland, just a month after Newton has passed away.
This tribute was published in the Hood River Glacier as the community mourned the loss of two of its most prominent pioneers:
Newton and Mary Clark
"Married at North Freedom, Wisconsin on October 17, 1860, Mr. and Mrs. Newton Clark, of this city, have trodden the pathway of life's long journey together longer than the most couples of Oregon. Yet few men or women who have not yet reached the three-score-and-ten mark are more active or vigorous than this sturdy couple, a typical product of the frontier and pioneer life.
"With all faculties alert and hale and hearty both are enjoying their old age. Both are possessed of an optimism and enthusiasm that youth might envy."
The Hood River Glacier, April 6, 1916
Though Newton and Mary Clark spent most of their years in Oregon living in Portland, their hearts were clearly in Hood River, where they had first carved out a life as Oregon pioneers. Not only did they choose to retire to Hood River (however briefly before Newton was called back to service), they also chose to be buried there, just a few steps from where they had buried their daughter Grace eight years before, and where their son William would be buried just twelve years after they died.
Newton Clark's grave in the Idlewild Cemetery in Hood River
Mary Clark's grave in the Idlewild Cemetery in Hood River, adjoining her husband's burial spot
As I researched this article, I grew increasingly dumfounded that Newton Clark isn't more celebrated in our local history. True, he does have a spectacular glacier named for him, which sure beats a street or local park, but his commitment to service puts him in rare company among the early pioneers in Oregon. Fortunately, his contemporaries recognized this and there are excellent historical accounts of his life, if only we take the time to discover them.
For the direct quotes from Newton Clark used in this article, I turned to a front-page interview and profile published on April 6, 1916 by the Hood River Glacier, just two years before his death. I've created a PDF of the entire article that [link=]you can read here.[/link]
For additional history, I turned to other news accounts from the era, as well as an excellent oral history largely written by Newton Clark, himself, in the History of Early Pioneer Families of Hood River, Oregon, compiled in 1913 by Mrs. D.M. Coon. Had these two efforts to record his life in his own words not been made, much of Newton Clark's extraordinary contribution to our history would have ben lost to time.
And now, some unfinished business…
Newton Clark Glacier and the Newton Clark Moraine (center) after an early autumn snowfall on Mount Hood
Call it a burr under my saddle, but when I learned decades ago that Newton Clark was one man, not a hyphenation, it bothered me that the two outflow streams were each given one half of his name. It struck me as a combination of historical ignorance and a degree of disrespect behind that decision, wherever it came from. So, where did it come from?
My guess is that these were lighthearted names attached by an early forest ranger, long ago, when most of the features in our national forests were casually named with little thought that these names would stick for centuries to come. Perhaps even Barney Cooper, the first district ranger for the Hood River area, named these streams in the early 1900s? And if Barney came up with the names, then surely he knew Newton Clark personally? After all, Hood River was a very small community in those early days. Perhaps it was Newton Clark, himself, who came up with these names while out on a survey?
History doesn't provide an answer, but a look at some of the earliest topographic maps (below) confirms that both Newton and Clark creeks were named by the 1920s, when the Mount Hood Loop Highway had been completed and visitors began pouring into the area.
1920s map of Mount Hood showing Clark and Newton Creeks already named at the time the Mount Hood Loop highway was completed (lower right corner)
Whatever the reason behind the names for this pair of streams, the fact is that place names are one of the best and most durable ways to preserve our history for future generations. That's why the confusion these names might cause remains a problem, at least in my mind.
Thus, I have a modest proposal, and it's quite simple: add one word to the name of each stream and you not only solve the potential confusion, you also give Mary Clark her due. After all, would Newton have managed his remarkable life without a remarkable partner like Mary? Of course not.
• Newton Creek should become Newton Clark Creek
• Clark Creek should become Mary Clark Creek
See how easy that is? And there's some logic behind it, too, since Newton Creek carries the majority of the outflow from the Newton Clark Glacier.
Here's how this would look on the topographic maps — easy fix!
A slightly modified map…
Of course, when it comes to geographic names, nothing is easy! The Oregon Geographic Names Board (OGBN) is a volunteer panel administered by the Oregon Historical Society that serves as the overseer of geographic names in our state. New names or changes to existing names must be approved by this panel, and among their various criteria are support for public agencies (in this case the Forest Service) and the following:
"If the proposed name commemorates an individual, the person must be deceased for at least five years; a person's surname is preferred; and the person must have some historic connection or have made a significant contribution to the local area."
The Clarks have certainly passed the 5-year requirement, 102 years after their deaths. The second part of this requirement could be more of a challenge, but the fact that the Newton Clark Glacier already contains the full name of a historic figure would be my argument for making another exception, here. The last part is easy, as the contribution the Clarks made to the area is undeniable and well documented. Most importantly, the proposed change would also clear up potential confusion, something the OGBN also factors into their decisions.
So, I've added this to my list of OGBN proposals that I'll someday submit when I have a moment, and when I do, I will reach out to the Hood River History Museum and U.S. Forest Service for their endorsements of the proposal, as well.
Exploring Newton Clark Country
Now that we've met Newton Clark and his family, the following is a short tour of the places named for him in Mount Hood country.
The Newton Clark Glacier sprawls across Mount Hood's east face in this classic view from Elk Meadows
For Portlanders, the Newton Clark Glacier is on the dark side of the moon — it's on the east face of the mountain, hidden from view from the rainy, evening side of the Cascade Range. But from the morning side of the mountain it's prominent, and dominates the east face of Mount Hood.
Most who see the Newton Clark Glacier up-close view it from the crest of popular Cooper Spur, from nearby Elk Meadows or from Lookout Mountain, due east by five miles, across the East Fork valley. But some of the best views are from Gnarl Ridge, on the Timberline Trail. Here, the impressive scale of the Newton Creek canyon and the full width of the glacier are in full view. In summer, a series of tall waterfalls cascade from the glacier over the Newton Clark Prow and into Newton Canyon.
Vast Newton Canyon as seen from Gnarl Ridge, among the most awesome viewpoints on the mountain. The Newton Clark Glacier fills the east face of the mountain with the layered, black lava cliffs of the Newton Clark Prow at the base of the glacier
True to its name, Gnarl Ridge is home to hundreds of ancient, gnarled Whitebark pine that have survived the harsh conditions here for centuries. There's no easy way to Gnarl Ridge. Both approaches, either from Cloud Cap or Hood River Meadows, involve a lot of climbing, though the scenery is some of the finest in Oregon. One advantage of the Cloud Cap approach is that no glacial stream crossings are required. However, several permanent, and potentially treacherous snowfields must be crossed on this highest section of the Timberline Trail.
The trail to Elk Meadows is among the most popular on the mountain, and deservedly so, and it provides a photogenic view of Mount Hood's east face. This is a good family hike for a summer day, but it does require crossing Newton Creek without the aid of a footbridge — which can be an exciting experience. By mid-summer, Timberline Trail hikers have usually stitched together a seasonal crossing with available logs and stones, but expect wet feet when the water is high!
Footbridge over Clark Creek on the trail to Elk Meadows. In summer, the outflow creeks from the Newton Clark Glacier are milky with glacial till.
For a more remote experience, following the Newton Creek Trail to either Newton Creek or Clark Creek (or both) has dramatic views and a lot of rugged mountain terrain to explore. The route to the Newton Clark Trail crosses Clark Creek on a log bridge that has somehow survived this rowdy stream, then turns north and travels along Newton Creek before making a gradual climb along the northeast shoulder of the Newton Clark Moraine.
At the junction of the Newton Creek Trail with the Timberline Trail you can go right for a visit to Newton Creek or left to head over to Clark Creek. Or both, which is how I enjoy doing this hike.
Where Newton Creek canyon is vast and awesome, Clark Creek canyon has a few surprises, including lovely, verdant Heather Canyon, a side canyon with a string of splashing waterfalls.
A lone hiker climbs the east slope of Clark Canyon on the Timberline Trail. The Newton Clark Moraine is the massive, gray ridge on the right. Verdant Heather Canyon is on the left
The Clark Canyon headwall is also unique. The receding Newton Clark Glacier has left a wide, scoured rock amphitheater behind that has dozens of tiny streams running across its face in summer. To skiers, this is known as the "Super Bowl", and it's impressive to see close-up.
The headwaters of Clark Creek are among the most remote on the mountain, and feature dozens of glacial streams cascading steep cliffs below the Newton Clark Glacier
Downstream from the bowl, Clark Creek drops over a major waterfall (visible from the Timberline Trail) before reaching the debris-covered floor of the valley. This is where the Timberline Trail crosses Clark Creek, so if you like to avoid glacial stream crossings, it's a nice turnaround spot for lunch. But if you don't mind the crossing, a pretty waterfall on Heather Creek lies just a quarter mile beyond the Clark Creek crossing and makes for an especially lovely stop.
Clark Creek on a summer afternoon, heavy with glacial till during peak runoff
Heading the other direction on the Timberline Trail from the Newton Creek Trail junction quickly takes you to Newton Creek, proper. In most years, an impromptu rope helps hikers navigate a washed-out bank as you approach the chaotic canyon floor, and this is a preview of what can be one of the more difficult glacial crossings on the Timberline Trail.
Newton Canyon from the Newton Creek Trail, just below the Timberline Trail
Like Clark Creek, you can skip the crossing this glacial stream and simply enjoy a lunch atop one of the many table-sized boulders that fill Newton Canyon, with a fine view of the mountain. The Newton Clark Glacier is more prominent here, and the steep cliffs of Gnarl Ridge and Lamberson Spur rise along the far canyon wall.
The formidable crossing of Newton Creek on the Timberline Trail, one of more difficult of the many glacial stream crossings on the circuit
Newton and Clark creeks are both thick with glacial till in summer, and don't make good water sources, but Heather Creek runs clear and there's a tiny creek flowing into Newton Canyon where the Timberline Trail approaches the canyon floor that provides both drinking water and a couple of shady campsites.
Exploring Surveyors Ridge
Before the era of mountain biking, Surveyors Ridge Trail was a lightly used, lesser-known trail on the mountain that had originally been built for early forest travel.
Though an anonymous tribute, Surveyors Ridge is also named for Newton Clark, and it's well worth exploring. If you're a mountain biker, I need say no more. You've been there and taken in the sweeping vistas!
But if you're a hiker, I recommend making a trip to Bald Butte, which forms the northern end of Surveyor's Ridge. It's known to a few as "the other Dog Mountain" for its beautiful yellow balsamroot and blue lupine meadows in May and early June each year that echo the much more popular counterpart in the Gorge. Plus, the view of Mount Hood and the upper Hood River Valley from Bald Butte are stunning.
Surveyors Ridge is named for Newton Clark, albeit anonymously. In his lifetime, few trails existed here
There are a couple of ways to get to Bald Butte. If you're up for a stiff climb, you can take the Oak Ridge Trail (the trailhead is just south of the Hood River Ranger Station, off OR 35). This steep but scenic trail switchbacks up an open slope of Oregon white oak and spring wildflowers before entering forest and joining the Surveyors Ridge Trail. Turn left and hike a couple more miles and you're on top of Bald Butte.
If you don't mind driving a bit and are looking for a shorter climb, you can also take Pinemont Drive from where it intersects OR 35 (at the obvious crest between the middle and upper Hood River valleys) and follow this road for several miles to the east shoulder of Bald Butte. Watch for a gravel spur road on the right, shortly after you pass under a swath of transmission towers, and follow the spur to a trailhead under the powerlines.
The view from the trailhead is spectacular enough, but following the trail from here (which is really the old, primitive lookout road) to the summit of Bald Butte is even more sublime, passing several wildflower meadows that bloom in May and early June.
The Surveyors Ridge Trail ends at Bald Mountain, where yellow Balsamroot and blue Lupine cover the slopes in May and early June
When you make the final ascent of Bald Butte, it's hard to ignore the impact that off-road vehicles are having on the butte. Hopefully, the Forest Service decision to close most areas in the forest to these destructive vehicles will eventually be enforced. In the meantime, there's a bit more on the subject in this earlier blog article on the fate of Bald Butte.
For a completely different slice of the Surveyor's Ridge Trail, you can simply ramble the section north of Shellrock Mountain, where there are several big views of the mountain, plus a look into the weird terrain of Badlands Basin, where an ancient layer of volcanic ash and debris that has been carved into fantastic shapes. You can hike to this area from the Gibson Prairie Horse Camp.
Mount Hood and Shellrock Mountain from the Surveyors Ridge Trail
The trail spur is located across the road, and if you turn left on the Surveyors Ridge Trail you'll be heading toward views of Shellrock Mountain and Badlands Basin. Several handy boulders in the steep meadow pictured above make for a good destination for this short, easy hike. Turn right on Surveyors Ridge Trail, and you can take a shorter hike to Rimrock, where the views are somewhat overgrown, but still nice.
The 2006 Floods
Visiting the twin canyons of the Newton Clark Glacier is a great way to appreciate the raw power of the floods it has generated over the years. While Clark Creek can certainly hold its own, Newton Creek is the most fearsome stream on Mount Hood's east side. Views along the lower section of the Newton Creek Trail (below) tell the story, with truck-sized boulders and stacks of 80-foot logs tossed about in a quarter-mile wide flood channel.
Much of the more recent devastation you see here occurred in the fall of 2006, when heavy rains fell on a blanket of early snow, and combined to send a wall of rock and mud down the canyon.
Truck-sized boulders and whole trees stacked like matchsticks are silent testimony to the power of Newton Creek in this scene several miles below the glacier, where flash floods have created a debris zone a quarter mile wide. This scene is along the lower part of the Newton Creek Trail.
The debris flow roared down to Highway 35, blocking culverts, covering the road with boulders and washing out large sections of road bed. A similar event was occurring on the White River at the same time, temporarily cutting off access to the Mount Hood Meadows resort from both east and west. As sudden and violent as this event seemed, in reality it was part of an ongoing erosional process as old as the mountain, itself.
We can see this ancient story playing out in new LIDAR imagery, a form of aerial radar used to map the earth's surface in stunning detail, revealing landforms that could never be captured with conventional surveying. Over the past decade, the Oregon LIDAR Consortium has been working to bring this new mapping technology to a larger audience, including for the Mount Hood area. LIDAR has allowed geoscientists to map the history of faults, floodplains and landslides as never before.
The map below is from the Oregon LIDAR project, and shows how Newton and Clark creeks emerge from their narrow, twin mountain canyons to spread out on the floor of the broad East Fork Hood River valley. The valley floor is made up of loose debris deposited from these floods over the millennia, and both Newton and Clark creeks have changed course in this soft material with regularity.
Lidar imagery in recent years has unveiled a long and recurring history of big floods and shifting stream channels in the Newton Clark flood zone. The Mount Hood Loop Highway crosses dozens of these old channels where it crosses the zone.
(Click here for a larger view of the Newton Clark Flood Zone map)
You can see this history in the maze of braided channels that show up on LIDAR. Whereas topographic maps simply show a relatively flat, featureless valley floor here, LIDAR reveals hundreds of interwoven flood channels across what we now know as the Newton Clark flood zone.
Many of these channels were formed centuries ago, and some in our lifetimes. Some may have flowed for decades without much change, while others may have formed in a single event, then went dry. Both Newton and Clark creeks are continually on the move, and so long as the main steam of the East Fork is on the opposite, and downhill side the Mount Hood Loop Highway (OR 35), both streams will continue to wreak havoc on the highway.
In 2012 the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and ODOT replaced the bridge at White River and built massive new culverts for Clark and Newton Creeks on the east side of the mountain (below).
To contend with the frequent flooding of Newton and Clark creeks, the Federal Highway Administration and ODOT built these massive flood control structures on OR 35 in 2012. They haven't been tested by a major flood event… yet…
The following are a few photos taken after the water subsided in the fall of 2006, and ODOT crews were assessing the damage to OR 35. The damage shown here occurred over a 24-hour span.
A flash flood from the Newton Clark Glacier in the fall of 2006 sent walls of boulders and ash down the mountain, covering portions of Highway 35 in eight feet of debris (ODOT)
With culverts blocked by debris during the 2006 event, Newton Creek simply flowed down OR 35 (ODOT)
In this view from 2006, a raging Newton Creek simply dissolved the road bed under OR 35, leaving slabs of asphalt hanging in the air (ODOT)
So far, the new flood structures at Newton Creek have not been tested by a major flood event. But when you consider the mosaic of old stream channels in the LIDAR imagery that have been created over the centuries by hundreds of flood events, these new structures are temporary, at best. It's only a matter of time.
I've mentioned several hikes in this part of the article, and they can also be found in much more detail in the Oregon Hikers Field Guide at the links below. Enjoy!
Gnarl Ridge from Hood River Meadows Hike
Gnarl Ridge from Cloud Cap Hike
Elk Meadows Hike
Bald Butte Hike
Hood River History Museum (photo: Hood River History)
Special thanks to the Hood River History Museum for permission to include photos from their outstanding collection of historic images in this article. Like all museums, they are closed to the public until further notice because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This has an immediate impact on funding their operations, so please consider supporting the museum during this crisis with a donation. You can make one-time or ongoing monthly donations via PayPal, just go to the "donate" link on their website to support their valuable work.
And another special thanks to Oregon Hikers off-trail legend Chip Down for permission to use his photo of the Newton Clark Prow, one of the least-explored places on Mount Hood. You can read his trip report and see more of his outstanding photos of the Newton Clark backcountry over here.
Postscript:this article was two years in the making (!), as the story of Newton Clark is told in bits and pieces in century-old sources. Despite the miracle of the internet and the astonishing information we have at our fingertips in our time, uncovering local history is still like peeling back the layers of an onion. With each new discovery, more mysteries are uncovered… and blog articles get a bit longer and a bit later!
In this spirit, please help me improve this short history of Newton and Mary Clark and their family where I've made errors or omissions.
Thanks for stopping by and reading this especially long entry!
Tom Kloster | May 2020
Cultural History, Natural History, Proposals, Trips
A.O.U.W., Ancient Order of United Workmen, Clark Creek, G.A.R., Grace Clark Dwinnell, Grand Army of the Republic, Hood River Valley, Idlewild Cemetery, Jeanette Clark Brazelton, Mary Clark, Newton Clark, Newton Clark Glacier, Newton Clark Moraine, Newton Clark Prow, Newton Creek, Newton Mabee Clark, OGBN, Oregon Geographic Names Board, Surveyors Ridge, William Lewis Clark
← A Second Chance and New Vision for Oneonta?
Proposal: Oneonta Loop Trail →
10 thoughts on "Who was Newton Clark?"
Brent Douglas
Thank-you for another splendid, thoroughly researched article with great exhibits and photographs.
Seeing the arrival of your latest offering in my inbox is something I always look forward to.
Your in-depth articles are always a treat and read immediately.
I first became aware of your WyEast Blog while conducting research related to the ancient oak trees in the Dundee Pioneer Cemetery, which led me to your engaging article on The Ancient Rowena Oak.
I've been hooked ever since and have become a great fan of your writing.
Your advocacy is a wonderful reminder that people don't save what they don't love, and they don't love what they don't know about.
You set a great example for us all of doing right by the Wy'East Region.
Thanks Tom!
Bev Drottar
Fabulous combination of history sleuthing and hiker's guide! Fun read, Thanks.
mikeinhoodriver
Great article Tom. Always enjoy your posts. And to think as a resident of Hood River, I knew little about Newton Clark. Ironically his tombstone is a half mile away from my house, so have to hunt it down now. Thanks again.
Thank you, Bev and Mike! Much appreciated! Brent, glad you found the blog and especially that article on the Rowena Oak — those more obscure articles don't get much traffic, but they're what I enjoy researching and writing the most..! 🙂
Thanks for stopping by, everyone!
Bill Guiffre
Your posts are always a treat for me. I learn so much. Really get excited when I find the notification in my Inbox.
Thank you, Bill – that's great to hear! 🙂
Jennifer Fortin
Tom, I really enjoyed this historical journey! I visit the area often on skis and in boots and look forward to my next adventure with all this new knowledge! I appreciate your research and photos, and I support your naming recommendation to include Mary.
Keep up the great blogs! Have you done any research on Tilly Jane?
Thank you, Jennifer! "Tilly Jane" was the nickname for Mary Ladd, wife of William Mead Ladd, who was a major force in the development of early Portland. The Ladds were prominent visitors to Cloud Cap Inn, and Tilly Jane Creek was named in honor of Mary and the Ladd Glacier was named for William. William Mead Ladd was the son of Portland Mayor William Sargent Ladd, whose mid-1800s farm became today's historic Ladd's addition. So, lots of Portland history behind Tilly Jane! Thanks for asking! 🙂
Greg Lief
Thank you, Tom, for another well-researched and VERY educational blog post! Shamefully I knew virtually nothing about Newton Clark before reading this… in fact, I thought that Newton and Clark were two different people!
Thanks, Greg! 🙂


text:
Q: Adding data to a node of an xml file in visual basic I am pretty new to Visual Basic so I want to excuse myself right from the beginning.
The code below is supposed to get a node list with all nodes where the InnerText of Name is equal to the String named membername. This part seems to work perfectly, but afterwards I also want to check whether in this list a node Logout already exists. This way I want to prevent duplicating the data in the xml database. Unfortunately it doesn't work the way I tried it. It keeps duplicating all the data. So what's my mistake??
XML FILE
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
<Times>
  <Shift>
    <Name>Philipp</Name>
    <Login>14:11</Login>
    <Date>25.03.2013</Date>
    <Logout>14:11</Logout> ' Don't generate again ....
  </Shift>
  <Shift>
    <Name>Philipp</Name>
    <Login>14:11</Login>
    <Date>25.03.2013</Date>
    <Logout>14:11</Logout> ' Generate Logout node
  </Shift>
</Times>

VISUAL BASIC CODE
   If File.Exists(Filename) Then

        DOMDocument.Load(Filename)

        Dim RootElement As XmlElement = DOMDocument.DocumentElement
        Dim ListOfTitles As XmlNodeList = DOMDocument.GetElementsByTagName("Name")

        For Each Node As XmlNode In ListOfTitles

            If Node.InnerText = memberName Then

                Dim logout = Node.SelectNodes("Logout")

                If Not logout Is Nothing Then

                    Dim NewElement As XmlElement = DOMDocument.CreateElement("Logout")
                    NewElement.InnerText = DateTime.Now.ToShortTimeString()

                    Dim Parent As XmlNode = Node.ParentNode
                    Parent.AppendChild(NewElement)

                    DOMDocument.Save(Filename)

                End If

            End If

        Next
    End If

A: logout is being set to an empty object, so If Not logout is Nothing Then is equivalent to If True Then. See:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hcebdtae.aspx . The method IXMLElement.selectNodes(expression) always returns an object. To fix, check the length value of logout instead.
If logout.Count > 0 Then or use selectSingleNode which returns NULL if no node is found.

A: Let's try to explain what is wrong and how to solve it.
Apparently you wish, for each <Name>node, to retrieve the <Logout> node associated with it, if it exists, and you tried Node.SelectNodes("Logout") to do this, but:
The code Node.SelectNodes("Logout") actually attempts to select child nodes of the <Name> node represented by your Node variable - while in your XML markup,

*

*<Name> nodes do not have children and

*<Logout> nodes are always their siblings, not children.
So it always returns an empty collection, never the node you want.
You can solve this by iterating over your <Shift> nodes, since they contain both Name and Logout information as child nodes.
By the way, InnerText is not an IXMLDOMNode property, try using Text instead
If File.Exists(Filename) Then

    DOMDocument.Load(Filename)

    Dim RootElement As XmlElement = DOMDocument.DocumentElement
    Dim ListOfShifts As XmlNodeList = DOMDocument.GetElementsByTagName("Shift")

    For Each ShiftNode As XmlNode In ListOfShifts

        Dim NameNode = ShiftNode.SelectSingleNode("Name")
        If NameNode IsNot Nothing And NameNode.Text = memberName Then

            Dim logoutNode = ShiftNode.SelectSingleNode("Logout")

            If Not logoutNode Is Nothing Then

                Dim NewElement As XmlElement = DOMDocument.CreateElement("Logout")
                NewElement.Text = DateTime.Now.ToShortTimeString()

                Dim Parent As XmlNode = Node.ParentNode
                Parent.AppendChild(NewElement)

                DOMDocument.Save(Filename)

            End If

        End If

    Next
End If

Also, you are saving the document on every change - why not save it only once after the loop has finished

A: This isn't exactly what you're asking, but I find that dealing with raw XML leads to lots of headache. What you might consider instead is to just deal with a Shift class that lets you perform logic on your login/logout, and let .NET do the serialization/deserialization for you.
That way you are not bound to specific XML Paths if your business objects and relationships change.
Again, not what you asked, but here is how I would solve the business case you're dealing with.
First, create a shift class that I can put business logic in. Simple example here:
Public Class Shift

    Public Property Name As String
    Public Property DateString As String
    Public Property Login As String
    Public Property Logout As String

End Class

Next, create a collection of shifts. I called this class TimeCollection, but call it whatever you want. Mark it Serializable so that .NET can do the work of turning it from an object to XML and vice versa.
Imports System
Imports System.Collections.Generic
Imports System.Linq
Imports System.Text
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Xml.Serialization

<Serializable()> Public Class TimeCollection

Public Property Path As String

<XmlArray("Shifts")>
<XmlArrayItem(GetType(Shift))>
Public Property Shift As Shift()

Public Function Serialize(FileInfo As System.IO.FileInfo)
    Try

        If File.Exists(FileInfo.FullName) Then
            File.Delete(FileInfo.FullName)
        End If

        If Not Directory.Exists(FileInfo.DirectoryName) Then
            Directory.CreateDirectory(FileInfo.DirectoryName)
        End If

        Me.Path = FileInfo.FullName

        Dim serializer As XmlSerializer = New XmlSerializer(GetType(TimeCollection))
        Dim writer As StreamWriter = New StreamWriter(FileInfo.FullName)

        serializer.Serialize(writer, Me)
        writer.Close()

    Catch ex As Exception

        Throw
    End Try

End Function

Public Shared Function Deserialize(FileInfo As FileInfo) As TimeCollection

    Dim serializedType As TimeCollection = Nothing

    Dim path As String = FileInfo.FullName

    If (Not File.Exists(path)) Then
        Deserialize = serializedType
    Else
        Try
            Dim serializer As XmlSerializer = New XmlSerializer(GetType(TimeCollection))
            Dim reader As StreamReader = New StreamReader(path)
            serializedType = serializer.Deserialize(reader)
            reader.Close()
            Deserialize = serializedType
        Catch ex As Exception
            Console.WriteLine(ex.Message)
        End Try
    End If

End Function

End Class

Now. If you have some code that generates a series of shifts, like this:
    Dim tc As TimeCollection = New TimeCollection()

    Dim first As Shift = New Shift()
    first.Name = "Philipp"
    first.Login = "14:11"
    first.Logout = "14:45"
    first.DateString = "3/31/2013"

    Dim second As Shift = New Shift()
    second.Name = "Phillip"
    second.Login = "14:09"
    ' second.Logout = "15:01" (note 2nd shift has no logout)
    second.DateString = "4/1/2013"

    tc.Shift = New Shift(1) {first, second}

You can easily serialize the TimeCollection object like so:
tc.Serialize(New FileInfo("C:\SomePath\TimeCollectionA.xml"))

which creates the following contents:
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TimeCollection xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
  <Path>C:\Temp\Tc.xml</Path>
  <Shifts>
    <Shift>
      <Name>Philipp</Name>
      <DateString>3/31/2013</DateString>
      <Login>14:11</Login>
      <Logout>14:45</Logout>
    </Shift>
    <Shift>
      <Name>Phillip</Name>
      <DateString>4/1/2013</DateString>
      <Login>14:09</Login>
    </Shift>
  </Shifts>
</TimeCollection>

Then, to deserialize the contents and turn the file back into a collection of objects you can do something with:
    Dim tc As TimeCollection
    tc = TimeCollection.Deserialize(New FileInfo("C:\SomePath\TimeCollectionA.xml"))

Now you can iterate through the tc.Shift array, etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Blog The Model 3 was again the #1 best selling premium-class car in the US in the first quarter, and that it outsold #2 by a whopping 60%
The Model 3 was again the #1 best selling premium-class car in the US in the first quarter, and that it outsold #2 by a whopping 60%
Tesla Model 3 Demand — Hints, Clues, & Questions
Published on May 1st, 2019 | by Zachary Shahan
the Model 3 was again the #1 best selling premium-class car in the United States in the first quarter, and that it outsold #2 by a whopping 60%
The first highlight is that Tesla produced 63,000 Model 3s in Q1 2019 — 3% more than previous quarter. The 4th quarter was considered a high-volume blowout quarter in a number of respects, with a bit of hype that Tesla couldn't continue along those lines. The first quarter of 2019 showed that Tesla could continue at that pace and was actually able to increase output a bit.
The more impressive highlight is that the Model 3 was again the #1 best selling premium-class car in the United States in the first quarter, and that it outsold #2 by a whopping 60%! This is impressive for a few reasons.
First of all, the first quarter was expected to be a large sales crater for the Model 3 in the United States. The US federal tax credit had just been cut in half from $7500 to $3750 and Tesla was focused on shipping Model 3s overseas. Nonetheless, the Model 3 dominated its segment of the market.
Aside from the above, Tesla wasn't yet shipping the base Model 3 or Model 3 Standard Range Plus. These are notably cheaper than previously available trims. Also, I'm not sure this is the case with Tesla because of its unique circumstances, but generally speaking, as you go down the cost curve, auto sales grows exponentially. A $35,000 car isn't just more popular than a $50,000 car, it's more popular by significantly more than a $50,000 car is more popular than a $65,000 car.
Connected to that, but I'll make it a third point, most people who know about Tesla think that its cars are super expensive. Word of mouth takes some time, but the $35,000 Model 3 is finally available, so word should be spreading now that an "affordable" Tesla is finally on the market.
A final point is that the Model 3 is not just cost-competitive with its premium-class competitors. It offers both a lower price and much more premium features. In other words, in several ways, it's a more premium car at a lower price. It still somewhat baffles me that so many people are still buying BMWs, Audis, and Mercedes (Mercedeses? Mercedi?), but people will learn that buying one of those is essentially idiotic — sooner or later. Also, there are many buyers who do already get it.
Perhaps my favorite and the biggest note is Tesla's simple explanation of why there's so much potential globally for Model 3 sales. The explanation is here:
Yes, there's a ton more midsize premium sedan potential elsewhere than in the US, and if the Model 3 was represented abroad as it is at home in the US, it would have enormously more demand. We're yet to see the Model 3's true demand globally, but it has been knocking the socks of the market in the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, and other initial foreign markets. Over time, especially as the lower priced versions of the car become available, we'll see how things settle out.
It's not all about the Benjamins and BMWs, though. Another highlight hinting at the Model 3's potential demand in coming months, quarters, and years is that Tesla still isn't pulling most of its buyers from the premium-class market. "Since introduction of Model 3 Standard Range and Standard Range Plus, 69% of trade-ins were non-premium vehicles, indicating that Model 3 is demonstrating appeal beyond the premium segment," Tesla notes.
We have been quite happy to show Tesla's cost-competitiveness with the Honda Accord, Toyota Camry, Nissan Altima, and other top selling cars — because it's so astounding. But I assume this is something the mass market is yet to learn.
Another hint that Tesla Model 3 demand is looking good: "Although we are driving towards higher internal goals, we reaffirm our prior guidance of 360,000 to 400,000 vehicle deliveries in 2019, representing an increase of approximately 45% to 65% compared to 2018."
Actually, going on, Tesla highlighted that it may produce significantly more cars in 2019 than previously forecasted. "If our Gigafactory Shanghai is able to reach volume production early in Q4 this year, we may be able to produce as many as 500,000 vehicles globally in 2019. This is an aggressive schedule, but it is what we are targeting. However, based on what we know today, being able to produce over 500,000 vehicles globally in the 12-month period ending June 30, 2020 does appear very likely." Why would Tesla target that much production if it didn't feel comfortable about the demand for so many vehicles?
Just following that quote was this one: "We continue to target a 25% non-GAAP gross margin on Model S, Model X and Model 3, depending on variant mix and option take rates as our product offerings change." It's very hard to have 25% gross margin on a product if demand isn't matching supply. Most of the auto market has much lower gross margins. (Granted, they don't sell cars to customers themselves, as they have to go through dealers, but the point is still the same.)
Some other tidbits: On the conference call, Elon Musk noted that they had less of a US demand drop-off in Q1 than expected, that there was enormous demand for the Model 3 Standard Range Plus, and that they really aren't concerned about demand.
Okay, it's Elon, he's optimistic. But if we are going to say he's optimistic and he says they were positively surprised by the Q1 demand in the US, that's a good sign that demand has been holding up and word of mouth is already getting around well enough to bring in many more of former BMW 3 Series, Honda Accord, Toyota Prius, Nissan Altima, and Toyota Tacoma buyers.
There are other big matters that could drive a great deal more demand for the vehicle in coming months, like leasing, which just became available on the Model 3, and Tesla's activation of "Full Self Driving" features. Additionally, on the financials front, the Full Self Driving option may be something most Model 3 owners didn't initially buy but will buy once they see some exciting features activated. (That's an easy revenue boost that costs Tesla nearly nothing.)
I mentioned "the universe" at the top of the page. As I reported last night, search traffic for "tesla" and Tesla.com's traffic ranking have both spiked in 2019. That's a sign of stronger demand, not weaker demand.
Tesla.com ranking relative to other websites.
I'm going to close on a topic that isn't about near-term or mid-term consumer demand, but it's something I find astounding, hugely relevant to Tesla's future, and potentially a powerful factor influencing demand in the long term. Again, a Tesla chart from is shareholder letter captures the point best:
To try to summarize what the chart summarizes best, capex costs for Model 3 production in China are going to be dramatically lower than capex costs for Model 3 production in California (per unit of production capacity). Not only that, capex costs for Model Y production in the US will also be significantly lower than capex costs for Model 3 production in California.
That means one of three things: 1) Tesla could sell these vehicles for less and make the same money on each of them (selling them for less would, of course, mean more demand/sales, which would mean more revenue and profits), 2) Tesla could sell for the same price and just make more money on each of them, 3) some combination of those two options.
The future looks bright.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mark Dion, Jeffrey Jenkins, J. Morgan Puett, Rebecca Purcell, Allison Smith, Amy Yoes, and other Mildred's Lane all-stars to be announced.
An ongoing preservation and project installation surrounding the eighteenth century/nineteenth century stories we have uncovered about the old homestead we now call, The Mildred's Lane Transhistorical Society and Museum. Join the dig and become a life member!
Mildred Archaeology is an ongoing project revealing hidden histories of Mildred's Lane. The old farmhouse on site is a small, 1830-1840s homestead with a 1790s hearth. The investigation of the Mildred House started back in the late nineties. There have been several iterations and excavations telling the story of the Steffens family. Histories have been pieced together with the help of relatives, neighbors and local historians. These sessions have resulted in a number of permanent installations and interventions.
During Sessions 2017, research fellows discovered new information connecting the site to Connecticut Settlers, in the 1750s. The original owners of the location were the Lillie family, who, amongst others, settled at Cushetunk on the Delaware River. Lillie Archaeology is the continuation of the dig around the historic structures which yielded such a remarkable amount of curious material last year, and the installation produced by fellows at The Mildred Complex(ity) Project Space was our most popular exhibition to date.
Threaded through this session will be looking at 'things,' their imbued value and histories. What is an artifact? What is really garbage? Other explorations of the place of material culture in art, archaeology and everyday life will be explored. Topics include collecting, taxonomies, site-sensitive installation – thingness.


text:
Mister X in der Presse » onth with a victory and later added silver and
Mister X - Verein für Gesellschaftsspiele e.V. Düren » allg. Informationen » Mister X in der Presse » onth with a victory and later added silver and
#1 | onth with a victory and later added silver and 08.05.2019 04:04
MONTREAL - After two years out of the NHL playoffs, there is new optimism among the Nashville Predators.A stunning turnaround aided by a coaching change, the addition of veteran forwards James Neal and Mike Ribeiro and the emergence of 20-year-old forward Filip Forsberg have put Nashville in first place in the Central Division going into the all-star break.Now they believe theyve got enough pieces to keep up their strong play through the second half of the regular season and do some damage in the playoffs.Absolutely, veteran centre Mike Fisher said Tuesday. We really believe in this group.We believe were a top team in this league and we are. Weve shown it thus far. Were really confident in the group we have, that we can win any night against other top teams.The Predators had not lost twice in a row this season going into a game Tuesday night against the Canadiens in Montreal, where they were without star goalie Pekka Rinne for a third game due to an injury expected to last three weeks.Backed by Rinne and an impressive defence group led by Shea Weber, the Predators are the NHLs stingiest team, allowing only 2.25 goals per game. But Nashville has been known as a tight defensive side in recent years.The surprise is that they are tied for fifth in goals scored per game at 3.0.Part of that stems from the decision last summer to let the conservative Barry Trotz go after coaching the team through its first 15 NHL campaigns and bring in a more attack-minded Peter Laviolette.Trotz is now performing wonders in making the Washington Capitals a winning, two-way club, while Laviolette will also be a coach of the year candidate for doing much the same in Nashville.Its good for both sides, said Weber. You see the success theyre having (in Washington) and that were having.There was a different feel coming into training camp this year with a new face and I think the guys have responded very well.The second part of the season will determine if the Predators are for real, but it looks like it so far.They certainly have the goaltending with Rinne, considered one of the best in the world.With Weber, they have the big No. 1 blue-liner every team wishes it had, and he is backed by a group that can defend and move the puck. Among them is emerging talent Seth Jones, the fourth pick in the 2013 draft.Only a few months ago, they didnt appear to have much up front, but then Forsberg turned into a nearly point-per-game player and a strong two-way player on the top line with veteran Mike Ribeiro, who so far has shown a new commitment to discipline after being bought out by Arizona due to behavioural problems.Hes been an excellent addition to our team, Laviolette said of Ribeiro, who is on pace for his first 70-point campaign since 2010-11. Terrific in the room, terrific teammate, terrific on-ice play.Forsberg, playing his first full NHL campaign, was acquired from Washington in March 2013 for Martin Erat and Michael Latta in what is looking to be a spectacular steal for Nashville.Fisher centres James Neal, a one-time 40-goal scorer picked up in a trade with Pittsburgh in June, and Colin Wilson, who is having a breakout season and will soon top his career high of 35 points.Veteran Olli Jokinen, signed from Winnipeg, is playing on the fourth line. Another reclamation project, defenceman Anton Volchenkov, brings his stay at home style to the third defence pair and being dumped by New Jersey.Fisher likes the teams chances.With the goaltending we have, and look at our back end: everyone can handle the puck and skate, he said. And you look at the mix, the young guys, the leadership, energy, the way we play.Were all excited about what we can do. Its a tough league and the playoffs are tough, but we feel weve got a lot of pieces and character and we can be successful.The Predators have won only two playoff series in their history, the last against Detroit in 2012.The optimism now stems from adding some offence to a team known for tight defence. That comes from Laviolette.Id say were more aggressive, said Fisher. We want to be hungry for pucks, to forecheck really hard.The way our defence can move the puck helps us offensively. And defensively, we want to be hard to play against. He wants us to play both ends. He wants us to make plays and be creative, but be responsible.It has worked so far, but Weber, the captain, knows there is a lot of hockey still be played.I was on this team a while back when we were in first place for a while too, he said. Weve had good teams since Ive been in Nashville.Its just been tough the last couple of years. Theres still a lot of season left and we have to keep it up. Michael Crabtree Jersey . After a tight first half, the Croatians took command in Reykjavik after Skulason was dismissed for a professional foul in the 51st minute, but couldnt find a way past Iceland goalkeeper Hannes Halldorsson and his packed defence. Eduardo had a weak shot cleared away from near the goalline after barely a minute for Croatia, whose substitute Ivica Olic forced a fine reaction save from Halldorsson in the 55th. Lamar Jackson Jersey . Stepanek gave the Czech Republic its second straight Davis Cup title Sunday, sweeping past Dusan Lajovic in straight sets in the fifth and decisive match to secure a 3-2 win over Serbia in the final. http://www.cheapravensshoponline.com/You...-Ravens-Jersey/. According to TSN Hockey Insider Bob McKenzie, the deal will pay Schenn $2.25 million in the first year and $2.75 million in the second year. In 82 games with the Flyers in 2013-14, Schenn scored 20 goals and added 21 assists. Robert Griffin III Jersey .com) - The Winnipeg Jets got over one hurdle by snapping their longest losing streak of the season. Orlando Brown Jr. Jersey . Louis, MO (SportsNetwork.VAL DI FIEMME, Italy -- Canadian Alex Harvey finished fifth Saturday in the Tour de Ski and then pulled out of the seven-race event before the gruelling final stage. Harvey decided he would not start Sundays nine-kilometre pursuit race because the punishing climb up Alpe de Cermis could have a negative effect on an artery in his leg. The motion of lifting the leg up the steep alpine ski hill can force his hip flexor to bulge, impeding blood flow and circulation. "For me it was pretty clear before the Tour started that I wasnt going to climb that hill," said Harvey, who also pulled out of the final stage last year. "Being in the lead and the top three for the Tour opened the door to thinking about it, but there is just so much to lose for me physically when the blood flow shuts down completely when Im working so hard. "We dont know exactly how long it takes to recover, and I just dont want to risk anything especially with the Olympics coming up." It was still a very successful Tour for Harvey, who opened the event last month with a victory and later added silver and bronze. Petter Northug revved up his preparations for next months Sochi Games by winning Saturday, cutting into the overall lead of fellow Norwegian Martin Johnsrud Sundby. Northug fought through snow and rain for the win in 24 minutes 45.6 seconds over the 10-kilometre classical stage. Sundby crossed second, 9.7 seconds behind, and Chris Jespersen was third to complete a Norwegian sweep. The 25-year-old Harvey, from St-Ferreol-les-Neiges, Que., was fifth in 25:21.1. "It was pretty messy weather today but overall my skis were good and I felt good the whole way," said Harvey. "I started aggressive and fought for the podium the whole way. I think I paced things well and attacked where I needed too which is key to an individual start." The final stage ends with a four-kilometre climb with pitches that come close to a 30 per cent grade. "With his leg condition, it takes at least one week foor Alex to recover from something like that," said head coach Justin Wadsworth.dddddddddddd "Alex knows he will not be able to fight for the top three tomorrow with his leg. So looking at what is really to gain, he made the smart decision not to race." Ivan Babikov of Canmore, Alta., was 27th and Devon Kershaw of Sudbury, Ont., was 52nd. Entering Sundays final stage, Sundby leads Northug by 48.5 seconds. Jespersen is 1:26.8 back in third place. Norwegians are also commanding the womens race, with two-time runner-up Therese Johaug winning a 5K classical stage Saturday to cut into the lead of countrywoman Astrid Uhrenholdt Jacobsen. Johaug had a time of 13:58.4 to finish 14.9 seconds ahead of Jacobsen, with Anne Kyllonen of Finland third, 19.2 back. In the overall, Jacobsens lead over Johaug was sliced to 23.8 seconds, with Kyllonen 1:31.5 back. Northug won the 15K classical title at last years world championships in Val di Fiemme and also took gold in the 50K at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. He has also finished on the podium four times in the Tour de Ski but has never won the competition. "I am getting stronger with each competition," Northug said. "This time I am not as tired going to the final stage." Sundby has never come close to winning the Tour de Ski. "I felt quite tired after yesterdays competition," said Sundby, who won Fridays stage. "I felt better in the second lap. I have to recover well today and get ready for the final climb. It will be pure pain." Johaug was runner-up in 2011 and 2013 and finished third in 2012, while Jacobsen has never reached the podium. "I feel I am in a very good shape and I can compete with almost everybody," Jacobsen said. "I do not think much about the overall result. Its already a great achievement for me to be in the leading position before the final stage. I am happy that there is a high chance that a Norwegian lady crosses the finish on Alpe Cermis in first place." 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ames will play his first game since rejoining the Cl » « tors to keep their winning streak going


Queen's Law Life: Web designer with spare time?
Web designer with spare time?
I'm bored with the look of this space. Please contact me if you have any ideas on how to improve this site.
http://www.oswd.org has several free design templates.


n. 1. A platform; the bottom of a room; a floor; pavement. See Floor, n.
2. Material for the construction of a floor or floors.
Noun 1. flooring - the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room or hallway); "they needed rugs to cover the bare floors"


pOm•pOurri is a medley of fuzzy and colorful creatures that explore the idea of play as a conversation for human connection. Fluffy, decorative, and used for positive affirmations, the pOm•pOm is an object that brings crowds of strangers together in cheers and applause. Structurally, it is made up of hundreds of yarns held together by a single thread. Playtime objects from craft kits and gym class games are used to encourage audience participation! Finding the ties within comfort and community, the pOm•pOm is a metaphor for being part of a whole.
Part wonder, part whim, all good vibes.


I applied for Tier 5 visa (Temporary Worker Government Authorized Exchange). I got a refusal under rule 245ZO (Maintenance) but, surprisingly in the last paragraph, two rules of not attending an interview & not providing tuberculosis certificate were added although they are not needed in my case in principle.
Will it be beneficial to go for administrative review, at least to eliminate those 2 unjustified rules? In principle, is it better to be refused under one rule (245ZO) than being refused on 3 rules (two of them are general grounds of refusal)?
If administrative review was unsuccessful, would that be considered another refusal in my immigration history?
I have refused your visa application... because I am not satisfied that you meet all of the requirements of paragraphs 245ZO, 3207D and 320 8A of the Immigration Rules.
That doesn't say that you failed all three tests. It just says that you didn't pass them all (you passed two out of three), so you didn't get the visa.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged uk visa-refusals working-visas or ask your own question.


text:
package br.com.devfest.norte.ui.debug.actions;

import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.widget.Toast;

import br.com.devfest.norte.service.SessionAlarmService;
import br.com.devfest.norte.ui.debug.DebugAction;

/**
 * Forces the display of a session feedback notification.
 */
public class ShowFeedbackNotificationAction implements DebugAction {
    private static int sNext = 0;

    @Override
    public void run(final Context context, final Callback callback) {
        final String sessionId = SessionAlarmService.DEBUG_SESSION_ID;
        final String sessionTitle = "Debugging with Placeholder Text";
        final String sessionRoom = "Room 1";
        final String sessionSpeaker = "Lauren Ipsum";

        Intent intent = new Intent(
                SessionAlarmService.ACTION_NOTIFY_SESSION_FEEDBACK,
                null, context, SessionAlarmService.class);
        intent.putExtra(SessionAlarmService.EXTRA_SESSION_ID, sessionId);
        intent.putExtra(SessionAlarmService.EXTRA_SESSION_START, System.currentTimeMillis()
                - 30 * 60 * 1000);
        intent.putExtra(SessionAlarmService.EXTRA_SESSION_END, System.currentTimeMillis());
        intent.putExtra(SessionAlarmService.EXTRA_SESSION_TITLE, sessionTitle);
        intent.putExtra(SessionAlarmService.EXTRA_SESSION_ROOM, sessionRoom);
        intent.putExtra(SessionAlarmService.EXTRA_SESSION_SPEAKERS, sessionSpeaker);
        context.startService(intent);
        Toast.makeText(context, "Showing debug session feedback notification.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
    }

    @Override
    public String getLabel() {
        return "show session feedback notification";
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ask a UXpert: What's the Most Important Business Skill UX Designers Should Have?
UX expertise and business skills don't always go together — although you could make the case that they should. While you can create great user experiences without being a boss in the boardroom, having some key business skills in your back pocket can be a useful and often necessary toolset for creative professionals. But designers often aren't taught how to run their own business in school, so many tend to learn these all important business skills only once in their careers. That's in full swing.
Designers who develop these skills often see more success in their practices because they understand the business case for their hard work. We asked four designers what they think is the most essential business skill UX designers need to be really successful in their careers.
UX designers need to develop a deep understanding of the business, including the problems the business faces and its goals. Designers need to take the time to understand business constraints and strategies, as well as what work has already been done to better integrate with our cross-functional partners and be better aligned with them.
The business team is worried about profits, the marketing team about brand and experience, and many other stakeholders have their own robust agendas and goals. In order to build relationships with them — so UX designers can influence them and solve problems with them, ultimately leading to them becoming advocates for UX — designers can't confuse them with design speak. We have to communicate in ways they understand. When an organization has one universal language and one common process that design is part of, it allows UX designers to do what they do best, which is solve problems for people.
As a designer, one of the most important business skills one can possess is the ability to sell. Selling is an art and a huge part of creating great work. Many designers lose sight of the fact that the success of the work you do depends greatly on your ability to get the client to align with your vision and reasoning.
The ability to sell isn't just for getting ideas pushed through — it also applies to the work you create. What's the ROI on the work the designer is doing? What value beyond "pretty pixels" is the designer providing? As design professionals move forward in their career, they should look to establish themselves as business professionals or consultants. Learn how decisions are made. Ask a lot of questions. Solve business problems through design.
If you do these things, you'll be successful.
In my experience, the most important business skill for UX designers is knowing howto pick clients. Being selective with your clients might seem like a luxury with that student loan or mortgage payment looming, but it's the surest route to being able to afford to be selective. The work you do today is going to determine the work you do tomorrow, so try to make sure you stick to the path you want to be on.
Life's too short to spend your time shuffling Post-its with people you hate. Trust your gut: It's fine to turn down work for no other reason than it doesn't feel right. You're just clearing your schedule for the life-changing opportunity that's around the next corner. Oh, and if anyone promises their project will be "great exposure" for you, run away as fast as you can.
User experience necessitates a convergence of many different skills, among themsystems thinking and spatial reasoning. However, I believe one of the most important skills a good UX designer should have is something called cognitive empathy, which is something that great teachers also have. Essentially, cognitive empathy is the ability to understand how another person thinks and what another person might understand or have trouble understanding.
Additionally, a good UX designer will be a good listener. Having the ability to listen and ask questions is very important. As we like to say at Blue Label Labs, the quality of UX is equal to the quality of the conversation in the product room. If there is a true meeting of minds in that room, a great app usually follows quite naturally.


Many visitors to Cuba consider their trips complete when they have spent a few days in Havana. Cienfuegos, a coastal city 160 miles to the southeast, provides an entirely different experience.
Cienfuegos lies along the Bay of Cienfuegos, a haven for eighteenth century pirates of the Caribbean. The city was founded in 1819 by French-speaking immigrants, some of them from New Orleans. Based on then-modern ideas of urban planning, the streets where laid out on a grid, with a park at the center. The city soon became an important international port, exporting sugar cane, tobacco and other crops grown in the fertile fields nearby. Within 40 years of its founding, Cienfuegos had become the third wealthiest city in Cuba. With their wealth, local residents built impressive neoclassical buildings along the streets surrounding the park, including a domed city hall, a theatre and a cathedral. As the city expanded beyond its original 25 blocks, the grid pattern was meticulously maintained and the buildings in the city center were expanded. Because of its magnificent architecture, Cienfuegos became known as La Perla del Sur, the Pearl of the South. In 1902, when Cuban gained its independence, the central park was renamed in honor of José Martí, a Cuban national hero who had long argued for independence. A large statue of him was erected in the park.
In 2005, the center of Cienfuegos was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site because of its representation of early urban planning in Latin America. Today's visitors see an outstanding example of a nineteenth century colonial city, with the historic center much like it was more than 100 years ago. Visitors so inclined can take a ferry across the Bay of Cienfuegos to Castillo de Jagua, a fortress built by the Spanish in 1742 to protect the area from pirates.


South Florida Fashion Academy is a program designed to educate, inspire and illuminate an intense desire to optimize the creative minds of teen girls ages 12- 18 that are interested in the Fashion and Beauty Industries. South Florida Fashion Academy's curriculum and objective is to fulfill the lack of programs in our communities geared towards the arts, entrepreneurial skill set and self- love. SFFA will be globally celebrated as the academy where students and instructors transcend traditional margins to stimulate leading edge innovations. SFFA fosters creativity and career focus while educating its students to embrace inclusiveness, sustainability and a sense of community.
"It is my goal to birth the next generation of trailblazers in the Fashion and Beauty Industries. Our programs are designed for students to enter their post- secondary option with advanced knowledge or the ability to infiltrate the preferred industry having entrepreneurial skills, be armored with self -love and the tools to build healthy relationships," said South Florida Fashion Academy Founder Taj McGill. "I'm so excited and anxious for SFFA to launch. For the past year, we have been involved behind the scenes during Ft. Lauderdale Fashion Week, community projects such as packing hygiene products with The Beauty Initiative Inc., on the set of music videos and fashion shows, and we have not even started so I can only image what's to come," said South Florida Fashion Academy student Jada Johnson.
South Florida Fashion Academy is located at 2900 North Dixie Highway in Oakland Park, Florida. Each student will graduate from South Florida Fashion Academy with in depth knowledge of running a business and hands-on training in the following areas of study: Modeling, Blogging, Fashion Photography, Retail Buying and Merchandising, Fashion Technology, Accessory Design, Skincare, Makeup, Fashion Design, Fashion Styling and much more.
South Florida Fashion Academy will provide a rigorous learning experience built on the highest standards of excellence; an environment that promotes creativity and experimentation; and diverse provisional learning with a variety of industry partnerships.