text:
Can we manage sport related concussion in children the same as in adults?
P McCrory1,
A Collie2,3,
V Anderson4,
G Davis5
1Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine and the Brain Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
2CogState Ltd, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia
3Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
4Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
5Department of Neurosurgery, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Correspondence to:
Associate Professor Paul McCrory
Editor, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 200 Berkeley Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia; pmccrory{at}compuserve.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.014811
Evidence based guidelines are required for the management of concussive injury in children
Consensus guidelines for managing sport related concussion in adults have been increasingly widely implemented.1 So far, there are no guidelines that enable clinicians to manage similar sporting concussive injuries in children. Furthermore, there are a number of important anatomical, physiological, and behavioural differences between adults and children that suggest that adult guidelines will need to be either modified or rewritten to manage injuries in this age group.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CONCUSSION IN CHILDREN
The annual incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults is remarkably constant worldwide and has been estimated at between 180 and 300 cases per 100 000 population.2–5 This is believed to be an underestimate of the true incidence as an equivalent number of mild injuries are treated by general practitioners and do not result in hospital admission.6 Direct sport participation accounts for approximately 15–20% of all such TBI3,7 and in children a further smaller percentage of TBI is associated with play activities.8
In children aged 15 years and under, the estimated incidence rate of TBI is 180 per 100 000 children per year of which approximately 85% are categorised as mild injuries.7 In the US, it has been estimated that more than 1 million children sustain a TBI annually and that TBI accounts for more than 250 000 paediatric hospital admissions as well as more than 10% of all visits to emergency service settings.9
In child and adolescent populations, few well controlled studies exist to identify the age specific frequency and outcome of sport related concussive injuries.
INTRINSIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILD AND ADULT CONCUSSION
The most common cognitive sequelae of concussive injuries in children are the same as for adults, namely reduced speed of information processing, poor attention, and impaired executive function.10–14 Concussion may also have a significant negative secondary impact upon educational and social attainment, as these processes are critical for performing common day to day activities in childhood and adolescence, such as acquiring new knowledge and attending to school work. The nature, magnitude, and duration of these post-concussion cognitive impairments are yet to be determined, and the academic and social consequence for the child remains unknown at this time. In addition, it has been reported that children may suffer from a variety of post-concussion behavioural sequelae despite normal neuropsychological testing.15
It is also known that brain tolerance to biomechanical forces differs between adults and children.16 In broad terms, a two to three fold greater impact force is required to produce clinical symptoms in children compared to adults. This is due to a combination of factors, including an age dependent physiological response to mechanical stress, the differing geometry of the skull and brain, and the constitutive structural properties of the head. This means that if a child exhibits clinical symptoms after head injury, then it is reasonable to assume that they have sustained a far greater impact force compared to an adult with the same post-concussive symptoms.
There are rare but well recognised post-traumatic clinical sequelae that occur predominantly in children and teenagers, such as diffuse cerebral swelling.17–20 The concussive impact, however trivial, sets in train the rapid development of cerebral swelling that usually results in brainstem herniation and death. Its cause is unknown but is thought to involve disordered cerebral vascular autoregulation. Although repeated concussive injuries have been proposed as the basis for this syndrome (the so called second impact syndrome), the evidence for repeated concussion as a specific risk factor is not compelling.21 It is more likely that a single impact of any severity may result in this rare complication; however, participation in sport simply draws attention to incidental concussive injuries in this setting. There is also limited published evidence that a specific genetic abnormality predisposes to brain swelling following mild head injury in children.22
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Over and above any cognitive effects of concussion, there is an additional issue that makes assessment difficult, namely the fact that the brain is cognitively maturing during this period. This has two major implications. Firstly, the child's brain potentially may be more vulnerable to the impact of head injury than the more mature adult brain due to the disturbances of neuronal maturation caused by brain trauma.14 Secondly, unlike adults where cognitive function is relatively stable over time, children's cognition continues to develop. Thus any assessment of baseline or post-injury cognitive function needs to factor in the normal maturation in cognition that is occurring over this period. Pilot unpublished cross sectional data collected in 180 healthy children using a computerised cognitive test paradigm (CogSport) indicates substantial improvement in performance between the ages of 9 and 18 years on tests of simple and choice reaction time, working memory, and new learning. The largest improvements in test performance occur between the ages of 9 and 15, with minimal changes after this age paralleling adult performance (fig 1).
Mean (and standard error) response speed on four cognitive tasks in nine different age bands, from 8 to 25 years of age.
These developmental changes are of comparable magnitude to post-concussive impairments observed on computerised cognitive post-injury assessment in adults.23,24 This has the potential for confusion in assessment given that maturational improvements occurring between baseline and post-concussion testing may offset any injury related cognitive impairment in concussed children and adolescents.
RISK FACTORS FOR SEQUELAE AND POOR RECOVERY AFTER CONCUSSION IN CHILDREN
It has been argued that individuals are not at equal risk for symptoms and cognitive dysfunction following concussion, and also that some individuals may be at higher risk of sustaining concussion than others. There is circumstantial evidence that a prior history of brain injury is a risk factor for subsequent concussive injury in children.15,25
Other potential risk factors that may predict more severe neurobehavioral sequelae following injury, especially in younger children where the brain is less mature, include the presence of pre-morbid cognitive, attention, and behavioural impairments.15,26
It has also become a widely held belief that having sustained a sport related concussive injury, an athlete is then more prone to future concussive injury. The evidence for this in sport is limited with most studies being methodologically flawed.27–29 It has been suggested that individuals with more aggressive playing styles may be at the greatest risk of concussion.
Although helmet use may be effective in preventing superficial head injury in children, its role in preventing concussion and other forms of traumatic brain injury remains unproven. Furthermore, recent studies have shown a differential behavioural response of children to protective equipment with some adopting increased risk taking behaviour and hence paradoxically increasing their risk of sustaining a concussive injury by wearing a "protective" helmet.30,31
There is also evidence that an individual's genetic make up may predict outcome from head injury. In particular, an association has been identified between the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and poor clinical outcome in adult patients with mild head injury.32 Although only in the early stages of understanding, the interaction between genetic and environmental factors may be critical in the development of post-concussive phenomena. These data suggest that it may be possible to identify individuals who are at greater risk for poor outcomes from concussion and in the future management practices may need to be tailored to incorporate such information.
CAN WE USE ADULT CONCUSSION RETURN TO PLAY STRATEGIES IN CHILDREN?
There have been numerous attempts in the past to formulate evidence based concussion management guidelines,33 with that developed at the recent Vienna Consensus Conference1 being most widely accepted today. In broad terms, this approach recommends baseline cognitive testing to enable accurate individual assessment of recovery, in order to guide return to play following concussion.
There are no current guidelines for diagnosis and management of concussion in children beyond generic recommendations for observation and neuroimaging following childhood mild head injury.34 This is also reflected in the variable specialist clinical management that may be offered in this situation. In a recent pilot study of paediatric neurosurgical management of sport related concussive injury in children, there was no consensus between the surgeons being studied as to the significance of specific clinical symptoms or on recommendations regarding hospitalisation, time off school and sport, or the use of protective equipment following injury.35
The "comparison to own baseline" model of assessment remains a powerful method of assessing change in cognitive function after concussion, and in the absence of conflicting evidence, should be adopted as a conservative approach to identifying post-concussion cognitive deficits in children as it is in adults. The central issue is how often baseline testing should be conducted. During the period of rapid cognitive maturation (8–15 years of age), baseline testing would have to be performed at least 6 monthly to enable accurate comparison for serial testing. Apart from elite junior athletes, such regular testing would be beyond the resources of most sports and individuals. For any child or adolescent athlete participating in collision sport or where there is a significant risk of concussion, annual cognitive testing should be considered. Any statistical decision about whether cognition has changed from baseline following concussion must also include an adjustment for developmental changes in cognition. This in turn requires knowledge of how performance changes on specific tests over time. Figure 1 demonstrates the cognitive maturation process that is maximal between 8 and 15 years of age and gives an estimate of the degree of this change. Beyond 15 years of age an annual baseline test would be suitable, as for adult athletes, and be applied in the same fashion as for adults and without any developmental increment.
THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF CONCUSSION IN CHILDREN
Current adult management of concussion involves an initial diagnosis using a validated assessment tool such as the Maddocks questions36 or the Standardized Assessment of Concussion37. Neither tool has been specifically tested or validated in children with concussion.
One preliminary study suggests that high school aged children (14–18 years) may also have prolonged cognitive recovery when compared with young adults (18–25 years), but that symptom recovery is equivalent between these groups.38 This finding raises the possibility that symptom ratings and cognitive testing may be differentially sensitive to concussion in minors and adults; however, there is no such information available for younger children. This in turn raises concern as to how sport related concussion assessment may be performed in these age groups and the validity of existing assessment tools.
Return to play concussion guidelines recommend baseline cognitive evaluation of all individuals participating in contact and collision sport.1 The heterogeneity of concussion ensures that individual comparison to baseline allows more sensitive identification of post-concussion symptom elevation and cognitive dysfunction than arbitrary classification according to a retrospective grading scale.39,40
Statistical models used to determine the significance of any observed post-concussion cognitive change require knowledge of how cognitive test performance and symptom ratings change in healthy, uninjured individuals.41 In adult populations (and potentially children aged 16 years and over) available data suggest that cognitive performance remains relatively stable over time on tests commonly used in concussion management.42
These findings support the need for prospective serial investigation of cognitive and behavioural function in healthy and concussed children and adolescents, including specific assessment of how cognitive processes (including response variability) change within individuals. Such data will be invaluable in informing the development of concussion management guidelines in this population, and the interpretation of post-concussion cognitive test data.
The issue of neuroimaging is often raised for children following mild head injury. With young patients, this issue is often problematic given that they may require a general anaesthetic in order to obtain adequate images, although new generation spiral CT scanners are able to perform extremely rapid imaging sequences. If imaging is desired by the health practitioner in this setting or by the subsequent development of symptoms of intracranial pathology, then CT scanning is the imaging modality of choice in the emergency setting. The American Academy of Paediatrics guidelines state that there is no indication for routine use of skull x ray in paediatric concussion and "no data are available that demonstrate that children who undergo CT scanning early after minor closed head injury with loss of consciousness have different outcomes compared with children who receive observation alone after injury".34
In broad terms, a previously neurologically healthy child with a concussive injury who has normal mental status, no abnormal or focal abnormalities on neurological exam, and no physical evidence of skull fracture simply requires observation by a competent caregiver. The risk of clinically significant intracranial pathology in this setting is less than 0.02%34,43 although earlier studies had suggested higher figures.44,45 It is likely that many of these early studies suffered from selection bias and over estimated this risk in this situation.34
At the present time, there are no evidence based guidelines using which sport related concussive injury in childhood and adolescence can be scientifically managed. There are significant differences between adults and children in this regard and a child who is symptomatic following head injury is likely to have sustained a far greater impact force as compared to an adult with the same post-concussive symptoms.
The extent and duration of the cognitive effect on children with acute concussive injuries is variable and there may be persistent effects on scholastic performance and behaviour long after the clinical concussive symptoms and measurable neuropsychological impairment have resolved. Even subtle and transient impairments in attention and information processing skills can have a dramatic effect on the young person's capacity to cope with school demands, with these issues being particularly critical for those at later secondary school levels.
Based on pilot data, cognitive maturation is greatest in those under 15 years of age and beyond this time plateaus to an adult level of performance. Although comparison to baseline cognitive performance remains a powerful method of assessing function following a concussion injury, its application in children under 15 years of age is problematic given the rapid cognitive maturation that is occurring in this period. With regular baseline testing, an "adult" management strategy could be adopted in this age group, whereas in its absence only an estimate of normal age related cognitive function can be made. Beyond 15 years of age, it would be reasonable to follow the adult concussion management consensus guidelines utilising a "return to baseline" approach.
It is suggested that concussive symptoms take longer to resolve than in adults although this may be a surrogate marker of the biomechanical differences between child and adult concussion as outlined above. It is critical therefore that concussed children and adolescents not resume sport, school, or training until all the physical symptoms fully resolve. This is important also because of the risk of diffuse cerebral swelling that may occur in children after a single head injury no matter how trivial the impact may be. The adoption of a conservative adult management strategy with a thorough assessment of symptom resolution followed by "return to baseline" cognitive function remains the most appropriate management strategy in this age group.
Further research is required to characterise the duration and nature of the subclinical cognitive impairment that may exist during this recovery period in children. Increased awareness of these issues by those involved in the management of a child with concussion may assist in avoiding problems caused by this putative impairment.
Aubry M , Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the first International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Br J Sports Med 2002;36:6–10.
Annegers J , Hauser W, Coan S, et al. A population based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. N Engl J Med 1998;338:20–4.
Jennett B . Epidemiology of head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr1996;60:362–9.
Tate R , McDonald S, Lulham J. Incidence of hospital-treated traumatic brain injury in an Australian community. Aust N Z J Public Health1998;22 (4) :419–23.
Alexander M . Mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology1995;45:1253–60.
Wrightson P , Gronwall D. Mild head injury in New Zealand: incidence of injury and persisting symptoms. N Z Med J1998;111:99–101.
Kraus JF. Epidemiological features of brain injury in children: occurrence, children at risk, causes and manner of injury, severity and outcomes. In: Broman S, Michel M, eds. Traumatic head injury in children. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995:22–39.
Clapperton A , Cassell E, Wallace A. Injury to children aged 5–15 years at school. In: MUARC, ed. Hazard. Victorian Injury Surveillance and Applied Research System. Melbourne, Australia: Monash University Accident Research Centre, 2003:1–16.
Yeates K , Luria J, Bartkowski H, et al. Postconcussive symptoms in children with mild closed head injuries. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1999;14:337–50.
Collie A , Darby D, Maruff P. Computerised cognitive assessment of athletes with sports-related head injury. Br J Sports Med2001;35 (5) :297–302.
Echemendia R , Julian L. Mild traumatic brain injury in sports: neuropsychology's contribution to a developing field. Neuropsychol Rev2001;11 (2) :69–99.
Macciocchi SN, Barth JT, Alves W, et al. Neuropsychological functioning and recovery after mild head injury in collegiate athletes. Neurosurgery 1996;39 (3) :510–4.
Maddocks D , Dicker G. An objective measure of recovery from concussion in Australian rules footballers. Sport Health1989;7 (suppl) :6–7.
Anderson V . Outcome from mild head injury in young children: a prospective study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol2001;23 (6) :705–17.
Ponsford J , Willmott C, Rothwell A, et al. Cognitive and behavioral outcome following mild traumatic head injury in children. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1999;14 (4) :360–72.
Ommaya AK, Goldsmith W, Thibault L. Biomechanics and neuropathology of adult and paediatric head injury. Br J Neurosurg2002;16 (3) :220–42.
Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L, et al. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of 'malignant brain oedema'. J Neurosurg 1981;54 (2) :170–8.
Bruce DA. Delayed deterioration of consciousness after trivial head injury in childhood. Br Med J1984;289:715–6.
Pickles W . Acute general edema of the brain in children with head injuries. N Engl J Med1950;242:607–11.
Snoek JW, Minderhoud JM, Wilmink JT. Delayed deterioration following mild head injury in children. Brain1984;107:15–36.
McCrory P , Berkovic SF. Second impact syndrome. Neurology1998;50 (3) :677–84.
Kors E , Terwindt G, Vermeulen F, et al. Delayed cerebral edema and fatal coma after minor head trauma: role of the CACNA1A calcium channel subunit gene and relationship with familial hemiplegic migraine. Ann Neurol 2001;49:753–60.
Bleiberg J . Consistency of within-day and across-day performance after mild brain injury. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol1997;10 (4) :247–53.
Makdissi M , Collie A, Maruff P, et al. Computerised cognitive assessment of concussed Australian rules footballers. Br J Sports Med 2001;35 (5) :3543–60.
Rutter M , Chadwick O, Shafgfer D. Head injury. In: Rutter M, ed. Developmental neuropsychiatry. New York: Guilford Press, 1983:77–83.
Lovell M , Iverson G, Collins M, et al. Does loss of consciousness predict neuropsychological decrements after concussion? Clin J Sport Med 1999;9:193–9.
Gerberich SG, Priest JD, Boen JR, et al. Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players. Am J Public Health 1983;73 (12) :1370–5.
Albright J . Head and neck injuries in college football. An eight year analysis. Am J Sports Med1985;13:147–52.
Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW, et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players. JAMA 2003;290 (19) :2549–55.
Finch C , McIntosh A, McCrory P. What do under 15 year old schoolboy rugby union players think about protective headgear? Br J Sports Med2001;35:89–95.
Finch C , Mcintosh AS, McCrory P, et al. A pilot study of the attitudes of Australian Rules footballers towards protective headgear. J Sci Med Sport 2003;6 (4) :505–11.
Liberman J , Stewart W, Wesnes K, et al. Apolipoprotein E e4 and short term recovery from predominantly mild brain injury. Neurology 2002;58:1038–44.
McCrory P , Johnston K, Meeuwisse W, et al. Evidence based review of sport related concussion: basic science. Clin J Sport Med 2001;11:160–6.
American Academy of Pediatrics. The management of minor closed head injury in children. Pediatrics1999;104 (6) :1407–15.
Davis G , McCrory P. The paediatric sport-related concussion pilot study. Br J Sports Med2004; (in press).
Maddocks DL, Dicker GD, Saling MM. The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes. Clin J Sport Med1995;5 (1) :32–5.
McCrea M , Kelly J, Randolph C, et al. Standardised assessment of concussion (SAC): on site mental status evaluation of the athlete. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1998;13:27–36.
Field M . Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. J Pediatr2003;142 (5) :546–53.
Collie A , Maruff P, McCrory P, et al. Statistical procedures for determining the extent of cognitive change following concussion. Br J Sports Med 2004;38 (3) :273–8.
Johnston K , McCrory P, Mohtadi N, et al. Evidence based review of sport-related concussion – clinical science. Clin J Sport Med 2001;11:150–60.
Collie A , Maruff P, McStephen M, et al. The effects of practice on the cognitive test performance of neurologically normal individuals assessed at brief test-retest intervals. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2003;9 (3) :419–28.
Collie A , Maruff P, Makdissi M, et al. CogSport: reliability and correlation with conventional cognitive tests used in post concussion medical evaluations. Clin J Sport Med 2003;13 (1) :28–33.
Teasdale G , Murray G, Anderson E. Risks of acute traumatic intracranial complications in hematoma in children and adults: implications for head injuries. Br Med J1990;300:363–7.
Dacey RG Jr, Alves WM, Rimel RW, et al. Neurosurgical complications after apparently minor head injury. Assessment of risk in a series of 610 patients. J Neurosurg 1986;65 (2) :203–10.
Hahn Y , McLone D. Risk factors in the outcome of children with minor head injury. Pediatr Neurosurg1993;19:135–42.
Copyright 2004 British Journal of Sports Medicine


If you were a kid in the 1960s or 1970s and didn't get homemade Halloween costumes, you probably wore one of the Ben Cooper Halloween costumes at some point.
These campy costumes with hard plastic masks and plastic bodies reminiscent of a garbage bag were all the rage back then because they were mass produced and cheap. These days costumes are of much better quality, but it's still fun to look back at the horror of these outfits.
Ben Cooper was one of the biggest brands of mass-produced Halloween costumes in the 1950s, '60s and '70s, but the company was still making costumes into the 1990s.
Jeannie from "I Dream of Jeannie"
Mork from "Mork and Mindy"
There are also some more general costumes available such as a fairy, vampire, mummy, clown, leopard, astronaut, pirate or teddy bear. These costumes run the whole range from things you might still want to wear to things that are best left in the past.
It's likely you wouldn't want to wear Ben Cooper Halloween costumes these days. The ones you can find were either previously worn, which may mean they aren't complete or aren't in good condition, or they are still in the package, which means you might not want to open them if you're planning a collection.
On the other hand, you can find some great Ben Cooper masks without the rest of the costume. Most of these cost just a couple of bucks on eBay (you can also find them on other auction sites, and sometimes even at flea markets or swap meets) and add a fun, campy element to a costume on the cheap.
Even if you don't wear a costume on your body, you'll be the hit of the right kind of Halloween party when you come in sporting a Voltron mask. Or you can add a simple costume to make yourself a mad scientist (lab coat), Medusa (toga), the devil (red sweatsuit), or a pirate (loose shirt and tight pants).
One of the good things about starting a Ben Cooper collection is that it can be relatively inexpensive. For some of the more recently made costumes, you'll pay $5 or $10, even to get one that's still in the box.
If you become a serious collector, though, you will end up shelling out some cash. There are people out there willing to sell vintage costumes such as the famous 1965 Ben Cooper Spider-Man, but you'll pay $50 to $100 and up, depending on who is bidding that day. Some people are offering costumes and want up to $300 for them, depending on the character and how rare it is considered to be.
Ben Cooper costumes are a lot of fun, whether you're buying them as a trip down memory lane, a costume to wear or a keepsake to collect. Either way, you and your friends are sure to enjoy spending time with these costumes.


text:
Observations of Australian Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)
Fedele, R 2015, Observations of Australian Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Applied Science, RMIT University.
Fedele.pdf Thesis application/pdf;... 3.47MB
Fedele, R
Exploratory climate modeling suggests that aerosol effects are of comparable importance as greenhouse gases, as a driver of recent climate trends in the southern hemisphere, including Australia (Rotstayn et al. 2007; Rotstayn et al. 2010). A 2008 CSIRO review considered the possible climatic effects of natural and anthropogenic aerosol located in the Australian region (Rotstayn et al. 2008). Observations and modelling suggest that various regional aerosol sources may be important, but systematic studies of their role in climate change and climate variability are currently lacking.
In addition, the aerosol indirect effects (or the effects aerosols have on cloud formation) are currently the largest uncertainty in the IPCC report estimate of anthropogenic induced climate change (IPCC 2013). A better understanding of aerosol effects is essential in order to reconcile modelled and observed climate variability and climate change.
To this aim, intensive ground-based measurements of ambient aerosols including Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) were made at three locations across Australia: a tropical site located at Gunn Point in the Northern Territory, an urban site located in a suburb approximately 22 km to the west of Sydney in New South Wales and a marine site located at the Cape Grim Baseline Monitoring Station located on the northwest tip of Tasmania.
To summarise the findings of this study, in the tropics biomass burning emissions dominated the aerosol sources in the region and these aerosol were found to be CCN active. The Sydney air shed contained a largely hydrophobic aerosol population sourced from local urban emissions and low numbers of CCN active aerosol. The low numbers of CCN were associated with atmospherically aged aerosol such as sulfate aerosol, Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) and biomass burning aerosol. In Cape Grim, a significant proportion of marine aerosol was found to be CCN active, however source(s) of marine CCN remain unresolved after this study.
The influence of important aerosol sources and processes observed such as biomass burning, urban vehicle emissions, secondary formation and the complexity of marine sources on CCN formation and regulation to the Australian continent will be discussed in this thesis.
Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)
Aerosol indirect climate effect
Biomass burning aerosol
Marine aerosol
Urban aerosol

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Things to do in Denmark range from exploring the Viking past, discovering the cobbled streets and historic attractions of Copenhagen, the world-renowned Tivoli Gardens, numerous beaches and the castle of Kronborg, the setting for Hamlet.
The Vikings are renowned for their fierce warriors and sailing abilities. Take a day trip from Copenhagen to the town of Roskilde to view two of the most significant Viking exhibitions. The Viking ship museum contains a fine array of replica ships and maps of their journeys around Europe and to America. The Lejre Experimental centre has a recreated a Viking village and is a living history museum.
With a coastline of 7,400km and some of the best unspoilt beaches in the world, the west coast of Jutland is one the most visited areas for tourists due to mile upon mile of unbroken white sandy beaches.
Opened in 1843, it is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia and the second oldest in the world. The park also contains a host of cultural attractions, including a concert hall and pantomime theatre.
Inscribed to the Unesco world heritage list, these massive carved runestones date from the 10th century and celebrate a Danish king's conversion to Christianity from Norse paganism. The stones are located in the village of Jelling, which is situated in southern Denmark.
The castle of Kronborg is the setting for William Shakespeare's celebrated play about a Danish prince, Hamlet. This castle is an excellent example of Renaissance architecture and is a Unesco world heritage site.
See Denmark come alive in this image and video gallery, showing off some of the best areas that you can visit and explore.
Discover the temperatures and rainfall you can expect when visiting the main areas of Denmark, along with the best time to travel.


ARSENE WENGER has sent Tony Pulis a personal letter to bring to an end the row that has simmered between them for six months.
Wenger accused Stoke of kicking Arsenal off the pitch after the Gunners lost 2-1 in November.
Stoke, although angry at Wenger's accusations, never looked back from that key victory over one of the country's top teams, going on to establish themselves in the Premier League well ahead of tomorrow's final game of the season at the Emirates.
Wenger claimed Stoke deliberately tried to injure his players. "I read that my team were not brave, " said Wenger at the time.
"All I can say is they are brave and, for me, you need to have more courage to play football when you know that someone is tackling you from behind without any intention to play the ball.
"The only intention is to hurt you and I can show some tackles where I can prove what I say. The one who is tackling is not the brave one. For me the brave one is the player who is trying to play football."
Stoke players Liam Lawrence and Ryan Shawcross have both said this week that Wenger's comments hurt and they have not been forgotten ahead of the return fixture.
But Pulis has moved to end the revenge aspect after reading the personal letter to him that arrived with a signed shirt that will be raffled off for charity.
"When it happened it was disappointing, but I will certainly have a glass of wine with Mr Wenger after the game, " said Pulis yesterday.
"He sent me a very nice letter when I did the London Marathon and was very kind. He also sent us a signed shirt.
"There wasn't any apology but he wished me good luck. He said what he had to say at the time was protecting Arsenal, which you'd expect him to do. The whole thing was an experience for this football club."
Pulis says both he and Stoke are still learning about the demands of the Premier League and he cannot understand the criticism Wenger is coming under at Arsenal.
"I think that supporters get spoilt and they should take stock of where they are, " said Pulis.
"If they stopped the world, jumped off for fi ve minutes and had a look at what their manager has done over the last 13 years, it's quite extraordinary.
"Wenger has given Arsenal a unique identity and they produce great young players. The club has gone up a load of notches since he arrived.
They should really look at where they were and what they've got now. It happens at football clubs - look at Charlton.
"When they finished eighth they said to Alan Curbishley, 'where the hell has it all gone wrong?'. It is unfortunate that people take it for granted.
"I'm hopeful it doesn't happen here at Stoke. I'm not saying it won't, but you've just got to remind people of what you're trying to do and achieve.
Arsene Wenger has probably suffered for his success.
"The crucial thing for us now is the next two years. It will take three years in the Premier League to afford what everyone else has got. At the moment we're way behind.
"We have done smashing to stay up and everyone deserves a pat on the back for achieving it.
"But there are big things that need to be done at Stoke just to catch up on the rest.
"Just look at our training ground with its Portakabins. I don't bring players to have a look round when I sign them, I just sit in the car and point over there and say, 'There's the training ground'.
"We'll be upgrading it all in the summer, but there is still loads to do all over our football club.
"There are no illusions from me. The call for battle next year is to stay in the Premier League again."


Nick Brunger is the therapist to turn to if you want help to stop smoking using hypnosis in the Llanelli area. As one of South Wales's most experienced hypnotherapists Nick has helped hundreds of people give up the smoking habit over the years.
A former smoker himself he completely understands how difficult some people find it to give up. While some therapists find smokers tricky to work with Nick gets a great deal of satisfaction from helping them to kick their addiction.
But don't be suprised if Nick questions you closely before accepting you as a patient. To keep up his high success rate - and to prevent you from wasting your time and money - he wants to be as certain as he can be that hypnosis is the right treatment for you.
Many shops in Llanelli now sell electronic cigarettes to those people who are desperate to stop smoking. But using hypnosis it is easier than you might think. Providing that Nick accepts you as a client then just one session is usually enough to stop you smoking.
During that 120-minute session he will go into you background as a smoker in great deal. You can expect to be asked what you enjoy about smoking; how your health is being affected; what you would prefer to spend your money on and so on.
The cost is just £120 (going up to £130 in the New Year) including telephone support, a back-up CD and a free extra session if you need it - no-one did during the whole of 2013 (so far)!
He sees clients at his home clinic near Nantgaredig, just outside Carmarthen. But many clients from Llanelli prefer to visit him at the Llandeilo Natural Health Centre instead.
To discuss your treatment to stop smoking or to make an appointment please telephone 01267 290819.


text:
The annual KFPS Stallion Inspection in Leeuwarden
Friday January 8 started with a number of meetings for the foreign members and boards. RFA delegation submitted a report on the work done and spoke about the problems of Friesian horsebreeders in Russia. These problems are common to countries in which the Friesian breed has appeared recently. Also we have many similar problems with participating countries which are far away from Holland. KFPS representatives have told of most significant news and about new rules of stallion selection. Rigorous selection and inspection had been stiffened. If the offspring turned out to be of not sufficient quality, the stallion will loose it's stud license.
Annually stallions who have the best of offspring's quality, have to prove themselves on the inspections and examination test. Stallions that prove their quality again include in the studbook for next year.
Within Central Inspection, many clinics have been offered, such as preparing for inspections, dressage clinics, a theory and hands-on lesson in judging and movement, and sports psychology. Clinics and trainings were attracted both dressage fans and show cart fans.
Beside judging and inspections, in the program were included show-dressage: Elementary, Medium, Prix St. George and a dressage routine choreographed to music.
Peter Spahn, Anders 451:
Audience enjoyed a special show flown in from the USA with eight horses pulling a marathon wagon as well as a blood-curdling "Roman battle".
Each evening, thousands of visitors have enjoyed watching the Friesian horses in various shows and rewarded them with thunderous rounds of applause. Very funny and interesting was the dressage show of big Friesian and a little grey pony. Horses executed together a high school airs like school walk.
Central Inspection culmination was the Championship judging on the last day. This year the champion of the Stallion Inspection was Uldrik 457 (Dries 421 x Tsjerk 328P). Reserve champion was Norbert 444. Norbert (Tsjerk 328P x Hearke 254P). Audience welcomed champions with standing ovation.
On the exhibition equestrians can find various products and services: drugs, saddlery, carts and sleighs curiosities, harness, and trailers for transporting horses.
RFA met on the round table conference with KFPS official representative for the international relationships, and the date of Friesian inspection in Russia has been appointed. Event will be held on May 29, 2010 on the "Kartsevo" farm (Moscow region, Istra district, Kartsevo). Jury team – inspectors been appointed KFPS. Inspection will be held for at least 20 Friesian horses. RFA agrees to accept the Dutch judges, providing them with accommodation, transport services and excursions in Moscow. In the near future would be discussed on the possible departure of Dutch experts in other large farms for the Friesian horses breeding.
If you'd like to to prove your Friesian on the inspections, please send application forms before March 1 on e-mail: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it , This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it or This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .
Most requested members of the ARF to pay membership dues for 2010 as soon as possible.


STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free.
This app is made for serious studiers; flip online flashcards for fast feedback on what you know, then re-study concepts you've not yet mastered using Study Filters. Review class notes or make flashcards whenever you have a minute to spare. Study over breakfast or late at night – at the library or in a coffee shop. Do what works for you, whenever and wherever you are.


text:
Home »	News »	Women's National Team / Olympic Team
Canada WNT leave California on a positive note
Posted on 15 May 2015 in Women's National Team / Olympic Team
Another phase of preparation has come to an end and the Canadian Women's Soccer caravan is picking up stakes and is on the move once again.
After a few days of training in picturesque conditions in Santa Monica, California, Canada wrapped up camp with a 1:0 win over Mexico in a training match. Jessie Fleming scored the game's only goal in the first half.
With the game behind them, Canada now heads to Cancun, MEX, for a week of heat training.
"The team's performed very well with some positive performances and some good results so I think we're in a good space," said Head Coach John Herdman. "The next stage is to get into heat acclimation for a sports science outcome and the team's going to push themselves to another level of connection while they're there."
Fleming's goal came around the half-hour mark on Thursday as she was in the right place to convert a cross that was parried into her path by the Mexican goalkeeper.
Canada could have had a few others in the first half but goalkeepers Stephanie Labbe and Karina LeBlanc, who each played 45 minutes, came up with quality saves on the few occasions Mexico went forward.
For now, Herdman hasn't set his starting XI for the opening game of the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 ™ but that's just the way he wants it.
"There isn't a set starting lineup and we've said this from day one," said Herdman. "There are certain positions in the team that we'll be rotating players in and out based on the opposition, based on our tactics. But we've really tried to dispel the myth that starting games is the most important."
Canada will return to Canada on Thursday 21 May into Toronto in advance of their last international friendly prior to Canada 2015. That game takes place on 29 May at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, ON.
They open FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 play at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton on 6 June against China PR.
Canada fall to Sweden 0:1 in the Knockout Phase at the FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019™
Canada is ready to face Sweden in the Round of 16 at FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019™
Canada finish second in Group E at FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019™ with 2:1 loss to Netherlands


This is a placeholder page for Robert Brame, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Robert Brame.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Robert Brame. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Robert Brame. We created this page automatically in hopes Robert Brame would find it. If you are not Robert Brame, but are an alumni of Page High School Greensboro, NC, register on this site for free now.


text:
EAST COUNTY RESIDENTS SPEAK OUT ON OCCUPY ARRESTS, CLAIM CHILLING EFFECT ON FREE SPEECH
January 2012 Articles
Diane Jean
register voters
By Miriam Raftery
January 11, 2012 (San Diego)—An East County comedian finds the latest rounds of arrests at the Occupy San Diego protest site to be no laughing matter. "I'm afraid to go down there. We have become a police state," said comic Diane Jean.
She is not alone. Concerns range from what some believe is over-zealous infringement of free speech rights under San Diego law to allegations of police mistreatment of protesters.
Today, a father testified to City Council that his 12-year-old daughter was threatened with arrest if she set down a sign. Sterling Mitchell said that after participating in a march with his young daughter, "an officer got in her face and warned her that if she set the sign down she'd be arrested." He asked Council, "Why would a 12-year-old girl be intimidated while exercising her rights?"
Mike Garcia of La Mesa, a former mortgage industry insider who joined the Occupy movement, was profiled last week in ECM. This week, he stated in a press conference this week that many who participated in early marches protesting corporate power and bank bail-outs told him they have not returned due to fear of being arrested.
A local photographer documenting the Occupy story indicated to ECM that she no longer brings expensive camera gear due to fear of inadvertently being caught up in the unrest and having her equipment damaged.
Police, following orders to enforce a previously rarely used law, have arrested or detained people for things that would be legal most anywhere else, particularly on other public property: sitting in a chair, setting up a Christmas tree, using a table to register voters, and even carrying a too-large flagpole.
On January 6, Garcia was arrested. His crime? Having a folding chair. Garcia said he's brought the chair frequently to sit on outside City Hall and that it has been tolerated by police for months. (View a video of Garcia's arrest: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lc2Wh6EVLc&feature=youtu.be)
Lt. Andra Brown at the San Diego Police Department noted that Garcia had been "warned several times to remove the chair" but refused. Garcia confirmed that's true, and says he decided to take a stand for what he views as his First Amendement free speech rights. As for why he was not arrested on previous occasions, Lt. Brown suggested, "perhaps he moved the chair when asked to do so…or the officers dealing with him on January 6 may have been more diligent than those on previous occasions."
While Garcia did know the ground rules when he violated the letter of the law, that hasn't been the case for everyone.
This week's arrest of Stephanie Jennings, a 51-year-old mother and peace activist, has sparked outrage among some witnesses and supporters, though police deny any wrongdoing.
A founder of the Project on Youth and Non-Military Opportunities (YANO)in San Diego, Jennings activist was at the Civic Center singing with the Women of Occupy San Diego group when she was arrested. Ironically, said Hugh Moore of El Cajon, "Stephanie helped to set up this group because the members wanted to help with Occupy but specifically did NOT want to risk arrest."
Jennings is charged with assaulting a police officer. Moore, who believes the charge is unjustified.
"The police decided to set up a police line that protesters were not supposed to cross and ran the line through the middle of the singers and Stephanie bumped into the officer setting up the tape, apologized…and then was literally tossed to the ground and arrested," he wrote. "She is completely committed to nonviolence…" He believes police were "acting to quell dissent rather than acting to protect the public."
He forwarded an e-mail from an eyewitness confirming the account. View a video of Jennings' arrest: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMOutjoxqow&feature=youtu.be
A kidney patient with a heart condition, Jennings held a press conference and claims to also have been injured in custody. She also claims she was denied anti-rejection medications and heart medications during her detention at Las Colinas Women's Center. View a press conference at which Jennings announced she has sought legal advice and is filing a complaint seeking an appeal to a review board: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d91AbdPXI4&feature=youtu.be&hd=1
Melissa Aquino, spokesperson with the San Diego Sheriff's office, which runs the Las Colinas facility in Santee, denied mistreatment at the jail. Aquino said that "the inmate was appropriately evaluated by a nursing staff during the booking process. She was scheduled to see a doctor, but was released from custody prior to the appointment. This is all the information we can release in accordance with H IPAA laws."
As for the actual arrest, Lt. Brown said Jennings was "at the handicap ramp, blocking access to those attending the permitted event." She said officers made "reasonable requests" for Jennings to clear the ramp area "She then poked an officer in the chest, committing a battery upon a police officer." The area Commanding Officer and Lieutenant were present, she added.
On Christmas Day, Martin Eder, who heads up Activist San Diego in City Heights, brought a Christmas tree to the plaza. He was detained briefly and police hauled the tree away, leading to chides of a Grinch-like holiday spirit. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b61FgjiSXRE .
Previously Raymond Lutz of El Cajon was arrested for setting a table up in the plaza to register voters, as ECM reported. Former City Attorney Mike Aguirre has called that arrest a violation of the Civil Rights Act and the 1st Amendment. http://eastcountymagazine.org/taxonomy/term/11707 . Police have indicated they were merely enforcing the law. Lutz has filed a civil rights action against the owner of the building where he was arrested; former City Attorney Mike Aguirre has concurred that Lutz's rights were violated.
Not everyone sympathizes with the protesters. Some believe the demonstrators are to blame for many of the arrests.
"It appears to me as if the occupiers are trying EVERYTHING to get sympathy. I think they bought that tree in order to provoke the police and have it confiscated in hopes that people will care," one individual posted on YouTube regarding the Christmas Day arrest.
Other local citizens have expressed conflicted views."I have such mixed feelings about the police. I assume they're there to protect us. But at any moment, like angry wasps, they could also attack us... and then lie about it. I sure wouldn't want their job, and I admire them for doing it. But how can we keep them honest?" David Miller wrote in the comments section of a CityBeat piece in which author D.A. Kolodenko claims to have witnessed police brutality during a 1991 anti-war protest and a cover-up by officers who testified in court. (http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/article-9881-police-brutality-at-.html)
San Diego Police, tasked with enforcing the law, have at times resorted to riot gear and mace to control boisterous crowds amid raucus chanting and drumbeats. Officers' actions have drawn criticisms as arrests rise, including charges of police brutality. The Occupy San Diego movement has called for the resignation of SDPD Chief William Lansdowne.
The rumor mill, meanwhile, has escalated tensions. On January 3, ECM news partner 10 News reported that a sonic weapon known as the LRAD (long-range acoustic device) "is being used by law enforcement during "Occupy" protests" in some cities. ttp://www.10news.com/news/30128623/detail.html Although the piece did not list San Diego among cities where such a weapon has actually been used, it sparked fear among some local Occupy members.
The LRAD manufacturer is based in San Diego and the Sheriff's office owns one. Formerly used only in military applications and by ships at sea to repel pirates with a concentrated beam of sound, the weapon is now utilized by some law enforcement agencies.
Lt. Brown offered solid reassurance for those concerned about a sonic weapon being used here, however. "The San Diego PD has never used the LRAD in a crowd control situation, ever," she informed ECM.
Police have faced questions over officers' conduct using more conventional law enforcement tools, however. On October 14, 2012, police used mace after boisterous protesters formed a human chain. View video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kol4xe2Hrj4
One photo that appears to show a police officer spraying mace at the mouth of a man restrained in handcuffs has been widely circulated among Occupy circles purporting to document police brutality, with a caption added onto the image. Lt. Brown said the image has been "Photo-shopped or otherwise altered…"This is not an authentic Occupy SD photograph."
Others have complained that zip ties used by police to secure their hands were fastened too tightly, causing pain. El Cajon resident Ray Lutz has said he was kept in a bus for many hours with no bathroom after being arrested for having a table to register voters. Similar complaints have been voiced by others detained.
Some have alleged more serious harm.
Kayla Ward claims she suffered nerve damage as a result of manhandling by police while trying to flee when ordered to vacate the plaza. She was not arrested. Ward has filed a lawsuit against the City of San Diego. According to an account published in the San Diego Reader, Ward said she was sleeping at the Occupy encampment October 28 when police in riot gear ordered evacuation of the plaza.
"The one with the loudspeaker told us that we had 7 minutes to evacuate the plaza, but they started to move in much sooner than that and [started] grabbing and beating people, and jumping and walking on tents with people still in them," Ward said. ""I woke the other girl up and we decided to get out of there. " While walking up steps to exit, she said an officer struck her with a baton three times on her back and buttocks. After losing feeling and suffering swelling, she said she visited the VA and another medical clinic. "It was diagnosed as nerve damage, tissue damage, a dislocated vertebrae disc, and 2 serious hematomas. I cannot walk normally for a distance without a cane or wheelchair."
http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/news-ticker/2012/jan/02/occupy-san-diego-calls-for-resignation-of-police-c/
Police dispute at least one detail of her incident. SDPD "is not aware of any reports that batons were used upon demonstrators," said Lt. Brown, adding that the Department could not discuss any case in which legal action has been filed.
As for questions of force at Occupy events overall, Lt. Brown asserted that members of the San Diego Police Department "only use that force which is necessary to affect an arrest. All complaints and allegations of police misconduct are investigated. All arrests have followed warnings to cease an activity, move an object etc (whatever is appropriate for the violation) before arrests have been made…unless an emergency situation existed (we have broken up fights between demonstrators, arrested demonstrators for battering each other , etc." she wrote in an e-mail response to ECM.
Actions to increase free speech
Occupy supporters are now speaking out in hopes of changing laws that place limits on free speech in San Diego.
On December 5, free speech advocates gathered to commemorate a little-known chapter in San Diego's history: the establishment 100 years ago of a ban on free speech in several blocks downtown imposed at the height of unrest during demonstrations by Industrial Workers of the World. Those restrictions are still in place today, as ECM recently reported: http://www.eastcountymagazine.org/node/8320
Martha Sullivan, a former Poway resident, was among those who stood on a Free Speech soapbox January 5 to call for restoration of free speech in San Diego. "I was wearing my "Women Occupy" sash, channeling my suffragist foremothers," she wrote in an account of the event, at which officers allowed the free speech soapbox to remain during a press conference at the Civic Center Plaza, but required others to remove belongings. The issue of selective enforcement has been raised, among other issues.
Sullivan faults San Diego's elected leadership for doing nothing to address free speech concerns amid the Occupy movement and worse, waging what she termed "the continuing campaign by San Diego Mayor Jerry Sanders to repress and suppress through intimidation, the exercise of our 1st Amendment rights to free speech and peaceful assembly in our San Diego Civic Center Plaza."
On January 11, Occupy supporters asked the San Diego City Council Rules Committee meeting to consider a ballot proposal submitted by Occupy San Diego to amend San Diego Municipal Code 54.0110 to include an explicit exemption for free speech rights.
William Johnson testified that he was fearful of arrest for setting a bag down and further added that on December 10, a person who came to donate a case of water at the Occupy site was told by an officer that he could not put down the case to distribute water. "Water is a human right," said Johnson, who caused refusing to allow water distribution "inhumane."
Chris West questioned the city's priorities in spending $2.5 million through November on policing Occupy activities, while spending only a half million dollars on a homeless shelter. He urged councilmembers to view Occupy videos on YouTube to learn more about what's been occurring at the Plaza.
On January 13, some local Occupy members will be taking their message to Washington D.C. A group of Occupy San Diego members will depart Friday via Greyhound bus. In Washington, they will join a "million tent protest" in the nation's capitol January 17 and hope to meet with elected officials there. (For details, see http://www.facebook.com/events/193123490781712/)
Local news in the public interest is more important now than ever, during the COVID-19 crisis. Our reporters, as essential workers, are dedicated to keeping you informed, even though we've had to cancel fundraising events. Please give the gift of community journalism by donating at https://www.eastcountymedia.org/donate.
Submitted by Betty on Mon, 01/16/2012 - 10:10
Is this really news? break the law get arrested...Im not sure what is so difficult to understand.Now go take a bath...
It's even worse than this
Submitted by sandiegowoman on Thu, 01/12/2012 - 17:24
I am one of the older Occupy Women and have been threatened by police for absolutely no reason while dropping off a sleeping bag. On another occasion, after leaving the theater, stopped to comment a big array of hot dogs and condiments the police were serving, selling? The officers having no idea of our sympathies began to berate and tell us horrible stories about the occupiers. When challenged and asked to speak to the watch commander, the food vanished and the officers as well. Formal complaint filed, never responded to which is the norm. While you may not agree with the occupiers, it could be your group next time. SDPD is completely out of control.
Craig Peyer parole due to COVID? 2 hours 23 sec ago
There the time when cell 7 hours 1 min ago


text:
COVID-19 oral antiviral PBS eligibility criteria update – November 2022
Axitinib for renal cell carcinoma
ISSUE 6 DECEMBER
First published 28 September 2012
Aust Prescr 2012;35:208-10
Axitinib for renal cell carcinoma. Aust Prescr 2012;35:208-10. First published 28 September 2012. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2012.092
Approved indication: renal cell carcinoma
Inlyta (Pfizer)
1 mg and 5 mg tablets
Australian Medicines Handbook section 14.2.3
Axitinib is another addition to the group of tyrosine kinase inhibitors – sorafenib, sunitinib and pazopanib – for renal cell carcinoma. Its anti-angiogenic effects stem from its inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2 and 3.
Early trials of axitinib in patients with refractory metastatic disease were promising.1,2 In a more recent open-label randomised phase III trial of 723 patients, axitinib (5 mg twice daily) was compared with sorafenib (400 mg twice daily). At enrolment, patients had progressive disease despite previous treatment with sunitinib, bevacizumab plus interferon alfa, temsirolimus or cytokines. Dose increases were allowed with axitinib (maximum 10 mg twice daily) but not with sorafenib. The patients who received axitinib survived for significantly longer without disease progression than those who received sorafenib (median of 6.7 months vs 4.7 months).3 However, overall median survival was similar between treatments (20.1 months vs 19.2 months).
The safety of axitinib seems to be comparable to sorafenib. Adverse reactions were very common, with over half of the patients in the trial having their axitinib dose reduced or interrupted because of an event. Diarrhoea (55% of patients), hypertension (40%), fatigue (39%), decreased appetite (34%), nausea (32%), dysphonia (31%) and hand-foot syndrome (27%) were the most common. In the phase III trial, 16% of patients had a bleeding event and just over a third had anaemia. Conversely, 10% of patients had increased haemoglobin so monitoring this parameter is important. Thrombocytopenia (15%), lymphopenia (33%), creatinine elevation (55%), hypocalcaemia (39%) and lipase elevation (27%) were also common. Axitinib can affect thyroid (19.2% of patients had hypothyroidism) and liver function so these should be measured at baseline and regularly during treatment.
High blood pressure is a problem with axitinib and should be controlled with antihypertensives. In persistent cases, the axitinib dose may need to be reduced, or interrupted then restarted at a lower dose when blood pressure has normalised. Proteinuria occurs with axitinib (10.9% of patients) and should be monitored before and during treatment.
In the axitinib arm of the phase III trial, one patient died of a cerebrovascular accident and another of pulmonary embolism. Axitinib should be used with care in patients with a history of such events, particularly as they were excluded from the trial. There was also a death from gastric haemorrhage and axitinib should not be used in patients who have recently had gastric bleeding. Gastrointestinal perforation and fistulas have been reported with axitinib and patients should be monitored for symptoms during treatment.
One patient in the trial developed reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. It can present with headache, seizure, lethargy, confusion, blindness and other neurological symptoms, with or without hypertension. Treatment should be stopped if this is suspected.
Following an oral dose of axitinib, peak plasma concentrations are reached within four hours and steady state is achieved after 2–3 days. Axitinib is metabolised in the liver and the dose should be reduced in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Axitinib is excreted in the faeces and urine and caution is urged in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Axitinib is metabolised mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, but also by CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and UGT1A1 so there is a potential for drug interactions. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as ketoconazole, clarithromycin, grapefruit juice) or inducers (such as rifampicin, carbamazepine, St John's wort) may affect axitinib concentrations. If these drugs cannot be avoided, adjustment of the axitinib dose is recommended.
The prognosis for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma is poor. Axitinib provides another option for those who have relapsed despite previous treatment. Although it may temporarily reduce disease progression, it does not seem to prolong overall survival any more than sorafenib. It is not known how axitinib will compare to other treatments for this disease.
🅃 manufacturer provided the product information
At the time the comment was prepared, information about this drug was available on the websites of the Food and Drug Administration in the USA and the European Medicines Agency.
Rixe O, Bukowski RM, Michaelson MD, Wilding G, Hudes GR, Bolte O, et al. Axitinib treatment in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal-cell cancer: a phase II study. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:975-84.
Rini BI, Wilding G, Hudes G, Stadler WM, Kim S, Tarazi J, et al. Phase II study of axitinib in sorafenib-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4462-8.
Rini BI, Escudier B, Tomczak P, Kaprin A, Szczylik C, Hutson TE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;378:1931-9.
Some of the views expressed in the following notes on newly approved products should be regarded as preliminary, as there may have been limited published data at the time of publication, and little experience in Australia of their safety or efficacy. However, the Editorial Executive Committee believes that comments made in good faith at an early stage may still be of value. Before new drugs are prescribed, the Committee believes it is important that more detailed information is obtained from the manufacturer's approved product information, a drug information centre or some other appropriate source.
Cabozantinib for renal cell carcinoma Aust Prescr 2018;41:92–3
Date published: 03 December 2012


text:
Q: Slide to Unlock Animation in Android I want to create the "slide to unlock" animation that is found on iPhones, on my Android application. Basically have a running wave-like color animation through a textview. Any ideas?  Thanks for any help!

A: https://github.com/RomainPiel/Shimmer-android
Information on how to use it is in the wiki.
But for the sake of completion:
Add a ShimmerTextView to your layout:
<com.romainpiel.shimmer.ShimmerTextView
    android:id="@+id/shimmer_tv"
    android:text="@string/shimmer"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:textColor="#444"
    android:textSize="50sp"/>

To start the animation:
shimmer = new Shimmer();
shimmer.start(myShimmerTextView);

You may want to keep track of the shimmer instance after the animation is started if you want to stop it.
To stop it:
shimmer.cancel();

Enjoy :D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The 3-in-1 Atessa filter tap dispenses hot, cold and filtered drinking water from one stylish tap.
Dispenses hot, cold and filtered water, filter cartridge removes chlorine and impurities, retains healthy chemicals such as calcium, magnesium and fluoride, ceramic disk valve.
We recommend that taps are fitted by qualified plumbers.


For more, visit our blog and sort by "Economy"
The Economics of Neighborly Love: Investing in Your Community's Compassion and Capacity by Tom Nelson. See Jeff's review of this book above in the blog section.
Being Consumed: Economics and Christian Desire, by William Cavanaugh. This slim volume is the starting point if you're interested in Christian faith and the economy.
The Commercial Society: Foundations and Challenges in a Global Age, by Samuel Gregg. An insightful, balanced book diagnosing the global challenges of capitalism.
Capitalism and Progress: A Diagnosis of Western Society, by Bob Goudzwaard. A classic analysis of the West & capitalism from a theological perspective.
Economic Compulsion and Christian Ethics by Albino Barrera.
"Losing Interest? – Imagining a Financial System Without Debt." A fascinating talk by the Veritas forum.
Jay Peroni, a faith-based investor, has dedicated time to thinking about how Christian faith should influence our portfolios.


text:
3-Minute How-To: Service Animals
By Vitaltwege | January 2, 2023 | 44
What questions can you ask a rider with a service animal? What's helpful to have in your car? This video has everything you need to feel prepared — as well as cameos from Leroy the bulldog, Priscilla the lab, and Bodie the Jack Russell.
Trumyia Weekley on January 2, 2023 at 1:40 am
I have asthma and dog / cat hair I'm allergic too makes me start wheezing. I have no problem with accepting service animals but my health comes 1st!
kendall hurse on January 2, 2023 at 1:43 am
Michael Daniel on January 2, 2023 at 1:43 am
Ok, but what about drivers who have LIFE THREATENING allergies? I have an anaphylactic reaction to most dogs, are you telling me that I am supposed to risk my life and the lives of my passengers, rather than find them another driver? At a restaurant, if a server is allergic to a service animal, they don't force the server to service that table, they find a different server. It should be the same. Passengers with animals (service or pet) should be required to disclose at the START of the ride that they have an animal with them, giving the driver an opportunity to decline the ride so that Lyft can assign a different driver. Requiring drivers with life-threatening allergies to risk their lives CAN'T be legal, and even if it is, it's reckless and idiotic to do so, when it could be reasonably avoided.
tpridgen11 on January 2, 2023 at 1:44 am
Sooooòoooo what if the dog, cat etc pees in my car…….am I not get covered for that??
Reina Caselin on January 2, 2023 at 1:44 am
No body compensate us for all the hair they leave in our cars and the smell after we carry animals we have to stop working cause we have to clean our seats.
Steve Austin on January 2, 2023 at 1:46 am
Thank you ! Troy
Elhadj diallo on January 2, 2023 at 1:46 am
Good info and im glad I watched.
Zelalem Tefera on January 2, 2023 at 1:48 am
what if leather seat is damaged?
Aziz Karoam on January 2, 2023 at 1:49 am
Qopel on January 2, 2023 at 1:49 am
Did I win?
Wayne Montpetit on January 2, 2023 at 1:49 am
So…..if you have a child with severe allergies that rides in your car when you're not doing Lyft you have no choice?
Kenneth Richardson on January 2, 2023 at 1:51 am
I am completely fine with giving passengers that truly have a service animal a ride. But most of the time it's just people that want to get a ride with their pet and not have to pay extra for it. I am not signed up for pet friendly rides because I have a very nice car and give about 15-25 rides per day. Lyft should show in the app that the passenger you're picking up has a service animal. And while we're at it, you should also make the customer have their picture and you should do background checks, just like for the drivers. I don't wanna read about any more drivers getting attacked. Our safety matters.This is just more proof that we are not independent contractors. Independent contractors can choose which jobs to accept, period.
Mickey Jones on January 2, 2023 at 1:51 am
Yeah these are never service dog's!
Joojo Acquah on January 2, 2023 at 1:52 am
Driving for 15 or more minutes only to pick up a rider going to the next block. Why can't Lyft charge riders for more than 10 minutes driving for a pick up
Sooooooooo if someone gets into my car with a snake coiled around them……..OH BEST BELIEVE THEY ARE OUT OF MY CAR. TRUST N BELIEVE
Me too I am here for the $1000 dollars to and yes I always accept people with service animals it is very important to make people feel comfortable with the service.
Miguel Zúñiga on January 2, 2023 at 1:56 am
Can you make a video to show the passengers that service animals must be showered and clean?, poor dogs are smelly, stinky, passengers must take care of this dogs.
Mr Alternative on January 2, 2023 at 1:57 am
I love dogs
Mauricio Prieto on January 2, 2023 at 2:02 am
Drivers need get pay more, specially when is raining very hard or at night
Artian Rreza on January 2, 2023 at 2:05 am
Lyft is not fair at all with the driver's
CHIEF-AIM INC on January 2, 2023 at 2:05 am
Last week I took a passenger on a thirty minute ride he paid $55.00 I got $16.23 they getting greedy!!!!
Mallory Bourke on January 2, 2023 at 2:06 am
Regardless of ALLERGIES?!?!?!
Pay us fair quit being sneaky and dishonest.
Sucheep Srimongkol on January 2, 2023 at 2:08 am
Where is the $1k?
Josh Jericho on January 2, 2023 at 2:09 am
Lyft and Uber need to be more realistic with their rules, these are OUR personal vehicles. And make a video about not eating in our cars or brushing their hair leaving shit everywhere.
swirling 54 on January 2, 2023 at 2:11 am
Can you make a video for the PASSENGERS about being ready before they request a ride??
Informing the driver that the Lyft ride is for someone else?
Bringing their own required carseats because of child seat laws??
Mikey T on January 2, 2023 at 2:11 am
1. Lyft should have a FLAT cancellation fee for customers that decided to cancel rides…ex $10 fee regardless the price.
2. Please update your MAP asap… I'm in Orlando and some street names have changed and y'all still have OLD names. And also it would help drivers a lot if the map shows destination ADDRESSES and NAMES.
3. Lastly, It would makes more sense if y'all charge trips higher during GRAVEYARD SHIFT…short drivers out and more risks involved. I have been doing for 5 months and realized that customers are willing to pay higher to get them home safely…bars, works, airports etc….
THANKS, Newby!
These certified animals needs to be certified. Anyone can have a pet and what if the dog reacts and attacks the driver……lyfts insurance isn't going to cover that either are they???
Barbara McKenna on January 2, 2023 at 2:11 am
$1000. bring it on!
Mike S. on January 2, 2023 at 2:11 am
So you want us to buy blanket and cleaning wipes for a $2 ride ummm there is a problem there
Carlos Jara on January 2, 2023 at 2:12 am
Are they going to pay more because I know Uber as Uber pet and they pay more and you can select if you want to take any or not.
Manny9 on January 2, 2023 at 2:13 am
For me to be prepared, you got to let me know I will be picking up a service dog. You can do that. Very simple. Have your customers register their service dog with you if they have one. You take the element of surprise and the driver has no choice but to pick everyone with a dog at that point. You can do better than a 3 minute video. Have your customers with a service dog register them with you and you can certainly verify that and you simply notify the driver of it.
Andrew Arnold on January 2, 2023 at 2:15 am
Weird to be self employed, and still not get to set your own rules and policies. Such a "have your cake and eat it too" business model for the apparently not employers
Humberto Marquez on January 2, 2023 at 2:17 am
Necesito que me activen estoy de acierdo con llevar animales
Craig Bartal on January 2, 2023 at 2:19 am
Can we please stop with this unnecessary virtue signaling? Most drivers welcome animals. It's fun and different. But if a driver has extreme fear of animals, or extreme allergies that may make a ride dangerous, then why can't the drivers use their best judgment? If I were a rider with a service animal I imagine I would much rather wait for another ride then to have to be subjected to danger because the driver might seize up and drive off the road because of allergies or freeze up in fear and stop the car until they stop panicking. There are plenty of drivers out there who love animals. If one driver can't, another one is close behind. Again this is all virtue signaling by the company, left and Uber
Jim Cavanaugh on January 2, 2023 at 2:21 am
The burden of proof should rest with the animal owner. The phony harnesses are on ebay ect. I'm sure I've never had an authentic service dog in my car. Us having to pop a pill to accommodate a phony service dog. Not a wise policy
greeneyesjanitorialservices on January 2, 2023 at 2:22 am
It's nice that we need to get this this stuff to clean. Who is going to pay us clean the car. Last time I cleaned the same day the car got a husky in the car and the next the car looked like I never cleaned. We need to get pay for cleaning our cars that comes out of our pay
AG D on January 2, 2023 at 2:24 am
Already watched this shizz 2 years ago lyft
George Gojnea on January 2, 2023 at 2:24 am
Worst company to work for. They false advertize and never pay out their new driver bonus.
killerkel89 on January 2, 2023 at 2:24 am
Where's my cash at?
Tre'von Green on January 2, 2023 at 2:26 am
The service animals not the problem my problem is why do the passengers pay $45 for a ride & I had $17
Marcos Bravo on January 2, 2023 at 2:29 am
Love pets welcome
Josh Renfrow on January 2, 2023 at 2:32 am
This is stupid!
Tina Westra on January 2, 2023 at 2:35 am
Yes we are allowed to ask the 2 questions but when you're passengers gets offended by them what can you do? This is my only job and unfortunately I've had little support as a driver when the passengers claim their pets as service animals.


text:
Coffin Dodgers Reviews
Coffin Dodgers is ranked in the 3rd percentile of games scored on OpenCritic.
View Review Charts
DefaultMost PopularScore: Highest to LowestScore: Lowest to HighestNewest FirstOldest First
Miketendo64
Forget cheating death – after playing this, I welcomed it.
Justin Celani
ZTGD
Top Critic
I'm not one to really trash on games and I give most the benefit of the doubt, but I found about zero redeeming qualities in Coffin Dodgers. It's got poorly designed, simplistic tracks, N64 like graphics, grating sound and music, floaty controls, and the only slight interest was the premises of it all, which it does absolutely nothing interesting with. The game works and I didn't have any glitches so there is that much, but that's about all I can say positively.
Eddie Stubbington
A Good Concept for a Mobile Game but doesn't work on other platforms that well.
Marko Swanepoel
SA Gamer
Coffin Dodgers is a game that could have been the indie analogue to Mario Kart, but instead it's a bland racer with almost no variety or attractive concept. It's as bland as it comes and you're better off saving your money and buying a whole host of better split-screen enabled racers. Don't even give it the time of day.
William Lowery
Cubed3
In spite of having a quirky premise, Coffin Dodgers doesn't have much else to offer. The racing and vehicular combat work, but the overall product lacks refinement and polish. With unbalanced upgrades, a small selection of modes, with the open world option being a disposable choice, and graphics that are more in lieu with a mobile phone game than a PS4 title, this is a game that had strong potential to be good, but the end result, however, is a game riding with flat tyres and a jittery engine.
Digitally Downloaded
Despite all this, Coffin Dodgers is fun in its way, but it's hard to recommend when there are so many other games out there that do what this one does, but far better. There are some great ideas at the core of this though, and it would have been nice to see how they shaped up with a bit more direction and some extra time in the oven.
Chad Goodmurphy
We Got This Covered
Coffin Dodgers is a missed opportunity, which wastes a comedic premise. What could have been is instead a poorly performing and far too easy Mario Kart clone, which will last you only an hour unless you somehow find someone who's willing to play split-screen multiplayer with you.
Stephen Tailby
What we're trying to say is: stay away from Coffin Dodgers. It's a humorous concept, but clearly not one that supports a whole game. The awful racing and abysmal presentation are the biggest offenders here, but it's a game with problems weaving all the way through it.
Jim Hargreaves
Maybe it comes down to how easy and accessible Coffin Dodgers is as a racer, but there's definitely something that's clicked with me. Even so, it's a disappointing effort overall, but Coffin Dodgers may prove to be a guilty pleasure of sorts for a small minority.
Brian Dumlao
Worth Playing
Unfortunately, Coffin Dodgers is a mess. It squanders its interesting premise, and races are plagued with poor track design, ineffective weaponry, and a lack of meaningful content. The multiplayer fares about as badly as the solo game, making it a blessing that this isn't online, and the constant frame rate issues sap any potential fun from the title. Unless you're willing to pay for a quick boost to your Trophy count, there's no reason to touch this title.
Charlie Nicholson
New Game Network
In an effort to homage the kart-racing classics of the 32-bit era, Coffin Dodgers merely layers unattractive visuals atop an antiquated control scheme and generic world design. If you're yearning to relive your childhood through the goofs of a solid kart-racer, you're better off consulting Mario Kart.
Stephen Tordoff
giant.moe
Coffin Dodgers is an interesting concept, but the game as a whole falls flat. The lack of content and the general unfinished feeling makes it an overall unsatisfying game to play. With some fairly major patches, Coffin Dodger could be molded into a reasonable cart racer, but the state it was released in is not that. As it stands, there is little reason to play this game.
Coffin Dodgers is a classic example of a good idea backed up by poor execution. The gameplay feels dated before it starts as it doesn't progress things from the karting pretenders that have come before, and the visuals sort of fittingly feel like they're from an older generation. The premise has lashings of potential and there's a chuckle or two to be found, but the game is far too easy and brief for single players. Multiplayer is limited to offline play only and is as enjoyable as in every other non-Mario and non-Crash Bandicoot-based kart game, which is to say that it won't be one that you'll be trotting out at your gaming parties for very long.
Khris Golder
Rectify Gaming
Coffin Dodgers is a kart racing title that could have been memorable if it hadn't missed so many opportunities. Play if you have a youngin' and you're looking for something newer. Otherwise, avoid this title like the black plague of death.
Łukasz Ankudo
Pixelophobia
Coffin Dodgers is a poor excuse for arcade racing game. It lacks in every aspect, from handling to sound.
Review in Polish | Read full review
Kim Snaith
GameSpew
The art style itself is a somewhat pleasant 3D cartoon, with vivid colours and bold, blocky textures. Unfortunately, the overall presentation looks like something from the early archives of your Xbox 360, not a current gen title
Flynnie
There is some fun to be had with Coffin Dodgers, at least for a short period of time, but don't expect to put more than a couple of hours into the game without running out of things to do. There are better kart racers on Nintendo Switch, namely Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, and for the price-tag it doesn't really offer much value.
Daan Koopman
NintendoWorldReport
This doesn't excuse rough controls, aggressive AI, and the massive grind mind you. There is so much you need to take for granted, which makes it really hard to recommend. That is a shame, considering the premise behind it is super goofy.
Nathan_908
GameGrin
There were elements that I enjoyed about Coffin Dodgers, and the fast-paced action and ragdoll physics led to some crazy races and funny fails. I enjoyed the story mode, especially with its amusing ending. Plus, the final showdown race is brilliant. But the game lacks depth, and doesn't really have that draw that made me want to keep playing, especially with the omission of online features. In respect of its price I think it is a decent buy, but the game could have been more.
Daniel R. Miller
Coffin Dodgers is a local multiplayer (on consoles) Kart racer that reveres those that came before it, but can't quite match what makes them special.


text:
Q: How to extract a specific instance of a string of digits after a specific character using regex Title may be confusing, so allow me to elaborate, say I have initialized the following strings
some_string_1 <- "Charges: $400.50 applied to account 1, $300.70 applied to account 2, $120.30 applied to account 3"

some_string_2 <- "Charges: $500.50 applied to account 2, $200.10 applied to account 3, $150.90 applied to account 1"

Lets say I am only focusing on account 1, so I want to extract to numbers after the dollar sign associated with the charge on account 1. I want to know how, using regex and functions like str_extract, I can get the following outputs:
Suppose I call str_extract(some_string_1, regexp), I would like it to give
[1] "400.50"

And suppose I call str_extract(some_string_2, regexp), I would like it to give
[1] "150.90"

As you can see, the charge applied to account 1 is in different places in both strings (it is the first charge listed in string 1 but the third one in string 2), so the regular expression has to account for this.
So far all I have is the following: regexp <- "(?<=\\$)\\d+(?=.)", which successfully gives me the number after the first dollar sign that appears in the string (without the digits in the decimal place that is), but I have no idea how to specify that I only want the number after the dollar sign that is associated with the charge applied on account 1. Looking for help on this aspect.

A: Not really a regex answer that you are looking for -
vec <- c(some_string_1, some_string_2)

sapply(strsplit(vec, ',\\s*'), function(x)
  sub('.*\\$(\\d+\\.\\d+).*', '\\1', x[grep('account 1', x)]))

#[1] "400.50" "150.90"

Logic here is to split every account as separate vectors and extract number from 'account 1'.

A: Here is one solution to your problem. I do not use r so I can not provide you with any code.

Regex
(\$\d+(?:\.\d+)?)[^,\"]*account [#{range}]

where the #{range} can be 1-1, 2-3 and so on. The part you are interested in will be obtained in group 1 of the match. Please note the regex must be applied globally to find all the matches.

Output
#{range} = 1-1

match 1:                                 match 2:
$400.50 applied to account 1             $150.90 applied to account 1
group-1:                                 group-1:
$400.50                                  $150.90

#{range} = 2-3

match 1:                                 match 2:
$300.70 applied to account 2             $120.30 applied to account 3
group-1:                                 group-1:
$300.70                                  $120.30

match 3:                                 match 4:
$500.50 applied to account 2             $200.10 applied to account 3
group-1:                                 group-1:
$500.50                                  $200.10

Test Link: https://regex101.com/r/w3VY4I/1

Please do comment if you are facing any further problems.

A: You may also convert these strings into a nicely arranged data, using the following strategy
library(tidyverse)

some_string_1 <- "Charges: $400.50 applied to account 1, $300.70 applied to account 2, $120.30 applied to account 3"

some_string_2 <- "Charges: $500.50 applied to account 2, $200.10 applied to account 3, $150.90 applied to account 1"

c(some_string_1, some_string_2) %>% as.data.frame() %>%
  setNames('Strings') %>%
  mutate(ID = row_number()) %>%
  separate_rows(Strings, sep = ', ') %>%
  extract(Strings, into = c('Amt', 'Account'), regex = '\\$(\\d+\\.\\d*).*(account \\d+)') %>%
  pivot_wider(names_from = Account, values_from = Amt)

#> # A tibble: 2 x 4
#>      ID `account 1` `account 2` `account 3`
#>   <int> <chr>       <chr>       <chr>
#> 1     1 400.50      300.70      120.30
#> 2     2 150.90      500.50      200.10

Using values_fn = as.numeric argument in pivot_wider will simultaneously convert character values into numeric, which may be useful for further analysis.

A: A way using only stringr::str_extract might be:
stringr::str_extract(some_string_1, "(?<=\\$)\\d*\\.?\\d*(?=[^$]*account 1)")
#[1] "400.50"

stringr::str_extract(some_string_2, "(?<=\\$)\\d*\\.?\\d*(?=[^$]*account 1)")
#[1] "150.90"


Home › All Greeting Cards › Fox Significant Other Birthday Card "Happy Birthday Foxy!"
Fox Significant Other Birthday Card "Happy Birthday Foxy!"
"Happy Birthday Foxy!" A super cute card with a fox wearing a little birthday party hat. Perfect for your favorite person on their birthday!


text:
Beyond the nationalisation debate
Right or wrong, bank rescues provide lessons for the next crisis
by The Economist | WASHINGTON
ONE of the interesting effects of the publication of the long Ryan Lizza profile of Larry Summers has been the blogosphere's effort to, as Noam Scheiber puts it, relitigate bank nationalisation (see this, this, and this, for instance). Mr Lizza's piece goes into some detail on the subject of nationalisation and why key administration officials, including Mr Summers, opted not to pursue that path. Among them:
First, Summers explained that there was no legal authority to take over large bank-holding companies like Bank of America and Citigroup. Next, he pointed out that full nationalization of a financial institution might trigger systemic shocks, as investors retreated from other banks, creating exactly the kind of panic that nationalization was intended to prevent. (As Sperling often argued, "You might come out and say, 'I'm gonna take over Bank of America and Wells Fargo, but everybody else is safe!' Maybe they believe you. And maybe they don't. But if you get this wrong the Dow's at thirty-five hundred! You're the worst economic manager in the history of the United States!")
Furthermore, Summers said, there was a medium-term risk that nationalized banks would lose value, in the same way that the act of foreclosure decreases the value of a home. Summers pointed to the example of Sweden, which was regularly cited by economists who favored nationalization. But Summers noted that Sweden didn't nationalize for two and a half years, by which time the situation had become so severe—interest rates had reached a hundred per cent—that there were no other options. In addition, Nordbanken, the largest bank nationalized in Sweden, was already eighty per cent government-owned. Summers concluded by emphasizing that nationalization was a strategy that governments turn to only after it is very clear that nothing else can work.
Some of these reasons are better than others, but in general they're fairly compelling; certainly, I was of the opinion that nationalisation was not worth the risk. But at this point, the question of whether the administration approach (both administrations) was the right one isn't all that interesting. For one thing, it's not a question we'll ever be able to resolve. And for another, even if the administration approach was the right one for the last crisis, it's clearly not the one we want to have to use the next time around. The administration approach largely came down to an acknowledgment that they simply didn't have the tools you'd want in such a situation—resolution authority and enough money to cover the bank debts that needed covering.
And so, a good thing to do would be to improve the procedures available to the government in a crisis. The debate to have now is what those improvements should be. And since just about everyone on both sides of the nationalisation debate agrees that the strategy used to save banks created a serious moral hazard problem, it would be nice if that question took on a little bit of urgency.
More from Free exchange
Religious competition was to blame for Europe's witch hunts
Cementing relations
Has BRICS lived up to expectations?
How to interpret a market plunge


When we visited Iwatayama Monkey Park in Kyoto last year, I spent a bit of time shooting several shots of the landscape with the plan to combine them into a Panoramic. Finally, here's the result!
It was a bit of an overcast day so i've had a bit of a play around trying to clear up the background and remove the seams between shots as best I can. On our first trip in 2007 it was a nice clear day and Kyoto tower was easily visible but sadly not in this shot. I'm impressed by how much detail my little point-and-click caught, could stare at it all day and it also makes a prety great dual monitor desktop!
Google map of the where I took the pics below.
That looks amazing next time i go to Japan deffo want to see Kyoto!!
It's an amazing city, my favourite in Japan! Kansai is a great area to visit because there are so many cities all quite close together, Kyoto, Osaka, Nara, Kobe!


WinSCP is ideally for webmasters and designers who need to update websites or for those who wish to copy to and from a remote computer. WinSCP easily connects to an SSH server with SFTPor SCP service.
WinSCP supports numerous encryption algorithms (AES, Blowfish, DES and 3DES) and also has private keys available when you need to transfer sensitive data securely.
The WinSCP package includes a built-in text file editor with basic functions, synchronised browsing and the choice of two different user interfaces ie. Norton Commander or drag-and-dropmuch like windows explorer.


My Style Stores suggests the Framed Print I Coral by Highland Dunes from Birch Lane. Wall Art availability may vary. As an associate publisher, we cannot guarantee the availability of the suggested Cheap Wall Art . Made of wood, glass, paper wipe with a cloth framed giclee print archival inks silver wood frame ready to hang with wire hook handmade color is guarenteed from fading for years handmade co.


Completed in the spring of 2015, the Rita and Adam J. Weiner and Family Outdoor Classroom, one of the first Certified Nature Explore Classrooms in Boston, has been a magnificent extension of the playground-adjacent space at the school. This expansive outdoor area is a dynamic, nature-rich learning environment where children are encouraged to thoughtfully explore their natural surroundings both during class and at play.
Spending time outdoors brings a sense of wonder and joy to children and helps to foster imagination, creativity and powers of observation, as well as promote a positive environmental ethic. It has been powerful to witness our children designing, planning, creating, observing, engineering and learning together through the vehicle of nature.
Through active, hands-on learning, students being to develop an awareness of the interconnectedness of all living things. In the Grow area, there is an organic sensory garden where the children experience textures and smells by planting, harvesting and using various herbs such as mint and chives. They experience sounds by listening to birds and observing bees and other insects that buzz about the flower plants.
The Discover area contains a digging pit with a "mud kitchen." Here, the children can mix delightful concoctions using found objects, such as leaves, acorns and crabapples, and search for hidden treasures such as earthworms. In the Groove section, children use their imagination to create music on a large wooden marimba and dance and act out stories inspired by nature on the natural stage.
The Pump area boasts a bright green water pump where children engage in water play. They can carry the water to the other areas or use various materials likes pipes and gutters to experiment with the physical properties of water. In the Construct area, children create large structures using heavy blocks, sticks and tree cookies. Their pirate ships, grocery stores and rockets not only provide dramatic play opportunities, but the designing, engineering and cooperation necessary to complete each project foster many additional skills.
This classrooms has truly transformed our urban school setting into a peaceful oasis in the middle of the city.


The trinomial photography, planets and bacteria and the binomials heaven and earth, finite and infinite, known and unknown, give shape to the emotions and reflections that this work wants to convey and inspire. Opposites vie for our moods and our feelings: dark and light, fantasy and reality, truth and abstraction.
At the same time, he's carrying on both personal and documentary research, each one moving through a deep interest in human environment and life.His works have been published and displayed internationally.


Light contour goggles hand made in France by Léon Jeantet.
If you are for light contour goggles this is your best bid. These goggles feature a soft leather one-piece padding. This padding is light, comfortable and water resistant.
Ventilation holes in the top and bottom of the brass frames minimize fogging. Clip in lens changing system. The elastic headband is 22 mm wide and adjustable.
Polycarbonate lenses meet ANSI Z87.1-2003 high impact resistance testing (Laser engraved on lens). Lenses are Defogger coated and offer 100% UV400 protection.
The Jeantet company was founded over 125 years, in 1880. In 1929 Leon Jeantet created a new eyewear for motorcyclists, car drivers and airplane pilots. He called his new design "Aviator Goggle". Today, each goggle is still hand made using the original tooling. Sixty manual movements are required to produce a single goggle.
By combining traditional construction with modern materials they build the world's finest classic goggles, known for their exceptionally comfortable fit and airtight seal.
Proudly Made in France, Aviator Goggles represent the finest in tradition and quality.


I Love Music Drawings 7 2013 Hd Wallpapers This Wallpaper was viewed 548 times and downloaded 0 times. I Love Music Drawings 7 2013 Hd Wallpapers Uplaoded by obob in September 15, 2013, 2:54 pm . This image have 900x1213px resolution and 157.92 KB of data Approximately 84.51 MB bandwith was consumed for this wallpaper. Last View for this Wallpaper is April 10, 2019, 4:17 am. You can download it for FREE and use it for your wallpaer on your desktop, tablet or other device you have. Have enjoy with this wallpaper :D . Click FULL SIZE for Download This Wallpaper.


Want to make your number in December? It depends all on your sales prospecting NOW!
You have to be prospecting now, and be sure the prospects are truly prospects and not "suspects." Quantity in your sales pipeline doesn't matter nearly as much as quality.
Making (and exceeding) your number in December will be exponentially easier if you prospect NOW.
PrevPreviousExecutive Sales Leader Briefing: Leaders Need a Big EGO!