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Tsippi Fleischer at the Mirror
By: Andrea Angelini
In: Choral World News
Interview by Andrea Angelini, ICB Managing Editor
Tsippi Fleischer was born in Haifa, Israel, of Polish-born parents, and grew up in a mixed Jewish-Arab environment. She teaches at Bar-Ilan University and the Levinsky Institute in Tel Aviv. Some of her students have become composers and well-known conductors. Fleischer's style has diversified greatly during her creative life; her many achievements are characterized by the dynamics of change. Her beginnings in the 1970s were typified by a search for a compositional style in which to incorporate her Oriental studies. The 1980s saw the formation and crystallization of this style, marked by a finely honed tonality and images of the Israeli landscape. At the end of the 1980s her work reached new heights with settings to music of literary Arabic texts. A spurt of creativity in the 1990s found expression in daring musical textures inspired by ancient, far-distant Semitic sources. It was a great honor for me, as ICB Editor, to meet her for this interview.
Andrea Angelini (AA): I read in your biography that you were born in Haifa, where you currently live, but your family comes from Poland. Israel is considered a bridge between Western and Eastern cultures. How is all this reflected in the music you compose, especially choral music?
Tsippi Fleischer (TF): Haifa is my birthplace and the place I consider home, although I have travelled all over the world. (My name, "Tsippi," is short for "Tsippora," which comes from the Hebrew word for "flying bird".) Those origins are naturally reflected in my music, in the topics I choose for my works. Nevertheless, well-known scholars have described my whole oeuvre as typically creating a bridge between West and East, especially a link to the "Orient"[1]. My Polish Jewish parents are responsible for giving me a rigorous Western education, including training in Western music from a young age, yet I could not ignore the Oriental atmosphere that surrounded me. My "Oratorio 1492-1992" (1991, op. 25) provides a choral example: I furnished a Western Baroque medium with actual content from medieval epic sources. Sung in three languages — Hebrew, Spanish, and Arabic — the oratorio is based on the fate of the entire Jewish people, suffering on their way to Zion from the time of the expulsion from Spain until the establishment of the State of Israel.[2] I would like to mention two things here: My second profession is linguistics, so the "feel" of language is a strong element in me. (I studied several Semitic languages as an undergraduate and earned a Master's degree in Semitic Linguistics.) Also, I'm a big devotee of the world of Western harmony at its best. This can be detected in the method I developed in my two-volume book, "The Harmonization of Songs" (Tel-Aviv, 2005.)[3] And maybe I'll mention one more interesting point – in my twenties, I was named an innovative Israeli jazz pianist!
AA: Your generation has been particularly affected by the music of the "Darmstadt School", a style that aimed to bring a "new wind", a musical language that would break decisively with the past, establishing a fresh method of composition. Does your music follow this style?
TF: The "New Wind" is an integral part of me. In every one of my works there is an "adventure"; quite often that adventure is the combination of the old, even the very old, with the new, even the very new. The Cantata "Like Two Branches" (1989, op.24) is an excellent illustration. There you have quite extreme avant-guard compositional techniques, both in the voices and instruments. The lyrics – set in Arabic of the 6th century (before Islam's invasion of the Arab Peninsula) – feature throaty, guttural consonants that require excellent solfeggio technique by the singers. At the time, I was reading the important Ph.D thesis of Enayat Wasfi-Shaalan, a colleague from Cairo who studied in Bari, Italy, that deals with composing art music set to Arabic texts.[4] In the later "Saga Portrait" (2002, op.53) the mixture of pointillism and expressionism are somewhat reminiscent of both Anton von Webern and Alban Berg. I must admit that I never miss an opportunity to attend a live concert of their music, or of Stockhausen's, which is characterized by clear pitches, rhythms and dynamics that I always find acoustically purifying: I am attracted to these isolated musical elements, taken separately from the lyrics. "New Wind" equals freshness, and that is the strong appeal the act of composing holds for me. There is no sense repeating what has already been said; a composer's place is assured by having an innovative message, without forgetting the treasures of the past.
AA: Your career as a musician is very interesting. You're a composer, a conductor, a teacher. Why are you so interested in composing for choirs? What does a choir mean for you?
TF: Composing for choirs means a great deal to me. The process starts when I absorb in my inner ear the sounds created in the composition, with all the textures it involves; then it continues in the exciting process of preparing for the world-premiere performance. Usually the climax comes during rehearsals. At the performance, the audience may be lucky enough to experience something of what has already passed more privately between me and the performers in rehearsal.
Tsippi Fleischer with Shofar players during rehearsals of Symphony No. 5
AA: How important are your political and religious ideas to the music you compose?
TF: I hate politics in all its dimensions and directions. I belong to the world of pure art, where human beings' cultural goals, qualities and ideas will always conquer boring political manipulations, which sometimes lead to cruelty and humiliation. For me, it is much more interesting to live in the world of creativity than in that of manipulation. I'm aware of the place of managers and politicians in society, but it's art that feeds eternity, art that puts aside passing issues. If a composer really has something to say, and he succeeds in expressing it while he is still alive, his message will continue to feed mankind. Take Beethoven's powerful message about freedom: Does anything else come close? As for religion – I was born a Jew, and Jewish tradition has influenced me since childhood. My father maintained some traditional habits while my mother kept her extreme left-leaning opinions hidden. The dramatic aspects of some of the well-known biblical figures and the universal symbols conveyed in their images all appeal to my imagination much more than any ceremonial religious activities. (I shall try to trace the rise of monotheism in my next choral piece.) It is so sad that the three religions that point their believers to the same monotheistic revolution engage in continuous struggles. This is an absurd reality.
AA: Ninety percent of choirs are amateurs, comprised of non-musicians, who may not even read music well. Do you keep this in mind when you compose or do you think that a composer should not be constrained by these limits?
TF: This question actually refers to a broader one: As a composer, how much are you willing to compromise on the level of performance? There are two aspects to think about: first, the composition itself, and second, the way it is actually performed. There is a conceptual difference between these. When I compose, I usually know who will perform the world premiere, and that has a huge influence on me (consciously and unconsciously). Composers should know likely level of performers and be strictly forbidden to ignore these limitations. They, as for the actual performance, should take full responsibility for everything that is written in the score. More specifically, my personal view is that amateur choruses have wonderful voices; they are happily singing together and preparing for a performance; they have a lot of openness, a crystallized choral sound… At times they reach an excellent level of performance, and it does not disturb me at all that preparing a new piece can take quite a long time. In my career, I have dreamed of working as much as possible with professional performance groups, but as long as I live, it will always be my duty to collaborate on preparing the world premiere. Impressions, influence, even inspiration, always result from one's relationships with the performers. It is really nice to get ideas and remarks from them; and conductors have told me about the cardinal impact my participation in a rehearsal made on the singers.
Tsippi Fleischer with Bedouin Children during recording "The Gown of Night"
AA: A choral piece is a text dressed by music. Tell me something about the poetic power of the word.
TF: The poetic power of the word has utmost value for me when composing vocal music. I totally identify with the person who wrote the lyrics, with the "soul of the text". A factor of huge importance is to base the music on the phonetic and phonologic value of the text. Take "Lamentation" (1985, op.16): Else Lasker-Schueler's lyrics are treated at both levels yet in an integrated way: the painful, suffering soul of the Jewish-German poetess influences the whole mood. In composing I broke the words down into syllables, into sounds, even into repeated consonants without vowels. This thorough treatment of the words resulted in an especially lyrical piece: each word became a whole world, each sentence became a whole globe. A text that can be read in less than one minute lasts around 20 minutes in music.[5]
AA: We live in a fully globalized system where all kinds of music information is easily accessible to everyone. Is it still important, in your opinion, to maintain the concept of a "national school" or should music also reflect the internationalism of society?
TF: Neither side can be neglected. We can no longer ignore increasing global communication – "The world has become smaller." But it is also impossible to deny our personal origins. This comes out naturally in our compositions. For example, I still consider Berio an Italian and Stravinsky a Russian, in spite of these two being so universally accepted. To clarify my point: If a composition does not include a stylistic innovation, using the constructs that have been developed in Western classical music (harmony, counterpoint, etc.) the music will more closely resemble a replica of ethnic materials. In my opinion, this should not be considered "composition".
AA: Choral folk music is very popular in Europe. In many countries, especially in Hungary, in the Baltic and Scandinavian countries, in northern Italy, in Russia and elsewhere, people feel that traditions can be maintained and spread through music. How is it possible to attract young people to songs that tell of "a world of the past" that has almost disappeared?
TF: I'm a big devotee of Israeli folk music. How interesting: there, we have no difficulty attracting people, even young ones, to such repertoires. I detect here some longing for the past, for the Zionist dream. We have a lot of "Arvey Zemer" (evenings of singing the folkloric repertoire). It is really absurd: people will eagerly buy a ticket to sit there and perform as part of the audience; the singing at these events is full of enthusiasm. Let us remember that the relatively old songs were passed along by word-of-mouth during the many years before Israeli Radio was established in the Fifties. My task is to concentrate on handling the musical and professional aspects of this repertoire in Israeli society, along with the nostalgic aspect. In my book "The Harmonization of Songs", I lay out a method to teach musicians how to harmonize and accompany these songs. I give musicians the keys to using harmonization as a tool for arranging choral and instrumental works and to improving their conducting skills, among other goals. Young musicians of diverse origins and generations have already grown up with this method. I hope to publish the book in English someday.
AA: "Donne in Musica" (Women in Music) is an international movement promoting and presenting music composed by women worldwide. Are there still fewer opportunities for women to have a good career in music?
TF: I think the message of Donne in Musica is very important. I have not kept up with all their activities: I knew the President Patricia Adkins-Chiti personally long ago; we met in the summer of 1993 at the huge Women in Music Festival and Conference held in Alaska. Patricia expressed a willingness to perform some of my music. A nice result came from this – I prepared a special version of my song-cycle "Girl-Butterfly-Girl" for her.[6] You can hear her shining bel canto performing the cycle at www.tsippi-fleischer.com / Discography / 1998-9 / Israel at 50. There is still a need, in my opinion, to promote opportunities to perform women composers' music. There are still institutes and conductors who ignore the feminine presence in the field of music composition. But the goal is not simply the presence of female conductors and composers – it is the attainment of a high level of musical creativity and excellence. The highest level should be maintained despite the existence of a "feminine ghetto." That level of excellence has already been evident for many years in both institutes with which I collaborate in Germany – the "Frau und Musik Archiv" in Frankfurt and "Furore Verlag" in Kassel. Nowdays, taking part in feminine movements involves politics, and I have already mentioned my antagonism towards politics of all stripes. Feminine power depends first of all, I believe, on positive feminine psychological strength, and influences women's creativity whenever and wherever that exists.
AA: What about your projects for the future?
TF: I am flattered to be asked this question. I hope to carry out a number of plans in the coming years that will enable me to broaden the already-wide spectrum of work I've already done.
In the field of composition:
Opuses 72, 73 and 74 are in progress.
I want to recommend additional performances of my Children's Opera "Oasis" (op. 71) which had its very successful world premiere in Germany last November.[7] The genre of children's opera is itself magical, for both its educational and musical aspects.
In "Oratorio – Avraham" ( 72), I deal with the mystical, attractive image of Avraham/Abraham in the three religions, though I treat the birth of monotheism from my own perspective. The ensemble will consist of a choir with an orchestra of harps and violins.
Symphony No. 6 "The Eyes, Mirror of the Soul"[8] (op. 73) is a "symphony-installation" that stages groups of four "spectrums" resembling the diapason/timbre of soprano, alto, tenor and bass, both instrumentally and vocally. Each spectrum will contain instruments and voices as a coherent nucleus. There will also be scenery.
Adapa, the grand-opera in Old Babylonian (op. 74), will involve an especially large ensemble, choral and orchestral.
In the field of research and education, my desire is to complete three books:
An analysis of the stylistic development of Hebrew song, continuing on an earlier one (1964/2009) that can be downloaded from my website.[9]
A musical monograph of Matti Caspi (1949- ) will provide insights into the rich harmonic language of Israel's most talented song-composer in the field of harmony. Caspi dresses up all the modal achievements of the past in modern strategies.
I would love to put out a short book in English dealing with the historical-musical development of Hebrew song as well as its methodological applications (harmonization, etc.). Highlights from the Matti Caspi book will be included.
AA: Tell me, in one short sentence, what is the composer's role in the 21st century?
TF: Overcome commercialism's increasing destructiveness by your constructive spiritual morals!
[1] See www.tsippi-fleischer.com / Publications / About Tsippi Fleischer / Articles: Hirsberg, Yehoash. Tsippi Fleischer: Musician between East and West. In "Ariel" no. 76, Jerusalem, 1989. See also Amnon Shiloah's 1990 article in French, which appears on the composer's website both in its original and in its translation into Hebrew.
[2] See the short videos at www.tsippi-fleischer.com / Video / Compositions / "Oratorio 1492-1992".
[3] See www.tsippi-fleischer.com / Publications – by Tsippi Fleischer / Books. Sample pages of each chapter are available in PDF form by clicking on the link attached to the synopsis of the book.
[4] See my own article at www.tsippi-fleischer.com / Publications – by Tsippi Fleischer – Articles in the Field of Musical Creativity – The Cantata "Like Two Branches", enlarged, 1997. See also three samples at www.tsippi-fleischer.com / Compositions – Choral – Like Two Branches – Video, Audio, Selected Notations.
[5] Video and audio samples of "Lamentation" can be heard at www.tsippi-fleischer.com / Compositions / Choral / Lamentation; and / Discography / 1992 – CD Tsippi Fleischer – Vocal Music.
[6] See www.tsippi-fleischer.com / World Activity / Rome.
[7] Two videos are available at www.tsippi-fleischer.com / World Activity / Karlsruhe and in Video – Oasis, 2010.
[8] Each of my symphonies has a poetical subtitle.
[9] See www.tsippi-fleischer.com / in Publication – by Tsippi Fleischer – Books.
English text edited by Anita Shaperd, USA
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She's won a race & been second but likes soft ground.
She may suit a breeder as is related to Gr.3 winner Poet.
Excellent Art - high-class 2yo over 6f, later top-class miler, won St. James's Palace S; good start with first 2yos.
Handytalk (IRE) (13 g. by Lilbourne Lad (IRE)): winner at 2 and placed 4 times.
above mare (11 f. by Excellent Art (GB)): winner in 2015 and placed 6 times.
Athenry Boy (IRE) (12 c. by Excellent Art (GB)): placed 6 times.
CIELO CANARIAS (IRE) (g. by Exceed And Excel (AUS)): 11 wins to 2014 in Spain and £158,793 inc. Gran Premio de la Hispanidad, L., placed 9 times inc. 3rd Prix Jacques de Bremond, L.
Just For Mary (GB): 5 wins and £108,294 and placed 12 times.
Moonlight Tango (USA): placed twice at 2 and 3; also 2 wins at 3 and 4 in Australia and placed 5 times; dam of a winner.
Eighteen Poems (IRE) 2-y-o colt by Dylan Thomas (IRE): unraced to date.
POET (GB): 8 wins, £320,945 inc. 7 wins inc. totesport.com Rose of Lancaster S., Gr.3, At The Races Kilternan S., Gr.3, williamhill.com Doonside Cup S., L., Vincent O'Brien Ruby S., L. and chrisbeekracing.com Steventon S., L., placed 2nd Piper Heidsieck Brigadier Gerard S., Gr.3, John Smith's St Simon S., Gr.3, Bet365 Gordon Richards S., Gr.3, Solonaway S., Gr.3.
Hothaifah (GB): 2 wins at 2 in France and placed inc. 2nd Prix Eclipse, Gr.3.
FRANCE (GB): 2 wins at 2 and 3 and £137,261 inc. Rock of Gibraltar EBF Tetrarch S., Gr.3, placed 2nd Entenmann's Irish 2000 Guineas, Gr.1, 3rd Goffs International S., Gr.2 and Killavullan S., Gr.3; sire.
MEDIA HYPE (GB): 4 wins and £67,058 inc. Betdaq Wild Flower S., L., placed 3rd Stockholm Cup International, Gr.3.
HIPPY HIPPY SHAKE (GB): 3 wins at 3 and 4, 2013 and £54,056 inc. British Stallion Studs Lyric S., L., placed 4 times inc. 2nd EBF Upavon S., L.
Spectral Star (GB): winner at 4 and placed 3 times; dam of Shirocco Star (GB) (winner at 2 and £268,193 and placed 9 times inc. 2nd Darley Irish Oaks, Gr.1, Investec Oaks S., Gr.1, Qipco Brit.Champions Fillies/Mare S., Gr.2, Swettenham Stud Fillies' Trial S., L., EBF Stallions August S., L., 3rd Oxigen Environmental Pretty Polly S., Gr.1 and Ribblesdale S., Gr.2; also placed at 3 in France and £45,833 viz. 2nd Qatar Prix de Royallieu, Gr.2).
Francais (GB); dam of Finding Neverland (FR) (winner in France, 2nd Prix Amandine, L., 3rd Prix Coronation, L. and Prix Volterra, L.).
ALESSANDRO VOLTA (GB): 2 wins at 2 and 3 and £115,051 viz. totesport.com Derby Trial S., Gr.3 and Eyrefield S., L.


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Corn Bread – utwór instrumentalny z 1948 roku, który został nagrany przez Hal Singer Sextette. Kompozycja została wydana na singlu (przez wytwórnię Savoy).

W 1948 roku singiel z kompozycją "Corn Bread" w wykonaniu Hal Singer Sextette dotarł do 1. miejsca amerykańskiej listy przebojów R&B (wówczas pod nazwą Race Records); na szczycie zestawienia wydawnictwo pozostawało przez cztery tygodnie, a pełny pobyt singla na liście trwał 22 tygodnie.

Po komercyjnym sukcesie "Corn Bread" Singer zaczął nosić pseudonim "Cornbread" (zaczerpnięty od tytułu tego utworu).

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Piosenki powstałe w roku 1948
Utwory instrumentalne

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CIRCOR International, Inc. (NYSE: CIR), a leading provider of valves and other highly engineered products for markets including oil & gas, power generation and aerospace, today announced financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2013.
"We delivered a strong quarter due to our continued focus on growth, margin expansion and cash generation," said Scott Buckhout, CIRCOR's President and Chief Executive Officer. "Revenue increased sequentially in all three segments, while our adjusted operating margin expanded to 10% -- our highest level in four years.
"Our strategy to drive growth in the most innovative parts of our markets is delivering results. During the second quarter, we won a large order for high pressure ball valves to be used for emerging floating production, storage and off-loading technology.
Revenues for the second quarter of 2013 increased 2% to $223.6 million, from $219.9 million in the second quarter of 2012. Net income for the second quarter of 2013, including the impact of special charges of $2.0 million, was $12.7 million, or $0.72 per diluted share, compared with net income of $11.1 million, or $0.64 per diluted share, for the second quarter of 2012. Adjusted earnings per diluted share in the second quarter of 2013, excluding the impact of the special charges, was $0.81, a 27% increase compared with $0.64 in the prior year's second-quarter.
The Company received orders totaling $200.1 million during the second quarter of 2013, a decrease of 12% compared with the second quarter of 2012, due primarily to lower Energy orders in the international project business. The Energy business experienced a particularly difficult comparison with last year when CIRCOR booked a $22 million order in the large project business. Backlog as of June 30, 2013 increased 3% to $433.5 million from June 30, 2012.
During the second quarter of 2013, the Company generated $9.5 million of free cash flow, up $4.4 million from the same period in 2012.
For the third quarter of 2013, the Company expects revenues to be in the range of $212 to $218 million. In addition, CIRCOR expects to record special charges comprised of a gain of approximately $3.1 million related to a settlement on the Brazil arbitration and restructuring related-charges of between $1.5 and $1.7 million. Excluding these charges, adjusted earnings are expected to be in the range of $0.76 to $0.83 per diluted share in the third quarter of 2013.
Energy segment revenues decreased 2% to $110.8 million for the second quarter versus the same period in 2012.
For the second quarter of 2013, the Energy segment's adjusted operating margin increased 270 basis points to 13.8% year over year.
Incoming orders for the second quarter of 2013 were $107.2 million, a decrease of 16% year over year, as a result of lower large international project bookings. While the level of large international project inquiries and quoting remains comparable to 2012, the time to finalize orders from the original quotes has been increasing. This is likely the result of projects being delayed. In addition, the comparison with the second quarter of 2012 was difficult due to a $22 million project received in that quarter. Ending backlog totaled $213.7 million, an increase of 8% year over year.
Flow Technologies segment revenues increased 6% to $74.6 million for the second quarter of 2013.
Flow Technologies adjusted operating margin for the second quarter of 2013 increased 200 basis points to 14.8%.
Incoming orders for the Flow Technologies segment were $66.0 million for the second quarter of 2013, a decrease of 6% year over year. Ending backlog totaled $67.9 million, a decrease of 9% compared with the same period last year.
Aerospace segment revenues increased 6% to $38.2 million for the second quarter.
Aerospace segment adjusted operating margin for the second quarter of 2013 decreased slightly to 8.6% from 8.8% in the second quarter of 2012. Segment margins were up 510 basis points sequentially as the benefits of the restructuring program started to impact the business.
Incoming orders for the second quarter of 2013 were $26.9 million, a decrease of 6% year over year. Ending backlog totaled $151.9 million, an increase of 1% year over year.
CIRCOR International will hold a conference call to review its financial results today, August 1, 2013, at 10:00 a.m. ET. Those who wish to listen to the conference call and view the accompanying presentation slides should visit " Webcasts & Presentations" in the " Investors" portion of the CIRCOR website. The call also can be accessed by dialing (877) 407-5790 or (201) 689-8328. The webcast will be archived for one year on the Company's website.
Adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per diluted share, adjusted operating margin, and free cash flow are non-GAAP financial measures and are intended to serve as a complement to results provided in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Free cash flow is defined as net cash from operating activities less capital expenditures. CIRCOR believes that such information provides an additional measurement and consistent historical comparison of the Company's performance. A reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures is available in this news release.
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements because they involve unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond the control of CIRCOR. Any statements in this press release that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, those relating to CIRCOR's future performance, including third-quarter revenue and earnings guidance and estimated total annualized pre-tax savings from restructuring actions. Actual events, performance or results could differ materially from the anticipated events, performance or results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. BEFORE MAKING ANY INVESTMENT DECISIONS REGARDING OUR COMPANY, WE STRONGLY ADVISE YOU TO READ THE SECTION ENTITLED "RISK FACTORS" IN OUR MOST RECENT ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K AND SUBSEQUENT REPORTS ON FORMS 10-Q, WHICH CAN BE ACCESSED UNDER THE "INVESTORS" LINK OF OUR WEBSITE AT WWW.CIRCOR.COM. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
* Adjusted Operating Income & Margin exclude inventory restructuring, impairment and special charges.


AACC International is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the knowledge and understanding of cereal grain science through research leadership, education, superior technical service, and advocacy.
Congratulations to Marta S. Izydorczyk, elected as president-elect, and Larisa Cato, elected as director. These members will join the AACCI Board of Directors after Cereals & Grains 19. Read more about the new members online.
A timely and valuable review that summarizes the processing technologies, quality improvement techniques, and health benefits of whole wheat noodles, which have high nutritional values and desirable eating qualities.
Girish M. Ganjyal is a faculty member in the School of Food Science (SFS) at Washington State University (WSU). Read about his contributions to the field of global food safety and to AACCI — Cereals & Grains Association since he was a student.


Jackknife accidents are a particularly dangerous form of truck accidents. Jackknifing occurs when the cab and trailer of a commercial truck begin to move in opposite directions, creating a sort of L shape. When this happens, the trailer can swing out onto the roadway, leaving no way for other drivers near the truck to avoid an accident. If you have been injured in a jackknife accident in Knoxville or the surrounding area, the Knoxville truck accident attorneys at Nahon, Saharovich & Trotz can help you seek recovery against the responsible parties. We are the largest plaintiff's personal injury law firm based in Tennessee, and our firm has over 25 years of experience assisting injured victims in obtaining compensation for their losses. Overall, we have recovered more than $1 billion in compensation for injured clients and their loved ones.
As in other truck accident cases, victims injured in jackknife truck accidents usually must prove that the truck driver was negligent in causing their injuries. Jackknifing typically occurs due to a loss of traction, so finding out why the loss of traction occurred can be a crucial piece of the puzzle when pursuing a negligence claim against the truck driver. For example, the truck driver may have had to brake suddenly because they were distracted by a cell phone, the radio, or a conversation with a passenger. The truck driver could also have been traveling in poor conditions at a high rate of speed, causing the truck to hydroplane. Police reports, witness statements, cell phone records, driving logs, and more can be used to establish exactly how and why an accident happened. If you seek out the assistance of a skilled truck accident attorney in Knoxville, you will have someone on your side that can put the pieces together for you and help you build a strong case against the truck driver and trucking company.
Sometimes, the company that employs the truck driver can also be held liable for your injuries. One of the most common ways to hold a trucking company liable is through vicarious liability. Under Tennessee law, vicarious liability holds employers responsible for the actions of their employees that are within the course and scope of employment. For example, a trucking company can be held liable for injuries caused by a distracted truck driver if the driver was on the way to make a delivery for the company on an approved route.
There are also other ways to hold a trucking company liable for your injuries, including negligent hiring, negligent training, and negligent supervision. In order to know what claims may be available in your case, it is best to consult with an experienced truck accident attorney early on. Tennessee has a strict statute of limitation for truck accident and other personal injury claims. If the victim does not file a lawsuit in the appropriate jurisdiction within one year from the date of the accident, the right to recover may be lost forever.
At Nahon, Saharovich & Trotz, we are dedicated to protecting the rights of accident victims, especially those injured by large corporations who disregard safety standards to place profits over people. If you have a jackknife accident case that you would like to discuss, contact our Knoxville lawyers today for a free consultation with a trucking crash attorney. You can reach us over the phone at 800-LAW-4004 or by using the online form on our website. We serve the interests of accident victims throughout Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, and Kentucky, including in Knoxville, Chattanooga, Nashville, Memphis, Little Rock, Jonesboro, Caruthersville, Hayti, Tupelo, Starkville, Oxford, Jackson, Meridian, Grenada, and Columbus. NST is the way to go.


"O Jerusalem, Jerusalem. You who murder your prophets, and abuse those whom God has sent as messengers to you. How often I have longed to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her young under her wings. But you would not let me.
"And some of us who have already begun to break the silence of the night have found that the calling to speak is often a vocation of agony, but we must speak. We must speak with all the humility that is appropriate to our limited vision, but we must speak."
"It is a dark day in our nation when high-level authorities will seek to use every method to silence dissent. But something is happening, and people are not going to be silenced."
"Take a stand for that which is right, and the world may misunderstand you and criticize you, but you never go alone, for somewhere I read that 'One with God is a majority,' and God has a way of transforming a minority into a majority. Walk with him this morning and believe in him and do what is right and he'll be with you even until the consummation of the ages.
Yes, I've seen the lightning flash, I've heard the thunder roll, I've felt sin's breakers dashing trying to conquer my soul but I heard the voice of Jesus saying still to fight on, he promised never to leave me, never to leave me alone; no, never alone, no, never alone. He promised never to leave me, never to leave me alone.
And the world will look at you and they won't understand you, for your fiery furnace will be around you, but you'll go on anyhow.
But if not, I will not bow, and God grant that we will never bow, before the gods of evil."
If you want to say that I was a drum major, say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter. I won't have any money to leave behind. I won't have the fine and luxurious things of life to leave behind. But I just want to leave a committed life behind."
"We've got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesn't matter with me now, because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life — longevity has its place.
But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over, and I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land.
So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything, I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord."
The next day Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was murdered in Memphis, Tennessee, 4 April 1968, exactly one year to the day after his sermon, A Time To Break the Silence.
This was not a coincidence. This was a message.
And, some might observe, the sermons given at Riverside Church in April 1967 began his year long march towards the mountain top, and his murder in Memphis in April of the following year. He was a threat to the moneyed interests, the political establishment, and the captains of industry.
"He's afraid of what happened to Martin Luther King Jr. And I know from a good friend who was there when it happened, that at a small dinner with progressive supporters – after these progressive supporters were banging on Obama before the election, Why don't you do the things we thought you stood for? Obama turned sharply and said, 'Don't you remember what happened to Martin Luther King Jr.?' That's a quote, and that's a very revealing quote."


Lockheed Martin CEO Marillyn Hewson discusses the meeting with President Trump and participating in the regulatory reform group at the White House.
Defense contractor Lockheed Martin (NYSE:LMT) will invest more than $50 million at its Orlando, Fla., facility and create hundreds of new jobs.
Governor Rick Scott, R-Fla., announced on Wednesday that the investment would create 500 new positions for American workers, boasting an average salary of $87,064.
Overall, Lockheed said it plans to hire 1,800 new employees over the course of the next two years.
Earlier this month, Lockheed Martin was awarded a $148 million contract to manufacture its F-35 fighter jets, which are produced at the Orlando plant.
Lockheed's investment in its Florida plant comes at a time when businesses are making investment decisions based on recent changes to the U.S. tax code.
"Lockheed Martin's continued investment in Florida sends a strong message to aerospace and aviation business leaders that Florida is the most business-friendly state in the United States for aerospace and aviation companies," Peter Antonacci, the CEO of Enterprise Florida Inc., said in a statement.
As previously reported by FOX Business, experts believe that the elimination of state and local tax (SALT) deductions may cause businesses to flee higher-tax states such as New York, New Jersey and California.
As of 2017, Florida was listed as one of the top five most-business-friendly states in the U.S., with New York, New Jersey and California listed as the three least business-friendly.
Lockheed Martin employs 100,000 across the globe.


Have you ever given the most perfect gift? Do you remember the gratification that came with it? How proud you felt from doing something thoughtful for someone special to you.
Have you ever received the most perfect gift? Do you remember the details that made it personal and extraordinary? How cherished you felt that someone had taken the time to make you feel special.
so that any day, anywhere, can be Sunny.


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Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
Authored by Dr Mary Lowth, Reviewed by Dr Laurence Knott | Last edited 30 Nov 2016 | Certified by The Information Standard
This article is for Medical Professionals
Professional Reference articles are designed for health professionals to use. They are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. You may find one of our health articles more useful.
Emergence of viral haemorrhagic fevers
Viral haemorrhagic fever epidemics
This is a notifiable disease in the UK. See the Notifiable Diseases article for more detail.
Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are extremely rare in the UK. However, they can occur in returning travellers and should be in the differential diagnosis for cases of unexplained fever in a returning traveller from a relevant area. Not all VHFs are confined by vector to the tropics, as some are highly contagious. This means that the potential for outbreak is real if imported cases go undetected.
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VHF should be on the differential diagnosis of travellers with unexplained pyrexia returning from an affected area. It should rise very high on the list of differential diagnosis if there are features suggesting bleeding, hypovolaemia, increased vascular permeability, or organ failure. Suspected VHF is a medical and public health emergency and immediate advice should be sought from the local Communicable Disease Consultant on how to proceed[1].
VHFs are caused by five types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus:
Filoviruses: only two so far have been identified as causing human disease. These are the Ebola and Marburg viruses.
Arenaviruses: there are a number of arenaviruses, including Lassa fever, Argentine haemorrhagic fever (HF), Bolivian HF, Brazilian HF, Venezuelan HF and lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
Bunyaviruses: there are a great many bunyaviruses. They cause Korean HF (Hantavirus), Rift Valley fever (RVF) and Crimean-Congo HF (CCHF).
Flaviviruses: these cause yellow fever, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile virus, Omsk HF, Alkhurma disease and dengue fever.
Paramyxoviruses: these are a rare cause of VHF, as the most recognised human disease viruses in this group are measles and mumps. However, Hendra virus and Nipah virus have been described as causing VHFs.
Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever, Hantavirus, Zika virus, yellow fever and dengue fever have their own separate articles in which they are covered in detail.
Filoviridae
This group includes the Marburg and Ebola viruses. Most outbreaks originate from Africa. In the Congo and in Kenya, fruit bats are the natural host of Marburg virus, although non-human primates can also be infected[2]. The natural host of Ebola virus is unknown; however, it is thought most probably also to be bats. Both diseases are severe: mortality is significant and healthcare workers are often amongst the victims. Marburg and Ebola viruses are regarded as potential bioterrorism weapons, although it is difficult to envisage how they could be used without ultimately affecting combatants and civilians on both sides of a conflict.
Arenaviridae
These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases range in severity - the most common is Lassa fever. Others include Junin virus (JUNV), Lujo virus (LUJV) and Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV). The natural reservoir of Lassa fever is the multimammate rat. The virus is transmitted to humans by rodents and via mosquito and other bites, from primates, including people. It is highly contagious. Medical staff are at high risk of catching it from patients. Up to 300,000 infections and 5,000 deaths from Lassa fever are estimated to occur yearly, mostly in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea[3]. Lassa fever can be asymptomatic. It has been imported into Western Europe and the USA by travellers from Africa on commercial airlines[4].
Bunyaviridae
These viruses are all transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies) which are both the reservoir and the vector, with the exception of Hantavirus (whose reservoir is in rodents). They include Hantaviruses, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF). RVF is transmitted to humans and domesticated animals by mosquitoes and by the slaughter of infected livestock[5]. CCHF is carried by ticks and causes a fulminant disease that can also be transmitted by aerosol. Outbreaks of CCHF have occurred in Africa, Asia and Europe.
Hantaviruses exist throughout the world. Infection occurs after exposure of skin or mucous membranes to aerosolised urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents or after exposure to dust from their nests. Transmission may also occur through bites from infected animals. Human-to-human transmission is possible, but rare. Hantaviruses cause two main syndromes: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) which is found mainly in Europe, Africa and Asia, and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) which is found mainly in the Americas. HPS is a severe flu-like illness followed by acute pulmonary inflammation and oedema, with a mortality rate of about 40%. HFRS has a slower course and causes similar initial symptoms but progresses to hypotension, vascular leakage and acute kidney injury. The mortality of HFRS varies between pathogens and is 1-15%. A new Hantavirus, sin nombre virus, caused an outbreak of highly lethal HPS in the southwestern USA in 1993.
Several steep increases in Hantavirus infections in Southern Germany in 2010-2012, with nearly 1,000 cases in winter 2011/12, related to an increase in the population of the natural animal reservoir, the bank vole[6, 7].
There are over a hundred viruses in this group but yellow fever, Zika virus and dengue (formerly referred to as dengue fever) are the best known. The natural reservoirs are in non-human primates, and they are spread by the female Aedes mosquito. Since the launch of the Yellow Fever Initiative of mass vaccination in 2006, significant progress in combatting the disease has been made in West Africa[8].
Many VHFs are emerging diseases, many of which made the species leap relatively recently.
Ebola virus was first identified in human beings in 1976. Marburg virus was first recognised in Europe in 1967[9]. Lassa fever first appeared in Lassa in Nigeria in 1969, but genetic analysis suggests its presence as a pathogen in rats, at least, for a thousand years. Dengue fever made the cross-species leap from monkeys in the last 800 years, and yellow fever first appeared in humans in the mid seventeenth century. (The 1793 outbreak in Philadelphia, then the US capital, killed more than 9% of the population and drove the American government, including George Washington, to flee and create a new capital, Washington.)
More recently, dengue has been rapidly emerging as a global threat, with over half the world's population susceptible. Zika virus, first described in Africa and Asia in 1947, has recently spread across the Pacific to South America.
The reasons for disease emergence are multiple; however, the two main factors are expansion of the human population and globalisation of trade. Current issues such as the increasing movement of a variety of animal species, ecological disruption, mass migration and bioterrorism, continue to create the conditions for new diseases to emerge and spread. What we can learn from management of the VHFs may assist with these future challenges[9].
VHF epidemics may arise through several factors, including:
Change in the host susceptibility (eg, increased susceptible numbers).
Change in the pathogen (increased infectivity).
Introduction of a pathogen to a naive host population.
Optimised conditions for transmission.
Epidemics of yellow fever occur when infected people introduce the virus into populous areas with high mosquito density where the population has low immunity, due to lack of vaccination.
Analysis of the current Zika virus epidemic suggests that it arrived in Brazil from Polynesia in 2013 during the FIFA Confederation Cup, when the Tahitian team played in several Brazilian cities[10]. Zika virus usually has very mild symptoms, so it took almost a year for Brazil to confirm the first case. By then the outbreak was already widespread. Factors associated with the rapid spread of Zika virus in Brazil include the non-immune population, high population density, tropical climate and inadequate control of Aedes mosquitoes in the country.
The West African Ebola virus outbreak may have begun with a single individual exposed to insect-eating bats. World Health Organization (WHO) analysis of why this outbreak grew to epidemic proportions makes interesting reading to those concerned about containment of any epidemic VHF[11]:
Countries in equatorial Africa have experienced Ebola virus outbreaks for four decades, so clinicians suspect Ebola virus when a 'mysterious' disease occurs. Laboratory capacity is in place. Staff know where to send samples for rapid diagnosis. Health systems are prepared, some with isolation wards and staff trained in infection control. Governments treat a confirmed case as a national emergency. All previous outbreaks were controlled within three months.
West African countries had never experienced an Ebola virus outbreak and were ill-prepared for this unfamiliar and unexpected disease. Clinicians had never managed cases. No laboratory had ever diagnosed a patient specimen. No government had witnessed the upheaval of an outbreak. Populations did not understand it.
Ebola virus was thus an old disease in a new context that favoured rapid and initially invisible spread. As a result of these and other factors, the virus behaved differently in West Africa than in equatorial Africa.
Pathophysiology[12]
Although these are many different VHF viruses in many parts of the world, they have much in common in terms of pathology and clinical manifestations.
Incubation periods are typically in the range 2-21 days, a few slightly longer.
The initial stage of viraemia affects the vascular system, causing flushing, conjunctival injection and petechial haemorrhages, often with fever and myalgia.
Viraemia may be overwhelming if there is inadequate or delayed immune response.
The central pathological process which marks more severe disease is the development of increased vascular permeability.
Later, obvious mucous membrane haemorrhage and hypovolaemia may occur, with hypotension, shock and circulatory collapse.
Direct organ damage may be caused by the viruses themselves; multiorgan damage may also result from shock and hypovolaemia.
Different VHFs vary in their infectivity, virulence and tendency to affect specific sites such as liver, brain, kidney and lungs.
The presentation and severity vary with the virus, viral load and route of exposure. Some VHFs (eg, dengue, Zika virus) are more typically mild. Others, such as Ebola virus, are more often catastrophic. However, it is possible to generalise, as the VHFs share many common features.
Presentation is usually with a febrile illness and, at this stage, the range of differential diagnosis is wide.
There may be a history of foreign travel, or of recent contact with someone who has become unwell.
Remembered exposure to rodents, bats and insect bites may be significant, as may the consumption of unusual meat which might be bat or primate.
Flu-like symptoms are nonspecific and typically include:
Temperature.
Sore throat.
Headache.
Conjunctival injection.
Mild hypotension.
Marked exhaustion.
Myalgia with tender muscles - this can be very marked.
Abdominal pain.
Nausea/vomiting.
Physical signs may vary from minimal to gross, with many of them non-specific. They include:
High temperature.
Pharyngitis, conjunctival injection.
Oedema, not dependent.
Maculopapular, petechial or ecchymotic rash.
Hypotension or shock.
Haemorrhage in mucous membranes.
Jaundice - sometimes seen where there is hepatic involvement.
Oedema secondary to acute kidney injury
In advanced disease there may be altered mental state and circulatory collapse. This may be terminal.
More florid and potentially diagnostic symptoms occur after a few days, as result from altered vascular permeability with capillary leakage. This is generally a marker for severity and is a central pathological process via which VHFs exert their more serious effects. They include:
Coagulopathy: very marked with Ebola virus, Marburg virus, CCHF and the South American arenaviruses, with severe bleeding a consequence.
Haemorrhagic complications include hepatic damage, myocarditis, encephalitis, consumptive coagulopathy and primary marrow injury to megakaryocytes.
Multisystem organ failure often accompanies vascular involvement.
Infected organs may become necrotic.
Hepatic involvement can occur with Ebola virus, Marburg virus, RVF, CCHF and yellow fever.
Pulmonary oedema is a particular feature in Hantavirus infection.
Acute kidney injury with oliguria is common in Hantavirus infection and may be seen in other VHFs when hypotension occurs.
VHF should be suspected in febrile returning travellers if there are features suggesting bleeding, hypovolaemia, increased vascular permeability, or organ failure.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Salmonella spp. infection.
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Leptospirosis (Weil's disease).
Malaria (a much more common cause of febrile illness in returning travellers).
Typhoid fever.
Scrub typhus.
HIV seroconversion.
Infectious mononucleosis.
Coxsackievirus and other enteroviruses.
Rickettsial infections.
Measles.
Rubella.
Parvovirus B19.
Influenza.
Kawasaki disease.
Meningococcal septicaemia.
Encephalitic viruses - eg, West Nile virus.
Infected material is potentially dangerous and so investigations should be restricted to the necessary and specimens must carry warning labels, even if the diagnosis is only suspected. When the diagnosis has been made, it is a notifiable disease.
Tests for VHF
FBC shows leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, although this may not be so with Lassa fever.
LFTs show elevated transaminases (in Lassa fever this predicts a high mortality).
Coagulation screen: partial thromboplastin time (PTT), INR and clotting times are all prolonged.
There may be evidence of DIC. D-dimer may be markedly elevated and fibrinogen levels low.
Most patients have viraemia at presentation and specific antibody tests can be used identify the virus[13, 14].
Speed is important during outbreaks and high-throughput protocols for RNA extraction and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis have been used during outbreaks[15].
During the 2013-16 Ebola virus outbreak, testing relied on complex, multi-step real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assays performed in the field; however, improved assays were under investigation and are now available[16].
Virus-specific IgM may be assayed. For Hantavirus, virus-specific IgM is usually assayed, as the viraemia is brief. Typing of a specific Hantavirus infection (because of the difference in severity of symptoms of the various types) requires specialist assays[17].
A test assaying salivary and urine IgM and IgG levels in dengue has been investigated, with promising results[18].
Suspected VHF should be notified at once, and advice should be sought on precautions against potential further transmission. Family members and healthcare workers who have looked after the patient may be at risk. Doctors requesting advice on possible VHF cases should contact their local Communicable Disease Consultant in the first instance. If they agree that VHF is suspected they will contact the Imported Fever Service. Public Health England offers online advice for the procedure[19].
If the differential diagnosis includes VHF capable of transmission in the UK then infection control procedures will be initiated.
Patients with suspected contagious VHF require barrier nursing. Visitors should be restricted.
Management is supportive, focusing on blood volume management, clotting and care of major organs, including heart and lungs.
Lassa fever and HFRS due to Hantavirus respond to the antiviral ribavirin. Ribavirin might be suitable for other arenaviruses and bunyaviruses, including CCHF; however, treatment must be started early[20]. Ribavirin is also recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis.
Antivirals are of no value for Ebola virus or Marburg virus.
A sudden, large number of simultaneous cases would raise the suspicion of bioterrorism.
These include retinitis, orchitis, hepatitis, transverse myelitis and uveitis, together with psychological sequelae. In those who recover from Lassa fever, deafness is the most common complication. Miscarriage is also common. Renal insufficiency occurs in HFRS infection. Recovery from Ebola virus may be followed by relapse. Sequelae of Ebola virus can be severe, such as arthritis and vision-threatening uveitis. The mental health effects on survivors is profound. Ebola virus may also persist for weeks or months in selected body compartments of survivors, most notably in the semen of men, bringing risk of renewed transmission where it has previously been eliminated[21].
Fatality rates vary but VHFs are capable of high lethality - for example:
The fatality rate for dengue, overall, is less than 1%; however, this rises as high as 50% in untreated, severe disease[22].
The 2013 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa infected over 26,000 people, of whom around 40% died[23].
Lassa fever infection can be asymptomatic; however, about 20% develop severe disease which is commonly fatal, and there is evidence for increased virulence of the virus[24]. In 2016 the 'Lassa season' was longer and generated more cases than usual, with a case mortality above 50%. The high number of cases reported in Nigeria may be partly due to better detection but genetic sequencing showed a new lineage of the Lassa virus. The outbreaks may also be due to increasing urbanisation and to climatic conditions favouring the rat[25].
Case fatality rates in Marburg virus have been reported as 24-88%[26].
Yellow fever is often asymptomatic but in patients who go on to develop toxic disease, mortality is around 50%[27].
Zika virus is usually mild or asymptomatic. Its serious sequelae are those for the fetus of a pregnant patient, not for the patient themself[28].
The WHO has stated that the best way to prepare for an epidemic is to strengthen vaccination campaigns, to have an effective disease surveillance system, to be able to dispatch emergency workers and stockpiled vaccines quickly and to have a legitimate way to guarantee the safety and health of health workers themselves (this latter was one of the early barriers to effective containment of the West African Ebola virus epidemic)[29].
Control programmes for rodents and mosquitoes are required in endemic areas[30].
Aedes mosquitos, which act as vectors for yellow fever, Zika virus, dengue and chikungunya fever, are day feeders so that night-time mosquito nets offer insufficient protection.
System preparation
This needs adequate training of healthcare workers in diagnostics, intensive care of patients under isolation, contact tracing, adequate precautionary measures in handling infectious laboratory specimens, control of the vector and care and disposal of infectious waste[31].
The only current UK-licensed vaccine against a VHF is that against yellow fever; however, work continues in this area. Vaccination programmes for yellow fever vaccine have been extremely effective. It has been incorporated into childhood vaccination programmes in Africa and endemic areas of South America. Certification of current vaccination is required when entering many countries which host Aedes mosquitoes, particularly if entering from a country in which yellow fever is endemic[32].
Tetravalent, live-attenuated, dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia(®)) is approved in several countries for the prevention of dengue caused by virus serotypes 1-4. It requires three doses administered over the course of one year - in trials it reduced the chances of developing the disease by about 60% during the one-year follow-up. It is only approved for use in people aged 9-45 years who live in dengue-endemic areas - it seems to be least effective in children aged under 6 years. Long-term immunity is not yet demonstrated and there are concerns that later infections might have a greater chance of leading to severe dengue. The WHO has recommended that countries with high dengue endemicity consider introducing the vaccine as part of an integrated disease prevention strategy. Two other dengue vaccines are entering phase III testing. One is promising as a travel vaccine, as a single dose fully protected susceptible adults[33, 34].
Ebola virus vaccination became a priority during the recent outbreak and advances were made, with a number of different possible vaccines being evaluated[35].
A vaccine against CCHF looked promising in mouse trials; however, it failed to confer the necessary immunity[36].
Computer models using variables such as rainfall and temperature have been used to predict likely risk areas for Lassa fever in West Africa[37].
Syndromic surveillance (the surveillance of a population using symptom groups) has been used by the military to detect possible biological warfare activity and was used to detect an early outbreak of dengue fever in French Guyana in 2006[38].
The ability to make rapid diagnosis depends on investment in laboratory services and disease surveillance[39].
Case containment
Rapid detection and isolation of confirmed cases reduces the risk of outbreak and epidemic. If there is no virus circulating in the local population then levels in the local arthropod vectors will also reduce.
Ebola virus first was described in 1976 after outbreaks of illness were reported along the Ebola River in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Sudan. In 1995, an outbreak in Kikwit, Zaire, led to 317 confirmed cases, with an 81% mortality rate. Two thirds of the cases were health workers caring for infected people. The 2013-2016 outbreak in West Africa was, by a long way, the largest to date.
Marburg virus was named after the German town where it first was reported in 1967 but it is traced to central Africa. It has been endemic since 1998 in Durba, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Yellow fever and dengue fever have had devastating effects on historical military campaigns. It is thought that yellow fever was brought to America by slaves. The control of mosquitoes to control yellow fever was an essential component of the project that made it possible to dig the Panama Canal.
Korean haemorrhagic fever was first noticed in the Korean War in 1951 when around 3,000 soldiers developed a disease characterised by fever and renal failure, with a fatality rate of 10%. It took until 1976 to identify the virus[40].
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Further reading and references
Viral haemorrhagic fevers: epidemiology, characteristics, diagnosis and management; Public Health England, 2016
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Guidelines for action in the event of a deliberate release - Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers (2008); Health Protection Agency (archived content)
Viral haemorrhagic fevers risk assessment algorithm (version 6: 18.09.2015); Public Health England
Management of Hazard Group 4 viral haemorrhagic fevers and similar human infectious diseases of high consequence: Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens; Department of Health, November 2015
Ebola infection prevention and control guidance for emergency departments; Public Health England, November 2014
Swanepoel R, Smit SB, Rollin PE, et al; Studies of reservoir hosts for Marburg virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Dec13(12):1847-51.
Khan SH, Goba A, Chu M, et al; New opportunities for field research on the pathogenesis and treatment of Lassa fever. Antiviral Res. 2007 Dec 17.
Geisbert TW, Jones S, Fritz EA, et al; Development of a new vaccine for the prevention of Lassa fever. PLoS Med. 2005 Jun2(6):e183. Epub 2005 Jun 28.
Rift Valley Fever; Weekly Epidemiological Record No. 2 2008, 83, 17–24, World Health Organization
Faber M, Ulrich R, Frank C, et al; Steep rise in notified hantavirus infections in Germany, April 2010. Euro Surveill. 2010 May 2015(20). pii: 19574.
Boone I, Wagner-Wiening C, Reil D, et al; Rise in the number of notified human hantavirus infections since October 2011 in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Euro Surveill. 2012 May 2417(21). pii: 20180.
Calzolari M, Ze-Ze L, Vazquez A, et al; Insect-specific flaviviruses, a worldwide widespread group of viruses only detected in insects. Infect Genet Evol. 2016 Jun40:381-8. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.032. Epub 2015 Jul 31.
Brown C; Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health significance--an overview. Rev Sci Tech. 2004 Aug23(2):435-42.
Faria NR, Azevedo Rdo S, Kraemer MU, et al; Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic findings. Science. 2016 Apr 15352(6283):345-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf5036. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
Factors that contributed to undetected spread of the Ebola virus and impeded rapid containment; World Health Organization, January 2015
Mackow ER, Gavrilovskaya IN; Hantavirus regulation of endothelial cell functions. Thromb Haemost. 2009 Dec102(6):1030-41.
Towner JS, Rollin PE, Bausch DG, et al; Rapid diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by reverse transcription-PCR in an outbreak setting and assessment of patient viral load as a predictor of outcome. J Virol. 2004 Apr78(8):4330-41.
Emmerich P, Thome-Bolduan C, Drosten C, et al; Reverse ELISA for IgG and IgM antibodies to detect Lassa virus infections in Africa. J Clin Virol. 2006 Dec37(4):277-81. Epub 2006 Sep 25.
Towner JS, Sealy TK, Ksiazek TG, et al; High-throughput molecular detection of hemorrhagic fever virus threats with applications for outbreak settings. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15196 Suppl 2:S205-12.
Semper AE, Broadhurst MJ, Richards J, et al; Performance of the GeneXpert Ebola Assay for Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease in Sierra Leone: A Field Evaluation Study. PLoS Med. 2016 Mar 2913(3):e1001980. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001980. eCollection 2016 Mar.
Vapalahti O, Mustonen J, Lundkvist A, et al; Hantavirus infections in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Oct3(10):653-61.
Andries AC, Duong V, Ly S, et al; Value of Routine Dengue Diagnostic Tests in Urine and Saliva Specimens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Sep 259(9):e0004100. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004100. eCollection 2015 Sep.
Microbiology Services VHF Sample Testing Advice; Public Health England, March 2016
Ergonul O; Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Apr6(4):203-14.
Vetter P et al; Sequelae of Ebola virus disease: the emergency within the emergency. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 16, Issue 6, e82-e91
Dengue and severe dengue; World Health Organization, July 2016
Ebola Virus Disease Situation Report; World Health Organization, 10 June 2016
Lassa fever; World Health Organization, Updated March 2016
Epidemic Focus. The year of the rat? An unusual year for Lassa fever; World Health Organization, 2016
Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever; World Health Organization, November 2012
Yellow fever; World Health Organization, May 2016
Zika virus; World Health Organization, September 2016
Second meeting of the Emergency Committee under the International Health Regulations (2005) concerning yellow fever; World Health Organization (Statement), 31 August 2016
Bonner PC, Schmidt WP, Belmain SR, et al; Poor housing quality increases risk of rodent infestation and Lassa fever in refugee camps of Sierra Leone. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Jul77(1):169-75.
Ogbu O, Ajuluchukwu E, Uneke CJ; Lassa fever in West African sub-region: an overview. J Vector Borne Dis. 2007 Mar44(1):1-11.
Monath TP; Yellow fever as an endemic/epidemic disease and priorities for vaccination. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2006 Dec99(5):341-7.
Scott LJ; Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine: A Review in the Prevention of Dengue Disease. Drugs. 2016 Sep76(13):1301-12. doi: 10.1007/s40265-016-0626-8.
Halstead SB, Aguiar M; Dengue vaccines: Are they safe for travelers? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016 Jul-Aug14(4):378-83. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.06.005. Epub 2016 Jun 22.
Sridhar S; Clinical development of Ebola vaccines. Ther Adv Vaccines. 2015 Sep3(5-6):125-38. doi: 10.1177/2051013615611017.
Dowall SD, Buttigieg KR, Findlay-Wilson SJ, et al; A Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) viral vaccine expressing nucleoprotein is immunogenic but fails to confer protection against lethal disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 201612(2):519-27. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1078045.
Fichet-Calvet E, Rogers DJ; Risk maps of Lassa fever in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 20093(3):e388. Epub 2009 Mar 3.
Meynard JB, Chaudet H, Texier G, et al; Value of syndromic surveillance within the Armed Forces for early warning during a dengue fever outbreak in French Guiana in 2006. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2008 Jul 28:29.
Shears P; Emerging and reemerging infections in africa: the need for improved laboratory services and disease surveillance. Microbes Infect. 2000 Apr2(5):489-95.
Klein SL, Calisher CH; Emergence and persistence of hantaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2007315:217-52.
Lassa Fever, Marburg and Ebola Virus
Yellow Fever and Yellow Fever Vaccination
TINY THREADLIKE LIVE WORMS SHARP EDGES. First thought was horrible acne. I would try and squeeze out the acne but that seemed to disrupt the area more and it would become huge and inflamed. I found...
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Last Reviewed 30 November 2016
Next Review 29 November 2021
Document ID 2921 (v26)
Author Dr Mary Lowth
Peer reviewer Dr Laurence Knott
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text:
Boo Williams signs three-year contract
The New Orleans Saints and tight end Boo Williams have agreed to a three-year contract, the team announced Thursday.
Williams would have been a restricted free agent if the contract would not have been signed.
In 2003 Williams ended with a career-high 41 receptions for 436 yards and five touchdowns.
Williams started the final six games of the 2003 season and led the team in catches with 29 for 347 yards and four touchdowns.
Tags: boowilliams


Worship is our initial approach to God. Worship is the adoration of what God is—it is lifting Him up.
Confession is the second step in our approach to God. Confession reminds us of what we are—sinners.
D. We should confess what we have done.
At this time, we praise God and thank Him for what He has done. Note: Worship is adoring what He is; now, we look at what He does. It is a good idea to thank Him for what He has already done before we go to Him to ask for more.
Praise Him for the things that are expressions of His goodness to men.
Praise Him for the spiritual things He has provided for us.
days gone by, who were a blessing to you.
Songs to help with praise and thanksgiving.
Praise Him for the people He has brought into your life that are nearest to you.
Praise Him for the physical things He provides for us.
Praise Him that He hears our prayers.
Praise Him that He came to earth for us.
Praise Him that we have a life on earth.
enjoy. It is wise that we pray for the needs of others first.
Let's do this last. Most Christians are so stingy that this is the only type of prayer they do.
Ask for the power of God for yourself to reach others – Acts 1:8.
Ask for the love of God for yourself to give to others – Psalm 116:1.
Ask for the wisdom of God for yourself so you can meet the needs of others – Proverbs 4:7.
Ask for physical strength and health for yourself so you can serve others – Psalm 68:35.
Ask for things from God so you can give to others – Luke 6:38.
Ask for good manners for yourself so you treat others properly – Ephesians 4:32.
Ask for opportunity for yourself to serve others.
Ask the Holy Spirit to tell the Father what you need – Romans 8:26-27.
Ask the Father to give you what He thinks is best.


de International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF's own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF.
Mais de International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
por International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.


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text:
Q: Pass variable contents to class function in Python I'm trying to pass the contents of a variable to a function within a class that's run as a thread. How would I do this? Following is some pseudo code that should have the output following. The variable in question is p_number.
Pseudo
class sessioning(Thread):
    def run(self, p_number):
        print p_number

p_number = 50885
for i in xrange(30):
    sessioning().start(p_number)
    p_number+=1

Wanted Output
50885
50886
50887
50888
50889
50890
50891
50892
50893
50894
50895
... Numbers in-between
50914
50915

Please note that this code is just an example, and I'm not actually performing overkill. This is a general question, but my specific application is to have it listen on ports within that range.

A: Pass it via constructor.
class Sessioning(Thread):
    def __init__(self, p_number):
         Thread.__init__(self)
         self._pn = p_number

    def run(self):
        print(self._pn)

p_number = 50885
for i in xrange(30):
    Sessioning(p_number).start()
    p_number += 1

A: The Thread class has already implemented an easy way for you to invoke a function with arguments.
Here's a simple example:
def say_hi(name):
    print "hello", name

Now you can use the Thread constructor to pass in the argument either by position or by name:
from threading import Thread
a = Thread(target=say_hi, args=("byposition",))
a.run()
b = Thread(target=say_hi, kwargs={"name": "byname"})
b.run()

This should correctly ouput:
hello byposition
hello byname

Référence
Ps: as a side note, since you are using multithreading, you cannot assume that the output will come in order like you showed in the example.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: calling parseInt on string in node js returns NaN I'm passing in a Buffer from the client-side using the binaryjs module in node js. This buffer contains a pipe delimited string that I eventually parse on the server.
On the client side I convert a String to a Uint8Array. My String looks something like this:
var stringToConvert = 'A_1_22|B_2_33|C_3_44';

When this Uint8Array is passed to my server, it's received as a Buffer. I first chunk together the Buffer into an array:
var parts = [];
// ...
// as data is received:
parts.push(data);

When I have all the data streamed, I convert this array to a String and split by "|":
var arrayString = parts.toString().split("|");

This gets me the desired array output:
arrayString = ['A_1_22', 'B_2_33', 'C_3_33'];

I then iterate over this arrayString and split again by "_".
for(var i = 0; i < arrayString.length; i++)
{
    var thisArray = arrayString[i].split("_");
    // ...

The problem occurs when I try to iterate over thisArray to convert the second and third values to ints:
var intVal1 = parseInt(thisArray[1]); // returns NaN
var intVal2 = parseInt(thisArray[2]); // returns NaN
console.log(typeof thisArray[1]); // returns string

Running the identical code on the client side properly converts the strings to ints. Not sure what I'm missing here?


Taken from the ticket booth at the Ski Hill. It looks west displaying a view of the ski runs served by the big rope tow.
This image is taken from the shop at the Icicle River Trail. It looks up the Icicle valley to the west and is updated every 5 minutes. In the winter months, the snow survey marker you see in the foreground is the 24 hour accumulation measurement. It is reset each morning when they begin grooming.
Road conditions looking toward the west.
Mission Ridge boasts the largest snow-making system in Washington State. Mission Ridge (509) 663-6543.


text:
namespace lldb_private {
class SoftwareBreakpoint : public NativeBreakpoint {
  friend class NativeBreakpointList;

public:
  static Status CreateSoftwareBreakpoint(NativeProcessProtocol &process,
                                         lldb::addr_t addr, size_t size_hint,
                                         NativeBreakpointSP &breakpoint_spn);

  SoftwareBreakpoint(NativeProcessProtocol &process, lldb::addr_t addr,
                     const uint8_t *saved_opcodes, const uint8_t *trap_opcodes,
                     size_t opcode_size);

protected:
  Status DoEnable() override;

  Status DoDisable() override;

  bool IsSoftwareBreakpoint() const override;

private:
  /// Max number of bytes that a software trap opcode sequence can occupy.
  static const size_t MAX_TRAP_OPCODE_SIZE = 8;

  NativeProcessProtocol &m_process;
  uint8_t m_saved_opcodes[MAX_TRAP_OPCODE_SIZE];
  uint8_t m_trap_opcodes[MAX_TRAP_OPCODE_SIZE];
  const size_t m_opcode_size;

  static Status EnableSoftwareBreakpoint(NativeProcessProtocol &process,
                                         lldb::addr_t addr,
                                         size_t bp_opcode_size,
                                         const uint8_t *bp_opcode_bytes,
                                         uint8_t *saved_opcode_bytes);
};
}

#endif // #ifndef liblldb_SoftwareBreakpoint_h_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Celtic's Stuart Armstong rues a missed chance.
CELTIC WERE FORTUNATE to escape their Champions League third qualifying round first-leg clash with Rosenborg with a 0-0 draw as Brendan Rodgers' side produced an unconvincing performance at Parkhead.
The Scottish champions easily dispatched Linfield in the previous round, winning 6-0 on aggregate, but head to the return leg in Norway with this tie still in the balance.
But it could have been much worse for Celtic, who only sporadically threatened and were grateful to Craig Gordon for keeping Dundalk's victors Rosenborg at bay.
Yann-Erik de Lanlay spurned the best opportunity of the match, and the visitors may be left to rue his profligacy as they leave Glasgow without the away goal their performance arguably deserved.
A first half low on quality saw Rosenborg's Anders Konradsen come closest, the midfielder brilliantly denied by Gordon after he had dispossessed Scott Brown.
Rosenborg took control of the game after the restart and Gordon was called into action again to acrobatically tip over Vegar Hedenstad's free-kick. De Lanlay then inexplicably spooned over the bar from close range after neat build-up play from the visitors, and that escape seemed to spark Celtic into life.
James Forrest drove narrowly wide of the left-hand post in the 71st minute, and six minutes later Stuart Armstrong had Celtic's first shot on target as he stung the palms of Andre Hansen in the Rosenborg goal.
Despite some late pressure, the Rosenborg defence was rarely tested, and they would have snatched a late winner had Matthias Vilhjalmsson's injury-time effort not been kept out by the feet of Gordon.
Email "Celtic lucky to escape first leg against Dundalk's victors with a draw".
Feedback on "Celtic lucky to escape first leg against Dundalk's victors with a draw".


Just under 16,000 SF of dock-height concrete-block warehouse around the corner from Depot Park and minutes to UF Health and the VA medical center. Convenient access to I-75 via Williston Road. Also available for lease. Property is fenced, including the parking area. Contact listing agent for details!


You might be thinking that to start a business will require countless hours of work and years of dedication. Well, the reality is that most businesses do require lots of effort. But there are a lot of other form of businesses that you can start on the side or part-time, and get up and running in a number of days.
Most of the business ideas require a small funding; lots of them require little if any expertise; and many of them you can operate from your home.
Unfortunately, so many of them never start a business because they put up barricades in their own mind. One of those barricades is that they think "starting a business" is a difficult task that will take them months and months, if not years, of planning and preparation.
In reality, the paperwork of starting a business is almost trivial in comparison to everything else you'll need to do to begin and run a business. But before you embark on filing anything, MAKE ONE SALE.
Before you go down the route of "starting" a side business, make a sale. Just one.
If you wanted to start an advertising service, would you start by incorporating your business, getting insurance, paying for marketing, or opening a bank account?
No, that's senseless. You would find a printing agency and contact businesses who can pay you for advertising.
That's what you should be doing with whatever business you're considering. Make One Sale. You will learn a tremendous amount about your market by selling your product or service to one person. After you make one sale, sell it to a second.
After you've made the first dozen sales, you'll know whether you have a business on your hands, a nice hobby, or a dream that can't be realized. It's valuable to do this before you waste time and money doing the paperwork of forming a business.
3. Don't Waste your time on Business Plan (for now).
Do you need a business plan eventually? Yes, especially when it comes to courting and securing investors.
Do you need a business plan now? Probably not.
It depends. Incorporating is a must if there are any potential liabilities associated with your business because it shields you from your business, if set up properly. You are often not required to incorporate and can operate as a sole proprietor. As is the case with any type of legal advice, check with a professional and with the requirements of your state.
Once you do above steps, you're officially a business. Don't forget to file the necessary tax forms and get back to the important part of business, getting more of it.


If your aquarium is going to be only lightly or moderately planted, I recommend sand only in the area around the plant roots and use #3 size gravel (or larger) elsewhere. ... Remember, it is your purchases (both small & large) at our primary sponsor, AAP, that keeps these world class information articles free.
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Rocks used as mulch tend to retain heat, which can reflect back onto the plants, causing them to dry out. Types of Decorative Stone Choose from brick chips, crushed gravel, lava rock, river rock and marble to create pathways, mulch for garden beds, driveways and more.
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Prospect Construction ~ Gravel Crushing Plant Package. Gravel pit is owned by someone else and new owner may assume lease on gravel pit and my permits can be transferred to new owner at the cost of a small bond. Present owner of plant is willing to assist in financing &operations of gravel pit to a responsible purchaser.
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Jun 06, 2018· How to Make a Gravel Garden. Co-authored by Lauren Kurtz. ... When you reach a plant, use the rake to go around the plant and even the gravel without damaging the leaves or pulling it from the ground. 3. Water around the plants twice a week with a gentle stream until they are established.
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small crushing gravel plant - perkinspreschool.com. Sep 23, 2017· gravel size jaw crusher XINHAI. A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust.
Find great deals on eBay for plant gravel. Shop with confidence. Skip to main content. eBay Logo: Shop by category. ... Gravel and Plant - Small. Brand New · Unbranded. 1.5 out of 5 stars. 2 product ratings - Lee's Betta Keeper with Lid, Gravel and Plant - Small. $13.28. Buy It Now. Free Shipping.


There are a few reasons why you should trust on honda 125cc new model 2019 in Pakistan. Right off the bat, it is the brand of Atlas Honda and honda 125cc is on a wide range of streets. It never lets you down with regards to economy and comfort. It is likewise a symbol of energy, style, and flawlessness. Moreover, the quantity of Honda bikes is more noteworthy than the quantity of different bikes of other companies. At the point when huge chunk of individuals are trusting on the Honda 125 2019, it additionally gains your trust. Furthermore, it has a high resale value. This is based on the fact that there is an incredible interest of people for used Honda bikes. It additionally shows that the Honda 125 bike is solid and reliable.
Atlas Honda first began its activities in 1962. By and by, it is one of the best organizations of the nation. The Honda 125 is a bike made by Honda Motors Japan and the Atlas Group Pakistan. As a result, the Honda 125 is genuinely a masterpiece. Also, the firm is the prime creators of best quality bikes and extra parts.
Honda is known for making a total of 1.3 million bikes in a year. It has 2 plants in the nation. In the first place plant is in Sheikhpura which makes around 1.2 million bikes in a year. Second is in Karachi which makes around 150,000 bikes in a year. The honda 125cc is well known for its huge fan base and client dependability. Honda's image esteem is 10 times more than other bike organizations. Honda gladly and broadly exports its bikes and extra parts to all the Asian nations.
Hohonda 125cc 125 2019 price in Pakistan is PKR.106000. This may appear to be unacceptable and high. However, the bike does offer a lot than its cost totally delivering value for money. Also, the amazing finishing, strong build, high resale value, and incredible speed covers the high cost of this bike.
There is not even a single bike fanatic who does not think about Honda and its stunning bikes. They are really the best bike creators in the history. Most importantly, Honda is exceptionally very much aware of the way that each of its bikes are of fine quality. Honda not just gives the best quality in its items yet additionally and extraordinary after deals as well. Moreover, it likewise gives awesome customer service and support no matter where you are. honda 125cc bikes have the best engines. The Honda 125 has an effective 4 stroke motor which has OHV tech. Moreover, it has Euro 2 tech also which makes it exceptionally fuel financial. The displacement of the Honda CG 125 is 125cc. Subsequently, it is far more grounded and speedier than a large portion of Honda motorcycles in the market. The vigorous motor makes the Honda CG 125 give a power full drive on the streets.
Indeed, this is one of the finest bikes coming from Honda. The price may be the only drawback but since its Honda, it is acceptable. Since Honda itself is a brand of durability and quality.


text:
PSG offer for Buffon confirmed
After announcing his departure from Juventus after 17 years, Gianluigi Buffon has yet to decide his future.
Gianluca Di Marzio reports that at the moment, Buffon's intention is to continue playing.
Currently, the most attractive and stimulating offer for the 40-year-old is a two-year contract from French side Paris Saint-Germain.
While Di Marzio reports that other top European clubs are also interested, he did not confirm reports of Liverpool and Athletico Madrid's interest in the Juventus legend.
Buffon could be very tempted by the Parisian club's offer and is likely to decide his future sometime next week after reflecting.
Chelsea's fading Maurizio Sarri dream – how would he transform the Blues?
Parma return to Serie A