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4 years on, climate of fear and impunity blocks justice for Duterte's drug war victims
Jun 27, 2020 10:45 AM PHT
Jodesz Gavilan
The Commission on Human Rights has investigated 3,101 cases of extrajudicial killings – 1,803 in police operations and 1,298 killed by unidentified assailants. It has referred 96 cases to government bodies, with 7 more on the way.
Despite previous assurances of cooperation, the Philippine National Police still rejects any request for documents from the CHR.
Families refuse to file complaints while witnesses refuse to come forward fearing reprisal from perpetrators. Some say they will just file a case after the Duterte administration.
The possible International Criminal Court case against President Rodrigo Duterte looms over his head with two years left in his presidency.
June 30, 2020 signals not just President Rodrigo Duterte's 4th year in power, but also another year without justice for the thousands killed in his anti-illegal drugs campaign.
It will be exactly 1,003 days since Nanette Castillo's son, Aldrin, was mercilessly killed in Tondo, Manila. Since October 2, 2017, Nanette has desperately tried to fill in the void left when unidentified gunmen asked Aldrin to kneel before shooting him twice in the head and twice in the torso.
More than two years may have passed but the details remain vivid as ever for Nanette. She remembers her daughter's frantic voice on the other line, the one-hour commute to the scene of the crime, and seeing her son's lifeless and bloodied body slumped on the road.
The pain and grief will never go away, Nanette said, but they are fueling her quest for justice. She has since joined protest movements, engaged with other grieving mothers and widows, and has openly talked in public against the violent drug war.
"Nagpahayag na agad ako ng matinding galit at paghingi ng hustisya," she said. "Ang motivation ko, hindi katanggap-tanggap na ginawa nila sa anak ko."
(I voiced out my anger and call for justice almost immediately. I am motivated by the unacceptable deed they did to my son.)
JUSTICE. Nanette Castillo remembers her son Aldrin.
Photo courtesy of Castillo
Nanette told Rappler that fear will always be there. Her family fears for her life. Distant relatives, all supporters of the administration, already told her to stop because it will not lead to anything. Even other families of victims, whom she'd talked to, are afraid.
"Mahal na mahal ko ang anak ko at hindi ako papayag na ganyan na nga nangyari sa kanya tapos makakalimutan pa ng mga tao, na walang hustisya para sa kamatayan niya," she said. "Palagi siyang nasa puso at isip ko kaya alam ko na gusto niyang ilaban ko siya."
(I love my son so much and given what has happened, I will not allow him to be forgotten by people and to have no justice for his death. He's always in my heart and mind, I know that he wants me to fight for him.)
Police non-cooperation
On the legal side, there has been not much progress for Aldrin's case. His death remains to be one of the thousands that are yet to be solved, if the investigation was even started in the first place.
According to Nanette, the only document she has is the spot report.
"Nilakad ko iyong police report, hindi sila willing ibigay kahit ano," she said. "Marami silang dahilan, sinasabihan ako pumunta na lang sa madaling-araw kasi ganyang oras naka-duty ang investigator ko, sinong magiging panatag ang loob na pumunta doon nang ganoong oras?"
(I tried to get the police report, they weren't willing to give anything. They gave many reasons and they told me to just go past midnight because that's when the investigator is on duty. Who will be comfortable going to a police station at that time?)
Nanette's experience with police officers is similar to thousands of others. Uncooperative police officers are usually the first hurdle that families face in trying to get justice for their loved ones.
Even the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), mandated by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to investigate state abuses, faces a blank wall when it comes to dealing with the PNP.
The promised opening of police reports, or even at least spot reports, never materialized despite numerous letters of request.
"Lackluster ang cooperation nila sa amin (Their cooperation with us is lackluster)," CHR Investigation Office Director Jasmin Regino told Rappler. "They have a number of ways to decline our requests."
The lack of information-sharing and access to important documents proved to be a challenge. It's like "looking for a needle in a haystack," Regino said, since they start with nothing. They get a tip, but they will not be able to probe further.
CHR's special investigators sometimes have to employ their own techniques in probing. In some cases, they resort to just taking photos of documents they need after negotiating with the police.
STOP ABUSES. The Commission on Human Rights faces challenges in doing its mandate against state abuses.
File photo by Darren Langit/Rappler
The Commission also partners with several civil society organizations, faith-based groups, and even barangay human rights action officers for documentation purposes.
"Kung ayaw man kami bigyan ng copies ng reports ng kapulisan, at least may makukuha kaming information from our partners on the ground," Regino said. "More or less, meron na kaming panghahawakan so we can deploy our special investigators."
(If the police don't give us reports, at least we can get information from partners on the ground. More or less, we have some information so we can deploy our special investigators.)
Non-cooperation of law enforcers, together with the Commission's lack of manpower resources, proved to be a challenge in pursuing justice for the victims of Duterte's war on drugs.
The violent campaign has claimed the lives of more than 6,000 people in police operations, while human rights groups estimate the number to reach at least 27,000, to include vigilante killings. (READ: The Impunity Series)
But CHR has investigated only 3,101 cases – 1,803 were killed in police operations while 1,298 were killed vigilante-style.
The Commission has so far referred 96 cases to other government bodies while 7 are set to be filed soon:
Courts – 11
Department of Justice's National Prosecution Service – 16 (with 7 to be filed soon)
Office of the Ombudsman – 17
PNP's Internal Affairs Service – 52
'Boils down to climate of fear'
CHR also has archived at least 500 cases already due to lack of evidence or other vital information that could move it forward.
But Regino said that archiving a case is not the end, it just means that it will be parked until more evidence come in, or a witness comes forward.
"Even victims' families, they refuse to cooperate with us because of the climate of fear kasi raw baka raw babalikan sila (since they fear reprisal)," she said. "Kahit kami tumutulong na, marami talaga ang takot at ayaw talaga magsalita (Even if we're helping them already, a lot are still scared and don't want to speak)."
Regino recalled families who reported being harassed by local authorities, or felt that they were being monitored when they reached out to CHR. This usually leads to them refusing to further cooperate with investigators, or withdraw the case altogether.
Still, despite the small number of families going forward, Regino said CHR continues to monitor and document everything that's happening. The prescription period for murder or homicide, after all, is 20 years, according to the Revised Penal Code.
"May mga pamilya kasi na because of the political landscape, ayaw nila mag-file for now," she said. "Kapag nag-iba na lang daw ang presidente because of the climate of fear, it really boils down to the climate of fear and reprisal."
(There are families who say they don't want to really file anything for now because of the political landscape. Maybe when there's a different president already because of the climate of fear. It really boils down to the climate of fear.)
The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in a report released on June 4, said that there is a "failure of domestic mechanisms to ensure accountability thus far." (DOCUMENT: U.N. Human Rights report on killings, abuses in PH)
An analysis by Rappler also found that the Duterte administration has allowed thousands of killings to go unsolved, mainly due to systematic gaps at the police and prosecutorial levels.
Lawyer Krissy Conti knows all too well how the climate of fear and impunity blocked justice for many victims. It has manifested in the judicial process, too.
"Natatakot ka kasi puwede ka balikan, natatakot ka kasi hindi mapaparusahan iyong gumawa ng masama sa kapamilya mo, natatakot ka kasi iyong 'justice' na makukuha mo would be incomplete at hindi naman talaga makukulong," she told Rappler.
(You're afraid that they will get back at you, you're afraid that the ones who wronged your next of kin will not be punished, you're afraid that the justice they will give is incomplete and won't even jail the perpetrators.)
"If you're going against government policy, then it's so sure that every stage of the prosecutor or the legal aspect, meron kang kalaban (you will have to face an enemy)," Conti added.
She said there is "a little bit of a glimmer of hope" in local courts. But it takes a long time.
For example, Conti pointed out a case she's handling that's taken close to 3 years already, in the same Caloocan court that convicted the killers of 17-year-old Kian delos Santos – the first conviction of abusive cops in Duterte's drug war.
"Ang napansin namin (we've noticed), if you put public pressure and the public eye on cases, judges will be more critical," she said.
JUSTICE. Families of victims of extraudicial killings call on international mechanisms against the drug war killings.
File photo by Micah Guiao/Rappler
Fighting Duterte together
As member of the NUPL, Conti has been at the forefront helping families of drug war victims explore the avenues where they can seek justice. (READ: Lawyers do dirty groundwork to fight Duterte's drug war)
She understands the fear of families, of lawyers, of those involved in the legal process. But she highlights also the courage of mothers, of widows, who come together to seek justice for their slain loved ones.
Since December 2016, Conti has been assisting the Rise Up for Life and Rights, a group composed of families left behind. She recalled that mothers and widows help each other determine what cases are ripe for filing or what still needs some further documentation.
"Every time a mother files a case, she is backed up by other mothers and other families," she said. "It's never going to be about one victim, one family, it's going to be about the community."
Rise Up for Life and Rights brought its quest for justice to the International Criminal Court (ICC), after Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda announced that her office is opening a preliminary investigation into the drug war killings.
In August 2018, the group submitted to Bensouda a 50-page complaint in which they "call for an end to madness and for President Duterte, who has likened himself to one of the most evil men in history, to be brought before the ICC and be held to account for crimes against humanity."
The families' quest for justice has now gone beyond their sons and husbands. They did not want what happened to their loved ones happen to others.
The international court's move has struck a chord. Duterte withdrew the Philippines' membership from the ICC, aside from publicly lambasting Bensouda. (READ: Duterte throws out decade-long fight for the International Criminal Court)
But the withdrawal will have no effect on ongoing proceedings at the ICC. According to Bensouda, her office aims to finalize the preliminary examination in 2020 so they "reach a decision on whether to seek authorization to open an investigation into the situation in the Philippines."
There is still no hint of what will happen. But for Conti, what sets the possible case with the ICC from international condemnation is that there's a "real threat of arrest for Duterte."
"Even if we say that the ICC has actually carried out only a few arrests, there is still a possibility that it could happen to Duterte," she said. "Liliit ang mundo niya, even that slight chance na makulong siya, I think that jars him."
(His world will become smaller. Even that slight chance of going to jail, I think that jars him.)
REMEMBERING. Nanette Castillo maintains a corner dedicated to her slain son Aldrin.
Photo courtesy of Nanette Castillo
On Wednesday, June 24, Nanette Castillo commemorated the 997th day since Aldrin was killed. She rearranged the existing small corner dedicated to her son. Strips of LED lights surround the frames, illuminating photos of Aldrin whose smile is now a distant memory.
Posting this development on Facebook, Nanette wrote: "Nais kong palaging may ilaw ang mga larawan nya mapa araw man o gabi! Lalaging may puwang si Aldrin sa bahay at sa puso namin at iyon ang hindi nila kayang kunin sa akin." (I want his photos to be illuminated day and night. Aldrin will always have a place in our home and hearts, and that's something they can never take away from me.)
In about 4 months, Nanette will mark Aldrin's 3rd year death anniversary. Her son's killers remain unidentified but she hasn't lost hope.
There are a lot of uncertainties surrounding the case of her son. One thing Nanette is sure of: in one way or another, justice will catch up with Duterte and other government officials complicit in the drug war.
"Hindi ko siya kaya ipasa-Diyos, although nagdadasal ako palagi na sana mabigyan siya ng hustisya, hindi ko kaya ipabahala na lang kay Lord," she said. "Kailangan ko talaga kumilos."
(I won't leave it to God, although of course I pray that justice will be served, but I won't just give up. I have to act.) – Rappler.com
@jodeszgavilan
Jodesz Gavilan is a writer and researcher for Rappler and its investigative arm, Newsbreak. She covers human rights and also hosts the weekly podcast Newsbreak: Beyond the Stories. She joined Rappler in 2014 after obtaining her journalism degree from the University of the Philippines.
more from Jodesz Gavilan


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It's scary, but Austin Kleon is gently nudging me to show my work. I have sketched out the book and this is the first drawn and painted illustration of my book based on my play Pulani. This is the imaginary Islan Pulan with Islan Guahan in the background.
A tango performance at a restaurant in La Boca.
When I went to Buenos Aires this past November, of course we had to take a tango lesson. We had a contact who had referred us to her tango teacher in La Boca, a charming area in an old part of Buenos Aires. I hadn't intended to fall in love with tango, I thought it would be a "one-night stand." But, fall in love, I did. I got bit.
This is my attempt to unravel how this happened.
Sometime last year, I discovered this singer-songwriter, Carrie Newcomer. She came to me through an online newsletter I subscribe to, from the Center for Courage and Renewal. Parker Palmer (one of my heroes and writers who deeply influenced me) interviewed her, and she sang this song, "I Believe."
I drew this today. I hope you can tell what it is.
I was talking to an artist-retired educator friend of mine about my new endeavor, drawing. I told her that I have tried in the past to learn to draw, and gave up all those other times. She believes anyone can draw, and I am in full agreement. All it takes is looking at what you are drawing, and drawing what you see.
I have a lot of "stuff." One of my tasks in my retired life is to go through my stuff and get rid of anything that no longer carries meaning for me. I came across this ORB, and though it's been years that I've held it in my hands, this is a keeper. It is like my guitar, a part of my true self that has been neglected.


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Act Four Opinion
Opinion Interpretation of the news based on evidence, including data, as well as anticipating how events might unfold based on past events
In three years, LGBT Americans have gone from triumph to backlash
The rainbow flag flies beneath the American flag at the Stonewall National Monument on Oct. 11, 2017, in New York. (Mark Lennihan/AP)
By Alyssa Rosenberg
Alyssa Rosenberg
Opinion writer covering culture
Opinion writer
The movement for LGBT rights has made stunning progress in recent years. But the latest results of an ongoing poll commissioned by the gay rights organization GLAAD, which is releasing the results at the World Economic Forum in Davos today, suggests that just because change has come swiftly doesn't mean it's durable. For the first time since the survey began in 2014, non-LGBT Americans told pollsters that they're less comfortable with their LGBT neighbors. And the number of LGBT survey respondents who told pollsters that they'd experienced discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity jumped by 11 points.
"My first reaction to this was that there's an unseen casualty of a tumultuous year," said John Gerzema, CEO of the Harris Poll, which conducts the study.
Gerzema says the results suggest that Americans are taking advantage of an environment in which it has become more permissible to express discomfort with marginalized groups, even as people don't want to be thought of as bigots. The number of non-LGBT Americans who gave what Gerzema called "the PC response," telling pollsters that they support equal rights for LGBT people, held steady at 79 percent. But the number of respondents who said they would be somewhat or very uncomfortable having LGBT members of their faith communities, learning that a family member was LGBT, having their child taught by an LGBT teacher or study LGBT history in school, finding out that their doctor was LGBT, or even seeing same-sex couples holding hands all ticked upward.
"When it comes to walking the walk of LGBTQ acceptance," Gerzema warned, "it seems like Americans are pulling back."
President Trump's most venomous public statements haven't targeted LGBT Americans. But his policies have, from his selection of Mike Pence as his running mate and Neil Gorsuch as his first Supreme Court nominee to his attempts to ban transgender people from the military. The rollback of LGBT rights may be quiet, but it's still consequential. Even the White House's silence on gay rights — in 2017, Trump declined to continue President Barack Obama's tradition of recognizing June as National LGBT Pride Month — can matter, especially when it means failing to respond to rising homophobia and anti-LGBT violence in countries such as Chechnya, Egypt and Indonesia.
Yet facing off against procedural changes when other Americans have to contend with the president's undisguised animosity "is actually more of a challenge for us, because it keeps it out of the headlines more so than immigration," said GLAAD President and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis. Ellis pointed to the fact that LGBT people and issues made up just 2 percent of the coverage of the 2016 presidential election: "We've been erased from news media coverage because its turned into Trump TV 24/7."
In response, GLAAD is trying to find a way to tell stories that the media can't find bandwidth for. The organization is working on expanding a documentary short about transgender service members into a feature. Ellis hopes to find more opportunities for GLAAD to fund new projects. Philanthropist Ari Getty is supporting some of that work via a $15 million grant to GLAAD that she sees as an investment in the future for her children, August and Natalia, both of whom are LGBT, and their friends. She hopes in particular that storytelling can focus as much on the achievements of LGBT youth as on their struggles.
The results also raise challenging questions about one of the LGBT movement's long-term strategies. Part of the argument for individual LGBT people to come out, and for the power of television shows such as "Will & Grace" and "Glee," is the idea that familiarity breeds acceptance. It's easier, the theory goes, to reject a hypothetical gay person than your own child. And even if some Americans don't personally know anyone gay or transgender, pop culture gives them plenty of surrogate sassy gay friends and sympathetic bullied gay kids.
But now, Gerzema noted, 80 percent of non-LGBT Americans say they know someone who is lesbian, gay or bisexual, and 20 percent of Americans know someone transgender. If they know LGBT people and are getting less comfortable with them anyway, we may have reached the end of exposure therapy as a political tactic.
It's not a revelation that progress isn't always permanent. The Supreme Court struck down elements of the 1965 Voting Rights Act in 2013, and efforts ranging from voter ID laws to attempted purges of voter rolls have made it harder for many Americans to cast their ballots. The Americans who integrated city buses, public schools and lunch counters are held up as heroes even as the country has become increasingly segregated once again. But these reversals represent slow declines after major victories. This rising discomfort with LGBT Americans comes just eight years after Obama signed a repeal of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy that kept members of the military closeted and a mere 2½ years after a Supreme Court ruling made marriage equality the law of the land.
Gay rights seemed to arrive quickly, but the GLAAD survey results remind us not to become complacent. A 2015 GLAAD study found that 50 percent of Americans "said that we were done, that we had achieved full rights and acceptance," even as "in 29 states, you can still be fired for being LGBT," Ellis said. "To have a big victory like marriage equality is amazing, but after you celebrate for a day, you have to get back to work and fight to make sure that we have full equality and that we're fully protected. But the real protection comes from acceptance. You can't legislate acceptance. People discriminate."
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Alyssa Rosenberg Alyssa Rosenberg writes about the intersection of culture and politics for The Washington Post's Opinions section. Before coming to The Post in 2014, Alyssa was the culture editor at ThinkProgress, the television columnist at Women and Hollywood, a columnist for the XX Factor at Slate and a correspondent for The Atlantic.com. Follow


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asked on August 17, 2012
Which best describes best describes your ability to graph inequality
Given that sin^2x = 4/13, what is the cos^2x? I am so lost. I need to show my work. Please help. THANK YOU!
Thyroxine, an important hormone that controls the rate of metabolism in the body can be isolated from the thyroid gland. If 0.455 g of thyroxine is dissolved in 10.0 g of benzene, the freezing point of the solution could be measured as 5.144°C. Pure
Which of the following is NOT true for ΔGrxn? A.) If ΔG°rxn > 0, the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction. B.) If Q = 1, then ΔGrxn = ΔG°rxn.If ΔG°rxn = 0, the reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction. C.) If ΔG°rxn > 0, the
Calculate the pH for each of the following cases in the titration of 50.0 mL of 0.140 M HClO(aq) with 0.140 M KOH(aq).HClO is a weak acid with a Ka of 4.0× 10–8. It reacts with strong base to produce ClO–. (e) after addition of 60.0 mL of KOH
you invest $4000 in an account that pays simple interest of 6% for 30 years. calculate the amount of money you'll have at the end of the indicated time period.
Pre-Algebra A
A company reports $23,765 in income and $18,945 in expenses for February. What was the amount of profit or loss for the month? A. $4,820 profit B. $4,820 loss C. $5,220 profit
1. Tony decides to use observation. He visits 10 students and observes them doing schoolwork at home for 30 min. If a student looks at social media during that time, he notes it. (a) Provide an advantage of using observation. (b) Provide a disadvantage of
Honors English 11
Can someone check my answer please? Q: Read and analyze "When I heard the learn'd Astronomer" by Walt Whitman. What romantic ideas does it express, and how does the structure of the poem reinforce the meaning? -When i heard the learn'd astronomer; When the
9.By means of introspection, Dr. Marsh attempts to determine the components of things like perception, thinking, and consciousness. By contrast, Dr. Smyth wants to understand what the mind does in producing different kinds of behavior. We can reasonably
Separate the following balanced chemical equation into its total ionic equation. AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq) --> NaNO3(aq)+AgCl(s) (List the ions in order of the above equation.) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction above. (Make sure the cation is
The radius of the Earth is approximately 3,960 miles. Find the approximate surface-area-to-volume ratio of the Earth. A. 0.00025 B. 0.00076 C. 1,320 D. 11,880
asked on July 10, 2013
Which is an equivalent form of the expression 1800(1.2)–t? Is 1800(1/2)^t correct?
asked on June 28, 2014
On an aircraft carrier, a jet can be catapulted from 0 to 155 mi/h in 2.00 s. If the average force exerted by the catapult is 5.53×106 N what is the mass of the jet?__________ kg
What was the result of the development of the Silk Road
How many atoms of carbon are contained in 47.6 g of Al2(CO3)3? The molar mass of Al2(CO3)3 is 233.99 g/mol.
1.Which answer best describes a reason why industries flourished in New England? A- The people in New England had more work experience. B- New England had more lakes to use for water in factories. C- The soil was better than in the South so they could grow
physics help plz
One 3.5 kg paint bucket is hanging by a massless cord from another 3.5kg paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord, as shown in the figure . Part a) If the buckets are at rest, what is the tension in lower and higher cord ? Part b)If the two buckets
physics- please help
Question #1 A 0.140kg- baseball traveling 30.0m/s strikes the catcher's mitt, which, in bringing the ball to rest, recoils backward 14.0cm . What was the magnitude of the average force applied by the ball on the glove? question #2 How much tension must a
Math-Probability
A law firm has six senior and fourteen junior partners. A committee of 3 partners is selected at random to represent the firm at a conference. What is the probability that at least one of the junior partners is on the committee?
3. What is the rhyme scheme of the following Anne Bradstreet poem? To Her Father with Some Verses Most truly honored, and as truly dear, If worth in me or ought I do appear, Who can of right better demand the same Than may your worthy self from whom it
asked on September 4, 2012
unscrambling word
Can you help me unscramble these words please! radmordey conshorier trinabac mecal minglem bobing lukarak its in spanish- srecmoro, and tsmnoamo- help please england antelope is the answer tyler! lafrpty=flytrap lafrpty=flytrap please help me to unscramble
Oil spills and leaks in the Pacific Ocean have harmed marine organisms and the environment. Which kind of environmental issue is illustrated by this example?
what was the napoleonic code?
Three interior angles of a convex heptagon measure 125 degrees, and two of the interior angles measure 143 degrees. Which are possible measures for the other two interior angles of the heptagon? 1: 48 and 48 degrees 2: 39 and 100 degrees 3: 100 and 116
asked on January 7, 2016
A firework is launched at the rate of 10 feet per second from a point on the ground 50 feet from an observer. To 2 decimal places in radians per second, find the rate of change of the angle of elevation when the firework is 40 feet above the ground. Type
Which explains why the Compromise of 1850 intensified the argument about slavery? A- People for and against slavery migrated to Western stats to influence laws. B~Free states in the West added more antislavery votes to Congress. C~The equal division of
What is the combined height of 3 nickels, 2 nickles, and 1 nickle
Liquid hexane will react with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water . Suppose 3.45 g of hexane is mixed with 16.3 g of oxygen. Calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide that could be produced by the chemical reaction. Be
Two fixed charges, -4μC and -5μC, are separated by a certain distance. If the charges are separated by 20cm, what is the magnitude of the electric field halfway between the charges? My textbook says that the formula for electric field is (kq)/r^2. But
asked on February 9, 2016
Which statement describes a chemical reaction at equilibrium? A. The forward reaction happens slightly faster than the reverse reaction. B. The reaction has stopped because all reactants have been used up. C. The forward reaction happens at the same rate
asked on September 10, 2016
question : net force of 225 N accelerates a bike and rider at 2.65m/s^2. What is the mass of the bike and rider together ?
A 22.9-kg child is on a swing attached to ropes that are L = 1.33 m long. Take the zero of the gravitational potential energy to be at the position of the child when the ropes are horizontal. Part A)The child's gravitational potential energy when the child
Calculate the molar enthalpy for the following reaction. HCl(aq) + NH3 (aq) --> NH4Cl (aq). HCl = 50 ml (2.00M) NH3 = 50 ml (2.05 M) Delta T = 9.28 degrees Celsius. Ccal = 28.9J/g degrees celcius.
One light flashes every 2 minutes and another light flashes every 3.5 minutes. Suppose both lights flash together at noon. What is the first time after 1 PM that both lights will flash together ?
f 210 people said football was their favorite sport to watch, how many people were surveyed? Football is labeled on the circle graph as 42%.
A shot-putter throws the shot ( mass = 7.3 kg) with an initial speed of 15.0 m/s at a 33.0 degreCalculate the horizontal distance traveled by the shot if it leaves the athlete's hand at a height of 1.90 m above the ground.e angle to the horizontal.
Simplify the rational expression. State any restrictions on the variable. t^2+4t-12/t^2-4
combustion analysis of 63.8 mg of C,H, and O containing compound produced 145.0 mg of CO2 and 59.38 mg of H2O. What is the empirical formula for the compound?
Which factors influenced the growth of Christianity in East Africa select all that apply A mansa munsa's pilgrimage to Mecca B trade with Greeks and Romans C influence of a captured Syrian servent D invasion of mail's Christian military E caravans of
physics- please help !
A box weighing 65.0 N rests on a table. A rope tied to the box runs vertically upward over a pulley and a weight is hung from the other end. Part a) Determine the force that the table exerts on the box if the weight hanging on the other side of the pulley
The iodine-131 nuclide has a half-life of 8.0 days. If you originally have a 257 g sample, after 48 days how much will you have?
How were William Lloyd Garrison and the Rev. Elijah Lovejoy alike? Both lived in Boston and were Underground Railroad conductors. Both printed newspapers with antislavery messages in the North. Both used their houses as Underground Railroad stations and
1. How did new England's textile industry affect both children and women? a) It allowed them to earn a living wage until the age of 25. b) It gave them opportunities not available on family farms. c) It permitted them to complete their schooling. d) It
If two cylinders are similar, find the scale factor of the smaller figure to the larger figure. The surface area of the smaller area is 20 pi yards squared. The surface area of the larger cylinder is 125 pi yards squared. No radius or height is given, and
Hai! Anyone Please Check This Answer Please! Which of the following is the most likely reason why many Mexicans were opposed to American investment in their country? A. American leaders overthrew the successful government of Porfirio Díaz.* B. Many
The height of a cylinder with a fixed radius of 4 cm is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/min. Find the rate of change of the volume of the cylinder (with respect to time) when the height is 14cm.
Physics PLEASE PLEASE HELP! CONFUSED
I am so lost and confused right now with this question. I might have a quiz. Help me understand before this pop quiz!!!! THANKYOU A diver runs horizontally with a speed of 1.2 m/s off a platform that is 10.0 meters above the water. a) how long before the
5.Regarding the trichromatic theory of color vision, which statement is most accurate? A. The theory maintains that receptor cells are grouped in pairs, such as black-white. B. Specialized cells in the retina engage in a process called feature detection.
A 15-ft ladder rests against a vertical wall. If the top of the ladder slides down the wall at a rate of 0.33 ft/sec, how fast, in ft/sec, is the bottom of the ladder sliding away from the wall, at the instant when the bottom of the ladder is 9 ft from the
a constant force of 6.00N acts on a 3.00kg object for 10.0s. what are the changes in the objects momentum and velocity?
Choose the bidentate ligand from the substances below. A) cyanide ion B) ammonia C) EDTA D) carbon monoxide E) ethylenediamine
Which of these does William Wordsworth celebrate in "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" nature aloneness the death of reason human companionship I think either A or B, but I can't decide which.
The time is 6:10 Is the hour hand closer to the 6 or 7 and why?
Gabriel walked 100m around the perimeter playground.How long and how wide could the play ground be? give three different answers.
The titration of 25.0 mL of an unknown concentration H2SO4 solution requires 83.6 mL of 0.12 M LiOH solution. What is the concentration of the H2SO4 solution (in M)?
Assume you want to accumulate $125,000 for a long-range goal in 40 years. You have two choices. Plan A is an account with annual compounding and an APR of 5%. Plan B is an account with continuous compounding and an APR of 4.5%. How much of an investment
Dr. Jones is interested in how human behavior may be genetically inherited from remote ancestors, such as chimpanzees. Her field of interest is A. chemical psychobiology. B. evolutionary psychology. C. clinical neuropsychology. D. behavioral genetics. I
Write a recursive formula for the sequence 5, 18, 31, 44, 57, ... Then find the next term. I'm thinking that the answer is A. A. a1=-8; an=an-1+13. The next term is 70 B. a1=5; an=an-1+13. The next term is 70 C. a1=5; an=an-1-13. The next term is 83 D.
Suppose 0.780 of potassium iodide is dissolved in 150. mL of a 51.0mM aqueous solution of silver nitrate. Calculate the final molarity of iodide anion in the solution. You can assume the volume of the solution doesn't change when the potassium iodide is
Cliff divers at Acapulco jump into the sea from a cliff 37.1 m high. At the level of the sea, a rock sticks out a horizontal distance of13.39 m. The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s^2. With what minimum horizontal velocity must the cliff divers leave
How do you do this? If 100 grams of boiling water at 100 degrees C is poured into a 100 g beaker of platinum at 0 degrees C, an intermediate temperature will result. Knowing that the specific heat of water is about 32 times larger than the specific heat of
A large boulder is ejected vertically upward from a volcano with an initial speed of 39.0m/s . Air resistance may be ignored. (a) At what time after being ejected is the boulder moving at a speed 19.0m/s upward? (b) At what time is it moving at a speed
Which of the following compounds can exhibit cis-trans isomerism? A) [Fe(CO)5ONO]2+ B) [Fe(CO)3(NH3)3]3+ C) [Cu(CO)5Br]+ D) [Cr(H2O)4Br2]+ E) [Fe(NH3)6]2+
how do i find out the the equation of the line of symmetry for f(x)=ax^2+bx+c ? please explain it do me thanks! The line of symmetry runs through the vertex. so the x of the vertex is -b/(2a) and the equation of the line of symmetry is x = -b/(2a) e.g. for
1 1/4 teaspoons baking powder per 3/8 cup flour, what is the unit rate
What was the impact of the Scopes Trial on education in the United States? A. It was the first significant effort to draw interest in the separation of church and state in education. B. It promoted grassroots legal efforts to fortify the need for teaching
1.Infrared radiation has wavelengths ranging from about 800 nm to 1 mm. What is the frequency of radiation of wavelength 970 nm? Answer in units of s−1 . 2.Microwaves, such as those used for radar and to heat food in a microwave oven, have wavelengths
All the members of a construction crew work at the same pace. Four of them working together are able to pour concrete foundations in 32 hours. How many hours would this job take if the number of workers: increased 2 times
precal
If p(t) is the profit I expect my business to earn t years after opening, use functional notation to express my expected profit after 4 years and 4 months. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)
Science help!!!
Describe the evidence that supported the hypothesis of Continental Drift.


text:
Can Men Get a Yeast Infection?
Yes, men can get yeast infections. Though yeast infections are less common in men than in women, they can occur if there is an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans on the body. Candida is very common. You probably have a small amount on your skin, in your digestive tract, or in your mouth. It won't cause a problem unless there's too much. In some cases, a man can get a yeast infection on the head of the penis, which causes inflammation here known as balanitis.
How Do Men Get Yeast Infections?
Candida likes dark, moist environments which is why women often experience an overgrowth in the vagina. Similar conditions can cause yeast infections in men as well. Men are more likely to get yeast infections if they:
Have intercourse with a woman who has a yeast infection
Are taking antibiotics
Are uncircumcised
Have a weak immune system
What Are the Symptoms of Yeast Infections in Men?
A yeast infection on the penis causes symptoms that are similar to many sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These include:
Redness on the penis
Itching or burning on the head of the penis
Thick white discharge
A yeasty bread-like odor
Difficulty getting or maintaining an erection
Trouble pulling back the foreskin
How Can Men Diagnose and Treat Yeast Infections?
Since yeast infections and STIs look similar, it's best to contact your local medical provider for a diagnosis. You can treat a yeast infection with an over-the-counter antifungal cream applied to the head of the penis and under the foreskin. The infection should go away in 7 to 10 days. Avoid sexual intercourse until the yeast infection is gone.
Written by cynthia
What's the Difference Between a Yeast Infection and a UTI?
How Do You Prevent a Yeast Infection?
What Is the Treatment for a Yeast Infection?
What Is a Yeast Infection?
What Are the Symptoms of a Yeast Infection?
How Do You Get a Yeast Infection?


TIIE MORXIXG OREGONIAN, FRIDAY, JULY 19, 1913.
NEW STEAMER TAKES WATER AND IMMEDIATELY HEADS THROUGH HARBOR.
the best known men in the city.
or two, though one member, F. W.
but are redeemable after 30 years.
of the ordinance or notice of sale.
East Water street and the riverfront.
that probahly will be required for 1913.
connection with the official budget.
for the benefit of shipping Interests.
stead of having one cage IS feet square.
be wooden blocks instead of concrete.
The names of Charles J. Honeyman.
Major Morrow. Corps of Engineers. U.
the rivers and harbors bill.
M. F. HENDERSON, OF SHAVER FLEKT.
lives. Is under construction and will be finished in seven months.
65 shillings is being paid to Valparaiso.
will be available In advance ot January.
of commission at the same time.
nel protect to Marshfleld will be com.
Nevadan Sallna Crus. . Aug.
maintenance continued Inside the bar.
day In tow of the steamer Monarch.
6.7 feet, and 97.5 gross tons.
business in this territory. .
day. She is under engagement to J.
Indoe. Corps of Engineers. U. S. A.
Astoria, juiy in. oauea i w a.
Diego and way ports. Amru l .
San Kranolsco, July IS. Sailed at 8 P.
n . T-, 1 i ,1 esilari at S A. M .
Steamer Temple E. Dorr, for Portland.
fori aan uuis. juiy id. vn "
er J. A. Chanslor, from Portland.
from Seattle; Peru, from Ancon; Rose City.
Banrton: sr-honner Hugh Hogan. for Bandon.
briel. Umpqua River; Ohehalis. Aberdeen.
mamain. i-ori.iw.iiu. -. ...- .
from Sitka: Humboldt, from Skagway.
la., is at thd Bowers.
man, is at the Portland.
v w Settlemeir. a Woodburn florist.
is registered at the Oregon.
Is registered at the Bowers.
man', Is 'at the Multnomah.
pendence, is at the Perkins.
castle, Pa., are at the Oregon.
of Tacoma, is at the Multnomah.
man. is registered at the Bowers.
of San Francisco, is at the Portland.
cisco, is registered at the Cornelius.
the San r ranciscu rui""
Great Northern, Mr. and Mrs. H. W.
Eugene Brtvoort, J. E. Kelly.
tension of the Umatilla project.
veying water onto tne various tracts.
and Takes $5000 in Jewels.
public utility and a private calling.
power to a commission to enforce such reg- "
And to fix a valuation upon the investment.
for light and power. How?
old company and the new.
let and after talking with the clerk.
was the last seen of him.
its most skilled detectives on the case.
Formed to Acquire Marquam Block.
Try Till Remedy at Oar Risk.
tions" but demand rational treatment.
to the very seat of the disease.
Balve does not satisfy you fully.
pleted. The incorporators are H. L.
stead. The capitalization is $500,000.
sustains the grown-up strengthens the old.
THE SAN FRANCISCO & PORTLAND S. S. CO.
LARGEST AND NEWEST STEAMERS ON THE COAST.
Sailing 9 A. M. July 21, 26, 31, August 5, 10 15. 20. 25.
SAN FRANCISCO First-class $10.00, $12.00, $15.00. Second class $8.00.
LOS ANGELES First-class $21.50. $23.60. $26.50. Second-class $11.35.
, Kor HONOLULU. JAPAN. flllJA and MANILA.
P4NAMA SEE THE CANAL LOW Ul I KSION RATE.
Ticket Office W2 THIRD STREET. Phones Main 2605. A 140.


Sometimes getting the conversation started in small group can be a challenge - but nothing a few fun, thought provoking questions can't solve! The Lead Small Icebreaker Box can be used at the beginning of each small group and gets to the tough questions like, "would you rather have a unicorn horn or a squirrel tail?" and "what is something you would never eat with cheese?" Throw in a few small group challenges like paper airplane contests and a few group superlative questions and you've got everything you need to break the ice and get the conversation with your few started.
Each clear acrylic cube holds a stack of 297 conversation starters to get your few thinking and talking.


Q. Is Roof-A-Cide® Treatment a safe roof cleaning, eco-friendly product?
A. Yes. Since 1992, Roof-A-Cide® isThe Only EPA Registered and Roofing Manufacturer Approved Algaecide specifically formulated for roofs. A safe eco-friendly product, that is cost effective and helps to lengthen the service life of the roof. Guaranteed to Prevent recurring algae growth, mold, mildew, fungus and stains. Eliminates the costly cycle of frequent chlorine/chemical high pressure cleaning methods. Contact us for EPA Registration#.
Q. Do the black stains I see hurt my shingles?
Q. What type of roofs can Roof-A-Cide® Treatment be applied to?
A. Roof-A-Cide® Treatment is major roofing manufacturer approved for use on Asphalt Shingle, Shingle Steel, Concrete, Clay, Barrel/flat Tile, Stone coated steel and Slate Roofs. Safe for People, Pets and Plants.
Q. How does Roof-A-Cide® Treatment protect my roof from algae, mold and ugly black stains?
A. Roof-A-Cide® Treatment is lightly sprayed on a dry roof, chemically bonding to the roof, preventing airborne algae spores which land on the roof from forming colonies and causing black stains. NO rinsing, the roof is now protected. Eliminates the costly cycle of frequent chlorine/chemical roof cleanings.
An Asphalt Shingle or Stone coated steel roof is gently cleaned one last time, with Roof Restore® Cleaner and rinsed clean with only water.
A slate, concrete, clay barrel or flat tile roof is cleaned only with water.
Q. Can Roof-A-Cide® Algae/Stain Treatment be applied without walking on the roof?
A. Yes, Roof-A-Cide® Algae/Stain Treatment is safely applied by our applicators trained technicians with a fine mist spray from a ladder, bucket or boom work platform. New – Community UAV Drone service in Naples, FL.
Q. Does the roof need to be cleaned before a Roof-A-Cide® Algae/stain Treatment?
A. A final cleaning is recommended for best results. Over time roofs become infected by wind driven Algae spores, which land on roof and quickly form colonies, mold and black stains. Note:Roof-A-Cide® Treatment may be applied without cleaning to a roof installed within the last year.
Roof-A-Cide West, shingle before and after. Safe Roof cleaning and Treatment.
Q. Will a Roof-A-Cide® Treatment cancel my roofing manufacturer warranty?
A. NO. Roof-A-Cide® Algae/Stain Treatment is Tested and Approved safe for use by major roofing manufacturers; GAF, TruSlate, PolyGlass, MonierLifeTile, US Tile, CertainTeed, Crown, Elk, Entegra, Boral, Metro Roof Products and Gerard Roofing (Boral) Stone Coated Steel.
Q. Can our community treat black mold on walkways and golf cart pathways?
A. Yes. Cleaning and application of Roof-A-Cide® products can safely control mold and mildew on unsealed concrete and brick surfaces; driveways, curbs, pavers, common areas, walkways and golf cart pathways.
Q. My community had "algae resistant" shingle roofs installed, many of the roofs now have algae, mold, mildew and black stains. Can they be cleaned?
Q. Does Roof-A-Cide® Algae/Stain treatment contain toxic or corrosive chemicals?
A. NO. Roof-A-Cide® Algae/Stain Treatment is safe and does not contain toxic or corrosive chemicals.
Q. What is no pressure, no rinsing, bio-gel, soft chemical roof cleaning?
A. No Pressure, Soft Chemical roof cleaning, is a Toxic Chlorine and other chemical mixture, no rinse method. Also known as; Certified, Soft Washing, Foam, Bio-gel, Biocide, Non pressure or No pressure roof cleaning. Runoff will kill plants and shrubs.
Chemical cleaning contractors use toxic corrosive mixtures; DIY Fruit scented, citrus, fruit sauce cleaner mixes; Pool Chlorine, Ammonia, Sodium Hypochlorite or Sodium Hydroxide(Lye). The toxic chemical cleaner mixture is left on roof, not rinsed off.
Expect temporary results. Not a safe, cost-effective long term solution. Unfortunately, harsh chemical roof cleaning contractors are virtually unregulated. Many are unlicensed or uninsured.
Chlorine Bleach is Corrosive and should not be used for roof cleaning. Especially, when used in high strength (50 – 90%) concentrations throughout Florida. Chlorine Bleach should always be rinsed off to avoid damage to the roof. Requires repeating the process, in 6-12 months depending on where you live.
NO written warranty. Not eco or plant friendly. All plants and shrubs must kept wet during and after cleaning. Harsh Chemical Soft Washing methods will dry out the roof prematurely and shorten it's service life. Pest control service products applied are neutralized.
Q. What is a biocide roof cleaner?
A. Biocide or foaming disinfectant cleaners are common and typically used in food processing/handling equipment and other industrial applications have found their way to your roof. OTC (Home and Hardware stores) cleaning products are sold as; biocides, bio cleaners, bio foams, bio blockers, cationic surfactant no rinse methods and other citrus odor/color cleaners. QUATS – (Quarternary Ammonium Compounds). Ex: alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride or a Cationic Surfactant Ex: alkyl benzene ammonium chloride. Safer for your roof than Chlorine, but, not EPA Approved. Runoff kills plants and shrubs.
QUATS and Cationic Surfactant cleaning products are sprayed on the roof, not rinsed and will require 3-6 months and adequate rainfall to see results. Ex: alkyl benzene ammonium chloride. Follow up cleanings are an additional cost and a frequent disruption to your community. Cleaning with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds requires repeating the process in 3 – 6 months depending on where you live.This is NOT a cost-effective, long term solution.
FACT: Bleach and TSP (Tri sodium phosphate) will corrode metal (even in weak concentrations) and High-Strength Chlorine Bleach (Pool Chlorine) will accelerate the damage – especially when the roof is not rinsed properly.
FACT: No Roofing Manufacturer in the US recommends the High-Strength Chlorine Bleach solutions that are applied and left on roof all over Florida and increasingly throughout the US.
Click on the link below for an independent article on proper roof cleaning.
Improper Roof Cleaning Can Reduce Service Life page 24 and 25.


Lee Industries 3583-11 Apartment Sofa is a transitional style with an oak base. The soy based cushion cores are wrapped in fibers encased in a down-proof ticking that are both durable and comfortable. Its' size makes it perfect for an apartment or smaller living space.
We have hundreds of fabrics and leathers to choose from!
Shown and priced in Fabric, Winthrop Ocean with topstitching and an oak base. Overall Dimensions: 72"W x 35"D x 35"H Inside Dimensions: 65"W x 22"D x 17"H Seat Height: 19" Arm Height: 30" Back Rail Height: 30"


text:
Donate to a Journal Ad to Honor Audrey Bomse + Register for IC CLE: "Know Your Economic Human Rights"
Posted on June 17, 2016 Categories: International Committee, News No comments yet
Join the International Committee Journal Ad: List Your Name for Audrey Bomse!
Celebrate Audrey Bomse, the winner of this year's Debra Evenson Venceremos International Award by listing your name in a collective journal ad on behalf of the international committee. Donate $20 to the ad and your name will be listed.
Audrey Bomse is a global people's lawyer who has defended the marginalized and disposed, and communities under repression in the U.S., Palestine, North Africa and elsewhere. She practiced criminal law in the U.S. for many years as a public defender and later civil rights law, representing the interests of the class of state and county inmates at the New Jersey Office of Inmate Advocacy. Her commitment to the Guild's mission and the broader global social justice movement—anti-imperialist, anti-colonialist, and dare we say it, Marxist—is an example for us all.Audrey has been an active member of the National Lawyers Guild for 30 years, is past co-chair of its Prisoners' Rights Committee and current (long-standing) co-chair of its Palestine Subcommittee. She also leads a balanced life as a wonderful mother and grandmother, and rather rabid sports fan, always open to the occasional wager.
Name Listing to Celebrate Audrey Bomse – $20:
CLE Registration: "Know Your Economic Human Rights"
The International Committee's annual CLE will take place on Thursday, August 4 from 1 pm to 5 pm, featuring noted experts Jeanne Mirer, Andrew Reid, Eric Tars, and more!
The program will focus on economic human rights, their scope and application, relevant human rights conventions and treaties, and strategies for applying and using these conventions and rights in active practice. Economic human rights include, but are not limited to, the right to water, the right to housing, the right to social security, the right to food, the right to health. As people are struggling across the US for economic human rights, from Flint to California to Baltimore to New York, learn about how you can include these important arguments and legal rights in your practice to support people and movements.
Application for New York accreditation of this course or program is currently pending. Appropriate for both newly admitted and experienced attorneys.
Sliding Scale Registration:
CLE Registration for those earning over $50,000/yr – $50:
CLE Registration for those earning $35-50,000/yr – $25:
CLE Registration for those earning under $35,000/yr – $15 :
CLE Registration for those who are unemployed or have no income is free. Please email international@nlg.org and we will register you!
Help bring International Speakers to the Convention!
Please help bring international speakers, including Cuban guests, representatives of the Association of Latin American Labor Lawyers and the Canadian Association of Labor Lawyers, and domestic and international human rights organizers to the Convention this year! Your donation will make a huge difference in making it possible for the international speakers that bring needed and unheard perspectives to the Guild's Convention. If you'd like to donate a different amount, please click here.
Donate $50 toward International Speakers hosting costs – $50:
Click here for your total check-out:
The Debt of Justice: Delay in Berta Cáceres case causes concern
Announcing National Lawyers Guild delegation to Colombia: August 3-10, 2019
SIGN ON: Letter to U.S. Government Denouncing Attacks on Venezuelan Embassy
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Memorial Bike Ride Sunday Honors Jim Rogers
Posted: Feb. 13, 2017 10:31 AM PST
Sunday, February 12th marked the eighth annual Jim Rogers Memorial Bicycle Ride, which attracted just under a hundred riders this year, doing the 16 mile Lemond Loop out and back to the Tour of Nevada City Bicycle Shop. Jim Rogers, along with his cycling buddy Ron Miller, created Tour of Nevada City Bike Shop in Nevada City when they were only teenagers. Jim was an avid cyclist and rode throughout Nevada County since the early 1970's.
Jim Rogers was killed on January 31, 2010. He was riding his bicycle on Highway 174 when he was struck from behind and killed by a distracted driver as he was ascending the climb out of Bear River Canyon. He was in her line of vision for over 6 seconds, but she never saw him because she was distracted, using her cell phone. Since his deth the ride has drawn attention to distracted driving and at the beginning of the ride the cyclists were asked to take an oath…
click to listen to Rider's Pledge
The event was created as a special effort to bring attention to the dangers of distracted driving. Nancy Avila, one of the riders
click to listen to Nancy Avilla
Avilla says says lots of people still don't get it that it's not safe to use a cell phone while driving.
A Bicycle Benefit Lunch of sandwiches was available after the ride courtesy of SPD market.The proceeds will go to support scholarships given through Youth Bicyclists of Nevada County (YBONC). Jim's passion for riding and his influence on young cyclists led to the creation of the Jim Rogers Inspiration Award, which the NU MTB team awards to the team member who exhibits the most "Jim-like" characteristics throughout the year.
Nevada County Was Backup Site For Amgen Race
Riding for a Cause
Jim Rogers Memorial Ride this Sunday
7th Annual Jim Rogers Memorial Ride This Saturday
Jim Rogers Memorial Bicycle Ride
200 Attend Jim Rogers Memorial Bike Ride


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Tempo Lac-Brome
Home Can You Believe Can you believe…
Can You Believe
Susan Jacques
• A Fulford resident recently reported that a snowy owl had visited her bird feeder during daylight hours and he must have been hungry to be hunting at that time of the day. Numerous birds enjoy her feeder and, consequently, since birds of prey are in search of smaller birds, a hawk has been seen in the area. There are also black squirrels, an occasional deer and two wild turkeys.
• Speaking of squirrels, it would seem that red squirrels have reappeared in many areas whereas they were not much in evidence during the summer months. Since some very healthy red foxes have been seen in various locations, they must have been dining out on the abundance of squirrels of all colours, or, maybe, a few chickens have gone missing?
• A pair of boots, purchased in Vancouver, managed to escape the store without the cashier removing the security tag. They have, consequently been sitting in the owner's cupboard for the past two years since it was somewhat impossible to return to the store to have the alarm removed. Figuring that the battery in the alarm must by now have expired, she decided to cut it off so that she could finally wear the boots. No such luck. The shrill alarm went off and, despite being muffled in a sheet, she had to endure the ear-piercing sound for over two hours. However, it was worth the pain to be able to get to wear the warm and comfortable boots.
• A man, travelling from Montreal to a birthday party in Knowlton, decided to put the location in his GPS but, mistakenly registered "Knowlton's Landing" instead of Knowlton. Having been to Knowlton on previous occasions, he was surprised when he was led past Exit #90 and was only directed to turn at the following exit. After finding himself in Potton and at the rocket, he luckily realized his mistake and headed back down the #243 to Lac Brome. The mistake he made was to search in Knowlton rather than Lac Brome. How often the GPS leads us astray – old-fashioned maps are sometimes more trustworthy, if you know how to read them.
TBL Council
West Bolton Council
Tempo Lac-Brome has been serving the communities of Town of Brome Lake, Brome, East Bolton, West Bolton and St-Étienne-de-Bolton since 1983. We bring you the latest community news, bulletins and more.
© 2017 Tempo Publications


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Smoke Lowers Temperatures : N. California Fires Boost Nuclear Winter Theory
By LARRY B. STAMMER
The devastating Northern California forest fires in 1987 created a self-perpetuating inversion layer that trapped a pall of smoke over the Klamath River canyon and kept high temperatures an average of 27 degrees below normal for a week, a scientist reported today.
The dramatic temperature drops, described in a study published in the journal Science, appear to lend further credence to the nuclear winter theory, which holds that there would be catastrophic global cooling in the grim aftermath of a nuclear war.
In the small community of Happy Camp, Calif., nestled in the smoke-covered Klamath River canyon, the high temperature on Sept. 7 was 54 degrees Fahrenheit--36 degrees below normal--as thick smoke from the lightning-caused forest fires blocked out the sun's rays.
Daily maximum temperatures during the week of Sept. 4-12 were an average of 27 degrees below normal. For the next two weeks, high temperatures hovered 9 degrees below normal in Happy Camp and nearby Orleans.
While the findings by University of Maryland meteorologist Alan Robock do not in themselves prove the nuclear winter scenario, he said the dramatic impact of smoke on surface temperatures may be a harbinger of the cooling effect that would result if the entire planet were cast in a smoky shroud following a nuclear catastrophe.
"The cooling effect produced by smoke in the upper atmosphere . . . would be the same effect as if the whole world was at Happy Camp," Robock said in a telephone interview.
Richard P. Turco, one of five scientists including astronomer Carl Sagan whose joint study in 1983 drew widespread attention to the nuclear winter scenario, on Thursday called the latest findings significant. He said never before had such dramatic drops in surface temperatures been predicted in the presence of low-lying smoke.
"From my point of view the most significant finding is the direct observation of strong surface cooling in the presence of layers of smoke in the atmosphere. This is the fundamental effect (of smoke in the upper atmosphere) that we first described many years ago. But, he's found it in lower-level smoke where we wouldn't have thought it was possible," Turco said.
"It's a direct confirmation of the basic physics of the nuclear winter effect," said Turco, a professor of atmospheric sciences at UCLA.
Inversion Layer
What made Robock's observations particularly fascinating was his discovery that a natural inversion layer over the Klamath River canyon was actually strengthened by the forest fires, trapping more and more smoke and accelerating the dramatic declines in temperatures. An inversion layer occurs when air above is hotter than the air below, creating a lid effect that holds smoke and other pollutants nearer the ground.
"Each day, more smoke accumulated beneath the inversion, with the surface cooling produced by the blockage of sunlight strengthening the inversion and trapping more smoke . . . creating a positive feedback," Robock reported in Science.
This closed-loop phenomena produced "much larger and longer lasting surface-temperature effects" than ever recorded before.
Robock's findings were based on weather data collected by 246 weather stations operated by the National Weather Service and the U.S. Forest Service.
Drawing on this data, Robock was able to calculate deviations from normal temperatures in the region recorded at the time when the forest fires were well on their way toward scorching 1.1 million acres in Northern California and southern Oregon.
Much of his effort was eventually focused on the Klamath River canyon and the communities of Happy Camp, Orleans and Slater. He compared temperatures there with those at Medford, Ore., which was not as near the natural holocaust unleashed when lightning ignited 1,200 fires in the two-state region.
"Although the small spatial scale of the cooling shown here does not by itself imply large-scale cooling in a nuclear winter scenario," Robock wrote, "this example demonstrates that smoke can cause cooling and shows the existence of a feedback mechanism that can enhance and prolong the expected cooling."
In an interview with The Times, Robock said, "This tells us that there are still undiscovered mechanisms in the atmosphere that could possibly make the consequences of things that humans do to the atmosphere worse than we previously thought."
While Robock said the findings serve to lend additional credence to the nuclear winter theory, he noted that the phenomena he observed occurred in a valley that prevented the winds from blowing the smoke away. He also cautioned that in the event of a nuclear war, the cloud cover from millions of fires would be much higher in the atmosphere.
"But, it's the same physics and the effect might be the same. It's a lesson to us to look into the whole problem," he said.
HOW SMOKE LOWERED TEMPERATURES--In September, 1987, smoke from major forest fires in northern California was trapped in Klamath River canyon and lowered daytime temperatures there. Chart shows temperatures in Happy Camp and Orleans, Calif., in comparison to average maximum temperatures. In Medford, Ore., which was not affected by the smoke, temperatures were closer to the seasonal average.
Opinion: Democrats looked ready to unify. And then Hillary Clinton had to go and raise her hand
Hillary Clinton is still reading aloud from her burn book. We're tired. We've read it already.


New Features and add Latest Details. Rumor Roundup Leaks.
This time we will really see something amazing and the best iphones ever created in the history, as from now this device become the best upcoming smartphone the people are eager to know about, so without wasting our time we should start talking about its specifications, now the leaks about iphones 7 is not much harder, but yes it is also possible nothing can be said, lets talk about he rumoured specifications in the market.
Have an e-SIM traditionals SIM card will no more.
Comment below and share your reviews about iphone 8 concept with the world.


The Thai government recently held a reconciliation forum that involved some high-profile international figures such as Tony Blair and Martti Ahtisaari. Not surprisingly, key players were not involved. There is a better way of doing it the next time.


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Q: grails 2.3.1 Batch update returned unexpected row count from update [0]; actual row count: 0; expected: 1 I am getting the following error when I tried to create a new Employee in static scaffold:

Error 500: Internal Server Error
URI
      /file-tracker/employee/save Class
      org.hibernate.StaleStateException Message
      Batch update returned unexpected row count from update [0]; actual row count: 0; expected: 1
Around line 38 of
  grails-app/controllers/org/simpragma/EmployeeController.groovy
Around line 191 of PageFragmentCachingFilter.java

What is wrong ?
package org.xyz

class Employee {
    String name;
    String department;
    String role;
    String userId;
    String pw;

    static mapping = {
        table 'employee'
        version false
        id  name: 'userId'
        id generator: 'native'
    }

    static hasMany = [toAllocations: Allocation, fromAllocations: Allocation]

    static mappedBy = [toAllocations: 'toEmployee', fromAllocations: 'fromEmployee']
    static constraints = {
        department nullable : true
            role nullable : true
    }
}

package org.xyz

class Allocation {

    static hasOne = [file:File, toEmployee:Employee, fromEmployee:Employee, remark:Remark]
    static mappedBy = [toEmployee: 'toAllocations', fromEmployee: 'fromAllocations' ]

    static constraints = {
        remark nullable: true
    }
}

package org.xyz

class File {
    String fileNumber;
    Date requestedDate;
    String requestedBy;
    String priority;
    Double budget;
    String requestedByDepartment;
    String subject;

    static mapping = {
        id  name: 'fileNumber'
        version false
        id generator: 'native'
    }
    static hasMany = [allocations: Allocation]
    static constraints = {
        fileNumber nullable : true
        priority nullable : true
        budget nullable : true
    }
}

package org.xyz

class Remark {
    String remark;
    Date remarkDate;

    static belongsTo =  [allocation: Allocation];
    static constraints = {
    }
}

A: In my case, for test purposes I was trying to assign my own id to object. I can't do that if id should be generated during save.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Indigenous radar to track monsoon winds now functional
CUSAT ST-205 Radar is specifically designed to scan the stratosphere which is the upper skies
By Kollegala Sharma
Published: Friday 06 July 2018
Radars detect objects from a distance by sending radio waves at objects and capturing their reflections. Credit: Author
A fully indigenously built radar to scan high skies over the Indian ocean for movement of air and monsoon winds has started functioning at the Cochin University of Science and Technology in Cochin.
The radar designed and fabricated in India adds to the already available radars and Sonars to keep a close watch on the way winds move in the upper atmosphere. Situated in a strategic place where the monsoon makes first entry into the subcontinent, the new radar will add to further the precision of weather, especially the monsoon, in India.
Weather radars detect perturbations in wind and water content of the atmosphere using the same principle. The new radar named - CUSAT Stratosphere-Troposphere Radar (CUSAT ST-205 Radar)- throws 205 MHz radio waves to detect the atmospheric perturbations.
The radar is specifically designed to scan the stratosphere which is the upper skies. "Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere where we live and this extends upto 17 km. In this region, temperature decreases with height. All weather systems such as clouds, rain, thunderstorms, depressions, cyclones occur in this lower part of the atmosphere. On the other hand, stratosphere is the region above 17 km, where the atmosphere is quite calm. Weather systems are quite absent in this region. It is always dry, and is radiatively sensitive region," explained K Mohan Kumar, Director, Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research, CUSAT, while speaking to India Science Wire.
During the monsoon season, strong winds known as 'Low Level Monsoon Jetstream' appear around the Southern part of India. "This happens at about 1.5 km above from the ground. Similarly around 14 km altitude, very near to the stratosphere, another strong jetstream comes from the East with a speed of 40-50 meters per second. The speed as well as the north-south movement of these two jetstreams controls the distribution of rainfall over the Indian region. Our radar is the most suitable facility to measure the horizontal and vertical winds from an altitude from 315 m to height of 20 km with good accuracy and high resolution," said Kumar said.
The CUSAT ST-radar scans the sky horizontally and vertically in small steps of 1 degree thus getting a three dimensional picture of the atmosphere. It is like a cone of 30 degrees moving across the skies. While scanning it throws a pulse of radiowaves of 200 to 205 MHz frequency at the atmosphere and waits for it to bounce back. However, the turbulence in air and humidity change the direction of some of the waves. Thus the returning waves are different from those shot at the atmosphere. The scan produces a spectrum of densities of air, from which it is possible to compute the actual winds. This gives scientists a pretty clear picture of what is going on there.
Scientists said the results from the radar are quite accurate. "By comparing Radiosonde Balloon observations at the same location for more than two years, we have seen that the ST Radar observations are highly accurate with 99 per cent similarity," said Kumar.
The radar facility has applications other than tracking monsoon and is attracting attention of researchers from all over. The European Space Agency had contacted for ST radar data for the validation of its new satellite to be launched next month. Similarly, the UK Met Office and University of Reading in England have proposed a joint research programme. An Indo-French programme to utilise the ST radar observations is in progress to study troposphere-stratosphere interactions.
The radar team includes K R Santosh, P Mohanan, K Vasudevan, M G Manoj, Titu K Samson, AjilKottayil, V Rakesh, Rejoy Rebello and S. Abhilash. The research team has published scientific details of the project in journal Current Science. The radar was fabricated by Chennai-based Data Patterns India under the guidance of scientists and engineers. The project was financially supported by the Department of Science and Technology. (India Science Wire)
विज्ञान से जुड़ी सभी खबरें हिंदी में पढ़ें।
Indian monsoon Atmosphere Science & Technology India
New radar allows scientists to see through ice
At least 42 killed in devastating pre-monsoon rains in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
India Environment Portal Resources :
Long‐term climate simulations using the IITM Earth System Model (IITM‐ESMv2) with focus on the South Asian monsoon
Development of monsoonal Asia climate risk analysis maprooms
Decadal surface temperature trends in India based on a new high-resolution data set
Role of ocean initial conditions to diminish dry bias in the seasonal prediction of Indian summer monsoon rainfall: A case study using climate forecast system


Present-progressive tense verbs express continuing actions that are occurring now or express a continuing current condition.
tense be(am, is, are) plus a present participle (verb with an ing ending).
I am studying for my exam.
The scientist is conducting an experiment.
Rachelle and Tom are hosting a holiday party.
Students are throwing balls of paper across the room.
My brother is giving me his old baseball glove.
The above examples are in active voice. The examples below are in passive voice. Passive voice in the present progressive tense is created with the auxiliary present tense be (am, is, are) plus the present participle be (being) plus a past participle. To avoid wordiness, writers should limit the use of passive voice.
An experiment is being conducted by the scientist.
A holiday party is being hosted by Rachelle and Tom.
Balls of paper are being thrown across the room by the students.
An old baseball glove is being given to me by my brother.


text:
Over the last several years, John Holl has written several books contributed to several others. Read below for a description of each. Whenever possible, please support your local, independent bookstore to purchase a copy. If you are interested in a personalized signed copy, please contact John directly by clicking here.
Drink Beer, Think Beer: Getting to the Bottom of Every Pint
Right here, right now is the best time in the history of mankind to be a beer drinker. America now has more breweries than at any time since prohibition, and globally, beer culture is thriving and constantly innovating. Drinkers can order beer brewed with local yeast or infused with moondust. However, beer drinkers are also faced with uneven quality and misinformation about flavors. And the industry itself is suffering from growing pains, beset by problems such as unequal access to taps, skewed pricing, and sexism.
Drawing on history, economics, and interviews with industry insiders, John Holl provides a complete guide to beer today, allowing readers to think critically about the best beverage in the world. Full of entertaining anecdotes and surprising opinions, Drink Beer, Think Beer is a must-read for beer lovers, from casual enthusiasts to die-hard hop heads.
Please support local bookstores and order a copy here.
Dishing Up New Jersey
New Jersey native John Holl searched from Sussex County to Cape May to find the best recipes New Jersey has to offer, and the result is this rich and unique cookbook celebrating the foods, flavors, cultures, and traditions of the Garden State. These 150 recipes include dishes featuring New Jersey's own produce — tomatoes, corn, cranberries, blueberries, apples — along with deep-fried boardwalk treats, late-night diner bites, and recipes contributed by casinos, bison and dairy farms, food trucks, old-school delis, famous bakeries, and more. Beautifully photographed, this collection is the ultimate tribute to New Jersey's best.
The American Craft Beer Cookbook
John Holl, an enthusiast who believes that there's a perfect beer for every meal, conducts an exciting tour of delicious food designed to eat with fine craft beer. Thinking beyond standard burgers and nachos, talented brewpub chefs offer pairings such as Pistachio-Crusted Salmon Sandwiches served with a bright hefeweizen, and Curried Pumpkin Chicken Soup paired with — what else? — a pumpkin stout. Craft beer never tasted so good.
For media inquires regarding The American Craft Beer Cookbook please contact Sarah Armour, Senior Publicist for Storey Publishing, sarah.armour [at] storey [dot] com
Looking for someone to host a beer dinner, event, or present a lecture? John Holl is available for events and speaking engagements. Please contact the Workman Speaker's Bureau at SpeakersBureau [at] workman [dot] com
Massachusetts Breweries
By John Holl & April Darcy
"Just as the Pilgrim fathers brewed their first batches of beer in Massachusetts, so too were Massachusetts brewing pioneers in the forefront of the craft brewing revolution. With this guidebook in hand, you can embark on a rich treasure trail reflecting the true state of American craft brewing in the early twenty-first century." –Tony Forder, Publisher, Ale Street News
Indiana Breweries
By John Holl & Nate Schweber
"The Hoosier State has a new underdog story to tell. Thanks to craft beer made by standout breweries and brewpubs, Indiana is quickly rising through beerdom's ranks. In this book, John Holl and Nate Schweber canvass the state leaving a trail of breadcrumbs that anyone interested in learning the charms of Indiana beer can now follow." –Nick Kaye, Managing Editor, The Beer Connoisseur Magazine
Beer In So Many Words
Edited by Adrian Tierney-Jones with contributions from John Holl
These days beer could not be more popular. New craft breweries open by the week; most pubs routinely serve several draught real ales; supermarkets stock an astonishing range of the best beers from all over the world, and BrewDog raises millions by crowdfunding. Even Majestic Wines now sells beer.But until now, though people have always written evocatively and passionately about this delicious beverage, no-one has collected all the best beer writing into one volume – even though the same job has often been done for wine.Now the award-winning beer writer Adrian Tierney-Jones has put that right, with this endlessly entertaining anthology, packaged as a beautiful small-format hardback perfect for the gift market.
Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City
By Andrew F. Smith and Garrett Oliver, with contributions from John Holl
Savoring Gotham weaves the full tapestry of the city's rich gastronomy in nearly 570 accessible, informative A-to-Z entries. Written by nearly 180 of the most notable food experts-most of them New Yorkers–Savoring Gotham addresses the food, people, places, and institutions that have made New York cuisine so wildly diverse and immensely appealing.
The New York Times: 36 Hours USA & Canada
By Barbara Ireland with contributions from John Holl
To travel in North America is to face a delicious quandary: over these vast spaces with so many riches, from glittering cities to eccentric small towns and heart-stoppingly beautiful mountains and plains, how to experience as much as possible in limited time? The New York Times has the answer, and has been offering up dream weekends with practical itineraries in its popular weekly "36 Hours" column for over a decade.
By Garrett Oliver with contributions from John Holl
The Oxford Companion to Beer features more than 1,100 A-Z entries written by 166 of the world's most prominent beer experts. Attractively illustrated with over 140 images, the book covers everything from the agricultural makeup of various beers to the technical elements of the brewing process, local effects of brewing on regions around the world, and the social and political implications of sharing a beer.
Follow @John_Holl


Looking for an investment property or a beach retreat look no further. This quaint ground floor 1 bedroom 1 bathroom condo with beach access is ready for you! The bedroom has a nice size closet, full bathroom with a tub and shower. Kitchen is fully equipped and the condo comes fully furnished. Living room features sliding doors which lead out to the back patio and putting green. EASY ACCESS to pool and beach! Unit has 1 assigned carport space and plenty of guest parking. Complex features coin operated laundry facilities, pool, putting green and private beach access.


SUPREME aims at optimizing powder metallurgy processes throughout the supply chain. It will focus on a combination of fast-growing industrial production routes and advanced ferrous and non-ferrous metals. By offering more integrated, flexible and sustainable processes for powders manufacturing and metallic parts fabrication, SUPREME enables the reduction of the raw material resources (minerals, metal powder, gas and water) losses while improving energy efficiency and thus carbon dioxide emissions, into sustainable processes and towards a circular economy.


Baahubali 2 has become another victim of the extortion racket targeted at movies. However, like a typical movie, this seems to have had a good ending. Sixteen perpetrators of this incident have been arrested for stealing a copy of Baahubali 2 and demanding a ransom from the producers of the movie, Arka Mediaworks Entertainment Ltd.
This greedy gang of sixteen threatened to publish the movie on the Internet, if a ransom was not paid. According to India.com, representatives of Arka Mediaworks refused to pay the blackmailers and immediately called the police.
As part of the tactics used to identify the perpetrators, the police asked Arka Mediaworks to play along and seek proof that the movie was indeed stolen. The perpetrators did not know that the copy of the film was "cleverly" marked for copy protection and provided the company with a filler from the movie.
This allowed law enforcement agencies to trace the stolen copy to a specific theatre whose owner was soon arrested. Torrent Freak notes that watermarks allow producers to track exactly where a cam-copy of movie was made, but in this case attackers had digital copy of the film. This suggests that the perpetrators had managed to secure the encryption key which is required to decrypt content (or the movie in this case).
The Baahubali incident was not an isolated one. In recent months, hackers put 10 episodes of the new season of the series "Orange Is The New Black" on the internet. The hacker/s – known as the Dark Overlord is said to have stated that representatives of Netflix and Larson Studios refused to pay the ransom, and thus the online posting in retaliation.
It has been learnt that hackers also sought to blackmail Disney by threatening to publish from the latest movie in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, Dead Men Tell No Tales.


"Call for the grandest of all earthly spectacles, what is that? It is the sun going to his rest."
I've been taking pictures for most of my adult life. But a few years ago, I made the decision to take photography seriously. I've moved on from taking snapshots to making images. I've recently relocated to Winnipeg, MB from Mandeville, LA, just north of New Orleans and will continue my photographic pursuits in Winnipeg.
My work focuses on landscape, portraiture, street photography, architecture, real estate, and artistic rendering of subjects to gain a different view of items that we take for granted.
If you have a photographic project that I can assist you with, please contact me. My work is done on location only.
I can supply you with prints up to 17 inches wide. Framing options are also available.
Any photograph seen on this site is for sale as a print.


Sleep, and all the things that come with it, is one of the most mysterious activities we do as humans. The act of simply shutting off our bodies for about eight hours each night while our mind wanders to the strangest of places is bizarre in and of itself. But what about those who suffer from sleep disorders?
They are a lot more common than we think, with almost a third of people experiencing chronic insomnia, and "up to five percent suffering from obstructive sleep apnea," said Dr. Carl Bazil, director of the Sleep Center at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center. Those with sleep disorders experience a range of symptoms, from an inability to sleep to an inability to stay awake, but most complain they have difficulty concentrating during the days thereafter.
If you think you may be suffering from a sleep disorder, you may not be wrong, but when should you go and seek help? "Discuss it with your primary doctor, if it's interrupting your relationship or your ability to function throughout the day," said Dr. Andrew Westwood, assistant professor of Clinical Neurology at Columbia University Medical Center. While some sleeping disorders can disappear on their own, or can be easily fixed by treating the underlying cause, the most telling sign of a sleep disorder is an inability to function.
So what exactly are the most common sleep disorders out there? Click on "View Slideshow" to find out.


text:
Basic Research| Volume 37, ISSUE 10, P1406-1411, October 2011
Effects of Reducing Agents on Birefringence Dentin Collagen after Use of Different Endodontic Auxiliary Chemical Substances
Danna Mota Moreira, DDS, MSc
Danna Mota Moreira
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
Judith Pessoa de Andrade Feitosa, PhD
Judith Pessoa de Andrade Feitosa
Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Sérgio Roberto Peres Line, PhD
Sérgio Roberto Peres Line
Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
Alexandre Augusto Zaia, PhD
Alexandre Augusto Zaia
Address requests for reprints to Dr Alexandre Augusto Zaia, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, PO Box 52, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
Published:August 08, 2011DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.026
Previous ArticleEvaluation of Chemical Interactions of Maleic Acid with Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Next ArticleEffects of Two Nickel-Titanium Instrument Systems, Mtwo versus ProTaper Universal, on Root Canal Geometry Assessed by Micro–Computed Tomography
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10% ascorbic acid or 10% sodium ascorbate on organic matrix collagen of bovine dentin root canal walls after irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or 0.9% sodium chloride.
Eighty bovine incisors were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 10): group 1, 0.9% sodium chloride (control); group 2, 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA (NaOCl + EDTA); group 3, 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 10% ascorbic acid (NaOCl + EDTA + AA); group 4, 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 10% sodium ascorbate (NaOCl + EDTA + SA); group 5, 5.25% NaOCl (NaOCl); group 6, 17% EDTA; group 7, 10% ascorbic acid (AA); and group 8, 10% sodium ascorbate (SA). Teeth were chemomechanically prepared, submitted to histologic processing, and stained with Sirius Red dye to be analyzed under polarized light microscopy. Absorbance assay was also performed to confirm the loss of collagen.
NaOCl + EDTA and NaOCl groups presented a significantly different birefringence pattern compared with the control group (P < .05). The measurement of the optical retardations of NaOCl + EDTA + SA indicated that this group was not statistically different from the control group. Although the measurement of the optical retardations of NaOCl + EDTA + AA was statistically different from the control group, the results were significantly higher than for NaOCl + EDTA. The birefringence of EDTA, AA, and SA groups was not statistically different from that of control group. The absorbance assay of NaOCl + EDTA and NaOCl groups confirmed the loss of collagen (P < .05).
It is possible to conclude that 5.25% NaOCl, whether associated or not with 17% EDTA, causes birefringence alterations and loss of dentin collagen. These alterations reduced the ability of Sirius Red to bind with collagen fiber molecules. The reductions in the optical retardation values could be reversed by the application of either 10% ascorbic acid or 10% sodium ascorbate after 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA irrigation.
Auxiliary chemical solutions
birefringence
reducing agents