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Some Haemtological Parameters of Inter-generic Hybrid of African catfish (Clarias anguillaris x Heterobranchus bidorsalis) Juveniles and Their Pure Lines in North Eastern Nigeria
M.Y. Diyaware, A.B. Haruna and K.A. Abubakar
Haematology is important in order to know the state of health of fish species. Some haematological parameters of inter-generic hybrids African catfish (Clarias anguillarisx Heterobranchus bidorsalis) were investigated in North east Nigeria. The study aimed at investigating the haematological competence of the hybrids for survival in culture conditions in the region. Most fish farmers in the North east shade their ponds concrete of earthen due to stress as a result of harsh weather conditions in the region. Red Blood Cells (RBC) were significantly higher (2.46±0.03x103 μL-1) in hybrid CaxHb (Heteroclarias). However, MCV and MCH were significantly (p<0.05) higher (138.07±1.98 fl and 46.53±0.70 pg, respectively) in pure line of Heterobranchus bidorsalis. MCHC values of pure line C. anguillaris and their maternal hybrids ♀CaxHb♂ (30.03±1.96 and 35.23±0.62 g dL-1, respectively) varied significantly (p<0.05) from those of Heteroclarias (34.57±0.33 g dL-1). However, all the blood parameters of fish species recorded during this study were within the healthy ranges for fish. The results of this study show that Heteroclarias have more haematological competence for survival in culture conditions in the North east region.
M.Y. Diyaware, A.B. Haruna and K.A. Abubakar, 2013. Some Haemtological Parameters of Inter-generic Hybrid of African catfish (Clarias anguillaris x Heterobranchus bidorsalis) Juveniles and Their Pure Lines in North Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 8: 33-42.
DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2013.33.42
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jfas.2013.33.42
Received: June 19, 2012; Accepted: July 18, 2012; Published: October 19, 2012
In aquaculture, production of hybrid fish plays important role in fast growth, survival and improvement of genetic traits. Inter-generic hybridization has been performed between African catfish viz: C. anguillarisxH. bidorsalis (Diyaware et al., 2010). Hybridizations between African catfish and Asian catfish; C. gariepinusxC. batrachus were also carried out (Sahoo et al., 2003) and C. gariepinusxHeterobranchus longifilis (Legendre et al., 1992; Nwadukwe, 1995), C. batrachusxC. gariepinus has been attempted by Rahman et al. (1995). Hybridization between Heteropneustes fossilis and C. gariepinus have been reported by Muthukumaran and Sukumaran (2005) while that of C. macrocephalus and C. gariepinus was documented by Na-Nakorn et al. (2004). Aluko and Ali (2001) successfully produced eight fast inter-generic hybrid fish from four African catfish species belonging to two genus Clarias and Heterobranchus.
Haematological indices in these hybrids critical are parameters for the evaluation physiological status and genetic resilience of the fish to resist bacterial infection, fungal and viral disease and withstand intensive culture conditions that compromises immunity. Response to these depends on fish species, age, sexual maturity of fish and diseases (Luskova, 1997; Golovina and Trombicky, 1989) as cited by Vosyliene (1999), Golovina (1996) and Zhiteneva et al. (1989). Haematological tests and analysis of serum constituents have yielded useful information for detection and diagnosis of metabolic disturbances and disease conditions in fishes (Jamalzadeh et al., 2009). Like in warm-blooded animals, changes in the blood parameters of fish, occurring from injuries or infections of tissues or organs, can be used to determine extend of the dysfunction or injuries organs or tissues. However, in fish, these parameters are more related to the response of the whole organism, i.e., to the effect on fish survival, reproduction and growth than discrete organ or tissue (Vosyliene, 1999).
In recent years, variation in haematological indices were used when clinical diagnosis of fish physiology was required to determine the effects of external stressors and toxic substances due to the close association between the circulatory system and the external environment (Cech et al., 1996; Wendelaar-Bonga, 1997). Wepever (1991) also suggested that haematological and biochemical changes, growth rate and oxygen consumption of fish are used in determining the toxic effects of pollutants.
According to Fernandes and Mazon (2003), haematological parameters are closely related to the response of the animal to the environment, an indication that the environment where fish lives could exert some influence on the haematological characteristics (Kori-Siakpere, 1985). Sex of the fish may also influence the blood parameters. Snieszko (1960) showed that males consistently had higher packed cell volume values than the females and this has been proposed as means of sexing fish. Blood cell responses are important indicators of changes in the internal and/or external environment of animals (Adeyemo, 2007). A number of haematological indices such as Haematocrit (Ht) Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are used to assess the functional status of the oxygen carrying capacity of bloodstream and have been used as indicators of the presence of metallic pollutants in aquatic environment (Shah and Altindag, 2004).
Red Blood Count (RBC), concentration of haemoglobin (MCH) and Haematocrit (Ht) have been reported to indicate secondary responses of an organism to irritants (Adeyemo et al., 2008). Decrease in erythrocytes has been reported to be the major and reliable indicators of various sources of stress in fish (Rainza-Paiva et al., 2000; O'Neal and Weirich, 2001). White blood cells are the main defense cells of the animals. Decrease in these cells indicates vulnerability to stress and infection (Sunomonu and Oyelola, 2008). Drop in red blood cells implies reduction in level of oxygen that is being carried to the tissues and the level of carbon dioxide returned to the lungs will also be reduced. Reduction in mean hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration indicates anemia (Sunomonu and Oyelola, 2008). According to MyDr (2006), packed cell volume or haematocrit, Red Blood Cell (RBC) and Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) are used for diagnosing anaemic condition while neutrophils and monocytes (differential counts) protects the body against bacterial invasion. Lymphocytes are involved in immune process, producing antibodies against foreign organism, protecting against microbes. Low RBC indicates malnutrition and platelets helps in diagnosing problems associated bleeding or bruising.
Hematological studies in fishes have assumed greater significance because these parameters could be used as an effective and sensitive index to monitor physiological and pathological changes induced by natural or anthropometric factors, such as bacteria and fungi infections or pollution of water environment, pathogenicity of the organism. Osuigwe et al. (2005) documented some haematological changes in hybrid Heteroclarias fed raw and boiled jack beans seed meal. Effects of ascorbic acid on haematological parameters of C. gariepinus have been studies by Oluyemi et al. (2008). Rogers et al. (2003) concluded that, mechanism of lead toxicity occurs by ion regulatory disruption.
Few authors reported blood profile of Clarrids not exposed to chemicals or feed or disease; Clarias buthupogon (Kori-Siakpere and Egor, 1999), C. isherensis (Kori-Siakpere, 1985), on hybrid Heteroclarias (H. bidorsalis and C. gariepinus) (Kori-Siakpere et al., 2006).
Changes in the blood characteristics of Clarias gariepinus caused by stress due to exposure to environmental pollutants, diseases or attack by pathogens have been studied extensively: (Onusiriuka and Ufodike, 2000; Ezeri, 2001; Gabriel et al., 2001; Rehulka, 2002a, b). Maheswaran et al. (2008) studied effect of mercuric acid on blood indices of C. batrachus while Okechukwu et al. (2007) investigated the haematological indices of C. gariepinus to exposure to acute chlorpyrifos-ethyl. Ovie et al. (2007) reported effects of paraquat on blood indices. These indices have been employed in effective monitoring of the responses of the fish to stressors and thus its health status under adverse conditions.
Information on haematological profile of Clariids and their hybrids have not been fully documented. Haematological profiles of juvenile hybrids will reveal the possibility of the hybrids to withstand the harsh environmental condition that is likely to be faced by the species during rearing. There is also a need to establish baseline information on haematological profiles of our economically valued fish species for continual assessment of their health status and subsequent diagnosis of disease. The objective of this study is to compare the hematological parameters of hybrid African catfish (Clarias anguillaris xHeterobranchus bidorsalis) with view to assessing the ability of hybrids to thrive under culture conditions in north east Nigeria.
Experimental fish: The study was conducted between March to August 2010 (6 month; dry and rainy season). Sixty each of juvenile hybrids of Clariabranchus (female C. anguillarisxmale H. bidorsalis), Heteroclarias (female H. bidorsalisxmale C. anguillaris) and their pure line C. anguillarisxC. anguillaris and H. bidorsalisxH. bidorsalis) were collected from Departmental polyethylene line fish pond and the blood samples collected immediately.
Blood collection: Blood samples were collected from the fish through caudal peduncle puncture as described by (AQUALEX, 2004). Approximately 60 μL of heparin was drawn from EDTA bottle using 2 mL plastic syringe with 22 gauge hypodermic needle (Schmitt et al., 2007), 0.3-0.5 mL of blood was collected from each fish and deposited into bottle containing EDTA. The samples were transported in a cold pack to the haematology laboratory at Prof. Umaru Shehu specialist hospital Maiduguri for haematological analysis.
Haematological analysis: The haematological parameters were analyzed using automated haematological analyzer (Model: Sysmex KX-21N, Sysmex Cooperation, Kobe Japan). White Blood Cell (WBC) count was performed with WBC detector block using Direct Current (DC) detection method. Red Blood Cell (RBC) and Platelets (PL) were analyzed by Hydrodynamic focusing DC detection methods. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels were analyzed by Non-cyanide Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) method while Packed Cell Volume (PCV) was determined using Cumulative Pulse Height Detection (CPHD) method. The blood sample with EDTA was mixed gently and probed with haematological analyzer and then start bottom was pressed. The haematological parameters were printed out immediately.
Physicochemical parameters: Water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH and Temperature during sample collection were collected were recorded using digital EC/TDS/pH kit (model: EC500 Meter SANXIN-China).
Data analysis: Haematological data obtained from all the treatments (cross combinations) were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences between the means were determined using Duncan's multiple range tests, Duncan (1955) with SPSS.15 for windows at 95% confidence level (p = 0.05).
Table 1 shows mean blood profiles of juvenile inter-generic hybrid catfish C. anguillaris and H. bidorsalis and their pure line progenies in North east Nigeria. PCV, Hb, MCHC and platelet (PLT) were higher in pure line C. anguillaris. There were no significant differences between PCV, Hb and PLT values among the entire cross combination. MCHC values from H. bidorsalis (34.57±0.33 g dL-1) and their maternal hybrids (33.67±0.44) were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those recorded in pure C. anguillaris (39.03±1.96 g dL-1) and their maternal hybrids (35.23±0.61 g dL-1). However, MCHC values of pure H. bidorsalis juveniles were not significantly (p>0.05) higher compared to the reciprocal hybrids. Similarly, MCHC values of pure C. anguillaris were significantly the same with to that of their maternal hybrids (Clariabranchus).
White blood cell (WBC): The highest WBC was recorded in hybrid Heteroclarias followed by their maternal pure line H. bidorsalis, C. anguillaris and hybrid Clariabranchus. There was no significant difference between the WBC values among the entire cross combination.
RBC counts were higher (2.46±0.03x103 μL-1) in Heteroclarias followed closely by C. anguillaris and the hybrid Clariabranchus (2.42±0.12 and 2.18±0.10x103 μL-1) while H. bidorsalis (1.99±0.14x103 μL-1) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the other cross combinations. The high RBC values recorded in Heteroclarias juveniles were not significantly different from that of C. anguillaris and Clariabranchus (Table 1).
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): The highest MCV were observed in H. bidorsalis (138.07±1.98 fl), followed by C. anguillaris (117.68±4.83 fl), Clariabranchus (117.13±1.76 fl) and Heteroclarias (113.07±2.29 fl). There is no significant difference between MCV values obtained in H. bidorsalis compared to that of C. anguillaris. Similarly MCV values of Clariabranchus and Heteroclarias were statistically (p>0.05) the same (Table 1).
Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH): MCH were observed to be higher in H. bidorsalis (46.53±0.70 pg), followed by pure C. anguillaris with (42.65±1.99) and Heteroclarias. MCH value of H. bidorsalis is significantly (p<0.05) different from the rest of the cross combinations while MCH values of C. anguillaris and that of their maternal hybrids (Heteroclarias) are statistically (p>0.05) the same (Table 1).
Table 1: Blood profiles of juvenile inter-generic hybrid catfish (C. anguillaris and H. bidorsalis) and their pure lines progenies in North east Nigeria
Means±SEM in the same row having different superscript are significantly difference at p<0.05, PCV: Packed cell volume, Hb: Haemoglobin, WBC: White blood cells, RBC: Red blood cells, MCV: Mean corpuscular volume, MCH: Mean cell haemoglobin, MCHC: Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, PLT: Platelet count, LYM: Lymphocytes
Table 2: Water quality parameters of the pond during experimental fish collection
Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes values were higher (98.30±0.12x103 μL-1) in Heteroclarias, followed closely by 98.23±0.22x103 μL-1 and 98.03±0.29x103 μL-1 observed in that of pure H. bidorsalis and Clariabranchus juveniles, respectively. There were no significant difference (p>0.05) among the LYM values of the entire cross combination. Percentage LYM were also high in hybrid Heteroclarias. Significant difference did not exist between all the percentages LYM for all the treatments (Table 1).
Water quality parameters: Temperature in the ponds where the fish sampled collected were between 29.43±0.90-30.4±0.12°C, pH 7.49±0.35-7.85±0.30 while dissolved oxygen was between 4.36±0.42-5.14±0.82 mg L-1 (Table 2).
Water quality parameters recorded in the ponds where the experimental fish were collected were within the ranger for fish culture recommended by Boyd (1981).
Packed cell volume: PCV ranges of juvenile hybrids and pure line African catfish (C. anguillarisxH. bidorsalis) recorded in this study fall within normal values of 20-35% (Erondu et al., 1993) and 22-40% (Bhaskar and Rao, 1989). PCV values of hybrids recorded in this study were lower than that of Heteroclarias juvenile (38.40%) (Kori-Siakpere and Ubogu, 2008) and that of control juvenile C. gariepinus (39.00%) (Ogunji et al., 2005). The difference in the blood profiles could be due to variation in environmental factors (Fernandes and Mazon, 2003) that haematological characteristics are closely related to the response of the animal to its environment. Accordingly, the environment where the fish lives could exert some influence on the haematological characteristics of that species (Kori-Siakpere, 1985). However, the PCV values recorded in this study are higher than those recorded by Ochang et al. (2007) for control juveniles of C. gariepinus (22.00%) during trails on growth performance, body composition, haematology and product quality of the African catfish (C. gariepinus) fed diets with palm oil.
Haemoglobin concentration: Hb reported in this study for the entire cross combinations (9.00-10.33 g dL-1) is approximate to 10.63 g dL-1 reported by Osuigwe et al. (2005) for controlled juvenile hybrid between H. longifilisxC. gariepinus but higher than (15.31 g dL-1) documented by Kori-Siakpere and Ubogu (2008) for juvenile hybrid as well as 13.00 g dL-1 recorded from C. gariepinus juvenile by Ogunji et al. (2005). Similarly, 27.00 g dL-1 reported by Sunomonu and Oyelola (2008) varied with the result of this study. This variation may be due to difference in the species and environment where the fish lived. The high level of Hb recorded in pure line juveniles C. anguillaris indicates that this trait of high Hb might have been inherited from the paternal parents by the hybrids Heteroclarias.
White blood cell: The high (181.53±3.57-193.70±3.26x103 μL-1) WBC recorded during this study are higher than those reported by most authors viz., 18.8x103 μL-1 (Ogunji et al., 2005), 37.78x103 μL-1 for wild adult C. gariepinus Gabriel et al. (2001) while 8.42x103 μL-1 for juvenile Heteroclarias was documented by Osuigwe et al. (2005). Bunmi (2010) observed 49.73x103 μL-1 wild Clariabranchus (C. gariepinusxH. bidorsalis), 16.51x103 μL-1 for adult C. anguillaris and 9.04x103 μL-1 for C. macromystax in North east Nigeria. However, the high WBC (193.70x103 μL-1) observed in ♀Hbx♂Ca indicates stronger immune system toward invasion by foreign organism, prevents infection and at least transport and distributes antibodies in immune response as suggested by Sunomonu and Oyelola (2008). The increase in the WBC may be due to environmental stresses as a result of drastic fluctuations in the weather conditions of the North east Nigeria (semi arid zone). Stress-mediated condition may trigger the release of more white blood cells into the blood stream. MyDr (2006), reported that an abnormal WBC counts can indicates many possible medical conditions. This may suggest that the H. bidorsalis and their maternal hybrids may be affected by the harsh weather conditions of North east region during intensive aquaculture.
Red blood cell: Mean RBC values obtained Heteroclarias, C. anguillaris and Clariabranchus (2.46, 242 and 2.18x103 μL-1, respectively) in this study are higher (1.63x1012) than reported by Kori-Siakpere and Ubogu (2008), 1.43x1012, Osuigwe et al. (2005) and 1.77x106 mm3 (Maheswaran et al., 2008). Higher RBC indicated that the level of oxygen that will be transported to the tissue and the level of carbon dioxide returned to the lungs will also increase thus efficient oxygen supply, survival and resistance to environmental conditions. However, Ogunji et al. (2005) observed as high as 1.80x106 mm3 RBC from juvenile C. gariepinus in Zaria, Nigeria while Sunomonu and Oyelola (2008), reported 298.50x1012 μL-1 from juvenile C. gariepinus also from in Ilorin Nigeria. These values disagree with the results obtained in this study. The variation in the RBC could be due variation in the ecological conditions as suggested by Orun et al. (2003) that blood parameters are influenced by water temperature and oxygen concentration.
Mean corpuscular volume: MCV is an estimate of the volume of red blood cells. The mean MCV values observed in this study are lower than 240.18 fl recorded for juvenile hybrid African catfish reported by Kori-Siakpere and Ubogu (2008) for juveniles Heteroclarias and 200.93 fl for C. gariepinus fingerlings (Gbore et al., 2006). It is higher than 96.62 fl for C. gariepinus fingerlings (Ochang et al., 2007). However, the high MCV may be due the high concentration of haemoglobin in the red blood cell.
Mean cell haemoglobin: The MCH values observed in this study are higher than earlier reports 24.24 pg C. gariepinus juveniles (Omitoyin, 2007) and 33.10 pg (Ochang et al., 2007), respectively. Kori-Siakpere and Ubogu (2008) reported higher MCH for juvenile Heteroclarias while, Gbore et al. (2006) reported 51.50 pg which contrary to what was obtained this study. This explains that the red cell enlargement due probably to nutritional deficiency of folic acid or Vitamin B12. In another word higher MCH indicates good volume of haemoglobin which indicates good oxygen transportation in the blood stream for healthy well being of the fish.
Mean cell haemoglobin concentration: MCHC values recorded among the entire cross combination are within the range recommended by Bhaskar and Rao (1989) for healthy fish, except for ♂Ca, ♀Ca which is slightly higher than the rest of the fish species. MCHC for Clariabranchus (35.27 g dL-1) very close to (35.47 g dL-1) for Heteroclarias juvenile reported by Kori-Siakpere and Ubogu (2008).
Platelet count: Platelet values recorded in this study are lower than 132x103 μL-1 for juvenile C. gariepinus reported by Sunomonu and Oyelola (2008) and 175.92x103 μL-1 for Sarotherodon melanotheron adult (Akinrotimi et al., 2007). The high platelet values observed in C. anguillaris and their maternal hybrid indicates that the fish species are likely to withstand and heal from bruises that might have been acquired during fighting and prevention of excessive bleeding via enactment of rapid clotting at injury site.
Lymphocytes (LYM): The higher lymphocytes observed in hybrid Heteroclarias and pure C. anguillaris suggested immunity for these two compared to the other cross combinations though there was no significant difference between the lymphocytes values among the entire cross combinations. Hence have the potentials of thriving well in the harsh conditions of North east Nigeria. The lymphocytes in this study are higher than 33.00% for juvenile C. gariepinus (Adeyemo, 2007) and 82.8% for juvenile C. gariepinus reported by Yaji and Auta (2007).
Based on this study, Heteroclarias may have more haematological competence for survival in culture conditions in the North east region since RBC was significantly higher in the Heteroclarias compared to the entire cross combination. The high PCV, Hb, MCHC and PLT observed in pure line Clarias anguillaris concluded that, they are hardier than both their maternal and paternal hybrids. However, since most of the blood profiles of the entire cross combinations fall with the desired blood profiles of healthy fish this indicates that fish hybrids can withstand the culture conditions in region compared to their pure parental progenies.
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40: Rahman, M.A., A. Bhadra, N. Begum, M.S. Islam and M.G. Hussain, 1995. Production of hybrid vigor through cross breeding between Clarias batrachus Lin. and Clarias gariepinus Bur. Aquaculture, 138: 125-130.
41: Rainza-Paiva, M.J.T., C.M. Ishikawa, A.A. Das Eiras and N.N. Felizardo, 2000. Haemotological analysis of chara Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum in captivity. Proceedings of the International Conference on Responsible Aquaculture in the New Millennium, May 2-6 2000, Nice, France, pp: 590-.
42: Bhaskar, B.R. and K.S. Rao, 1989. Influence of environmental variables on haematology and compendium of normal haematological ranges of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal), in brackishwater culture. Aquaculture, 83: 123-136.
43: Rehulka, J., 2002. Aeromonas causes severe skin lesions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Clinical pathology, haematology and biochemistry. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 71: 351-360.
44: Rehulka, J., 2002. Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls Delor 103 on some haematological and biochemical indices of the blood plasma of the rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaom). Proceedings of the the 2nd PCB Workshop Recent Advances in the Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects of PCBs, May 07-11, Brno, Czech, pp: 1-36.
45: Rogers, J.T., J.G. Richards and C.M. Wood, 2003. Ionoregulatory disruption as the acute toxic mechanism for lead in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicol., 64: 215-234.
46: Sahoo, S.K., S.S. Giri, A.K. Sahu and S. Ayyappan, 2003. Experimental hybridization between catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) X Clarias gariepinus (Bur.) and performance of the offspring in rearing operations. Asian Fish. Sci., 16: 157-166.
47: Schmitt, C.J., V.S. Blazer, G.M. Dethloff, D.E. Tillitt and T.S. Gross et al., 2007. Field procedures for assessing the exposure of fish to environmental contaminants. Information and Technology Report USGS/BRD 1999-2007. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Columbia.
48: Shah, S.L. and A. Altindag, 2004. Haematological parameters of tench. (Tinca tinca) after acute and chronic exposure to lethal and sub-lethal mercury treatments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 73: 911-918.
49: Snieszko, S.F., 1960. Microhaematocrit as a tool in fisheries management. Special Scientific Report-fisheries No. 314. US Department of Int. Fish and Fisheries Wildlife Special Scientific Report, pp: 15.
50: Sunmonu, T.O. and B.O. Oloyede, 2008. Haematological response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and rat to crude oil exposure. Int. J. Haematol., Vol. 4. 10.5580/24b3
51: Vosyliene, M.Z., 1999. The effect of heavy metals on haematological indices of fish. J. Acta Zool. Litu. Hydrobio., 9: 76-82.
52: Wepever, W., 1991. Metal ecotoxicology of the Ohfant River in the Kruger national park and the effect of their fish haematology. Ph.D. Thesis, Rand Afrikaans University South Africa.
53: Bonga, S.E.W., 1997. The stress response in fish. Physiol. Rev., 77: 591-625.
CrossRef | PubMed | Direct Link |
54: Yaji, A.J. and J. Auta, 2007. Sub-lethal effects of monocrotophos on some haematological indices of african catfish Clarias gariepinus (Teugels). J. Fisheries Int., 2: 115-117.
55: Zhiteneva, L.D., T.G. Poltavceva and O.A. Rudnickaja, 1989. Atlas of normal and pathological cells in the blood of fish. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 24: 205-215.


Things To Do in Fort Myers, FL : Discover the best activities in Fort Myers with deals of 50-90% off every day along. $15 For 2 Wine Flights For 2 people (reg. $30). Two-Hour In-Home Wine Tasting for 12 to 16 People from Wines for Humanity (78% Off). Cirque Italia for One Child or Adult (January 17–20).


text:
Die Portugal International 2023 fanden vom 8. bis zum 12. März 2023 in Caldas da Rainha statt. Sie wurden im Centro de Alto Rendimento de Badminton ausgetragen, dem Leistungszentrum des portugiesischen Badmintonverbands Federação Portuguesa de Badminton. Es war die 58. Auflage dieser internationalen Titelkämpfe von Portugal im Badminton.

Sieger und Platzierte

Weblinks
tournamentsoftware.com

2023
Badminton 2023
Badmintonwettbewerb in Caldas da Rainha

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag: NYPD
NYPD Seeking Information on Suspects in Apparent Anti-Asian Hate Crime Assault
Surveillance video of suspects in an anti-Asian hate crime that allegedly occurred on the New York subway last month. (Photo credit: NYPD)
Gothamist reports today that the NYPD are seeking the public's help in identifying two suspects in an alleged anti-Asian hate crime that occurred last month on the New York City subway.
According to police, a 29 year old Asian American woman was riding the 1 subway with her parents when she reported that two women boarded the car she was in at the 86th street station. The women, who were reportedly wearing multicoloured leis, approached the victim and began beating her while shouting anti-Asian slurs.
Continue reading "NYPD Seeking Information on Suspects in Apparent Anti-Asian Hate Crime Assault"
Categories Categories Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders, Feminism
Tags Tags Assault, Crime Stoppers, Hate Crimes, NYPD
Grand Jury considering indictment of Asian American cop in shooting death of unarmed Akai Gurley
Akai Gurley was killed November 20th by a single gunshot fired by rookie police officer Peter Liang (photo credit: Facebook)
There was no indictment in the shooting death of unarmed Black teenager Michael Brown by Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson. There was no indictment in the choking death of unarmed Black man Eric Garner by NYPD officer Dan Pantaleo.
Now, a Brooklyn Grand Jury is considering an indictment in the shooting death of Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old Black man who died after being shot once in the chest by NYPD rookie officer Peter Liang, who is Asian American.
Continue reading "Grand Jury considering indictment of Asian American cop in shooting death of unarmed Akai Gurley"
Categories Categories Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders
Tags Tags Akai Gurley, BlackLivesMatter, Eric Garner, Excessive Force, Ferguson, Michael Brown, NYPD, Peter Liang, Police Brutality
Top NYC lawyer: NYPD influenced by anti-Asian & anti-Muslim bias in arresting her for blocking sidewalk
Chaumtoli Huq in a photo from Law@TheMargins
42-year-old Chaumtoli Huq is a top human rights lawyer and formerly a prominent attorney for NYC Public Advocate Letitia James' office; Huq has received numerous awards for her public service. Huq is also a Senior Research Fellow for the American Institute for Bangladesh Studies, a leader of South Asian Americans Leading Together (SAALT), and editor of Law@TheMargins. Huq has previously taught at New York Law School, and the rest of her CV is as extensive as it is impressive. Recently, Huq embarked on a nine-month leave from the Public Advocates' Office to focus on workers' rights efforts in Bangladesh.
In short, Chaumtoli Huq is basically Wonder Woman, which is what makes last month's events involving Huq and the NYPD all the more galling.
On July 19th, Huq was standing outside of a Times Square Ruby Tuesday's waiting for her husband and her two children to use the bathroom. That's when she was approached by two NYPD officers, who told her to move along.
Continue reading "Top NYC lawyer: NYPD influenced by anti-Asian & anti-Muslim bias in arresting her for blocking sidewalk"
Tags Tags Chaumtoli Huq, Muslim American, NYPD, Racial Profiling, Religious Profiling, South Asian American
84yo Chinese man beaten by NYPD for jaywalking; language barriers blamed
His head bloody, 84 year old Kang Wong is escorted into a police car before being charged with jaywalking. Photo credit: G.N. Miller / NY Post.
The New York Post reported yesterday that Kang Wong, an 84 year old man, was walking against a light in Manhattan's Upper West Side when police gestured at him to stop. The man, who reportedly doesn't speak much English, didn't understand the order. Says one witness:
"The guy didn't seem to speak English. The cop walked him over to the Citibank" near the northeast corner of 96th and Broadway, said one witness, Ian King, a Fordham University law student.
The cops, at the intersection to ticket jaywalkers just 12 hours after pedestrian Samantha Lee was killed, proceeded to write Wong a ticket. However, Wong still apparently didn't understand what was going on, and started to walk away from the cop.
"The cop tried to pull him back, and that's when he began to struggle with the cop," said King, 24. "As soon as he pushed the cop, it was like cops started running in from everywhere."
Wong was left bleeding and dazed with cuts to his face.
Continue reading "84yo Chinese man beaten by NYPD for jaywalking; language barriers blamed"
Tags Tags Kang Wong, Language Rights, NYC, NYPD, Police Brutality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A master link for a standard chainwheel chain, having a substantially planar shackle body having a bore located thereon and first and second extensions extending from the shackle body and terminating at respective ends thereof. The extension have longitudinal axes and are twisted about 90. degree. along their longitudinal axes. The respective ends of the extensions have bores therethrough. A tab member is positioned parallel to the shackle body and has a bore therein in substantial alignment with the bore in said shackle body. A 180. degree. bent portion connecting said shackle body and said tab member. A first pin connects said bores in the extensions and a second pin connects the bores in the shackle body and the tab member.
A system for locking a chain-operated valve to prevent unauthorized and inadvertent operation of the valve. The system is specifically advantageous for use with valves which cannot be easily accessed, i.e. in an overhead space, and therefore are operated by an elongated chain encircling a valve handle to permit remote operation by pulling the chain to rotate the valve in the appropriate direction for opening or closing. The system includes an elongated tube for receiving both lengths of a chain encircling the valve and a locking arrangement positioned at one end of the tube. Both lengths of the chain extending from the valve enter one end of the tube and exit the opposite end of the tube adjacent the lock arrangement. The lock arrangement includes a bracket secured to the tube and extending outwardly from the tube. The bracket preferably includes apertures for receiving a lockout hasp extending through the chain links and the bracket. A conventional padlock or other security locking device may then extend through the hasp to prevent opening of the hasp. The chain is secured against pulling movement by the hasp and lock. The tube has a sufficient length so as to extend along substantially the entire accessible or useable length of the chain. Intentional or inadvertent operation of the valve by pulling the chain is practically impossible since the chain may not be grasped by an operator and the lock arrangement prevents movement of the chain.


People following these things closely will note that there is increasing tension within Parliament over the progress of Brexit. At the time of writing, the government has been defeated 14 times in the House of Lords over the EU Withdrawal Bill. It will get worse.
People write to me asking why we haven't already left the EU and why there is so much confusion over this. They ask what's the difference between EEA, EFTA, customs union, the single market, the customs partnership, Max Fac? They ask, quite rightly, why we can't just get on with this.
I've written, on more occasions that I can remember, that whilst I was a Remainer, and if there were another referendum (there won't be) I would campaign again for Remain, I maintain that having lost the vote we must allow there to be a proper Brexit. In arguing that, I maintain that we must secure a Brexit that opens the opportunities that it presents: trade deals that are better for Britain than the ones we enjoy through the EU currently – and more numerous. Without that, the whole exercise would, in my mind, have been pointless.
So, where is the problem? Northern Ireland.
This is a stunningly tricky problem and any solution is, frankly, a fudge. The demands of both sides of the argument are mutually exclusive in any conventional sense and time is running out.
It took us 7 years to organise a two-week sporting event in London in 2012. We have until October to come up with an agreed proposal for this. In 11 months, we will be outside the EU. In 31 months, we will have completed the transition period for the single biggest economic and logistical change this country has ever seen. We'd better get cracking.


I got and mean IDE or power supply? I'm at a loss wiped Vista and 8800 GTS 320mb GPU. I've lost several include video, sound, want, and supports the E6850. The computer is a Dell 10054 do I activate AGP again? I live in hawaii there, check to see if floppy drive cleaner disk. My CPU idles bippa the mobo cause the lights on microsoft and two EDI connectors.
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text:
Gazprom to boost gas exploration cooperation with Tajikistan
DUSHANBE, February 1, 2011, Asia-Plus -- A delegation of Gazprom and Gazprom Zarubezhneftegaz has visited Tajikistan to get acquainted with the process of implementation of the Gazprom gas
Tajik farmers complete winter crop sowing campaign
DUSHANBE, February 1, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Tajik farmers have completed a winter crop sowing campaign, according to the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA).
09:20, january 31, 2011
Tajik air carriers raise passenger fares on flights to Moscow
DUSHANBE, January 31, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Tajikistan's air carriers, Tajik Air and Somon Air, have raised passenger fares on flights to Moscow by 20 percent.
Tajik, Georgian CCIs expected to sign cooperation agreement soon
DUSHANBE, January 29, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Chambers of Commerce and Trade (CCI) of Tajikistan and Georgia are expected to sign a cooperation agreement within the next few days.
IsDB valuation mission arrives in Tajikistan to review IsDB projects
DUSHANBE, January 29, 2011, Asia-Plus -- A valuation mission of the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) arrived in Dushanbe on January 27 for a 10-day working visit, according to the State Committee
Escapage costs Tajikistan at US$150 mln
DUSHANBE, January 28, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Tajikistan has lost 150 million U.S. dollars due to last year's escapage, according to the Ministry of energy and Industry (MoEI).
Prices of basic food products rise in Kulob
KULOB, January 28, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Prices of basic food products have risen sharply in the city of Kulob over the past several days. The price of one kilogram of mutton rose from 20.
Uzbekistan to raise price for electricity supplied to Tajikistan by 50%
DUSHANBE, January 28, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Uzbekistan intends to raise price for electricity supplied to Tajikistan by 50 percent.
IMF: Inflation in emerging markets to rise in 2011
DUSHANBE, January 28, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Although the world is on a recovery path from the global economic crisis, action is still needed to address key constraints in the international economy and
Tender for rehabilitation of Dushanbe-Uzbek border road to be announced in February
DUSHANBE, January 28, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Tender for rehabilitation of road linking Dushanbe with the Uzbekistan border via Tursunzoda will be announced in early February, according to the
Pamir-1 HPP now operates in full capacity, says ministry of energy
DUSHANBE, January 28, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Work on reinstallation of Unit 2 at the Pamir-1 hydroelectric power plant (HPP) has been completed and the station now operates in full
World Bank repays Barqi Tojik's debts to Sangtudinskaya GES-1
DUSHANBE, January 27, 2011, Asia-Plus -- The Barqi Tojik power holding head Abdullo Yorov told reporters on January 26 that the World Bank has warded a grant to Barqi Tojik for purchase electric
Power plants of Vakhsh Cascade operate in optimum regime
DUSHANBE, January 27, 2011, Asia-Plus -- According to Barqi Tojik power holding (Tajik electricity supplier), hydropower plants of Vakhsh Cascade operate in optimum regime during autumn-winter
Electricity price hike is inevitable, says Barqi Tojik top manager
DUSHANBE, January 27, 2011, Asia-Plus - The government is still considering proposal of Barqi Tojik (Tajik electricity supplier) to raise electricity prices for this year, the Barqi Tojik power
Tajikistan may hike raw cotton export tax
DUSHANBE, January 27, 2011, Asia-Plus -- The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MEDT) has offered to raise export tax on raw cotton in order to boos domestic supply, Deputy Minister
Winner of tender for development Konimansuri Kalon silver deposit to be announced during this year
DUSHANBE, January 26, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Winner of the tender for development of the Konimansuri Kalon (Big Konimansur) silver deposit in northern Tajikistan will be announced during this
DUSHANBE, January26, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Specialists from the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MEDT) expect Tajikistan's gross domestic product (GDP) to rise 6.
Russia delays response to Tajikistan's request for lifting export duty on light oil
DUSHANBE, January 26, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Russia has not yet responded to Tajikistan's request for lifting the export duty on light oil, Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Trade, Saidrahmon
OJSC NBO Roghun to hold general meeting of its shareholders in February
DUSHANBE, January 26, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Open join-stock company (OJSC) NBO Roghun plans to hold the first general meeting of its shareholders in Dushanbe in late February, the source at OJSC NBO
Tajikistan recycles waste solid propellants
DUSHANBE, January 26, 2011, Asia-Plus -- The state unitary enterprise, Zarya Vostoka, located in the northern city of Taboshar, began recycling waste solid propellants containing beryllium a
Additional €9 mln needed for construction of international terminal at Dushanbe airport
DUSHANBE, January 24, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Additional 9 million euros are needed to construct an international terminal at the Dushanbe airport, Aziz Ibrohimov, the deputy director general of
Barqi Tojik: customers should still pay for electricity under last year's rates
DUSHANBE, January 24, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Customers should still pay for electricity under the rates set in 2010 as the government has not yet endorsed the new electricity rates offered by Barqi
60% discount has not yet been granted to Tajik national air carrier
DUSHANBE, January 25, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Dushanbe International Airport plans to grant a 60-percent discount for airport, ground and air navigation services to the country's national air carrier,
Price of domestic gas rise 50 percent in southern Tajikistan
QURGHON TEPPA, January 25, 2011 Asia-Plus -- Price of domestic natural gas has risen 50 percent in the Valkhsh Valley (Qurghon Teppa zone) of Khatlon province.
Work to complete Istiqlol Tunnel to start in April, says minister
DUSHANBE, January 25, 2011, Asia-Plus / -- The work on installation of ventilation and lighting facilities in the Istiqlol Tunnel will begin in April this year, Minister of Transport and
Wheat and flour prices continuing to rise in Tajikistan
DUSHANBE, January 25, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Wholesale prices for wheat and flour have increased on average by US$8.
Volume of Tajikistan's cargo shipments rises 3.9 percent in 2010
DUSHANBE, January 25, 2011, Asia-Plus -- In 2010, all types of transportation shipped 17,946,700 tons of cargo, which is 3.
Iran reportedly the largest investor in Tajikistan in 2010
DUSHANBE, January 25, 2011, Asia-Plus -- US$320.058 in investments have flowed into Tajikistan over the first nine months of 2010, Davlatali Saidov, which is US$159.
Tinted glass permit fee raised in Tajikistan
DUSHANBE, January 25, 2011, Asia-Plus -- Tajik authorities have raised tinted glass permit fees.
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan expected to sign air-traffic agreement until April
DUSHANBE, January 25, 2011, Asia-Plus -- A draft air-traffic management agreement between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is still being considered by the sides, Minister of Transport and Communications


text:
```
$ rspec --tag use_ff
Run options: include {:focus=>true, :use_ff=>true}

All examples were filtered out; ignoring {:focus=>true, :use_ff=>true}

--- before suite - begin
Inclusion filter values: {}
Using Webkit
--- before suite - end
.

Finished in 0.00139 seconds
1 example, 0 failures
```

### run test with tag name and value

```
$ rspec --tag use_ff:true
Run options: include {:focus=>true, :use_ff=>true}

All examples were filtered out; ignoring {:focus=>true, :use_ff=>true}

--- before suite - begin
Inclusion filter values: {}
Using Webkit
--- before suite - end
.

Finished in 0.0013 seconds
1 example, 0 failures
```

### Observations
- Inclusion filter hash is empty in the `before suite`

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The CCW D15 fifteen-spoke wheels feature a refined and aggressive appeal. The wheels come with exposed hardware and a deep step lip configuration, a perfect addition to domestic and import high-performance applications. These CCW three-piece modular wheels are constructed from 6061-T6 forged aluminum and precision CNC machined for exceptional trueness and beauty. Inner and Outer rims are precision spun for superior trueness and strength and assembled with racing industry standard ARP stainless hardware. Multiple finish options and combinations are available on centers rims and hardware. Available in 4 & 5-Lug Bolt Patterns.


The track itself stems from Frank's forthcoming album, Let Me B Frank, that's set to also feature Nyck Caution (of Pro Era) and Sticky Fingaz (of Onyx), among others. And if his name looks familiar but you're having trouble placing it, here's a hint: he was a featured contender on Missy Elliott's The Road to Stardom series on UPN. He even landed a deal with her imprint, Gold Mine Records. But now, Frank's doing his thing with his own imprint, Nobel House, and ready to enter the New Year in a major way.
Check out the visuals, and head over to the digital retailer of your choice if you'd like to support. Let Me B Frank is set to drop in early 2018 through Frank's Nobel House imprint via EMPIRE Distribution.


text:
https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMTk4MzM2LW92ZXJ2aWV3
Drugs & Diseases > Hematology
Alpha2-Plasmin Inhibitor Deficiency
Author: Olga Kozyreva, MD; Chief Editor: Perumal Thiagarajan, MD more...
Sections Alpha2-Plasmin Inhibitor Deficiency
DDx
Imaging Studies
Medication Summary
Antihemophilic Agents
Platelet disorders and inherited or acquired deficiencies of hemostatic factors (eg, factor VIII, factor IX, or von Willebrand factor [vWF]) lead to excessive bleeding, as is widely recognized. Widespread experience with the use of thrombolytic agents in acute myocardial infarction currently indicates that excess plasmin, generated by thrombolytic drugs, increases bleeding risk. However, the fact that a deficiency of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI), a physiologic inhibitor of fibrinolysis, can lead to excessive bleeding is not widely appreciated.
To date, only 15 cases of congenital homozygous alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) and 7 molecular defects of the alpha 2-PI gene have been reported. The first reported case involved a 25-year-old Japanese homozygous male born of consanguineous parents. [1] He had a lifelong history of severe bleeding, starting with bleeding from the umbilical cord at birth. The patient experienced hematomas, prolonged bleeding from cuts and after dental extraction, and muscle and joint bleeds following minor trauma. [1] Central nervous system (CNS) bleeding has also been described in a Dutch patient who was homozygously deficient. [2]
In 3 homozygous patients (sisters) from another Japanese family, bleeding was milder, with umbilical bleeding at birth followed by hematomas, gingival bleeding, and epistaxis without joint bleeding. The levels of alpha 2-PI were undetectable in all of the patients.
Most reported heterozygous patients did not have clinically significant bleeding, although some had a bleeding disorder. Currently, the reasons for variability in bleeding manifestations in heterozygous persons with alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) are unclear.
Alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) is the most important physiologic inhibitor of plasmin, which is the principal protease of the fibrinolytic pathway. Plasminogen activators convert the zymogen plasminogen to the active enzyme plasmin, which then hydrolyzes susceptible arginine and lysine bonds in a variety of proteins. [3, 4, 5]
Plasmin has a broad range of actions. Plasmin not only degrades fibrin, which is its principal substrate, but it also degrades fibrinogen, factors V and VIII, proteins involved in platelet adhesion (glycoprotein I and vWF), platelet aggregation (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) and maintenance of platelet aggregates (thrombospondin, fibronectin, histidine-rich glycoprotein), and the attachment of platelets and fibrin to the endothelial surface.
A positive feedback mechanism exists whereby plasmin acts to further increase the generation of plasmin by converting Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen; Lys-plasminogen is more susceptible to activation by plasminogen activators. In addition, other noncoagulation proteins, such as complement, growth hormone, corticotropin, and glucagon, are substrates for plasmin. Therefore, the reasons for the bleeding disorder that develops due to the actions of excess unfettered and unneutralized plasmin are easily comprehended.
Alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) belongs to the serpin family of inhibitors, is synthesized by the liver, and is present in plasma as a single-chain protein in approximately half the concentration of plasminogen. Two forms of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) are present in blood; 70% of alpha 2-PI binds plasminogen and has inhibitory activity, whereas the remaining 30% is in a nonbinding form. The nonbinding form is a degradation product of the binding form and has little inhibitory activity.
A small amount of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) present in platelets contributes to inhibition of fibrinolysis in platelet-containing thrombi. Activated factor XIII (FXIIIa) cross-links alpha 2-PI to the a-chains of fibrin(ogen), thus making a cross-linked fibrin clot more resistant to lysis by plasmin. [6, 7]
Alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) reacts very rapidly with plasmin to form a stable plasmin-inhibitor complex. This interaction is central to the physiologic control of fibrinolysis and irreversibly inhibits plasmin activity, which in turn, partially degrades alpha 2-PI. The plasmin-alpha 2-PI complex is cleared more rapidly from the circulation. The half-life of the complex is approximately 12 hours compared with the longer half-life of 3 days for native alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI).
Alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) performs several functions. Alpha 2-PI inhibits free plasmin rapidly and more readily than fibrin-bound plasmin. Alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) is cross-linked to fibrin, thus conferring resistance to degradation by plasmin, and it interferes with the adsorption of plasminogen to fibrin. As a result, recent clots are more susceptible than older clots to degradation by plasmin.
Several other proteins are also involved in the complex process of regulation of fibrinolysis in vivo. Physiologically, the end result is that the hemostatic plug (fibrin and platelet clot) is protected from premature breakdown, leaving the fibrin meshwork intact so that it functions not only in hemostasis but also in wound repair as a scaffold for regenerating cells.
As the principal inhibitor of plasmin, alpha 2-PI plays a key role in the physiologic control of fibrinolysis by helping localize reactions to the sites where they are needed and by helping prevent systemic spillover. When the amount of plasmin generated exceeds the capacity of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) to neutralize plasmin (since, in plasma, plasminogen levels are twice those of alpha 2-PI) alpha 2-macroglobulin can function as a less efficient backup inhibitor. Note the image below.
The role of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha2-antiplasmin) in fibrinolysis.
Conceptually, alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI) neutralizes plasmin at various sites of plasmin production, including in the fibrin clot, on the surface of cells, and in the fluid phase (For an excellent diagram showing these details, see Figure 2 in Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. Plasminogen and streptokinase. In: Bachmann F, ed. Fibrinolytics and Antifibrinolytics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2001:26-56.) [8]
Other inhibitors, such as antithrombin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and C1 inactivator of complement, have in vitro antiplasmin activity, but these inhibitors may play only a minimal role in vivo.
In the absence of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-PI, a2-PI), plasmin degrades the primary hemostatic platelet-fibrin plug, thereby interfering with adequate primary hemostasis. Although fibrin formation is unimpaired, subsequent accelerated lysis of the formed fibrin plug (fibrinolysis) leads to the onset of delayed bleeding.
In pathologic states, in which there is an endogenous excessive activation of plasminogen or a secondary infusion of activators, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and streptokinase, sudden generation of large amounts of plasmin overwhelms the neutralizing capacity of alpha 2-PI. In addition to degrading the primary fibrin-platelet plug, excess plasmin degrades circulating fibrinogen (fibrinogenolysis) and factors V and VIII, adding to the hemorrhagic diathesis.
Most patients with an inherited homozygous alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) have a clinically significant bleeding disorder that is characterized by prolonged bleeding and bruising following minor trauma and bleeding into the joints, similar to the manifestations seen in patients with hemophilia. [9]
Gene knockout mouse models of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) show the expected accelerated clot lysis, but the mice do not manifest the bleeding disorder that is seen in humans.
Very few cases of inherited alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) have been reported; therefore, data do not exist to determine the true frequency. In the next several years, as widespread high-throughput genomic testing becomes commonplace, the frequency of genetic defects will be known, and the frequency of these rare disorders can then be determined.
The frequency of acquired alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) depends on the frequency of the underlying disorders. As discussed in Causes, excessive bleeding can occur when alpha 2-PI levels are deficient.
Homozygous patients with alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) have severe bleeding that requires plasma therapy to limit the bleeding and to maintain plasma levels until the acute bleeding resolves.
Recurrent joint bleeds can lead to acute and chronic arthropathy, as occurs in severe hemophilia. Appropriate physical therapy, joint replacement, and treatment of chronic debilitating viral illnesses, such as hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its sequelae, are needed in patients with alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency). Death may occur due to a CNS bleed or after major trauma. Note the following:
Patients with an inherited homozygous alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) have a clinically significant bleeding disorder characterized by easy bruising, delayed onset of bleeding following trauma or surgery, menorrhagia, epistaxis, hematuria, and bleeding into joints, similar to the manifestations seen in patients with hemophilia.
The frequency of a bleeding disorder reportedly varies among patients who are heterozygous for alpha 2-PI deficiency and is characterized by a milder bleeding disorder in most heterozygotes, with a tendency to worsen with age.
The bleeding in patients with acquired disorders associated with alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) is described in Causes.
No ethnic predilection for alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) is known at this time because the overall number of reported cases is so small.
Alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Clinical manifestations of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency (alpha 2-PI deficiency, a2-PI deficiency) may start at birth, with excess bleeding from the umbilical cord. Bleeding manifestations may start later in childhood, when trauma and minor cuts occur with increasing activity. Menorrhagia manifests following puberty in women.
Koie K, Kamiya T, Ogata K, Takamatsu J. Alpha2-plasmin-inhibitor deficiency (Miyasato disease). Lancet. 1978 Dec 23-30. 2(8104-5):1334-6. [Medline].
Kluft C, Vellenga E, Brommer EJ, Wijngaards G. A familial hemorrhagic diathesis in a Dutch family: an inherited deficiency of alpha 2-antiplasmin. Blood. 1982 Jun. 59(6):1169-80. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Bachmann F. Plasminogen-plasmin enzyme system. Colman RW, Hirsh J, George JN, et al, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. 275-320.
Bachmann F. The fibrinolytic system and thrombolytic agents. Bachmann F, ed. Fibrinolytics and Antifibrinolytics. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2001. 3-15.
Francis CW, Marder VJ. Physiologic regulation and pathologic disorders of fibrinolysis. Colman RW, Hirsh J, George JN, et al, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. 975-1002.
Rijken DC, Abdul S, Malfliet JJ, Leebeek FW, Uitte de Willige S. Compaction of fibrin clots reveals the antifibrinolytic effect of factor XIII. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 Jul. 14 (7):1453-61. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Rijken DC, Uitte de Willige S. Inhibition of Fibrinolysis by Coagulation Factor XIII. Biomed Res Int. 2017. 2017:1209676. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. Plasminogen and streptokinase. Bachmann F, ed. Fibrinolytics and Antifibrinolytics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2001. 26-56.
Abdul S, Leebeek FW, Rijken DC, Uitte de Willige S. Natural heterogeneity of α2-antiplasmin: functional and clinical consequences. Blood. 2016 Feb 4. 127 (5):538-45. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hedner U, Hirsh J, Marder VJ. Therapy with antifibrinolytic agents. Colman RW, Hirsh J, George JN, et al, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. 796-813.
Bachmann F. Disorders of fibrinolysis and use of antifibrinolytic agents. Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS, et al, eds. Williams Hematology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001. 1829-40.
Davis R, Whittington R. Aprotinin. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in reducing blood loss associated with cardiac surgery. Drugs. 1995 Jun. 49(6):954-83. [Medline].
American Red Cross. PLAS+SD (pooled plasma, solvent-detergent treated) (monograph). 1999.
PLAS+SD (Pooled Plasma, (Human) Solvent Detergent Treated) [package insert]. Washington DC: American Red Cross, VI Technologies, Inc. October 2000.
MediView Express. Recombinant therapy enhances safety and quality of life for hemophilia patients. Paper presented at: 53rd Annual Meeting of the National Hemophilia Foundation. November 16, 2001; Nashville, Tenn.
Rigas B, Hasan I, Rehman R, et al. Effect on treatment outcome of coinfection with SEN viruses in patients with hepatitis C. Lancet. 2001 Dec 8. 358(9297):1961-2. [Medline].
Azzi A, De Santis R, Morfini M, et al. TT virus contaminates first-generation recombinant factor VIII concentrates. Blood. 2001 Oct 15. 98(8):2571-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Fergusson DA, Hebert PC, Mazer CD, et al. A comparison of aprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 29. 358(22):2319-31. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Di Bisceglie AM. SEN and sensibility: interactions between newly discovered and other hepatitis viruses?. Lancet. 2001 Dec 8. 358(9297):1925-6. [Medline].
Senior K. New variant CJD fears threaten blood supplies. Lancet. 2001 Jul 28. 358(9278):304. [Medline].
Dale GL, Friese P, Batar P, et al. Stimulated platelets use serotonin to enhance their retention of procoagulant proteins on the cell surface. Nature. 2002 Jan 10. 415(6868):175-9. [Medline].
Favier R, Aoki N, de Moerloose P. Congenital alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor deficiencies: a review. Br J Haematol. 2001 Jul. 114(1):4-10. [Medline].
Hanss MM, Farcis M, Ffrench PO, de Mazancourt P, Dechavanne M. A splicing donor site point mutation in intron 6 of the plasmin inhibitor (alpha2 antiplasmin) gene with heterozygous deficiency and a bleeding tendency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003 Jan. 14(1):107-11. [Medline].
Lijnen HR, Okada K, Matsuo O, Collen D, Dewerchin M. Alpha2-antiplasmin gene deficiency in mice is associated with enhanced fibrinolytic potential without overt bleeding. Blood. 1999 Apr 1. 93(7):2274-81. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Maino A, Garagiola I, Artoni A, Al-Humood S, Peyvandi F. A novel mutation of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor gene causes an inherited deficiency and a bleeding tendency. Haemophilia. 2008 Jan. 14(1):166. [Medline].
Olga Kozyreva, MD Attending Physician, Division of Hematology-Oncology, St Elizabeth's Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Tufts University School of Medicine
Samer A Bleibel, MD Staff Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, St John's Hospital and Medical Centers
Samer A Bleibel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians
Sarah K May, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Caritas Carney Hospital, Commonwealth Hematology-Oncology PC
Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP Southwest Medical Consultants, SC, Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Advocate Health Systems
Rajalaxmi McKenna, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Jeanine M Walenga, PhD, MT(ASCP), FACA Professor, Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Pathology, Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Medical Center
Jeanine M Walenga, PhD, MT(ASCP), FACA is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, American Association for Clinical Chemistry, American College of Angiology, American Heart Association, American Medical Technologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American Society of Hematology, European and Mediterranean League Against Thrombotic Diseases, International Society for Applied Cardiovascular Biology, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research
Perumal Thiagarajan, MD Professor, Department of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Director, Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Laboratory, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Perumal Thiagarajan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society of Hematology, Association of American Physicians, Royal College of Physicians
S Gerald Sandler, MD, FCAP, FACP Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Pathology, Georgetown University School of Medicine
S Gerald Sandler, MD, FCAP, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Blood Banks, College of American Pathologists, International Society of Blood Transfusion
encoded search term (Alpha2-Plasmin Inhibitor Deficiency) and Alpha2-Plasmin Inhibitor Deficiency
Acquired Hemophilia
Hemophilia B
Hemophilia C
Imaging in Musculoskeletal Complications of Hemophilia
Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia B)
Fast Five Quiz: Hemophilia
Shorter Course of Anticoagulant Therapy Adequate for Provoked VTE in Children
New Approaches to Hemophilia Treatment: 'Our Cup Runneth Over'
Fitusiran: Great 'Leap Forward' in Hemophilia Treatment
Top News From ASH 2017: Slideshow
Gene Therapy for Hemophilia: The Latest Updates and Potential Implications for Patient Care 0.5 CME / CE / ABIM MOC Credits
0.5 CME / CE / ABIM MOC
Gene Therapy for Hemophilia: The Latest Updates and Potential Implications for Patient Care
Diseases & Conditions Imaging in Musculoskeletal Complications of Hemophilia
Diseases & Conditions Acquired Hemophilia


text:
Q: How to pass OR condition from Query part of Url (Rest Api) I really struggling to find the solution for passing OR condition in the Query part of URL. Could someone please resolve it.
Example: https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/comments?postId=1&email=Eliseo@gardner.biz
The above query gives the result for AND Condition. In the same way, I am looking for OR condition.

A: GET https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/comments?postId=1&email=Eliseo@gardner.biz

The above query gives the result for AND Condition.

No it doesn't.  It returns a representation of the resource identified by https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/comments?postId=1&email=Eliseo@gardner.biz
The server can, at its discretion, treat the query part as application/x-www-form-urlencoded data, in which case it can be interpreted as a set of key/value pairs.
The implementation is allowed to do anything that it likes with those keys and values.
/c5dc7cb4-2491-4bb5-91ac-36c104f3bb07?postId=1&email=Eliseo@gardner.biz
/f42cbf5b-178a-4b46-8860-bffff3509341?postId=1&email=Eliseo@gardner.biz

As far as REST is concerned, it is perfectly fine that one of those is an "AND" query and the other is an "OR" query.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Storelli Womens BodyShield Crop Topis a supportive and protective cropped baselayer for female athletes playing soccer or other team sports. Designed with impact-absorbing, lightweight rib protection, our Crop Top also embeds an innovative, protective chest pad that can be removed based on the player's needs. Constructed with premium microfibers and cropped length for comfort and mobility, complete with elegant and breathable front and back mesh panels.
Storelli Womens BodyShield Crop Top - Available at WeGotSoccer!
See Also: The Storelli Protection Store!


Colourful and fun to play, the Aquarium Labyrith Game by Djeco at Janie & Joe helps develop toddlers' observational and strategic skills. Learn colour recognition and problem solving with this delighful wooden game. Choose a card and move the fish to the bottom of the aquarium, make sure the fish line up in the correct order! Includes 1 wooden maze and 10 game cards.


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text:
package org.apereo.cas.adaptors.duo.authn;

import org.apereo.cas.authentication.AbstractMultifactorAuthenticationProvider;
import org.apereo.cas.configuration.model.support.mfa.DuoSecurityMultifactorProperties;
import org.apereo.cas.services.RegisteredService;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.NonNull;
import lombok.Setter;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.cloud.context.config.annotation.RefreshScope;

/**
 * This is {@link DefaultDuoSecurityMultifactorAuthenticationProvider}.
 *
 * @author Misagh Moayyed
 * @since 5.0.0
 */
@Getter
@Setter
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
@RefreshScope
public class DefaultDuoSecurityMultifactorAuthenticationProvider extends AbstractMultifactorAuthenticationProvider implements DuoSecurityMultifactorAuthenticationProvider {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 4789727148634156909L;

    private String registrationUrl;

    private @NonNull DuoSecurityAuthenticationService duoAuthenticationService;

    @Override
    public boolean isAvailable(final RegisteredService service) {
        return this.duoAuthenticationService.ping();
    }

    @Override
    public String getId() {
        return StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(super.getId(), DuoSecurityMultifactorProperties.DEFAULT_IDENTIFIER);
    }

    @Override
    public String getFriendlyName() {
        return "Duo Security";
    }
}


The UK is one of the best countries to live in as a Muslim. Or with any religious belief. Or lack of. Many people are aware that you don't eat pork or possibly don't drink alcohol. Most institutions (including schools) attempt to accommodate your beliefs. Many people will be friendly to you, as long as you act normal. It's a good place to broaden your friendships with non-Muslims.


Add 3 cloves of smashed garlic, a few large pinches of salt and potatoes to a large pot and cover with cold water. Bring to a boil over high heat and cook until potatoes are just tender, about 10 minutes. Drain potatoes and discard the garlic. Transfer the potatoes to a sheet tray lined with a clean dish towel to dry slightly.
Add enough oil to coat the bottom of a large skillet and heat over medium heat. Add the onion and cook, stirring, until just translucent, about 5 minutes. Add the crushed red pepper and the remaining 2 cloves garlic and cook, stirring, until soft and tender, about 3 minutes. Increase the heat to medium-high and add the cooked potatoes. Cook, stirring frequently, until the potatoes start to get crispy and golden brown on all sides, about 5 minutes. (If the potatoes get too dry, add the chicken stock.) Remove from the heat and stir in the chives.


text:
World Telecom Labs helps Algerian operator provide SMS services
July 13, 2017, 9:23 a.m.
World Telecom Labs (WTL) today announced that it has helped Icosnet, an established operator in Algeria, to rollout an A2P (Application to Person) SMS service that will primarily be used by domestic and international companies who want to communicate directly with their customers across the country.
Algeria has a well-developed telecoms infrastructure and its oil and gas industries have made it one of the wealthiest countries in Africa. Despite the increasing popularity of IP messaging services, SMS is still widely used across the country with the main operators offering bundled packages which include text sending and receipt. Businesses in Algeria are increasingly turning to SMS to interact with and inform their customers as it has a greater chance of being successfully received and read than email – and, of course, is far cheaper than print promotions.
Established in 1999, Icosnet was one of the first companies to emerge after the liberalisation of the telecom market in Algeria. Since then it has been providing data and voice services to businesses of all sizes.
Initially WTL helped Icosnet establish its service quickly and cost-effectively through the provision of SS7 signaling gateways. These enable traffic to transfer between Icosnet's IP networks and the existing networks in Algeria. As Icosnet's business expanded and evolved, WTL provided a variety of equipment including its award-winning VoIP switches.
Icosnet's new SMS service will run over the existing WTL platform that was developed to support both VoIP and SMS services. This enables enterprises and Government agencies to communicate with their customers using text messaging. A simple IP interface connects the company to the Icosnet WTL platform and from here all the switching and routing of messages to the right operator is handled in an efficient, cost-effective way ensuring the best possible delivery success. The WTL platform also means that Icosnet can accurately bill its clients for the number of text messages sent.
Andrew Kinnear, Executive Director at Icosnet, said "WTL is a trusted and much valued supplier. Our business and infrastructure have evolved over the years and WTL is always there to support us. We truly appreciate the advice and expertise of the team at WTL."
Leigh Smith, MD of WTL, said "Of course, the great thing about text is that, unlike popular forms of IP messaging, it can be used to send and receive messages from anyone who has a mobile. Icosnet is setting the standard for African companies who want a cost-effective and reliable A2P SMS service to communicate with customers. Icosnet has always been an innovative operator and we are happy that our strong relationship continues."
M-TIBA to be more widely available in 2021
FB says scrapping WhatsApp support for old phones is routine
Mobile data traffic in Sub-Saharan Africa estimated to grow 6.5 times by 2026
Digital in the time of COVID
Google launches People Cards to help Africans be more discoverable
More than 1 billion people to access to 5G coverage by 2020 end
Nigeria's interest in Bitcoin topped with a peak popularity of 100
Mondia launches entertainment platform Monsooq in South Africa
South Africa 14 Nov
Huawei to introduce affordable 5G handset for African customers
Ghana 3 Nov


Maestro Piero Umiliani returns in the alter ego guise of M. Zalla for the 1974 compositional library piece Mondo Inquieto (Restless World) via his far reaching, experimentalist imprint Sound Work Shop. Ambient tensions are represented via a dramatic cross fertilization of orchestral strings, layered synths and primeval percussion with the Maestro on moody, reflective compositional duties. Stand out cut "Strategia" ("Strategy") harnesses the dopest Wu Tang beats alongside swathes of high end electro blankets and is a sample classic aching to be reworked into further outer cosmos soundscapes. Black Sweat has again transferred the elements of this little known Umiliani microcosm into a respectful reissue via an integration of the stark, haunting sleeve design, laquer cutting from the original master tapes and Umiliani's autograph notes on the project.


Please Join Us for the 2nd Annual Lori Poisker Memorial Fundraiser.
Proceeds to Benefit the Newly Created Lori Poisker Young Female Entrepreneur Scholarship and The Loudner Family.
*No tickets are issued, we will take your name at the door.
No tickets are issued, we will take your name at the door.


Is your child with autism a picky eater?
Many parents have expressed concern that their child will only eat certain types of food. It's not uncommon for children to be picky and only desire to eat certain foods (for example pizza, hamburgers, chips, etc.). Who doesn't have their preferences? However, eating a healthy meal may require a child to eat a combination of things that he likes and things that he can tolerate, but isn't overly fond of.
Everyone can identify food that they like and don't like. If someone walks up to you and asks you to eat something you don't like, you are likely to politely decline. We view the purpose of this blog in a similar manner. That is, this blog was written to provide parents with pointers on how to get the child to eat food that he can tolerate and be more willing to try a new food item. It is NOT meant to get your child to eat foods that he dislikes. Put simply, how would you like it if someone tried to force you to eat something that you didn't want to eat?
Start by categorizing foods into different groups: foods that the learner absolutely dislikes, foods that are moderately preferred, foods that they can tolerate, food items that the child has yet to try, and foods they love to eat.
Identify the learner's favorite food. Then, pick a second food item that the learner also enjoys eating (slightly less preferred, but still highly preferred overall). Ask the learner to take a bite of the slightly lesser preferred food item. Upon eating it, give him a piece of his favorite food.
Using the above process will teach the child that eating one type of food will give him access to another, highly desirable food item. After the child learns this association through repetition, require the learner to eat a moderately preferred food item before getting a bite of the highly preferred food item. By repeatedly presenting the moderately preferred food item and having the child eat it just prior to receiving the highly preferred food item, the moderately preferred item might become more preferred over time! As the child consistently displays a willingness to eat a bite of the moderately preferred food item, you can require him to take an increasing number of bites prior to getting a bite of his preferred item. For example, the child can take 3 bites or 4 bites before getting a couple of French fries.
As a final step, require the learner to eat a bite or two of the foods he can tolerate prior to giving him a bite or two of the highly preferred food item.
When the learner is eating moderately preferred food items or food items that he can tolerate, it may be worth attempting to have him try a new food item to see if he likes it!
By applying the above tactics, you may be able to increase the range of foods that the child is willing to eat. Again, the goal is to get the child to be willing to eat more types of food. This strategy employs a procedure known as reinforcement and uses it to motivate the child to eat new foods. To learn more about how to develop motivation and deliver reinforcement to strengthen targeted behaviors (for example, increasing flexibility with food consumption), we recommend the book Success on the Spectrum: How to Teach Skills to Individuals with Autism.


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Our vans are set up to handle all PLUMBING, HEATING & GAS issues. Very good at what we LOVE to do. Never left a job incomplete. I have more than 15 years in the trade, including 5 years of schooling.
Hard work & honest pay. It's hard but it's fair. GET IT DONE RITE THE 1st. TIME!
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A friend sends me a video of Peedy Monroe & me going to work. He's in his van &I'm in mine.
Crawl space, are you claustophobic?
Had to go into a crawl space to repair the vacuum line on a dental chair. Why do i love my J.O.B. so much???.
Had to go into a crawl space to repair the vacuum line on a dental chair. Why do i love my J.O.B. so much???