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Meeting, December 13, 1960
A meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee was held in the offices of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington on Tuesday December at 10 00 a m PRESENT Mr Martin Chairman Mr Hayes Vice Chairman Mr Balderston Mr Bopp Mr Bryan Mr Fulton Mr King Mr Leedy Mr Mills Mr Robertson Mr Shepardson Mr Szymczak Messrs Leach Allen Irons and Mangels Alternate Members of the Federal Open Market Committee Messrs Erickson and Johns Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston and St Louis respectively Mr Young Secretary Mr Sherman Assistant Secretary Mr Kenyon Assistant Secretary Mr Hackley General Counsel Mr Thomas Economist Messrs Brandt Hostetler Noyes Roosa and Tow Associate Economists Mr Rouse Manager System Open Market Account Mr Molony Assistant to the Board of Governors Messrs Garfield and Koch Advisers Division of Research and Statistics Board of Governors Messrs Brill and Williams Associate Advisers Division of Research and Statistics Board of Governors Mr Knipe Consultant to the Chairman Board of Governors Mr Keir Chief Government Finance Section Division of Research and Statistics Board of Governors Messrs Ratchford Mitchell Jones and Coldwell Vice Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of Richmond Chicago St Louis and Dallas respectively Mr Holmes Manager Securities Department Federal Reserve Bank of New York Mr Parsons Director of Research Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Messrs Young Noyes Garfield Koch Williams and Brill participated in a visual auditory presentation to the Committee on the subject of economic growth 1 Copies of the text and accompanying charts have been placed in the files of the Committee and have been sent to the Committee members and other Reserve Bank Presidents Before this meeting there had been distributed to the members of the Committee a report on open market operations covering the period November 22 through December which report also contained a review of the 13 week period since September There had also been distributed copies of a supplementary report covering the period December 8 through December and of a memorandum from the Securities Department of the New York Reserve Bank commenting on the views that Mr Robertson had expressed at the Committee meeting on November Copies of these reports have been placed in the files of the Committee In supplementation of the written reports Mr Rouse commented as follows 1 Messrs Garfield Williams and Brill withdrew following the presentation In conducting open market operations since the last meeting special attention was given to the impact of the changes in Regulation D effective November 24 and December 1 As was to be expected the free reserve statistic increased sharply without being immediately or completely reflected in the feel of the money market However the fact that the money market subse quently remained generally easy both in New York and elsewhere suggests that country banks have been making better use of these new reserves than in previous instances when they acquired new reserves On the other hand it is discouraging to note that nonborrowed and required reserves have not been substantially expanded as a result of the ready availability of reserves This is partly due to float but more significantly to the slow rate of creation of new bank credit Actual operations during the period were quite limited and were aimed at mopping up a modest part of the surplus reserves to forestall the development of sloppy money conditions While short term rates have fluctuated they have remained within a reasonably satisfactory range In one instance on Friday December 2 there were clear signs that excessive ease was forcing lower short term rates and the System sold a moderate amount of bills and other short term issues It is worth noting that in this instance the market was quite ready to make bids for certificates notes and bonds as well as for bills On last Friday a somewhat similar situation developed posing the However as problem of having to sell short term securities it turned out the only thing necessary was the avoidance of putting a foreign buy order in the market and market rates subsequently moved back up It is quite possible in my opinion for the System to sell as well as to buy short issues other than bills in worthwhile size under most conditions We realize that we cannot always move them in as large blocks as bills and there is no doubt that the Treasury bill will remain the principal security for System use However we have been told by a number of the dealers that we should have no real problems in dealing both Incidentally over the ways in other short term securities past week or so we have had a number of contacts with the Ford Motor Company and their money man volunteered that they find no difficulty in trading issues up to two year maturity in some size While the lowering of the British bank rate on Thursday December 8 has generally been regarded as helpful to the U S balance of payments situation the spread between the British and U S bill rates on a covered basis has not yet narrowed as much as might be hoped because the discount on forward sterling has narrowed Yesterday the yield in favor of British bills was about 1 15 per cent which if anything is more than it has been Last week the International Monetary Fund sold 300 million gold to the U S Treasury and has given us instructions to invest the dollar proceeds in U S Government securities matur ing in up to one year We expect that this can be accomplished by the end of this year with the minimum adverse reserve effects and perhaps it will afford an opportunity for the Account to dispose of some certificates This sale of gold to the Treasury obscured for one week the continued outflow of gold to a number of foreign accounts The outflow for the current week to date aggregates over 204 million to several accounts including 150 million to the British representing utilization of a portion of the proceeds of the sale of sterling to the Ford Motor Company The balance was invested in U S Government securities I should also like to report that in yesterday s auction the Treasury awarded us only 57 per cent of our bid for 25 million six month Treasury bills As a result of System holdings of December 15 bills are scheduled to mature this coming Thursday Thereupon upon motion duly made and seconded the open market operations dur ing the period November 22 through December were approved ratified and confirmed Mr Hayes presented the following statement of his views on the business outlook and credit policy There is nothing in the recent business news to suggest a near term reversal of the slow downward drift but at the same time there is no evidence of a developing cumulative decline While inventory adjustments continue to exert a negative influence it is hopeful for the longer run that some progress is being made in getting inventories under control in relation to sales Business spending on plant more and equipment is apparently now declining a little rapidly than had been expected Although a number of surveys show considerable hope of an upturn by next summer the current level of profits and of excess capacity throws some doubt on these expectations Residential construction seems to be making little progress On the other hand government and export demand remain favorable and in the key area of consumer spending the October November record has been mildly encouraging But undoubtedly the overriding fact in the current business situation is the high and rising level of unemployment and unused plant capacity Although the current sag in business has been milder than any other postwar contraction there is a possibility that the economy s upward bounce may also be less now that so many war created demands have been filled and with inflationary psychology so greatly diminished As for bank credit it may be of interest to note that the trend of total bank loans in November and since midyear has been somewhat stronger than in 1957 Monthly changes in bank holdings of securities were distorted by the October bill financing but since midyear both investments and total bank credit have risen much more sharply than in 1957 with an especially rapid rise at New York banks The tendency this fall for money pressures to be concentrated at New York banks is not surprising since loans and investments at these banks have risen by about 5 per cent from midyear through October with deposits up only 2 per cent whereas outside of New York each of these items has risen about 3 1 2 per cent The same contrast is shown in the recent changes in bank liquidity measures Loan deposit ratios have continued their slow decline outside of New York but in New York there has been little net change since midyear The current performance of the money supply has been disappointing Moreover the outlook in this respect is only moderately hopeful in view of the likelihood that Treasury balances will stay high until next year and that there will be no Treasury cash financing until next spring Incidentally however it now looks as if there would be no cash surplus in the fiscal year so that the April cash financing might be substantially larger than had been expected a few months ago In the last week we have seen a pronounced improvement in the atmosphere of the bond market with the successful completion of several corporate offerings which had been initially sticky It may be questioned however whether the long term interest rates which have risen appreciably since the summer are consistent with the dubious state of the economy In this connection some concern has been expressed over the sluggish behavior of mortgage rates which have dropped a good deal less than in earlier recession periods The international financial situation shows signs of temporary betterment with a possibility that the short term capital outflow may have passed its peak However the situation remains exceedingly delicate with a continuing threat of loss of confidence abroad in this country s ability to handle our affairs soundly and to avoid such highly undesirable measures as controls over capital exports Among other things we must I think continue to pay very close attention to the comparative levels of short term interest rates in this country and abroad The latest reduction in the British bank rate from 5 1 2 per cent to 5 per cent indicates that abroad there is increasing recognition of the close interdependence of the various national money and capital markets It seems to me clear that the condition of business war rants our maintaining our policy of ease but perhaps with probings toward greater ease than has prevailed on the average in recent weeks Our aim should be to encourage an active search by the banks for loan and investment outlets While I would de emphasize the reserve figures as we have so often agreed is desirable I would not be at all concerned if as a result of our actions free reserves should fluctuate around the 750 million level As in the past I would hope that the Manager would be guided mainly by the feel of the market and by the action of short term rates especially the rate on three month Treasury bills No major open market operation seems likely to be needed in the next few weeks and seasonal factors should tend to exert pressure on short term interest rates After the turn of the year however the problem may become more difficult despite the prospective absorption of reserves by the System in view of the tendency at that season for bill rates to decline This is no time in my judgment to consider a lower discount rate especially in view of the risk of nullifying the favorable psychological effects of the recent rate reductions by various European central banks The directive seems satisfactory in its present form In view of possible actions especially in the fiscal area to cope with the domestic business situation I am wondering if it is not incumbent on the Syster to demonstrate its willing ness to explore all reasonable possibilities at its disposal to encourage domestic expansion without taking undue risks on the international front I have an uneasy feeling that long term rates are somewhat higher than they should be to be as helpful as possible in present economic circumstances although I can t prove this or set any quantitative measure on it Also I have some fear that with bank liquidity still rather low the banks may not be seeking expansion of their lending and investing as actively as we would wish Faced with this kind of problem together with the even more serious problem of avoiding substantially lower bill rates we may be approaching a time when a departure from our usual policy of confining open market operations to short term securities may be justified It might turn out to be desirable to place reserves in the market by means of any maturity which seemed to be currently in supply and even the possibility of useful swaps of shorts against longs should not be overlooked Probably we need not face up to these problems today I am not sure that I would advocate operations in long term securities even during the early months of next year But I hope the members of the Committee will be considering these questions over the coming weeks with an open mind for if ever there was a time when we should demonstrate our flexibility and our willingness to explore all alternatives that time is the present Mr Johns said he continued to believe that the directive to the stating that it Federal Reserve Bank of New York was correct in should be the goal of the Committee to encourage monetary expansion for the purpose of fostering sustainable growth in economic activity and employment while taking into consideration current international developments Although he claimed no particular competence as a business forecaster he had a rather uncomfortable feeling that the current situation whatever it might be called was something more than a mere inventory adjustment and that there might be more fundamental causes involved demand was far from encouraging especially if separated from sales of services and it The behavior of final sales of goods were might be that the inventory adjustment which had been going on and probably was continuing was not the only cause of such behavior of final demand He could only express the hope that when the history of this period was written it would not be the conclusion of the historians that the almost unprecedented contraction of the money supply which occurred from mid 1959 to mid 1960 had put to too severe a test the question of the relationship between the money supply and economic activity He shared with Mr Hayes a feeling of disappointment that the System had not obtained at least in the most recent period the expansion of bank credit for which the directive called It seemed to be indicated from the weekly reporting bank figures that commercial bank credit declined slightly in November that the banks sold securities on balance and that loans increased somewhat less than would be normal at this time of the year It also appeared that from the last half of October to the last half of November the seasonally adjusted money supply declined on a daily average basis It further appeared that the velocity of money had been declining In these circumstances Mr Johns said he would recommend that it be the aim of the Committee in order to carry out the directive to keep the member banks supplied with reserves At some point he felt that this would begin to show up in an expansion of bank credit Mr To illustrate Johns related a recent conversation with a banker in the southernmost part of the Eighth District who expounded the view which he claimed was shared by many other bankers that the banks were uncomfortably illiquid Their loan deposit ratios were higher than they would like so much so that the banker expressed doubt whether his bank and others similarly situated were in a position to expand their loans if they had the applications although they would take care of the credit needs of their communities The banker went on to say that it would not do any good to furnish more reserves because the banks could not use them they did not have the loan demand and their loan deposit ratios were already too high Effective November 24 the country banks in that area obtained quite a lot of additional reserves through the release of vault cash and these reserves had not found their way into the money markets at least with any degree of rapidity The country banks requested some of the cotton paper held by the bank with whose official Mr Johns was conversing and although this bank was reluctant to give them the cotton paper it did so in view of correspondent bank relationships This tended to relieve somewhat the bank s uncomfortable feeling of illiquidity and the banker indicated that if his institution should continue to be liberally supplied with reserves it applications If would make loans if it had acceptable not the bank would buy Government securities Mr Johns commented that this conversation tended to point up the course that he would like to see the System follow that is to keep the commercial banks supplied with reserves until their feeling of illiquidity had been repaired If the System then continued to keep reserves in supply he thought that the expansion of bank credit which the directive called for would occur Mr Bryan stated that the Atlanta Reserve Bank had been reviewing rather carefully the performance of Sixth District statistics which in previous postwar recessions had generally shown less decline than the national figures and in periods of expansion had moved upward more this recession however In most of the figures showed a performance less favorable than the national figures Generally speaking the District figures had gone down more than the national average The State of Florida which made the District figures look so good in most of the postwar periods was not doing so this time and some industries such as lumber and textiles that are important in the District were showing poor figures Moreover it appeared that the District was being hurt rather badly and might be hurt more on a long term basis by disturbances Turning to the national situation Mr Bryan said that there appeared to be a slow mild deterioration the deterioration it Because of the slowness of might be hoped that the recession would be shallow and short lived However could be proved Accordingly as far as monetary policy was concerned that remained a hope and not something that he felt that the System had little choice except to continue the policy expressed in the directive of supplying reserves for the purpose of attempting to bring about an expansion of the money supply For a considerable part of the year the System had pursued a policy that had achieved a slow expansion in the reserve figures Thus far this month however those figures were slightly less on a daily average basis than in December 1959 In the current month the System was confronted with important seasonal factors of about 350 million from November Therefore to state a target in terms of total reserves he hoped that the System would fully take care of the seasonal factor of 350 million and in addition supply some amount of reserves as a contracyclical influence Whether that should be 100 or 200 million he did not know but he would think of something in that magnitude during the month of December Accordingly he believed that the System ought to add to total reserves in December on a daily average basis by something like 450 to 550 million With reference to the comment of Mr Hayes concerning the seasonal factor in short term rates after the turn of the year Mr Bryan said he was rather fearful that if the Committee were to hold a preconceived notion of what the short term rate ought to be it could easily get into He shared with a number of other members of the Committee the trouble feeling that it would not be desirable to drive short term rates to a greater disparity with competitive short term rates abroad time if it At the same became necessary to make a choice he believed the System must concern itself primarily with the domestic economic situation and not the country s international position As he had noted many times at Committee meetings there are some things monetary policy cannot do and he thought it 12 must be recognized with regard to the international situation that this is policy not a matter that fundamentally and basically responds to monetary Instead it arises from causes separate and distinct from monetary policy and can only be cured by actions outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Reserve If what was involved was merely a short term flow of capital in response to interest rate differentials the United States would be in no difficulty However more was involved in the problem and the Federal Reserve should not be expected to cure a problem that it did not create Mr Bopp reported that business in the Third District continued to deteriorate as reflected in a number of statistics New and continued unemployment claims were rising and were now as high as at the equivalent point in 1958 The proportion of the labor force unemployed increased in October and remained higher than the national figure Electric power consumption declined from September to October and construction awards declined in both September and October while rising nationally For the first ten months of 1960 construction awards in the District were down 11 per cent while nationally the decrease was 3 per cent In the latest four weeks department store sales were 7 per cent below a year ago Automobile registrations provided about the only bright spot rising in October to 4 per cent over last year The banking situation remained relatively unchanged from time to time there were still evidences of pressure on reserves of the larger banks some Mr Bopp said that he would not recommend a change in the discount rate or the directive at this time However like others who had spoken he believed that somewhat greater ease would be appropriate in view of the domestic situation which he felt was becoming increasingly important relative to the international situation Mr Fulton said that except for good automobile sales indicators in the Fourth District were all down sluggish but deteriorating The situation was not only The steel mills were moving along at an even slow pace with no significant improvement anticipated until the latter part of next year The mills were well supplied with iron ore and one company recently announced the complete closing of a high cost mine in upper Michigan On the other hand low cost properties were being developed in Canada and locations abroad was a gradual downward trend In the aluminum industry there The export market had been disappointing and the industry was faced with a price problem in world markets The volume of operations in the paper industry was running only 1 5 per cent above 1959 compared with an annual increase of 4 to 5 per cent over a number of recent years The packaging part of the industry s operations was off with orders down due to the inventories of customers already in packages and no immediate uptrend was foreseen A Reserve Bank director representing a company with considerable distribution throughout the United States indicated recently that orders from the south southwest and west coast were picking up but that eastern and midwestern orders were on a low level for the first While auto production was now high expectations quarter of next year were that production would fall off with a consequent effect on the already low rate of steel production Department store sales had not held up well recently although for the year to date sales were running one per cent above a year ago Unemployment was now higher as a percentage of the labor force and in actual numbers Several cities had been added to the list of those having a substantial labor surplus principally in the steel and metal working areas Mr Fulton said there seemed to be a widespread belief among businessmen and bankers that there would be little situation until after the middle of next year change in the business Bankers reported that there was beginning to be quite a bit of competition for mortgages now that repayments were running in excess of new mortgages savings and loan associations particularly at Due to substantial repayments the associations had been forced to search for new mortgages to keep up their portfolios This development suggested the likelihood of less stability in the mortgage rate and the possibility that long term rates generally would begin to be less settled As to policy Mr Fulton expressed the view that the degree of ease currently being maintained was quite appropriate and said he concurred in the statements that had been made relative to the short term rate He did not feel that the System should charge itself with maintaining a level of short term rates instead he would prefer to seek a level that would encourage investment in longer term securities If the funds now going abroad were actually short term funds they would come back and whatever temporary outflow occurred was not going to embarrass this country over the longer run For these reasons he would not concentrate on maintaining a level of short term rates after the turn of the year Mr Fulton concluded by saying that he thought the discount rate was appropriate and that no change in the directive was needed at this time Mr King recalled that several meetings ago a member of the staff said in discussing the economic situation and the business outlook that perhaps as never before the consumer held the key to the future trend of the economy The events of the past several weeks had borne out the wisdom of that observation Mr King suggested Continuing Mr King said that he was almost persuaded by the statements that had been made to the effect that the domestic as contrasted with the international situation was the most alarming factor at the present time He was aware that bankers had a feeling of insecurity but the consumer also had manifested this feeling in his decisions to moderate purchases Mr King did not believe that undue monetary ease at the present time would cause the consumer suddenly to rush out and buy goods Instead that decision was likely to occur only when the population as a whole had reached the point where people believed they had improved themselves to some extent in their personal finances it This might develop within a month or two or might take a somewhat longer time but in any event he was inclined to feel that this was the turning point that would occur some day As he had said he was almost persuaded by the appeal with respect to the domestic economic situation but at the present time he hoped that the bill rate could stay in the vicinity of 2 to 2 20 per cent It must be recognized that shortly after the turn of the year seasonal factors would exert a downward effect on the bill rate and too precipitate a move at this time might drive the bill rate to an unduly low level with the view that it would be desirable if He agreed long term rates could level off or drop but he did not believe that undue ease would cause the consumer to make the decisions that must be made before the economy again would move ahead Mr King said that he would not favor a change in the discount rate at this time He anticipated that open market operations would be so conducted that free reserves would fluctuate rather widely possibly in the range from 600 million to 1 billion would be possible to maintain the bill However he hoped that it rate in the area from 2 to 2 20 per cent Mr Shepardson commented that there had been some slowing down of business activity along with some increase in unemployment and that both developments were matters of concern On the other hand it seemed to him that the country was going through some wholesome and salutary adjustments painful to be sure but adjustments that were needed at some time The country appeared to be getting in a little better position competitively and that was needed Some of the price movements and some of the indications of a little more restraint in wage negotiations were sound and constructive developments Mr Shepardson went on to say that he did not think the Federal Reserve could take care of the international situation entirely other factors were of more significance However he did not believe that the Federal Reserve would aid the situation by flooding the carburetor The System should maintain a position of ease as it had but he did not feel that providing any large amount of additional reserves at this time would have a wholesome effect Mr Johns had related a conversation with a banker who said that his bank did not have any large demand for loans and to him Mr Shepardson it would not be constructive to provide a flood of money when there was not the demand for credit Accordingly he would favor holding to the position that the Committee had attempted to maintain for the past two or three periods He would keep an eye on the short term rate but not in the sense that that would be the controlling factor He would provide needed reserves but not attempt to flood the market and he would not change the directive at this time Mr Robertson referred to the remarks he had made at the November 22 Committee meeting concerning the manner in which the Account was handled during the preceding three week period and noted that in accordance with the procedure agreed upon there had been distributed prior to this meeting a memorandum from the Securities Department of the New York Reserve Bank commenting on the views that he Mr expressed As he read the memorandum Robertson had he felt the faulty logic and strained interpretations were apparent to anyone who wished to see them but he did not wish to labor the point other than to assert that he thought the comments he had made at the preceding meeting may have been a contributing factor in leading to the better administration of the Account since that meeting With respect to policy for the forthcoming period Mr Robertson expressed himself as very much in agreement with the comments that had been made today to the effect that the Committee ought to aim at an easier position In short he would attempt to do more to get the economy switched around toward an upward movement for over the long pull this was the Federal Reserve s real function and he had some doubt as to whether the System had functioned in that respect as well as it have could To pinpoint a move toward greater ease such as he recommended he would say that in his opinion free reserves should be somewhere in the neighborhood of 750 million He would expect that this might permit the bill rate to move downward toward 2 per cent and that it Federal funds rate low would keep the He would like to have the actions of the System construed as meaning that the System really wanted ease If he were a member of the board of directors of a Federal Reserve Bank Mr Robertson said he would push right now for a reduction of the discount rate by one quarter of a percentage point In his opinion this would not indicate panic but rather a move designed to encourage the commercial banks to perform their function of searching for loans in order to expand the money supply to the extent possible and try to get the economy moving upward As he saw it not disturb confidence in the dollar instead it reverse effect such a move would probably would have the The directive seemed to him proper and he thought the Committee ought to move further in the direction indicated by it Mr Mills stated that in his comments he proposed to discuss problems having to do with the money supply and satellite considerations regarding developments in the area of bank credit that were disturbing to him and caused him to doubt whether heavy injections of additional reserves into the commercial banking system would as they had in the past have the effect of jolting the economy and the bank credit statistics off dead center Mr Mills then read the following statement A stagnant money supply in the face of energetic Federal Reserve System actions to supply reserves and promote the expansion of commercial bank credit demands a new look into the roots of monetary policy formulation Presently the System has essayed the trick riding stunt of trying to have one foot on an effort to foster business expansion through low interest rates and ready availability of credit and the other foot on an effort to maintain an interest rate structure high enough to prevent the transfer of funds abroad for investment at higher interest yields The last time a somewhat similar Roman riding trick was tried in the 1920 s the horses pulled apart and an effort to maintain an interest rate high enough to prevent inflation but not so high as to induce an inflow of gold from Great Britain failed and the forces of inflation took over Current financial conditions are not comparable to the 1920 s but the lesson of the earlier experience suggests that the Federal Reserve System should no longer attempt an ambivalent monetary and credit policy The policy called for is one that will assure ready availability of bank credit at interest rate levels high enough to retain volatile investment funds in the United States and possibly attract a return flow from abroad The adoption of this policy requires subordina tion of the attempt to promote the expansion of bank credit by the forced feeding of new reserves into the commercial banking system which policy in any event is proving and has been proven ineffective in achieving its intended purposes The reason that an aggressive Federal Reserve System policy of active ease is not causing the desired expansion of bank credit and the money supply can be laid to the fact of a sluggish and waning demand for bank credit accountable to the dominance of recessionary business influences The money supply not only represents the pool of previous extensions of bank credit but is also a measure of the magnitude of total spend ing Inasmuch as the demand for bank credit has fallen the spending that originates from bank lending and investing has also fallen and may fall further if total bank loans should contract Under these circumstances and considering the dampening effect of recessionary influences on consumer and entrepreneur propensities to spend and invest a Federal Reserve System policy of supplying new reserves in abundance does not promote bank credit expansion but merely forces the level of short term interest rates down to an undesirably and unrealistically low level Whereas the forced injection of reserves into the commercial banking system is not inducing an expansion of bank loans it might be expected to promote increased investments in U S Government securities and thus to support an increase in the money supply It is true that commercial bank holdings of short term U S Government securities have risen substantially but this has been largely because of massive acquisitions of U S Treasury tax anticipation bills through the medium of their Tax and Loan Accounts These purchases have served to increase outstanding bank credit and to sustain the money supply and illustrate the need of a forceful demand for credit in order to spark an expansion in the money supply Other commercial bank purchases of U S Government securities have not done so inasmuch as they were financed through funds avail able from rising totals of time and savings deposits which in turn are a reflection of lesser spending attitudes and a drab business situation Moreover it does not follow that commercial bank purchases of U S Government securities otherwise financed will induce an expansion of bank credit because where such purchases are made by commercial banks located outside of the money markets they are transacted by transferring available cash to the U S Government securities dealers in the money markets and not by creating a new deposit on their own books which would tend to bolster the money supply This sequence of events occurs regardless of the volume of reserves held by the up country commercial banks and its effect is only to heighten the demand for short term U S Government securities and to drive their yields down without promoting an increase in bank deposits and the money supply The opposite is of course true of central reserve city bank purchases of U S Government securities which do result in the creation of new deposits for the accounts of their U S Government securities dealer customers However the investment activities of the central reserve city banks are not alone enough to bolster the money supply at a time of a low demand for commercial bank credit What is evident seems to be that an easy monetary and credit policy is ineffective in inducing an expansion of bank credit at a time when the demand for credit and the propensity to spend is slack and that an active demand for private and public credit is the economic ingredient essential to a successful pump priming monetary and credit policy Under present conditions an aggressive Federal Reserve System policy of supplying reserves merely fritters itself away in an attrition of short term interest rates that increases the difficulty of trying to prevent a further outflow of funds from the United States A suitable monetary and credit policy at this time would aim at making credit readily available but at an interest cost compatible with the objective of making the short term U S Government securities market attractive for the invest ment of both domestic and foreign funds A level of positive free reserves on the low side of 500 million should promote the pro posed policy objective and without doing the kind of violence to the short term interest rate structure such as has occurred in response to an over generous injection of new reserves into the commercial banking system At some time in the future there will be a resurgence of demand for bank credit which will call into play the latent credit promotive forces that the Federal Reserve System controls Until then monetary policy may well be a neutral factor in the complex of fiscal and monetary policy considerations that in ordinary times serve the national economy in tandem In conclusion Mr Mills said that he would not recommend a reduction in the discount rate or a change in the directive at this time Mr Leach reported that the downward drift in the economy of the Fifth District continued With few exceptions employment seasonally adjusted had been declining slowly and man hours in manufacturing industries had continued to drop The textile industry one of the first to cut back early in the fall as new orders dragged continued to adjust output and might schedule a full week s shutdown at Christmastime to check a slow growth in inventories Furniture makers experienced a satisfactory level of orders immediately after their fall market but this situation proved temporary and current orders were not sufficient to main tain backlogs The nation s largest steel plant the Bethlehem plant at Sparrows Point Maryland which had been maintaining production and employment at higher levels than the industry as a whole recently cut its workweek and laid off a substantial number of employees Coal production in the District continued to decline and a new series of layoffs had recently been reported The Ohio and Kanawha River valleys in West Virginia with their busy chemical and other industrial plants stood in sharp contrast to the depressed coal areas in other parts of the State Retail trade reports in the District were quite varied but there was apparently little hope that this year s Christmas business would equal last year s volume A somewhat brighter spot in the District s economy was afforded by construction employment which remained near its peak level and was supported by a continuing high level of contract awards for non residential and public works and utility projects Total loans of Fifth District weekly reporting banks had trended contraseasonally downward since mid September and investments had moved up at a pace unmatched in any recent year Borrowings at the discount window the past few weeks averaged less than during the comparable periods of any of the past five years From the standpoint of policy Mr Leach said the four weeks before the next Committee meeting seemed to fall into two distinct parts the period between now and Christmas and that between Christmas and January 10 During the first period he believed the Committee should see that reserves were readily available for seasonal purposes while maintaining approximately the present degree of ease For the second period the problem presumably was to decide how quickly and to what extent the Committee wished the Desk to mop up surplus reserves created by the return flow of currency It was his suggestion that operations be so shaped as to maintain substantially the ease achieved in recent weeks with particular care taken to avoid a sloppy market with downward pressure on short term rates Mr Leach stated that he would not recommend a change in the discount rate at this time It seemed doubtful that a reduction would result in any noticeable improvement in the domestic situation and it almost certainly would aggravate the balance of payments problem On the other hand an increase would be out of the question in view of the current economic downturn He would expect some decline in short term rates after Christmas but he thought the System had learned from experience that nothing was to be gained and something was lost by forcing short term rates to extremely low levels through excessive ease even in periods when there was no serious balance of payments problem Mr Leedy said that there had been no significant developments in the Tenth District since the Committee meeting three weeks ago to policy it As seemed to him from the projections for the period between now and the next Committee meeting that a minimum of open market operations might be required While he felt that the System should continue to follow a policy of ease he had the feeling that at this juncture in particular nothing was going to be accomplished in the way of stimulating loans and nothing in the way of creating a demand on the part of borrowers by contributing to a sloppy position in reserves the System had been doing the job that it As he saw it should do in providing a large volume of reserves However use had not been made of those reserves in the expansion of loans and there was no reason to expect that anything different was going to happen in the period immediately ahead This was due to the general situation of the economy at the present time which involved a waiting period to see what might be ahead and in such circumstances it did not appear to him that the mere piling up of reserves would accomplish real results as far as loan expansion was concerned The System should take care and was taking care of seasonal requirements and it wanted an easy position in reserves but to push that ease to the point where the country s international position would be jeopardized did not seem to be the proper course The domestic situation was something with which to be greatly concerned especially so in the present period but the System should be extremely watchful of the international situation In the circumstances he would keep a close eye on the bill rate which had given a good account of itself in the period since the preceding Committee meeting If the System could contribute to a continuation of that performance he would favor doing so It followed of course that he would not suggest any change in the discount rate and he did not see any need for a change in the directive Mr Allen stated that at the annual Business Outlook Conference held last week at the First National Bank of Chicago the ten businessmen panelists pretty well agreed that business activity in the first half of 1961 would not differ greatly from the last half of 1960 There was a general expectation however that business would improve during the second half of next year As to developments in the Seventh District additional layoffs and shorter workweeks had been announced recently in construction machinery appliances and television The recently released classification of labor market areas indicated deterioration between September and November for Fort Wayne Gary South Bend Des Moines and Muskegon and seven major District centers were not classified as having a substantial labor surplus Department store sales strong in October slipped 5 per cent below last year in November and continued below a year ago in the week ended December A bright spot was found in sales of automobiles which were at a record high in both October and November Many of the cars sold were 1960 models and about 30 per cent were compacts so the trend in dollar sales was not as strong as in number of units One result of the good sales was that production schedules were not being cut back as much as had seemed probable The high inventories however indicated that if production in 1961 was to equal that of 1960 sales next year would have to be very good indeed On the subject of inventories Mr Allen recalled having mentioned before that the many more models being offered today was an important factor The Fisher Body Division of General Motors was currently producing 113 body styles Sales of the new compacts offered by Buick Oldsmobile and Pontiac were said to be quite satisfactory and thus no trade in was involved far 24 per cent had been cash sales that is This meant that many of the compacts were being bought as second or third cars and represented new business Thus fears about high inventories were reduced Agricultural loans at member banks in cattle feeding areas increased sharply in November Mr Allen said Purchases of feeder cattle were delayed this fall because of relatively unfavorable results from cattle feeding last year hopes that prices of feeder cattle would decline and prospects that favorable weather would make most of the corn eligible for price support loans Although there was less high moisture corn than last year there was enough to have the effect of deferring marketing of cattle and hogs increasing the demand and the prices for feeder cattle and probably laying the groundwork for stability in livestock prices in late winter and spring Borrowing at the discount window in the December 7 week averaged only 5 million position but it The largest Chicago banks still showed a basic deficit was not large and coverage through the Federal funds market had been advantageous Mr Allen said he would not favor changing the discount rate or the directive He continued to feel that monetary policy had made its contribution toward greater economic activity on a sustainable basis and he agreed with those notably Mr Shepardson who would maintain To maintain the about the current degree of ease but not add to it current degree of ease presupposed continuing to inject reserves in replacement of those lost through the gold outflow which apparently was continuing Most certainly however he would not go beyond that Mr Mangels said that in the Twelfth District items were beginning to show up on both sides of the ledger In southern California another major area had been classified as an area of substantial labor surplus and in October unemployment stood at 6 6 per cent in California 7 per cent in Oregon and 8 2 per cent in Washington the latter two States however The figures for each showed a decline from the preceding month Oregon being down 3 per cent and Washington down 5 per cent The over all employment situation in the District was somewhat better than a year ago employment being up about 3 2 per cent from October 1959 No major change in either the employment or the unemployment situation was foreseen for the next two or three months Continuing Mr Mangels commented that in November the steel rate in the District dropped to 48 per cent against a national rate of 51 per cent However steel executives appeared to feel that the cutting of inventories was about over and that existing rates of consumption would support higher operating rates In other words if consumption should continue at about the same rate as in the recent past there seemed to be a fairly good possibility that the rate of steel production would increase in the next few weeks or the next few months Toward the end of November nine plywood mills in Oregon shut down for a period of a week reducing industry output to 60 per cent of capacity as against 70 per cent in October of equalizing production and demand better than it had been This had the effect so the situation was a little Total construction contracts in October were 2 per cent above September and were about equal to a year earlier The improvement in residential construction was also about 2 per cent although residential construction was down somewhat from the year ago figure Department store sales had been somewhat disappointing and the cumulative figure from the first of the year was down one per cent from 1959 Some stores had released part of the extra help taken on for the Christmas season well Automobile sales were holding up fairly In October they were 13 per cent above the September figures but sales leveled off somewhat in November Mr Mangels went on to say that during the three weeks ended November 30 weekly reporting banks showed a reduction of 220 million in loans to banks Excluding that reduction loans increased about 55 million of which approximately one half was in consumer loans The banks also increased their holdings of Government securities by somewhat more than 100 million Total deposits were little changed but demand deposits increased while time and savings deposits dropped part of the decrease in savings deposits being the result of distribution of Christmas club accounts Reporting member banks now showed an average loan deposit ratio of 59 3 per cent about 3 5 per cent below the ratio at the end of October and about 6 per cent below the June high Savings and loan associations continued to accumulate funds showing a 28 per cent increase over their share accounts a year ago but the growth in mortgage holdings was 7 per cent under a year ago The question of the maximum rate of interest on time and savings deposits was beginning to raise its head again with the end of the year approaching there had been some inquiries as to whether any consideration was being given to a change in the 3 per cent maximum rate Several banks had shifted to the crediting of interest on a daily basis and some to a monthly computation basis One of the banks in San Francisco that at midyear shifted to a daily basis had increased its savings accounts about 53 per cent in the intervening period There had been practically no borrowing from the Reserve Bank during the period since the last Committee meeting and purchases and sales of Federal funds about balanced out Mr Mangels expressed agreement with those who had suggested that the System should supply reserves liberally between now and the end of the year It was difficult however to find measurements to evaluate the effectiveness of System actions The release of vault cash had made the free reserve figure less valuable as an indicator and the money supply figure may have lost some of its usefulness because of the increase in savings and time deposits and the conversion of money to forms of investment not included in the money supply Many treasurers had sharpened their pencils to reduce demand balances and get them working wherever possible There had not been a great deal of change in short term interest rates but there had been a firming up of longer tem rates and the Federal funds rate seemed to have lost some of its value as an indicator with the discount rate higher than market rates For whatever value it circumstances might be as a guide in the present Mr Mangels suggested keeping free reserves somewhere in the range from 500 million and 750 million with considerable leeway given to the Manager of the Account to determine what operations were necessary on a day to day basis according to the feel of the market He felt that the directive was satisfactory With reference to the discount rate Mr Mangels commented that under normal conditions the rate probably should be reduced in light of the other changes that had taken place in the monetary picture including the actions of the System in freeing reserves Because of the international situation however he did not feel that the discount rate should be changed Mr Irons reported that there had been little over all change in the Eleventh District and that there had been mixed developments In the last month there had been some improvement in the petroleum industry It appeared that the stock situation might improve and that production would move into the new year on a nine day allowable basis instead of an eight day basis There had been some pickup in drilling activity The industrial production index in Texas had remained relatively steady over the past few months Department store sales during November were not as favorable as had been hoped and for the year as a whole they were about 2 per cent under a year ago The first week in December was not conducive to good sales due to rain and cold and what would happen during the next two weeks remained to be seen The position of consumers seemed to be strong as far as liquidity was concerned time and savings accounts had been increasing substantially The position of District banks appeared to be very easy Mr Irons said and there had been virtually no borrowing from the Reserve Bank except on the part of two or three banks in western Texas The demand for bank loans seemed fairly satisfactory Loans had increased with commercial and industrial loans up and some decline in interbank loans Both demand and time deposits were up during the past three week period and District banks had been substantial sellers of Federal funds with practically no purchases No banks had indicated recently that their positions were tight from the standpoint of the loan deposit ratio or the availability of funds Mr Irons expressed himself as quite satisfied with the operation of the Account for the past three weeks On an occasional day or so he had thought the situation was excessively easy but those occasions reflected day to day changes in the market and on the whole he felt that the Account Management had operated very satisfactorily Over the forthcoming period he would like to see a continuation of the same degree of ease market He would not like to see additional ease forced on the While he did not have much faith in net free reserve figures when they got into the range of million he felt that the System was getting into an aggressive provision of reserves When reference was made to free reserves up to 1 billion that meant to him a supersaturation of the market and he would not like to see that occur to feel that the international situation as it He continued related to and was reflected in short term rates was a serious problem and one that could not be ignored At times he found himself more concerned by the international than the domestic situation in this rather mild recession from which he was confident that the country would emerge without devastating consequences In his opinion the international situation and the short term rate situation should not be given secondary importance although he realized that the movement of short term funds was not the fundamental cause of the problem A long range problem was involved in getting the balance of payments into a satisfactory position but developments in the area of short term rates and the movement of short term funds and gold simply could not be ignored These developments were an immediate consequence of a deep seated deterioration that must be dealt with over a long period but one should not lose sight of the immediate consequences In summary Mr Irons recommended trying to maintain the current degree of ease adding that in his opinion the System had made reserves available liberally He would like to see the bill rate stay in a range from 2 1 4 to 2 1 2 per cent and he would not change the discount rate or the directive Mr Erickson reported that the New England manufacturing index continued to show the unfavorable trend which developed three months ago and had proceeded at a quicker pace than nationally However electric power output continued to surpass last year s figures In October 34 construction contracts were 11 per cent ahead of a year ago against a national increase of 6 per cent For the first 10 months the cumulative figure was 6 per cent behind 1959 against a drop nationally of 3 per cent with a substantial reduction in public works and utility contracts The employment situation was not good Insured unemployment showed rapid increases and another city had been added to those already classified as having a substantial labor surplus Department store sales lagged in November they were still Thanksgiving although for the year to date 2 per cent ahead of last year For the 11 days after sales ran 5 per cent behind the comparable period in 1959 In 1959 sales also ran behind the previous year and then picked up in the remaining days before Christmas with the result that the season as a whole showed an increase However it remained to be seen whether that pattern would again develop this year The discount window had been used very modestly Mr Erickson said For a part of the period since the November 22 meeting District banks were sellers of Federal funds and on a few days they were net purchasers A couple of months ago a large bank in the District shifted to a basis of crediting interest on savings accounts on a day to day basis much to the disgust of its competitors Mr Erickson said that he would not favor a change in the discount rate or in the directive and that in his opinion the Desk had done a good job over the past few weeks He wished to associate himself with those who had spoken against excessive ease feeling that probably this would not accomplish what it was hoped to accomplish and that it might complicate the problem of withdrawing surplus reserves from the market in January He would favor instructing the Desk to the same effect as at the November 22 meeting that is to attempt to maintain the current degree of ease with the hope that the bill rate would remain around 2 1 4 per cent and that the Federal funds rate would be under the discount rate Mr Szymczak said that he would favor no change in existing policy He expressed the opinion that the Management of the Account had done an excellent job to which he added that under present circumstances it been done was difficult to do a job in the market such as had It was his view that the Desk should continue to operate primarily according to the feel of the market and that the question whether free reserves went as high as 750 million should depend on the tone of the market Mr Balderston commented that Mr Leach had put his finger on a perplexing problem after he Mr followed At least until December 21 or shortly there Balderston felt that the present policy should be In this connection he noted that the Federal funds rate had been running between 1 1 2 per cent and 2 or 2 1 4 per cent for the past 10 days which was an indication of the effect of System policy 36 However what might happen to the bill rate after Christmas presented an entirely different problem to which he did not know the answer He had a feeling that domestic conditions were worsening unemployment seemed certain to rise even more banks were still Since the commercial in an illiquid position he felt that the System should not cease supplying reserves Summarizing Mr Balderston said it was his feeling that neither the directive nor the discount rate should be changed and that the System ought to continue pressing reserves on the banks at about the current rate He realized however that this probably would push the bill rate down through the floor after the turn of the year Chairman Martin noted that at recent Committee meetings he had been tending to begin his comments by saying that he thought the System had been doing about right He continued to feel that way However he also felt that everyone should be thinking about the longer range position in terms of the relationship between the domestic economy and the international economy While he believed that the System had acted wisely there was quite a body of opinion much more substantial than perhaps was generally realized to the effect that the System had played fast and loose with the credit of the United States in pursuing as easy a monetary policy as it had been pursuing There had been quite a bit of talk to such effect in Europe and while it 37 perhaps was not too important one must not disregard it as a factor in the present situation As he had indicated he felt that the System had eased at the right time and that it progressively in the right way entirely had moved He also believed that one should think of the domestic economy first However as Mr Mills had pointed out today the System was dealing with an entirely new set of circumstances not the same circumstances that prevailed in the 1953 54 and 1957 58 recession periods No longer was the world price mechanism outside the area of immediate relevance No longer either were there important shortages of anything in the United States the country must depend on research for the development of new products The Chairman went on to say that whether one liked it it or not must be recognized that the United States was on a modified gold standard It had been interesting to read in the past few weeks the various comments of which the number was increasing to the effect that the relationship of the dollar to gold was obsolete or antiquated that it had no real importance and that there would be no real effect if the country lost all of its gold Such comments he noted always are heard when people find that the rules of the game are a little observe hard to He added that domestic convertibility would be ideal if could have the conditions that would permit it torn by strife as at present intolerable one However in a world domestic convertibility would be Continuing Chairman Martin expressed the view that the System should not force monetary policy at a time like the present It had forced monetary policy in and he thought that was the last time perhaps forced in this particular cycle that monetary policy could be The present situation seemed to him to be summed up in the comment of Mr Johns regarding his conversation with the banker demand for credit was not there the To force banks to go out and seek loans at a time when the price mechanism was working against businesses would only cause people to get into hopeless positions and lose money The System would not want to encourage people to borrow simply because banks might make money on the loans for the borrowers probably would get into trouble within a short time in view of the declining price level and declining profit margins Chairman Martin then referred further to the outflow of gold and possible developments before the outflow came to an end Against that background he suggested that the System would not want to compromise itself by forcing money into the market when it was the competitive pricing of goods and services that was really the problem of the world at the moment In Europe he noted there was a slight slowing down of the boom but he did not believe it went on to say that if it was going to be very serious He were not for the fact that the dollar on current account was stronger than the pound on current account and the fact that they are the two world reserve currencies in favor of tightening up a little he might be On balance however in view of the shakiness of the domestic economy he felt that the System should give as much aid as it could through the poultice of easy money without on the other hand trying to force the commercial banks In many instances banks had gotten into high loan deposit ratios through imprudence Now that business was not as strong as it had been bank directors were saying that they wished their institutions did not have such a high loan deposit ratio and that they would like to have this corrected before the banks became aggressive did not have the loan demand Furthermore the banks In summary the present situation involved an entirely new set of circumstances What he was trying to point out the Chairman said was that monetary policy has limitations both as a restraining factor and a stimulating factor In his opinion the System had played its part well in the current recession by providing the maximum stimulation it to an economy that was bound to decline when it stage If could reached this particular he were thinking of measures to stimulate the economy further he would think more in terms of adjustments in fiscal policy than in monetary policy the eating some time As Mr Mills had said the proof of the pudding is in The System had been energetically supplying reserves for It had not made much of a dent in terms of the money supply however partly on account of the gold outflow Chairman Martin said he did not think that one could separate domestic and international economic problems at the moment or that one could ignore the problem of the prices of world products saw it As he what the System had to do was to keep a reasonably even keel and the System should not expect monetary policy to do more than it could At this juncture particularly the System should be careful not to appear to be embarking on a cheap money policy just for the sake of cheap money A lower discount rate at this point would make the European central banks that were lowering their own rates look silly for it would appear as though the Federal Reserve was trying to be competitive Similarly if the Federal Reserve got the reputation of following a cheap money policy just for the sake of doing so people abroad would be encouraged to think that the System was not concerned with the balance of payments or with the soundness of the dollar This was something about which one should think carefully Chairman Martin then referred to the comments of Mr Hayes regarding the possibility of System Account operations in long term securities and stated that he felt it was proper for all members of the Committee to raise for consideration questions involving possible changes in the Committee s operating procedures would consider such suggestions with an open mind He hoped that everyone It might be that there was a need to look into the question of operations in long term as well as short term securities However as he had said several times before the Committee should be very careful in its moves or it would get back to pegged interest rates before this was realized Before the Committee started buying long term bonds it should consider whether it was going to establish a long term rate or whether it was just going to acquire long term bonds for the Account portfolio In other words any experimentation ought to be entered into very carefully Personally he had some questions about the adequacy of performance of the Government securities market and those questions would be magnified by the extent to which the Committee went into longer term securities As he had indicated the Committee should do this only for a specific purpose and in order to obtain a specific result He was not sure in his own mind that the Committee would obtain such a result and everyone should be very careful to be sure that he felt such a result would be achieved While he Chairman Martin could go along with the argument for purchasing securities up to a maturity of one two or three years in certain circumstances when it came to 20 year maturities the Committee would be dealing with an entirely different market Chairman Martin said that what it came down to today was that there was certainly no disposition at this meeting to favor a change in 42 the policy directive or in the discount rate Everyone recognized that the System must supply reserves to meet the seasonal needs for credit and to compensate for the outflow of gold that was occurring The only question appeared to relate to whether the majority wanted to pursue a somewhat easier policy than the Committee had been pursuing or preferred to attempt to maintain about the present degree of ease There appeared to be a difference of opinion on that point and it might be advisable to take a poll Mr Hayes inquired whether it was possible to separate the question raised by the Chairman from the question of the short term rate which he regarded as almost a crucial thing to which Chairman Martin replied by suggesting that too much emphasis on the short term rate would amount to making a pattern The Committee was really dealing with the supply of reserves and if the Committee was going to supply reserves he did not believe it could control the impact on the short term rate Mr Hayes suggested that a good many people felt that the short term rate represented a danger signal that might help in determining how many reserves could safely be supplied Chairman Martin commented that he did not know how that could be put in terms of an instruction to the Desk Personally he would like to see the short term rate as high as one could have it However the problem that the Committee must discuss was the degree of ease in terms of the reserves supplied to the market Mr Johns commented at this point that when he spoke previously he did not have any intention of arguing for excessive ease or for creating a so called sloppy condition in the market His point had been simply that bank credit expansion can and does result from commercial bank investment He certainly had no intention of arguing that the System drive banks into making imprudent loans if is likely indeed that Instead he would desire bank credit expansion to occur in moderation and prudent magitudes He would like to see some introduction of reserves in excess of seasonal needs and offset of gold outflow Chairman Martin replied that this was exactly how he had tried to state the question and Mr Johns said that he thought the Chairman had stated it well He Mr Johns had simply wanted to disclaim what might have been a misinterpretation of his earlier comments Mr Bryan said he wanted to make the same kind of disclaimer A number of his colleagues seemed to have been under the illusion that the Committee had been pursuing an aggressive easy money policy Actually the low point in total reserves of the banking system came in March after many months of sharp decline System had added a little Since that time the less than 800 million to the total supply of reserves in a period when the economic situation was deteriorating and he did not regard that as an aggressive easy money policy in any sense of the word His stated objective was merely to give the banking system the usual seasonal requirement in December of about 350 million of reserves plus about 100 million After further comments Chairman Martin stated that the division of opinion seemed to be between continuing the present degree of ease and proceeding toward a moderately easier policy He asked whether this was a fair way of putting the question and there were no comments to the contrary Mr Johns stated that his point was that whatever ease had been achieved had not brought about what he felt was called for by the directive tried In his opinion therefore something else should be He would not change the directive because he thought it was appropriate The Chairman then called for comments on the question he had stated and Mr Hayes said that he found himself in a dilemma While he would like to see slightly greater ease he would not be willing to instruct the Desk to seek that ease without paying attention to short term rates which he felt constituted a limiting factor If slightly greater ease could be achieved without doing too much violence to short term rates that would be fine but he did not believe that the two matters could be separated Mr Robertson inquired whether Mr Hayes had a floor in mind on the bill rate to which the latter replied that it was best not to be too precise since there was always the danger that a floor would become an objective cent When reference was made previously to a rate of 2 per he had thought of that rate as representing an outside limit He would like to see the bill rate stay somewhere in its present general range Mr Erickson said he would favor continuing the degree of ease that had been maintained and Mr Irons commented to the same effect adding that he would not favor a further increase Mr Mangels recalled that he had mentioned a range of free reserves from 500 to 750 million He pointed out that free reserves had averaged around 500 million during November and almost 700 million in the first hoped that the bill rate would not fall week of December He too much below 2 15 per cent Mr Allen stated that he would continue the present degree of ease without increasing it and Mr Leedy said that he was satisfied with the degree of ease that prevailed Mr Leach said that he would favor maintaining approximately the same degree of ease the feel of the market involves a lot of things rates but that he felt a little He added that including interest more attention might be paid to interest rates at the present time than was given to them before the balance of payments problem was in the picture Mr Mills stated that he would move back moderately from the degree of ease of the past few weeks to a somewhat tighter position while Mr Robertson stated that he would favor moderately greater ease and that he would not be fearful if as 2 per cent the bill rate went as low Mr Shepardson said that he would recommend no greater ease and that he hoped that the bill rate would not vary significantly from its present level following which Mr King said that he would not favor greater ease Mr Fulton indicated that he would like to see the bill rate between 2 per cent and where it now stood which would suggest a little greater ease and Mr Bopp indicated that he would favor slightly greater ease Mr Bryan commented that he did not know what slightly greater ease meant He felt that the System ought to supply seasonal requirements for reserves plus some additional amount of reserves as a kind of contracyclical measure Mr Johns said that he wished to associate himself with the point of view expressed by Mr Robertson Mr Szymczak stated he would favor continuing the existing degree of ease Mr Balderston agreed but added that he was concerned that after the turn of the year the bill rate might cause a situation that would be quite different Mr Shepardson suggested that the most significant thing about the money supply was the relationship of that supply to the demand for money When demand slackened a sloppy condition could occur without any increase in the money supply Chairman Martin remarked that he had commented several times on the contrast between 1957 58 and the present situation the international situation being the principal difference The Chairman then stated that the results of the poll indicated that the majority was clearly in favor of continuing the present degree of ease with the feel of the market constituting the guiding factor A clear majority would like to have the bill rate stay as high as possible There being no further comments the Chairman noted that the minutes would record the varying shades of opinion that had been expressed Thereupon upon motion duly made and seconded it was voted unanimously to direct the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until otherwise directed by the Committee 1 To make such purchases sales or exchanges including replacement of maturing securities and allow ing maturities to run off without replacement for the System Open Market Account in the open market or in the case of maturing securities by direct exchange with the Treasury as may be necessary in the light of current and prospective economic conditions and the general credit situation of the country with a view a to relating the supply of funds in the market to the needs of commerce and business b to encouraging monetary expansion for the purpose of fostering sustainable growth in economic activity and employment while taking into consideration current international developments and c to the practical administration of the Account provided that the aggregate amount of securities held in the System Account including commitments for the purchase or sale of securities for the Account at the close of this date other than special short term certificates of indebtedness purchased from time to time for the temporary accommodation of the Treasury shall not be increased or decreased by more than 1 billion 2 To purchase direct from the Treasury for the account of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York with discretion in cases where it seems desirable to issue participations to one or more Federal Reserve Banks such amounts of special short term certificates of indebtedness as may be necessary from time to time for the temporary accommodation of the Treasury provided that the total amount of such certificates held at any one time by the Federal Reserve Banks shall not exceed in the aggregate 500 million It was agreed that the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee would be held on Tuesday January and that the ensuing meetings would be tentatively scheduled for January 31 February 14 and March The meeting then adjourned Secretary
View Historical Minutes
United States. Federal Open Market Committee.	"Meeting, December 13, 1960," Federal Open Market Committee Meeting Minutes, Transcripts, and Other Documents (December 13, 1960). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/677/item/22831/content/pdf/fomchistmin19601213, accessed on January 29, 2020.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/677/item/22831/content/pdf/fomchistmin19601213


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CD reviews: Vince Neads, Dervish, Todd Rundgren's Utopia, Brooks & Dunn
Vince Neads,"Slow Road" (Fab Tone)- The splendidly visceral debut set from experienced British singer-guitarist Vince Neads finds this highly accomplished axeman wielding some of the most iconic instruments produced by the illustrious factories of the Gibson and Fender organisations as he immerses himself in the earthy delights of a batch of timeless blues and rock creations. "Down The Track," "Coming Home" and "Five More Minutes" capture the soulful essence of Neads' refreshingly melodic approach to music-making.
Dervish,"The Great Irish Songbook" (Rounder)- Sligo based traditional outfit Dervish make their Rounder Records debut with a fascinating collection which explores some of the most enduringly popular pieces in the Irish folk repertoire. The veteran performers bring all their usual passion and instrumental virtuosity to bear on cherished ditties such as "Down By The Sally Gardens," "The Parting Glass " and Patrick Kavanagh's poignant "On Raglan Road," aided and abetted by an eclectic assortment of guest vocalists including actor Brendan Gleeson, maverick country rocker Steve Earle and the" Barnsley Nightingale", Kate Rusby.Nashville bluegrass band The SteelDrivers also deserve a mention in dispatches for their rousing rendition of the much recorded "There's Whiskey in the Jar."
Todd Rundgren's Utopia,"Live at the Chicago Theatre" (Wienerworld)-Rundgren's tuneful prog-rock behemoths effectively gave up the ghost in 1976 despite indulging in very infrequent reunion tours in the interim, so a sense of very real anticipation greeted the great man's decision to reassemble as much of the original band as possible and embark on another series of live jaunts in 2018. This beautifully packaged audio-visual extravaganza extends over a DVD, Blu-Ray Disc and 2 CDs and captures the reformed Utopia's show at the Chicago Theatre last May, an enjoyable ramble down memory lane which was liberally peppered with old favourites such as "One World," "Road To Utopia" and the band's solitary Top 40 success,"Set Me Free."
Brooks & Dunn,"Reboot" (Sony Music)- The most successful country duo of all time returned to the recording studio recently after a twelve year hiatus to put together this easy on the ear package. reimagining a dozen hits from their highly lucrative back catalogue in collaborations with some of the leading lights of the contemporary country scene. The finished product isn't an unqualified success but tracks such as "Hard Workin' Man," "You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone" and "Red Dirt Road" are well worth a few minutes of anyone's time, delivered here by Brothers Osborne, Ashley McBryde and Cody Johnson respectively.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Jo Ann Watson, an Exploration Station Educator with the San Bernardino County Museum of Natural History said, "The pattern of every snake is like a zebra's stripes, it is a fingerprint unique to that snake."  This truly points out what is the crowning glory of the corn snake. Vivid colors of red, orange, or brownish blotches edged with black and a grayish to orange background tinged with yellow, characterize the glossy coat of an adult corn snake. They're usually 25 to 38 of these dorsal blotches with a corresponding number of lateral blotches. The dorsal blotches are usually wider along the snake's length.  There are 27 to 29 dorsal scale rows around the circumference of the snake at the middle of the body. These scales are weakly keeled.  The ventral scales (the snakes belly) usually consists of alternating rows of black and white (though orange may also be present), resembling maize corn. Corn snakes from the Western North Carolina region usually have a duller coloration.  On the underside of the tall are two black stripes, and on the head and neck a spear shaped pattern.  Corn snakes from the southeastern region of the Florida peninsula may be grayish with distinct blotches.  This is because they are anerythristic, which means their genes have turned off their ability to produce red pigment. This gives them a grayish body with black splotches.  There are also corn snakes that cannot produce black pigment, these are called amelanistic. When a corn snake is both anerythristic and amelanistic the result is a snow corn snake.  Several types of wild corn snakes with characteristic patterns have been given their own names.
Jo Ann Watson, an Exploration Station Educator with the San Bernardino County Museum of Natural History points out the patterns on baby corn snakes.
Rosy Ratsnake -- Corn snakes from the lower Florida Keys. They are smaller, and characterized as having less black pigment than their mainland relatives.
Miami phase -- Characterized by bright red blotches on a silvery background.
Okeetee Corns -- Found in South Carolina, these are usually considered "the typical" corn snake. Characterized by a bright orange snake with bold black bordered red splotches. It is worth noting that not all corn snakes that look like this originate from South Carolina bloodlines.
Chocolate Corns -- These Snakes from Central Louisiana, East Texas, East Oklahoma, and Arkansas were formerly considered to be members of The Great Plains Ratsnake family because of their coloration and geographic location. However, now scientists consider them to be corn snakes. Characteristics include a light to dark gray ground color, with blotches from rusty redish brown to dark brown.
Corn snakes are easily bred in captivity. Many with striking color patterns and variations, which would not normally occur in the wild.  There are more captive bred species of corn snakes than any other reptile, so here are only a few of them.
Amelanistic -- This red albino corn snake is the oldest captive bred strain of corn snake. Characteristics are a lack of black pigment.
Anerythristic -- This breed of corn snake lacks red pigment in its color. There are two types of Anerythristic corn snake, Type A which has a little yellow, and Type B which does not have any yellow.
Motley -- Irregular fusion of blotches.


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Q: What is the meaning of $(">", this)[1]? In one JS source I have found this construct:
$(function(){
    $("form").submit(function(event){
        var textInputs=$(">input[type='text']", $(">", this)[1]);
        for(var i=0; i<textInputs.length; i++){

I quite understand whats happening there, but I am not clear about this line:
var textInputs=$(">input[type='text']", $(">", this)[1]);

A: The code uses $(selector, context). $(">", this) selects children of the this object, and [1] returns the second child as a raw DOM element. It then passes the returned value (which can also be an undefined value) to another $(selector, context) as context for selecting input[type=text] children.
To me the code is not readable and maintainable. It's (somehow) equivalent to:
$(function() {
    $("form").submit(function(event) {
        $(this).children(":eq(1)")
               .children('input[type="text"]')
               .each(function(index, element) {
                   // ...
               });
    // ...

A: That looks like jquery, and it'd be
$('dom elements to look for', 'dom context element')

Ref: http://api.jquery.com/jQuery/

A: The first argument is the selector, the second argument is the context
$('selector', 'context');

Selector is restricted in this case and will only match descendants of your context.
This is equivalent of the find method:
$('context').find('selector');

Both will get the same result.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In April 2014, One Man Drop started off as a side-project between four musicians who were already active with their respective bands in Athens music scene. Panos Angelothanassis (Guitar/Vocals) and Diamantis Kazouris (Guitar) were always in search for the ideal "vehicle" to "transfer" their music, having already experimented with their sound. Their acquintance with Nikos Giannoulis (Bass) and Elena Chatzipanagioti (Drums/percussion) created the ideal conditions for the formation of One Man Drop as a side project initially (due to their commitments with their respective bands), which finally turned into a full-time endeavor. In May 2014, One Man Drop recorded and produced 3 songs (One Hits One, With You, Just Me) which became the band's first unofficial EP. These songs are to be found in their debut album released by the end of the year from Urban Sounds. Now playing as a trio, the band consists of the founding members (Panos, Nikos) and Fivos Flat (drums). Their sound is based on fuzz'd guitars, while their music has often been described as Neo-Psychedelic Rock n' Roll/Garage!!!


Mages Auctioneers have helped to make these charity auctions a success in 2016!
begins at 5 p.m. with dinner at 7 p.m.
Snowfest is getting All Shook Up!
The silent auction will be open from 3:00 PM to 7:00 PM, 7:10 PM, and 7:20 PM in the Holy Trinity Gymnasium. We will then be having a "Heads or Tails" game at 7:45 PM in the St. Anthony Gymnasium right before the Live Auction that begins at 8 PM.
Contact Wendy Hagberg for information.
Sunday, February 14, 9 a.m.to 1 p.m.
One Bright Star is excited to host "A Night Out at the Casino" (formally The Starlight Gala). This is a black-tie optional event featuring casino entertainment provided by Black Tie Casino, Inc. It is a celebration of life that benefits the One Bright Star Organization. This special night draws attention to our respective mission, celebrates the lives of children and raises funds to allow our organization to continue its mission.
One Bright Star's mission is to be a resource for families who have experienced the death of a child. A Night Out at the Casino is a celebration of life. It allows families to pay tribute to the memory of their child. The funds raised at this event will support the Children's Memorial at Erlandson Park, our web site, our new web forum, monthly radio program, the distribution of the Grief Journal; free of charge to any family who has experienced the tragic death of a child, and our new national initiative – to assist other communities who want to build a Children's Memorial in their area. An annual Memorial Service is held every fall to support families who have lost a child. Proceeds from this event will assist to these programs.
Silent Auction 11 a.m. until end of Live Auction. Live auction starts at 1 p.m.
Menu, BBQ, hot dog or vegetarian option; potato chips or German potato salad, baked beans, fresh veggies, beverage & homemade dessert. Tickets $6.
Save the date. Doors open at 11:00 A.M. Plan to grab some lunch, register and get a bidding number. Then check out the live auction items, bid on the Silent Auction items and settle in for an afternoon of MVL Auction fun. Mages auctioneers return this year! There may be some changes! Change can be good!
Join us for the seventh year as the Morneau's and the Arthritis Foundation team up to help knock juvenile arthritis out of the park.
The Morneau's will host an evening to help change the lives of the 300,000 children living with arthritis.


Home: Act One — .
Mobilia Presents : The Design Circus 2016! Hold on to your seat because this is huge people !!!
Mobilia brings you two of the worlds most inspiring and influential designers for a two part show that will be surprise, excite and stimulate design lovers alike.
Register Below To Express Your Interest and Be The First To Find Out More About ACT ONE and our mystery guest !
PS. Hint One .... Design Royalty.


text:
package lila.fishnet

import chess.format.Forsyth
import JsonApi.Request.Evaluation

final private class FishnetEvalCache(
    evalCacheApi: lila.evalCache.EvalCacheApi
)(implicit ec: scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext) {

  val maxPlies = 15

  // indexes of positions to skip
  def skipPositions(game: Work.Game): Fu[List[Int]] =
    rawEvals(game).dmap(_.map(_._1))

  def evals(work: Work.Analysis): Fu[Map[Int, Evaluation]] =
    rawEvals(work.game) map {
      _.map { case (i, eval) =>
        val pv = eval.pvs.head
        i -> Evaluation(
          pv = pv.moves.value.toList,
          score = Evaluation
            .Score(
              cp = pv.score.cp,
              mate = pv.score.mate
            )
            .invertIf((i + work.startPly) % 2 == 1), // fishnet evals are from POV
          time = none,
          nodes = eval.knodes.intNodes.some,
          nps = none,
          depth = eval.depth.some
        )
      }.toMap
    }

  private def rawEvals(game: Work.Game): Fu[List[(Int, lila.evalCache.EvalCacheEntry.Eval)]] =
    chess.Replay
      .situationsFromUci(
        game.uciList.take(maxPlies - 1),
        game.initialFen,
        game.variant
      )
      .fold(
        _ => fuccess(Nil),
        _.zipWithIndex
          .map { case (sit, index) =>
            evalCacheApi.getSinglePvEval(game.variant, Forsyth >> sit) dmap2 { index -> _ }
          }
          .sequenceFu
          .map(_.flatten)
      )
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The story of drama is about a young pretty girl Saira. She shows herself like a rich girl. but she did not belong from a rich family. she got engagement with Saqib. which lost all his wealth after his father death.


New Rochelle native and right-handed pitcher Tom Koehler, 31, was signed to a one-year contract by the Los Angeles Dodgers.
New Rochelle native Tom Koehler is heading to the Los Angeles Dodgers.
The team officially announced the signing of the 31-year-old right-handed pitcher to a one-year deal on Wednesday. Jeff Passan of Yahoo Sports reported the deal was worth $2 million and includes bonuses for games pitched or started.
Koehler previously spent five-and-a-half years with the Miami Marlins before being traded to the Toronto Blue Jays in August. The Blue Jays non-tendered him on Dec. 1, which opened the door for him to sign with the National League champion Dodgers.
After making his Major League debut with the Marlins in 2012, Koehler was a stable force in their starting rotation from 2013-2016. In that span, he never posted an ERA higher than 4.41 and never pitched fewer than 143 innings.
In 2017, Koehler's career hit a few speed bumps. In 12 starts with Miami, he went 1-7 with a bloated 7.92 ERA, which prompted the trade to Toronto.
He always prided himself on being a starting pitcher, but he saw improved results when the Blue Jays moved him into the bullpen. In 15 appearances, Koehler posted a 2.65 ERA with 18 strikeouts in 17 innings.
The expectation is that the Dodgers will also use him in a relief role.
According to MLB.com, Dodgers general manager Farhan Zaidi expressed his interest in converting former starters into relievers at the recently concluded Winter Meetings.
"It's proven over and over, guys' stuff plays up and guys have success going from one role to the other," Zaidi said. "It can give guys a second career."
For Koehler, who endured losing seasons with the Marlins and has never appeared in the playoffs, the move to the bullpen is well worth it in order to play for a contending team.
"I think when you realize there is more time in your rearview mirror than in front of you, you want to put yourself in the best position to win," he said.
His signing with the Dodgers represents a chance to revive his career while playing for one of the league's most successful teams. But according to Koehler, his unlikely career has already exceeded expectations.