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Achievable debris orbit prediction accuracy using laser ranging data from a single station
Research Website
Wuhan University, RMIT University, EOS Space Systems Ltd
Investigator:
Jizhang Sanga, James C. Bennett
jzhsang@sgg.whu.edu.cn
Earlier studies have shown that an orbit prediction accuracy of 20 arc sec ground station pointing error for 1–2 day predictions was achievable for low Earth orbit (LEO) debris using two passes of debris laser ranging (DLR) data from a single station, separated by about 24 h. The accuracy was determined by comparing the predicted orbits with subsequent tracking data from the same station. This accuracy statement might be over-optimistic for other parts of orbit far away from the station. This paper presents the achievable orbit prediction accuracy using satellite laser ranging (SLR) data of Starlette and Larets under a similar data scenario as that of DLR. The SLR data is corrupted with random errors of 1 m standard deviation so that its accuracy is similar to that of DLR data. The accurate ILRS Consolidated Prediction Format orbits are used as reference to compute the orbit prediction errors. The study demonstrates that accuracy of 20 arc sec for 1–2 day predictions is achievable.
Adaptive optics for space debris tracking
Australian National University (ANU) and EOS Space Systems
Francis Bennet, Francois Rigaut, Ian Ritchie and Craig Smith
francis.bennet@anu.edu.au
TRL:
7 - System demonstration in an operational environment
There are many objects of less than 1m in size that are difficult to track with radar. To address this problem we currently use lidar, an active optical tracking technique in which we propagate a laser through a ground-based telescope onto the sky. This system is currently limited to tracking items down to approximately 10cm in size in the range 400–1500km, and larger objects at around 2500km. The researchers have developed an adaptive optics system to increase the range of lidar and reduce the minimum target size. For this they use an artificial star, created by illuminating a portion of the atmosphere with a laser, to measure turbulence. At tracking rates of up to 1 degree per second, the artificial beacon must be quite strong, and the information from it processed very quickly to keep up with the rate of change of sky zones needing turbulence correction. This is a major challenge for the project. A deformable mirror corrects this turbulence, enabling us to better focus the laser beam on the target in orbit, increasing the maximum range and decreasing the minimum target size.
An adaptive threshold method for improving astrometry of space debris CCD images
Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Rong-yu Sun, Chang-yin Zhao
rysun@pmo.ac.cn
Optical survey is a main technique for observing space debris, and precisely measuring the positions of space debris is of great importance. Due to several factors, e.g. the angle object normal to the observer, the shape as well as the attitude of the object, the variations of observed characteristics for low earth orbital space debris are distinct. When we look at optical CCD images of observed objects, the size and brightness are varying, hence it's difficult to decide the threshold during centroid measurement and precise astrometry. Traditionally the threshold is given empirically and constantly in data reduction, and obviously it's not suitable for data reduction of space debris. Here we offer a solution to provide the threshold. Our method assumes that the PSF (point spread function) is Gaussian and estimates the signal flux by a directly two-dimensional Gaussian fit, then a cubic spline interpolation is performed to divide each initial pixel into several sub-pixels, at last the threshold is determined by the estimation of signal flux and the sub-pixels above threshold are separated to estimate the centroid. A trail observation of the fast spinning satellite Ajisai is made and the CCD frames are obtained to test our algorithm. The calibration precision of various threshold is obtained through the comparison between the observed equatorial position and the reference one, the latter are obtained from the precise ephemeris of the satellite. The results indicate that our method reduces the total errors of measurements, it works effectively in improving the centering precision of space debris images.
Analysis of the optical scattering characteristics of different types of space targets
Beijing Aerospace Control Center
Yi Han, Huayan Sun, Jianguang Feng, Liang Li
hanyuxuan.han@163.com
This paper mainly focused on the measurement, evaluation and potential identification methods of the unresolved space target's photometric characteristics. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurement system was introduced first, and then the measurement error of BRDF and its influence on target's optical cross section (OCS) and magnitude were analyzed. Then, different space targets' OCS and magnitude changing with different factors, such as surface materials and shapes, flying conditions and working states, were analyzed respectively, and some general inclusions of variation laws were deduced. This research can provide references for future studies on space target classification and identification based on the photometric measurement data.
Improving the Precision of Astrometry for Space Debris
Key Laboratory of Space Object and Debris Observation, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Rongyu Sun, Changyin Zhao, Xiaoxiang Zhang
cyzhao@pmo.ac.cn
The data reduction method for optical space debris observations has many similarities with the one adopted for surveying near-Earth objects; however, due to several specific issues, the image degradation is particularly critical, which makes it difficult to obtain precise astrometry. An automatic image reconstruction method was developed to improve the astrometry precision for space debris, based on the mathematical morphology operator. Variable structural elements along multiple directions are adopted for image transformation, and then all the resultant images are stacked to obtain a final result. To investigate its efficiency, trial observations are made with Global Positioning System satellites and the astrometry accuracy improvement is obtained by comparison with the reference positions. The results of our experiments indicate that the influence of degradation in astrometric CCD images is reduced, and the position accuracy of both objects and stellar stars is improved distinctly. Our technique will contribute significantly to optical data reduction and high-order precision astrometry for space debris.
Short-arc tracklet association for geostationary objects
German Space Operations Center, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern
J.A. Siminskia, O. Montenbrucka, H. Fiedlera, T. Schildknechtb
jan.siminski@dlr.de
Measurement association and initial orbit determination is a fundamental task when building up a database of space objects. This paper proposes an efficient and robust method to determine the orbit using the available information of two tracklets, i.e. their line-of-sights and their derivatives. The approach works with a boundary-value formulation to represent hypothesized orbital states and uses an optimization scheme to find the best fitting orbits. The method is assessed and compared to an initial-value formulation using a measurement set taken by the Zimmerwald Small Aperture Robotic Telescope of the Astronomical Institute at the University of Bern. False associations of closely spaced objects on similar orbits cannot be completely eliminated due to the short duration of the measurement arcs. However, the presented approach uses the available information optimally and the overall association performance and robustness is very promising. The boundary-value optimization takes only around 2% of computational time when compared to optimization approaches using an initial-value formulation. The full potential of the method in terms of run-time is additionally illustrated by comparing it to other published association methods.
Space Debris Measurement Using Joint Mid-Latitude and Equatorial Optical Observations
Univ. di Roma La Sapienza
Piergentili, F., Ceruti, A., Rizzitelli, F., Cardona, T., Battagliere, M.L., Santoni, F.
A system for orbital object monitoring is analyzed, based on a mid-latitude and an equatorial observatory. The enhancements with respect to the use of a single telescope located at mid-latitude, for space debris detection and tracking are highlighted in terms of surveying volume, object identification, and orbital determination accuracy. The need to improve observation capabilities in monitoring and cataloguing such kinds of objects is constantly growing, due to the constant increase of operative satellites and space debris in both geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO) regions. After the considerations on the feasibility of the whole system, an overview of the observatories' design is sketched, on the basis of previous Italian experience in space debris observation, and taking into account constraints imposed by the instrumentation. In particular the main characteristics of components, software for image analysis and observation methodologies are analyzed and a possible configuration is given, based on the ALMASCOPE observatory realized by the Space Robotics Group at the University of Bologna. This observatory was used for the 2010 test campaign carried out from the Broglio Space Center in Kenya.
Tracking the Trajectory of Space Debris in Close Proximity via a Vision-Based Method
Univ. of Central Florida
N. Li, Y. Xu, G. Basset, N. G. Fitz-Coy
xiaonizi_421@knights.ucf.edu
The increasingly cluttered environment in space is placing a premium on future spacecraft and satellites that are capable of tracking and estimating the trajectory of unknown space debris autonomously without consistent communication with ground stations. In this paper, a vision-based debris trajectory–tracking method in close proximity is presented using two cameras onboard of two satellites in a formation. To differentiate the target debris from other clutters, a data-association technique is investigated. A two-stage nonlinear robust controller is developed to adjust the attitude of the satellites such that the target debris can be maintained within the field of view of the onboard cameras. Capabilities of the proposed estimation and control methods are validated in the simulations.
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Local debris congestion in the geosynchronous environment with population augmentation
Paul V. Anderson, Hanspeter Schaub
paul.anderson@colorado.edu
Forecasting of localized debris congestion in the geostationary (GEO) regime is performed to investigate how frequently near-miss events occur for each of the longitude slots in the GEO ring. The present-day resident space object (RSO) population at GEO is propagated forward in time to determine current debris congestion conditions, and new probability density functions that describe where GEO satellites are inserted into operational orbits are harnessed to assess longitude-dependent congestion in "business-as-usual" launch traffic, with and without re-orbiting at end-of-life. Congestion forecasting for a 50-year period is presented to illustrate the need for appropriately executed mitigation measures in the GEO ring. Results indicate that localized debris congestion will double within 50 years under current 80% re-orbiting success rates.
Local orbital debris flux study in the geostationary ring
A local orbital debris flux analysis is performed in the geostationary (GEO) ring to investigate how frequently near-miss events occur for each longitude slot in the GEO ring. The current resident space object (RSO) environment at GEO is evaluated, and publicly-available two-line element (TLE) data are utilized in tandem with a geostationary torus configuration to simulate near-miss events incurred by the trackable RSO population at GEO. Methodology for determining near-miss events with this formulation is introduced, and the results of the analysis for a one-year time frame are provided to illustrate the need for active GEO remediation.
On the effects of solar storms to the decaying orbital space debris
Bandung Institute of Technology
Dhani Herdiwijaya & Abdul Rachman
Any man-made object in Earth's orbit that no longer serves a useful purpose is classified as orbital debris. Debris objects come from a variety of sources. The majority is related to satellite fragmentation. Other major sources of debris are propulsion systems, and fragmentation of spent upper stages, payload and mission related debris. Serious concern about orbital debris has been growing. Knowledge of the future debris environment is important to both satellite designers, and mission planners, who need to know what hazards a satellite might encounter during the course of its mission. Therefore, it is important to know how much debris is in orbit, where it is located, and when it will decay. The debris environment is complex and dynamically evolving. Objects of different shape and size behave differently in orbit. The geoeffectiveness space environments include solar flux at 10.7 cm, solar energetic particles flux or speed, solar wind flow pressure, electric field, and geomagnetic indices. We study the decaying orbital debris from Tracking andImpact Prediction (TIP) messages in conjuction with geoeffectiveness space environments through time epoch correlation. We found that the decaying and reentry orbital debris are triggered by space environment enhancement within at least one week before reentry. It is not necessary a transient or high energetic and severe solar storm events are needed in decaying processes. We propose that the gradual enhancement processes of space environment will cause satellite surface charging due to energetic electron and enhancedrag force.
A fast numerical approach for Whipple shield ballistic limit analysis
Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Xiao-tian Zhang, Guang-hui Jia, Hai Huang
zhangxiaotian@buaa.edu.cn
Whipple shield is widely used on manned spacecraft, numerical simulation is an important way for obtaining the ballistic limit. The large population of particles and the large space span of Whipple shield simulation model restrict the computational efficiency. A fast numerical approach is presented for Whipple shield ballistic limit analysis. First, the critical penetration analysis of the rear walls is converted into specific impulse analysis delivered by the secondary debris cloud, because the maximum of specific impulse is the main determinant of the penetration. The dual plate simulation model is then converted into single plate model and the population of particles is reduced. Second, based on the isotropic expansion theory of secondary debris cloud, the specific impulse analysis is further converted into particle position and velocity analysis when the stable secondary debris formed. The space span of the simulation model is reduced. An example of Whipple shield ballistic limit analysis is provided for the verification of the fast numerical approach, it shows that this approach can significantly increase the computation efficiency with acceptable accuracy.
An approach for constituting double/multi wall BLE by single wall BLE of spacecraft shield
School of Astronautics, Beihang University
Xiaotian Zhang, Guanghui Jia, Hai Huang
Ballistic limit equation (BLE) is an important tool for spacecraft shield design. An approach for constituting dual/multi wall BLE by single wall BLE is proposed. A new single wall BLE is built first based on the current BLE form analysis. A total of 100 experimental test data collected from the literature are introduced for verifications and comparisons. The new single wall BLE has obtained a better correct prediction rate of 83% than other tested BLEs. Secondly, the new Whipple shield (double wall) BLE is constituted of the new single wall BLE. In the low velocity regime the projectile isn't completely fragmented behind the bumper, the Whipple shield BLE is therefore obtained just by the summation of the single wall BLEs of the bumper and the rear wall. While in the hypervelocity regime, the expansion effect of the completely fragmented debris cloud is taken into consideration. The single wall BLE of the rear wall is multiplied by a correction term of the spacing between the two walls before the summation. The shatter regime BLE is obtained by the linear interpolation of the endpoints. A total of 268 experimental test data collected from the literature are introduced for verifications and comparisons. The new Whipple shield BLE has obtained a better correct prediction rate of 72% than other tested BLEs. Finally, the new multi-shock shield BLE is preliminarily constituted of the new single wall BLE and the Whipple shield BLE. The new multi-shock BLE is used to predict 5 experimental test cases and all of which are correct.
Hypervelocity Impact Phenomenon in Bulk Metallic Glasses and Composites
JPL, CalTech
Lee Hamill, Scott Roberts, Marc Davidson, William L. Johnson, Steven Nutt, Douglas C. Hofmann
dch@jpl.nasa.gov
Collisions with debris are major cause of concern for spacecraft and satellites. Developing new materials that can combat these threats, while still providing low-density and sufficient toughness to survive launch loads, is important for future spacecraft design. In the current work, hypervelocity impacts are used to estimate the ballistic limit for bulk metallic glass and their composites and to investigate spalling behavior. The composites are shown to have excellent combinations of hardness and toughness for use as shields.
New Concepts of Deployable De-Orbit and Re-Entry Systems for CubeSat Miniaturized Satellites
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples
Valerio Carandente, Raffaele Savino
In the present work new concepts of de-orbit and re-entry modules for standard CubeSats are presented. On the one hand, these modules can be very useful to contrast the growing phenomenon of the Space debris and, on the other hand, to recover Cubesat payload and components after the end of the mission. The concepts are mainly based on deployable, umbrella-like, structures, useful to perform de-orbit and re-entry operations taking advantage from a substantial reduction of the ballistic coefficient. In the de-orbit configuration the deployable structure works only as an aerobrake. In this case the satellite lifetime may be strongly reduced, making it possible to match the CubeSat maximum decay requirement of 25 years, even for altitudes larger than 700 km. In the Earth re-entry configuration the ballistic parameter reduction produces also a sensible decrease of the aerothermal loads on the system, giving the opportunity to recover payload, potential data and satellite components. In this case the umbrella-like structure has both the function to protect the capsule and to control de-orbit and re-entry trajectories, in order to safely reach the desired landing site. The structure can be deployed by means of preloaded springs or other actuators and, once the umbrella is opened, the reference surface can be adjusted to control the trajectory with a kinematic mechanism driven by an electro-mechanical actuator.
Numerical Simulation of Impact Damage Induced by Orbital Debris on Shielded Wall of Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba
Aleksandr Cherniaev, Igor Telichev
aleksandr.cherniaev@umanitoba.ca
This paper presents a methodology for numerical simulation of the formation of the front wall damage in composite overwrapped pressure vessels under hypervelocity impact. Both SPH particles and Lagrangian finite elements were employed in combination for numerical simulations. Detailed numerical models implementing two filament winding patterns with different degree of interweaving were developed and used to simulate 2.5 km/s and 5.0 km/s impacts of 5 mm-diameter spherical aluminum-alloy projectile. Obtained results indicate that winding pattern may have a pronounced effect on vessel damage in case of orbital debris impact, influencing propagation of the stress waves in composite material.
Processing optimized for symmetry in the problem of evasive maneuvers
Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana
Antônio Delson C. de Jesus, Rafael Ribeiro de Sousa
a1d1j1@gmail.com
The increasing number of space debris in operating regions around the earth constitutes a real threat to space missions. The goal of the research is to establish appropriate scientific-technological conditions to prevent the destruction and/or impracticability of spacecraft in imminent collision in these regions. A definitive solution to this problem has not yet been reached with the degree of precision that the dynamics of spatial objects (vehicle and debris) requires mainly due to the fact that collisions occur in chains and fragmentation of these objects in the space environment. This fact threatens the space missions on time and with no prospects for a solution in the near future. We present an optimization process in finding the initial conditions (CIC) to collisions, considering the symmetry of the distributions of maximum relative positions between spatial objects with respect to the spherical angles. For this, we used the equations of the dynamics on the Clohessy–Witshire, representing a limit of validation that is highly computationally costly. We simulate different maximum relative positions values of the corresponding initial conditions given in terms of spherical angles. Our results showed that there are symmetries that significantly reduce operating costs, such that the search of the CIC is advantageously carried out up to 4 times the initial processing routine. Knowledge of CIC allows the propulsion system operating vehicle implement evasive maneuvers before impending collisions with space debris.
A Cooperative Multi-Satellite Mission for Controlled Active
Bogdan Udrea
Bogdan.Udrea@erau.edu
This paper presents the concept of operations and preliminary design of a multi-satellite mission for the active removal of large pieces of debris from low Earth orbit. The mission consists of a mothership minisatellite, that carries six nanosatellites. The mothership acquires a relative orbit of a few kilometers with respect to the piece of orbital debris of interest and determines the attitude state of the debris and good docking locations for the nanosatellites. The nanosatellites deploy sequentially and dock with the piece of debris. Once all the nanosatellites are docked with the debris they cooperatively perform its structural analysis to determine safe maneuvering profiles for its detumble and deorbit. The mothership then docks with the piece of debris and applies maneuvers to deorbit it. Systems engineering budgets have been determined for the mass and propellant and a preliminary mission cost has been estimated. They are presented together with the functional architectures of each spacecraft and the results of mission design obtained with the Systems Tool Kit.
A laser-optical system to re-enter or lower low Earth orbit space debris
Photonic Associates, LLC
Claude R. Phipps
crphipps@photonicassociates.com
Collisions among existing Low Earth Orbit (LEO) debris are now a main source of new debris, threatening future use of LEO space. Due to their greater number, small (1–10 cm) debris are the main threat, while large (>10 cm) objects are the main source of new debris. Flying up and interacting with each large object is inefficient due to the energy cost of orbit plane changes, and quite expensive per object removed. Strategically, it is imperative to remove both small and large debris. Laser-Orbital-Debris-Removal (LODR), is the only solution that can address both large and small debris. In this paper, we briefly review ground-based LODR, and discuss how a polar location can dramatically increase its effectiveness for the important class of sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) objects. With 20% clear weather, a laser-optical system at either pole could lower the 8-ton ENVISAT by 40 km in about 8 weeks, reducing the hazard it represents by a factor of four. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a space-based LODR system. We estimate cost per object removed for these systems. International cooperation is essential for designing, building and operating any such system.
A reorbiter for large GEO debris objects using ion beam irradiation
Hosei University, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Shoji Kitamura, Yukio Hayakawa, Satomi Kawamoto
shoji.kitamura.zf@hosei.ac.jp
In recent years, space debris problems have become very serious. The worst case occurs in the low Earth orbit (LEO) region, where debris-to-debris collisions generate new debris. The situation in the geostationary orbit (GEO) region is not as bad as that in the LEO. The debris problem in the GEO region, however, should not be left as it is because the GEO is unique and has few debris-cleansing modes. Thus, we proposed a concept for a reorbiter to reorbit large GEO debris objects such as satellites and rocket upper stages left in orbit after the ends of their missions. This concept is based on the idea of thrusting a debris object by irradiating it with an ion beam. The reorbiter, equipped with two ion engines, approaches a debris object, and the ion beam exhausted from one of the ion engines irradiates and thrusts it to change its orbit. The other engine on the opposite side is operated so that the reorbiter follows the debris object. Their orbits are raised in a spiral to a disposal orbit approximately 300 km higher. After that, the reorbiter returns to GEO to approach another debris object. This system can operate without catching debris objects; thus, it can be applied to a wide range of debris objects without regard to their shapes or rotations. A mission scenario was made to conduct efficient maneuvers. In the GEO region, a number of debris objects are distributed on orbit planes close to each other, and they can be reorbited one after another using a single reorbiter. For a typical model mission, the mission time and the total impulse of the ion engines were calculated. The results show that six debris objects can be reorbited in 170 days. The reorbiter has a targeted launch mass of 2500 kg and 6.9 kW of total power. The ion beam convergence, the effects of ion beam irradiation, and non-cooperative rendezvous were recognized as the critical issues of this system. A highly converged beam is required to make efficient debris irradiation. Numerical calculations and basic experiments gave a feasibility of the required irradiation efficiency of over 25%. The irradiation of debris objects may cause sputtering of their surfaces and depositions of the back-sputtered materials on the reorbiter surface. The data were obtained experimentally to evaluate the effects of the depositions, especially on solar cells. The results indicated no serious contamination problems. Preliminary studies were conducted on the approach to an uncollaborative object and the maintenance of the separation distance.
A review of space robotics technologies for on-orbit servicing
New Mexico State University, USAF Research Laboratory
Angel Flores-Abad, Ou Ma, Khanh Pham, Steve Ulrich
af_abad@nmsu.edu
Space robotics is considered one of the most promising approaches for on-orbit servicing (OOS) missions such as docking, berthing, refueling, repairing, upgrading, transporting, rescuing, and orbital debris removal. Many enabling techniques have been developed in the past two decades and several technology demonstration missions have been completed. A number of manned on-orbit servicing missions were successfully accomplished but unmanned, fully autonomous, servicing missions have not been done yet. Furthermore, all previous unmanned technology demonstration missions were designed to service cooperative targets only. Robotic servicing of a non-cooperative satellite is still an open research area facing many technical challenges. One of the greatest challenges is to ensure the servicing spacecraft safely and reliably docks with the target spacecraft or capture the target to stabilize it for subsequent servicing. This is especially important if the target has an unknown motion and kinematics/dynamics properties. Obviously, further research and development of the enabling technologies are needed. To motivate and facilitate such research and development, this paper provides a literature review of the recently developed technologies related to the kinematics, dynamics, control and verification of space robotic systems for manned and unmanned on-orbit servicing missions.
Active removal of orbital debris by induced hypervelocity impact of injected dust grains
Naval Research Lab, Icarus Research Co.
G. Ganguli, C. Crabtree, A. Velikovich, L. Rudakov, S. Chappie
Collisions of an active satellite with a small (1mm – cm) untrackable orbital debris can be mission ending. It has been recently established that we are at the tipping point for collisional cascade of larger objects to exponential growth of small orbital debris. This will make access to near-Earth space hazardous without first clearing the existing debris from this region. We present a concept for elimination of small debris by deploying micron scale dust to artificially enhance the drag on the debris. The key physics that makes this technique viable is the possibility of large momentum boost realized through hypervelocity dust/debris collision. By deploying high mass density micron scale dust in a narrow altitude band temporarily it is possible to artificially enhance drag on debris spread over a very large volume and force rapid reentry. The injected dust will also reenter the atmosphere leaving no permanent residue in space.
Active space debris charging for contactless electrostatic disposal maneuvers
Hanspeter Schaub, Zoltan Sternovsky
hanspeter.schaub@colorado.edu
The remote charging of a passive object using an electron beam enables touchless re-orbiting of large space debris from geosynchronous orbit (GEO) using electrostatic forces. The advantage of this method is that it can operate with a separation distance of multiple craft radii, thus reducing the risk of collision. The charging of the tug–debris system to high potentials is achieved by active charge transfer using a directed electron beam. Optimal potential distributions using isolated- and coupled-sphere models are discussed. A simple charging model takes into account the primary electron beam current, ultra-violet radiation induced photoelectron emission, collection of plasma particles, secondary electron emission and the recapture of emitted particles. The results show that through active charging in a GEO space environment high potentials can be both achieved and maintained with about a 75% transfer efficiency. Further, the maximum electrostatic tractor force is shown to be insensitive to beam current levels. This latter later result is important when considering debris with unknown properties.
Advanced research network on asteroid and space debris manipulation
Prof. Dr. Massimiliano Vasile
massimiliano.vasile@strath.ac.uk
February 2013 - February 2017
Stardust is a unique training and research network devoted to develop and master techniques for asteroid and space debris monitoring, removal/deflection and exploitation, with the following specific aims: training the next generation of engineers, scientists and decision-makers to protect our planet, save our space assets, and turn the threat represented by asteroids and space debris in an opportunity; pushing the boundaries of space research with innovative ideas and visionary concepts; integrating multiple disciplines, from robotics, to applied mathematics, from computational intelligence to astrodynamics, to find practical and effective solutions to the asteroid and space debris issue.
An adaptive strategy for active debris removal
University of Southhampton
Adam E. White, Hugh G. Lewis
adam.white@southampton.ac.uk
Many parameters influence the evolution of the near-Earth debris population, including launch, solar, explosion and mitigation activities, as well as other future uncertainties such as advances in space technology or changes in social and economic drivers that effect the utilisation of space activities. These factors lead to uncertainty in the long-term debris population. This uncertainty makes it difficult to identify potential remediation strategies, involving active debris removal (ADR), that will perform effectively in all possible future cases. Strategies that cannot perform effectively, because of this uncertainty, risk either not achieving their intended purpose, or becoming a hindrance to the efforts of spacecraft manufactures and operators to address the challenges posed by space debris. One method to tackle this uncertainty is to create a strategy that can adapt and respond to the space debris population. This work explores the concept of an adaptive strategy, in terms of the number of objects required to be removed by ADR, to prevent the low Earth orbit (LEO) debris population from growing in size. This was demonstrated by utilising the University of Southampton's Debris Analysis and Monitoring Architecture to the Geosynchronous Environment (DAMAGE) tool to investigate ADR rates (number of removals per year) that change over time in response to the current space environment, with the requirement of achieving zero growth of the LEO population. DAMAGE was used to generate multiple Monte Carlo projections of the future LEO debris environment. Within each future projection, the debris removal rate was derived at five-year intervals, by a new statistical debris evolutionary model called the Computational Adaptive Strategy to Control Accurately the Debris Environment (CASCADE) model. CASCADE predicted the long-term evolution of the current DAMAGE population with a variety of different ADR rates in order to identify a removal rate that produced a zero net growth for that particular projection after 200 years. The results show that using an adaptive ADR rate generated by CASCADE, alongside good compliance with existing mitigation measures, increases the probability of achieving a constant LEO population of objects greater than 10 cm. This was shown to be 12% greater compared with removing five objects per year, with the additional advantage of requiring only 3.1 removals per year, on average.
Analysis of tape tether survival in LEO against orbital debris
Department of Applied Physics, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Aeronauticos
Shaker Bayajid Khan, Juan R. Sanmartin
bayajid.khan@upm.es
The low earth orbit (LEO) environment contains a large number of artificial debris, of which a significant portion is due to dead satellites and fragments of satellites resulted from explosions and in-orbit collisions. Deorbiting defunct satellites at the end of their life can be achieved by a successful operation of an Electrodynamic Tether (EDT) system. The effectiveness of an EDT greatly depends on the survivability of the tether, which can become debris itself if cut by debris particles; a tether can be completely cut by debris having some minimal diameter. The objective of this paper is to develop an accurate model using power laws for debris-size ranges, in both ORDEM2000 and MASTER2009 debris flux models, to calculate tape tether survivability. The analytical model, which depends on tape dimensions (width, thickness) and orbital parameters (inclinations, altitudes) is then verified with fully numerical results to compare for different orbit inclinations, altitudes and tape width for both ORDEM2000 and MASTER2009 flux data.
Design and Analysis Tools for Deployable Solar Array Systems
ATA Engineering
Dr. Cory Rupp
crupp@ata-e.com
May 2014 - May 2016
Game-changing space exploration and debris remediation technologies, such as solar electric propulsion (SEP), will necessitate solar array systems and other deployable structures orders of magnitude larger than current designs - requiring new ways to design, analyze, and test these unprecedented structures. This project will develop a software toolset for rapid model creation, analysis, deployment simulation, and parametric studies of next-generation solar array systems. It will enable engineers to make early-stage design decisions with only a fraction of the resource required for explicit modeling and detailed simulation.
An Economic Analysis of Earth Orbit Pollution
Purdue University, FCC, Naval Academy
Nodir Adilov , Peter J. Alexander, Brendan M. Cunningham
adilovn@ipfw.edu
Space debris, an externality generated by expended launch vehicles and damaged satellites, reduces the expected value of space activities by increasing the probability of damaging existing satellites or other space vehicles. Unlike terrestrial pollution, debris created in the production process interacts with firms' final products, and is, moreover, self-propagating: collisions between debris or extant satellites creates additional debris. We construct a formal model to explore private incentives to launch satellites and to mitigate space debris. The model predicts that, relative to the social optimum, firms launch too many satellites and choose technologies which create more debris than is socially optimal. We discuss remediation strategies and policies, and demonstrate that Pigovian taxes can be used to internalize the debris externality.
An Inference about Interference: A Surprising Application of Existing International Law to Inhibit Anti-Satellite Weapons
David A. Koplow
This article presents a thesis that most readers will find surprising, in an effort to develop a novel, simultaneous solution to three urgent, complex problems related to outer space. The three problems are: a) the technical fact that debris in outer space (the accumulated orbital junk produced by decades of space activities) has grown to present a serious hazard to safe and effective exploration and exploitation of space; b) the strategic fact that many countries (notably the United States, China and Russia, but others, too) continue to demonstrate a misguided interest in pursuing anti-satellite weapons, which can jeopardize the security of space; and c) the political fact that attempts to provide additional legal regulation of outer space (via new bilateral or multilateral international agreements) have failed, with little prospect for prompt conclusion of meaningful new accords.
The proposed solution is to adapt existing international law in an unforeseen way. Specifically, numerous current and historical arms control treaties provide for verification of parties' compliance via "national technical means" (NTM) of verification, which prominently include satellite-based sensory and communications systems. These treaties routinely provide protection for those essential space assets by requiring parties to undertake "not to interfere" with NTM. The argument developed here is that additional tests in space of debris-creating anti-satellite weapons would already be illegal, even without the conclusion of any dedicated new treaty against further weaponization of space, because in the current crowded conditions of space, a new cloud of orbital debris would, sooner or later, impermissibly interfere with NTM satellites.
If sustained, this thesis can provide a new rationale for opposition to the development, testing, and use of anti-satellite weapons. It a legal reinforcement for the political instincts to avoid activities that further undercut the optimal usability of outer space, and it demonstrates how creative re-interpretation of existing legal provisions can promote the advancement of the rule of international law, even in circumstances where the articulation of new treaties is blocked.
Cascading Crises: Orbital Debris and the Widening of Space Security
Bleddyn E. Bowen
The term space security is often used, but seldom analyzed. This is a significant gap in the literature of space politics, as it posits considerable implications for debates on how to deal with a runaway growth in the space debris population, and how we argue for or against space weaponization. Securitizing all threats in space may lead to greater difficulties in enacting debris removal measures, as these systems are inherently dual-use. A case is made for keeping space security in its traditional connotations of national security so that environmental issues related to orbital debris can be resolved with reduced security concerns in a space development framing.
Competition and Collaboration in Space between the U.S., China, and Australia: Woomera to WGS and the Impact of Changing U.S. National Space Security Policy
Chad J. R. Ohlandt
U.S. national security space policy has recently shifted significantly toward increased international cooperation. Australian space activities have been reinvigorated, but remain underfunded. China's space activities remain vigorous, but largely unilateral. Given U.S. policy changes, opportunities for cooperation and collaboration among all three have improved.
Compliance of disposal orbits with the French Space Operations Act: The Good Practices and the STELA tool
C. Le Fèvre, H. Frayssea, V. Morand, A. Lamy, C. Cazaux, P. Mercier, C. Dental, F. Deleflie, D.A. Ha
clemence.lefevre@cnes.fr
Space debris mitigation is one objective of the French Space Operations Act (FSOA), in line with Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) recommendations, through the removal of non-operational objects from populated regions. At the end of their mission, space objects are to be placed on orbits that will minimize future hazards to space objects orbiting in the same region. The FSOA, which came into force in 2010, ensures that technical risks associated with space activities are properly mitigated. The Act confers CNES a central support role in providing technical expertise to government on regulations dealing with space operations. In order to address the compliance of disposal orbits with the law technical requirements, CNES draws up Good Practices as well as a dedicated tool, Semi-analytic Tool for End of Life Analysis (STELA).
The verification of the criteria of the French Space Operations Act requires long term orbit propagation to evaluate the evolution of the orbital elements over long time scales (up to more than 100 years). The Good Practices define the minimum dynamical model required to compute the orbital evolution with sufficient accuracy, and detail key computation hypotheses such as drag and reflecting areas, drag coefficient, reflectivity coefficient, solar activity, atmospheric density model and so on. They also recommend a methodology adapted to each orbit type (LEO, GEO, GTO) to assess the criteria of the French Space Operations Act. The most recent works have concerned GTO, for which some couplings occur between dynamic perturbations. A small change in the initial conditions or in the estimation of the drag effect will significantly change the entrance conditions in resonance areas and thus the orbital evolution. To cope with this difficulty, a statistical method has been developed.
This paper gives an overview of the Good Practices for orbit propagation in LEO, GEO and GTO as well as a brief description of the STELA tool. It explains the specificities of GTO and the need for a statistical approach, through a Monte-Carlo campaign of orbital propagations. Then, it raises the question of the statistical convergence and proposes a methodology to estimate a confidence interval for the results. Finally, special cases consisting of typical GTO are treated.
Confronting Space Debris
Dave Baiocchi, William Welser IV
Orbital debris represents a growing threat to the operation of man-made systems in space. There are currently hundreds of thousands of debris objects greater than one centimeter in diameter in Earth's orbit, and the collision of any one of these objects with an operational satellite would cause catastrophic failure of that satellite. The authors identified a set of comparable problems that share similarities with orbital debris and narrowed this set down to the following nine issues: acid rain, U.S. commercial airline security, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons, hazardous waste, oil spills, radon, email spam, and U.S. border control. This monograph provides context and insight for decisionmakers by asking the following questions: How have other industries approached their "orbital debris-like" risks? What lessons can be learned from these cases before proceeding with debris mitigation or remediation measures? Findings are drawn from practical examples that include the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the results of which emphasized that remedies must be designed and tested to work under the actual operating conditions.
Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe
Cenan Al-Ekabi
Cenan.Al-Ekabi@espi.or.at
All major space policy developments worldwide were presented in the previous section of Chap. 1, in an attempt to clarify the principal space faring nations' strategies in 2011 and 2012. In the section below, there will be a brief discussion on developments in technology related areas, including policies and access to space technologies. The aim of this section is to clarify how the above presented strategies interact with and influence specific space programmes, and related research and development projects.
Investigation of national policy shifts to impact orbital debris environments
Thomas K. Percy, D. Brian Landrum
percyt@saic.com
Low earth orbit has become increasingly congested as the satellite population has grown over the past few decades, making orbital debris a major concern for the operational stability of space assets. This congestion was highlighted by the collision of the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 satellites in 2009. This paper addresses the current state of orbital debris regulation in the United States and asks what might be done through policy change to mitigate risks in the orbital debris environment. A brief discussion of the nature of orbital debris addresses the major contributing factors including size classes, locations of population concentrations, projected satellite populations, and current challenges presented in using post-mission active debris removal to mitigate orbital debris. An overview of the current orbital debris regulatory structure of the United States reveals the fragmented nature of having six regulating bodies providing varying levels of oversight to their markets. A closer look into the regulatory policy of these agencies shows that, while they all take direction from The U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, this policy is a guideline with no real penalty for non-compliance. Various policy solutions to the orbital debris problem are presented, ranging from a business as usual approach to a consolidated regulation system which would encourage spacecraft operator compliance. The positive aspects of these options are presented as themes that would comprise an effective policy shift towards successful LEO conservation. Potential economic and physical limitations to this policy approach are also addressed.
Legality of Anti-Satellites Under the Space Law Regime
National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata, India
Promit Chatterjee
The term anti-satellite, or in short ASAT, is used to refer to a system designed to destroy or damage satellites. The heightened tendency among the spacefaring nations to develop ASAT technology in the recent past has led to widespread debates as to the legality of ASAT deployment under the space law regime. In this context, I have endeavored to make a detailed analysis of the international legal provisions to find if there is any legal basis at all for the deployment of such ASATs. I have concluded that none of the existing legal provisions in space law, as well as public international law, have sufficient force and clarity to bring about a blanket ban on ASAT weapons. Therefore, the research suggests a slew of reforms to overcome this anomaly. Examples of such proposed reforms include, inter alia, an amendment of the Outer Space Treaty and an enhanced role and influence of the United Nations in treaty making coupled with active diplomatic initiatives.
Orbital sprawl, space debris and the geostationary ring
Patricia M. Sterns, Leslie I. Tennen
Contamination of outer space by debris and non-functional objects presents a significant challenge to scientists, mission planners and jurists. A continuation of present activities will result in a condition of orbital sprawl whereby certain orbits, notably the geostationary ring, will become saturated with such objects, forcing the location of spacecraft at a distance from the optimal slot and posing a growing risk of collision. This article considers ways in which the law of outer space might provide an effective framework for responding to the growth and changing character of space activities.
UMD | Clark School | BSOS | Smith School | CODER | Site Map © 2020 University of Maryland


text:
Heinrich Bichler (also Hans Bichler, Heinrich Büchler or Hans Büchler; 1466–1497) was a Swiss painter.

Bichler was born in Bern, and later went on to be the instructor for the painter Hans Fries. In 1472 Bichler painted a portrait of Sulpitius the Pious for the Schloss Thorberg. He also completed a coat of arms for two gates leading to the city of Fribourg in 1478, and a scene portraying the Battle of Morat in 1480.

References
This article was initially translated from the German Wikipedia.

15th-century Swiss painters
1466 births
1497 deaths
Artists from Bern

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We have developed a special system for dry needling 101 that concentrates on cautions for every muscle presented.
More than 170 unique illustrations of anatomy, referral patterns and techniques to browse through.
Includes a table showing recommandations of insertion depth, needle size, vector of insertion and type of grip.
The app is created for you to store local on your device and therefore doesn't require any internet connection. You can now use this app anywhere anytime!
Don't know if there's a structure to be cautious about? Don't worry, we got that covered. We created a unique system to deal with that - the VANJOG system.
The app is optimized for your iPhone or iPad. Requires at least iPhone 4 and up and iPad 2 and up.
Want to see how the technique is performed? We got that covered as well. We included more than 30 videos for you to browse through.
Where do i download the app?
No. Unfortunately the app is only published for iOS. We are working on an Android solution.
Aplhabetically lists of muscle, just scroll and tab the muscle you'd like to see. You can also tab the region button and browse through region of pain e.g. elbow pain. A list of muscles available will be shown.
Got problems or curious for more?
Visit our website to view our products, read updates and more.
Did it catch your attention? Go to the apple store and download the app today!


Welcome to Tricks with Sticks, a site dedicated to beginning and medium level knitters. Here you will find some great patterns and lots of resources to help you on your way.
The patterns available here will be of two types. The first type are patterns that are simple to do but will expand your skills. In these patterns I've included video links to techniques and lots of pictures to help you complete your project. Every pattern will feature a section called "Variations on a Theme" which will give you ideas for changing the pattern so that you can create something special that is all your own.
The second type will be more challenging patterns using techniques such as entrelac, fair isle knitting or interesting combinations of techniques and colour. These are still geared to a medium level knitter but will extend what you know into new areas. Along the way we'll explore the long and colourful history of knitting.
The first pattern is available, more will be coming shortly. All will be available for digital download.
I hope you enjoy my site and come back soon.


text:
Covid-19 Story Tip: Machine Learning Tool Gives Early Warning of Cardiac Issues for Patients with COVID-19
Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers have developed an algorithm that can help warn doctors several hours before a patient hospitalized with COVID-19 experiences cardiac arrest or blood clots. Credit: Graphic created by M.E. Newman, Johns Hopkins Medicine, using a public domain image of an echocardiogram and an artist rendition of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
A team of Johns Hopkins University biomedical engineers and Johns Hopkins Medicine heart specialists have developed an algorithm that warns doctors several hours before patients hospitalized with COVID-19 experience cardiac arrest or blood clots.
The COVID-HEART predictor can forecast cardiac arrest for patients who have COVID-19 with a median early warning time of 18 hours, and it can predict blood clots three days in advance. It was developed with data from 2,178 patients treated at the five hospitals in the Johns Hopkins Health System between March 1 and Sept. 27, 2020.
"It's an early warning system to predict in real time these two outcomes in hospitalized COVID patients," said study senior author Natalia Trayanova, M.S., Ph.D., the Murray B. Sachs Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. "The continuously updating predictor can help hospitals allocate the appropriate resources and proper interventions to attain the best outcomes for patients."
The paper was posted online Jan. 10, 2021, on the preprint website MedRxiv where scientists have been sharing urgent research related to COVID-19 throughout the pandemic. Trayanova's lab began the research in April 2020 with one of the first grants awarded from the National Science Foundation's Rapid Response Research effort.
Julie Shade, the study's lead author and a doctoral student in biomedical engineering at The Johns Hopkins University, built the machine-learning algorithm with more than 100 clinical data points, demographic information and laboratory results obtained from the JH-CROWN registry that Johns Hopkins established to collect COVID-19 data from every patient in the hospital system. Shade added other variables that she found reported by doctors on Twitter and from other preprint papers.
Share Fast Facts
Machine learning tool – an #algorithm – developed by @HopkinsMedicine warns docs hours before patients hospitalized with #COVID19 may have #heartattack or #bloodclot. @medrxivpreprint @NTrayanova @juliekshade Click to Tweet
For example, the team did not anticipate that electrocardiogram (ECG) data would play a critical role in the prediction of blood clotting. But once it was added, the ECG data became one of the most accurate indicators for the condition, Trayanova said.
The researchers' next step is to develop the best method for setting up the technology in hospitals to aid in the care of patients with COVID-19.
Trayanova is available for interviews.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Amazing barbecues with beef meat, pork meat and lamb meat, all grilled in a very particular and special way. Argentina's cuisine and Chile's cuisine too are very rich in meat and vegetables.
A real gastronomical paradise for meat lovers.
Beef is the main attraction here, with quality cuts slow cooked on a traditional Argentinean grill, giving it its delicious barbeque flavor. Tenderloin steak, chicken, pork and chorizos (sausages) may be added to the grill for more delicious result.
There is an alternative parilla cordero which is prepared with a whole lamb, roasted the Gaucho way.
If you are travelling by car you will have the opportunity to cross Patagonian pampas and steppes, while you will be able to watch the guanacos.
Pay a visit to the famous cave, Cueva de las manos in Santa Cruz, which dates back to 8.000 BC.
Visit the Peninsula Valdes. It is an absolute must! It has the largest and most diverse marine wildlife in the world. A real paradise for wildlife lovers.
Go to Los Glaciares National Park (World Heritage site by UNESCO since 1981). Organize boat trips so as to visit Spegazzini Glacier and Upsala Glacier. Perito Moreno Glacier is accessible by land.
Starting points of tours: The village of El Calafate at the shores of Lake Argentino and El Chalten village in the Northern part of the park, at the foot of Fitz Roy.
Visit Torres del Paine, Patagonia's number one destination for real adventurers.
Go to Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia's last point before Antarctica. An amazing, wonderful island with great locations for trekking.
An absolute must see is the Lighthouse del Fin del Mundo, situated at the Isla de los Estados. Its real name is Faro de San Juan de Salvamento, but its legend and fame originates from Jules Vern's novel "The Lighthouse at the End of the World".
What to wear: We travelled in February, which is midsummer in Patagonia, but the wind can be unpredictable (especially the Pampeo, when crossing steppes and pampas. So a rai/wind proof jacket is absolutely necessary. Gloves are important too, since it is always pretty cold that south.


Cistus (cleansing herb) is a small shrub with fragrant pink flowers. It has nothing to with rose, even though his English name is "rock rose." People use cleansing properties of more than 2000 years. Its resin is contained in myrrh or labdanum oil. In traditional medicine Mediterranean area its use was very broad, it was used to treat: infections and inflammation of the urinary tract, catarrhal gastrointestinal tract, liver disease, skin, respiratory and inflammation of the joints. Its beneficial cleansing properties thanks to polyphenols, which have a antioxidant properties – neutralize free radicals. Polyphenols also inhibit the formation of inflammatory conditions, have reinforcing properties, they add power, prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Drinking tea with cleansing herb cleanses the body of toxins, helps to get rid of heavy metals from the body, so it is also recommended to smokers and people who want to get rid of the habit. It also acts anti-allergic thereby inhibit the release of histamine. In the literature cleansing herb is also recommended to strengthen the immune system, having problems with appetite and as a gargle for mouth (Cistus can be used instead of mouthwashes available in drugstores, also has teeth bleaching).


For corporate communicators brought up on printed publications, the immediacy of on-line communications is a breath of fresh air. But just as we have had to adopt our writing style for the net, we should also be thinking differently about how we take and edit photographs.
Why? Internet and intranet images are used very small – often no bigger than about 250 pixels wide. This immediately throws up a problem. On printed pages where we had a whole page to play with we could afford to be clumsy with our cropping and composition. Not any more.
Photographers should adopt a different shooting style for intranet, one that involves much tighter composition and adherence to the common shapes that are used.
Take a look at your on-line news service and you will see that most imagery tends to be landscape shaped. The more enlightened will have adopted portrait-shaped images too, which seem to give the viewer more to look at when placed alongside copy, while still leaving space for a decent column width for text.
But, with a few exceptions, I bet you don't use cut-outs, or full-screen shots that whack the reader right between the eyes. And you don't have too much room for picture stories that tell the tale across about 10 images either.
So what we need is a single image that has impact, even when only two inches wide.
The answer then is to brief your photographer carefully about the space you wish them to fill. If possible, show them a typical page or send a print-out. If you don't brief your photographer carefully how can you expect to get the results you require?
If you're taking the pictures yourself then try to a) get a lot closer to the action and b) compose your shots to maximize the area you have. I have one consultancy client who nicknamed me "Phil the Frame" as apparently that's all I kept saying to them! I don't care – the message seems to have struck home!
But how can you compose your shots better?
The first trick involves heads. If you are shooting a group of three or four people don't just line them up, stagger them so that their heads are closer together. The same with a shot of a couple. OK, it may feel a little strange for them to be so close to their neighbor, but you can lose that irritating space between their heads and so come up with a tighter image.
You can use the same technique if photographing someone with an object, such as an award. Get them to hold it up against their face, not on their chest.
When using the viewfinder or preview screen really work hard to fill every pixel, moving people around if need be.
Once you have the shot there is a lot you can do to improve it. I have yet to see any image straight out of a digital camera that couldn't be enhanced.
First, make sure you are viewing the image on the type of monitor that everyone else in the organisation is going to use. If using a Macintosh, change the gamma setting from 1.8 to 2.2 (the Windows standard). Images displayed on a PC are inherently more contrasty than they look on a Mac if you don't.
In Photoshop, adjust the levels using the histogram as a guide. This is better than using the brightness and contrast controls. Sometimes it can help to boost the saturation by +10 too, depending upon what camera you use.
Then crop the image to show what you want, bearing in mind how it will be used on the screen. Once cropped, resize the image down to 250 pixels or whatever you normally use. If you resize and then crop you will end up with something totally the wrong size!
The final step is to apply some Unsharp Masking to the image to put back some of the definition lost through resizing. It is amazing how many people don't do this. Typical settings in Photoshop are Amount: 30-100%, Radius 1.5 pixels and Threshold 5-7 levels.
Don't overdo the sharpening. If it looks too gritty, cut the Amount down by half.
Finally, save as a JPEG file (not a GIF, which only uses 256 colors, instead of the JPEG's 16.7 million), choosing an appropriate level of compression. When all internet connections were via a modem it was important to get the file size incredibly small, but with most intranets you can afford to make them a little bigger.
Using the "Save for Web option" you can play with the "Quality" control to get a good balance between file size and image quality. You should be able to get a 250 x 200 pixel image down to around 10k with no sign of degradation or artefacts – these are the strange squiggles you see in over-compressed images.
Voila! You now have an image that is well composed, tightly cropped, optimized , sharpened and ready for use.
Steve Nichols runs InfoTech Communications (www.infotechcomms.co.uk), which specialises in online communications. He has acted as consultant and trainer for many blue-chip companies including Aviva, AWG, BT, Shell, Standard Life, HBOS, BNFL, AstraZeneca, Diageo, Accenture and Australia New Zealand Bank.
This entry was posted to Pro Blog Tips on Monday, July 31st, 2006 at 3:00 am	and is filed under... General Interest. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


text:
namespace StackCache.Core.Stores
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using CacheKeys;

    public abstract class PartialStore<T, TKey> : StoreBase, IStore<T, TKey>
        where T : class
    {
        private readonly ICache _cache;
        private readonly IDatabaseSourcePartial<T, TKey> _source;
        private readonly IKeyConverter<T, TKey> _keyConverter;

        protected PartialStore(ICache cache, IDatabaseSourcePartial<T, TKey> source, IKeyConverter<T, TKey> keyConverter)
        {
            if (source == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(source));
            if (keyConverter == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(keyConverter));
            this._cache = cache ?? Cache.Default;
            this._source = source;
            this._keyConverter = keyConverter;
        }

        protected abstract Key ToKey(TKey key);

        protected abstract Key ToKey(T value);

        public async Task<T> Get(TKey key)
        {
            CacheKey cacheKey = this.Prefix + this.ToKey(key);
            var value = this._cache.Get<T>(cacheKey);
            if (value != null)
                return value;
            value = await this._source.Get(key);
            if (value != null)
                this._cache.Put(cacheKey, value);
            return value;
        }

        public async Task<IEnumerable<T>> Get(params TKey[] keys)
        {
            List<Task<T>> getters = keys.Select(this.Get).ToList();
            await Task.WhenAll(getters);
            return getters.Select(i => i.Result);
        }

        public Task<IEnumerable<T>> GetAll()
        {
            IEnumerable<T> region = this._cache.GetRegion<T>(this.Prefix, i => this.Prefix + this.ToKey(i));
            return Task.FromResult(region);
        }

        public async Task Save(IEnumerable<Crud<T>> value)
        {
            IEnumerable<Crud<T>> enumerable = value as IList<Crud<T>> ?? value.ToList();
            await this._source.Save(enumerable);
            foreach (Crud<T> v in enumerable)
            {
                switch (v.Action)
                {
                    case CrudAction.Insert:
                    case CrudAction.Update:
                        this._cache.Put(this.Prefix + this.ToKey(v.Value), v.Value);
                        break;
                    case CrudAction.Delete:
                        this._cache.Remove(this.Prefix + this.ToKey(v.Value));
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The number and sequence of the Mannuronate and Glucuronate residues shown above vary in the naturally occuring alginate. The associated water molecules are not shown.
Yields, on the dried basis, not less than 18.0% and not more than 21.0% of carbon dioxide (CO2), equivalent to not less than 88.7% and not more than 103.6% of ammonium alginate C6H11 NO6)n.
To a 0.5% solution of the sample in sodium hydroxide TS add one-fifth of its volume of a 2.5% solution of calcium chloride. A voluminous, gelatinous precipitate is formed. This test distinguishes ammonium alginate from gum arabic, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan, gelatin, gum ghatti, karaya gum, carob bean gum, methyl cellulose and tragacanth gum.
To a 0.5% solution of the sample in sodium hydroxide TS add one-half of its volume of a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate. No precipitate is formed. This test distinguishes ammonium alginate from agar, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan, de-esterified pectin, gelatin, carob bean gum, methyl cellulose and starch.


Ted is a popular R-rated comedy movie of 2012 and is also the top grossing movie of that year in the category. It is based on exactly on that hilarious movie and features various characters of the movie too. There are five reels and twenty paylines that are active all the time during the game. The reels are placed over the background view of a living room where the bear is seen leaning against a table. There is music from the soundtrack of the movie that makes the game more entertaining. The wagering here begins with £0.20 and maximum is set at £400 a spin.
This wonderful new movie-themed slot game was developed by Blueprint Gaming. One of the leading online casino games developers in the world with the vast experience of over ten years. All their games are unique in experience and are playable on various mobile and tablets as well.
The symbols of Ted slots are taken originally from the movie to make the game look more relevant. There are cola bottles, a psychedelic vase, a goose, beautiful girl and finally the game logo. This is also the highest paying symbol with 500 times your stake. The logo can appear fully stacked on the reels to help you win big too. Card symbols from Jack to Ace pay you from 50x to 100x on five of their kind on the reels. The bear and the thunder buddies logo are the symbols that trigger the bonus features of the game.
Wild Feature: The bear symbol is the wild of this game and it substitutes all except the thunder buddies symbol. Five wilds on a payline also give you a stake win of 500x and help you create multiple win combinations as well.
Scatter Bonus: The Thunder buddies logo is the symbol that helps you trigger bonus features of the game. When three or more appearance occurs, you are awarded any one of five features. There are money bonus, free spins, wheels of fartune, bar crawl and flash spins that you can win from.
Ted Surprise: Apart from above features, the bear randomly appears in front of the reels to offer more surprises. They include special wilds, colossal spins, super spin, tv streak, bonus boost and beer shuffle.
This game is the best movie themed slot with funny animation effects and plenty of high rewarding features. The RTP of this game is 95.80%.


text:
Meet Us in Tampa
Tim Seibles signs copies of One Turn Around the Sun and Fast Animal at AWP17.
Etruscan Press will once again be attending the Association of Writers and Writing Programs Conference (AWP). The 51st event, AWP18 will be held in Tampa, FL from March 7 – 11, 2018 at the Tampa Convention Center (333 S. Franklin Street, Tampa, FL 33602) and the adjacent Tampa Marriott Waterside (700 S. Florida Avenue, Tampa, FL 33602).
In partnership with Wilkes University, Etruscan will be located in booth 1202.
Etruscans attending:
Kazim Ali
Remica Bingham-Risher
Bruce Bond
Laurie Jean Cannady
David Lazar
Carol Moldaw
Aaron Poochigian
J. D. Schraffenberger
Tim Seibles
J. D. Schraffenberger and D. M. Spitzer signed books at the Wilkes/ Etruscan booth at AWP 17.
Stay In Your Lane Or… — Room 7, 8, & 9, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Thursday, March 8: 12:00 p.m. to 1:15 p.m.
Remica Bingham-Risher – What We Ask of Flesh and Tim Seibles – Fast Animal and One Turn Around the Sun
Fierce Muses: Inspiration During Times of Social Unrest — Room 13, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Paul Lisicky – The Burning House
Wesleyan University Press Poetry Reading — Room 18 & 19, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Thursday, March 8: 3:00 p.m. to 4:15 p.m.
Kazim Ali – The Disappearance of Seth
More and Different: Literary Nonfiction and the University Press — Room 23, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Friday, March 9: 1:30 p.m. to 2:45 p.m.
David Lazar – Who's Afraid of Helen of Troy: An Essay on Love
Stealing from STEM: Applying Pedagogies From Other Disciplines in the Creative Writing Classroom — Grand Salon A, Mariott Waterside (2nd Floor)
J. D. Schraffenberger – Saint Joe's Passion
What We Really Tell When We Tell of Home: The Resonant Poetics of Narrative — Room 14, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Tim Seibles – Fast Animal and One Turn Around the Sun
Laurie Jean Cannady discusses her writing process and signs copies of Crave: Sojourn of a Hungry Soul at AWP17.
How to Hit the Ground Running: Strategies for Building Better Workshops — Room 11, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
The Future of Forms — Room 7, 8, & 9, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Saturday, March 10: 10:30 a.m. to 11:45 a.m.
An Uncommon Presence: Celebrating CavanKerry Press and Its Outgoing Publisher, Joan Cusack Handler — Cody D. Todd Memorial Stage, Sponsored by USC, Exhibit Hall, Tampa Convention Center (3rd Floor)
Nin Andrews – Advisory Board Member
Tearing Down Societal & Family Myths in Creative Writing — Room 25, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Laurie Jean Cannady – Crave: Sojourn of a Hungry Soul
Four Ways Books Stage Reading, Part 2 — Virginia Barber Middleton State, Sponsored by USC, Exhibit Hall, Tampa Convention Center (3rd Floor)
Saturday, March 10: 10:30 to 11:45 a.m.
Carol Moldaw – The Widening and So Late, So Soon
30 Years of Influence Across Genres in Indigenous Literature: Tribute for Diane Glancy — Room 18 & 19, Tampa Convention Center (1st Floor)
Saturday, March 10: 12:00 p.m. to 1:15 p.m.
Bruce Bond – Choir of the Wells, Cinder, The Other Sky, and Peal
Hair as Myth and Metaphor: Five Women Poets on Cultural Transgression — Grand Salon D, Mariott Waterside (2nd Floor)
Saturday, March 10: 4:30 p.m. to 5:45 p.m.
Remica Bingham-Risher signs copies of What We Ask of Flesh at AWP17.
Book Signings (Booth 1202):
1:00 p.m. – Tim Seilbes (Fast Animal and One More Turn Around the Sun)
2:00 p.m. – Aaron Poochigian (Mr. Either/Or)
1:00 p.m. – Laurie Cannady (Crave: Sojourn of a Hungry Soul)


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Secondhand stores pack Park Slope in a boom of bargains, from trendy threads to vintage finds
By MINA HOCHBERG
| SPECIAL TO THE DAILY NEWS |
Odd Twin is stocked with old thrills, located at 164 Fifth Ave. in Park Slope. (Jeanne Noonan for News)
In the mood for some secondhand shop-hopping? Head to Fifth Ave. in Park Slope. Over the past couple of years, the number of vintage and thrift clothing shops along this strip has surged from two to nine, turning it into Brooklyn's very own Secondhand Row.
Rest assured, you won't need to pick through heaps of musty undesirables. With immaculate decor and carefully edited stock, these stores bring style to thrift shopping. You're bound to find something at a budget-friendly price, whether it's work attire or a designer cocktail dress.
1. EPONYMY
466 Bergen St., between Fifth and Flatbush Aves.; (718) 789-0301
Located off Fifth Ave., this impeccable shop is part modern boutique and part grandma's attic, a place where contemporary wall art mingles with antique cabinets and mirrors. The old-and-new theme is reflected in the merchandise, which is half vintage and half new. However, thanks to owner Andrea Miller's eye for relevant (and pristine) fashion, it's easy to mistake some of the vintage items for being circa 2011. Miller deals mostly in dresses ($100-$300) from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, though she occasionally delves as far back as the Victorian era. She returned from her most recent scavenging trip with a haul of 1950s party dresses in bright jewel tones. Prices skew high, but for well-preserved vintage it's more than fair. Recent finds:1950s red-and-white "Picnic Table Dress," $188; 1960s "Folking Around" dress, $153.
2. BEACON'S CLOSET
92 Fifth Ave., at Warren St.; (718) 230-1630
A sister branch of the Williamsburg store, this well-known thrift mecca has held court on Fifth Ave. since it opened in 2002. The offerings here are a hodgepodge of trendy threads (H&M, Target), mid-range essentials (J. Crew, Zara) and higher-end gems (Marc Jacobs, Diane von Furstenberg, Theory). Anthropologie cast-offs and ironic vintage tees are staples as well. Most clothes are well under $30, making this the most affordable thrift shop in the neighborhood. Bonus: Clothing turnover is high, so regular customers will never get bored of the selection. If you shop on weekends, be sure to build in time for a dressing-room wait. Recent finds: See By Chloe knit cardigan, $16.95; Calvin Klein halter dress, $18.95.
3. ODD TWIN
164 Fifth Ave., at Degraw St.; (718) 633-8946
Francesca Neville travels the country in search of one-of-a-kind duds to stock her strictly vintage store - and she edits her clothes with a discerning eye, so you don't have to sift through endless racks to find a winner. Merchandise runs from $30-$80, with older vintage pieces priced at $100-$300. Betty Draper frocks abound, and men will appreciate the strong selection of T-shirts, button-downs, shoes and boots. Neville adorns every nook and cranny with retro delights - a basket of shoes, a chest full of hats, a table display of adorable baby wear - and don't miss the old-timey bathing suits tucked away among the dresses. Recent finds: 1930s semi-sheer cotton floral tea dress, $245; 1970s "Farrah Fawcett" disco platforms, $175.
4. GUVNOR'S
178 Fifth Ave., between Degraw and Sackett Sts.; (718) 230-4887
Suzette Sundae has been a vintage retailer for 20 years, since opening her first store at age 17. Her vast, eclectic collection of vintage and thrift goodies opened in March 2010. The 1,900-square-foot Guvnor's emphasizes style and wearability, as opposed to brand-name appeal. A contemporary sundress might run you $14.99, while vintage frocks from the 1930s and 1940s hover in the $30-$60 range. Lately, Sundae has been touting her collection of vintage jewelry from Pakistan ($8.99-$38.99) as well as her leather satchels, doctor bags and laptop bags ($34.99-$99.99). While men's clothes usually get overlooked at secondhand shops, Guvnor's boasts an impressive selection for the fellows. If you find a must-have item that doesn't quite fit, Guvnor's provides tailoring (hemming and de-sleeving) at reasonable prices ($3.99-$15). Last but not least, consult the shop's website (guvnorsnyc.com) for "Sing for Your Discount Karaoke" nights, where customers willing to belt out a tune are treated to a discount. Recent finds: 1970s floral cotton sundress, $25.99; vintage Levi's jacket for men, $25.99.
5. YONA LEE
Blink and you might miss this narrow shop, which shares space with an eyewear business. The clothing selection here is modest compared to nearby
secondhand shops, but it's worth a stop. Yona Lee, who used to own a vintage shop in the East Village, loves to stock up on contemporary cotton sundresses. Her other specialty is leather jackets, which are all priced at a sensible $40. Contemporary items run $15-$25, while the small vintage selection skews higher - $45-$150. Stella McCartney, Gucci and Michael Kors all have made appearances in the vintage section. Recent find: Wilson leather jacket, $40.
6. TWO LOVERS
227 Fifth Ave., between President and Carroll Sts.; (718) 734-1206
At first glance, you'd never guess Two Lovers sold pre-owned goods. The airy ambience, color-coordinated racks and uncluttered appearance are more like that of a full-priced boutique. "The whole idea was a secondhand shop that didn't feel like a secondhand shop," says owner Lynette Kirchner, who used to work as a sales director for Gwen Stefani's L.A.M.B. and Bono's Edun clothing lines. The designer clothes, many of which Kirchner collects from friends in the fashion industry, are in like-new condition. "It's definitely a feminine store, with gorgeous fabrics that feel amazing on the skin," she says. Popular brands include Marc by Marc Jacobs, Nanette Lepore and Tory Burch, and most items run $18-$88, with higher prices for top designer finds. It's perfect for Bloomie's addicts on a budget. Recent finds: J.Crew silk twist-front dress, $68; Jill Stuart silk drop-waist dress, $128.
7. ALLURE ON FIFTH
When owners Alexandra Trzcinski and Maria Gerber opened 14 years ago, rent was a mere $600 - and drug deals were taking place just yards from their doorstep. The venerable little thrift shop, which predates all the competition, has endured the waves of change in the neighborhood. Today, it stands as an overlooked trove of secondhand designer gems for customers with mature, expensive taste. Trzcinski and Gerber pack in an impressive array of clothes from high-end designers such as Dolce & Gabbana and Burberry, sometimes with original tags. Gerber also prides herself on the store's handbag selection, which has lured in many a window- shopper. "When I'm buying, I can close my eyes and tell you if something is good or not," says Gerber. "I feel the quality in my hands." Recent finds: Dries Van Noten cropped jacket, $75; DKNY Black Label summer dress, $75.
8. HOUSING WORKS
266 Fifth Ave., at Garfield Place; (718) 636-2271
Housing Works, the nonprofit organization dedicated to fighting AIDS and homelessness, opened this Park Slope location - its 12th thrift store in the city - in April. Large windows and exposed brick walls make for a pleasant browsing experience, and the racks abound with pristine 9-to-5 separates and some flashier evening wear. Parents, take note: This is the first Housing Works thrift shop to sell children's clothing, which you'll find in the back room. Recent finds: BCBG cocktail dress, $35; Vivienne Westwood suede men's jacket, $35.
9. LIFE EMPORIUM
515 Fifth Ave., at 13th St.; (718) 788-5433
This two-level store, which opened in February, boasts large corner windows and a bright interior decor that combines antique charm with an industrial vibe. You don't have to look hard to find high-end designers like Prada, Gucci, Christian Dior and Sonia Rykiel. If you're on the hunt for more casual garb, head downstairs for a large selection of threads from midrange brands like Banana Republic, Gap and H&M. Owned by the nonprofit group Chai Lifeline, which aims to improve the lives of seriously ill children, the store is inundated with donations every week - and store manager Hershy Mayer says items are priced to sell. Downstairs clothes are $5-$15 while upstairs prices float in the $20-$40 range. Big names command higher, but still cut-rate, prices. Recent finds: Vintage Burberry trench coat, $110; 1970s floral prairie skirt, $18; vintage Christian Dior Navajo design pin, $40.


Soul Train is a supremely talented 10-piece band, that includes male & female vocals, a brazen live brass and the tightest rhythm section you could ever wish to hear. They perform a hip-shaking live show with incredible arrangements of the biggest Soul & Motown hits.
Soul Train appear as a 6, 8 or 10-piece band with female and male lead vocals.
They can offer a full evening entertainment package that adds disco to the live band set, so in one booking you can have your whole night of entertainment covered.
The band provide a professional PA and LED stage lighting.


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S. Korea holds ballistic missile drill against N. Korea nuke...| MENAFN.COM
S. Korea holds ballistic missile drill against N. Korea nuke test
(MENAFN- Kuwait News Agency (KUNA)) TOKYO, Sept 4 (KUNA) -- South Korea's military said Monday it conducted a combined live-fire exercise in response to North Korea's sixth nuclear test a day earlier, Yonhap News Agency reported.
The training aimed at improving the capability of striking North Korea's Pyunggye-ri nuclear test site involved the Hyunmoo ballistic missile system and F-15K fighter jets, according to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS).
In the drill, the Hyunmoo-2A surface-to-surface missile and the F-15K's SLAM-ER precision-guided air-to-ground rocket accurately hit a designated target in the sea, the JCS said.
The North's Punggye-ri area is located some 280 km far away from the South Korean city of Sokcho. The Hyunmoo-2A's range is around 300 km, and the SLAM-ER can fly up to 270 km.
"The training demonstrates the South Korean military's resolve to destroy not only the origin of provocation but also the enemy's leadership and supporting forces if they threaten the security of our people," the JCS said.
North Korea said Sunday that it has successfully conducted a test of a hydrogen bomb that can fit on its intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in its sixth and most powerful nuclear detonation yet.
The sixth nuclear explosion since 2006 came amid heightened tensions after North Korea tested two ICBMs in July. (end) mk.tg


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Review: DeePoon V3 small, light, easy to use
Tagged: Deepoon, DeePoon V3, Product review, VR headset, VR headset review, VR headset reviews, VR headsets
With: 12 Comments
DeePoon V3 headset is tiny and light-weight.
Disclosure: The folks at GeekBuying just sent me a free review copy of the DeePoon V3 headset. Thanks, guys! The purchase links at the bottom of this article are to all the major sites I know that carry it, with affiliate links where available.
Bottom line:Â Right now, this headset is giving my current top choice, the FiiT VR, a strong run for its money. The DeePoon is much smaller and lighter and is slightly easier to use because of the way the phone just drops in. It does have a slightly smaller field of view, and costs a little more, but I expect prices to drop quickly. Meanwhile, I haven't tested the BoboVR Z4 yet — it's scheduled to arrive within a few days.
1. Field of view
The field of view is officially listed as 96 degrees, which is the same as the Gear VR.
The lenses are a funky teardrop design, pointed inwards, and are supposed to fit better over the nose. I personally couldn't tell the difference.
That Samsung Gear VR. on the left, is quite a bit wider than the DeePoon V3. But otherwise, the overall style is very similar.
It weighs just 249 grams, or just under 9 ounces. By comparison, the Gear VR weighs 12 ounces and the Noton, which has a similar shape, weighs 6 ounces.
It feels extremely lightweight when you're wearing it.
3. Straps
Usual straps that go around the sides and over the top of the head. No complains, but nothing particularly great about them, either.
4. Fits over glasses
My glasses fit, but just barely. This is a very small headset.
5. Adjustable lenses
The lenses on the DeePoon V3 are not round. Instead, they narrow in towards the center.
The interpupillary distance is adjustable, which is the distance between the lenses, individually for each lens. In addition, the focal distance of the lenses is adjustable, but not individually.
6. Ready for augmented reality
The spring-loaded holder that keeps the phone in place is pretty compact, leaving plenty of room on both sides for the smartphone's rear-facing camera.
That means that all augmented reality applications work work just fine.
7. Fits over audio and power cables
Plenty of space for cables.
8. Controller
Mine came with a cute matching remote controller, but this could depend on the bundle you get. If you use applications that require a controller — most currently don't — then make sure to get an external one.
DeePoon V3 soft rubber grips on a spring-loaded clip keep the smartphone gently but firmly in place.
You can't get much simpler than this headset. The smartphone drops right in, and a panel of rubbery grips keeps it firmly in place. Fits easily over protective cables.
If your headset did not come with a QR Code, here it is:
10. Price
As I mentioned above, mine was free, but I probably won't be keeping it. I'll be giving it away to my readers who take a survey. However, if I were to keep it, I have a feeling it would become my go-to headset because it's so easy to use.
It's available for $39 from GeekBuying,  $39 from GearBest, $40 from Amazon, and $32 from AliExpress with a controller. However, it only came out recently, so expect prices to drop quickly.
Hypergrid Business editor and publisher Maria Korolov is a science fiction novelist. During the day, Maria Korolov is an award-winning freelance technology journalist who covers artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and enterprise virtual reality. See her Amazon author page here and follow her on Twitter, Facebook, or LinkedIn. Email her at [email protected]. Her first virtual world novella, Krim Times, made the Amazon best-seller list in its category. Her second novella, The Lost King of Krim, is out now. She is also the publisher of MetaStellar, a new online magazine of speculative fiction.
Latest posts by Maria Korolov (see all)
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New 2021 Toyota Hilux: official photos, more power, due in August
Joshua Dowling
National Motoring Editor
The update to Australia's top-selling car has finally been unveiled, and the changes are more than skin deep.
The new Toyota HiLux has been officially unveiled after months of spy photos and speculation.
The biggest update to the Toyota HiLux since this generation was introduced in 2015 includes a bold new nose – with a larger grille and bumper, and redesigned headlight internals – a fresh set of wheels, and LED tail-lights on certain models.
Pricing for the new Toyota HiLux is yet to be announced, but increases are likely when the range arrives in local showrooms in late August, given the weakening Australian dollar.
The power output of the 2.8-litre turbo diesel four-cylinder has increased from the current model's 130kW/450Nm for the automatic and 130kW/420Nm for the manual, to 150kW/500Nm for the automatic and 150kW/420Nm for the manual.
Toyota is yet to reveal if there will be any changes to current Toyota HiLux service intervals of six months/10,000km.
Most rivals have service intervals of 12 months/15,000km – and several new or updated Toyotas released in the past few years have also changed to the longer gap between routine maintenance.
Toyota HiLux towing capacity – currently 3200kg on the auto and 3500kg on the manual – is now 3500kg on both models.
In welcome but not unexpected news, the infotainment system gains Apple CarPlay and Android Auto – and volume and tuning dials, helpful on bumpy roads. The instrument cluster also gains a digital speed display, between the analogue dials.
The images show the updated Toyota HiLux carries over the same core structure and main bodywork as today's model.
The bold new nose brings the Toyota HiLux closer to the tough truck look of the Toyota Tacoma sold in the US.
Bi-LED headlights on top-of-the-range models are expected to further improve the Toyota HiLux's excellent low and high beam lamps.
Most new Toyota HiLux models will gain fresh wheel designs.
"The upgraded HiLux range retains a 2.4-litre turbo-diesel and a 2.7-litre four-cylinder petrol engine along with three transmissions, 4x2 and 4x4 drive, three body styles (single, extra and double cabs), two configurations (pick-up or cab-chassis) and five equipment levels (in ascending order: Workmate, SR, SR5, Rogue and Rugged X)," the media statement from Toyota says.
Toyota is yet to unveil the updated versions of the flagship HiLux Rugged X and Rogue models, but CarAdvice understands they will be shown some time in the next few months.
Under the skin, Toyota says revised suspension geometry promises even better road holding.
The suspension upgrades include "revised shock-absorber tuning, new bushings and improved leaf-spring design - provide a more comfortable ride, particularly over rough roads and with low loads while maintaining HiLux's legendary off-road capabilities", says Toyota.
Testing of the current model by CarAdvice has found the Toyota HiLux rear end is one of the most capable in the class when it comes to handling heavy loads, but the ride can be a little stiffer over bumps than some rivals.
Toyota had previously made a minor running change to the front suspension of this generation HiLux to deliver a noticeable improvement to comfort over bumps, but the company is promising even further refinement to reel in one of the perceived advantages of the Ford Ranger and Volkswagen Amarok.
The mid-life facelift for the Toyota HiLux was originally due in local showrooms in late July, but the recent pause in production – caused by the coronavirus crisis – has pushed deliveries back to late August, pending further delays.
In the meantime, Toyota dealers – having initially been worried about carrying too much stock, and asking the factory to pump the brakes on the arrival of the new model – are now concerned they will run out of HiLuxes in June, the biggest month of the year for ute sales.
The Toyota HiLux has been Australia's top-selling car outright for the past four years in a row – since 2016 – and is on track for a fifth win, having established a comfortable lead ahead of the Ford Ranger in the first half 2020.
However, it has been an increasingly tough battle.
The Toyota HiLux remains Australia's top-selling vehicle with a comfortable margin ahead of the Ford Ranger – when both the 4x2 and 4x4 segments are combined, as is industry practice.
However, the Toyota HiLux 4x4 has only just recently regained the lead in the year-to-date tally after the Ford Ranger 4x4 led the first four months of 2020.
Last year, the Ford Ranger outsold the Toyota HiLux in the 4x4 category for eight months in a row, its longest winning streak.
It was the second time the Ford Ranger had outsold the Toyota HiLux in the 4x4 category in the annual sales race in the past three years (2019 and 2017).
The arrival of an updated Toyota HiLux is set to reignite the battle between these top two sellers.
MORE: Why Toyota HiLux vs Ford Ranger is the new Commodore vs Falcon
MORE: Fernando Alonso tests the updated Toyota Hilux
MORE: See how the Toyota HiLux performed in our 11-ute mega test
MORE: All our Toyota HiLux coverage in one click
Video: Best ute 2020 comparison: Isuzu D-Max v Mazda BT-50 v Toyota HiLux v Ford Ranger v Mitsubishi Triton v Nissan Navara v VW Amarok vs LDV T60 Trailrider
Video: 2020 Toyota HiLux Rogue review
Video: 2021 Toyota Yaris gets five-star safety
VIDEO: Toyota GR Yaris review – Australian first drive
2021 Honda HR-V teased ahead of February 18 debut
2021 Honda Odyssey price and specs: Facelifted people mover scores new look, price rises up to $5000


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What is Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) and Patient and Public Engagement (PPE)?
Lots of different terms are used and these are often combined– for example 'Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement' (RCN); 'Patient and Public Voice and Information' (NCB); 'Patient and Public Experience and Engagement' (a network). Terms seem to be piled up like this because none of them quite expresses what people are seeking to do.
Patient and Public engagement (PPE) is active participation of patients, carers, community representatives, community groups and the public in how services and policy are planned, delivered and evaluated. It is broader and deeper than traditional consultation. It involves the ongoing process of developing and sustaining constructive relationships, building strong, active partnerships and holding a meaningful dialogue with stakeholders. It refers to a wide range of activities, methods and techniques which aim to give a voice to service users and the local community in improving and developing health services and policy.
It means proactively seeking and building continuous and meaningful engagement with the public and patients, to shape services and improve health.
Patient and public involvement is as important to the health service as good knowledge management or tight financial control.
Engaging with patients and the public can happen at two levels:
individual level – 'my say' in decisions about my own care and treatment
collective level – 'my' or 'our say' in decisions about commissioning and delivery of services.
Effective patient engagement means involving patient cohorts (patients with common conditions) in helping to get the service right for them. It is also about engaging the public in decisions about the commissioning, planning, design and reconfiguration of health services, either pro-actively as design partners, or reactively, through consultation.
Effective engagement leads to improvements in health services and is part of everyone's role in the NHS.
We include patients whose experiences are seldom heard, for example patients with communication difficulties and people with learning disabilities. A useful approach is to identify people who are already part of the patients' trusted networks.
Patient Experience is what the process of receiving care feels like for our patients. Understanding patient experience can be achieved through a range of activities that capture direct feedback from patients, service users, carers and wider communities.
See The Patient Experience Book: A collection of the NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement's guidance and support, for more information.
Whether you are a member of the public getting involved in the work of the NHS for the first time or a doctor who is new to commissioning; you might need a bit of help to guide you. NHS England have put together a range of toolkits and resources to help you carry out effective patient and public involvement, as well as policies and background information to support you. Click here to find out more.
Further clarifaction for staff involving patients and the public in their work in a meaningful way to improve services, including giving clear advice on the legal duty to involve, can be found here.
The three most important parts of our patient and public involvement work are:
Listening – We listen to your feedback about the care we provide. You can let us know your thoughts by filling in a Friends and Family Test, by contacting our PALs team or by sharing your story with us and our Board.
Involving – We involve you in decisions about your care and in service design and evaluation. To get involved you can become a member, become a Volunteer, join our Equal Partners Assembly or be a Governor.
Improving – We improve services based on your valuable feedback. We have developed an Engagement & Co-production Group with carers, service users and staff to ensure we have diverse input into service redesign and decision making.
"A relationship where professionals and citizens share the power to plan and deliver support together, recognising that both have vital contributions to make in order to improve the quality of life for people and communities." National Co-production Critical Friends
Co-production is doing things with people rather than for or to them in addition. As a Trust, we are working on models of co-production through our Recovery and Wellbeing Academy. We are creating space for shared learning and decision making, in all capacities, through an equal and transparent partnerships and recognizing and valuing the unique skills that people possess.
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