text:
Kairos Time
Curated by Matteo Lucchetti
Tent, Rotterdam
11 July – 17 August 2014
Interview between writer and critic Jan Verwoert and artist Hannah James on the occasion of the group exhibition Kairos Time, Tent, Rotterdam curated by Matteo Lucchetti.
Jan Verwoert: In your installations you often use textiles in an architectural manner; fabrics suspended from the ceiling or supported by frames divide the space like walls. So, for you, space is never just something built from concrete, wood or stone?
Hannah James: In my work no, I'm interested in a softer form of architecture and a less permanent structure. My work with textiles has been influenced by Gottfried Semper's thoughts in The Four Elements of Architecture and other Writings, 1851. Semper argues that nomadic structures using textiles were the first forms of habitat and that even when more permanent materials such as wood and stone were employed to build, it was still the textile that remained the essence of the structure. Because of this he believed that the exterior of a building, usually rendered in stucco or paint, should mimic the forms found in textile: weave, pattern and drapery. Crucially for Semper this act of mimicry acted to mask the solidity lying beneath. He termed this act of dressing a building 'Bekleidung'.
I am fascinated by the notion that 'Bekleidung' then produces a curious new form of liminal materiality, in which the materiality of the hard stone and wood is denied at the same time as the flowing, soft immateriality of the textile is rendered solid in stucco. An interesting tension between permanence and temporality is created through this, as both qualities are either negated or reversed. It is this state of liminality that I would like to speak of through the materials and writing I have been working with.
JV: So, if the origin of a liminal, temporal architecture lies in the act of nomads on the move setting up a tent, the experience of movement would seem to be equally important for your work?
HJ: Yes, the role of choreography is important in my practice. Beginning with the manner in which viewers are welcomed into the work, then physically guided through a space and positioned to view works and other spectators. Yet, within film and language there is also another temporal movement taking place through duration and montage that ask the viewer to travel along in a cognitive sense rather than physical.
JV: Video and audio pieces are part of your installations. A storyteller takes me to what could be physical or mental spaces; your storytellers break and enter into the spaces. They are usually neither the owner nor sole inhabitant. Who are these storytellers? How do they operate?
HJ: With Yellow, a sculptural film piece, a female observer is recounting a story of an absent male figure that is obsessed by visuality. This obsession extends to his house and contents, which he decorates entirely in a single colour. This male character is based on Claude Monet and the female voice is questioning this character's relation to space and identity. She also begins to make connections to ideas of synesthesia, as senses become transposed. It becomes apparent that the male is losing his eyesight, meaning he will loose the sense he values the most: becoming trapped inside his own interiority. While listening to her narration the viewer is watching a film in which a pair of hands draw out a domestic space onto a piece of yellow paper. This space materialises as the male figures eyesight disappears.
In Crab Bekleidung, an audio sculpture, there are two voices and headspaces, one male and one female. The text spoken by the male voice takes reference from Roger Caillois' Mimicry and Legendary Psychasthenia, 1935, while much of what the female voice speaks is close to Semper's 'Bekleidung' theory of dressing or masking, which I relate very much to mimesis. The male figure takes from Caillois his example of a spider crab who uses the material of its surrounding to dress itself and become part of its context, and the distress of a schizophrenic who claims to know where he is but feels unable to locate himself in that place. This breakdown in the distinction between body and space is the truly psychological nature of architecture, which is something I am continually drawn to. The headspace we then enter into with the male is an unknown one, for himself as well as us. He is battling with the temptation of space: pursuing and escaping it simultaneously. The female headspace offers a more stable position. She provides an insight into the male's appearance, his temperament and his habits. In the installation, each voice emanates from its own speaker or mouthpiece. Yet, while the speakers are installed side by side and doubled by their structural embodiments, it remains unclear if the two voices are speaking to each other or holding monologues.
The third work in the installation is the film and textile installation Piranesi Sense. Within the film a text is employed from Sergei Eisenstein's Piranesi, or the Fluidly of Forms, 1978. In this essay Eisenstein hails the visionary architectural drawings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi as creating the rupture point from which modern architecture exploded. Piranesi's impossible depictions of space symbolise a radical new proposition for architecture; becoming intensely psychological through their frightening incredibility. Eisenstein's writing has the tone of a delirious manifesto and I heightened this frenetic mode further through breaking the text into fragments and inserting them throughout. The viewer is also presented with both a printed form of the text on paper as well as a spoken voice over. Through this doubling of auditory and visual the female voice is able to discernibly edit and contradict Eisenstein's printed words: undermining its authority further. Meanwhile the associatively collaged images within the film ask the audience to speculate on what the particular topology and logic of this disordered physical and psychological space could be.
JV: So, men locked in their own headspaces provoke the subterfuge of someone who can undercut their solipsism. But how does a spy enter into the house of a visionary or deluded man's head?
HJ: Exactly, how do we gain access to their thoughts? Are we welcomed in or spying; are we sitting together or at the next table overhearing their conversation? I would consider my position as attempting to enter into a dialogue with these figures I have identified, but often they are not responding, so I am left to take an outsider perspective and speculate on their thoughts. For the audience I then re-present these 'interactions'. The narrator in Yellow addresses the audience directly; she is keen to be heard but also takes her time to share her speculations. Piranesi Sense disrupts language to such an extent that the film rejects verbal communication all together in favour of letting the images to do the talking. Crab Bekleidung creates an uncertainty over who is speaking to who and who is listening. But, it is through this awkward interaction that a space is opened between the male and female figures that the audience can then inhabit: as potential mediators or at least empathetic ears. The capabilities of visual and textual language to communicate in relation to the question to who is talking and who is listening are reoccurring concerns in the practice.
JV: The proprietors of these mental spaces tend to be gendered male and those who enter female. What's your take on this?
HJ: Gender is something I have become more conscious of as I have become more involved with language and voice in my work. The female is often taking an outsider position, maybe she is not welcomed in, but also maybe now she also choses to stay on the periphery because she can see more clearly from this position. This subtle positioning of gender allows me to then use humour and subversion to question these psychologies and spaces further. It is important that all insights are mediated to an audience from the female position.
JV: The female voice has a certain mobility in relation to the mental architecture, compared to the men who seem stuck up their own stairwells. Would you connect this versatile, mobile, persona to the notion of impermanent architecture we were speaking about?
HJ: I have always had an association of architecture and theory being quite male dominated, the next mega building built by another, often, male architect. So I found an access point to thinking about space through feminist theory. It may go too far to associate the nomadic with the female, but impermanence definitely comes with a sense of mobility and an ability to shape shift, which is a trait I have aligned with femininity in this body of work. Semper points to a strong connection between the body and architecture, as both need to be dressed in textile to reveal their 'true essence'. But these dressings can be changed: they are temporal. Likewise the observer must shift shapes and take on multiple personas in order to gain access to all these houses and headspaces.
´Crab Bekleidung´, 2014 Speakers, wood, metal, textile interfacing, gauze, ceramic, sand, shell, stone, banana peel, satsuma peel, fruit, nut, hair, petal, twig, tissue, wire
´Crab Bekleidung´, 2014 detail
´Piranesi Sense´, 2014 Digital Film 9.50min, textile and furniture
´Piranesi Sense´, 2014 Digital Film 9.50min, textile and furniture. Detail
´Piranesi Sense´, 2014 film still
´Yellow´, 2014 Digital Film 9min and furniture
´Yellow´, 2014 film still


Everytime I Come Back Here, Back Into The Archives Of Nerf This, I Find Myself Becoming More And More Impress With Your Current Work Scoot, Cause This Looks Good, But Your Current Stuff Is On A Whole New Webcomic Level.
Why would anyone type like that? It's like a three-year-old lingual landmine.
This has always confused me. I see it in YouTube comments a lot, and I've never understood it. I could understand not capitalizing anything or typing in all-caps, as those are both easy enough mistakes to make. This however… this takes willful effort to do. It's baffling.


This course consists of 6 sessions in the term. You can only book for a whole term. By registering here you are booking for all the weeks in the term.
The Drawing Lab is all about experimental drawing. The themes of each term will direct the course content, help students have a focus, and will link from one session to the next, and from one term to the next. Over the whole year, the emphasis will be on experimentation, with exercises, processes and input from the course tutors.Fridays Fortnightly. This course consists of 6 sessions in the term. You can only book for a whole term. By registering here you are booking for all the weeks in the term.


text:
Halewood România (fostă Cramele Prahova) este o companie producătoare de băuturi alcoolice din România.
Este filiala companiei britanice Halewood International și activează pe piața românească prin 4 companii: Domeniile Halewood, care administrează 350 de hectare de vie în regiunile Dealu Mare, Podișul Transilvaniei și Murfatlar pentru producția de struguri, Cramele Halewood, care produc efectiv vinul. Halewood Wines care distribuie produsele din portofoliu pe piața internă și Halewood România, compania care se ocupă de exportul de vin.
Vinurile din portofoliul Halewood sunt distribuite în marile lanțuri de magazine, în retailul tradițional și pe rețeaua HoReCa.
Portofoliul Halewood cuprinde brandurile Byzantium, Prahova Valley, Floare de Luna, Floarea Soarelui, Rhea Viognier, Theia Chardonnay, Neptunus Shiraz, Principele R, Kronos Pinot Noir, Hyperion, spumantele Rhein Extra, Prahova Valley si Millennium dar si Red Square sau Caribbean Twist.
Producția medie anuală de vin se ridică la 42.000 de hectolitri, iar capacitatea de stocare totalizează 90.420 de hectolitri.
Exportul de vinuri a reprezentat, în 2007, circa 48% din cifra de afaceri a companiei.

Sediul companiei se află în Ploiești, alături de pivnițe subterane, depozitul de materiale și cel de produse finite (cu o capacitate de peste 1 milion de sticle) precum și liniile de îmbuteliere.
Compania deține și rețeaua de magazine Halewood The Winery Outlet care numără 10 locații.

Cramele Halewood deține 2 crame în regiunea Dealu Mare (Urlați și Tohani), o cramă, unitate de producție și un punct de lucru la Sebeș, În Podișul Transilvaniei, și altul în Cernavodă - Murfatlar. În  plus la Pensiunea Rhein & Cie din Azuga se pot vizita și pivnițele unde se produce vin spumant de peste 120 de ani după metoda tradițională.

Halewood România Vinuri a cumpărat, în 1999, societatea Vinalcool Prahova, pe care a transformat-o ulterior în Cramele Prahova,
nume pe care l-a păstrat până în septembrie 2004.

Număr de angajați în 2010: 200

Cifra de afaceri:
 2013: 9,7 milioane euro
 2009: 9,8 milioane euro
 2003: 3,8 milioane euro

Note

Crame din România
Producători de băuturi alcoolice din România
Companii din Ploiești

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?php

namespace ER\BoxShadowBundle\DoctrineListener;

use Doctrine\ORM\Event\LifecycleEventArgs;
use ER\BoxShadowBundle\Email\ApplicationMailer;
use ER\BoxShadowBundle\Entity\Application;

class ApplicationCreationListener
{
    /**
     * @var ApplicationMailer
     */
    private $applicationMailer;

    public function __construct(ApplicationMailer $applicationMailer)
    {
        $this->applicationMailer = $applicationMailer;
    }

    public function postPersist(LifecycleEventArgs $args)
    {
        $entity = $args->getObject();

        if (!$entity instanceof Application) {
            return;
        }

        $this->applicationMailer->sendNewNotification($entity);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Green Roof Changes
ColumnistsJulius Ballanco on CodesPlumbing & Mechanical & Fire Codes
Green Roof Changes
Julius Ballanco P.E., CPD
This increasingly popular top-floor dressing now has specific code requirements.
Green roofs are now addressed directly in the 2012 ICC International Code.
Green roofs have become the rage. Politicians even seem to like green roofs.
But these roofs, often added to a building for either energy or sustainability, add a challenge to the plumbing engineer when it comes to designing the roof drainage system.
Not everyone, though, is a big fan of green roofs. I recently read an article by my good friendDr. Joe Lstiburektitled, "Seeing Red Over Green Roofs." The one thing I like about Joe is he's always direct. He tells it like it is.
Some of Joe's comments on green roofs were direct. "It is dumb to do a green roof to save energy," he wrote. "If dirt were energy efficient, we would call it insulation and put it in walls. It is just dirt."
Joe does go on to praise the beauty of green roofs and discusses the impact on the roof membrane. If you want to read the entire article, it can be found at:www.buildingscience.com. Just type in the article headline I mentioned above in the search engine.
With the issuance of the 2012 ICC International Codes, green roofs now are addressed directly in the codes. If you are involved with a green roof design, it is best to become familiar with the green roof requirements. Many of the code officials discussing and voting on these requirements made derogatory comments about green roofs. The final requirements reflect some of those issues.
Roof Nuts and Bolts
Unfortunately, nothing on green roofs appears in the International Plumbing Code. I say that because many nonengineers (without saying architects) think you can cut back on the roof drainage requirements if you have a green roof. They assume the green roof absorbs the rain and uses it to grow the vegetation. Some further assume the remaining water evaporates.
This couldn't be further from the truth. If you have a green roof, you still must provide storm drainage for a storm of one hour in duration and 100-year return period. No landscaping is going to absorb a rainfall of this intensity.
Another mistake being made is putting all the roof drainage under the roof landscaping. Roof drains should be located both on top of and underneath the landscaping. Furthermore, there should be no reduction in the size of the roof drain. You still need a full-size drain for a green roof. Secondary roof drainage also is still required when there is a green roof.
The International Building Code added a few requirements regarding roof loads for green roofs. When the space is unoccupied, the landscaping is assigned a live load of 20 psf. The landscaping material is added to the dead load for the roof.
Fire Code Requirements
The remaining requirements for green roofs are found in the International Fire Code, which is probably the last place you would think to search for green roof requirements. The concern expressed is the possibility of a fire on a green roof and the fighting of such fire. Believe it or not, there could be a brush fire on a green roof. Fire officials don't want a brush fire to spread to the inside of the building.
If the building is required to have a standpipe for fire protection, the standpipe must extend to the roof level when a green roof is installed. Typically, the standpipe terminates at the top floor level. This, of course, provides a water supply to fight a brush fire in the landscaping.
The fire code restricts the size of a landscape roof area to 15,625 square feet, with the maximum dimension in length or width being 125 feet. If you have multiple landscape areas, each landscape area must be separated by 6 feet of a Class A-rated roofing system.
In addition to the barrier between landscape areas, a 6-foot barrier also is required around roof structures, penthouses, mechanical rooms, mechanical equipment, roof vents, solar panels, antenna supports and building service equipment. I have seen pretty photos of mechanical units in the middle of a green roof area. That would not be permitted in the 2012 Fire Code.
Supplemental irrigation is another requirement. In other words, you need a lawn sprinkler system for a green roof. That doesn't sound very green when you have to water the roof. However, the fire folks are concerned the grass or vegetation will die and become a fire hazard.
Interestingly, there is no requirement as to how often you have to water the roof. The requirement calls for maintaining a level of hydration necessary to keep the green roof plants alive.
Fire officials are permitted to require a maintenance plan for the landscaping on the roof. The fire code requires dead foliage to be removed at regular intervals but no less than two times a year. Don't you wish the plumbing code would require the roof drains on every roof to be cleaned at least twice a year?
Finally, if you have grass growing on the roof, someone has to cut it. When a gasoline-powered lawnmower is used, the fire code requires the lawnmower be properly stored. If the building is fully sprinklered and there is less than 10 gallons of fuel, you can store the lawnmower inside. If the building is not sprinklered, the code requires the lawnmower to be stored in a room that complies with the building code requirements for mixed use. That could mean a one-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly and/or sprinklers.
What this all adds up to is additional requirements for installing a green roof. If the architect is unfamiliar with the requirements, it would be a good idea, for starters, to identify Section 317 of the 2012 Fire Code. This section is written in such a way that the requirements also can apply to existing buildings.
If the green roof is intended for energy purposes, it would be easier to add more insulation and install a reflective roof membrane. If it is for aesthetic reasons, you have to deal with these new code requirements.
International Code Council (ICC)
Contact PM Engineer
Recent Articles by Julius Ballanco
Julius Ballanco: Heat pumps in your future
Julius Ballanco: Chicago allowing no-hub?
Julius Ballanco: IPC strange results
Julius Ballanco: The ICC system needs to change
Julius Ballanco, P.E., CPD, F-ASPE, is president of J.B. Engineering and Code Consulting, P.C. in Munster, Ind. He can be reached at by email at jbengineer@aol.com.
Energy- and water-conservation the focus of potential ICC code changes
More Analysis of Proposed ICC Code Changes
New sizing method for roof drainage aims to clear up confusion
A green backlash at IAPMO Plumbing Technical Committee meetings
ICC, PMI Webinar: Changes to the 2015 IPC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
..
      Copyright 2010-2011 United States Government as represented by the
      Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
      All Rights Reserved.

      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
      not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
      a copy of the License at

          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
      WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
      License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
      under the License.

Developer Guide
===============

In this section you will find information on Nova's lower level programming APIs.

Programming HowTos and Tutorials
--------------------------------
.. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 3

    development.environment
    unit_tests
    addmethod.openstackapi
    gmr

Background Concepts for Nova
----------------------------
.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 3

   architecture
   aggregates
   threading
   vmstates
   il8n
   filter_scheduler
   rpc
   hooks

Development policies
--------------------
.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 3

   policies

Other Resources
---------------
.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 3

   launchpad
   gerrit
   jenkins

Module Reference
----------------
.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 3

   services

Indices and tables
------------------

* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`modindex`
* :ref:`search`


text:
Q: Show that $a$ is minimum If $(A,<)$ totally ordered, show that if $a$ is a minimal element of $A$ then $a$ is minimum. Could you give me a hint how we could do this?
Definitions:
Let $(A, \leq)$ be an ordered set.
We say that $a \in A$ is:

*

*minimal, when it does not exist in $A$ an element that is previous of $a$ and different from it, i.e. $(\forall x \in A)(x \leq a \rightarrow x=a)$
$$$$

*minimum when $(\forall x \in A) a \leq x$
$$$$

A: You need to show that $a$ satisfies the definition of minimum, i.e. for each $x \in A$, $a \leq x$.
Everytime you need to show a "for each", fix the element. In our case, we fix $x \in A$. We now need to show that $a \leq x$.
Because the order is total, either $a \leq x$ or $x \leq a$. Try to show $a \leq x$ in both cases and look at your assumptions if you are stuck!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Adele: 'I puke quite a lot before going on stage'
Leonie Cooper Sep 6, 2011 2:26 pm BST
Adele arrives at the MTV Video Music Awards on Sunday Aug. 28, 2011, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello) Credit: PA Photos
The singer also speaks about body image and her plans for five kids
Adele has revealed that she vomits regularly before going onstage to perform, thanks to severe stage fright.
The singer, who will perform at tonight's Barclaycard Mercury Prize ceremony (September 6) in London has said:
I puke quite a lot before going on stage. Though never actually on stage. But then, I sh*t myself before everything…The bigger the freak-out, the more I enjoy the show!
The Tottenham soul star made the confession in the new edition of Vogue. The star speaks about body image in the interview as well as pre-show purging, saying:
I've seen people where it rules their lives, who want to be thinner or have bigger boobs, and how it wears them down, and I don't want that in my life… I have [body] insecurities, of course, but I don't hang out with anyone who points them out to me.
Adele also spoke about her wish to have lots of children. But only if they're boys.
I've always got on better with boys. Most of my friends are boys. Like, if I have children, I want five boys. Boys love their mothers whereas girls can be so mean to each other.


One things Apple users have an advantage over any smartphone maker is the software. The brand has been consistent enough to update even some of its older devices seamlessly. But it looks like Apple will change things up a bit as a report from an Israeli website The Verifier. The report says that Apple is soon ending support for iOS 13 on older devices. The news comes after lower than expected sales of the newer iPhones. It was to the excellent software support on older devices to make it run like new. These two news may be related to each other more than you think.
Out of the current Apple devices, these are the devices that are expected to be affected by this change.
This might be step on Apple's part as the recent decline in iPhone sales has been attributed to the lack of the need to upgrade. Or it may be that Apple is phasing out these devices due to older hardware. Whatever may be the case, Apple might release the iOS 13 in the coming months. And the features it will bring would be most applicable to the newer devices, so the decision makes sense. But with Apple pushing updates to devices for as long as they do, makes them still the most backwards compatible OS makers.
Apple has been pretty consistent with updating their older devices. The iOS 12 update reached to the iPhone 5s, a six year old device. This news may be a big deal for the people who have purchased an older Apple device recently. But this move by Apple may result in the increase of sales of the newer devices.


The US Supreme Court has issued a judicial stay of President Obama's Clean Power Plan (CPP). Scott Fulton, former General Counsel of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and current President of the Environmental Law Institute, explains the ramifications of this decision for US and international climate efforts, in an interview with Talia Fox, fellow of the Clean Energy Leadership Institute, "This will raise questions in the minds of other countries", says Fulton. But he adds that it would be premature to conclude that the Clean Power Plan is dead.
The decision of the Supreme Court to issued a judicial stay of President Obama's signature climate change policy instrument, the Clean Power Plan (CPP), halts further implementation of the proposed restrictions on carbon emissions from fossil fuel-fired electric generating units until completion of the expedited, 27-state challenge pending before the DC Circuit Court. While opponents of the CPP are cheering the decision as an indication of the Plan's ultimate demise, environmentalist and clean energy advocates are concerned about further delays in action to address climate change, as well as the international implications of the decision, given the US's leadership in the recent COP 21 Agreement in Paris.
What does the stay mean, practically speaking? How will this affect the timeline for the CPP and the corresponding state plans? How concerned should the environmental community—and the clean energy community—be? And what impact does the tragic death last week of Justice Antonin Scalia, the Supreme Court's conservative champion, have on the CPP's prospects?
For a legal perspective on these and other questions, I sat down with Scott Fulton, former US EPA General Counsel during the first Obama Administration and current President of the Environmental Law Institute.
Talia (T): For those reading this who may not have a legal background, could you break down what happened in the US Supreme Court's decision to stay the Clean Power Plan?
Scott (S): When an agency promulgates a regulation, that regulation can be challenged in court through a petition for review. Petitions for review of EPA regulations under the Clean Air Act have to be heard by the DC Circuit Court of Appeals, and the DC Circuit Court of Appeals decisions are then potentially reviewable by the US Supreme Court. In the course of rulemaking litigation, there's always the question of the legal effect of the rule pending completion of the challenge to the rule. What a motion for stay intends to accomplish is halt compliance with the rule until the courts have considered its legal merits and subsequently issue a decision. Here, a motion for stay pending appeal was filed in the DC Circuit, and the DC Circuit about a month ago ruled against the motion, holding that the rule should not be stayed, based on the legal criteria for issuing a stay.
T: What criteria might cause a court to issue a stay?
that the issuance of the stay would be in the public interest.
The DC Circuit looked at the assertions of the movers on the motion to stay and concluded that they didn't satisfy the factors for the issuance of the stay.
T: How did this issue get to the Supreme Court? What happened when it got there?
S: The parties who filed the stay motion took the extraordinary step of asking the Supreme Court to stay the matter despite the DC circuit's decision. This is a very unusual request, and it is unprecedented for the court to entertain such a request, because we're at a very early stage of the litigation. The Court nonetheless decided to entertain—and grant—the motion to stay, essentially disagreeing with the DC Circuit's conclusion.
The Court says stunningly little in its order, given the domestic and international significance of its action. There's no analysis to indicate why the Court thought a stay was appropriate. Were the dynamics associated with states needing to continue working on their plans to implement the CPP pending appeal on the Court's mind? Was it concerned that lasting changes would be made in the power sector before the rule's legal viability had been established? Was the Court persuaded that the rule was flawed? If so, was the flaw a manageable one or a foundational one? We don't know and are left to speculate.
Now you could look at this and say, in order to issue a stay, you have to find 1, 2, and 3. Therefore, we might assume that the Court must be signaling, among other things, that it thought there was a likelihood that the petitioners would ultimately win on at least one of the arguments. But there are many issues in the case, some of which are foundational and some of which are not. At bottom, there is not much to go on in terms of what was animating the Court.
T: What does this mean for the timeline of the final rule in your estimation?
S: Implementation here all plays out in the hands of the states or, in the absence of state plans, under a federal implementation plan. So if the impetus for action by the states pending appeal is removed, then some state planning may slide during the stay.
The rule is now back before the DC Circuit for review on the merits. If the DC Circuit finds a problem with the rule and sends it back to the EPA, then you've got another loop that has to take place before the rule in revised form could makes its way back to the Supreme Court. Assuming that the stay would remain until the rule's fate is finally determined, we're probably looking at a minimum delay of around a year (under a scenario in which the DC Circuit and Supreme Court both uphold the rule in its current form) and a maximum delay of several years. Of course, a year's delay or better puts the fate of the rule to some degree in the hands of the next White House.
T: Couldn't you argue that the states that are already introducing plans would have done so anyway? And that the states opposed are not making those plans in the first place? Or do you think that those state plans were in the works and now will be stalled?
S: For the states that were intending to do something here, there really is no reason to slow down, although we could find that the political dynamic for some of them changes to a degree. It can be easier for states to be progressive on an issue like this if there is an outside driver. Some state officials have probably been able to persuade their legislators or other forces within their government that it is better to move forward with a plan than to wait and have the EPA default plan kick in. This kind of leveraging is not uncommon.
Some states, including some of those who are challenging the rule, are likely working on parallel tracks, fighting the rule but at the same time quietly trying to figure out what it would take to comply. The second of these parallel tracks could be affected by the stay decision, not just because there's a delay—but also because there's a suggestion in what the Court has done that it sees the rule as vulnerable, at least in some respect. So the decision may encourage a wait-and-see approach on the part of some.
T: What does this mean for the international community? Could it affect the US clean energy targets put forth in its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)?
S: It depends on the extent of the delay, but because we're dealing with a fairly long time horizon—2030—this decision alone may not be that impactful. If the rule is ultimately overturned, then that's a different story, but that depends on which parts of the rule are found problematic and whether EPA can easily address the concerns, whether the courts do something that meaningfully limits the ambition of the rule, etc.
T: Do you think it could jeopardize the United States' acceptance of the Paris Agreement this coming April?
S: I'm guessing not. The State Department has already indicated that it does not plan to seek Senate advice and consent for the agreement because, among other things, the INDCs under the agreement are not binding and authority exists to fulfill US involvement under the Agreement without legislative action. The fact that the Supreme Court has stayed the effect of the rule as currently constituted would not appear to call those suppositions into question or change that calculus.
T: Could this decision undermine the US's role as a leader in climate change negotiations, in terms of other countries' participation?
S: It will raise questions in the minds of other countries, and in fact already is. For those countries that have their own internal struggles about whether they will accept or ratify the Agreement, it could present some difficulties. But, again, it would be premature to conclude that this decision puts the US INDC at significant risk.
S: I think that's overstating where we are. This stay decision is a part of the US lawmaking process; other countries may encounter their own bumps in the road as they develop programs for meeting their INDCs. This development is not a fatal to the US meeting its INDC; we'll know more when the rule is reviewed on the merits, which is the next step.
T: How concerned should we really be? Is this as ominous as much of the environmental community and clean energy advocates are saying? What does Justice Scalia's tragic death bring to the equation?
S: I think it's best to be measured about this and not to overreact. It's important not to forget that the Supreme Court just a few years ago recognized EPA's authority to regulate greenhouse gases under the very section of the [Clean Air Act], section 111, upon which the CPP is based. I doubt the courts will undercut that earlier decision, and rather think it's more likely that any concerns will be registered in a way that puts the rule on the path of constructive adjustment, the way that many rulemaking challenges evolve, with the courts identifying problems and sending it back to the Agency to address the problems, with a rule ultimately emerging that passes judicial muster.
Regarding Justice Scalia, first let's honor the man. He has been a stalwart on the Court for decades and has served his country with distinction; he will be greatly missed. In terms of the CPP, apart from leaving the Court without the sharp analytical mind of one of the Court's most iconic conservative justices, his absence leaves the Court with 8 justices and the potential for a 4-4 split in a decision on the merits of the CPP. In that event, the ruling of the DC Circuit would stand. This means that the DC Circuit's decision on the merits could well be the decision to watch now and that whatever concerns may have been behind the stay decision may not determine the CPP's fate.
T: What does this mean, in your opinion, for the future of clean energy?
The shift towards clean energy is well underway and has a good deal of momentum behind it. Comparative cost and consumer choice are also big drivers, and, in my view, this stay decision by the Supreme Court will not likely affect the trend line in a meaningful way.
Talia Fox is a Research Associate at the Environmental Law Institute (ELI). She is a Fellow with the Clean Energy Leadership Institute (CELI). She would like to thank Scott Fulton and members of the CELI community for their contribution to this piece.
Scott Fulton is the President of the Environmental Law Institute. From 2009 to January 2013, Mr. Fulton served as General Counsel of the US EPA, where he handled or directed some of the US's most significant environmental legal matters and represented the US government in international meetings and negotiations. Among his many accomplishments at EPA was his lead role in creating the legal framework for the US's initial program for regulating greenhouse gas emissions.


This European Standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for chairs and tables for general educational purposes in educational institutions. It applies to furniture for use with laptop computers or portable devices, but not to special purpose workstations, e.g. laboratories, ranked seating and workshops. Annex A (normative) includes a test method for the drop test of chairs. With the exception of Annex A, the figures illustrate test principles only and cannot be used to carry out the tests. NOTE EN 1729 1 specifies functional dimensions and marking of chairs and tables for general educational purposes.


Pipeline capacity constraints out of the Permian have loosened recently and should continue to improve as new and expanded pipelines come on-line.
Export capacity on the Texas coast is unlikely to be constrained over the next two years due to a surplus in existing capacity and planned capacity additions in 2019.
Over a longer time horizon, export capacity could be overbuilt, though this will depend on which proposed projects reach a positive final investment decision (FID) and are ultimately constructed.
Last year, the rampant growth in crude production in the Permian caused supply to outpace available pipeline takeaway capacity, creating a growth opportunity for the midstream space. As new pipeline capacity comes on-line in the Permian this year and in 2020+, the logical question is whether the bottleneck will simply move ~500 miles east to the Texas Gulf Coast. Today, we compare Permian pipeline takeaway capacity with Texas Gulf Coast export projects to determine if crude exports will be constrained over the next few years.
Pipelines to the rescue to alleviate Permian crude constraints.
At the risk of stating the obvious to most readers, the Permian is a big deal and has garnered international attention for its robust production growth. Its January 2019 crude output of 3.8 million barrels per day (MMBpd) was an increase of almost 1 MMBpd (+35%) from the same month in 2018. To further frame the Permian's importance, only two OPEC members produced more oil than the Permian in January 2019, Saudi Arabia at 10.2 MMBpd and Iraq at 4.7 MMBpd.
The steep growth in Permian production quickly overwhelmed pipeline takeaway capacity last year, causing widened discounts in regional oil prices and making the basin the poster child for what happens when supply overwhelms pipeline capacity (read more). The good news for Permian producers is that crude differentials have improved with added pipeline capacity and in anticipation of more capacity coming on-line. In fact, Midland crude traded at a $0.60 per barrel premium to WTI Cushing as of February 15. One recent development was Plains All American's (PAA) expanded Sunrise Pipeline being placed in service ahead of schedule in November. This month, Enterprise Products Partners' (EPD) Seminole NGL pipeline conversion to crude service will begin limited service. Additionally, in the second half of this year, EPIC will finish its temporary conversion of a portion of its NGL pipeline to crude service, and PAA will place the first leg of its Cactus II pipeline in service.
Over 3 MMBpd of Permian crude pipeline capacity is expected through 2022.
While Permian producers may be celebrating improved crude differentials, the big story from a midstream perspective is the deluge of crude pipelines being built over the next few years. In total, we estimate 3.4 MMBpd in takeaway capacity being constructed through 2022, based on projects that have reached final investment decision (FID)1. We excluded the Permian Gulf Coast (PGC) pipeline, since it has not reached FID, but would note that management teams involved with PGC have signaled interest in potentially combining with the Wink to Webster pipeline.
How does pipeline capacity align with production growth? The EIA forecasts Permian production of 4.8 MMBpd by the end of 2020 - implying 1 MMBpd of growth from January 2019 - compared to 2.4 MMBpd of incremental pipeline capacity expected on-line by the end of 2020. If we assume production growth is double the EIA estimate, there should be comfortable takeaway capacity even with 85% pipeline utilization. For a long-term view, Plains All American forecasts Permian oil production will exit 2023 between 6.1 and 6.8 MMBpd as per its recent presentation. Combining January production with PAA's estimate, the implied growth would be 2.3-3 MMBpd, in comparison to 3.4 MMBpd of nameplate capacity. Implied growth would, therefore, be 2.9 MMBpd if we assume 85% utilization. If production comes in at the high end of PAA's forecast or surprises to the upside, the Permian could again face pipeline constraints if only the projects in the chart below are added.
Is the crude glut just moving to the coast?
With Permian crude pipeline capacity set to increase significantly, the question is if midstream is fixing one bottleneck just to create another one on the Texas Gulf Coast. One potential destination for Permian crude is Texas refineries, but their complexity is a limiting factor in their ability to run light, sweet crude. In general, to balance crude supply and demand along the Gulf Coast, incremental barrels will need to be exported. Several crude export projects have been announced in conjunction with pipeline additions from the Permian. In 2019 alone, two new export terminals will come on-line along with three expansions, for total incremental export capacity of 1.6 MMBpd in Houston and Corpus Christi. A joint venture that includes Buckeye Partners (BPL), Phillips 66 Partners (PSXP), and Marathon Petroleum (MPC) is constructing the South Texas Gateway Terminal in Corpus Christi, which will start up 400 MBpd by the end of this year. Magellan Midstream Partners (MMP) and LBC Tank Terminals are also expanding their Seabrook crude terminal by 400 MBpd by the end of 2019.
Will export capacity be constrained? We don't think so. In its recent presentation, PAA puts US Gulf Coast crude export capacity at 7 MMBpd, in comparison to recent exports of just over 2 MMBpd. We conservatively estimate Louisiana export capacity, with exports primarily located at the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), at somewhere between 1 and 1.5 MMBpd. To be conservative, if we assume Louisiana export capacity is 1.5 MMBpd, Texas export capacity is implied at 5.5 MMBpd. Export terminals are unlikely to operate at full capacity, so if we further assume 70% utilization for the existing and planned capacity additions over the next two years, that would give us ~5 MMBpd of operable export capacity plus any incremental refinery demand. Given that current exports of 2 MMBpd from the Gulf Coast include both Texas and Louisiana, and assuming 85% utilization on pipeline additions of 2.9 MMBpd (independent of production growth), there should be sufficient export capacity on the Texas Gulf Coast. Based on these numbers, it's hard to see a sustained bottleneck forming based on inadequate export capacity.
Construction of all export projects could lead to an overbuild.
The number of announced export terminal projects makes an overbuild possible in the long term, but that also depends on expectations for supply from the Permian (primarily) and the Eagle Ford. Through 2022, up to 8.9 MMBpd of export capacity could be constructed when combining projects that have reached FID and all proposed export projects. Importantly, many of the announced new-build and expansion projects have not reached FID, including large undertakings such as Carlyle and the Port of Corpus Christi's Harbor Island project, Jupiter MLP's Brownsville terminal, and the Texas COLT terminal in Freeport being developed by Enbridge (ENB), Kinder Morgan (KMI), and Oiltanking. At this time, it is uncertain whether all these projects will reach FID.
Revisiting production growth, if we take the midpoint of PAA's 2023 exit rate forecast for Permian production, the implied growth would be 2.65 MMBpd from today to the end of 2023. Assuming 70% utilization of planned and proposed terminal capacity additions, the implied surplus in export capacity would be 3.6 MMBpd if all projects came on-line. As a result, it seems possible some projects will get scrapped or combined before reaching FID. That said, it bears mentioning that new-build projects may have competitive advantages over existing capacity. For example, the ability to load Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs), which can carry 2 million barrels of crude, may result in a more cost-efficient export option than existing capacity that is limited to smaller ships.
The immense production growth in the Permian is creating opportunities for midstream companies. Higher crude volumes have increased the need for additional pipelines and the expansion of existing lines as well as new export terminals. Crude export capacity on the Texas coast is unlikely to be constrained over the next two years due to a surplus in existing capacity and several upcoming projects and expansions. Over a longer time horizon, it's possible an overbuild of export capacity could develop if most proposed projects are ultimately built, but more likely, we will see project combinations or decisions not to pursue some projects.
1 A final investment decision is the point at which a project shifts from initial planning and permitting to actual construction of infrastructure.
2 Bloomberg reported in early December that LOOP would load 3 Very Large Crude Carriers (6 MMBbls) in one week, which would equate to ~860 MBpd. Efficiency for loading VLCCs has improved, and LOOP exports will be somewhat dependent on LOOP imports. In other words, capacity is somewhat of a moving target.


I'm not sure when I first fell in love with space exploration. I can remember telling my mom that I wanted to grow up and be an astronaut when I was six years old. I was sitting in the back seat of our car. It would have been around 1979.
I might have been inspired by Skylab, or maybe I heard my grandfather talked about Neil Armstrong. You see my mom grew up in St. Marys, Ohio which is next door to Wapakoneta and that is the town that Neil Armstrong was from.
My grandfather knew Neil as a young boy.
In any case, I was fascinated by outer space, spaceships, and exploration ever since I was a little kid. It seemed like towards the end of the 20th century that space exploration was over. After losing two space shuttles, the end of the Cold War and fighting the war on terror there just seem to be no reason to look up to our future.
Luckily there is a renewed interest in space exploration. And it's not driven by military endeavors but rather the curiosity of super wealthy innovators. They are funding the next wave of spaceships, rockets and even astronauts needed for space exploration.
In the rest of this article, I will talk about the benefits, the dangers, funding and the future of space exploration.
WHAT CAN SPACE EXPLORATION DO FOR ME?
There are many benefits to space exploration. NASA created a PDF covering many of the benefits of 50 years of NASA. Whenever you talk to people who are not a thousand percent behind space exploration they often ask "Why should we do it?".
This is a fair question. Specifically when it is taxpayer-funded.
I will talk about funding in a later section.
I think we have a hard time justifying space exploration when we don't have colonies on the Moon yet.
Or direct, tangible economic benefits.
Or can talk about a particular disease that was cured.
After all, what did Neil Armstrong come back with?
We lost 14 astronauts in two separate Space Shuttle accidents. And it's hard to say what they died for.
But there is a reason to do this. Even though it is dangerous.
In 1900 the city of Galveston Texas was the largest city west of the Mississippi River. And it was home to the world's best meteorologist.
One day they were hit by a massive hurricane.
It killed many people and frankly the island in my opinion never recovered. It's still a popular tourist destination. But New Orleans replaced it as the party city. And Houston replaced it as the economic engine of the Gulf coast.
One of the reasons why the Galveston hurricane was so bad was because they had no warning. The only advice possible at the time was from Cuba. If Cuba saw a hurricane, then they could send a telegraph to the United States and let them know that a hurricane was coming.
But because of the Spanish-American War those hurricane spotters, we not in their positions and thus Galveston was never warned.
Now we know about hurricanes almost the day they are conceived by Mother Nature. People have at least days and sometimes weeks to get prepared for a hurricane. This is made possible by weather satellites. And we wouldn't have weather satellites without space exploration.
There are numerous technologies that have come out and spun off from the research done into space exploration. And they will continue to occur.
This is one of the many reasons why we should continue as humans to explore outer space. But space exploration is dangerous. Even if you are a robot.
WHY IS SPACE EXPLORATION DANGEROUS?
It's dangerous because Earth is the perfect spot for life to flourish.
This is why most of the technology and expense of sending humans to the Moon in the 1960s was spent keeping the astronauts alive.
It's a lot easier though still very difficult to send probes without any humans to a to do our exploration.
But just because it's dangerous doesn't mean we shouldn't still try to send humans.
I think the people who believe that we shouldn't send humans to outer space simply don't understand that risk-taking is part of life.
And that you never get anywhere without risk.
They don't understand that private people are willing to take risks on their own.
They don't have to do it for the government or the military.
For example, James Cameron, the famous movie director, built a submarine to go to the deepest spot on Earth to make a documentary.
He could have easily died.
Operating at the deepest part of the ocean is almost as challenging as dealing with outer space.
Perhaps more unusual is what people are willing to do just for the hell of it.
For example, there are people who like to do deep sea diving just for fun.
These are the people who like to dive into shipwrecks end explore life at depths deeper than a hundred feet.
Every year people die doing it. But rarely do they make national news.
Or to put it in another way there have been 12 people to walk on the moon.
There have also only been 12 people to walk the entire length of the Grand Canyon.
Hiking the Grand Canyon is not something anyone is doing for science or because they're getting paid but often just because they are outdoor enthusiasts and they want to take the Grand Challenge.
Walking the Grand Canyon is one of the single most dangerous things you can take on as a human being. And it's not just because it's so long, but the environment is so inhospitable.
And almost impossible for anyone to rescue you if you get in trouble.
Even if you have been preparing for it for your whole life.
As two National Geographic reporters found out when they attempted to document walking the Grand Canyon.
I think Americans now thinks space exploration is too dangerous after the Challenger and Columbia accidents.
But it is my opinion that it is evident now that the Space Shuttle was a very flawed design.
We will not build any spaceships that will be as dangerous as those shuttles.
Space exploration is getting safer.
For example, I remember watching a speech by Burt Rutan where he talked about designing the ship that won the Space X prize.
This is the ship design that Richard Branson funded to build Virgin Galaxy with.
And it's my recollection that Rutan said that the controls were the same as a Cessna.
Meaning they were still pulleys and gears.
As opposed to fly by wire electronics.
They were more reliable. The spaceship was designed so that if it started spinning out of control, it would right itself up.
And that he had created a ship that could re-enter the atmosphere without needing heat shields.
He was very passionate about making sure that there was a lot of room for human error in returning to Earth. Because as a young aircraft designer he watched a pilot burn up in an X-15. The plane had a very narrow range you needed to meet to return to Earth safely. And the pilot made a mistake.
Or another example is Jeff Bezos. Bezos is the CEO of Amazon. And he is building his own space company called Blue Origin that he wants to use as a tourism business.
And he wants to be the first passenger into outer space.
I think it was in an interview with Charlie Rose where he said I don't want to die in my spaceship.
So clearly safety is going to be a high priority for him.
There are two more examples I want to talk about.
The Russians are still using spacecraft they designed in the nineteen-sixties to send astronauts back & forth to the International Space Station. They have not had a casualty in almost 50 years.
The USAF X-37B space plane continues to set records even if nobody knows what it's doing up in outer space.
WHO SHOULD PAY FOR SPACE EXPLORATION?
I think this what most people have a problem with. And this has been at the core since the beginning. It's why NASA HQ is in Houston.
But doesn't have to be that way. People dive for fun on vacation. James Cameron went to see the Titanic at the bottom of the ocean.
If there's one thing I want to change in my lifetime in regards to space exploration is that I want it to be so that any private company or person can launch their space mission. Without needing NASA or the military.
I know it will be expensive to start with.
And we have 70 years of inertia to fight against here.
But I don't see any reason why that if I wanted to start up a Kickstarter and fun my space mission that I shouldn't be able to do it.
I don't see why if I wanted to even put my people on that space mission that I couldn't do it.
I know some individuals think that if you make it only for private people that all sorts of bad things will happen.
But governments do bad things too. And it's possible to have this regulated.
The most important part is that we need more competition. Which is starting to happen - SpaceX, Blue Origin, Virgin Orbit (and Galaxy). Even legacy providers such as United Launch Alliance.
Others that I'm sure I've forgotten.
The more competition - the cheaper and better products and services you get. The areas in life we complain the most about - such as health care, is where we have the least amount of competition.
PEOPLE ARE STARVING ON EARTH - WHY EXPLORE?
Another common objection I hear to space exploration is that they think we shouldn't do it because people are starving somewhere on Earth.
My answer is that this is not an either-or question.
You can (and humanity is) working on solving starvation. And clean water. Often using technologies from space exploration.
For example, learning how to recycle water for space missions makes it easier for poor villages to have access to clean water.
And the most horrific problems - starvation, dirty water, dirty air - are almost always the results of bad economies. And the worst of the worst are in war zones. Those we can solve without affecting the ability to explore outer space.
But overall it's more important to understand human life on planet Earth is continually improving.
Despite what you might see on CNN.
Globally poverty is on the decline.
War is unheard of for most of the planet Earth for the first time in human history.
I know this is hard to believe because the mass media feels your eyeballs and your ear holes with non-stop crap about death and destruction and the 1%.
My advice - quit watching that stuff.
What I think is behind this question though is the funding issue.
How can tax dollars go to fund outer space exploration while we still haven't fixed our healthcare crisis?
That's a political question, and it's another reason why I just wanted to make it so that it is easier for private citizens to do their space exploration.
If you don't have tax dollars involved, then you don't have as much to debate.
After all, no one complains about you're not solving cancer while you take a snorkeling trip as part of your summer vacation. The same things to be true about space exploration.
HOW WILL HUMANS EXPLORE SPACE IN THE FUTURE?
I believe we are at the start of a golden age of space exploration.
As I've already talked about in this article the number of private enterprises attempting space exploration.
I have no doubt that Musk and Bezos and Branson are thinking they want to avoid needing government contracts just to get into outer space.
Branson spent at least a decade trying to set the record for flying a balloon around the world.
That's not the kind of man who's going to sit around and say I got to wait and see if I can get a NASA contract so I can send a piggly-wink communication satellite into outer space. Communications satellites are important, but they're not going to excite Branson or Musk for that matter.
These guys want to launch their rocket whenever they damn well, please.
After all Elon Musk launched a wheel of cheese into space once.
And that will be the key to how humans will explore outer space in the future.
It won't be a space race between two governments who spend most of their time trying to figure out how to blow the crap out of each other.
It's going to be crazy rich people trying to go exploring.
Which is actually how much of exploration and human life has always occurred.
I'm going to start wrapping this up. I believe the future of space exploration will involve people going to other planets and living there.
I mean "planets" as a slang term. Humans will land and colonize other celestial bodies besides Earth.
I doubt this will happen in my lifetime.
As much as I joke and say I want to retire on Mars.
But it will eventually happen.
It will take longer than I want but quicker than you can imagine.
100 years ago, global society thought we would never solve the problem of dealing with all of the horse manure lying in city streets.
Even when cars started to be bought in quantity - people thought it was a fad. After all, cars couldn't navigate the rough horse trails very well.
Then humans paved the planet for the cars.
Agriculturally we have terraformed Earth to meet our needs.
Some of the most impressive cities on the planet are built in locations in the middle of deserts.
I know building on Earth, even in the wilderness is still a million times simpler than doing something in outer space.
But I never discount human ingenuity. And patience. And persistence.
I was on Quora, and I saw a question asking about moon colonization.
This was answered by someone who works for NASA on this particular problem.
I will quote him here.
Humans will figure it out.
Sometime in the future, somebody in my family tree, will get the chance to retire on Mars.
If you like to encourage the study of outer space then you will like my website.


Checked luggage (also known as "hold" or "main") is transported in the hold of an aircraft. You can give it to your airline representative at the check-in desk or leave it at a luggage drop-off point.
The airline takes responsibility for your luggage once it is checked-in and tagged. You are given a part of the tag – usually stuck on to the boarding pass – as a document you use to identify your luggage on arrival or when submitting a complaint if something is damaged or lost during the flight.
Limits on weight and number of pieces of checked luggage are set by each airline individually (check your carrier's Terms and Conditions for more detailed information).
What is NOT allowed in checked luggage?
For safety reasons, certain items are not permitted on aircraft. Regardless of the airline you choose, it is forbidden to transport explosives, flammable materials (such as alcohol of greater than 70% purity), fireworks, lighter fuel containers, and dummies of explosive devices. In addition, chemicals or toxic substances, including but not limited to: mouse and rat poison, tear gas devices, corrosive chemicals, paints and thinners, and tourist gas cartridges are not allowed on board.
Take all your valuable or fragile belongings, such as laptops, cameras, cash, jewelry, and documents, in checked luggage to avoid the risk of them being damaged or lost.
Please inform your airline about any outsized or unusual items of luggage (like a bicycle, surfboard, snowboard, ski equipment, or a musical instrument) in advance, not later than 48 hours prior to departure. Our Call Centre consultant will help you with any formalities.
Low-cost carriers often charge you additional fees for checked luggage. If you decide to buy a checked luggage allowance, tick the correct box when booking your flight. The luggage fee will be included in the final price of your ticket before you complete the reservation.
On most low-cost airlines, the maximum weight of one piece of checked luggage is 32 kg. Even if you have bought an extra allowance, your bag cannot exceed this limit.
Paid checked luggage that exceeds weight or size limits will be considered excess or unusual luggage and subject to additional charges.
You cannot book checked luggage for an infant (a child aged 0-2).
You cannot divide weight limits between pieces of luggage.
For example, two passengers traveling together with a checked luggage limit of 15 kg each cannot claim one 20 kg suitcase and one 10 kg bag.
You cannot combine the weight limits of multiple passengers for one piece of luggage.
For example, two passengers traveling together with a checked luggage limit of 15 kg each cannot claim one 30 kg suitcase.
Make sure to review the weight limits of particular carriers in the Terms and Conditions section of their website.
Checked luggage is usually included in the price of a ticket. However, it is becoming more and more common on traditional airlines to charge extra for it.
Weight and amount limits depend on the travel class (economy, business, first) and the route.
Any luggage exceeding allowances is treated as excess luggage and charged additionally according to the applicable fee schedule.
Review the detailed luggage conditions of the airline you're traveling with.
Make sure you know what you can and can't take in carry-on and checked luggage.
Remember that transport of liquids, gels, and aerosols is restricted. All cosmetics, drinks, and other liquids should only be carried in containers that hold a maximum of 100 ml, and they must be packed in a transparent plastic bag. Each passenger can take a total of 1 liter of liquids on board. If you wish to take cosmetics in larger containers, put them in checked luggage.


Welcome to NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship recruitment at Health Education England - North West.
We'd like to take this opportunity to wish you all the best with your application and we hope to see you at Health Education North West soon!
National Recruitment Process - Please see here for further details.
ICAT is a programme of training and support, designed for clinicians undertaking academic careers. It provides undergraduate opportunities and postgraduate professional career pathways in both medicine and dentistry.
These pages are about recruitment to Academic Clinical Fellowships.
NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowships (ACFs) are tailored training posts, which incorporate components of academic training. ACFs are designed for clinically qualified candidates who can demonstrate outstanding potential for a career in academic medicine or dentistry.
Fellows spend 75% of time undertaking specialist clinical training and 25% in research or educationalist training. A fellowship lasts for a maximum of 3 years (4 years for General Practitioners).
A fellow develops their academic skills, alongside being guided and supported through the Research Training Fellowship application process, to apply for funding to undertake a higher research degree (usually a PhD); or supported to gain a place on an educational programme (leading to a higher degree).
You can find out more about the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and ACFs in general via their website - https://www.nihr.ac.uk/funding-and-support/funding-for-training-and-career-development/training-programmes/integrated-academic-training-programme/integrated-academic-training/academic-clinical-fellowships/.
Specific information about the 2019 recruitment process is available via NIHR's Guidance for Recruitment and Appointment.
In the North West, we offer Academic Clinical Fellowships in conjunction with three universities: Lancaster University, University of Liverpool and University of Manchester. You can find out more about specific opportunities with each of these universities by navigating to the relevant page above.
ACF posts all attract a NTN (A) and are run through opportunities. Please note if you don't already hold a NTN, you must apply for the relevant speciality for clinical benchmarking.
Please check the relevant Clinical Person Specification for 2019 to ascertain whether you are eligible to apply.
4. Your immigration status allows you to work in the UK**. Please visit the UK Visas and Immigration website for further information.
If it is determined that your application does not meet the required standard, your application will not proceed to the shortlisting stage.
If your employment is subject to immigration control, you should visit the Specialty Training website for information about how this will affect your application. In some cases, applications will not be considered or only once the resident labour market test can be satisfied.
Further information can be found via the UKVI website.
For Shortlisting and Selection Centre Information, please visit the NIHR website.
Selection Centres for the Academic Clinical Fellowships will be located at various places. Details of the exact location will be included in your invitation to interview, should you be successful at the shortlisting stage.


text:
namespace crypto {
namespace tink {
namespace {

using ::crypto::tink::test::IsOk;
using ::crypto::tink::test::IsOkAndHolds;
using ::google::crypto::tink::KeysetInfo;
using ::google::crypto::tink::KeyStatusType;
using ::testing::Key;
using ::testing::Not;
using ::testing::StrEq;
using ::testing::UnorderedElementsAre;

class FakePrf : public Prf {
 public:
  explicit FakePrf(const std::string& output) : output_(output) {}
  util::StatusOr<std::string> Compute(absl::string_view input,
                                      size_t output_length) const override {
    return output_;
  }

 private:
  std::string output_;
};

class PrfSetWrapperTest : public ::testing::Test {
 protected:
  void SetUp() override { prf_set_ = absl::make_unique<PrimitiveSet<Prf>>(); }

  util::StatusOr<PrimitiveSet<Prf>::Entry<Prf>*> AddPrf(
      const std::string& output, const KeysetInfo::KeyInfo& key_info) {
    auto prf = absl::make_unique<FakePrf>(output);
    return prf_set_->AddPrimitive(std::move(prf), key_info);
  }

  KeysetInfo::KeyInfo MakeKey(uint32_t id) {
    KeysetInfo::KeyInfo key;
    key.set_output_prefix_type(google::crypto::tink::OutputPrefixType::RAW);
    key.set_key_id(id);
    key.set_status(KeyStatusType::ENABLED);
    return key;
  }

  std::unique_ptr<PrimitiveSet<Prf>>& PrfSet() { return prf_set_; }

 private:
  std::unique_ptr<PrimitiveSet<Prf>> prf_set_;
};

TEST_F(PrfSetWrapperTest, NullPrfSet) {
  PrfSetWrapper wrapper;
  EXPECT_THAT(wrapper.Wrap(nullptr), Not(IsOk()));
}

TEST_F(PrfSetWrapperTest, EmptyPrfSet) {
  PrfSetWrapper wrapper;
  EXPECT_THAT(wrapper.Wrap(absl::make_unique<PrimitiveSet<Prf>>()).status(),
              Not(IsOk()));
}

TEST_F(PrfSetWrapperTest, NonRawKeyType) {
  KeysetInfo::KeyInfo key_info = MakeKey(1);
  key_info.set_output_prefix_type(google::crypto::tink::OutputPrefixType::TINK);
  auto entry = AddPrf("output", key_info);
  ASSERT_THAT(entry, IsOk());
  ASSERT_THAT(PrfSet()->set_primary(entry.value()), IsOk());
  PrfSetWrapper wrapper;
  EXPECT_THAT(wrapper.Wrap(std::move(PrfSet())), Not(IsOk()));
}

TEST_F(PrfSetWrapperTest, WrapOkay) {
  auto entry = AddPrf("output", MakeKey(1));
  ASSERT_THAT(entry, IsOk());
  ASSERT_THAT(PrfSet()->set_primary(entry.value()), IsOk());
  PrfSetWrapper wrapper;
  auto wrapped = wrapper.Wrap(std::move(PrfSet()));
  ASSERT_THAT(wrapped, IsOk());
  EXPECT_THAT(wrapped.value()->ComputePrimary("input", 6),
              IsOkAndHolds(StrEq("output")));
}

TEST_F(PrfSetWrapperTest, WrapTwo) {
  std::string primary_output("output");
  auto entry = AddPrf(primary_output, MakeKey(1));
  ASSERT_THAT(entry, IsOk());
  ASSERT_THAT(PrfSet()->set_primary(entry.value()), IsOk());

  ASSERT_THAT(AddPrf(primary_output, MakeKey(1)), IsOk());
  std::string secondary_output("different");
  ASSERT_THAT(AddPrf(secondary_output, MakeKey(2)), IsOk());
  PrfSetWrapper wrapper;
  auto wrapped_or = wrapper.Wrap(std::move(PrfSet()));
  ASSERT_THAT(wrapped_or, IsOk());
  auto wrapped = std::move(wrapped_or.value());
  EXPECT_THAT(wrapped->ComputePrimary("input", 6),
              IsOkAndHolds(StrEq("output")));
  const auto& prf_map = wrapped->GetPrfs();
  ASSERT_THAT(prf_map, UnorderedElementsAre(Key(1), Key(2)));
  EXPECT_THAT(prf_map.find(1)->second->Compute("input", 6),
              IsOkAndHolds(StrEq("output")));
  EXPECT_THAT(prf_map.find(2)->second->Compute("input", 6),
              IsOkAndHolds(StrEq("different")));
}

}  // namespace
}  // namespace tink
}  // namespace crypto


Friday is here and that means another guest post for the "What to Wear to a Baseball Game" series! Today, Mary-Katherine from gold-hatted lover is sporting her two favorite looks for the Royals. She's totally covered the bases for two awesome looks for a game. So glad to have her on the blog today-- thanks for guest posting MK! Be sure to check out her blog here!
An MLB team located in Kansas City, MO and members of the American League Central division. Since 1973 they have played home games in Kauffman Stadium and their colors are royal blue, white and powder blue. They've played for two World Series titles, winning their only one in 1985.
it is baseball season and to me royals games are synonymous with summer, my absolute favorite season. i have so many memories of warm nights at the k spent cheering on our boys with my main man.
when i say warm nights i really do mean warm. one thing this california girl found out very quickly is that humidity means it does not cool down when the sun goes down! ever since that discovery i make sure to wear loose pieces and of course sunglasses or a hat to keep from getting a major burn (more lessons learned). while i am typically not one to wear sports gear but rather choose to rock team colors like in outfit one, i do get a hard time for it so every once in a while i will throw on the team gear to show my support and hush the haters ;) since i do tend to share my time between these two sorts of outfits i thought i may as well share them both!
wishing you a wonderful summer rooting on your favorite team and remember: be royal!
look one// top: old navy (comes in five colors!) // skirt: j.crew factory // sandals: jack rogers // sunglasses: tory burch // necklace: nordstrom, old (love this one) // bracelets: j.crew + thrifted // nails: essie "my better half"
look two// top: royals // shorts: j.crew factory // sneaks: converse // sunglasses: ray-ban // bracelets: c/o socal gems + j.crew // nails: essie "my better half"
thanks so much for having me! loving this series!
Love the Royals & love these cute outfits MK put together!


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text:
Home news RHINO LININGS YEAR END PROMOTION, ANNOUNCED
RHINO LININGS YEAR END PROMOTION, ANNOUNCED
Soul 2 Soul Mates Blog 12/16/2017 06:01:00 pm news,
Rhino Linings Corporation (http://www.rhinolinings.com), a recognized innovator in the protective coatings industry, best
known for its sprayed-on truck bed liners, announced today their year-end coupon – 20% off of all sprayed on applications. This coupon is available to all consumers, and will be honored at participating Rhino Linings dealerships within the United States and Canada.
Rhino Linings is dedicated to continued engagement with its consumers. This promotion is intended to capture potential new prospects for the holiday season. "For almost 30 years, Rhino Linings has proved to be the trusted sprayed on bedliner, and we'd like to offer a token of gratitude to our fans – a coupon, so that everyone can 'put a Rhino' under their tree. Our sprayed on applications can be used on trucks, Jeeps, ATVS, cars or accessories," said Pierre Gagnon, president and CEO of Rhino Linings Corporation.
To obtain the discount, the coupon needs to be printed and brought to a participating Rhino Linings dealer within the United States and Canada, and is open to US and Canadian residents 18 years of age or older. The promotion ends December 29, 2017.
For more information, please visit http://rhinolinings.com/news/press-releases/2017/rhino-linings-year-end-promotion.
About Rhino Linings Corporation
Rhino Linings Corporation, established in 1988 and headquartered in San Diego, California, is a privately-held corporation and world leader in protective coatings and linings. Products manufactured and distributed by Rhino Linings Corporation include polyurethane, polyaspartic and epoxy coatings, concrete coatings, spray foam insulation and sealants, and interior and exterior stucco. Rhino Linings Corporation has a global retail and industrial applicator network consisting of more than 2,000 independently owned and operated businesses in almost 80 countries. For more information about Rhino Linings Corporation, call 858-450-0441 or visit
By Soul 2 Soul Mates Blog - 12/16/2017 06:01:00 pm


A deep purple tint on the rim with delicious flavours of ripe strawberry, banana, juicy plums and rich, red cherry. Produced in an easy drinking style with well-integrated wood and a soft, smooth finish. Enjoy now with roast beef, guinea fowl, roast chicken, stews, lamb, pizza and pasta.


Lets start the year off right. I hope that everyone has a prosperous 2011. When I win the Mega Millions I will buy you all a little something-something.
1. Yankee swap REGIFT parties are a blast.
2. The Stadium in Quincy has a really nice set up.
3. Being dehydrated is the worst. Everything aches for no reason.
4. Sad day when fantasy football is over.
6. Mario rocks a mean sweater - and I dont mean that in a gay way, not that theres anything wrong with that.
7. Chili sauce and grape jelly make one mean sauce.
8. Shaun Dillon likes free food.
9. Bar 338 in Revere is a pretty nice place.
10. Tyson frozen wings are no joke.
11. Best swap gift...Does this look like Los?


So you have an upcoming hardscape project that involves natural stone. Whether you're installing a new travertine patio or sealing an existing bluestone walkway, it's time to brush up on some geology before getting to work! Start your stopwatch because we're about to hit the key characteristics of natural stone in only four minutes! Ready. Set. Go!
Density simply refers to the weight of a stone and is measured relative to the density of water (1 gram per cubic cm). Most types of stone in the earth's crust have similar densities. A dense stone like granite will offer superior durability and strength. Other examples of dense stones include basalt, dolomite, and slate.
Porosity is the amount of open space between mineral grains in a stone (and generally dictates permeability). A very porous stone, like sandstone, will absorb liquids quickly. Since all natural stones are porous, they are susceptible to staining, etching, spalling, etc.
Permeability is the ability of liquids to move through a stone. While permeability is closely linked to porosity, a stone can have low porosity and high permeability depending on its grain structure (i.e. bluestone).
This is a key characteristic that needs to be front and center of any natural stone project. Absorption will determine two very important things: 1. How prone the surface will be to staining and 2. How to properly protect that surface. Stones such as limestone and sandstone feature high absorption rates. Absorption is also a key factor should homeowner decide to seal their project.
Stop the clock because you're now up to speed on the four key characteristics of natural stone!


Dedicated kids' fun zones, incorporated in our new passenger terminal, are designed to entertain our youngest guests. Here, they can play and enjoy themselves while waiting for the departure.
Looking for a place suitable for children to have moments of fun while you enjoy your time close by? A colorful open air kids' playground is located after security check. The area provides the youngest passengers with a feast of joy during their stay.
You want to surprise your beloved boy or girl? Just across the kids fun zone you can find a selection of the newest toys. The assortment is orientated to all ages and makes the trip home more exciting and rewarding for your kids.
Looking for another selection of toys for your kids? Step inside the kids section in the duty free shops as they also provide a wide variety of toys. Explore the great gifts and find that special one to take home with you.


There are different types of situations where whiteboards are used.  In the example provided by the original poster the whiteboard is used more as an illustrative tool that functions like multimedia and audio description is likely the best solution.  However, whiteboards are used more in a collaborative way in products like Blackboard Collaborate.    Some have provided some great details about how you could make animation accessible – clearly certain key frames are more important to communicate information and you could have the user walk through the recorded whiteboard.  There are however other situations such as interacting the with Whiteboard or knowing what was done in real-time that are important.  So far the product that did the best job in my opinion was Blackboard Collaborate.  From my memory they had an object view of the whiteboard allowing a timeline of objects that were added and this allowed keyboard selection of objects and keyboard modification of the objects to move them around.  While it wasn't fully accessible it provided some order and list of things that were done and provided keyboard access.  So a user could know that this or that type of object or text block was added.  These items of course are out of context in the xyz plane if you can't see the whiteboard but it provided the starting point something that is a very visual experience.
In reply to: Sean Murphy (seanmmur): "RE: Accessibility of Whiteboard Animations"


T.I.G.R.E. – Turkestan International Group for Research and Excavation, is responsible for the excavation of Uch Kulakh, a fortified castle with two living areas connected to it, located in the heart of the ancient Silk Road, one of the most important Early Medioeval settlement of the Oasis of Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
In this territory, still not much know but of great importance, no archaeological monument of this kind has never been investigated. The excavations of Uch Kulakh began in the 90s of last century, and was suspended in the 2009 for lack of funds.
The mission aims is that to resume the archaeological excavation suspended in 2009 in an unique place in the world, important for the study of the history of Central Asia, in order to recover a piece of history that has unique peculiarities. It is necessary to emphasize the importance that archaeology has, when talking about Central Asia and in particular about Sogdiana or the Oasis of Bukhara, for the reconstruction of the historical events just due to the absence of a local historiographical literature, at the least up to the period immediately before Islam. Thus, archaeology becomes an essential tool, useful to reconstruct the chronological sequence, owing to the lack of written sources. It must be, then, stressed, with regard to Sogdiana, that archaeology and history are two closely connected subjects: it is through the discovery of archaeological remains that is possible to find correspondences in the chronological sequence of events that have characterized history of mankind.
The resumption of the excavation will rely on the professionalism and passion of the Italian Uzbek archaeologists, of the French, Italian and Uzbek scholars, and laborers of the place.
At the end of the excavation will be write a final report in two languages (English-Spanish) both online and on paper version which relates on the excavation and on the reconstruction of the history of the site investigated. All the documentation will have images of the materials found and given to the Museum of Ark of Bukhara, as well as it will be enriched with the most salient images of the exciting location of the excavation and of places to travel along the heart of the Silk Road. The intent is to build an alternative and attractive tourist route.
We decided to finance the project through crowdfunding because of the difficulties in traditional activities of the fundraising, so that we hope to open the project to a wide international audiance to create a community that will take an active part in its evolution based on the model virtuoso widely tested abroad, where museums meet the fervent support of social web.
The area of the Oasis of Bukhara was for centuries the scene of some important and fascinating periods of history. This place is the started points that ties the Western world and the Eastern world, here during the centuries were alternated and approached the great cultures of the ancient time. Uch Kulakh is a unique case in the history.
Donate and help us discover more!
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION CAR with DRIVER(Every day transportation for the archaeologist and workmen for reaching the excavation site of Uch Kulakh; distance for the "round-trip" is 80 km,so that for 35 days of working it's approximately 2800 km of driving; the excavation site it's located at the edge of the steppe desert and obviously it is accessible only by four-wheel drive.).
Every day transporation for reaching the excavation site. Inland transportation.
The low level of local costs allows us to pay very little for the workers without any other form of exploitation by the archaeological mission.
5.70€ a day per person / 5,70 x 15 workmen = 85.50 per day / 85.50 x 35 = 3000€ approx.
15local workmen x 35 days approx.
Help us beat the clock, Donate Today!


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