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Should you travel in Italy when there's a strike on?
Transport strikes are a frequent occurrence in Italy, but how disruptive are they usually and what else should you consider if you're planning to travel? Here's what you need to know.
Delays or cancellations are possible when there's a nationwide transport strike in Italy, but how likely are they really? Photo by Andreas SOLARO / AFP
Let's be honest: strikes in Italy are hardly unusual.
If you're wondering whether the news about upcoming transport strikes means you should rethink your travel plans, here are some things to bear in mind.
Strikes are of course intended to cause disruption, and in that they're often pretty effective (Italian workers have had enough practice, after all).
So there is often a possibility that your plane, train, bus or ferry might be delayed or cancelled.
But just because there is a transport strike in the news, don't assume that everything will be cancelled.
READ ALSO: How Italy's transport strikes will impact travel on Friday
Unions often target transport services because these are highly visible, and these are also the type of strikes that tend to get international media coverage, because they affect visitors to Italy.
But strikes in Italy vary hugely in how much disruption they cause, to which services, and where.
It also depends on which unions are involved – the Italian union landscape is pretty complex and divides along political lines so that, for example, train drivers at a single company could be represented by any one of several different unions.
For this reason, strikes only really cause widespread disruption when all or most of the unions agree to strike on the same day.
Otherwise you're likely to see some services cancelled but others running as normal.
If this is the case you will probably be able to get to your destination, it might just take a little more time with unusually crowded trains/buses.
If you have a pre-booked ticket for a cancelled service, you can usually take the next one at no extra charge.
If you're travelling by plane things are obviously less flexible, and the best thing to do is check with your airline.
In many recent cases, disruption and delays to flights have been caused not by Italian airline staff striking, but by baggage handlers or air traffic control going on strike.
When this happens, again it does not necessarily involve every airport in Italy, or every member of staff at an airport, so it rarely causes as much chaos as you might expect.
And a minimum level of 'essential' service is always guaranteed at certain times of day when there's a strike on.
Check strike timetables
Essential workers such as transport workers are required to give notice of their intention to strike, which means that some operators create 'strike timetables' of the services that will be running, or sometimes lists of cancelled flights, which are usually available at least 24 hours in advance.
You can use these to see what is running and whether it's worth travelling or not.
With strikes being so heavily regulated in Italy, the transport ministry also helpfully compiles an official strike calendar, which you can find here.
While the official list of strikes sometimes looks long at first glance, you'll notice that many of these events affect only one small part of the country, or that only members of one union are participating.
Countless small, localised strikes happen in Italy every year, and most of them barely get any media coverage at home, never mind internationally.
A nationwide, 24-hour transport strike is more likely to cause problems for passengers – but again, it all depends where you're going, at what time, and how.
Unions always claim in advance that their protest will bring the country to a complete standstill. This is generally just a rhetorical flourish that you can probably ignore – check the strike timetables for the full picture.
You can also check out The Local's strike section HERE for the latest news on strikes and which services will be affected.
Clare Speak [email protected] ClareinItaly
STRIKESTRANSPORT
TRAVEL: Delays expected as Italian airport workers strike on Friday
Costly flights, few trains: What's travel like between Sicily and mainland Italy?
Passengers travelling to and from Italian airports were warned to expect delays on Friday, January 27th, due to strikes by baggage handlers and other staff, with Milan's Linate set to be worst affected.
Strike action on by staff from airport ground service companies may result in delays and queues at some Italian airports, with ticket desks, check-in and baggage handling likely to be affected.
At the national level, ground support staff will take part in a strike held by several of Italy's biggest trade unions during the day, while an additional strike by baggage handlers at Milan's Linate airport is expected to cause further disruption.
"It won't be so much a problem of cancelled flights, even if sometimes the airlines seize the opportunity to cancel one that would leave half empty, but of delays," Renzo Canavesi, CUB union leader for the Lombardy region, told La Stampa.
READ ALSO: Should you travel in Italy when there's a strike on?
At Linate, ground service company Swissport Italia and handling companies Airport Handling and Air Cargo plan to strike on Friday.
Staff from Swissport Italia will hold a 24-hour strike at Linate, while the other two ground operators will strike for four hours (from 10.30am to 2.30pm for Airport Handling; from 9pm to 1am of the next day for Airport Cargo).
Passengers are advised to arrive early for flights and to check the status of their service before leaving for the airport.
Passengers may be entitled to compensation in the event of severe delays or flight cancellations. See our guide for further details.
You can keep up to date with the latest strike news from Italy HERE.
TRAVEL: New high-speed rail service links Rome and Milan in record time
The train routes connecting Italy to the rest of Europe in 2023


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It's amazing how much life a perfect stainless steel surface can bring to a room. The Superline full stainless steel collection consists of various large and small works of art in a variety of exquisite designs. Gaze with amazement and draw inspiration from the stunning effects created by the square, round, square-conical and round-conical series. We also offer a range of special designs, such as plinth models.
The planters radiate class and charm without imposing themselves on their surroundings. Furthermore, a wonderful variety of frames, exquisite wood veneers and wheel bases are available.
The super-coating on the interior guarantees a watertight finish. The smooth, dirt-resistant exterior is available in any colour. And soon, Superline stainless steel will be available in custom designs, allowing you to let your imagination run wild! For example, you can extend the stainless steel to combine with objects such as reception desks, seats, wall panelling and railings. As the design and production is all conducted in-house, you never have to wait for long. Superline stainless steel inspires you to take that extra step.
Superline hybrids create a charming interplay between stainless steel and other materials. By making beautiful combinations of materials and special finishes, you can add your own personal touches to create a luxurious and welcoming atmosphere. These fabulous designs, which use materials such as FSC wood, create a warm and natural ambiance. They blend naturally into plant-rich surroundings, and add a touch of elegance to formal settings.
Superline Cortensteel is characterised by a dynamic dark-brown colour scheme. This alloy, consisting of, amongst others, iron, copper and chrome, is a favourite material for statues and other works of art. The robust quality is oxidised in a sustainable, colour-fast and rust-free manner according to an authentic process. An optional protective layer of oil is also available. The high-quality interior coating prevents rusting from the inside. It is an artistic choice that testifies to your good taste.
We have over 60 products in our Superline Planters range.


Born and raised just outside Chicago and having lived squarely in it for more than a decade, I'd been in and out of the food service industry for officially over half my life and in all capacities (with a few other careers in there too). I've worked in both Michelin-starred white tablecloth establishments and sloppy pizza shacks that had one too many drunk owners and bugs. I've made all the classic service industry mistakes, been fired, been hired, been fired then rehired, been given opportunity and had it yanked away. I know it like I know my family, for better and worse. These days, I'm a graphic designer and marketing manager who heads up She's Crafty Chicago, an all-lady beer club.
I love beer. I love wine. I love certain spirits and am slowly acclimating to others. I love deep ballsy porters and coffee stouts, I rarely turn down Belgians and I avoid heavy hops, especially hops for hops' sake. I explore. I order sours. Sometimes I drink alone, and I'm ok with that.
Have a seat. Let me buy you a beer and talk your ear off about it.
Just wanted to send you a quick note to say thank you for following my blog, and that I love reading yours! You have such a natural way of writing, which makes for really enjoyable reading.
I hope you don't mind, but I added a link to your blog on the bottom right column of mine in an "Other Sites You Might Like" section. Please let me know if you'd like me to take it down.


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Iglesia de los Mártires is one of the oldest churches in Málaga and it is dedicated to the three patron saints of the city.
Construction began at the end of the 15th century.
The church has a long history of destruction and has been rebuilt and renovated several times.
Currently the church is a mixture of styles, but the main style of the interior is Rococo.
If you visit this church, take the time to admire the abundance of marble, the eleven chapels with gilded altars, the statues of the Virgin Mary, the numerous paintings, and the sacristy in pastel tones.
The interior is truly magnificent, which can come as a bit of a surprise given its exterior appearance.


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The Benefits of Learning a Second Language Early
by adminOxford | Feb 7, 2018 | Sin categoría
Ángela Álvarez-Cofiño Martínez, a specialist in teaching English to very young learners, explains why, when it comes to learning a new language – the younger the better!
It is thought that unborn babies are able to distinguish between different languages from inside the womb. From birth, they further develop their understanding of the sounds that they are regularly exposed to and begin to reproduce them.
Acquiring a new language at an early age contributes to fluency. Research has shown that we have an innate ability to acquire the rules of any language thanks to the plasticity of the brain and ear. For this reason, children learn their mother tongue very quickly and with very little effort, learning to understand and respond to what they hear within the first two years of their lives. But if this is the case, then why the rush? Research has also shown that this ability reduces rapidly over time. There is some debate as to the cause of this decline, but what is certain is that a child of three is much better able to reproduce sounds, and acquire the vocabulary and structures that make up a language than an adult of 30.
It is widely believed that after the age of seven children start to lose this natural ability to reproduce new sounds, making second language acquisition slower and more difficult. While the ideal way to ensure that a child successfully learns a second, third or fourth language is continuous, regular exposure to it, this is not usually possible unless the people that child comes into regular contact with are multilingual. For this reason, introducing languages in the early years of education is the best way to make the most of this innate ability.
So how does one successfully introduce a new language to very young learners? First, we must remember that not all children learn in the same way. We must also bear in mind the age of the learners, and their capacity to remain focused. For these reasons, the best way to introduce a new language to early learners is through a variety of activities and tasks, accompanied by continuous exposure to the new language. This allows students with different learning styles and varied abilities to succeed.
The approach at this early age should predominantly be a communicative one. Young learners should be clear that their aim is to understand and to make themselves understood. At the beginning, some children may mix up the new language with their mother tongue, as they do not yet have a strong enough grasp of either language to communicate fluently. However, with time and exposure, they will learn to express themselves in a natural way. Other educational techniques that can be employed with young learners are Total Physical Response (TPR), Project Based Learning (PBL), experimental tasks, phonics (to enhance pronunciation), active play and games, songs, rhymes and chants. All of these can be found in the Little Scientists and Little Artists series, and will help with the successful introduction of a second language at Pre-Primary level.
Are the benefits of early second language acquisition linked to cognition? Research has shown that children who start learning a second language at an early age are better and faster problem solvers, as they have had the opportunity to develop their ability to think critically (especially High Order Thinking Skills) and are better able to multi-task. They also tend to be more creative (from a cognitive point of view) and have a greater mental flexibility. These skills are ones that, if the learner continues to use more than one language regularly, will stay with them through to later life.
All in all, there are no downsides to introducing a second language with young learners, and the earlier the better. I hope that you and your little scientists and little artists continue to enjoy experimenting in English!
Digital Oxford CLIL Magazine
Spotlight On: CLIL Students
An introduction to Oxford CLIL Literacy with the authors
CLIL Advice Column: Think Do Learn Edition
pegging for beginners on CLIL Advice Column: Think Do Learn Edition

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Le thé de yuja ( yuja-cha) est un thé traditionnel coréen fait à partir de yuja. Le fruit est coupé en fines tranches, avec son écorce, et mélangé avec du miel ou du sucre, puis transformé en confiture ou marmelade (yuja-cheong 유자청). Le fruit est apprécié pour son goût amer et un peu aigre. Le mot yuja est parfois traduit en citron, mais c'est un agrume différent de ce dernier.

Pour transformer le yujacha en boisson, une cuillère de yucheong est mélangée dans une tasse d'eau chaude.

Le yujacha est utilisé comme remède médicinal pour les rhumes, et les maladies courantes des périodes hivernales.

Ingrédients

 600 grammes de yuja
 500 grammes de sucre
 Pignons de pin, ou autres types de graines.

Origine du yujacha en Corée

L'arrivée du yuja en Corée remonte à la période Silla. Jang Bogo (787-846) aurait transporté des yuja de Chine jusqu'à la côte sud de la Corée. Le bateau aurait heurté les côtes après une tempête, et l'homme aurait répandu des graines depuis ses poches dans tout le sud de la Corée, à mesure de son périple.

Préparation

Thés similaires
D'autres thés sont aussi populaires en Corée, comme par exemple le daechucha, qui est un thé de jujube, le googijacha, avec des baies de goji, aussi répandu en Chine, l'insamcha, un thé de ginseng, le nokcha, un thé vert, l'omijacha, issu des fruits du Schisandra chinensis, le sangangcha, à base de gingembre, ou encore le yulmucha, à base de Coix lacryma-jobi.

A Taîwan, un thé comparable est fait à partir du sambokan, agrume longtemps réputé hybride du yuzu.

Notes et références

Boisson à base de thé
Thé coréen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Do "races" exist as meaningful biological categories? Physical anthropologists and human biologists have been studying race (i.e., blacks vs. whites, or Europeans vs. Asians) for centuries. For most of that time, they subscribed to the perspective that race was a taxonomic category, and they sought to identify the biological characteristics (such as cranial shape or skin color) that characterized and defined these different groups. This perspective assumed that each individual was a member of a single racial category, that the differences between racial categories were biological, and that these categories were predictive of other traits (such as ancestry, temperament, intelligence, or health).


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Used motor oil is a valuable resource. It doesn't wear out; it just gets dirty. Motor oil can be recycled into new oil products.
Drain oil filters upside down over a container to collect remaining oil for at least 12 hours. Put drained filters in a sealed container to prevent leaks.
County household hazardous waste drop-off sites accept motor oil and oil filters.
Contact your city or municipality to see if they collect oil filters.
Some automotive service centers collect oil filters. Check for services, hours and fees before taking items.
Store used motor oil in a sealed, labeled container. Don't mix used motor oil with antifreeze, water, gasoline, or other fluids. Don't store used motor oil in a container previously used for antifreeze, bleach, paint, pesticides, or other chemicals. Any residue left in the container may contaminate the oil.
Minnesota law prohibits throwing away motor oil and oil filters. Even when drained, oil filters contain motor oil that can contaminate our environment if disposed of improperly.
Empty plastic containers that previously held automotive fluids should not be recycled. Place empty containers in the garbage.
For information on disposal of other automotive fluids, see automotive fluids or fuels.


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FORMER IGP, MUHAMMADU GAMBO JIMETA DIES OF CORONAVIRUS IN ABUJA HOSPITAL
127 SOLDIERS SUBMIT THEIR RESIGNATION LETTERS
SERVICE CHIEFS WILL GET OVER 40 SOLDIERS, 8 VEHICLES EACH AS RETIREMENT BENEFITS WHEN THEY LEAVE OFFICE
BOLU, SON OF FORMER PRESIDENTIAL AIDE, DOYIN OKUPE SAYS HE'S GAY, SEE HIS POST
APPEAL COURT SETS ASIDE DEATH SENTENCED PASSED ON KANO SINGER, AMINU YARIF
ARMY STOPPED FERTILISER SUPPLY TO ADAMAWA, YOBE AND BORNO BECAUSE OF BOKO HARAM, READ MORE
ABUJA- CHIEF of Army Staff, COAS, Lt. Gen Yusuf Buratai, yesterday explained that the army decided to stop the supply of fertilizers in three troubled States of North East in order to stop the production of Improvised Explosive Device, IED, by the Islamist militants, Boko Haram.
Chief of Army Staff, Lt-Gen. Tukur Buratai
The COAS disclosed this while addressing the House Committee on Army led by Rep Rilma Shawulu, in Abuja, during an investigative hearing on the prohibition of use of Jerry can for purchase of premium motor spirit (PMS) in Yobe and motorcycles in Adamawa state.
Buratai stated that the Lafia Dole security team constituted in various operational areas in Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states "had established that one of the mode of transportation used by the insurgency was motorcycle."
According to him, in a bid to effectively tackle the menace, security agencies resolved to "cut off all logistic supplies" of the terrorist groups, Including petrol and fertilizers used to produce IEDs.
He further stated that "the Boko Haram terrorists exploit all means to get food and other items, hence we need to know the end-users of those items because they are the items that sustain them."
Buratai who was represented by Bassey Etuk by the Director of Operations Department explained that the decision became necessary to curb the activities of the insurgents in the troubled States.
While stressing that the decision was based on intelligence reports on the activities of the insurgents, Etuk urged the House to write a formal letter to the office of the Chief of Army Staff for necessary consideration for the ban to be lifted.
He said, "Since they have been degraded, we won't allow our economic lives to be affected. We will look into the issue of allowing farmers to buy petroleum for their use. Even the issue of fertilizer, we control its supply. The issue can be handled."
Speaking earlier, a member of the Committee, Bukar Goni (APC-Yobe) explained that 95 percent of Yobe indigenes who are farmers and affected by the insurgency had been deprived on buying PMS for the irrigation of their farms.
On his part, Sadiq Ibrahim (APC-Adamawa) said Adamawa Central which was never affected by the activities of Boko Haram sect was barred from commercial and private use of motorcycles.
He added that the ban prevented women and children in the affected areas from engaging in farming activities during the raining season, stresimg that this may result into famine when the dry season commences.
According to him, the ban also affected 15 filling stations operating within Fufore Local Government Area, LGA, from taking delivery of petroleum products while the seven check points mounted by the Nigerian Army between Fufore and Yobe had impacted negatively on the economic well-being of the people.
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE NEW POLICE IG, IDRIS
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SNMP Visibility Even When LAN Access is Down
The NetGuardian 832A connects directly to your LAN and also has an internal dial-up modem. The NetGuardian's dial-up connection can be used as a primary or secondary path for reporting SNMP traps.
SNMP remotes are typically used with a direct LAN connection, but it's a smart idea to also have a dial-up connection for your SNMP remotes. A primary or secondary dial-up path will give your SNMP manager visibility of your remote sites when LAN access is unavailable.
The NetGuardian 832A is principally a LAN-based remote, but it also has an internal 33.6K modem, which can be used as a primary or secondary connection path.
Dial-up as a primary path for sites without LAN access
You may have remote sites that are so distant that they don't have access to your LAN. But that doesn't mean that you can't integrate them into your network's SNMP monitoring solution. The NetGuardian mediates alarms from the remote site as SNMP traps and forwards them through a dial-up connection to a PPP server linked to your LAN. As your network expands, these distant remote sites can be integrated into your LAN without disrupting your network monitoring.
Dial-up as a backup secondary path
With network monitoring, more security is always better. Even if your remote site has access to your LAN, you should plan for the contingency that your LAN may go down. And it is precisely when communication links are having problems that you most need access to your network monitoring. A NetGuardian with LAN connection and dial-up backup will ensure that you have constant visibility of your site.
Smoothly Migrate Dial-Up Sites to LAN-Based SNMP
The NetGuardian is also an ideal way to migrate your existing dial-up sites to LAN-based SNMP. Sites that are currently monitored by legacy remotes using dial-up connections can be immediately upgraded to NetGuardians reporting SNMP over a dial-up connection. With the NetGuardian, these dial-up sites can be integrated with network-wide SNMP monitoring, without adding new transport layers.
When LAN access is later added to the site, the NetGuardian can be easily switched to reporting over the LAN, with minimal provisioning and without disconnecting alarm inputs. The dial-up path can be retained as an emergency backup in case of LAN failure.
Get the SNMP Fast Track GuideBook
Download our free SNMP White Paper. Featuring SNMP Expert Marshall DenHartog.
This guidebook has been created to give you the information you need to successfully implement SNMP-based alarm monitoring in your network.


Each generation has to stand up for democracy. It can't take anything for granted and may have to fight fundamental battles anew.
"Why democracy will last". Margaret Thatcher's second Carlton Lecture at the Carlton Club in central London, www.margaretthatcher.org. November 26, 1984.
Strategy is a commodity, execution is an art.
Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.
"Strategy bites back: It is a lot more, and less, than you ever imagined". Book by Henry Mintzberg, Bruce W. Ahlstrand, Joseph Lampel (p. 45), 2005.
You can talk all you want about having a clear purpose and strategy for your life, but ultimately this means nothing if you are not investing the resources you have in a way that is consistent with your strategy. In the end, a strategy is nothing but good intentions unless it's effectively implemented.
The soundest strategy in war is to postpone operations until the moral disintegration of the enemy renders the delivery of the mortal blow both possible and easy.
Do you believe in what you do? Every day? It turns out that belief happens to be a brilliant strategy.
Fitting in is a short-term strategy that gets you nowhere. Standing out is a long-term strategy that takes guts and produces results.


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That Obi-Wan Kenobi flashback might feature the origins of a major villain
Warning: Major spoilers ahead for Obi-Wan Kenobi! Turn back now if you haven't seen the new episodes on Disney Plus!
Obi-Wan Kenobi might have revealed the origins of one of its main villains already.
The series opens with a flashback to the Jedi Temple, with some younglings in training. Disaster is quick to strike when clone troopers burst into the room – Order 66 is in full swing, and the Temple is under attack.
The Jedi who is training the younglings is killed, but the flashback ends before we find out the little ones' fate. It's possible, though, that one of the Padawans-to-be is none other than the galaxy's newest villain, the Inquisitor Reva.
Inquisitors are Force sensitives who are tasked with hunting the surviving Jedi, and they work under the control of Darth Vader. Considering Reva's powers, then, it's not a stretch to say she probably did spend some time in the Temple as a child.
Plus, in the final moments of Obi-Wan Kenobi episode 2, we find out that Reva knows Anakin Skywalker is Darth Vader. It's possible she saw Anakin in the Temple during Order 66, and that's how she knows about his transformation into the helmet-wearing Sith Lord, which is otherwise a closely guarded secret from the rest of the galaxy.
(Image credit: Disney/Lucasfilm)
"I think Reva is the 1st Padawan we see in the Order 66 scene," one viewer (opens in new tab) predicts. "Maybe Obi-Wan's message prevented their being saved & that's why she hates him. And that's how she knows Vader is Anakin. She was at the Temple when he showed up." In Revenge of the Sith, Obi-Wan broadcasts a message to the Jedi left in the galaxy that warns them away from the Temple.
We probably don't have long to wait to find out if Reva really is a former Jedi youngling. Obi-Wan episode 3 is coming much sooner than you think – check out our Obi-Wan Kenobi release schedule to find out exactly when.
In the meantime, for much more on the series, see our interviews with Ewan McGregor and Hayden Christensen on their favorite memories filming the show and how their characters' relationship has changed, as well as Christensen on why he didn't speak to George Lucas before returning as Darth Vader and Moses Ingram on playing the galaxy's newest villain, Reva.
For everything else coming soon from the galaxy far, far away, there's our guide to all the upcoming Star Wars movies and TV shows.
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#ObiWan #Kenobi #flashback #feature #origins #major #villain
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About I chose pediatrics because I love being part of the your child's care from infancy to adolescence. Each kiddo is so unique and it is a joy watching children grow and change through the years. My work is a true joy and my day can be filled from tears to squeals to laughter and I love it! I am married and my husband is a pharmacist and we have one son named Kieran. We love to travel around the world and enjoy hiking, biking and skiing.


In 2017, 65% of homeowners chose to renovate instead of moving to a new house, according to research by Nationwide Building Society.
Whether you're moving or have recently moved in, you'll always want to add value to your home. Your survey from your chartered surveyor will act as a helpful checklist of improvements that will add value to your home. Major issues to fix will usually be marked in red on your homebuyers survey.
In addition to a chartered surveyor, Compare My Move have also listed more cheap and easy ideas that will also help to add value to your home, such as a lick of paint, tidying up your garden and spring cleaning. However, there's some obvious ways to increase the value of your home by up to 20%. Adding a loft conversion, the addition of a conservatory and improving your kitchen will all significantly add value to your home.
These are the home improvements that will add the most value to your home. From converting your unused garage to a loft conversion with a bedroom, these ideas will help you add up to 20% on the value of your home.
Most people don't even keep cars in their garages and they often end up as an unused space. Extra living space is always attractive to home buyers. Converting your unused garage into an extra living space is a great way to increase the value of your home by up to 15% according to Property Price Advice.
The kitchen has become the heart of the home, so if there is one room you are going to improve, make it this one. It has become the ultimate multi-functional space – we eat, do work and host parties in there. A kitchen that is modern, attractive and one that will still be desirable in 10 years' time is sought after by both buyers and valuation surveyors.
According to Nationwide Building Society, adding a new kitchen will increase the value of your home by 6%. However, you won't see much of a return on investment if you're paying £20,000 for your kitchen when your property is worth £200,000, the same goes for a house costing £70,000 as you'll see no difference.
It is worth exploring different cost effective materials to lower the price of the renovation. Polished concrete floors and worktops are a much more cost effective choice than solid stone or marble, but will still add a modern air of desirability to your property.
If you have wanted an additional bathroom or guest room, building a loft extension is the best way to go about it, and it doesn't need to be invasive work either – most of it can be done from outside. According to research carried out by Nationwide Building Society, a loft conversion could add up to 20% on the value of your home. If you were to add a loft conversion to a property worth £200,000 that's an increase of up to £40,000.
A full extension with a conservatory, roughly costing between £10,000 and £30,000 will add an average of 11% to the value of your home according to Phil Spencer's 20 ways to add value to your home. Its important the extension matches the rest of your house otherwise it could look unattractive.
For your conservatory to add value to your home, it can often depend on the intended quality of build. You want to ensure that the conservatory matches the style of the rest of your house, rather than turning it into a totally separate structure. Retain some continuity by using the same aesthetic and flooring. On average, conservatories cost between £5,000 and £30,000 and can add around 10% to your home's value, according to Property Price Advice.
Adding value to your home doesn't have to be expensive. Compare My Move have compiled a list of cheap and easy ways you could increase the value of your home.
The hall is the first thing potential buyers will see when they enter your house. The use of mirrors will give the illusion of a larger space, which is an attractive selling point for most people. The hallway should always be kept clear of clutter as well, giving the illusion of more space than it is.
Everyone's guilty of a messy house by letting the clutter build up. Once it's thoroughly cleaned, it will feel like a brand-new house. Simple things like cleaning windows, counters, kitchen ovens, unblocking gutters and clearing the driveway/path area will make all the difference. It may not add a lot of return of investment, but a clean and fresh-looking house will be more attractive to a buyer than a messy, cluttered house. For tips on how to declutter, follow the steps in our how to declutter infographic.
You'll be surprised at what a little bit of paint can do to the appearance of your house. Make sure to cover any dirty or peeling walls to make your house look as attractive as possible. No one wants to buy a house with a poor paint job, inside and out. This is an easy and cheap way to successfully add a bit more value to your house. Don't forget to paint the skirting boards, ceilings, the front door and the exterior.
A well-maintained garden can add up to 20% to your home's value, according to Phil Spencer – and you don't need to spend a fortune on it. Cheap additions such as a few plants, fairy lights and a table and chair set will help to add value to your home.
Keep it tidy by getting rid of weeds, fallen leaves, dead plants and remember to water and care for your garden. Use your garden space wisely, and make it look as large as possible. In general, emphasising how multi-functional your garden space is can increase the property's value.
Giving your front door a touch up will make the whole property seem more appealing. If your front door doesn't make a good first impression, neither will your house. By tidying it up with a fresh coat of paint and a new door number, it will automatically look more inviting to buyers.
Hiring a chartered surveyor will help to save you money in the long run, adding value to your home. The surveyor will be able to highlight any defects or damage including cracks in walls, leaking roofs, damp etc. Compare My Move can even help you save money on your chartered surveying costs.
Adding value to your home doesn't always have to cost a lot. If you follow our simple guide, you'll be able to increase the value of your home, whether you're selling your house or just thinking of the future. To start adding value to your home and save money at the same time, you should compare surveyors. We will connect you with up to 5 professional chartered surveyors.


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Training or Life or Traditional > Podcasts > 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva 03
37 Practices of a Bodhisattva 3
Practices 4, 5, 6, and 7
Los Angeles, CA, April 18, 2006 Download | iTunes
Summary: Translation Questions: 'forget the conventional concerns' (practice 4) and 'ordinary gods' (practice 7). Reflection Questions: What is a relationship, actually? (practices 4 and 5), How do we construct a world out of thoughts, feelings, and sensations? What is the relationship between teacher and student? (practice 6), What does 'give up bad friends' mean? How do you work with negativity? (practice 5), What does it mean to take refuge? (practice 7). Meditation Questions: How do you work with this material in your own practice? Buddhist ethics as a description of awakened behavior vs. a prescription for how you should behave. Translated text available on the website. Topics: bodhisattva, eight worldly dharmas, moral discipline, refuge, teacher/student relationship.


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Thanksgiving started back in the day of the Pilgrims...right?
In this talk, we'll cover the whole history of the most American holiday, from what really happened in Plymouth, to the rush of nostalgia that made Thanksgiving a national holiday in the 19th century.
We'll check out how immigrants and suburban housing developments further changed the holiday in the 20th century. And in every time period, we'll look at menus from Thanksgivings past, from the original food festival, to the multi-meat feasts before the Civil War, to the stories behind iconic dishes of the modern era. You'll find out why it can't be thanksgiving with a pumpkin AND a chicken pie, and which Thanksgiving side dish is the most recent addition to the holiday canon.


Many people have resulted to vaping instead of cigarette smoking, especially in the first class countries. Most of these people are the young adults who are below thirty years as vaping is seen as a cool trend. This has had a great impact on the vape industry since it has grown massively due to the high demand of the e-cigarettes. Several conclusions show that the industry will multiply its profits in the near future if it continues to grow this fast. This has made many people start their own vaping businesses so that they can benefits from the huge profits too. It is common for people to think that this industry is crowded due to the availability of online stores that sell vape products. This results in competition between the vape stores as they try and secure loyal customers and a big market share. Vape products are sold on either online stores or physical stores in various parts of the country. Therefore, you need to know how to select a store that will offer you the kind of vape products you are looking for at favorable conditions. Below are a few tips you need to make use of in order to make the best decision.
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Use this self-reflection model from Visible Learning for Science, Grades K-12, as a follow-up technique once a lesson has occurred that helps students understand where they were and where they are now.
Use this complimentary excerpt from Visible Learning for Science, Grades K-12, to learn powerful feedback strategies that you can use to impact your students' science learning.
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Deck Builder 'Super Dragon Ball Heroes World Mission' Gets New Gameplay Trailer - Noisy Pixel
Deck Builder 'Super Dragon Ball Heroes World Mission' Gets New Gameplay Trailer
March 14, 2019 Noisy Pixel Staff
Bandai Namco released a new trailer for their deck building game, Super Dragon Ball Heroes World Mission, coming to Nintendo Switch and PC-via Steam on April 5.
Super Dragon Ball Heroes World Mission takes place in a place known as Hero Town where a Dragon Ball card is the most popular form of entertainment, which is already a pretty funny premise that makes this game awesome. Players will assume the role of Beat, who has a dream of becoming the world champion in Super Dragon Ball Heroes. However, there's someone who wishes to stop him and bring chaos to the world. Beat must team up with Dragon Ball characters in the virtual world in order to stop him and restore peace in the real world.
The game allows players to create decks features over 350 Dragon Ball heroes and over 1000 variation of cards to unlock and use on the field of battle. Players will also be able to create and save up to 50 customized decks to take on any situation or opponent. The game also has skills and abilities players can learn as they utilize cards to their fullest potential and unlock Ultimate Unit Attacks that can turn the tide of battle.
You can watch the new trailer below show card gameplay:


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NATO AND THE FUTURE OF THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY
Joseph F. Pilat
Joseph F. Pilat and David S. Yost
INTRODUCTION: NATO AND THE FUTURE OF THE NPT
On 12 September 2006, the NATO Defense College and the Los Alamos National Laboratory held a workshop entitled "NATO and the Future of the NPT." This introduction provides a summary of the workshop deliberations, based on the papers collected in this volume and the discussion they generated, concerning the future of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the implications for the Alliance.
The participants agreed that the NPT is under challenge. Since the late 1990s, there has been growing concern about increasing proliferation dangers, including rogue states and terrorists; cooperation on weapons of mass destruction (WMD)...
THE NPT AND ITS SIX ATTRIBUTES
William WALKER
The American jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote in 1919 that the US Constitution "is an experiment, as all life is an experiment".² The same could be said of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). But what exactly has been the experiment that is the NPT, and how can and should its success be assessed? Where do these questions and their answers lead us when contemplating the Treaty's future?
The NPT possessed six attributes at its foundation and during its first quarter century. Firstly and most obviously, it was the text of an international treaty negotiated in...
POLITICAL REQUIREMENTS TO FULFILL THE NON-PROLIFERATION AND DISARMAMENT BARGAIN
Paul WILKE
Do we have a crisis within the system, or of the system? This challenging question was raised by William Walker at a Wilton Park conference on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) held late in 2005. The preliminary answer I came up with was that, whatever the outcome of this turbulent time in the field of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, it will be an extension of the present system. Therefore, without denying that we are facing a crisis, it would be better to see our present time in terms of a paradigm shift. We are moving swiftly...
THE NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY IN CRISIS
Michael RÜHLE
Among the few things that arms control "hawks" and "doves" agree on is the precarious state of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The withdrawal of North Korea in 2003, the frustrating attempts to halt Iran's uranium enrichment programme, and most recently the US-India nuclear deal allow for no other conclusion than that the NPT and the regime it underpins have been damaged – perhaps even beyond repair.
When it comes to the causes for the current malaise, however, the commonality between hawks and doves quickly vanishes. Indeed, their views on who is to blame for the...
THE FUTURE OF THE NPT: A PROGNOSIS
Martin BRIENS
There have been in the past many dark predictions about a proliferated world, a world with more nuclear-capable and nuclear-armed nations, in the context of a weakening, and even a collapse, of the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The threat of nuclear terrorism makes this prospect even more ominous.
This dark nuclear future is indeed a possibility, but one that we can still prevent from happening. The worst is never certain. President Kennedy said in 1963, that there could be as many as twenty-five nuclear-armed countries by 1980.² It did not happen. Of course, circumstances have changed,...
MEASURES NEEDED TO STRENGTHEN THE NUCEAR NON-PROLIFERATION REGIME
Pierre GOLDSCHMIDT
The greater the number of states possessing nuclear weapons, the greater the risk that one day, by design or accident, they will be used or will fall into the hands of non-state actors with catastrophic consequences. We must therefore reject as irresponsible the idea that the international community should get used to the fact that sooner or later more countries will possess nuclear weapons, and that we can do nothing about it. Rather, it is essential to take all the necessary steps to "dissuade" and "deter" non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS) from acquiring such weapons.
Dissuasion entails persuading a state (both the...
SAFEGUARDING THE FUTURE OF THE NPT: PREPARING FOR THE NPT REVIEW CONFERENCE 2010
Rüdiger LÜDEKING
The nuclear non-proliferation regime is in a state of crisis. This should prompt widespread international concern and determined efforts to safeguard the future of the regime and of its centrepiece, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It is therefore surprising that it has seemingly not prompted that reaction, and that as yet the failure of the 2005 NPT Review Conference to arrive at an agreed result has not served as a wake-up call for the international community to join forces to address the risk of erosion that the NPT regime faces.
The risk of erosion is essentially...
US NUCLEAR WEAPON PROGRAMMES: IMPLICATIONS FOR NON-PROLIFERATION
John R. HARVEY
This paper will describe where we are heading in the US nuclear-weapon programme, including efforts to "transform" the stockpile and supporting infrastructure, and what it might mean for the global non-proliferation regime, for developing a consensus for restructuring that regime, and for the United States' commitment under Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
Let me summarize the key points of my presentation, and then elaborate more broadly:
To meet its own security needs and those of its allies, the United States will need a safe, secure, and reliable nuclear deterrent for the foreseeable future....
US NUCLEAR POLICY AND STRATEGY AND THE NPT REGIME: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATO
Thomas K. SCHEBER
Conflict in the world today has been described by some as a clash between agents of order and agents of disorder. In this model, countries that seek to establish and enforce norms of behavior among nations are representative of those that seek order. Countries or groups that work to subvert or circumvent established norms—sometimes through violent means—characterize agents of disorder.
In this framework, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is viewed as a product of the agents of order. This widely subscribed treaty—in force for more than 35 years—put in place standards, procedures,...
NATO AND THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION REGIME
Bruno TERTRAIS
This paper first considers the implications of the existence of NATO for the nuclear non-proliferation regime, and then examines the implications for NATO of possible future nuclear scenarios.
Any discussion about the relationship between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament should begin with the recognition of two basic facts. One is that as a multilateral organization, NATO is not a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and thus as an institution is not bound by of the commitments made by the member states. Criticisms by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) about the alleged...
THE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION SCENE: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATO
(pp. 99-105)
Michael QUINLAN
I take it as given that the non-proliferation regime remains a very important and good thing; that it is not in inexorable terminal decline, or on the edge of a precipice; but that there are both general and particular dangers to it, as we saw for example in the fiasco of the NPT review conference in 2005 and, more concretely, in the problems posed very conspicuously by Iran and, perhaps slightly less urgently though no less profoundly, by North Korea. The practical questions for our Alliance then are what it can do to help reduce or manage the dangers, and...
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION AND NATO POLICY AND POSTURE
(pp. 106-114)
Roberto ZADRA
Because other workshop participants focused on the question whether there is a future for the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), this paper focuses on the impact of that debate on NATO policy and posture. The impact of the NPT on such policy and posture can be assessed from two perspectives: from the perspective of the non-proliferation efforts of the Alliance as a whole, at 26, and from the perspective of its nuclear policy and posture within the Nuclear Planning Group, at 25 (France is not a member of the NPG).
Since the May 2005 NPT Review Conference,...
Appendix I Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Appendix II: Key NATO Statements on the Proliferation Threat and Non-Proliferation Policy


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Les Revenants är en fransk zombiefilm från 2004.

Filmen skiljer sig från andra moderna zombiefilmer där de vandöda försöker äta eller skada de levande. De 70 miljoner människor som återvänder från de döda i Les Revenants är kognitivt medvetna och friska, och är inte skadade. De vill återintegreras i samhället. I den franska by där filmen utspelas måste invånarna hantera de sociala och emotionella följderna av att de döda återvänder.

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"But MK Meir has not said anything!" the chairman objected.
THE THIRD chapter of Raviv Drucker's interesting series about Israel's first Prime Ministers was devoted to her.
There were plenty of popular candidates to succeed him, but – what a pity! – none was a member of the ruling Labor Party (Mapai). So, out of nowhere, Golda Meir was chosen. She was not even a minister at the time.
At the same time, the Knesset was about to enact a new law concerning the method election results were translated into the actual size of the factions. Called by us "the Bader-Ofer conspiracy", it was designed to benefit the largest factions and hurt the smallest, one of which was mine.
Palestinian people? Golda scoffed at the idea. "There is no such thing as a Palestinian people!" she once declared in the Knesset, when I brought up the subject.
Just before Yom Kippur, 1973, the Israeli chief of intelligence was called to London for an urgent meeting with Israel's most valuable spy, an Egyptian traitor, the son-in-law of Nasser. He hastened back to reveal that the Egyptian army would attack on Yom Kippur.
Later, this became the crux of the matter. "Why were the reserves not called up?!" opposition leader Menachem Begin thundered again and again.
In Drucker's film, Golda pictures herself as a helpless old woman, surrounded by the young and dynamic generals. The truth was quite different. Golda was the dominant and domineering personality at the deliberations, the generals were like children in her presence.
When the despised Egyptians crossed the canal and overran all the renowned Israeli strongpoints, Israel was dumbfounded. The idolized Moshe Dayan, incompetent as always, went around prophesying "the destruction of the third temple" (following the two temples of antiquity). Fortunately, Elazar (nicknamed Dado) proved competent and in the end Israel gained the upper hand.
Sadat came to Israel to make peace, a meeting between him and Golda was arranged. Golda, all smiles, shook his hand, describing herself as "the old lady". The dead of the war did not rise from their graves.


Sioux Falls Atheists recommends the following documentaries that describe the history of Islam.
Islam has been demonized by the American media. The Islamic faith and most of its followers are as peace loving and as caring about others as any Christian, Jew or Atheist. In fact the Muslims are the ones that preserved the knowledge of the Greeks and the Romans, expanded on Greek and Roman mathematics, astronomy, architecture, agriculture and art, and passed it on to the barbarians of Europe. They were killed by those very barbarians that later became the beginning of Western Civilization. Sioux Falls Atheists think we owe a great debt to the Moors of Spain (the Muslims).
The Moors ruled most of Spain for over 600 years. Though they ruled, they were tolerant of Jews and Christians. Jews and Christians couldn't rule, but they could live peacefully side by side with the Muslims and pursued their own lives and economic well being. While the barbarians in the rest of Europe were living in mud huts the Muslims were building magnificent cities with vaulted architecture (they invented the pointed arch), building irrigation systems, building libraries and places of education. They built 100's of libraries some with as many as 600,000 manuscripts. In Cordoba alone "At a time when London was no more than a wide spot in the road Cordoba boasted a half-million citizens, 700 mosques, 300 public baths, and over 70 libraries. The twenty-one suburbs had paved and lit streets, with marble and mosaic floors and balconies. Artificial gardens and fountains graced the city proper, and paper, still unheard of to the west, was in ample supply." They had road side lighting between their cities. A Muslim, Jew or Christian could stand on a tower at night and look out across a landscape with lighted roadways running off into the distance. What a magnificent sight that must have been during the Dark Ages in the rest of Europe. The Europeans living in mud huts were quivering in them at night, afraid of the dark. What a contrast in civilizations, if we can stretch that word to the Europeans not living under Muslim rule.
A forgotten tablet has cracked a long-standing mystery about strange notations on other tablets - and shown ancient Babylonians used precursors to calculus. Thanks to a clue from a 50-year old photograph, a historian has decoded a mysterious trapezoid described on ancient Babylonian astronomical tablets. That previously unexplained description is a scheme to predict Jupiter's place in the zodiac – and it shows that ancient Mesopotamian astronomers beat Europeans by at least 1500 years in grasping the ideas that led to integral calculus.


text:
1Origins and creators' responses
1.1Other responses
2Slash subculture
2.1Academic interest
2.2Common plot devices
2.3Backlash
3After the 2009 film reboot
Kirk/Spock
Star Trek characters in slash fiction
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This scene from Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) has been pointed to as supporting a homoerotic interpretation of Kirk and Spock's relationship.[1]
Kirk/Spock, commonly abbreviated as K/S or Spirk[2] and referring to James T. Kirk and Spock from Star Trek, is a pairing popular in slash fiction, possibly the first slash pairing, according to Henry Jenkins, an early slash fiction scholar.[3] Early in the history of Star Trek fan fiction, a few fan writers started writing about a romantic and sexual relationship between Kirk and Spock,[1] highlighting a romantic or sexual element to the friendship between the men.[4] As of 1998, most academic studies on slash fiction focused on Kirk/Spock, as Star Trek was by that point one of the longest-lived and most prosperous subjects of slash fiction, while its mainstream popularity made it one of the most accessible titles for academics and their audience.[5] As the first slash pairing, K/S was created and developed largely independently from the influence of other slash fiction, with most of the conventions of the slash genre seeing their debut first in K/S slash.[1][6][7]
Origins and creators' responses[edit]
Many homosocial scenes between Kirk and Spock have been interpreted by some fans as having significant homoerotic undertones.[1] For example, in Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Spock realizes that emotions "play an important part in the richness of life". In a particular scene from the film, Spock, lying down in sickbay, clasps Kirk's hand and says that he understands "this simple feeling". Woledge points out that both the gesture and the words are "ambiguous", and can be interpreted as homoerotic. Eye contact and gestures throughout the series have also been cited as being part of a homoerotic subtext in their relationship.[1]
In the novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture written by Gene Roddenberry, he introduces the Vulcan term t'hy'la to describe Kirk and Spock's relationship, translating it as friend, brother or lover. Regarding this, a footnote was added where Kirk addresses the rumor that he and Spock were lovers:
I was never aware of this 'lovers' rumor, although I have been told that Spock encountered it several times. Apparently, he had always dismissed it with his characteristic lifting of his right eyebrow, which usually connoted some combination of surprise, disbelief, and/or annoyance. As for myself, although I have no moral or other objections to physical love in any of its many Earthly, alien, and mixed forms, I have always found my best gratification in that creature woman. Also, I would not like to be thought of as being so foolish that I would select a love partner who came into sexual heat only once every seven years.[8]
In an interview, after revealing that he had cast Shatner as Kirk partly on the basis of his performance as Alexander, Roddenberry talked about fans seeing a possible parallel between Alexander and Hephaestion and Kirk/Spock:
Marshak and Culbreath: There's a great deal of writing in the Star Trek movement now which compares the relationship between Alexander and Hephaistion to the relationship between Kirk and Spock -- focusing on the closeness of the friendship, the feeling that they would die for one another --
Roddenberry: Yes, there's certainly some of that, certainly with love overtones. Deep love. The only difference being, the Greek ideal ... we never suggested in the series ... physical love between the two. But it's the ... we certainly had the feeling that the affection was sufficient for that, if that were the particular style of the 23rd century. (He looks thoughtful.) That's very interesting. I never thought of that before.[9]
In a similar interview,[10] Roddenberry states:
…I definitely designed it as a love relationship. And I hope that for men…who have been afraid of such relationships…that they [Spock and Kirk] would encourage them to be able to feel love and affection, true affection…love, friendship and deep respect. That was the relationship I tried to draw. I think I also tried to draw a feeling of belief that very few of us are complete unto ourselves. It's quite a lovely thing…where two halves make a whole.
Another key scene which can be interpreted as homoerotic is in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, when Spock dies, and tells Kirk, "I have been and always shall be your friend."[11] In 1985, Roddenberry recalled from publication Killing Time, a novel that suggested the existence of such a relationship between Kirk and Spock.[12] It has also been noted that although Kirk has had many female companions throughout the series, he always leaves them behind, citing his duties to the Enterprise, but he frequently risks the Enterprise and defies his stated duties in order to keep Spock safe.[3] During the production of "Shore Leave", writer Theodore Sturgeon suggested, when criticising a scene with McCoy and two women, that "the whimsical friction between Bones and Spock" should be addressed in a future episode with a prostate massage. "Shore Leave" also contained a back massage scene where Kirk believes that he is being massaged by Spock.[13]
The first known Kirk/Spock fan fiction story was "A Fragment Out of Time" by Diane Marchant, published in the fanzine Grup #3 (September 1974). It consisted of a sex scene but was written to not identify its participants nor make both of their sexes clear; Marchant stated in the next issue, however, that they were Kirk and Spock.[14]: 281 [15][16][17]: 18, 19, 24 Although many early Star Trek fans were fans of science fiction in general, as the show's popularity increased, it acquired fans who were not general science fiction fans but rather found the show appealed to them as a "buddy" show, or as a heroic/romantic saga, in which Kirk and Spock were the focus. This led to a quantity of fan fiction about the show focusing on the relationships between characters on the show, with less of an emphasis on science-fictional elements. Many of these fans found that Kirk and Spock's deep friendship was the most interesting topic for writing about Star Trek fan fiction.[17]
Such "relationship" stories (K&S) were distinct from homoerotic ones (K/S), but both often removed Kirk and Spock from the Enterprise to avoid science fiction "distractions" like the starship and the Federation.[17]: 23 In June 1976, the first Kirk/Spock dedicated fanzine appeared,[15] but as the number of non-science fiction fans grew, within several years "relationship" stories became the dominant form of Star Trek fan fiction outside the K/S genre.[17]: 23 By 1987, 30 K/S fanzines existed to 47 non-K/S.[17]: 77
Among Star Trek fans, the pairing was euphemistically referred to as "the premise", and mentioning it as such was a verbal shibboleth or "secret handshake" used to identify like-minded fans.[18]
Other responses[edit]
Susan Sackett, Gene Roddenberry's personal assistant for 17 years, sometimes commented on the slash phenomenon. In September 1978, a fan mentioned a letter Sackett sent to a UK fan club president, commenting on the debate about the acceptability of including K/S fiction in zines: "Susan Sackett, assistant to Gene Roddenberry, stated in a letter to Janet dated February 27th - 'Gene and the executives at Paramount feel that this is harmful to the STAR TREK concept, since this was never the intention in creating the series."[19]
Star Trek: The Original Series writer David Gerrold, has also spoken about K/S slash sometimes. In 1985, Gerrold commented:
One of the truths I've been telling lately is that Kirk and Spock are not lovers ... they're not even boyfriends. They're just good friends. This has offended a whole subculture that is convinced they are ... I was at a convention in Milwaukee a few weeks ago. This lady comes up to me with this stuff, and after a thirty minute discussion, I finally said, 'Stop! We're arguing over whether or not two fictitious characters are getting their hands in each others' pants.'[20]
When asked about whether there was intentional homoerotic content between K/S in the show, and in particular in the episode "Amok Time", Star Trek's writer D.C. Fontana replied, "In answer to your question, NO — there were no homosexual double-entendres in the script — at least none that were deliberate. If some viewers chose to read that into the dialogue, etc., that's their point of view, but certainly not ours. Writer Theodore Sturgeon was trying to reveal Spock's inner human in a struggle with what his culture, his upbringing and his half-human/half-Vulcan heritage had instilled in him about emotion and controlling it in an out-of-control situation. It also was a peek into the Vulcan culture that no one had seen before. That's ALL we were doing. I've heard this nonsense (especially about Kirk/Spock) for years. There is no basis to it. I hope this answer is helpful to you."[21]
Slash subculture[edit]
Academic interest[edit]
As one of the earliest "fandom" subcultures to emerge, Star Trek and K/S have attracted the attention of academics, particularly those of slash fiction. Henry Jenkins argued that "fandom" subculture, including fan writing, allows underrepresented groups to express their own interests and anxieties via a dominant cultural phenomenon. In this process, fan writings rewrite the original media by expanding on, emphasizing, and filtering the content to various extents. Jenkins claims that the way K/S reappropriates the Star Trek narrative and characters to the fan's own interpretation is thus done by all fan writings, not just K/S.[22]
Many academics have suggested that K/S slash fiction is not about homosexuality or sex at all. Joanna Russ argued that the women who wrote K/S slash fiction were exploring a want for an idealized relationship where both partners were truly equal, unbound by gender norms. This kind of relationship was difficult to imagine in a heterosexual relationship, and thus K/S was born.[23] Lamb and Veith similarly claimed that an equal relationship was challenging to write into a heterosexual model, and K/S united masculine and feminine traits of both characters to create an "androgynous" combination. Then K/S slash fiction is about transcending gendered norms and relationships.[24] Falzone has suggested that K/S "queers" the original Star Trek narrative, which serves to liberate one from traditional beliefs and, specifically with regards to Star Trek, better imagine the prejudice-free utopia that was envisioned in Star Trek: The Original Series. It also enables fans to push back against corporate media's control of accepted narratives in the Star Trek universe.[25]
On the other hand, some academics have argued for other reasons why K/S slash fiction is written. Camille Bacon-Smith speculates that K/S is a way for women to "openly discuss sexuality in a non-judgmental manner."[26] Kirk and Spock's depiction in K/S zines has been described as "two equal individuals who complement each other", and a key theme has been that they can continue working and still be a couple, their relationship enhancing their ability to perform competently in their jobs.[27] A fan has said of the pairing: "K/S has it all: friendship, relationship drama that gets resolved, enormous expressions of devotion through sacrifice, trust and commitment over a period of decades. It's really hard to find another fictional couple that did all that and did it as well."[4] Bacon-Smith also speculated that as Kirk and Spock portray stereotypically feminine traits in K/S slash fiction, this allowed the predominantly female writers and readers of slash fiction to explore their own sexual fantasies.[28] Constance Penley argued the women who write K/S slash fiction become "popular scientists" by taking figures from mass media (Kirk and Spock) to create their own productions from a marginalized position relative to patriarchal society and corporate media norms.[29] Reasons why heterosexual women may write male homosexual slash fiction include: identifying oneself with the hero due to the original's focus on a hero rather than a heroine, giving men emotional responsibility by rewriting male characters, or to reorder typical sexual norms, through which the female writer could reconceive their own sexual role.[30]
K/S could also serve as a kind of "Mary Sue" that implied the writers' wish to include homosexuality where it had been neglected in the source material.[30] Although there is no consensus on how homosexuality is depicted in Star Trek, Woledge suggests that as K/S stories draw on many particular events from the canon of Star Trek, the text itself is homoerotic.[1]
Star Trek and K/S are also important to the study of vidding. In 1975, Kandy Fong presented a slideshow at the Equicon/Filmcon convention composed of Star Trek cut scenes, still images, audio snippets, and music. This presentation is often regarded as the first fan vid that began vidding subculture.[31] With Gene Roddenberry's support, Fong produced several hours' worth of shows, some of which were filmed and had cleaner audio added to them in an early example of vidding.[31] Fong had been inspired to make these presentations based on promotional videos by the Beatles. Vidding has been used in K/S subculture by using clips from the episodes overlaid with other spoken or sung audio.[32] Henry Jenkins has noted that particular scenes are singled out by vidders and used in multiple fanvids.[3] An early example is Fong's "Both Sides Now" from 1980, which explores the contrast and ambiguity between Spock's inner and outer voices to suggest Spock may be bisexual.[31][32]
Common plot devices[edit]
Placing Kirk and Spock in the Star Trek setting can be both beneficial and limiting for K/S authors. Setting the characters there provides familiarity for the audience and minimizes worldbuilding for the author. However, a potential difficulty is providing an explanation for why the story does not focus on the mission, in order to focus on the relationship between the two men.
Pon farr, a physiological response introduced in "Amok Time" that impelled Vulcans to "have sex or die", is a device used in some stories such as "The Ring of Soshern", a pre-1976 fan fiction where Kirk and Spock are marooned on an uncharted planet.[33] However, other writers suggest that it is biologically impossible for a male to consummate pon farr with another male.[17] Furthermore, in the Original Series, it is clearly stated that Vulcans are legally bound to their mate in childhood. They may neglect the relationship in future years but pon farr compels them to consummate the marriage at the appropriate time. Vulcans must mate or die trying. However, in "Amok Time", Spock engages in the kal-if-fee, a Vulcan ritual battle, and finds that a substitute to giving in to pon farr is to kill another, and thus Spock's pon farr imperative ends after he kills.[34] Similar common plot elements include the plak tow ("blood fever") which precedes the onset of pon farr; the fact that Kirk, because of his empathic bond with Spock, can sense when Spock is about to go into pon farr, which even causes Kirk to suffer some of its symptoms himself; and "lingering death", the fate of a Vulcan male in pon farr who is unable to claim a mate.[33][35][17]
Another key element in "first time" stories and in established relationship stories is the mind meld, either as a way to break the barriers between the men, or as a plot device.[36] Shore leave is also a common setting as the plot can focus on the characters themselves rather than their responsibilities aboard a starship.[36] "Hurt/comfort" is also a common trope, wherein one character is hurt in some manner and the other character tends to them. This trope tends to be paired with "first time" plots and often functions to make the characters realize their feelings towards each other.[36]
Backlash[edit]
In general, fans have often been shamed and attacked by writers from both the media and academia. This would isolate those fans and their interpretations, often nonconforming to traditional perspectives, of their media of interest.[37] In England, slash was an arrestable offence that violated obscenity laws. As a result, participants of K/S subculture were often outcast from the mainstream fan community.[38] Female participants of slash fiction subculture were especially mocked due to gender stereotypes and discrimination. Fans of K/S were further rejected due to stigmas against homosexuality at the time.[39]
After the 2009 film reboot[edit]
In the 2009 feature film Star Trek, Spock and Nyota Uhura are depicted as a romantic couple. This resulted in some Kirk/Spock slash fans to dislike Uhura, including Henry Jenkins who expressed the opinion that in the 2009 film, Uhura's character is largely there to be the "love object" in "some kind of still to be explored romantic triangle" between Kirk and Spock, and to explicitly "discourage" slashers.[40] Margaret A. Weitekamp and Christine Scodari expressed the opinion that the portrayal of Uhura's character in the reboot is a step forward in terms of the representation of women of color.[41][42]
On August 24, 2013, at the Fan Expo Canada, actor Zachary Quinto (who plays Spock in the rebooted Star Trek, and who is himself gay) replied to a fan asking him about whether his fictional character (and him and Chris Pine, the actor who plays Jim Kirk in the reboot) are lovers:
I mean no disrespect to people who either write or read fan fiction. I have absolutely no interest in it, it doesn't interest me, I understand how it interests other people, I respect their desire to be interested in it but I think both Kirk and Spock, and definitely me and Chris, are only good friends. Any suggestion otherwise has more to say about the person making that suggestion than it does about the character's lives.[43]
^ a b c d e f Woledge, Elizabeth (August 2005) "Decoding Desire: From Kirk and Spock to K/S1" Social Semiotics, Volume 15, Issue 2 August 2005, pages 235–250 doi:10.1080/10350330500154857
^ "In Case You Were Wondering, William Shatner Knows Exactly What 'Star Trek' Slash Fiction Is". 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ a b c "How to Watch a Fan-Vid". Henryjenkins.org. 2006-09-18. Archived from the original on 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
^ a b "Star Trek: Spock, Kirk and Slash Fiction". Newsweek. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ Henry Jenkins, with Cynthia Jenkins and Shoshanna Green,"'The Normal Female Interest in Men Bonking': Selections from Terra Nostra Underground and Strange Bedfellows Archived 2009-03-10 at the Wayback Machine,"in Cheryl Harris and Alison Alexander (eds.) Theorizing Fandom: Fans, Subculture, and Identity (Hampton Press, 1998).
^ Greenlaw, Lisa (23 January 2019). "Slash brings familiar and unexpected pairings to life in the ultimate fanfiction play". SYFY. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ Kraiser, Vrai (July 7, 2015). "The Simple Feeling and Beyond: Kirk and Spock's Place in Queer History". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ Roddenberry, Gene; Livingston, Harold; Foster, Alan Dean (1979). Star trek-the motion picture : a novel. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 22. ISBN 9780671253240.
^ Shatner, William; Marshak, Sondra; Culbreath, Myrna (1979). Where No Man ... The Authorized Biography of William Shatner. Ace Books. pp. 147–48. ISBN 0-441-88975-1.
^ Lichtenberg, Jacqueline; Marshak, Sondra (1975). Star Trek Lives! Personal Notes and Anecdotes. Bantam Books. p. 152. ISBN 9780553021516.
^ "Kirk and Spock: Tip of the bromance iceberg". Colorado Daily. 31 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
^ Ayers, Jeff (2006). Star Trek: Voyages of Imagination: The Star Trek Fiction Companion. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 59. ISBN 9781416525486.
^ Hageman, Andrew (2016). "A generic correspondence: Sturgeon–Roddenberry letters on sf, sex, sales and Star Trek". Science Fiction Film & Television. 9 (3): 473–478. doi:10.3828/sfftv.2016.9.15.
^ Reid, Robin Anne (2009). Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy, vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 91, 280–281. ISBN 978-0-313-33591-4. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
^ a b Boyd, Kelly (2001). "'One index finger on the mouse scroll bar and the other on my clit': slash writers' views on pornography, censorship, feminism and risk". Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original on 2020-06-09. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Sinclair, Jenna. "Short History of Kirk/Spock Slash". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g Verba, Joan Marie (March 2003). Boldly Writing: A Trekker Fan & Zine History, 1967-1987 (PDF) (2nd ed.). FTL Publications. ISBN 978-0-9653575-4-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
^ Smith, Alissa (2018-08-07). "Beam me up, Grandma: A 50-year Trekkie bestows Star Trek history upon the next generation: How fandom and fanfiction sparked the galaxy's most controversial romance". Colorado Springs Indy. Archived from the original on 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ Sackett, Susan (September 1978). "[No title]" (Letter). published in STAG #30.
^ Gerrold, David (1985). "[Interview]". DraftTrek (Interview). Interviewed by Randall Landers and Tim Farley.
^ Fontana, D. C. (May 10, 2016). "Personal correspondence with Bluejay Young" (E-mail). [original research?]
^ Jenkins, Henry (1988). "Star Trek: Rerun, Reread, Rewritten: Fan Writing as Textual Poaching". Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 5 (2): 85–107. doi:10.1080/15295038809366691. ISSN 0739-3180.
^ Russ, Joanna (April 1985). Magic Mommas, Trembling Sisters, Puritans and Perverts. Crossing Press. pp. 79–99. ISBN 978-0895941633.
^ Lamb, Patricia Frazer; Veith, Diana L. (1986). Erotic Universe: Sexuality and Fantastic Literature. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 235–255. ISBN 0-313-24101-5.
^ Falzone, P. J. (2005). "The Final Frontier Is Queer: Aberrancy, Archetype and Audience Generated Folklore in K/S Slashfiction". Western Folklore. 64 (3/4): 243–261. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 25474751.
^ Bacon-Smith, Camille (1992). Enterprising Women. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1379-3. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
^ Suzuki, Kazuko. 1999. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". In Sherrie Inness, ed., Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. London: Rowman & Littlefield, pp.261-263 ISBN 0-8476-9136-5, ISBN 0-8476-9137-3.
^ Bacon-Smith, Camille (1992). Enterprising Women: Television Fandom and the Creation of Popular Myth. University of Pennsylvania Press. OCLC 1259170375.
^ Penley, Constance (June 17, 1997). NASA/TREK: Popular Science and Sex in America. New York City: Verso Books. ISBN 978-0860916178.
^ a b Chander, Anupam; Sunder, Madhavi (2007). "Everyone's a Superhero: A Cultural Theory of "Mary Sue" Fan Fiction as Fair Use". California Law Review. 95 (2): 597–626. ISSN 0008-1221. JSTOR 20439103.
^ a b c Coppa, Francesca (2022), "Early Vidding and Its Precursors", Vidding, A History, University of Michigan Press, pp. 67–92, doi:10.3998/mpub.10069132, ISBN 978-0-472-03852-7, JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.10069132, retrieved 2022-11-28
^ a b Coppa, Francesca. "Women, Star Trek, and the Early Development of Fannish Vidding". 1. Transformative Works and Cultures. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ a b Norman Bryson; Michael Ann Holly; Keith P. F. Moxey (1994). "Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and Popular Culture". Visual Culture: Images and Interpretations. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 311–312. ISBN 0-8195-6267-X.
^ "Amok Time"
^ Constance Penley (1997). NASA/Trek: Popular Science and Sex in America. Verso. p. 130. ISBN 0-86091-617-0.
^ a b c Falzone, P. J. (2005). "The Final Frontier Is Queer: Aberrancy, Archetype and Audience Generated Folklore in K/S Slashfiction". Western Folklore. 64 (3/4): 243–261. ISSN 0043-373X. JSTOR 25474751.
^ Behling, Katie. "Put a Finger Down, Fanfic Edition!": Fanfiction Participants on TikTok and Anonymity Collapse. Muhlenberg College.
^ "Five Ways to Start a Conversation About the New Star Trek Film". HenryJenkins.org. 2009-05-12. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
^ Weitekamp, Margaret A. (2013). "More than 'Just Uhura': Understanding Star Trek's Lt. Uhura, Civil Rights and Space History". In Reagin, Nancy (ed.). Star Trek and history. New York: Wiley. p. 22. ISBN 9781118226346. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Scodari, Christine (September 2012). "'Nyota Uhura is Not a White Girl': Gender, intersectionality, and Star Trek 2009's alternate romantic universes". Feminist Media Studies. 12 (3): 335–351. doi:10.1080/14680777.2011.615605. S2CID 146328288.
^ Maiers, Jenni (August 26, 2013). "Zach Quinto Gives Great Response To A Question About Star Trek Fan Fic, I'd Give It 2 Out Of 2 Eyebrows". Crushable.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Alexander, A., & Harris, C. (Eds.). (1998). Theorizing Fandom: Fans, Subculture and Identity. Hampton: Hampton Press.
Bacon-Smith, C. (1992). Enterprising Women: Television Fandom and the Creation of Popular Myth. Pittsburgh: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Byrd, Patricia. "Star Trek Lives: Trekker Slang." American Speech, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), pp. 52–58.
Cherny, L., & Weise, E. R. (Eds.). (1996). Wired women : gender and new realities in cyberspace. Seattle: Seal press.
Curtin, Mary Ellen. A Bibliography of Early K/S. Foresmutters Project. Copyright 2000. Bp https://web.archive.org/web/20020414124851/http://www.eclipse.net/~mecurtin/au/earlyKS.htm
Jenkins, Henry. Textual Poachers Television Fans & Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Russ, J. (n.d.). Another Addict Raves About K/S. Nome, 8.
Foresmutters Slash History Project
Short History of Kirk/Spock in Zines
All-Ages Kirk/Spock fiction and art archive
Side by Side, a Kirk/Spock e-zine
Kirk/Spock Fanfiction Archive
K/S at Fanlore
Finding aid to Kirk/Spock Slash Fiction Zine collection at ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives
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