According to the Associated Press, "looters and arsonists ransacked and gutted Iraq's National Library, leaving a smoldering shell Tuesday of precious books turned to ash and a nation's intellectual legacy gone up in smoke." The New York Times has reported there are signs of the rise of warlords in the city. On Tuesday, April 15, ABC News Online reported that at least 10 people were killed and 100 wounded by U.S. troops in Mosul during a demonstration near the local government offices in a central square against "the city's new governor, Mashaan al-Juburi, as he was making a pro-US speech." The same day, AFP reported that "US forces [have]... tried to stop the media from covering... anti-American protests by Iraqis outside a hotel [in Baghdad] housing a US operations base." Hundreds of protesters blocked U.S. Marines from entering the City Hall in Kut where, the AP reported, "a radical anti-American Shiite cleric" had declared he was "in control" of the city. Finally, as was the case with Afghanistan, Pentagon officials say that it is not their responsibility to account for the number of dead civilians.
One of the more attention-grabbing features of these concluding days of the military phase of our Iraq invasion is the number of references now being made by the media to the situation in Afghanistan. All of a sudden, after months of benign neglect, the mainstream media is taking another look at what the American public has perceived as a "great victory" -- the "liberation" of Afghanistan. I'm not going to be a smartass and ask whether remember Afghanistan. I'm sure you do. But, whether you fall into the do or do not remember camp, I'm here to tell you that Afghanistan, the little country the U.S. bombed to smithereens about a year and a half ago, is a rip-roaring mess.
Afghanistan was the first of what the neoconservatives running President Bush's foreign policy hope will be a series of twenty-first century Middle East-directed "demonstration projects." The military action in Afghanistan continues as I write. Thus far, some 3,000 to 4,000 innocent civilians have been killed, according to the count still being compiled by University of New Hampshire Professor, Marc Herold.
According to an AP report, the Coalition Joint Civil-Military Operations Task Force has provided a whopping $13 million to Afghanistan -- an infinitesimal figure against the $80 billion requested by the Bush Administration for the Iraq invasion. Capt. Trish Morris, a spokesperson for the Coalition, said the money has been spent on "hundreds of schools and clinics and bridges and wells all over Afghanistan."
Pause for a moment, take a deep breath, and return with me now to a place the Bush Administration would rather you pay no attention at all: Afghanistan 2003.
* U.S. Military Actions: An early-April Reuters report paints a grim picture of new U.S. military actions in the country: "The U.S. military launched a new operation on Tuesday against suspected hideouts of Taliban militants in the southern province of Helmand." This is the second time in less than four months that U.S.-led forces have gone to the province. Nearly two-dozen helicopter gunships and about 70 military and non-military vehicles are currently engaged in the operation.
In February, reports Reuters' Mirwais Afghan, the U.S. "targeted the mountainous region of Baghran, where locals say dozens of villagers where killed in U.S. bombardments. The U.S. military insists only one civilian was wounded." Some 11,500 U.S. and coalition forces are based in various parts of Afghanistan.
* The Karzai Government: In February, when Afghanistan's president, Hamid Karzai -- sometimes known as the Mayor of Kabul -- visited Washington to ask President Bush for aid for his war-torn country, he was basically told to take a hike. Although the administration had promised millions for rebuilding the country, when the president submitted his 2003 budget there was no money included for Afghanistan. Congress did come up with $295 million, which Sen. Chuck Hagel, R-Neb., told Salon wasn't nearly enough. There are reports that there will be money for Afghanistan included in the 2004 budget.
* The status of women: Here is an excerpt from a report by Judith Huber, a journalist with the Zurich-based weekly Wochenzeitung: "Taiba... is an Afghan woman currently working in Kabul as a midwife for the relief organisation Terre des hommes. She visits women who are forbidden to leave their homes, even when pregnant or in labor. She recently began wearing the burka again, and for a good reason: slogans on walls throughout Kabul urge women to appear in public only when completely covered. It is hard to say who is behind these messages, signed by 'Afghanistan's mojahedin.' Taiba does not know: it could be a neighbour, or the armed soldiers on every street corner, or the government's official security forces, made up of former anti-Soviet resistance fighters -- the mojahedin.
"In Kabul and across the country the limited freedoms granted to women after the fall of the Taliban are being contested anew. The government… pays lip service to the demands of Western financiers, who forced the government to improve the status of Afghan women. But ultraconservatives inside the government have also sought to impose accepted standards of proper behavior. Last summer the ministry of Islamic education, which replaced the Taliban's infamous ministry for the promotion of virtue and suppression of vice, began reminding women about the national official dress code, based on Islamic values. Ministry officials approach women in public who, in their eyes, are improperly dressed. They pressure them to respect the code: this means wearing head scarves and long dark coats or skirts to cover the entire body, including wrists and ankles. Make-up is forbidden."
* Human Rights: In early March, Amnesty International issued a report documenting that the Afghan police was using torture in its interrogations. "Not only are police unable to guarantee the protection of human rights in Afghanistan, some members of the police are themselves involved in committing human rights violations," the group said in a statement on rebuilding the country's police force."
* Drugs: According to a U.S. State Department report distributed in Kabul in early March, Afghanistan has overtaken Burma to become the world's leading producer of heroin. "The size of the opium harvest in 2002 makes Afghanistan the world's leading opium producer," the report said. The International Narcotics Control Strategy Report said the area of land used to cultivate opium poppies reached 30,750 hectares, compared with 1,685 hectares in 2001.
That's right folks, the drugs coming into your town may have "Made in Afghanistan" stamped all over it. I'm not sure if this translates into, "Shooting smack supports the Karzai government," but you get my drift.
In February, Hamid Karzai pleaded with a Senate Foreign Relations Committee not to "forget us if Iraq happens." His brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai, who represents the government in southern Kandahar, told an AP reporter in early April: "It's like I am seeing the same movie twice and no one is trying to fix the problem. What was promised to Afghans with the collapse of the Taliban was a new life of hope and change. But what was delivered? Nothing... There have been no significant changes for people." Ahmed Karzai says he doesn't "know what to say to people anymore."
Earlier this month, the U.S. State Department issued a travel advisory declaring the whole country, including Kabul, to be dangerous. "The security threat to all American citizens in Afghanistan remains high. Remnants of the former Taliban regime and the terrorist Al-Qaida network, and other groups hostile to the government, as well as criminal elements, remain active." In addition, visitors risk "land mines, banditry, armed rivalry among political and tribal groups, and the possibility of terrorist attacks, including attacks using vehicular or other bombs."
As the Bush Administration turns its attention to post-invasion Iraq, America's corporate elite is gearing up for a huge pre-holiday shopping bonanza. Fundamentalist Christian groups in the U.S. are readying their armies of compassion for a massive field trip to Iraq: A recent report pointed out that the Southern Baptist Convention, a big-time supporter of slaughtering Iraqis in the name of liberation, claims it has some 25,000 trained evangelists ready to enter the country. "That would [mean] a heart change would go on in that part of the world," Mark Liederbach of the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary explained in a recent speech to the SBC. "That's what we need to be praying for. That's how a Christian wages spiritual warfare."
So what does the current chaotic situation in Afghanistan have to do with Iraq? One of the rules for living of baseball immortal Satchel Paige was "Don't look back; someone might be gaining on you." In this case, as the Bush Administration's neoconservative gang embarks on nation-building in Iraq, it dares not look back at Afghanistan. If it did, it would find that the "liberated" Afghanistan is a mess, and there are few signs things will be improving in the near future. In the coming months, the situation in Iraq will likely be a lot worse.


Unheralded wicketkeeper-batsman Tim Seifert took the Indian bowling attack to cleaners with a scintillating 84 off 43 balls as New Zealand scored a commanding 219 for 6 in the first T20 International here Wednesday.
Seifert, whose previous best score in T20 Internationals happens to be 14, was promoted to open alongside Colin Munro (34 off 20 balls) and they added 86 runs in only 8.2 overs in a whirlwind start.
Seifert's knock had seven fours and half a dozen of sixes, setting the tone for a big total.
Seifert showed the intent straightaway as he gave Bhuvneshwar Kumar the charge as he picked the knuckle ball early, dispatching it over mid-wicket for a six. The next shot was a four as he stood and hammered past the bowler.
Seifert was lucky to survive when Mahendra Singh Dhoni dropped a sharp chance as the batsman had edged one off Krunal Pandya (1/37 in 4 overs).
But he promptly put the next delivery into the stands moving across towards off and sweeping it over backward square leg.
There wasn't signs of overt footwork but he shuffled enough inside the crease to make room for the big shots and in the process disturb the line and length of the bowlers.
When Hardik Pandya (2/51 in 4 overs) drifted on the leg stump, he was flicked behind the square and when he pitched wide outside off-stump, he lofted him cover point region.
In Hardik's next over, he again hit the bowler for a boundary and a flicked six. In between, his elder brother Krunal was switch hit for a boundary.
The elder Pandya finally got a breakthrough as Munro was caught in the deep off Vijay Shankar.
But Seifert never let the momentum drop as he hit two more sixes off Krunal, who just kept on pushing the ball through a flatter trajectory.
The normally dependable Yuzvendra Chahal (1/35 in 4 overs) also was slog swept over mid-wicket for the sixth maximum apart from being hit over extra cover for a boundary.
Just when it looked that a century was there for the taking, Khaleel bowled one in the block hole coming wide off the crease to clean Seifert up.
Once Seifert was gone, skipper Kane Williamson (34 off 22 balls) took charge and Scott Kuggeliejn (20 no off 7 balls) finished with a flourish.


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Dávid Sándor (Nagyvárad, 1953. március 15. –) magyar színész, énekes.

Életpályája
1979-ben végzett a Szentgyörgyi István Színművészeti Főiskolán, Marosvásárhelyen. Pályáját a Szatmárnémeti Északi Színházban kezdte. 1985-től a budapesti Népszínház, 1986-tól a Békés Megyei Jókai Színház, 1988-ban a Thália Színház tagja volt. 1990 óta szabadfoglalkozású színművész. (Játszott többek között Budapesten a Komédium Színházban, Karinthy Színházban, Thália Stúdióban, az Újpest Színházban, a Kőszegi Várszínházban, a Gyulai Várszínházban és a Budaörsi Játékszínben is.) Márkus Lászlóról A Márkus címmel monodrámát írt, és adott elő. Dávid Sándor ötlete alapján írta meg Siposhegyi Péter, a Csak egy tánc volt című darabot, amely Szécsi Pál életéről szólt. A tragikus sorsú, népszerű énekest ebben a darabban Dávid Sándor alakította. Szerepelt a Szomszédok című sorozat három epizódjában, mindhárom alkalommal rendőrként. Egyéb fontosabb színházi szerepei: Garcia Lorca – Vérnász: Leonardo, Tolsztoj – Anna Karenina: Vronszkij, Goldoni – A fogadósné: Fabrizio, Tanai Bella – Eltartási szerződés: Színész stb. A Budapest Televízióban a Művészbejáró és a vasárnap esti Zenés Kívánságok című műsorokat vezette, amelyben művész vendégeivel együtt rendszeresen dalra is fakadt. Énekes előadóművészként is népszerű. Zenei albumai : Csak egy tánc volt; Karolina és Szécsi Pál emlékalbum 1–2. címmel jelentek meg.

Fontosabb színházi szerepei
 Federico García Lorca: Vérnász.... Leonardo
 Kodolányi János: Földindulás.... Kántor János
 Székely János: Hugenották.... Albert
 Molnár Ferenc: Doktor úr.... Csató
 Lev Nyikolajevics Tolsztoj: Anna Karenina.... Vronszkij
 Anton Pavlovics Csehov: Három nővér.... Fedotyik Alekszandr Petrovics, alhadnagy
 Siposhegyi Péter: Csak egy tánc volt.... Szűcs Péter
 Szakonyi Károly: Kardok, kalodák.... Mecséry Lukács
 Szakonyi Károly: Honkongi paróka.... Zombori Ottó
 Carlo Goldoni: A fogadósné.... Fabrizio
 Gábor Andor: Dollárpapa.... Dr. Szekeres Jenő
 Tamási Áron: Ördögölő Józsiás.... Villikó, Józsiás embere, majd ügymester a királyi udvarban
 Szentmihályi Szabó Péter: Új Zrínyiász.... Juranics Lőrinc
 John Kander – Fred Ebb – Peter Stone: Az év asszonya.... Larry
 Agustin Moreto: Donna Diana.... Don Luis herceg
 Tanai Bella: Eltartási szerződés.... A színész
 Vadnay László – Márkus Alfréd – Harmath Imre: A csúnya lány.... Walter
 Tabi László: Spanyolul tudni kell.... Amadeo
 Ruzante: Csapodár madárka.... Tonin
 Molière: Tudós nők.... Klitander, Henriette széptevője
 Oscar Wilde – Usztics Mátyás – Makrai Pál: Rózsák, szerelmek...Énekes
 Jean de Létraz: A szerencse fia.... Gaston
 John Steinbeck: Az édentől keletre.... Ralph, kidobóember a bordélyházban
 Szerb Antal: Ex – királyi szélhámosság.... Bazan, miniszterelnök; Harry Steel, újságíró
 Eduardo Scarpetta: Rongy és címer.... Eugenio

Film, televízió
 Szomszédok (sorozat) 22. rész; 32. rész (1987)
 Szomszédok (sorozat) 129. rész (1992)
 Cigánykerék (gyerekfilm)
 Mese a tűzpiros virágról (mesejáték)
 Gaudiopolis – In memoriam Sztehlo Gábor tévéfilm (1989)
 Lesz még nekünk szebb életünk… zenés műsor (1994)
 Szabó család 2000 zenés műsor (1997)
 Vajdahunyadi várjátékok (1978)
 Kardok, kalodák (1985)
 A medveölő – mesejáték (1988)
 Telefere – Vitray Tamás műsora (1989)
 Csak egy tánc volt – Szécsi Pál emlékműsor (1992)
 Volt egyszer egy fesztivál (1992)
 Mi muzsikus lelkek – zenés műsor (1993)
 Kincsestár – Márkus László emlékműsor (1998)
 Hogy volt? – Bara Margit emlékműsor (2013)
 Zenés kívánságok (Budapest Televízió)
 Művészbejáró (Budapest Televízió)

Rádiós munkáiból
 A Szabó család
 Legkedvesebb verseim (1987)
 A funtineli boszorkány
 Könyvről könyvért

Színpadi műve
 Dávid Sándor: A Márkus (monodráma)

Önálló műsorai
 Vallomások a szerelemről
 Dalolnak a pesti csillagok
 Nem csak egy tánc volt

Lemezei, kazettái
 "Csak egy tánc volt" (1992) kazetta
 Karolina (1995) kazetta
 Szécsi Pál emlékalbum 1. (2003) CD
 Szécsi Pál emlékalbum 2. (2005) CD
 Mesék karácsony estére (1994 mesekazetta)

Jegyzetek

Források
 Új Kortárs Magyar Színész Lexikon, Magazin Holding Kft. 1999.

További információk

 Dávid Sándor

1953-ban született személyek
Élő személyek
Magyar színészek
Nagyváradiak
Romániából Magyarországra áttelepült magyarok

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Obviously, Warren intended this advice to be given to someone who's really struggling to pay all of their bills – and it's great advice for that situation. Make absolutely sure your essentials are covered – your home, your transportation to work, your food. Those are the things that you need and thus they take priority over everything else.
But my mind tends to work in the opposite direction sometimes. When I read that passage, my mind immediately moved to the least important bill.
Play along with me for a moment. What's the least important bill you pay each month? It's not that easy to answer right off the bat, so I encourage you to just make a list of all of your monthly bills. Your mortgage or rent. Your car payment. Credit card bills. Phone service. Food. Electricity. Internet service. Netflix. Maybe even your World of Warcraft bill.
Got that list? Now, cross off the ones that cover your life's necessities, such as your mortgage, your food, your electric bill, and your car payment. Next, cross off the bills that, if left unpaid, will detrimentally affect your other bills, such as your credit cards and other debts.
What you're left with are your nonessentials, things like your cell phone, your Netflix subscription, your cable subscription, and other such things. Now, rank them. Which is the most important to you? What's the next one?
Eventually, you'll be down to one bill – your least important bill. And now comes the soul searching. Do you really use whatever that bill pays for? Does that service really provide any value for your life? Could you not easily replace that bill by regularly visiting the library or getting a digital converter box or finding a non-subscription game to play?
Then think about this fact. If you cancel a $20 monthly bill and instead apply that $20 to your credit card bill (that has a balance of $5,000, a 12% interest rate, and a $100 minimum payment), you'd turn 302 payments of $100 a pop into 55 payments of $120 a pop (I used the minimum payment calculator to get this number). Your credit card balance would disappear in about four and a half years instead of twenty five years, just by getting rid of that Netflix account.
What about my least important bill? My least important monthly bill is easily my emusic account. In the past, I'd already eliminated my Netflix subscription, my World of Warcraft subscription, and downgraded both my cable bill and our cell phone bill. Even though I get a lot of enjoyment from emusic, I think of it this way: if I take the value of my emusic subscription and apply it to my remaining student loan, I'd shave several months off of the repayment period, bringing debt freedom that much closer.
I've already saved $50 a month shaving away some of my "least important" bills – applying that savings to overpayments on my wife's student loan (along with a healthy dose of our debt snowball) eliminated my wife's student loan almost six months earlier than planned (and years before it was finally due).
Will I eliminate emusic? I haven't decided yet whether I'll downgrade or eliminate it. I listen to music roughly nine hours per weekday as I always have music playing in the background – and almost all of it comes straight from emusic. In other words, after cutting away some of the fatty monthly bills, I've reached the point where I'm starting to get close to the meat of the matter.
But without that consideration, I'd still be paying a student loan bill that's now paid off. And I'd be paying it for quite a while yet.
Spend some time thinking about your least important bill. Is it actually important enough to hinder your debt repayment plans or your investing goals?


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On April 14, 2016, leaders from across the meetings and events industry will come together to support the first Global Meetings Industry Day (GMID). Led by the advocacy coalition Meetings Mean Business (MMB), GMID will showcase the real impact that business meetings, conferences, conventions, incentive travel, trade shows and exhibitions have on people, business and communities.
In 2016, MMB will again join forces with the Convention Industry Council (CIC) and other industry partners to host advocacy events and rallies, issue proclamations and champion the value of the meetings and events industry on social media.


text:
Dallas Ballet Center will be CLOSED for classes
Tuesday, January 31 and Wednesday February 1
due to inclement weather
Summer at Dallas Ballet Center
REGISTRATION OPEN NOW!
The Art of Dance
Patterson III
Dallas Ballet Center welcomes
MASTER TAP INSTRUCTOR
George Patterson III
Born and Raised in Chicago,IL George "Gmo" Patterson has performed and taught all over the globe. He started his journey with Chicago's world-renowned Jesse White Tumblers. He is from and represents the Sammy Dyer School of Theater in (Chicago), which is also responsible for Ted Levy, Idella Reed, Bril Barrett, Jumanne Taylor, and Cousin Donnetta "Lil Bit "Jackson. After graduating from high school, George immediately moved to NYC to join Savion Glover's Broadway show, Bring in Da Noise Bring in Da Funk, which won 4 Tony Awards and 4 Drama Desk Awards. During his time with the show, he worked alongside Jason Samuels Smith and Dulè Hill, star of the television shows Psych and The Wonder Years (2022). George starred in The American Millennium Celebration at the White House w/ Bill Clinton, Hoofing and Banging the tour with Baakari Wilder in Frankfurt Germany, and Supper Club, the Broadway show, with Larry Marshall in New York and Sweden. He has had the honor to perform and share the stage with countless greats; Savion Glover, Gregory Hines, Jimmy Slyde, Arthur Duncan, Dianne Walker, Reggio the Hoofer, Ernest "Brownie" Brown, and Harold "Stumpy" Cromer, to name a few. He recently performed in Nico Rubio's J Dilla Tribute performance in Chicago. Some of his teaching credits include St. Louis Tap Festival under the direction of Robert L. Reed II, LA Tap Festival (Debbie Allen Dance Studio), Broadway Dance Center (NY), Steps on Broadway (NY), NewYork City Dance School in Stuttgart Germany and many more!
OFFICIAL SCHOOL OF
Dallas Ballet Company

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Something different to review, vitamins! I like to take a daily vitamin/calcium and fish oil when it comes to supplements. I mostly take calcium because I don't always get my 2-3 servings of dairy a day, so I think it helps me reach my quota. (Of course, I always suggest talking to your doctor first before taking any supplements!) I realized I ran out of calcium chews (the horror!!), and browsed Target to find some more. Why Target? Why not Vitamin Shoppe? because Target is so obviously a much more reasonable place to go rather than, say, a vitamin store, no? (kidding!).
While I was there, I saw these gummy vitamins by Vitafusion that were made with natural ingredients and flavors.
It was a rather large jar, with 100 gummies in it, so I was taking a risk buying them. I was sure I'd like them- with flavors like vanilla bean, chocolate and white chocolate raspberry, how could they taste bad!?
First, according to the cover, 2 gummies have as much vitamin D as 3 oz of salmon and as much calcium as 2 six ounce glasses of milk. They were also gluten, peanut , egg and soy free.
So, I opened up the bottle and took the gummies out. They were really dense gummy bites, and thick. They had a bit of a rough feel to them as well.
It was very chewy, and had a rather chalky taste to it. Sweet, but not too sweet, but it did not really remind me of chocolate at all. It kind of had a vanilla flavor to it with an artificial chocolate flavor.
Next, I had the vanilla bean flavor.
This one was a little better, but not by much. It kind of tasted like the chocolate one, but was a little sweeter and lighter in flavor. There were tiny black specs in the gummy which Im assuming was the vanilla bean.
Another time, I tried the white chocolate raspberry.
This one I liked the best. It seemed to be a bit softer than the other ones. It was sweet and had a raspberry vanilla flavor. I wish the whole bottle was just the raspberry vanilla chews!
Do you take calcium supplements? What brand? I'd love some options!


One day, years ago, physicist Francis Slakey found himself about to fall off the side of a mountain, attached to the rock by only a single piece of unraveling fabric. "I wait for the inevitable," Slakey, reads from "To The Last Breath," his newly published memoir. He tells those gathered at a book-signing event at UCSD May 16 how his adventures changed the way he looks at his life, the world, and science.
Dr. Slakey, Upjon Lecturer on Physics and Public policy at Georgetown University, and associate director of public affairs at the American Physical Society, happens to have an Earth-size adventurous streak. For him, the streak led to what he dubs "The Global Surf and Turf," a mission to climb the tallest peak on every continent and surf every ocean.
He said one of the seminal events of his life occurred while on one of these adventures. Slakey recounts the time he was returning from a climb in Indonesia, when military forces stopped him and his traveling companions. As it turned out, this wasn't the first ambush in that location — two days earlier, another group of Americans were captured, but that group wasn't so lucky. "Two Americans gunned down dead," said Slakey.
The incident surrounding the fatal Indonesian ambush was a mystery. No one knew who was responsible, and no one was investigating the event. "Before I could surf one more wave, before I could climb one more mountain, I had to see what I could do about the ambush," Slakey said.
He stepped in and wrote an op-ed column to the Washington Post imploring Congress to suspend all funding to the Indonesian military until an investigation could be conducted. His letter, along with a serious push from Patsy Spear, the lone survivor of the attack, convinced Congress. As a result, the perpetrators are now "rotting in an Indonesian prison," Slakey reported.
He relates other life-altering stories, including one from the slopes of Everest. While climbing the tallest mountain in the world, Slakey said he stopped in to a monastery to receive a blessing from a supposedly-300-year-old reincarnate Lama. On a whim, he decided to ask the ancient spirit for the meaning of life.
"I ask my question, and the translator whispers it to the Lama, and then the Lama thinks, and he whispers back to the translator, and the translator says: 'He'll have to get back to you on that,' " Slakey recalled with a smile.
But the Lama does get back to Slakey, giving him an amulet to wear around his neck with the meaning of life carved in an extinct Tibetan language. Slakey said he spent years searching for a translation of the message, a search that culminated in another life-altering moment while surfing the Arctic Ocean.
"It suddenly hit me. I suddenly realized what the letters on the amulet meant, and no, I'm not going to tell you. You're going to have to get the book to find out," he teased the audience.
Now through his work with the American Physical Society's Panel of Public Affairs, he tackles what he considers to be some of the most pressing global challenges: climate change and energy policy.
Slakey said his answer is to change his teaching style. No longer does he emotionlessly write ancient formulas on a chalkboard. Now he leads students to take scientific principles and apply them toward solving real-world problems.
"It's been successful," he said. "Since 2007, three student groups have had their ideas passed through Congress and signed into law by the president.


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Si, Ge, ZnS, ZnSe High Precision Lenses. SWIR, MWIR, LWIR Components
We work on a wide range of infrared materials that covers almost full infrared spectrum. Hyperion Optics supplies Zinc Selenide, Zinc Sulfide, Silicon, Germanium, Gallium Arsenide, and Calcium Fluoride, Barium Fluoride as well as Chalcogenide spherical lenses and aspherical lenses. We use laser based edging device to control MWIR and LWIR lenses' decenter deviation, and test on reflective centering station to fulfill extreme precise tasks.
Zinc Selenide has great transmittance through the band 0.5-22μm, especially at 10.6μm, and is commonly used in thermal imaging and FLIR systems, also its outstanding low absorption coefficient and high resistance to thermal shock makes it an ideal choice for high power CO2 laser applications. For laser ZnSe components please browse our Laser Optics category for more information.
Since Zinc Selenide is a relatively soft material that scratches and digs can be easily remained on the surfaces during processing flow, it is not recommended for use within harsh environments, Hyperion Optics' advanced manufacturing techniques for ZnSe ensure superior surface quality compared to our competitors. For cosmetic sensitive systems, our best effort can reach 20-10 in S/D grade. ZnSe aspheric lenses are also available for your application; please refer to IR Aspheric Lenses for more information. ZnSe Dome optics are also available in our Dome category.
Our infrared lenses are also available with AR coating according to specific requirement. Please take great care when handling, mounting and cleaning infrared lenses, further, For your safety, please follow all proper precautions, including wearing gloves when handling these lenses and thoroughly washing your hands afterward.
In addition, along with our outstanding aspherical (including DOE surface) manufacturing capability, Hyperion Optics is definitely one of your best choices in SWIR/MWIR/LWIR lenses development project.
February 17, 2017Chalcogenide glass is containing one or more chalcogens (sulfur, selenium and tellurium, but excluding oxygen). Chalcogenide components are becoming popular in various IR applications due to its excel...view
February 17, 2017Barium fluoride (BaF2) crystal belongs to cubic crystal system with outstanding moisture resistance, melting point of 1280℃, which allows BaF2 components work under extreme high temperature, refracti...view
February 17, 2017Hyperion Optics supplies uncoated 1/2 inch and 1 inch in diameter Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) lenses. Please talk to our technicians for your custom requirement. We are also able to provide coated product...view
February 17, 2017CVD magnesium fluoride (MgF2-CVD) has good mechanical properties, chemical stability, impact resistance, great anti thermal fluctuations and radiation. While it has excellent transmission from 0.11 to...view
February 17, 2017GaAs is semi insulator, which can be used in large power continuous CO2 laser system to replace the zinc sulfide in lens or mirror forms. GaAs is suitable in applications consists of toughness and dur...view
February 17, 2017In the range of 2-12 μm, germanium is the most commonly used material for the production of spherical lenses and windows for high efficiency infrared in imaging system. Germanium has a high refractiv...view
February 17, 2017Sapphire is the best medium for spherical lenses that require a broad spectrum of light transmission and high optical clarity, especially in demanding applications such as laser system or working unde...view
February 17, 2017Hyperion Optics utilize optical grade silicon which is specified with a resistivity of 10-40 Ohm-cm higher than most semiconductor applications. For CZ grade silicon (Czochralski method) has a absorpt...view
February 17, 2017Zinc Selenide has great transmittance through the band 0.5-22μm, especially at 10.6μm, and is commonly used in thermal imaging and FLIR systems, also its outstanding low absorption coefficient and h...view
Introduction of Infrared Optical System
Infrared optical system is just using limited materials for medium wave infrared and long wave infrared. The basic of infrared technology is infrared detector and infrared optical materials. The development of infrared technology also promotes the development of infrared optical materials. The development of infrared materials are always strongly linked with infrared technology and photoelectronic technique. When studying and using infrared optical materials, we must refer to their optical and mechanical properties, such as transmittance, absorptivity, emissivity, index of refraction, dispersion and breaking strength, breaking tenacity and the influence of environmental conditions to the material properties, such as resistance to heat shocks, sand erosion, rain erosion. Since infrared materials always have high refractive index and high reflectivity, that requires an anti-reflective coating, or the transmittance of system will be very low.
Characteristics of Infrared Optical Materials
1. Infrared optical materials are not only limited in types but also very expensive.
2.The temperature coefficient of refractive index of some materials is large, so the focal length will differ a lot according to the temperature. If the working temperature range is wide, infrared optical materials are needes or take some efficient measures to compensate.
3.Some optical materials are fragile with bad chemical stability, that causes the difficulties in processing and installing and low production yield.
4. Many optical materials are opacity, they will there will show different colors because of different materials and band.
5.Infrared optical materials will have radiation when heated, which can cause stray light.
Properties of Infrared Optical Materials
For infrared optical materials, we should firstly pay attention to their optical properties, then determine the optical band that suits the materials, thirdly, considering its mechanics and thermal properties. In the situation of same band, while choosing from various materials, optical property is the most important and basic property of infrared optical materials. The optical property of infrared optical materials is an abroad statement, in fact it includes many things, for example, the relation between reflection of light, absorptivity and temperature, the relation between transmittance and temperature, emissivity and microwave dielectric properties of infrared optical materials. Infrared optical materials are widely used in many kinds of infrared windows, camera lens and lens for Co2 laser.
Common Infrared Optical Materials
Germanium is the most common optical material, it can not only be used in long wave infrared but also medium wave infrared. Germanium should be careful treated in the process of light processing, coating and adjustment. Because the usage of germanium is wide, its problems can all be solved compared with its advantages.
Silicon is a kind of crystal material similar to germanium. The refractive index of silicon is lower than germanium, it has enough advantage in controlling aberration. Besides, the dispersion of silicon is quite low. Silicon can be processed by diamond turning, but it is difficult and it is also harmful to turning tool. The common way to process is polishing.
Compared to oxide glass, chalcogenide glass has larger density and weaker bond strength. At present, the chalcogenide glass that used in infrared optical device always contains arsenic. However, with the improvement of environmental awareness and product standard all over the world, environmentally-friendly non-arsenic glass will become a trend.
Zinc selenide and zinc sulfide also belong to infrared optical materials, zinc selenide is more expensive than zinc sulfide, it is suitable for optical system that has less requirement for absorptivity.
Calcium oxide can be used for optical components like prism, lens and large-diameter lens and windows. It can eliminate secondary spectrum and it is useful for spectral apochromation.
Infrared lens are widely used in night vision goggles, imaging system and medical apparatus and instruments. Hyperion Optics is good at producing infrared lens of various materials, like germanium, silicon, zinc selenide, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc sulfide, sapphire and so on.


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Future (rapper) – Wikipedia
American rapper from Georgia
Nayvadius DeMun Wilburn ( give birth November 20, 1983 ), better known by his stage identify Future, is an american rapper and singer, born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He is considered one of the most successful and influential figures in 2010s hip hop, particularly for his influence on trap music. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] After amassing a series of mixtapes between 2010 and 2011, Future signed a major record pronounce deal with Epic Records and Rocko 's A1 Recordings, which helped launch Future 's own label impress, Freebandz. future released his debut album, Pluto, in April 2012 to commercial success. Future 's second album, Honest, was released in April 2014, surpassing his debut on the Billboard 200. Between late 2014 and early 2015, he released a trio of mixtapes to critical praise : Monster ( 2014 ), Beast Mode ( 2015 ), and 56 Nights ( 2015 ). His following releases, DS2 ( 2015 ), What a Time to Be Alive ( 2015, in collaboration with Drake ), Evol ( 2016 ), Future ( 2017 ), Hndrxx ( 2017 ), The Wizrd ( 2019 ), and High Off Life ( 2020 ) would all debut numeral one on the Billboard 200. Future and Hndrxx made him the first artist since 2014 to debut two albums in straight weeks atop of that chart. The albums contained a battalion of singles certified gold or higher by the RIAA, including " Turn On the Lights ", " Move That Dope " ( featuring Pusha T and Pharrell ), " Fuck Up Some Commas ", " Where Ya At " ( featuring Drake ), " Jumpman " ( with Drake ), " moo Life " ( featuring The Weeknd ), " Mask Off ", and " Life Is thoroughly " ( featuring Drake ), with the latter becoming his highest-charting single as a lead artist. He achieved his first Billboard Hot 100 number one position on Drake 's 2021 individual " Way 2 Sexy ", which besides features Young Thug ; as such, he broke the record for the longest wait to have a # 1 reach on the chart, after 125 entries.
Reading: Future (rapper) – Wikipedia
early life and department of education
Nayvadius DeMun Wilburn [ 10 ] was born on November 20, 1983 [ 10 ] [ 11 ] in Atlanta, Georgia. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] He attended Columbia High School in Decatur, Georgia .
1983–2010 : Beginnings
Wilburn began using his degree appoint while performing as one of the members of the musical collective The Dungeon Family, where he was nicknamed " The future ". His first cousin, read producer, and Dungeon Family member Rico Wade, encouraged him to sharpen his writing skills and pursue a career as a knocker ; a well as providing irregular reprieve from street biography. [ 15 ] Future voices his praise of Wade 's melodious charm and education, calling him the " originator " behind his good. [ 14 ] He soon came under the fender of fellow Atlanta knocker Rocko, who signed Future to his label, A1 Recordings. [ 16 ] From 2010 to early 2011, Future released a serial of mixtapes including 1000, Dirty Sprite and True Story. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The latter included the single " Tony Montana ", in reference to the Scarface film. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] During that time, Future was besides partnering with knocker Gucci Mane on their collaborative album Free Bricks, and co-wrote and featured on YC 's single " Racks ". [ 19 ] [ 20 ] He gained popularity after his songs were played by DJ Esco at Magic City, [ 21 ] a strip club in Atlanta deemed " largely responsible for launching the careers of artists. " [ 22 ]
2011–2014 : Pluto and Honest
future signed a major label recording narrow with Epic Records in September 2011, days before the turn of his next mixtape, Streetz Calling. [ 23 ] The mixtape was described by XXL cartridge holder as ranging from " elementary and soundly executed boasts " to " futuristic drinking and drugging jams " to " tales of the grind ". [ 20 ] A Pitchfork review remarked that on the mixtape Future comes " arsenic close as anyone to perfecting this train of thought of ringtone pop, where cantabile and rap are practically the same thing, and conversing 100 % through Auto-Tune does n't mean you still ca n't talk about how you used to sell drugs. It would about feel antediluvian if Future were n't amassing hits, or if he were n't bringing some elusive new dimensions to the micro-genre. " [ 18 ]
future do in 2014 Though Future had told MTV that Streetz Calling would be his final mixtape prior to the liberation of his introduction studio album, another mixtape, Astronaut Status, was released in January 2012. In December 2011, Future was featured on the brood of Issue # 77 of The FADER. [ 24 ] Before his album being released in April 2012. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] XXL' s Troy Mathews wrote, " While Astronaut Status is up and down and never actually hits the highs like 'Racks ', 'Tony Montana ', and 'Magic ' that fans have come to expect from Future, it 's apparent that he 's poised to continue the buzz of 2011 humming right along into 2012. " [ 27 ] Future was selected to the annual XXL Freshmen number in early 2012. [ 28 ] His debut album Pluto, originally planned for January, was finally released on April 17. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] It includes remixes of " Tony Montana " featuring Drake and " Magic " featuring T.I. . [ 31 ] According to Future, " 'Magic ' was the beginning record T.I. jumped on when he came outta imprison. Like, he was out of imprison a day and he jumped straight on the 'Magic ' record without me flush knowing about it. " [ 31 ] The track became Future 's first single to enter the Billboard Hot 100 chart. [ 32 ] early collaborators on the album include Trae tha Truth, R. Kelly and Snoop Dogg. [ 33 ] On October 8, 2012, Pusha T released " Pain " have Future, the first individual off My Name Is My Name 92013. It was announced that Future will be repackaging his debut album Pluto on November 27, 2012 under the name Pluto 3D featuring 3 new songs and 2 remix songs including the remix for " Same Damn Time " featuring Diddy and Ludacris, deoxyadenosine monophosphate good as his single " neva end ( Remix ) " featuring Kelly Rowland. [ 34 ] In 2012, Future wrote, produced and was featured on " Loveeeeeee Song " taken from barbadian singer Rihanna 's one-seventh studio album Unapologetic. On January 15, 2013, Future released the compilation mixtape F.B.G.: The Movie which features the artists signed to his Freebandz tag : Young Scooter, Slice9, Casino, Mexico Rann and Maceo. It was certified platinum for having over 250,000 downloads on popular mixtape web site DatPiff. [ 35 ] Future said of his second studio album Future Hendrix it will be a more substantial musical affair than his debut album and features R & B music along with his common " street bangers ". The album was to be released in 2013. [ 36 ] The album features Kanye West, Rihanna, Ciara, Drake, Kelly Rowland, Jeremih, Diplo, and André 3000, among others. [ 37 ] The album 's lead one, " Karate Chop " sport casino, premiered on January 25, 2013, and was sent to urban radio on January 29, 2013. [ 38 ] The song, produced by chap Atlanta based producer Metro Boomin, spawned an official remix featuring Lil Wayne, was sent radio and was released on iTunes on February 19, 2013. On August 7, 2013, Future changed the deed of his second album from Future Hendrix to Honest and announced that it would be released on November 26, 2013. [ 39 ] It was former revealed that the album would be pushed binding to April 22, 2014, as it was said that Future has tour dates with Drake on Would You Like A Tour ?. [ 40 ] In December 2013, it was announced that Future would make a guest appearance on Kat Dahlia 's approaching debut, My Garden. [ 41 ] Future released DS2 on July 16, 2015 .
2015–2016 : DS2, What a Time to Be Alive and Evol
future performing on the Summer Sixteen tour in 2016 On September 20, 2015, Future released a collaborative mixtape with canadian rapper Drake, titled What a Time to Be Alive. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] The album debuted at numeral one on the Billboard 200, Billboard R & B Charts, and Billboard Hot Rap Songs, marking the beginning time a knocker was able to score two number one album in a year, in 11 years, since Jay Z back in 2004. The mixtape has sold over 334,000 copies in the U.S. [ 44 ] On January 17, 2016, Future released another mixtape, titled Purple Reign, with administrator production from Metro Boomin and DJ Esco, ampere well as beat credits from Southside, Zaytoven and more. [ 45 ] On February 5, 2016, Future premiered his fourthly studio apartment album, EVOL, on DJ Khaled 's debut episode of the Beats 1 radio receiver express We The Best. [ 46 ] In 2016, Future became the fastest artist to chart three number-one albums on the Billboard 200 since Glee soundtrack albums in 2010. [ 47 ] On June 29, 2016, he appeared in an issue of Rolling Stone. [ 48 ]
2017–2018 : Future, Hndrxx and Wrld On Drugs
On Valentine 's Day 2017, Future announced via Instagram that his self-titled fifth studio album would be released on February 17, 2017. [ 49 ] precisely one week late, he would release his sixth studio album titled Hndrxx. Both album went total one consecutively, which made Future the first gear artist to debut two albums at number one at the lapp clock on the Billboard 200 and canadian Albums Chart. He, along with Ed Sheeran, collaborated with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift on the song " end Game " from her album Reputation. [ 50 ] The birdcall peaked at count 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was Future 's eighth acme 20 shoot. [ citation needed ] On January 11, 2018, Future collaborated aboard Kendrick Lamar, James Blake and Jay Rock for the birdcall, " King 's Dead ", from the soundtrack album of the Marvel Studios superhero film Black Panther and Jay Rock 's third studio album Redemption. At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, the sung earned two Grammy nominations, for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song, marking Future 's foremost career Grammy nominations. [ 51 ] future curated the soundtrack for the movie Superfly, which was released in June 2018. [ 52 ]
On October 19, 2018, Future released Wrld On Drugs, a collaborative mixtape with fellow american rapper Juice Wrld. [ 53 ] Wrld on Drugs debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 behind A Star Is Born by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, with 98,000 album-equivalent units, which included 8,000 pure album sales. [ 54 ] It became Future 's tenth top-ten album in the United States, and Juice Wrld 's second. [ 54 ]
2019–present : The Wizrd, Save Me, High Off Life, and Pluto x Baby Pluto
On January 18, 2019, Future released his seventh studio album, Future Hndrxx Presents: The Wizrd. The album consists of 20 songs and was promoted by a film titled The Wizrd, released on January 11 on Apple Music. [ 55 ] The Wizrd received generally positive reviews from critics [ 56 ] and became Future 's sixth US number-one album, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 125,000 album-equivalent units ( including 15,000 pure album sales ). [ 57 ] With the spill of The Wizrd, several songs from the album charted on the Billboard Hot 100, leading to Future becoming the artist with the 10th most entries in Hot 100 history. [ 58 ] At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards held on February 10, 2019, Future won his foremost Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance for his collaboration aboard Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar and James Blake for the song, " King 's Dead ", from the soundtrack album of the Marvel Studios superhero film Black Panther. [ 59 ] On June 7, 2019, Future released his second project of the year, his debut solo EP titled Save Me. [ 60 ] Save Me received desegregate reviews from music critics and debuted at number 5 on the US Billboard 200. [ 61 ] In January 2020, Future released the songs " Life Is good " and " Desires ", both collaborations with Drake. [ 62 ] In April, Future announced his one-eighth studio album, Life Is Good. [ 63 ] The championship was late changed to High Off Life and was released on May 15, 2020. [ 64 ] The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with 153,000 units in its beginning workweek, becoming Future 's one-seventh straight album to debut at count one. [ 65 ] In August 2020, Future teased a song, " Gucci Bucket Hat ". It was released as a single with Pap Chanel, featuring Herion Young, on October 20, 2020. [ 66 ] On November 13, 2020, Future released Pluto x Baby Pluto, a collaborative studio album with Lil Uzi Vert, which was his second project of that year. It debuted and peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200. [ 67 ] [ 68 ]
musical vogue
Wilburn performing in 2014 future 's music has been characterized as trap music. [ 8 ] [ 69 ] Future makes prevailing use of Auto-Tune in his songs, both rapping and singing with the impression. Pitchfork wrote that Future " miraculously shows that it 's however possible for Auto-Tune to be an matter to artistic cock ", stating that he " finds a battalion of ways for the software to accentuate and color emotion ". [ 70 ] The LA Times wrote that " Future 's highly processed vocals suggest a man driven to bleary despair by drugs or love or engineering ", stating that his music " comes closest to conjuring the numbing overstimulation of our time ". [ 71 ] GQ stated that he " has managed to reboot the bore auto-tune sound and mash it into something wholly new ", writing that he " combines it with a bizarro croon to synthesize how he feels, then [ … ] stretches and deteriorates his words until they 're less like words, more like raw energy and reactive emotions ". [ 72 ] Critic Simon Reynolds wrote that " he 's reinvent blues for the twenty-first century. " [ 73 ] american knocker T-Pain, who besides uses that audio processor, criticized Future 's improper use of it in 2014. [ 74 ] In response, Future stated in an interview that " when I inaugural used Auto-Tune, I never used it to sing. I was n't using it the way T-Pain was. I used it to rap because it makes my spokesperson sound farinaceous. immediately everybody wants to rap in Auto-Tune. Future 's not everybody. " [ 75 ]
future is the forefather of at least seven children, each with different women. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] His children include Jakobi ( born 2002 ), Londyn ( bear 2009 ), Prince ( bear 2013 ), Future Zahir ( yield 2014 ), [ 78 ] Kash ( bear 2015 ), Hendrix ( have a bun in the oven 2018 ), and Paris. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] In October 2013, Future was engaged to Ciara, who is the mother of his son Future Zahir, but she ended the engagement in August 2014 due to his infidelity. [ 82 ] In 2016, Wilburn was sued by both Jessica Smith and Ciara. Smith sued him for failing to pay child support, stating their son " suffers from emotional and behavioral issues stemming from Future 's neglect as a beget ". [ 83 ] [ better source needed ] Ciara sued him for defamation, defame, and libel. [ 84 ] [ better source needed ] In October 2016, a estimate said that Future 's string of tweets bashing Ciara did not relate to the $ 15 million she was asking for. [ 85 ] In 2019, two women from Florida and Texas respectively filed paternity suits claiming that Wilburn was the father of their respective daughter and son. [ 86 ] In 2020, the Texas woman dropped her authorship suit. [ 87 ]
Studio albums
Collaborative mixtapes


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Lucy Buyaphi Mvubelo (née Twala) (1920-2000)
Posted on December 1, 2019 December 1, 2019 by contributed by: Karen Haire
Lucy Mvubelo and Bonnie Blamick, Munger Africana Library Notes, Issue #51, January 1980
Courtesy Los Angeles World Affairs Council
South African career trade unionist Lucy Buyaphi Mvubelo was a leading figure in the movement to improve conditions for workers in South Africa, although she saw that campaign as separate from the anti-Apartheid Movement.
Lucy Mvubelo was born on January 20, 1920 in Spes Bona, Johannesburg, to Swati parents, her mother a domestic worker and her father a labourer. At age 18, she married McKenzie Mvubelo with whom she had two children. She entered the clothing industry as a dress-maker in 1941, and five years later was elected to the Executive Committee of the Garment Workers Union (GWU).
When 1953 apartheid legislation excluded blacks, Mvubelo formed a parallel union, the Garment Workers Union of African Women (GWUAW). Elected to the National Executive of the almost exclusively black South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) in 1955, she grew uneasy with its increasingly close ties to the African National Congress (ANC). Reluctant to link the anti-apartheid struggle to economic gains for workers, Mvubelo and GWUAW left SACTU in 1958 and joined the Federation of Free Trade Unions of South Africa (FOFATUSA). There she became the first black official to represent South Africa at an international labor conference, in Geneva, in 1959. From 1962 to 1986 she was General Secretary of the National Union of Clothing Workers (NUCW).
While leading the NUCW, Mvubelo obtained higher wages for clothing workers in 1965. In the 1970s she campaigned for equal union rights, the recognition of all workers, including homeland residents and migrant workers, and better wages.
Mvubelo called for U.S. companies to invest in, create jobs, and to bring vocational and skills development programs to South Africa. She toured the U.S, in 1975, with Mangosuthu Buthelezi, and again in 1979, this time, sponsored by the pro-Apartheid South Africa Foundation. During this tour she urged businesses not to impose economic sanctions which she felt hurt black workers most.
In 1979 when the South African government allowed equal status for black unions, Mvubelo pointed out that the new policy simultaneously excluded thousands of black homeland residents and migrant workers. Because of her controversial stands, by 1984 Mvubelo was branded a 'government collaborator' by the ANC and other anti-Apartheid activists, and her Soweto home was bombed.
During her four decades in trade unionism, Mvubelo achieved considerable gains in wages and benefits within the clothing industry. Despite her controversial legacy because of her refusal to bring politics into the economic sphere, Mvubelo opposed apartheid in her own practical way: she led the campaign for a living wage, better skilled jobs, dignity, and homes for the vast majority of South Africa's black residents. Among Mvubelo's recognitions are the Federation of Professional and Business Woman of the Year Award (1974), the Johannesburg Star Woman of the Year Award (1979) and an honorary doctorate from Rhodes University (1981).
Lucy Mvubelo died on October 30, 2000, at the age of 80. Thirteen years after her death, she was remembered at Workers' Day celebrations in May 2013, as a "sterling leader" by government minister, Ms L.N. Sisulu, for her "sacrifices and devotion to duty and struggle."
Subjects: Global African History, PeopleTerms: 20th Century (1900-1999), Gender - Women, Africa - South Africa, Occupation-Labor Leader
Haire, K. (2019, December 01) Lucy Buyaphi Mvubelo (née Twala) (1920-2000). Retrieved from https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/lucy-buyaphi-mvubelo-nee-twala-1920-2000/
Mvubelo, Lucy: A Black South African trade union leader looks at the role of American companies in South Africa, Bonnie Blamick, ed. (Pasadena: California Institute of Technology, 1980) in Munger Africana Library Notes No. 51, https://authors.library.caltech.edu/25697/; South African Democracy Education Trust, The Road to Democracy in South Africa, vol. 2, 1970-1980, . (Pretoria: UNISA Press, 2011), http://www.sadet.co.za/road_democracy_vol2.html; Irene Strydom, "Labouring for a Better Life: The Struggle of Anna Scheepers and Lucy Mvubelo for Better Labour Conditions, 1960-1980," M.A. Thesis: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 2007, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Labouring-for-a-better-life%3A-the-struggle-of-Anna-Strydom/410258cf6f477e4e3ec7276a5d3f6b225f56661f.
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File S4/1/12/3 Control of Passenger Travel-British Subjects
Reference: A/C8/15
Date: 21 August 1953 - 17 September 1956
Papers relating to the Defence of the Realm Act and the call up of soldiers, includes later amendments
Reference: A/E/7
Date: 4 August 1914 - 10 June 1921
Passports and visa applications for those travelling to or through Occupied Territory. The first part of the applications diary contains references relating to papers in A/E/8/17. The file also contains a report of an appeal from the Royal Court delivered 27th January 1906 concerning the executors of the Will of Julia Westaway
Reference: A/E/8/16
Date: 5 December 1921 - 20 March 1925
Series of telegrams relating to French and other aliens wishing to leave Jersey not being permitted to land at Southampton or Weymouth
Reference: A/E/11/3
Instructions to Mr Orange re. applications for permission to travel
Reference: B/A/L5/2
Instructions for visiting United Kingdom officials returning home
Medical cases in need of travelling to the United Kingdom
Leave granted to Doctors and Nurses
List of Guernsey representatives to attend a conference on the 30/05/1945
Correspondence relating to the daughter of Mrs Le Neven [Le Neveu] of 'St Brelade', Hogden Lane, Watford. The child had spent the occupation being cared for by Mrs Le Neven's sister in law, Mrs Le Neven [Le Neveu], Sea View, Petit Port, Corbiere
Leave granted to English Nurses in Jersey
Defence (Channel Islands) Regulations 1944 - Embarkation (Jersey) Order - not dated
Defence (Channel Islands) Regulations 1944 - Disembarkation (Jersey) Order
Movement of Civilians to and from the United Kingdom
Reference: B/A/L14
Request from the Jersey Electricity Company Limited for the return of H H Longson
Reference: B/A/L14/2
Date: 18 May 1945 - 19 May 1945
Request from the Jersey General Investment Trust Limited, 21, Broad Street, Jersey for travel permits for their clerks; Mr W H Black, Mrs Emily Black and Miss Ena C Cocking
Correspondence relating to a travel permit for Mr Tricot to return to Jersey
Correspondence relating to the return of evacuees to the Channel Islands, includes priority groups for return and regulations concerning travel from Jersey to the United Kingdom
Request for the return of H R Colley/Colle to Jersey to assist his mother in the management of the St Brelade's Bay hotel, which is to be used as a base for Jersey Airway Officials
Correspondence with E A Lomax, Ellington Cottage, Ellington Road, Taplow, Buckinghamshire relating to his passage back to Jersey


Is 56282 the best Minnesota zip code for your business?
Now you can skip hours of internet research and jump straight to getting answers with our meaningful at-a-glance Demographics Spreadsheet Report. With the most current & most popular demographic data, it's the perfect starting point for your research about 56282 and the rest of Minnesota.
All 56282 population data above are from the US Census Bureau.
The population data for 56282 are from the Census' American Community Survey 2017 5-year estimates. The demographic data for 56065, 56291, 56315, 56321, and 56634 are the most current, comparable demographics available from the US Census Bureau, are from the American Community Survey 2017 5-year estimates, and were downloaded on December 2017. Check out our FAQ section for more details.
With 1,553 people, 56282 is the 453rd most populated zip code in the state of Minnesota out of 881 zip codes. But watch out, 56282, because 56315 with 1,549 people, 56321 with 1,546 people, and 56634 with 1,549 people are right behind you.
The largest 56282 racial/ethnic groups are White (89.0%) followed by Hispanic (5.5%) and Two or More (2.1%).
In 2017, the median household income of 56282 residents was $58,417. 56282 households made slightly more than 56065 households ($58,229) and 56291 households ($58,250) . However, 7.5% of 56282 residents live in poverty.
The median age for 56282 residents is 34.0 years young.
Looking for 56282, MN Starter Report PDF? Click Here.


Get your tickets to BMOP's first Club Concert of the 2012-13 season. Curated by composer Marti Epstein and flutist Sarah Brady, this chamber concert will feature brand new compositions played by some of Boston's most renowned musicians.
BMOP/sound's two newest releases - Paul Moravec: Northern Lights Electric and Thomas Oboe Lee: Six Concertos - have arrived!
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"Rose led the large orchestra in a reading of the score that honored the sparkling, richly melodic vein in Tippett's writing, the impressionistic melding of ancient and modern sound worlds, and the admirable fluidity of his craft. The ritual dance numbers took on a life of their own, and the buoyant singing of the chorus helped drive many of the evening's most vibrant moments."


text:
Why Learn Dialect in Singapore
Upcoming Classes!
Hokkien Workshop for Beginners
Intermediate Hokkien Classes
Cantonese Course for Beginners
Teochew Lessons for Beginners
Teen actor, Ivan Lo, on learning dialects: Never be afraid!
LearnDialect.sg
Cantonese, Celebrity + Interviews, Teochew
Celebrity Interview with Ivan Lo, 卢楷浚
Barely 16 years old, Ivan Lo is already a familiar face in Singapore's entertainment scene. Ivan has starred in many television dramas (Mind Matters, Playground, etc) and several movies, including Jack Neo's, We Not Naughty. One of his latest show is the popular dialect drama, Ho Seh Bo. With the younger generation speaking less of dialects in Singapore, we asked Ivan for his secrets to pick up dialects quickly.
A post shared by Ivan Lo 卢楷浚 (@ivanlo_kaijun) on Jun 16, 2018 at 4:09am PDT
LearnDialect.sg: Can you tell us more about your dialect background? Do you speak dialect frequently at home or with your peers?
Ivan Lo: My father's a Cantonese and my mother's a Teochew. In my household, we usually speak in Chinese and English but, from time to time, we will mix in a bit of Cantonese, Hokkien and Teochew in our daily conversations.
How did you feel when you first knew that you will be acting in the dialect drama, Ho Seh Bo, as Dai Zhengxiong?
At first, I was a bit worried as I thought I would need to converse entirely in dialect. However, I was also very elated to know I would be acting in this show as it would be mostly in dialects. The show has an interesting concept as it connects with the older generations.
In Ho Seh Bo, you acted alongside Chen Li Ping who speaks mainly in Teochew and Zhu Houren who speaks mainly in Hokkien. Did these different languages pose as an additional challenge for you when preparing for your role? How did you overcome it?
Luckily for me, I didn't have to speak full sentences in either Teochew or Hokkien in the show. As such, speaking wasn't the main problem. The main problem, I guess, was not being able to fully understand what they were saying. This resulted in me not knowing when it was my turn to speak. I overcame this by trying my best to remember what the end of each sentence sounded like, so that I would be able to continue with my lines.
How do you feel about learning dialect? Was it easy for you to pick it up? Are there any interesting or funny stories that you can share when you were learning dialect?
For me, it wasn't that difficult to learn to speak in dialect as my father and my aunt would sometimes converse in their dialect. Throughout the duration of filming the show, I was able to better understand Hokkien and Teochew. I don't really think I have many funny stories when I was learning dialect. The only thing that comes to mind is that my pronunciation is very off and my Hokkien and Teochew mixes up very easily.
Can you leave some words of encouragement for young people like yourself to pick up their dialect?
All I can say is that you really have to pay attention when someone speaks in dialect. Try to converse in dialect with someone whom you know can speak really well in dialect. Never be afraid that your pronunciation is wrong. Basically it's just practice and you'll eventually get better and better.
A post shared by Ivan Lo 卢楷浚 (@ivanlo_kaijun) on Mar 14, 2019 at 5:18am PDT
Image Credits: Ivan Lo's Instagram and Facebook
Love what you are reading? We've got lots more to share during our Hokkien, Teochew and Cantonese express workshops. Join us to pick up words and phrases for everyday use in Singapore. More importantly, you can help to keep these languages alive!
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Cantonese: How Do You Say "Slower" and "Faster
Teochew: How Do You Say "No Problem"


text:
/*global define*/
define([
        '../Core/Color',
        '../Core/ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute',
        '../Core/defaultValue',
        '../Core/defined',
        '../Core/defineProperties',
        '../Core/destroyObject',
        '../Core/DeveloperError',
        '../Core/DistanceDisplayCondition',
        '../Core/DistanceDisplayConditionGeometryInstanceAttribute',
        '../Core/Event',
        '../Core/GeometryInstance',
        '../Core/Iso8601',
        '../Core/PolylineVolumeGeometry',
        '../Core/PolylineVolumeOutlineGeometry',
        '../Core/ShowGeometryInstanceAttribute',
        '../Scene/MaterialAppearance',
        '../Scene/PerInstanceColorAppearance',
        '../Scene/Primitive',
        '../Scene/ShadowMode',
        './ColorMaterialProperty',
        './ConstantProperty',
        './dynamicGeometryGetBoundingSphere',
        './MaterialProperty',
        './Property'
    ], function(
        Color,
        ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute,
        defaultValue,
        defined,
        defineProperties,
        destroyObject,
        DeveloperError,
        DistanceDisplayCondition,
        DistanceDisplayConditionGeometryInstanceAttribute,
        Event,
        GeometryInstance,
        Iso8601,
        PolylineVolumeGeometry,
        PolylineVolumeOutlineGeometry,
        ShowGeometryInstanceAttribute,
        MaterialAppearance,
        PerInstanceColorAppearance,
        Primitive,
        ShadowMode,
        ColorMaterialProperty,
        ConstantProperty,
        dynamicGeometryGetBoundingSphere,
        MaterialProperty,
        Property) {
    'use strict';

    var defaultMaterial = new ColorMaterialProperty(Color.WHITE);
    var defaultShow = new ConstantProperty(true);
    var defaultFill = new ConstantProperty(true);
    var defaultOutline = new ConstantProperty(false);
    var defaultOutlineColor = new ConstantProperty(Color.BLACK);
    var defaultShadows = new ConstantProperty(ShadowMode.DISABLED);
    var defaultDistanceDisplayCondition = new ConstantProperty(new DistanceDisplayCondition());
    var scratchColor = new Color();

    function GeometryOptions(entity) {
        this.id = entity;
        this.vertexFormat = undefined;
        this.polylinePositions = undefined;
        this.shapePositions = undefined;
        this.cornerType = undefined;
        this.granularity = undefined;
    }

    /**
     * A {@link GeometryUpdater} for polyline volumes.
     * Clients do not normally create this class directly, but instead rely on {@link DataSourceDisplay}.
     * @alias PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater
     * @constructor
     *
     * @param {Entity} entity The entity containing the geometry to be visualized.
     * @param {Scene} scene The scene where visualization is taking place.
     */
    function PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater(entity, scene) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(entity)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('entity is required');
        }
        if (!defined(scene)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('scene is required');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        this._entity = entity;
        this._scene = scene;
        this._entitySubscription = entity.definitionChanged.addEventListener(PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype._onEntityPropertyChanged, this);
        this._fillEnabled = false;
        this._dynamic = false;
        this._outlineEnabled = false;
        this._geometryChanged = new Event();
        this._showProperty = undefined;
        this._materialProperty = undefined;
        this._hasConstantOutline = true;
        this._showOutlineProperty = undefined;
        this._outlineColorProperty = undefined;
        this._outlineWidth = 1.0;
        this._shadowsProperty = undefined;
        this._distanceDisplayConditionProperty = undefined;
        this._options = new GeometryOptions(entity);
        this._onEntityPropertyChanged(entity, 'polylineVolume', entity.polylineVolume, undefined);
    }

    defineProperties(PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater, {
        /**
         * Gets the type of appearance to use for simple color-based geometry.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater
         * @type {Appearance}
         */
        perInstanceColorAppearanceType : {
            value : PerInstanceColorAppearance
        },
        /**
         * Gets the type of appearance to use for material-based geometry.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater
         * @type {Appearance}
         */
        materialAppearanceType : {
            value : MaterialAppearance
        }
    });

    defineProperties(PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype, {
        /**
         * Gets the entity associated with this geometry.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Entity}
         * @readonly
         */
        entity : {
            get : function() {
                return this._entity;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets a value indicating if the geometry has a fill component.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Boolean}
         * @readonly
         */
        fillEnabled : {
            get : function() {
                return this._fillEnabled;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets a value indicating if fill visibility varies with simulation time.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Boolean}
         * @readonly
         */
        hasConstantFill : {
            get : function() {
                return !this._fillEnabled ||
                       (!defined(this._entity.availability) &&
                        Property.isConstant(this._showProperty) &&
                        Property.isConstant(this._fillProperty));
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets the material property used to fill the geometry.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {MaterialProperty}
         * @readonly
         */
        fillMaterialProperty : {
            get : function() {
                return this._materialProperty;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets a value indicating if the geometry has an outline component.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Boolean}
         * @readonly
         */
        outlineEnabled : {
            get : function() {
                return this._outlineEnabled;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets a value indicating if the geometry has an outline component.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Boolean}
         * @readonly
         */
        hasConstantOutline : {
            get : function() {
                return !this._outlineEnabled ||
                       (!defined(this._entity.availability) &&
                        Property.isConstant(this._showProperty) &&
                        Property.isConstant(this._showOutlineProperty));
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets the {@link Color} property for the geometry outline.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Property}
         * @readonly
         */
        outlineColorProperty : {
            get : function() {
                return this._outlineColorProperty;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets the constant with of the geometry outline, in pixels.
         * This value is only valid if isDynamic is false.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Number}
         * @readonly
         */
        outlineWidth : {
            get : function() {
                return this._outlineWidth;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets the property specifying whether the geometry
         * casts or receives shadows from each light source.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Property}
         * @readonly
         */
        shadowsProperty : {
            get : function() {
                return this._shadowsProperty;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets or sets the {@link DistanceDisplayCondition} Property specifying at what distance from the camera that this geometry will be displayed.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Property}
         * @readonly
         */
        distanceDisplayConditionProperty : {
            get : function() {
                return this._distanceDisplayConditionProperty;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets a value indicating if the geometry is time-varying.
         * If true, all visualization is delegated to the {@link DynamicGeometryUpdater}
         * returned by GeometryUpdater#createDynamicUpdater.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Boolean}
         * @readonly
         */
        isDynamic : {
            get : function() {
                return this._dynamic;
            }
        },
        /**
         * Gets a value indicating if the geometry is closed.
         * This property is only valid for static geometry.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Boolean}
         * @readonly
         */
        isClosed : {
            value : true
        },
        /**
         * Gets an event that is raised whenever the public properties
         * of this updater change.
         * @memberof PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype
         *
         * @type {Boolean}
         * @readonly
         */
        geometryChanged : {
            get : function() {
                return this._geometryChanged;
            }
        }
    });

    /**
     * Checks if the geometry is outlined at the provided time.
     *
     * @param {JulianDate} time The time for which to retrieve visibility.
     * @returns {Boolean} true if geometry is outlined at the provided time, false otherwise.
     */
    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype.isOutlineVisible = function(time) {
        var entity = this._entity;
        return this._outlineEnabled && entity.isAvailable(time) && this._showProperty.getValue(time) && this._showOutlineProperty.getValue(time);
    };

    /**
     * Checks if the geometry is filled at the provided time.
     *
     * @param {JulianDate} time The time for which to retrieve visibility.
     * @returns {Boolean} true if geometry is filled at the provided time, false otherwise.
     */
    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype.isFilled = function(time) {
        var entity = this._entity;
        return this._fillEnabled && entity.isAvailable(time) && this._showProperty.getValue(time) && this._fillProperty.getValue(time);
    };

    /**
     * Creates the geometry instance which represents the fill of the geometry.
     *
     * @param {JulianDate} time The time to use when retrieving initial attribute values.
     * @returns {GeometryInstance} The geometry instance representing the filled portion of the geometry.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} This instance does not represent a filled geometry.
     */
    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype.createFillGeometryInstance = function(time) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(time)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('time is required.');
        }

        if (!this._fillEnabled) {
            throw new DeveloperError('This instance does not represent a filled geometry.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        var entity = this._entity;
        var isAvailable = entity.isAvailable(time);

        var attributes;

        var color;
        var show = new ShowGeometryInstanceAttribute(isAvailable && entity.isShowing && this._showProperty.getValue(time) && this._fillProperty.getValue(time));
        var distanceDisplayCondition = this._distanceDisplayConditionProperty.getValue(time);
        var distanceDisplayConditionAttribute = DistanceDisplayConditionGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromDistanceDisplayCondition(distanceDisplayCondition);
        if (this._materialProperty instanceof ColorMaterialProperty) {
            var currentColor = Color.WHITE;
            if (defined(this._materialProperty.color) && (this._materialProperty.color.isConstant || isAvailable)) {
                currentColor = this._materialProperty.color.getValue(time);
            }
            color = ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(currentColor);
            attributes = {
                show : show,
                distanceDisplayCondition : distanceDisplayConditionAttribute,
                color : color
            };
        } else {
            attributes = {
                show : show,
                distanceDisplayCondition : distanceDisplayConditionAttribute
            };
        }

        return new GeometryInstance({
            id : entity,
            geometry : new PolylineVolumeGeometry(this._options),
            attributes : attributes
        });
    };

    /**
     * Creates the geometry instance which represents the outline of the geometry.
     *
     * @param {JulianDate} time The time to use when retrieving initial attribute values.
     * @returns {GeometryInstance} The geometry instance representing the outline portion of the geometry.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} This instance does not represent an outlined geometry.
     */
    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype.createOutlineGeometryInstance = function(time) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(time)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('time is required.');
        }

        if (!this._outlineEnabled) {
            throw new DeveloperError('This instance does not represent an outlined geometry.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        var entity = this._entity;
        var isAvailable = entity.isAvailable(time);
        var outlineColor = Property.getValueOrDefault(this._outlineColorProperty, time, Color.BLACK);
        var distanceDisplayCondition = this._distanceDisplayConditionProperty.getValue(time);

        return new GeometryInstance({
            id : entity,
            geometry : new PolylineVolumeOutlineGeometry(this._options),
            attributes : {
                show : new ShowGeometryInstanceAttribute(isAvailable && entity.isShowing && this._showProperty.getValue(time) && this._showOutlineProperty.getValue(time)),
                color : ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(outlineColor),
                distanceDisplayCondition : DistanceDisplayConditionGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromDistanceDisplayCondition(distanceDisplayCondition)
            }
        });
    };

    /**
     * Returns true if this object was destroyed; otherwise, false.
     *
     * @returns {Boolean} True if this object was destroyed; otherwise, false.
     */
    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype.isDestroyed = function() {
        return false;
    };

    /**
     * Destroys and resources used by the object.  Once an object is destroyed, it should not be used.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} This object was destroyed, i.e., destroy() was called.
     */
    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype.destroy = function() {
        this._entitySubscription();
        destroyObject(this);
    };

    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype._onEntityPropertyChanged = function(entity, propertyName, newValue, oldValue) {
        if (!(propertyName === 'availability' || propertyName === 'polylineVolume')) {
            return;
        }

        var polylineVolume = this._entity.polylineVolume;

        if (!defined(polylineVolume)) {
            if (this._fillEnabled || this._outlineEnabled) {
                this._fillEnabled = false;
                this._outlineEnabled = false;
                this._geometryChanged.raiseEvent(this);
            }
            return;
        }

        var fillProperty = polylineVolume.fill;
        var fillEnabled = defined(fillProperty) && fillProperty.isConstant ? fillProperty.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE) : true;

        var outlineProperty = polylineVolume.outline;
        var outlineEnabled = defined(outlineProperty);
        if (outlineEnabled && outlineProperty.isConstant) {
            outlineEnabled = outlineProperty.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE);
        }

        if (!fillEnabled && !outlineEnabled) {
            if (this._fillEnabled || this._outlineEnabled) {
                this._fillEnabled = false;
                this._outlineEnabled = false;
                this._geometryChanged.raiseEvent(this);
            }
            return;
        }

        var positions = polylineVolume.positions;
        var shape = polylineVolume.shape;

        var show = polylineVolume.show;
        if (!defined(positions) || !defined(shape) || (defined(show) && show.isConstant && !show.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE))) {
            if (this._fillEnabled || this._outlineEnabled) {
                this._fillEnabled = false;
                this._outlineEnabled = false;
                this._geometryChanged.raiseEvent(this);
            }
            return;
        }

        var material = defaultValue(polylineVolume.material, defaultMaterial);
        var isColorMaterial = material instanceof ColorMaterialProperty;
        this._materialProperty = material;
        this._fillProperty = defaultValue(fillProperty, defaultFill);
        this._showProperty = defaultValue(show, defaultShow);
        this._showOutlineProperty = defaultValue(polylineVolume.outline, defaultOutline);
        this._outlineColorProperty = outlineEnabled ? defaultValue(polylineVolume.outlineColor, defaultOutlineColor) : undefined;
        this._shadowsProperty = defaultValue(polylineVolume.shadows, defaultShadows);
        this._distanceDisplayConditionProperty = defaultValue(polylineVolume.distanceDisplayCondition, defaultDistanceDisplayCondition);

        var granularity = polylineVolume.granularity;
        var outlineWidth = polylineVolume.outlineWidth;
        var cornerType = polylineVolume.cornerType;

        this._fillEnabled = fillEnabled;
        this._outlineEnabled = outlineEnabled;

        if (!positions.isConstant || //
            !shape.isConstant || //
            !Property.isConstant(granularity) || //
            !Property.isConstant(outlineWidth) || //
            !Property.isConstant(cornerType)) {
            if (!this._dynamic) {
                this._dynamic = true;
                this._geometryChanged.raiseEvent(this);
            }
        } else {
            var options = this._options;
            options.vertexFormat = isColorMaterial ? PerInstanceColorAppearance.VERTEX_FORMAT : MaterialAppearance.MaterialSupport.TEXTURED.vertexFormat;
            options.polylinePositions = positions.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE, options.polylinePositions);
            options.shapePositions = shape.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE, options.shape);
            options.granularity = defined(granularity) ? granularity.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE) : undefined;
            options.cornerType = defined(cornerType) ? cornerType.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE) : undefined;
            this._outlineWidth = defined(outlineWidth) ? outlineWidth.getValue(Iso8601.MINIMUM_VALUE) : 1.0;
            this._dynamic = false;
            this._geometryChanged.raiseEvent(this);
        }
    };

    /**
     * Creates the dynamic updater to be used when GeometryUpdater#isDynamic is true.
     *
     * @param {PrimitiveCollection} primitives The primitive collection to use.
     * @returns {DynamicGeometryUpdater} The dynamic updater used to update the geometry each frame.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} This instance does not represent dynamic geometry.
     */
    PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater.prototype.createDynamicUpdater = function(primitives) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!this._dynamic) {
            throw new DeveloperError('This instance does not represent dynamic geometry.');
        }

        if (!defined(primitives)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('primitives is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        return new DynamicGeometryUpdater(primitives, this);
    };

    /**
     * @private
     */
    function DynamicGeometryUpdater(primitives, geometryUpdater) {
        this._primitives = primitives;
        this._primitive = undefined;
        this._outlinePrimitive = undefined;
        this._geometryUpdater = geometryUpdater;
        this._options = new GeometryOptions(geometryUpdater._entity);
    }
    DynamicGeometryUpdater.prototype.update = function(time) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(time)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('time is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        var primitives = this._primitives;
        primitives.removeAndDestroy(this._primitive);
        primitives.removeAndDestroy(this._outlinePrimitive);
        this._primitive = undefined;
        this._outlinePrimitive = undefined;

        var geometryUpdater = this._geometryUpdater;
        var entity = geometryUpdater._entity;
        var polylineVolume = entity.polylineVolume;
        if (!entity.isShowing || !entity.isAvailable(time) || !Property.getValueOrDefault(polylineVolume.show, time, true)) {
            return;
        }

        var options = this._options;
        var positions = Property.getValueOrUndefined(polylineVolume.positions, time, options.polylinePositions);
        var shape = Property.getValueOrUndefined(polylineVolume.shape, time);
        if (!defined(positions) || !defined(shape)) {
            return;
        }

        options.polylinePositions = positions;
        options.shapePositions = shape;
        options.granularity = Property.getValueOrUndefined(polylineVolume.granularity, time);
        options.cornerType = Property.getValueOrUndefined(polylineVolume.cornerType, time);

        var shadows = this._geometryUpdater.shadowsProperty.getValue(time);

        if (!defined(polylineVolume.fill) || polylineVolume.fill.getValue(time)) {
            var material = MaterialProperty.getValue(time, geometryUpdater.fillMaterialProperty, this._material);
            this._material = material;

            var appearance = new MaterialAppearance({
                material : material,
                translucent : material.isTranslucent(),
                closed : true
            });
            options.vertexFormat = appearance.vertexFormat;

            this._primitive = primitives.add(new Primitive({
                geometryInstances : new GeometryInstance({
                    id : entity,
                    geometry : new PolylineVolumeGeometry(options)
                }),
                appearance : appearance,
                asynchronous : false,
                shadows : shadows
            }));
        }

        if (defined(polylineVolume.outline) && polylineVolume.outline.getValue(time)) {
            options.vertexFormat = PerInstanceColorAppearance.VERTEX_FORMAT;

            var outlineColor = Property.getValueOrClonedDefault(polylineVolume.outlineColor, time, Color.BLACK, scratchColor);
            var outlineWidth = Property.getValueOrDefault(polylineVolume.outlineWidth, time, 1.0);
            var translucent = outlineColor.alpha !== 1.0;

            this._outlinePrimitive = primitives.add(new Primitive({
                geometryInstances : new GeometryInstance({
                    id : entity,
                    geometry : new PolylineVolumeOutlineGeometry(options),
                    attributes : {
                        color : ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(outlineColor)
                    }
                }),
                appearance : new PerInstanceColorAppearance({
                    flat : true,
                    translucent : translucent,
                    renderState : {
                        lineWidth : geometryUpdater._scene.clampLineWidth(outlineWidth)
                    }
                }),
                asynchronous : false,
                shadows : shadows
            }));
        }
    };

    DynamicGeometryUpdater.prototype.getBoundingSphere = function(entity, result) {
        return dynamicGeometryGetBoundingSphere(entity, this._primitive, this._outlinePrimitive, result);
    };

    DynamicGeometryUpdater.prototype.isDestroyed = function() {
        return false;
    };

    DynamicGeometryUpdater.prototype.destroy = function() {
        var primitives = this._primitives;
        primitives.removeAndDestroy(this._primitive);
        primitives.removeAndDestroy(this._outlinePrimitive);
        destroyObject(this);
    };

    return PolylineVolumeGeometryUpdater;
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub