Afternoon dress, pink silk taffeta, 1857, USA, museum purchase.
Pink is popularly associated with little girls, ballerinas, Barbie dolls, and all things feminine. Yet the symbolism and significance of pink have varied greatly across time and space. The stereotype of pink-for-girls versus blue-for-boys may be ubiquitous today, but it only gained traction in the mid-20th century. In the eighteenth century, when Madame de Pompadour helped make pink fashionable at the French court, it was perfectly appropriate for a man to wear a pink suit, just as a woman might wear a pink dress. In cultures such as India, men never stopped wearing pink.
Curated by Dr. Valerie Steele, director of The Museum at FIT, Pink: The History of a Punk, Pretty, Powerful Color will explore the changing significance of the color pink over the past three centuries.


text:
Deal With DOJ Means No Charges Against ECH Payment Processor
U.S. prosecutors said on Wednesday they had reached an agreement to not file charges against payment processor Electronic Clearing House Inc. (ECHO.O: Quote, Profile , Research), saying the company is cooperating with the government's probe into Internet gambling.
The company was involved in the transfer of money on behalf of online payment services known as "e-wallets," which mostly handled illegal transactions with online gambling Web sites, the U.S. Attorney's Office in Manhattan said.
The company has been cooperating with prosecutors since January and has agreed to disgorge $2.3 million, representing the net proceeds from the services it provided to e-wallets since 2001, the government said.
ECH shares were off 37 cents, or 3 percent, at $11.86 in midday trading on Nasdaq.
The company could not immediately be reached for comment, but it said on Tuesday that it was a witness in a federal investigation and expected a non-prosecution agreement with the government.
It also said on Tuesday that a deal to be acquired by financial software maker Intuit Inc. (INTU.O: Quote, Profile , Research) had been called off. The companies entered into a merger agreement on Dec. 14.
ECH provided payment processing and collection services to e-wallets from 2001 until the beginning of 2007, prosecutors said.
Last October, it began shutting down processing and collection services for e-wallets and froze about $21 million in funds belonging to such companies, prosecutors said.
A criminal prosecution of the company "would not serve the public interest," the U.S. Attorney's Office said.
The legality of Internet gambling in the United States was ambiguous for many years, but it was effectively banned last October when U.S. President George W. Bush signed legislation outlawing online gaming financial transactions.
Earlier this year, federal prosecutors in Manhattan charged Stephen Lawrence and John Lefebvre, founders of NETeller (NLR.L: Quote, Profile , Research), with money laundering in connection with services the British payment processor provided to Internet gambling sites.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


21 Example Medical Business Cards - Hello all, welcome for you to my own website, Iyazam. On this moment, I am going to explain to you 21 new image collection concerning 21 Example Medical Business Cards. The selected image is best for you which will be labelled with Cards tag.
pictures gallery remember to stick to this kind of website link.
So, if you want to get this new image about 21 Example Medical Business Cards, just right click and choose 'save image as' to save this image to your personal computer. To search for similar image you can go to Cards page. In addition, we also have a similar image titled Medical Business Cards New 26 Amazing Web Design Business Cards Templates Will Help You Get, Medical Business Cards Example 54 Best Medical Business Cards Images On Pinterest, Medical Business Cards Free 24 Inspirational Pharmacy Business Cards, Medical Business Cards Example Publisher Business Card Templates Free Template Design Download Free, Medical Business Cards Example 13 Best Medical Business Card Images On Pinterest.
That's all of my posts about 21 Example Medical Business Cards, hopefully according to your needs, see you later!


First impressions are vital on LinkedIn. You just have to think about how long people spend looking at a LinkedIn profile. Different reports suggest this can be anything from 10 seconds to a minute. Either way, you don't have much time to impress them.
Luckily, our golden rules of LinkedIn etiquette can help you do just that.
Write an eye-catching headline that showcases your unique selling point – it doesn't have to be your job title and company.
Think about the people you want to read your profile – potential employers, business partners clients and so on- and write your profile as if you're speaking to them.
Avoid buzzwords like 'motivated,' 'responsible' and 'dedicated,' and instead use technical keywords relevant to your industry to make yourself easily searchable by recruiters.
Make sure your experience section is as detailed as your CV would be, using bullet points to describe what you did and how well you did it.
Write an effective summary. Don't waste this space, as it's often the first thing people see (after your profile photo). What's more, if people Google you, your LinkedIn profile will be one of the first results, so it's prime real estate for selling yourself online.
Here's more advice on writing your LinkedIn summary.
LinkedIn is great for opening the door to professional opportunities, but approaching new connections should be handled with delicacy, just like networking face-to-face.
Don't send out mass connection requests to just anyone. Think about why you want to connect with them. Do your research and demonstrate genuine interest in what they do.
Introduce yourself! Don't expect them to know who you are already. Send a short message explaining who you are, what you do, and why you would like to connect. Try starting a discussion to pique their interest or offer a point of view on something they're interested in.
Don't just accept any old connection request either. Yes, the more connections you have, the more chance you have of being found on LinkedIn. However, remember that your connections reflect on you, too. If some of your unknown connections have a bad reputation, this could have a direct effect on your own reputation in your network. Similarly, you risk having your new connection sending unwanted requests to your truly valued connections, putting your hard-earned network at risk.
LinkedIn is a social network where you should be sharing your opinions, achievements, interesting articles and other relevant content. However, it's a professional network, so you should take a more reserved approach than you do with platforms like Twitter and Instagram. Remember, your LinkedIn connections are busy people with their own business agendas to think of. Studies have suggested that posting once per day is enough, otherwise you risk turning people off. Likewise, don't send too many salesy messages to your connections, as this can start to feel like spam.
Make sure you take a professional photo so people can see who they're connecting with. Don't just crop yourself out of a group shot from your Facebook page, take one specifically and show that you've made the effort to present yourself professionally.
Respond promptly to connection requests and messages (one to two days). It's polite and also shows you're on top of things.
Don't ask new connections to endorse you or do you favours straight away – nurture the relationship first.
Remember that people can see when you've viewed their profile, so think carefully about who you research – do you want them to know you're looking?


Happy healthy nights with our selection of Organic Bedding. Extra soft organic cotton sheets will bring an extra touch of luxury to your bedroom. Our Organic Bedding includes best selling Bill Brown Roll up Beds as well as ranges by Fou Furnishings and Jasmine Silk's Silk Bedding.
Eco-textiles and organic bedding have no chemical treatment that can be detrimental to your health and bring on allergies. Softer to the skin, organic textiles are also extremely comfortable for an added touch of cosiness to your nights. Silk bedding is hypoallergenic and great for people suffering from allergies.


text:
Q: С++ _TCHAR szTestString[] Как присвоить значение строки Вот так работает _TCHAR szTestString[] = _T("132.423.432:8181");
А как присвоить string, пишет ошибку "для агрегатного объекта требуется инициализация с использованием {...}"

A: Если вам нужно из _TCHAR в std::string, тогда как-то так
    _TCHAR tstr[] = _T("132.423.432:8181");
    std::string str(tstr, tstr + sizeof(tstr) / sizeof(TCHAR));

Если вам нужно "132.423.432:8181" в std::string, тогда так
    std::string str("132.423.432:8181");

A: В зависимости от настроек использования Юникода в проекте запись
_TCHAR szTestString[] = _T("132.423.432:8181");

разворачивается препроцессором в
char szTestString[] = "132.423.432:8181";     // без Unicode
wchar_t szTestString[] = L"132.423.432:8181"; // c Unicode

Если уже имеется объект std::string или std::wstring, то поступить можно двумя способами:

*

*Получить указатель на низлежащую строку, вызвав метод c_str()

*Скопировать содержимое строчки в массив на стеке, если вдруг он позарез нужен:

char szTestString[18] = { 0 };
strcpy_s(szTestString, sMyStdString.c_str());

// или

wchar_t szTestString[18] = { 0 };
wcscpy_s(szTestString, sMyStdWstring.c_str());

Если же нужно попросту инициализировать строку, то никто не мешает сделать так:
std::string str = "132.423.432:8181";
std::wstring wstr = L"132.423.432:8181";

Ну либо так:
#ifdef UNICODE // возможно _UNICODE
#   define tstring wstring
#else
#   define tstring string
#endif

// ...

std::tstring str = _T("132.423.432:8181");

PS: по поводу std::string везде и всюду - в программировании под Windows - не самая лучшая практика. Как минимум по причине повсеместного использования юникода в винде - тогда уж std::wstring лучше, но и тут есть свой минус - std::basic_string - штука довольно медленная (по крайней мере в реализации STL от Microsoft, поэтому если важна производительность, то лучше оперировать голыми строчками. Однако, если производительность не сильно важна, то можно и их использовать, но надо помнить, что WinAPI - штука сишная, там нужно часть будет звать методы c_str() и data(), а также помнить, что при изменении размера строки адрес внутренней сишной строчки меняется и инвалидирует полученные ранее указатели на неё.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 233, p. 185-194
Modeling of tidal rhythmites using modern tidal periodicities and implications for short-term sedimentation rates
Allen W. Archer
Within Carboniferous strata cyclical variations in lamina thickness have a modern counterpart in tidal systems. These lamina thickness cycles can be equated to several types of neap-spring periodicities and longer-term seasonal periods. The various hierarchies of cycles within the ancient tidal deposits can be modeled using modern tidal station data. This type of fine-scale modeling indicates how the various tide-producing parameters of the earth-moon-sun system can be encoded in ancient tidal deposits. Based on relationships of lamina cycles to known tidal periods, inferred cycle periods indicate that such sections underwent rapid, localized, vertical accretion. Large discrepancies are evident when such short-term rates are compared to long-term rates of formation-level accumulation. Such comparisons indicate that long-term accumulation rates are many orders of magnitude slower than actual rates of deposition produced by tidal sedimentation.
An Acrobat PDF file containing the complete paper is available (800 kB).
Small-scale cycles occur within tidally dominated depositional environments. These cycles, considered essentially geologically instantaneous, are preserved within the stratigraphic record. In the finest scale cycle the twice daily and daily rise and fall of the tides are related to the rotation of the earth. A longer duration cycle is the approximately two-week, or neap-spring, cycles that occur twice during a lunar orbit (lunar month of 29.5 days). Three lunar orbital parameters affect neap-spring cycles. Of longer duration are seasonal and yearly cycles. In modern tidal systems slight variations in sea level, which can be as great as 1 m (3 ft), occur in half-yearly and yearly cycles. Such cycles are related in part to astronomical parameters and to seasonal climate.
A similar range of cycles was recognized in ancient tidal sequences and can be equated to subdaily to yearly tidal cycles. In ancient tidalites this range of cycles includes sedimentation rates of millimeters per day to meters per year. Cycles that are apparently longer than yearly exist within ancient tidal sequences; however, the exact cause of these cycle durations is problematic. Nonetheless, such problems in interpretation of cause and duration are not restricted to tidal sequences but are pervasive in delineation and modeling of most long sedimentary sequences.
Because tidal cycles are strongly developed and persistent and have sinusoidal periodicities, they can be modeled readily. And because the causative mechanisms and the exact periods of modern tidal cycles are known, the modeling is probably among the most reasonably constrained that can be performed on a geologic system. In addition, direct measurements of short-term sedimentation rates are possible using tidal cyclicity. These sedimentation rates can be contrasted with long-term accumulation and preservation rates. Such comparisons indicate a highly punctuated stratigraphic record in areas of tidally controlled sedimentation.
Modern tidal periodicities
Height variability and periodicities of modern tides are subject to a variety of controlling parameters. Foremost among these parameters are the gravitational effects of the moon and the lesser gravitational effects of the sun, which control the tides and relate them to the phases of the moon (synodic month) (fig. 1A), the declination of the moon (tropical month) (fig. 1B), and the distance of the moon from the earth (anomalistic month) (fig. 1C). The various effects of these periodicities on rhythmites have been discussed by Archer et al. (1990). Because of the composite interaction of these astronomical bodies with regional and local geographic and climatic effects, accurate tidal prediction involves empirical, not theoretical, considerations. Computation of tidal prediction tables [e.g., NOAA (1988)] requires the accumulation of 19 years of hourly recorded tidal data for any given station. After these data have been accumulated, harmonic analyses are used to resolve the numerous periods, which are then used to predict future tides. Despite the obvious complexity of modern tidal systems, some investigations of ancient tidal systems have failed to take the myriad complexities into account.
Figure 1--Main lunar periods that affect tidal heights. (A) Synodic half-month is related to lunar phases with a period of 14.77 days, which is the time between new and full moons. (B) Tropical half-month is related to lunar declination with a period of 13.66 days, which is the time required for the moon to range from a maximum northerly declination to a maximum southerly declination. (C) Anomalistic month is related to lunar distance from the earth with a period of 27.55 days (perigee to perigee).
To understand the earth-moon dynamics involved in the deposition of tidal rhythmites, I have analyzed tidal data from several modern stations. Because of the paleogeographic location of the Carboniferous tidal rhythmites discussed here, which was near the paleoequator [see Kvale et al. (1989)], I selected stations from tropical and near-equatorial positions. For the following analyses, a three-year period for three stations was used. The stations represent a simplified spectrum from a nearly pure diurnal (one tide per day) system [Do Son, Vietnam (fig. 2A)] to a nearly pure semidiurnal (two tides per day) system [Kolaka, Sulawesi (fig. 2C)]. In addition, I considered an intermediate system, a mixed, predominantly diurnal system [Barito River, Borneo (fig. 2B)].
Figure 2--Predicted tidal patterns from modern equatorial stations [from data in NOAA (1988)]. (A) Do Son, Vietnam (lat. 20° 40'N., long. 106° 49' E.), exhibiting a predominantly diurnal system. (B) Barito River, Borneo (lat. 3° 34'S., long. 114° 25'E.), exhibiting a mixed, predominantly diurnal system. (C) Kolaka, Sulawesi (lat. 4° 4'S., long. 121° 36'W.), exhibiting a predominantly semidiurnal system.
Examination of the data indicates the strong development of neap-spring cycles (fig. 2) within the various tidal systems. Controlling factors include both synodic periodicities in semidiurnal systems and tropical periodicities in diurnal systems. Nonetheless, both tropical and synodic effects result in essentially the same cyclicity. Effects of lunar distance (anomalistic month) result in an inequality in heights of tides between successive neap-spring cycles. These effects are manifested by both diurnal and semidiurnal systems.
In addition to the various lunar orbital cycles, a number of longer-term periodicities exist, some of which include periods as long as thousands of years (Macmillan, 1966; Nio and Yang, 1989). However, of interest here are cycles with a seasonal or yearly periodicity. Half-yearly tidal cycles are related to the earth's axial tilt, which results in maximum solar declination during the solstices and minimum solar declination during the equinoxes. This cycle, with a period of 182.6 days, results in a variation in maximum tidal range and tidal height during the year. Such sea-level variations are enhanced by yearly climatic variations and fluctuations in temperature, air pressure, and wind direction, and all can be combined to produce a significant and systematic variation in sea level (fig. 3). Thus tidal patterns in such areas exhibit yearly fluctuations in tidal height superimposed on all the previously discussed smaller-scale patterns.
Figure 3--Yearly envelope of high tides at (A) Do Son, Vietnam, and (B) Kolaka, Sulawesi, for 1988. Tides at Do Son are lowest during equinoxes and highest during solstices; seasonal tidal variation at Kolaka exhibits a significant offset from equinoctial and solstitial control, probably reflecting regional climatic fluctuations.
Ancient tidal rhythmites
Detailed analyses of millimeter-scale laminations within tidal rhythmites from Pennsylvanian strata of Kansas, Colorado, and Indiana reveal a hierarchy of recognizable cycles (Kvale et al., 1989; Archer and Kvale, 1989a) (fig. 4). These cycles are manifested by systematic changes in lamina thickness. Cycles contained within rhythmites can be directly correlated with modern neap-spring cycles (fig. 5). It should be noted that a neap-spring cycle includes not only a cycle that is related to lunar phase (synodic month) but also modulations of this cycle by the lunar tropical and anomalistic months [see Archer et al. (1990)].
Figure 4--Location of examined Carboniferous tidalites. (A) Glen Eyrie Shale Member, Fountain Formation, near Colorado Springs, Colorado (NW SE sec. 32, T. 13 S., R. 67 W.). (B) Lawrence Shale near Lawrence, Kansas (Lone Star spillway, SE SW sec. 11, T. 14 S., R. 18 E.). (C) Locations of comparable sections including the Salem limestone (Brown et al., 1990), the Hindostan whetstone of the Mansfield Formation (Kvale et al., 1989; Archer and Kvale, 1989), and the Brazil Formation (Kvale and Archer, 1990) of southern Indiana.
Figure 5--Histograms based on modern diurnal (one tide per day) systems and lamination thickness in rocks. (A) Tidal curve from Do Son, Vietnam. (B) Precambrian Elatina formation (Sonett et al., 1988; Williams, 1989). (C) Laminated mudstones from the Brazil Formation, southern Indiana (Kvale and Archer, 1990). (D) Laminated fine-grained sandstones from the Glen Eyrie Shale Member, Fountain Formation, Colorado.
The earliest works on the sedimentologic representation of neap-spring cycles include those by Visser (1980) and Allen (1981). In the Carboniferous of the Illinois basin, neap-spring cycles have been documented in a variety of siliciclastic systems, including shales (Kvale and Archer, 1989, 1990), siltstones (Archer and Kvale, 1989a; Kvale et al., 1989), and sandstones (Archer et al., 1989). In addition, neap-spring cycles have been documented in Mississippian carbonates (Brown et al., 1990).
Consistency of these patterns and of even larger-scale, apparently yearly cycles, through as much as 6 m (20 ft) of vertically continuous section in siltstones, indicates a strong extrinsic control on sedimentation (fig. 6). Occurrence of these apparently yearly cycles can be related to the seasonal and/or yearly fluctuations in sea level caused by astronomical and climatic variability (see fig. 3). Archer and Kvale (1989a), Fishbaugh et al. (1989), and Kvale et al. (1989) have discussed seasonal and yearly cycles within tidal deposits of the Illinois basin. In general, these siliciclastic tidal rhythmites were deposited in similar depositional settings. These similarities include deposition on coals and development of the best cycles in the first few meters above the coals. Higher in the tidalite sections, laminae are commonly disrupted either by erosive contacts or by bioturbation. Further details on the sedimentology of sections from the Illinois basin are given by Kvale and Archer (1989, 1990) and Kvale et al. (1989).
Figure 6--Large-scale cycles based on thickness of lamination in rocks interpreted as neap-spring cycles from the Hindostan whetstones of southern Indiana [adapted from Archer and Kvale (1989a)]. These cycles, which range up to 1 m (3 ft) in thickness, appear to reflect yearly sedimentation. DZ indicates disturbed zones that contain laminae contorted by soft-sediment deformation.
Modern tidal station data [such as the predictive data prepared by the NOAA (1988)] can be used to model tidal sedimentation. The most direct approach is simply to equate the thickness of a sedimentologic unit to the height of a high tide. Sedimentation during tidal fluctuations is related to a number of factors, including flow velocity, duration of flow above critical velocities, sediment particle size, availability of sediment, and duration of subaerial exposure (if any). Nonetheless, in a general way these factors are proportional to tidal height. By using tidal heights, one can synthesize artificial rhythmic tidalites by generating a simulated series of stacked laminae in which individual lamina thicknesses are proportional to tidal height. Although there are many ways to construct such proportions, a simple linear relationship between tidal height and lamina thickness generates synthetic tidalites that are similar to their ancient counterparts (fig. 7). Examination of synthetic tidalites indicates that neap-spring cycles are most clearly expressed in tidalites generated from diurnal tidal data (fig. 7A), whereas those generated from semidiurnal data show more complex and less obvious neap-spring cycles (fig. 7C).
Figure 7--Artificial rhythmic tidalites generated using modern tidal data. Vertical spacing between successive laminae is proportional to tidal heights, as illustrated in fig. 2. Based on 1988 tidal data from (A) Do Son, Vietnam, (B) Barito River, Borneo, and (C) Kolaka, Sulawesi. Neap-spring cycles are clearly simulated by the diurnal system at Do Son but are less clearly developed within a semidiurnal system such as Kolaka.
In the following discussion I compare some ancient rhythmic tidalites with models based on modern tidal data. This discussion is concentrated on apparently diurnal tidalites from Kansas and Colorado. Patterns within diurnal tidalites from the Illinois basin have been described by Kvale and Archer (1989, 1990), and patterns from semidiurnal tidalites have been described in detail by Archer and Kvale (1989a) and Kvale et al. (1989).
Within gray shales of the Lawrence Shale of Kansas, well-developed tidal rhythmites occur locally above the upper Williamsburg coal. The stratigraphy and general depositional environment of this formation have been detailed by Rutan (1980). The coal that underlies the tidalites has a low sulfur content, one of the lowest in Kansas, and is unusual because most Kansas coals have extremely high sulfur values (Brady et al., 1976). The association of a gray shale roof and a low-sulfur coal has been long known from studies conducted in the Illinois basin (Gluskoter and Hopkins, 1970); however, the association of tidal rhythmites in gray shale with the occurrence of low-sulfur coal was documented recently (Kvale and Archer, 1989, 1990). In addition, the gray shales in the Lawrence Shale contain well-preserved plant fossils in sideritic concretions and thus share a geochemical and paleoecologic similarity with other gray shales that occur above low-sulfur coals (Baird et al., 1986). More detailed field-based analyses are needed to further delineate the similarities and differences among these gray shale lithofacies; however, the number of apparent similarities is striking.
Direct comparisons can be made between lamina thickness cycles observed in shales of the Lawrence Shale (fig. 8) and synthetic rhythmites based on tidal data recorded at Do Son, Vietnam (fig. 7A). Both the shales and the synthetic tidalites exhibit similar cycles in lamina thickness, and, where the laminae are thin, it becomes difficult to delineate individual tidal events. Thus, based on the similarities of the cyclicity, one can reasonably interpret the depositional environment of the shales of the Lawrence Shale.
Figure 8--Polished slab of Lawrence Shale illustrating lamina thickness cycles interpreted as neap-spring tidal cycles. Arrows indicate lamina thickness minima that correspond to neap-tidal events.
More extensive work has been performed on laminated sandstones within the Glen Eyrie Shale Member of the Fountain Formation exposed near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the tidalite unit have been presented by O'Connell (1981). In general, the Glen Eyrie tidalite is similar to other Carboniferous tidalites because the laminated sequence directly overlies a coal, is well laminated directly above the coal, and becomes more bioturbated and possesses more fine-scale erosional features beginning several meters above the coal.
The Glen Eyrie tidalite contains three readily recognizable, hierarchical cycles. For purposes of discussion, these will be referred to as (1) macrobands, which are decimeters thick; (2) mesobands, which are 0.5-3 cm (0.2-1.2 in.) thick; and (3) microbands, which are millimeters thick. Macrobands and mesobands are readily apparent in outcrops (fig. 9A), and in polished slabs the occurrence of microbands within mesobands becomes apparent (fig. 9B). By analogy with the tidal systems previously discussed, the mesobands appear to represent neap-spring cycles, whereas the microbands appear to be analogous to daily tidal cycles. The origin of the macrobands is more problematic, but, based on the modeling described later, they may represent seasonal sedimentation.
Figure 9--Field photographs of Glen Eyrie Shale Member of the Fountain Formation exposed near Colorado Springs, Colorado. (A) Macrobands (marked by arrows) in weathered exposure showing internal mesobanding. (B) Polished slab of one macroband illustrating mesobands, which are delineated by darker, more clay-rich laminae (marked with arrows). This level of cyclicity corresponds to inferred neap-spring tidal cycles. Millimeter-scale microbands within mesobands are interpreted as the product of single tidal events.
Because the cyclicity resembles a diurnal tidal system, the analyses presented here compare the Glen Eyrie cycles to the diurnal system that occurs at Do Son, Vietnam. A plot of tidal flux at Do Son from vernal equinox to vernal equinox indicates higher tides during the solstices (June and December) and lower tidal maxima during the equinoxes (March and September) (fig. 10A). This variance in tidal maxima amounts to 50 cm (20 in.) during a year, which in a low-slope, low-energy coastline could amount to considerable lateral displacement of the intertidal-supratidal boundary. If the Glen Eyrie tidalites were formed in a high intertidal setting, they may have been exposed and/or not deposited for a significant part of the year. Conversely, if the tidalites were formed subtidally, too little water movement may have occurred during the equinoctial seasons to result in sedimentation that would produce recognizable laminae. Of course, many other scenarios can be hypothesized. The point is that seasonal variations in tidal heights and their effects on sedimentation are reasonable inputs to the model.
Figure 10--Comparison of Glen Eyrie tidal rhythmites to modern tidal data from Do Son, Vietnam. (A) Equinox-to-equinox tidal-range curve from Do Son illustrating higher tides during solstices. (B) Record of individual tidal events that exceeded the cutoff threshold diagrammed in part (A). Only tidal events with heights larger than the cutoff in part (A) are depicted in part (B). (C) Lamina thickness distribution from Glen Eyrie sandstone (illustrated in fig. 9B). Tidal patterns can be compared to boxed area in part B; the cycles expressed in the Glen Eyrie suggest tidal deposition during the highest solstitial tide and thus record only partial tidal cycles.
Given the flux in seasonal tidal heights for a system such as that expressed at Do Son, a cutoff line can be superimposed on the tidal curve (see fig. 10A). This cutoff can be related to the factors described and can be conceptualized as a position within the intertidal zone or an indicator of the minimum flow velocities necessary to result in sand movement, sedimentation, and lamina development. This cutoff concept is similar to the critical transport model discussed by Allen (1981). Given such an arbitrary cutoff, only those events that exceed this criterion will result in a preserved, recognizable sedimentologic feature, which in this case is a thin lamination. Depiction of the tidal events that exceed the cutoff can be presented in a histogram format (fig. 10B) and compared to other laminae histograms (such as fig. 5). Thus fig. 10B models the potential of a preserved sedimentologic record created by using a relatively high cutoff value for the tidal system at Do Son (fig. 10A). By using the cutoff histogram, the Do Son data can be compared to lamina thickness distributions observed in a single macroband from the Glen Eyrie tidalite (fig. 10C). With this model a macroband may represent half-yearly, equinox-to-equinox sedimentation. In such a model sedimentation and preservation of neap-spring cycles and individual laminae occurred only when a critical threshold (the cutoff value) was exceeded.
For comparisons, other researchers have presented observations and interpretations of seasonal sedimentation within modern tidal systems (van den Berg, 1981). A model invoking yearly fluctuation in fluvial input for a complete Precambrian tidalite has been suggested by Sonett et al. (1988). Although our understanding of ancient tidal sedimentology is still incomplete, it appears that such systems developed within cratonic settings with high preservation potential of short-term events.
Sedimentation rates
One of the more intriguing aspects of tidalites is their record of measurable rates of short-term sedimentation and high degree of preservability of fine-scale time. In general, tidalite cycles represent the low end of a spectrum of cyclic sea-level fluctuations that can be recorded in sedimentary rocks (fig. 11). Preservation of semidiurnal and diurnal sedimentation events over time spans of months (Visser, 1980; Allen, 1981; Kreisa and Moiola, 1986) and even years (van den Berg, 1981; Sonett et al., 1988; Williams, 1989; Kvale et al., 1989) greatly influences our concepts of the completeness of the rock record. Previous discussions of stratigraphic completeness (Sadler, 1981; Sadler and Dingus, 1982; Anders et al., 1987) generally concentrated on hundred-year and thousand-year time periods. Conversely, in tidalite -bearing sequences, not only have detailed multi-yearly records of nearly continuous diurnal and semidiurnal sedimentation events been preserved but also extremely high rates [as much as 1 m/yr (3 ft/yr)] of sedimentation have been documented (Baird et al., 1986; Broadhurst, 1988; Kvale et al., 1989). Although it appears that such rates were achieved only locally and may be related to rapid generation of accommodation space, for example, by clay and peat compaction (Kvale and Archer, 1989) or channel abandonment (van den Berg, 1981; Brown et al., 1990), the occurrence of such rates of sedimentation indicate one of the difficulties of delineation and correlation of longer-term (10,000-100,000-year), meter-thick cycles on either the local or regional scale, such as those advocated by Busch and Rollins (1984), Goodwin and Anderson (1985), and Busch and West (1987).
Figure 11--Spectrum of geologic cycles. Durations of higher-order cycles (first through sixth) are derived from various sequence stratigraphic sources. Intermediate-order cycles (2,250 and 250 years) are inferred. Eleven-year cycle is average sunspot cycle, and lowest-order cycles are related to tidal deposition.
Comparisons can be made between tidalite-based rates of sedimentation and rates deduced for longer-term cycles ("sixth-order" and longer cycles; fig. 11). Rates of sedimentation based on detailed lamina measurements are orders of magnitude more rapid than rates derived by dividing formational thickness by formational time. For example, tidalites within the Mansfield Formation of Indiana accumulated at determinable rates of accumulation as high as 1 m/yr (3 ft/yr); however, dividing formational time (15 m.y.) by formational thickness [90 m (300 ft)] yields rates of 1 m (3 ft) per 160,000 years. [The average thickness and duration of Mansfield deposition were estimated from data by Shaver (1984); although time estimates for duration of the Carboniferous are highly variable (Klein, 1990), these differences do not significantly affect the comparison between long- and short-term deposition.] At least within these localized tidal deposits, formational time divided by formational thickness yields depositional rates that are many orders of magnitude slower than those indicated by detailed sedimentologic analyses (fig. 12). Such comparisons support a view of the rock record in which short-term episodes of rapid sedimentation are punctuated by long periods of nondeposition. Thus delineation of short- and long-term cycles becomes extremely problematic without reasonable sedimentologic constraints.
Figure 12--(A) Differences in estimating lengths of time for deposition of the Mansfield Formation (Pennsylvanian) of southwestern Indiana. The line labeled "adding upward" is based on rates of sedimentation derived from analyses of daily, biweekly, and yearly tidal cycles. Conversely, the line labeled "dividing downward" is based on average long-term rates derived by dividing total formational thickness by total formational time. For 1 m (3 ft) of sediment, the two techniques yield rates that differ by over five orders of magnitude. (B) Similar techniques applied to carbonate tidalites within the Salem limestone of Indiana (Brown et al., 1990). Comparison of results indicates that the dividing-downward technique yields long-term sedimentation rates that are orders of magnitude higher than short-term rates identifiable in the rhythmic tidalites.
In addition to the small-scale (in time) cycles, the tidal systems contain a number of larger-order cycles. In all the Carboniferous sections the tidalites overlie coals and grade upward into rooted coals, signifying a transition from a marine to a terrestrial environment. The vertical distance between the lower and upper coals ranges from 3 m to 10 m (9-30 ft). A number of similar sub-Recent successions suggest, based on radiocarbon dating of peat, that the time span between peat accumulation events is of the order of several thousand years (Roep and van Regteren Altena, 1988; Dionne, 1988). Thus, given the rates of deposition that are possible within tidally influenced environments, meter-thick coal-bearing sequences can form in geologically short periods of time.
Implications for sequence stratigraphy
The Pennsylvanian system can be defined as a single synthem, or second-order cycle, that extends from the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity to the Lower Permian unconformity (Vail et al., 1977). In the United States Pennsylvanian strata have long been recognized as being cyclic or containing cyclothems (Wanless and Weller, 1932), and eustatic control has long been advocated (Wanless and Shepard, 1936). More recently, these cyclothemic concepts have been recast as third- through sixth-order sequence stratigraphic cycles and have been reported in the Appalachian basin and in Kansas (Busch and Rollins, 1984). Based on preliminary subsurface work (L. Furer, personal communication, 1989), the Mansfield Formation of Indiana, which contains tidalites (Kvale et al., 1989; Archer and Kvale, 1989a), has been divided regionally into three subdivisions, and the top of each subdivision represents a eustatic rise (L. Furer, personal communication, 1990). Because the total formational time of the Mansfield is 15 m.y. (Shaver, 1984), these sequences, which represent third- or lower-order sequence stratigraphic units, can be inferred to represent 5 m.y. Based on the approximately 30-m (90-ft) thickness of these 5-m.y. cycles, the sedimentation rate of the cycles would be 6 m (20 ft) per 1 m.y. Such long-term rates are many orders of magnitude slower than monthly and yearly rates observed in the tidalite sequences (Archer and Kvale, 1989b). Extrapolation of the short-term rates indicates that anomalously thick sequences of strata would have been produced if such rates had continued over long periods of time. Therefore numerous or lengthy periods of erosion or nondeposition existed (Dott, 1983) during the 15-m.y. time interval represented by the Mansfield Formation (fig. 12A). Similarly, tidal rhythmites within the Salem limestone of Indiana imply fast rates of short-term deposition compared to average long-term accumulation rates of the formation (fig. 12B). Localized minor unconformities probably anastomose and coalesce to form the types of sequence stratigraphic boundaries that delineate the longer-term cycles.
Carboniferous tidal rhythmites exhibit a variety of expressions of cyclicity in lamina thicknesses; however, modeling of rhythmite patterns using modern predictive tidal station data yields clues to the importance of the various tide-producing forces involved in rhythmite generation. Because modern tidal periodicities are well established, duration of comparable cycles in the ancient rhythmites can be closely approximated. Thus short-term rates of deposition can be readily computed and then compared to long-term, or formation-level, rates of accumulation. The great disparity in long-term versus short-term rates implies that, at least in tidally influenced systems, sedimentary sequences are potentially highly punctuated. Therefore the amount of time actually required for deposition and the time interval represented by a given stratigraphic unit are potentially vastly different. This difference is mainly due to the temporal dominance of nondepositional and/or erosional processes over actual deposition. Thus many vertical sections are characterized by short-term, rapidly accumulated sequences separated by extended periods of nonpreserved deposition. If this is generally true, then there are extreme problems with equating unit thickness to time in tidally influenced systems.
Earlier versions of this manuscript were greatly improved based on reviews by George de V. Klein and Erik Kvale. This project was supported by field-research funds provided by the Kansas Geological Survey.
Allen, J. R. L., 1981, Lower Cretaceous tides revealed by crossbedding with mud drapes: Nature, v. 289, p. 579-581
Anders, J. H., Krueger, S. W., and Sadler, P. M., 1987, A new look at sedimentation rates and the completeness of the stratigraphic record: Journal of Geology, v. 95, p. 1-14
Archer, A. W., and Kvale, E. P., 1989a, Seasonal and yearly cycles within tidally laminated sediments--an example from the Pennsylvanian of Indiana, USA; in, Geology of the Lower Pennsylvanian in Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, J. C. Cobb, ed.: Illinois Basin Studies 1, Illinois Basin Consortium (Kentucky Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, and Illinois State Geological Survey), p. 45-56
Archer, A. W., and Kvale, E. P., 1989b, Ultimate resolution of transgressive-regressive stratigraphic units--a theoretical discussion based upon the Carboniferous of the Illinois basin: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, p. 327-328
Archer, A. W., Kvale, E. P., and Johnson, H. R., 1990, Discussion on late Precambrian tidal rhythmites in South Australia and the history of the Earth's rotation: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 147, p. 401-402
Archer, A. W., Devera, J. A., Kvale, E. P., and Nelson, W. J., 1989, Stop 9, Upper Caseyville/Lower Tradewater roadcut on Interstate 57, southern Illinois--tidally influenced deposits of Early Pennsylvanian age; in, Carboniferous Geology of the Eastern United States, C. B. Cecil and C. Eble, eds.: American Geophysical Union, Field Trip Guidebook T143, Washington, DC, p. 30-32
Baird, G. C., Sroka, S. D., Shabica, C. W., and Kuecher, G. V., 1986, Taphonomy of middle Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek area fossil localities, northeast Illinois--significance of exceptional fossil preservation in syngenetic concretions: Palaios, v. 1, p. 271-285
Brady, L. L., Adams, D. B., and Livington, N. D., 1976, An evaluation of the strippable coal reserves in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Mineral Resources Series 5, 40 p. [available online]
Broadhurst, F. M., 1988, Seasons and tides in the Westphalian; in, Sedimentation in a Synorogenic Basin Complex--The Upper Carboniferous of Northwest Europe, B. M. Besley, ed.: Blackie and Son, London, p. 264-272
Brown, M. A., Archer, A. W., and Kvale, E. P., 1990, Neap-spring tidal cyclicity in laminated carbonate channel-fill deposits and its implications--Salem Limestone (Mississippian), south-central Indiana, USA: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p. 152-159
Busch, R. M, and Rollins, H. B., 1984, Correlation of Carboniferous strata using a hierarchy of transgressive-regressive cycles: Geology, v. 12, p. 471-474
Busch, R. M., and West, R. R., 1987, Hierarchal genetic stratigraphy--a framework for paleoceanography: Paleoceanography, v. 2, p. 141-164
Dionne, J. C., 1988, Holocene relative sea-level fluctuations in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada: Quaternary Research, v. 29, p. 233-244
Dott, R. H., Jr., 1983, SEPM presidential address--episodic sedimentation. How normal is average? How rare is rare? Does it matter?: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 53, p. 5-23
Fishbaugh, D. A., Kvale, E. P., and Archer, A. W., 1989, Association of tidal and fluvial sediments within Lower Pennsylvanian rocks, Turkey Run State Park, Parke County, Indiana: Guidebook, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Eastern Section Meeting, 46 p.
Gluskoter, H. J., and Hopkins, M. E., 1970, Distribution of sulfur in Illinois coal; in, Depositional Environments in Parts of the Carbondale Formation-Western and Northern Illinois, W. H. Smith, R. B. Nance, and M. E. Hopkins, eds.: Illinois Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 89-95
Goodwin, P. W., and Anderson, E. J., 1985, Punctuated aggradational cycles--a general hypothesis of episodic stratigraphic accumulation: Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 515-533
Klein, G. de V., 1990, Pennsylvanian times scales and cycle periods: Geology, v. 18, p. 455-457
Kreisa, R. D., and Moiola, R. J., 1986, Signoidal tidal bundles and other tide-generated sedimentary structures of the Curtis Formation, Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 381-387
Kvale, E. P., and Archer, A. W., 1989, Recognition of tidal processes in mudstone-dominated sediments, Lower Pennsylvanian, Indiana; in, Geology of the Lower Pennsylvanian in Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, J. C. Cobb, ed.: Illinois Basin Consortium (Kentucky Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, and Illinois State Geological Survey), p. 29-44
Kvale, E. P., and Archer, A. W., 1990, Tidal deposits associated with low-sulfur coals, Brazil Formation (Lower Pennsylvanian), Indiana: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p. 563-574
Kvale, E. P., Archer, A. W., and Johnson, H. R., 1989, Daily, monthly, and yearly tidal cycles within laminated siltstones of the Mansfield Formation (Pennsylvanian) of Indiana: Geology, v.17,p.365-368
Macmillan, D. H., 1966, Tides: CR Books Limited, London, 240 p.
Nio, S. D., and Yang, C. S., 1989, Recognition of tidally influenced facies and environments: International Geoservices BV, Short Course Note Series 1, Leiderdorp, Netherlands, 230 p.
NOAA, 1988, Tide tables, 1988, high and low water predictions, Central and Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, Riverdale, Maryland, 381 p.
O'Connell, A., 1981, Origin of the Glen Eyrie member of the Fountain Formation: A.M. thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 174 p.
Roep, T. B., and van Regteren Altena, J. F., 1988, Paleotidal levels in tidal sediments (3800-3635 B.P.)--compaction, sea level rise and human occupation (3275-2620 B.P.) at Bovenkarspel, NW Netherlands; in, Tide-Influenced Sedimentary Environments and Facies, P. L. de Boer, A. van Gelder, S. D. and Nio, eds.: D. Reidel Publishing Co., Boston, p. 215-231
Rutan, D., 1980, The petrology and depositional environments of the Pennsylvanian Lawrence Formation in eastern Kansas: M.S. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 120 p.
Sadler, P. M., 1981, Sediment accumulation rates and the completeness of stratigraphic sections: Journal of Geology, v. 89, p. 569-584
Sadler, P. M., and Dingus, L. W., 1982, Expected completeness of sedimentary sections--estimating a time-scale-dependent limiting factor in the resolution of the fossil record; in, Third North American Paleontological Convention Proceedings, B. Mamet and M. J. Copeland, eds.: Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, v.2,p.461-464
Shaver, R. H., ed., 1984, Midwestern basins and arches region--correlation of stratigraphic units in North America: Chart MBA, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Sonett, C. P., Finney, S. A., and Williams, C. R., 1988, The lunar orbit in the later Precambrian and the Elatina sandstone laminae: Nature, v. 335, p, 806-808
Vail, P. R., Mitchum, R. M., Todd, R. G., Widmier, J. M., Thompson, S., Sangree, J. B., Budd, J. N., and Hatelid, W. G., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level; in, Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration, C. E. Payton, ed.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 26, p. 49-212
van den Berg, J. H., 1981, Rhythmic seasonal layering in a mesotidal channel fill sequence, Oosterschelde Mouth, the Netherlands; in, Holocene Marine Sedimentation in the North Sea Basin, S. D. Nio, R. T. E. Shuttenheim, and T. C. E. van Weering, eds.: International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 5, p. 147-159
Visser, M. J., 1980, Neap-spring cycles reflected in Holocene subtidal large-scale bedform deposits--a preliminary note: Geology, v. 8, p. 543-546
Wanless, H. R., and Shepard, F. P., 1936, Sea-level and climatic changes related to late Paleozoic cycles: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 47, p. 593-606
Wanless, H. R., and Weller, J. M., 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1,003-1,016
Williams, G. E., 1989, Late Precambrian tidal rhythmites in South Australia and the history of the Earth's rotation: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 146, p. 97-111
Web version April 2, 2010. Original publication date 1991.
URL=http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/233/Archer/index.html


Celebrate a new arrival with a Baby Cake that is sure to delight. Filled with all those baby essentials and finished with a gorgeously soft fleece blanket. Presented as a mass of flower buds and finished with a cascade of gently unfurling rosebuds in Sugar Pink for a baby girl. The Flower Stork version of the Nappy Cake.
Press and Awards The Celebration Baby Cake was a finalist at Gift of the Year Awards 2007, featured in Prima Baby November 2008, seen on ITV This Morning and was featured in OK Magazine at the Baby Shower of Celebrity Mum of the Year Katie Price.


HP8 Herbal Prostate Review – Does HP8 Herbal Prostate Work?
Prostate enlargement is an unavoidable result of aging. Increased in the growth of cells in the prostate gland typically takes place when men get to the age of 40. When the prostate gland increases its size, it will eventually squeeze in the urethra, thus causing the contraction of the bladder even if it is empty. This will result into symptoms like frequent urges to urinate and thin urine flowing.
Since the condition has been confirmed in men, benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment has been investigated and recommended to patients. There are health care specialists that suggest taking no necessary action until the symptoms improve. Symptoms which are milder just tend to stop even if with no treatment involved. If it gets worst, your health care specialist may suggest that you will take some prescribed drugs or dome other treatment options. A surgery called "transurethral resection of the prostate" is performed when prostate enlargement is at its worst stage.
HP8 Herbal Prostate is an example of an organic supplement which is designed to aid individuals with prostate problems like prostate inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia. This products website has been high informative and they also talk about prostate problems which is related to aging. That is why many consumers have patronized this product. However, one problem about their website is the details of the product itself.
HP8 Herbal Prostate is manufactured to stringent pharmaceutical industry standards at an Australian Government GMP licensed facility, ensuring quality, potency and purity. Each ingredient is carefully selected and tested to ensure batch-to-batch consistency and effectiveness. HP8 Herbal Prostate contains free fatty acids from saw palmetto and provides a daily dose of 200 mcg of selenium, essential for the maintenance of healthy prostate function.
HP8 Herbal Prostate lacks some additional ingredients which are needed to cure prostate problems. It lacks many compounds that I believe are useful in aiding prostate problem. Another problem about HP8 Herbal Prostate is it is unreasonably overpriced because it only contains very few ingredients. One bottle of this organic supplement costs about $40 which a person can consume in a month. 1 month sounds cheap but if you try to consider about its long term expense. Remember that you won't be cured in just a month. It more time to get over the condition especially if the ingredients are limited.


text:
Passport: Ban Ki Moon tries to awaken the UN Ban Ki Moon tries to awaken the UN...
Ban Ki Moon tries to awaken the UN
Spencer Platt/Getty Images Ban Ki Moon took office as secretary general of the United Nations yesterday, inheriting an organization sullied by inaction in Darfur and the oil-for-food scandal. But Moon's toughest challenge may be dealing with the UN bureaucracy. His attempt to call his first staff meeting for 8 am today was allegedly denied: According ...
By Diyana Ishak
605148_bankimoon_05.jpg
Ban Ki Moon took office as secretary general of the United Nations yesterday, inheriting an organization sullied by inaction in Darfur and the oil-for-food scandal. But Moon's toughest challenge may be dealing with the UN bureaucracy. His attempt to call his first staff meeting for 8 am today was allegedly denied:
According to a UN source, staff informed him that the Korean-style early start would create too many difficulties and he was forced to reschedule his arrival to 9.30 am.
Ban Ki Moon took office as secretary general of the United Nations yesterday, inheriting an organization sullied by inaction in Darfur and the oil-for-food scandal. But Moon's toughest challenge may be dealing with the UN bureaucracy. His attempt to call his first staff meeting for 8 am today was allegedly denied:
The former South Korean foreign minister has already made two appointments, naming Indian diplomat Vijay Nambiar as his chief of staff and Haitian journalist Michele Montas as his spokeswoman. Other top positions are coveted by Western states, but they will likely be filled by appointees from developing countries.
Despite a rocky start, Ban is already styling himself as the next Tom Cruise:
You could say that I'm a man on a mission, and my mission could be dubbed 'Operation Restore Trust' – and trust in the organization and trust between member states and the secretariat. I hope this mission is not mission impossible.
Tag: United Nations
NEW FOR SUBSCRIBERS: Want to read more on this topic or region? Click + to receive email alerts when new stories are published on United Nations United Nations


A study in 2000 found light wine drinkers as compared to teetotalers cut their risk of premature death due to heart disease by almost a third1. This may be due to the increase in blood flow that occurs with wine drinking. The fruit in the brew boosts good cholesterol (HDL) and prevents the bad cholesterol (LDL) from causing damage to the blood vessels. Research in Amsterdam studied 275 men and women. Those who drank one to two glasses of wine daily had significantly higher HDL cholesterol levels2.
A research group from Loyola University Medical Center has found moderate red wine consumption reduces the risk of developing dementia. They analyzed data from 19 nations and found a decreased risk in moderate red wine drinkers from 14 of them. The risk was 23% lower in red wine drinkers compared to people who rarely or never drank wine3. They attribute the beneficial results to resveratrol, a powerful antioxidant that is present in red wine.
While it is doubtful that wine decreases the risk of cancer, there are studies showing the growth of oral, liver and breast cancer cells decrease when exposed to red wine. However, studies of alcohol use in people have revealed those who drink have a slightly increased risk of throat, esophageal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Epidemiologic studies have found the consumption of one small glass of wine daily increases the risk of premenopausal breast cancer by 5% and postmenopausal breast cancer by 9%4.
A study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in 2000 showed women who drank the equivalent of one to three glasses of wine a day had greater bone density than nondrinkers or heavy drinkers5. Another study tested 500 elderly women and found their bone density was 12 to 16% higher among moderate drinkers compared to nondrinkers6. A comparable study of men found similar results7.
The above benefits are only found in those who drink moderately. In fact, a study of heavy drinkers found those who drink to excess die on average two years earlier than moderate drinkers. Interestingly, moderate drinkers outlived nondrinkers by the same amount8.
Wine drinking may be beneficial, but those with a drinking problem should avoid alcohol in any form. There are many other ways to improve heart, brain and bone health. Exercise, healthy eating, and living a life with less stress and more sleep is a good place to start.


MCHS volleyball player Lily Heavner recorded 6 kills and 9 assists to help her team beat Gustine last week in Mariposa. Photo by Matt JohnsonThe Mariposa County High School volleyball team made the Gustine Reds feel a little blue last week.
MCHS handled Gustine with little trouble, winning 25- 17, 25-20, 25-15 last Tuesday in Mariposa. The Grizzlies played well as a team, especially early on in the match, when they got out to a 17-6 lead in the first set.


This weekend's M1-Global Challenge MMA clash between England and Spain in Holland will be available for viweing for UK MMA fans for just £5.
Thats right just £5 to see team Team England take on Spain in the M1-Global Challenge this Saturday and Sunday in Hilversum, Holland at Studio 22.
A total of 60 fighters representing 10 counties for a combined total of 30 fights are on tap and you can support Team England and see some great MMA action from the cream of UK fighters for only £5.
FIGHTSHOP.com are official suppliers of Sandee Combat Sports equipment to the M1-Global Team England squad.


text:
UPDATE: Interstate 30 traffic pattern change in Saline County begins in September
Construction to widen Interstate 30 to six lanes in Saline County requires two traffic shifts onto newly constructed pavement in the median.
UPDATE: Interstate 30 traffic pattern change in Saline County
begins in September
SALINE COUNTY | September 2, 2022
NR #22-214-1
Weather permitting, I-30 traffic between the Saline River Bridge and the Highway 67 interchange (Exit 114) will be shifted in stages onto the new pavement in mid-September. This work was scheduled for September 9-12, but it has been postponed to a future date. Another news release will be published once the dates are determined. No ramp access will be impacted by the traffic shift.
I-30 westbound traffic will shift during overnight hours TBD
I-30 eastbound traffic will shift during overnight hours TBD
Traffic will be controlled with construction barrels, barricades, and signage. The public is advised to be cautious when traveling in the work zone and watch for slower traffic speeds. Areas adjacent to the Interstate may experience noise impacts during nighttime hours.
This project (Job CA0601) is part of ARDOT's Connecting Arkansas Program and includes widening 5.5 miles of Interstate 30 to three lanes in each direction, from the interchange with U.S. Highway 70 (Exit 111) to Sevier Street in Benton (Exit 116). The project also includes improvements at the Highway 67 interchange (Exit 114). More information on this $187.3 million project is available at ConnectingArkansasProgram.com.
Drivers should exercise caution when approaching and traveling through all highway work zones. Additional travel information can be found at IDriveArkansas.com or ARDOT.gov.


EZmall Sale: Up to 60% OFF + Extra ₹100 OFF on all Site-Wide Products. Hand-picked Products at Amazing Prices just for You. Come to Check it Out Now! Fast Delivery | Quality Checked Products | Watch Product Demo | Easy Replacement. Quality & Affordable. Categories: Electronics & Appliances, Home & Kitchen.


text:
Bradford and Leeds secure £9.8m funding to tackle unemployment
Mar 23, 2017 Mar 23, 2017 Urban Echo
Bradford Council, in partnership with Leeds City Council, has been awarded funding from the European Structural Investment Fund (ESIF) to help tackle unemployment in the district over the next three years.
The funding from ESIF of more than £4.3m contributes to a total fund of £9.8m with the rest of the funding coming from Bradford Council, Leeds City Council, Incommunities, and Aspire-Igen. The fund will help the Council deliver the Skills Training Employment Pathways (STEP) project.
STEP is voluntary programme for people who are aged over 25 and facing barriers to employment. It will involve the delivery of a package of tailored support for long-term unemployed and disadvantaged people. The funding will help teams work with the individual to identify and overcome the barriers they face in getting work so they can find sustained employment.
In Bradford STEP will be delivered through SkillsHouse, the Employment Opportunities Fund and through a number of specialist services who support people:
· who have a disability or who have mental ill-health
· who are from black, Asian or minority ethnic background or who have English as a second language
· with a drug or alcohol dependency
· who are aged over 50
Of the funding, 72% will be used on projects within the Bradford District. The STEP programme aims to deliver the following by 2020:
· over 5,000 individuals with job search and employability
· over 1,500 individuals into employment
· over 700 individuals will sustain employment at 6 months
If you live in Bradford District, are over 25 and unemployed, you can call 01274 257788 to find out more information and to book an appointment at the information and assessment centre.
Councillor Imran Khan, Bradford Council's portfolio holder for education, employment and skills, said:
"It's great news for the district that our joint bid with Leeds City Council has been accepted. It means that we can implement the STEP programme to help long-term unemployed people in our District overcome the barriers they face so they find work.
"I want to acknowledge the support of Incommunities, Aspire-Igen, the Department for Work and Pension and Leeds City Council who have supported this bid. The success of this funding means we can continue to build on the success of our innovative Get Bradford Working initiative."
Councillor Mohammed Rafique, Leeds City Council's executive member for employment, skills and opportunity said:
"A range of work is being undertaken in Leeds and across the city region to provide people of all ages, and especially those who have been out of work for a long period, with the skills, support and confidence to find employment.
"I am delighted therefore that our joint bid to the ESIF with the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council has been successful. This means that over the next three years, through the STEP project, we will be able to further tackle the barriers that are stopping long-term unemployed people aged over 25 securing a job."
£25,000 of Jewellery Stolen in Cleakheaton Burglary
Corrupt Former Officer Given Lengthy Sentence


This is a great value 7 seater turbo diesel automatic 4 wheel drive. Its in very tidy condition for its age and we're pretty sure the back seat has never been sat on. It still had the plastic on it. Fitted with a towbar and brake controller ready to tow the boat or van on holidays.


Merkava Mk3 BAZ, one of IDF's most powerful main battle tanks, has been developed from Merkava Mk3. It has good mobility with a powerful 1200hp engine installed in the front. The weapon system consists of a 120mm smoothbore gun and 3 machine guns. Meanwhile, a new gunner's sight and an additional commander's panoramic sight are equipped. Its heavily armoured engine deck strengthens its front protection. This tank can also be equipped with Nochri Dalet mine roller system so as to clear mines in battlefield.
1/35 scale plastic model kit of Israeli Merkava Mk.3 BAZ main battle tank with the total length of 324mm (tank's total length being 268mm) and width of 111mm. Unique shape of Israeli tanks is precisely reproduced; rubber type and all-steel type of road wheels are included; all baskets can be built to be empty of full; separate side skirts, one-piece TPE tracks and precise and workable Nochri Dalet mine roller parts are included. Two painting schemes are provided.
The Israel Merkava Mk.3 BAZ MBT Is Perfectly Modelled And The Unique Shape Of Israeli Tanks Is Realistically Reproduced.
The Tank With Nochri Dalet Mine Roller System Looks More Powerful And Imposing.
Newly Tooled Turret Beautifully Represents The Real One.
New Sub-Assemblies Including Spare Jerry Can, Rifle And Spare Ammunition Box Reproduce Appearance Of The Real Tank To The Maximum.
New Stowage Basket Sub-Assembly With A Canvas Bag Reproduces The Real Appearance Of Tanks In Combat.
Well-Designed And Precisely-Machined One-Piece Ball And Chain Armour Will Free You From Complicated Assembly.
Brand New TPE Tracks Reproduce The Real Ones With Easy Assembly.
Precise Nochri Dalet Mine Roller System Is Realistically Reproduced And The Additional Metal Chain Makes The Model Look More Real.
The Kit Contains Grey and Clear Sprues, 1 Decal Sheet, 1 Metal Sheet And Also 1 Metal Chain.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The task of Sound Event Detection (SED) consists in correctly detecting target sound events present in an audio clip.  SED systems are expected to produce strongly-labeled outputs (i.e.~detect sound events with a start time, end time, and sound class label)~\cite{virtanen2018computational}. Multiple events can be present in each audio recording, including overlapping target sound events and potentially non-target sound events.

Since 2018, DCASE Challenge Task 4 proposes to address the SED problem in a context where systems are provided with unlabeled and weakly labeled recorded clips (without any timing information) for training~\cite{serizel2018_DCASE}. In 2019, we proposed to use an additional training set composed of strongly labeled synthetic soundscapes~\cite{Turpault2019_DCASE}. These are cheap to obtain but they can introduce a domain mismatch when SED systems have to operate on recorded clips.

Task 4 of the DCASE Challenge has been motivated by the fact that manually obtaining strong annotations is time consuming and therefore expensive. Additionally, strong annotations are known to be error-prone, mainly because of the subjective judgement of each annotator regarding onsets and offsets localization. A large set of annotations have been recently released on a portion of Audioset~\cite{hershey2021benefit}. Doing this for each specific application is not feasible and strong labels data remain subject to human annotators interpretations. Therefore, it is still relevant to explore to what extent it is possible to cheaply train a SED system from an heterogeneous dataset~\cite{turpault:hal-02891665}.

An additional advantage of using synthetically generated soundscapes is the possibility to have full control over the properties of the soundscapes~\cite{salamon2017scaper}. This allows to generate custom synthetic clips to untangle some of the many problems faced by a SED system operating under real conditions. Since 2019, within DCASE Task 4,
synthetic soundscapes have been designed to target some specific SED open problems and they have been proposed in the evaluation set to the challenge participants in order to obtain a benchmark of state-of-the-art SED systems on these specific problems~\cite{Serizel2020_ICASSP,turpault2021sound}.

During previous iterations of the challenge, we have observed that obtaining
an accurate time segmentation was one of the most prominent challenges of the SED systems~\cite{ turpault2021sound,serizel:hal-02114652,serizel:hal-02355573}. In 2021, we proposed to change the metric from an event-based F-score~\cite{mesaros_metrics_2016} to a polyphonic sound detection score (PSDS)~\cite{bilen2020framework}.
This metric has been proven to be more robust in labeling subjectivity than the collar-based match metric (such as event-based F-Score) and it allows focusing on specific application scenarios~\cite{ferroni:hal-02978422}. In particular depending on how finely sound events need to be localized in time, a specific set of parameters can be used.

\begin{table*}[t!]
\centering
 \begin{tabular}{l|l|c|c|l|c|c}
  \toprule
  Ref&Submission code system 1 & PSDS\_1 & PSDS\_2 & Submission code system 2 & PSDS1 & PSDS2 \\
  \midrule
  \cite{Zheng2021}&Zheng\_USTC\_task4\_SED\_1 & 0.45 & 0.67
  & Zheng\_USTC\_task4\_SED\_3 & 0.39 & 0.75 \\

  \cite{Kim2021}&Kim\_AiTeR\_GIST\_SED\_4 & 0.44 & 0.67 &
  Kim\_AiTeR\_GIST\_SED\_4 & 0.44 & 0.67 \\

  \cite{Lu2021}&lu\_kwai\_task4\_SED\_1 & 0.42 & 0.66 &
  lu\_kwai\_task4\_SED\_3 & 0.15 & 0.69\\

  \cite{Nam2021}&Nam\_KAIST\_task4\_SED\_2 & 0.40 & 0.61 &
  Nam\_KAIST\_task4\_SED\_4 & 0.06 & 0.72\\

  \cite{Ebbers2021}&Ebbers\_UPB\_task4\_SED\_3 & 0.42 & 0.64 &
  Ebbers\_UPB\_task4\_SED\_4 & 0.36 & 0.64 \\

  \cite{Tian2021}&Tian\_ICT\_TOSHIBA\_task4\_SED\_1 & 0.41 & 0.59 & Tian\_ICT\_TOSHIBA\_task4\_SED\_1 & 0.41 & 0.59\\

  \cite{Gong2021}&Gong\_TAL\_task4\_SED\_3 & 0.37 & 0.63 &
  Gong\_TAL\_task4\_SED\_3 & 0.37 & 0.63 \\

  \cite{Wang2021}&Wang\_NSYSU\_task4\_SED\_3 & 0.34 & 0.65 &
  Wang\_NSYSU\_task4\_SED\_4 & 0.30 & 0.66 \\

  \cite{Yu2021}&Cai\_SMALLRICE\_task4\_SED\_2 & 0.37 & 0.58 &
  Cai\_SMALLRICE\_task4\_SED\_3 & 0.37 & 0.60 \\

  \midrule

  \cite{ronchini2021impact}& Baseline & 0.31 & 0.55 &
  Baseline & 0.31 & 0.55 \\
 \bottomrule
 \end{tabular}
 \caption{PSDS\_1 and PSDS\_2 of the nine highest-ranked teams based on rankings score plus the baseline.}
 \label{tab:rank}
\end{table*}

This paper benchmarks DCASE 2021 Challenge Task 4 submissions which represent a sample of the state-of-the-art in SED. We investigate the solutions proposed by participants depending on time segmentation constraints, analyse the robustness of the different submitted systems to varying levels of target to non-target signal-to-noise ratio (TNTSNR)
and a varying time localization of target sound events. The SED submissions are evaluated according to the two PSDS~\cite{PSDS:2020} scenarios defined for the DCASE 2021 Challenge Task 4. \footnote{To promote reproducibility, the mapping files, the ground-truth of the proposed subsets, and the submissions of the teams are made available under an open-source license \url{https://zenodo.org/record/5949149}}.

\section{Datasets and task setup}
\label{sec:dataset}

\subsection{Task setup and evaluation metrics}
\label{subsec:setup}

In order to better understand the expected behaviour of each submission and with the aim to emphasize different systems properties for the two scenarios considered in the DCASE 2021 Challenge Task 4, the following definitions are given.

\textbf{Scenario 1:}
The system needs to react fast upon an event detection (e.g. to trigger an alarm, adapt home automation system \dots). The localization of the sound event is then really important.

\textbf{Scenario 2:}
The system must avoid confusion between classes but the reaction time is less crucial than in the first scenario.

Different PSDS sets of parameters need to be defined in order to reflect the particular needs of each scenario. For the DCASE 2021 Challenge Task 4, four parameters have been customized according to the different needs: Detection Tolerance criterion (DTC), Ground Truth intersection criterion (GTC), Cross-Trigger Tolerance criterion (cttc) and Cost of Cross-Triggers (CT) on the user experience ($\alpha_{CT}$). Table \ref{tab:PSDS} summarizes the PSDS values given the scenario. PSDS values are computed using 50 operating points (linearly distributed from 0.01 to 0.99). More information regarding PSDS can be found in Bilen et al.~\cite{PSDS:2020}.

The PSDS will be indicated throughout the paper as \textbf{PSDS\_1} when evaluated on scenario 1 and \textbf{PSDS\_2} when evaluated on scenario 2, regardless of the system.

The systems analyzed on this paper have been selected according to the official ranking. The ranking criterion is the aggregation of PSDS\_1 and PSDS\_2. Each separate metric considered in the final ranking criterion is the best separate metric among all teams submission (each team is allowed 4 different submissions and PSDS\_1 and PSDS\_2 can be obtained by two different systems of the same team).

\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:PSDS}
    \mathrm{Ranking\ Score} = \overline{\mathrm{PSDS}\_1} + \overline{\mathrm{PSDS}\_2}
\end{equation}\
with $\overline{\mathrm{PSDS}\_1}$ and $\overline{\mathrm{PSDS}\_2}$ being the PSDS on scenario 1 and 2 normalized by the baseline PSDS on these scenarios, respectively.
\begin{table}[t
\centering
 \begin{tabular}{l|c|c}
  Parameter & Scenario 1 & Scenario 2 \\
  \toprule
  DTC & 0.7 & 0.1 \\
  GTC & 0.7 & 0.1 \\
  $\alpha_{CT}$ & 0 & 0.5 \\
  cttc & - & 0.3 \\
 \bottomrule
 \end{tabular}
 \caption{PSDS parameters of each scenario defined.}
 \label{tab:PSDS}
\end{table}

In this paper, we analyze different experiments to understand the systems behavior. The two different scenarios allows us to understand more in detail the possible adaptation of each system. The setup has been chosen in order to favor experiments on the systems behavior and their adaptation to different target scenario.

\subsection{Datasets}

\subsubsection{DESED dataset}
The dataset considered on this paper is the DESED dataset\footnote{\href{https://project.inria.fr/desed/}{https://project.inria.fr/desed/}} \cite{serizel:hal-02355573, turpault:hal-02160855}, which is the same as provided for the DCASE 2021 Challenge Task 4.
It is composed of 10 seconds length audio clips either recorded in a domestic environment or synthesized to reproduce such an environment\footnote{For a detailed description of the DESED dataset and how it is generated the reader is referred to the original DESED article~\cite{turpault:hal-02160855} and DCASE 2021 task 4 webpage: \url{http://dcase.community/challenge2021}}.
The synthetic part of the dataset is generated with Scaper \cite{salamon2017scaper}, a Python library for soundscape synthesis and augmentation.
The foreground events (both target and non-target) are obtained from the Freesound Dataset (FSD50k) \cite{fonseca2020fsd50k}, while the background sounds are obtained from the SINS dataset (activity class "other") \cite{dekkers2017sins} and TUT scenes 2016 development dataset \cite{mesaros2016tut}. The event co-occurences are computed on a set of strong annotations from Audioset~\cite{hershey2021benefit}.
More information regarding the generation of the DESED dataset can be found in Ronchini et al.~\cite{ronchini2021impact}.

\subsection{Synthetic evaluation datasets}
The aim of this study is to investigate challenges related to real SED aspects such as target to non-target signal-to-noise ratio (TNTSNR), sound events localization in time and the impact of non-target sound events. Starting from the reference synthetic soundscapes evaluation set, eight different evaluation sets have been designed to specifically target these challenges. These additional evaluation datasets have been proposed to DCASE 2021 Task 4 participants together with the official evaluation set in order to be able to benchmark state-of-the-art systems on these particular aspects.

\subsubsection{Reference synthetic soundscapes evaluation set}
\label{sub:refset}

The synthetic 2021 evaluation set is composed of 1000 audio clips.
In the context of the challenge, this subset is used for analysis purposes. We will refer to it as \textbf{synth}, being the reference evaluation synthetic set. For consistency, on the figures on the paper the set \textbf{synth} will be referred to as  \textbf{TNTSNR\_0}, being 0 the TNTSNR. It contains target and non-target events distributed between the different audio clips according to pre-calculated co-occurrences \cite{ronchini2021impact}. Two additional versions of the \textbf{synth} set have been generated, \textbf{TNTSNR\_inf} (only target sound events) and \textbf{synth\_ntg} (only non-target sound events).

\subsubsection{Synthetic set with varying TNTSNR}
\label{sub:TNTSNRset}

With the aim of studying what would be the impact of varying the TNTSNR on the system performance, three different versions of \textbf{synth} have been generated. The SNR of non-target events have been decreased by 5 dB, 10 dB and 15 dB compared to their original value. The original SNR of the sound events is randomly selected between 6 dB and 30 dB, so the more we decrease the SNR, the less the sound will be audible, with some of the events that will not be audible at all. These subsets will be subsequently referred to as \textbf{TNTSNR\_5}, \textbf{TNTSNR\_10}, \textbf{TNTSNR\_15}.

\subsubsection{Synthetic set with varying onset time}
\label{sub:onsetset}

A subset of 1000 soundscapes is generated with a uniform sound event onset distribution and only one event per soundscape.
Three variants of this subset have been generated
with the event onset shifted in time.
The sound event onsets are located between 250~ms and 750~ms in the first version, between 5.25~s and 5.75~s in the second version and between 9.25~s and 9.75~s in the third version.
These subsets will be hereafter referred to as \textbf{500ms}, \textbf{5500ms} and \textbf{9500ms}, respectively. These subsets are designed to study the sensibility of the SED segmentation to the sound event localization in time. A similar experiment has already been conducted for DCASE 2019 and DCASE 2020 Task 4~\cite{ Serizel2020_ICASSP, turpault2021sound}. The main purpose here is to analyze whether the systems have improved on this particular aspect.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Sis1_PSDS1}
\caption{PSDS\_1 results for systems selected for scenario 1, evaluated with reference evaluation set and sets with varying TNTSNR.}
\label{fig:sis1p1}
\end{figure}

\section{Impact of the evaluation scenario}
\label{sec:evalscen}
One novelty of the DCASE Challenge 2021 Task 4 is the introduction of two evaluation scenarios. As described in Section \ref{subsec:setup}, one scenario is strict in terms of temporal segmentation (scenario 1) while the other is more permissive in terms of temporal segmentation but systems must avoid confusion between classes (scenario 2). Since the participants were allowed to present up to 4 different systems, we first analyze whether or not the participants submitted specific systems for the scenarios.

Table \ref{tab:rank} presents the PSDS scores obtained on the official evaluation set for both scenarios. In particular, the table reports the results of the 9 highest-ranked teams and the baseline. For each team, the PSDS for the two systems selected for the ranking score are reported.
For three participants, the systems that perform best on scenario 1 and scenario 2 have different behaviors ~\cite{Zheng2021,Lu2021,Nam2021}. Zheng et al. adjust the sigmoid temperature parameter to obtain soft or sharp detection output depending on the scenario~\cite{Zheng2021}. Lu et al. use a convolutional nerual network (CNN) model on scenario 1 and a conformer on scenario 2~\cite{Lu2021}.  Nam et al. propose to train a weak SED system for scenario 2, primarily focusing on event classification~\cite{Nam2021}. For some participants, the best system on scenario 1 is also the best system on scenario 2~\cite{Kim2021,Tian2021,Gong2021}. In the remainder of the paper we focus on the six submissions listed above, comparing their performance to those obtained with the baseline. Table~\ref{tab:rank} also reports performance obtained by other participants for which the difference between the best system on scenario 1 and the best system on scenario 2 is marginal (the difference is mainly due to a different system adjustment)~\cite{Ebbers2021,Wang2021,Yu2021}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Sis1_PSDS2}
\caption{PSDS\_2 results for systems selected for scenario 1, evaluated with reference evaluation set and sets with varying TNTSNR.}
\label{fig:sis1p2}
\end{figure}

\section{ANALYSIS ON THE SYNTHETIC DATASETS}
\label{sec:analysis}

This section compares the different submissions evaluated on the different synthetic datasets described in Section~\ref{sec:dataset} in order to investigate the impact of the TNTSNR (Section \ref{subsec:tntsnr}), the sound event localization within the clip (Section \ref{subsec:onset}) and the impact of non-target sound events when considered alone (Section  \ref{subsec:nontg}).

The objective here is to highlight the different impact of using systems that are fine-tuned according to the different scenarios compared to using a general system. Therefore, all the plots in this paper use different colors to identify the teams. The performance for the teams using different systems for the two scenarios~\cite{Zheng2021,Lu2021,Nam2021} are represented with green lines, while the performance for the teams using the same system for both scenarios~\cite{Kim2021,Tian2021,Gong2021} are presented in red. The cyan line represents the baseline performance.

\subsection{Impact of TNTSNR}
\label{subsec:tntsnr}
Figures \ref{fig:sis1p1}, \ref{fig:sis1p2} and \ref{fig:sis2p2} report the results obtained with the submissions evaluated on the dataset with varying TNTSNR (see also Sections \ref{sub:refset} and \ref{sub:TNTSNRset}).
Figures \ref{fig:sis1p1} and \ref{fig:sis1p2} show the performance of the systems selected on scenario 1, reporting both PSDS\_1 and PSDS\_2 whereas Figure \ref{fig:sis2p2} reports the PSDS\_2 for the submissions selected on scenario 2.

As can be observed from Figures \ref{fig:sis1p1} and \ref{fig:sis1p2}, all the submissions (selected on scenario 1 emphasizing the temporal segmentation) perform better when only target events are present in the evaluation set, with the performance that consistently decreases with the TNTSNR getting lower. This confirms the results observed in previous work~\cite{turpault:hal-02891700}. The drop between the best performance (without non-target sound events) and the worst performance (TNTSNR\_0) is similar with both metrics (Figure~\ref{fig:sis1p1} and~\ref{fig:sis1p2}) regardless of the systems. This could indicate that the TNTSNR has little effect on the segmentation performance of the systems.

Figure \ref{fig:sis2p2} shows the PSDS\_2 of the submissions selected for scenario 2 (relaxed time segmentation constraint). It is interesting to notice that the results obtained with systems that are tailored to provide coarse segmentation  are more robust to different TNTSNR. In fact, with respect to this scenario, which emphasizes sound event class prediction over time segmentation, they evince a relatively smaller drop between the best performance (without non-target sound events) and the worst performance (TNTSNR\_0) compared to the general systems.
This tends to indicate that strong sound event classification capabilities are particularly important when considering robustness to varying TNTSNR.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Sis2_PSDS2}
\caption{PSDS\_2 results for systems selected for scenario 2, evaluated with reference evaluation set and sets with varying TNTSNR.}
\label{fig:sis2p2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Impact of time localization of the original event}
\label{subsec:onset}

Figure \ref{fig:onset} shows the PSDS\_1 for the submissions selected on scenario 1. In this experiment, we focus on systems selected for scenario 1 as the problem considered in this part of the analysis is related to time localization. We evaluate the systems using the evaluation sets described in Section \ref{sub:onsetset}. This experiment has already been proposed for DCASE 2019 and DCASE 2020 submissions \cite{Serizel2020_ICASSP, turpault2021sound}. Previous analyses showed that performance consistently drop when the onsets of the sound events are located towards the end of the clips~\cite{turpault2021sound}.
Similar performance trends are obtained with general
systems~\cite{Kim2021,Tian2021,Gong2021}, while systems that have been adapted for scenario 1~\cite{Zheng2021,Lu2021,Nam2021} generally show attenuated performance drop towards the end of the clips.
In particular, the approaches proposed by Zheng et al.~\cite{Zheng2021} and Nam et al.~\cite{Nam2021} have robust performance regardless of the onset timing. According to the systems description, this improvement seems to be related to the use of specific data augmentation methods.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Sis1_PSDS1_onset}
\caption{PSDS\_1 results for systems selected for scenario 1, evaluated with synthetic set with varying onset time.}
\label{fig:onset}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Impact of non-target sound events}
\label{subsec:nontg}
In this last experiment, we investigate the impact of non-target sound events on the systems outputs. Similarly to the study reported on Ronchini et al.~\cite{ronchini2021impact},
we are interested in studying whether false positive events can be triggered by non-target events and identify which ones. In order to do so, the systems have been evaluated with the \textbf{synth\_ntg} evaluation set, described in Section \ref{sub:refset}.

Table~\ref{tab:ntg_events} presents the number of target events detected by the systems on clips that do not contain any target event. The results are split depending on the average length of the target classes detected:
\textit{Alarm bell ringing, Cat, Dishes, Dog and Speech} are considered as short event classes while \textit{Blender, Running water, Electric shaver toothbrush, Frying and Vacuum cleaner} are considered as long event classes. Systems tend to spuriously predict short events more than long events. This is particularly true for systems that are tailored to have a fine segmentation (Zheng\_SED\_1, Lu\_SED\_1, Nam\_SED\_2). This sensitivity probably has to be taken into account when designing systems with fine segmentation.

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
 \begin{tabular}{l|c|c|c}
  \toprule
  Submission code & All events & Short events & Long events \\
  \midrule
  Zheng\_SED\_1 & 721 & 665 & 56 \\
  Zheng\_SED\_3 & 448 & 392 & 56\\

  Lu\_SED\_1 & 781 & 719 & 62 \\
  Lu\_SED\_3 & 282 & 225 & 57 \\

  Nam\_SED\_2 & 1098 & 1044 & 54 \\
  Nam\_SED\_4 & 500 & 434 & 66 \\

  \midrule
  Baseline & 831 & 697 & 134 \\

 \bottomrule
 \end{tabular}
 \caption{Number of non-target events detected by the systems when evaluated with \textbf{sytnh\_ntg}.}
 \label{tab:ntg_events}
\end{table}

\section{CONCLUSIONS}
\label{sec:typestyle}
This paper presents a benchmark of state-of-the-art Sound Event Detection systems (submissions to DCASE 2021 Challenge Task 4) on evaluation sets composed of synthetic soundscapes designed to target specific challenges of the Sound Event Detection task. The main challenges addressed in this paper are the impact of varying target to non-target signal-to-noise ratio, the impact of time localization of the sound event and the impact of non-target sound events. We observe that systems that are tailored for a fine time segmentation are generally more robust to the event localization within the clips but can also be more sensitive to false alarm triggered by non-target events. On the other end, systems that are tailored for coarse time segmentation generally provide an event classification that is more robust to low TNTSNR.

\vfill\pagebreak
\clearpage

\bibliographystyle{IEEEbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


It's got the two switches and there is wiring off that. I guess I need to try and trace where that goes. Which the car came with original manual. Any thoughts?
Are there bulb holders inside the binnacle ?. The early handbook shows the lamps as standard. The later 1966 handbook shows just one switch for the instrument lights, no parcel shelf lamps. The switch would be left or right side depending on left or right hand drive. I imagine the binnacle had holes on both sides and one was blanked off. Perhaps someone fitted a switch to the redundant hole and wired it for some other purpose ?. The binnacle may not be the original one for the car, if it was I think it would have the parcel shelf lamp windows.
Thanks to those who gave help. Feel a bit of a wally as I traced the problem to a dead switch.
Does anybody have a photo of the correct switches? I've seen th2 ones like the panel light switch on the later 3 instrument binnacles fitted (which are the type used on the rear bin lights) as well as a squarer stubby variant. One of the photos on the thread has longer plastic switches - which is correct?
The square stubby switches are correct. Lucas part number 5L31.
Again jumping on the back of this thread, I was having a route through the garage and have come across a couple of these switches, one nos in the BMC box and some of the later switches off of the 3 clock binnacle if anyone is interested send me a pm.


1967 marked 100th anniversary of the creation of Canada as a nation. To celebrate this special occasion, the Royal Canadian Air Force set up an aerobatic team, which was to perform at 100 air demonstrations across the country. The team were known as the "Golden Centennaires" and primarily flew a formation of 9 gold and blue CT-114 Tutor jets.
Other aircraft in their displays included a solo CF101 Voodoo and a solo CF104 Starfighter. To contrast the jet aircraft, two Avro 504K biplanes also participated in the display. The team's last demonstration was in November 1967 at the American Nellis Air Force base in Nevada where they flew together with the "Thunderbirds".
The "Golden Centennaires" were in fact the real precursor of today's RCAF display team, the "Snowbirds".
The Golden Centennaires display team also had two CT-133 Silver Star support aircraft, which was also painted in team's colors.


As a student, I enjoyed architecture and precision drawing. After college, I worked for an architect in San Diego on a plan for a small housing development in Utah, with passive solar design and some modular, off-site fabrication features.
My first use of CAD was for boat hulls, designing large, modern Pacific proas; upgraded in the nineties to MultiSurf by AeroHydro: "a rich and versatile system for parametric design of 3D geometric objects, particularly complex objects involving freeform curves and surfaces.".
Rhino curves, surfaces and solids are advanced versions of what MultiSurf offered, with far better UI for a vast, complex set of create/edit tools and excellent photo realistic rendering of materials, textures and lighting. Began using Rhino in February, 2014: arc with holes, leaf table, patio bar (and night), proa sketches. I'm especially enjoying the "Grasshopper" plugin, a graphical programming tool that generates and manipulates 3D parametric models, controlled by sliders.
In 2009, I started using Google SketchUp Pro and its programmable "Dynamic Components" feature to create a solar array model. When scaled, the outer frame dimension is rounded to accommodate the appropriate number of columns and rows, based on the single panel size, and then copies of that panel are drawn instead of a stretched version.
The next "smart component" was a truss beam that adjusts its number of diagonal braces appropriately as its length is scaled.
Different sizes of shipping containers stack like blocks until you find out how they are built, where they are strong and not, the engineering needed to stack them in ways different than how they were designed - square, on their corner posts.
Early 2010 - Pre-fab containers began to lose their appeal when I realized that door and window openings in containers must be done relatively close to a build site, since they no longer meet specs for container shipping rates. So focus shifted toward components that can be useful on many different projects, "modular housing designed for shipping containers", starting with roof kit systems in two sizes, 16' and 20' trusses, with generous four foot overhangs at each end, that fit a wide variety of floor plans. The trusses rest on 4x10 beams attached to the containers, or optional posts to extend the roof over decking.
Deck extended 8', new roof cantilevers over old, which is cut back to raise gutter above header beams.


Reap the application "Facebook Home" a large number of negative comments in his first days on the App Store "Google Play", after put on 12 April this year for users in the United States.
The application of "Facebook Home" as the beginning of the interface for smart phones keep the user informed and connect with what's going through their account on the largest networking site around the world.
Many complained of the difficulty of application users to use the rest of their properties after you install interface "Facebook Home", such as making calls or write short text messages, forcing them to uninstall the application.
And exceeded the number of downloads the application from the store "Google Play" barrier 50 thousand downloads, but despite the large number to the size of download the application, the evaluation of the application did not exceed two stars and a half star, to be less Applications "Facebook" assessment yet on the App Store system "Android".
Any user can not add an assessment of the application on the shop "Google," but after the first download, which means that the assessments obtained by the application of "Facebook Home" came from the users they try it.
And have the rest of the Community "Facebook" available on the store, "Google Play" good ratings, where values of the application "Facebook" basic three-star and a half star, Wim values applied "Facebook Messenger" four-star and a half star, while the application of the "Facebook Big Manager" values of four stars by users.
Not available application "Facebook Home" only on a set of smart phones selected operating system Android, such as Samsung phones "Galaxy S4" and "Galaxy S 3" and "Galaxy Note 2" and phones HTC "and" and "and X" and "One X Plus" and "First", The Phone "HTC First" is the first handset that comes built-in interface.


text:
Joining an already green city, new alders and a new mayoral administration aim to combat climate change and increase sustainability starting in the city's parks.
Photo by Téalin Robinson | and Tealin Robinson The Daily Cardinal
Park conservation, green agendas take priority in new Madison politics
By J. Adam Wigger
April 18, 2019 | 7:00am CDT
Newly-elected alder Grant Foster has big ideas for sustainability and conservation in Madison's parks, embodied in the idea that "access is at the top of the list."
Joining other new alders after the April 2 general election, Foster is excited to see how Madison and the new administration will take on sustainability issues and a new green agenda for the city, starting with how it manages its parks.
Madison's 15th aldermanic district, which Foster now represents, encompasses parts of the north shore of Lake Monona — including the troubled Olbrich Park Beach.
Over the last couple years, Olbrich Beach has seen frequent closures and changes to its hours and services due to blue-green algae blooms caused by excess nutrients in the water. Foster hopes to change that in his term on the city council with the help of the new mayoral administration and leadership from the Parks Commission.
By focusing on conservation efforts in parks and especially in his district, Foster hopes the city can work toward changing Olbrich from an "unusable beach" to a "citywide park," making it accessible to all.
Using the city's Sustainability Plan from 2011 as a reference, Foster emphasized the importance of revamping parks and maintaining them in ways that foster greater health for residents, as well as the environment.
In particular, Foster brought up how the proper care of parks and playgrounds can help facilitate increased physical activity in children, create safe walkways for pedestrians to use to commute and provide spaces for more Parks Division programming, like youth sports and daycare programs.
Foster, while ready to fight for conservation and for his constituents, encourages students and other citizens to get involved too.
"Speak up. Pay attention to city commission meetings," Foster said. "Make comments, even when what you want to talk about isn't on the agenda."
Foster also noted that every city commission and committee hearing is open to the public and further encouraged students to get involved in the municipal process.
"Parks are our main asset," he said. "Parks aren't just for our enjoyment. They are part of our environment and our livelihood."
Apart from the new alderman's actions, the city has also taken major steps toward becoming greener, starting with the establishment of the City Sustainability Plan in 2011.
The document, which spans nearly a hundred pages, outlines Madison's plan to combat climate change and promote sustainability through a variety of initiatives and policies — especially in its parks.
Some of the major policy points in the plan include initiatives for major increases in conservation efforts in the Parks Division.
The city's Parks Division is responsible for more than 270 parks, including four golf parks, one cemetery and a public swimming pool. Following the adoption of the 2011 sustainability plan, the Parks Division took major steps toward incorporating sustainable practices into the care and maintenance of the many public spaces.
The goals laid out in the plan include sweeping initiatives like developing an interlocking system of parks and public spaces "within a 10-minute walk" of any Madison resident, developing a "Conservation Plan" that the city can implement in publicly-owned spaces and aiming to "protect and increase" the amount of continuous woodland and forest.
Mayor-elect Satya Rhodes-Conway was one of the first supporters of the plan to commission the study when she was an alder in 2010. In her campaign for mayor, she continued to pursue a green agenda and used the issue of sustainability to propel herself to Election Day.
Rhodes-Conway, on her campaign website, wrote that addressing key issues would help Madison improve its green agenda. The mayor-elect specifically focused on expanding access to good biking and walking networks in the parks system and investing in green infrastructure in order to protect tree and soil development in conservation areas.
Following the push towards a comprehensive conservation plan in the 2011 commission, the city released the 2018-2023 Park and Open Space Plan. Adopted in late October 2018, the plan acts as a long-range guide for designing parks and other conservation projects.
Some of the major initiatives addressed by the plan are combating pollinator decline and invasive species in parks and increasing water quality, like that of Olbrich Beach and Park.
With the implementation of the Park and Open Space Plan and the new faces in the city council and mayor's office, Madison is likely to see an uptick in overall sustainability efforts citywide — especially in the city's parks.
The adoption of the 2011 City Sustainability Plan, the 2018-2023 Park and Open Space Plan and the new direction in the city's administration signal a shift towards a more green Madison.
Design teams present proposals to reimagine Lake Monona waterfront
University Club reopens with new dining service: the Union Commons


text:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

internal partial class Interop
{
    internal partial class User32
    {
        [DllImport(Libraries.User32)]
        public static extern int GetWindowThreadProcessId(IntPtr handle, out int processId);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub