text:
\section{Introduction}

Since the pioneering works on coupled phase oscillators by Winfree
\cite{winfree} and Kuramoto \cite{kuramoto}, synchronization in
nonlinear systems has been systematically studied and attracted
much attention. Recent reviews on the developments can be found in
\cite{strogatz, pikovsky, mikhailov, acebron}. The systems where
the phenomena of synchronization have been observed include
biological clocks \cite{winfree}, chemical oscillators
\cite{kuramoto}, coupled map lattices \cite{kaneko, pecora,gade},
coupled random frequency oscillators \cite{07TangLH},
cardiorespiratory coupled system \cite{06pre-syn}, etc.

The model first introduced by Kuramoto \cite{kuramoto} is one of
the basic models that describes the synchronization process when
initially independent oscillators begin to move coherently. It was
thoroughly studied and successfully applied in several systems
which were modeled by an ensemble of coupled phase oscillators
\cite{acebron}. Another model of interest is the Kuramoto model
with a time-delay \cite{niebur,nakamura,yeung,choi et al}. The
model shows a number of interesting phenomena including, e.g., the
effect of bistability as discovered in \cite{yeung} where the
Kuramoto model with time-delayed interactions was also considered
to be subject to a white noise. Note that both time-delayed
interactions and noise play very important role in nature (see,
e.g., \cite{haken}).

In this paper we consider the Kuramoto model of globally coupled
(all-to-all) phase oscillators with a time delay and subject to
the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) colored noise \cite{gardiner}, that is
a Gaussian process with a finite correlation time, and a
non-Gaussian colored noise \cite{fuen,06preBag,07preBag,bph}. The
focus in our study is on the interplay between the influence of
noise and the time delay on the synchronization process. Our
previous study on the stochastic Kuramoto model \cite{bph} showed
that the influence of the OU noise qualitatively differs from the
case of white noise as the former allows for the full
synchronization despite the fact that the system is subject to a
noise, see e.g. Fig. 3 in \cite{bph}.

Generally speaking, the time delay introduces de-phasing among the
oscillators. This de-phasing is to interfere with the intrinsic
correlations caused by the finite correlation time of the noise.
As a result, we have found that the de-phasing plays important
role in the dynamics of the system when the intrinsic correlations
are small. We also investigate the effect of the time delay on the
onset of synchronization for different noise strengths for both OU
and non-Gaussian noises. But before doing that we show that the
effect of time delay for the noiseless Kuramoto model is
qualitatively equivalent to the effect of frequency fluctuations
of the phase oscillators. Meanwhile we demonstrate that for the
stochastic Kuramoto model the critical coupling grows nonlinearly
with the increase of the time delay that is due to the additional
de-phasing caused by the time delay. We also investigate how the
transition from the Gaussian to a non-Gaussian noise changes the
dynamical properties of the system.

\section{Stochastic Kuramoto model with time-delayed
interactions}

Let us consider the stochastic Kuramoto model with time-delayed
interactions. This model describes $N$ coupled phase oscillators
with dynamics governed by the following equations
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\theta_i(t)}{dt} = \omega_i + \frac{\epsilon}{N} \sum_{i<j}
^N \sin[\theta_j(t-\tau_d) - \theta_i(t)] + \eta_i (t),
\label{stochastic}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\theta_i$ and $\omega_i$ are, respectively, the phase and
the frequency of the $i$-th oscillators ($i=1,\dots,N$),
$\epsilon$ is the coupling constant, and $\tau_d$ is the time
delay. The independent noise processes $\eta_i (t)$ are governed
by
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\eta_i (t)}{dt} = - \frac{1}{\tau}\frac{d}{d \eta_i} U_p(\eta_i)
+ \frac{\sqrt{D}}{\tau} \xi_i (t). \label{noise}
\end{eqnarray}
The potential function is
\begin{eqnarray}
U_p(\eta_i)=\frac{D}{\tau( p-1)} \ln[1+\alpha (p-1)\eta_i^2/2]
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
with $\alpha = \tau / D$. $\xi_i(t)$ is the Gaussian white noise
process defined via $$\langle\xi_i(t)\xi_j(t')\rangle =
2\delta_{ij}\delta(t-t')$$ and $\langle\xi_i(t)\rangle = 0$. $D$
and $\tau$ measure the intensity and the correlation time of the
noise process. Shortly we will discuss more about them. In the
noise term in Eq. (1) it is apparent that in the present problem
we assume the homogenous diffusion of phase oscillators.

The form of the noise $\eta_i$ allows us to control the deviation
from the Gaussian behavior by changing a single parameter $p$. For
$p=1$,  Eq.(\ref{noise}) becomes
\begin{equation}
\frac{d\eta_i}{dt} = - \frac{\eta_i}{\tau} + \frac{\sqrt{D}}{\tau}
\xi_i (t)
\end{equation}
which is a well-known time evolution equation for the OU noise
process \cite{gardiner} for which the auto correlation function is given by
\begin{equation}
<\eta_i(t)\eta_i(t')> = \frac{D}{\tau}\exp(-\frac{|t-t'|}{\tau}) \; \;.
\label{gvar}
\end{equation}

\noindent Thus $D$ and $\tau$ are the noise strength and
correlation time of the OU noise. The factor $[1+\alpha
(p-1)\eta_i^2/2]$ in  the first term of Eq.(\ref{noise}) leads to
producing  colored non Gaussian noise whose effective noise
strength and correlation time are different from $D$ and $\tau$.
However, to make the present paper self-consistent we would like
to mention here salient features of the non-Gaussian noise only
\cite{fuen}.

The stationary probability distribution of the noise process is given by
\begin{equation}
P(\eta_i)=\frac{1}{Z_{ip}}\left[1+\alpha (p-1)
\frac{\eta_i^2}{2}\right]^{\frac{-1}{p-1}},
\label{df}
\end{equation}
where $Z_{ip}$ is the normalization constant which equals to
\begin{eqnarray}
Z_{ip}  =  \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}d\eta_i \left[1+\alpha (p-1)
\frac{\eta_i^2}{2}\right]^{\frac{-1}{p-1}}  \nonumber\\
 =  \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{\alpha
 (p-1)}}\frac{\Gamma_1(1/(p-1)-1/2)}{\Gamma_1(1/(p-1))} \; \;
\;,\label{nc}
\end{eqnarray}
with $\Gamma_1$ being the Gamma function. This distribution
can be normalized only for $p<3$. Since $P(\eta_i)$ is an even
function of $\eta_i$, the first moment, $\langle \eta_i \rangle$, is
always 0, and the second moment (variance) is given by

\begin{equation}
\langle \eta_{ip}^2 \rangle  = \frac{2 D}{\tau (5-3 p)} \; \;
\;,\label{var}
\end{equation}
which is finite only for $p<5/3$. Furthermore, for $p<1$, the
distribution has a cut-off and it is only defined for $|\eta_i| <
\eta_{ic} \equiv \sqrt{\frac{2D}{\tau (1-p)}}$.

However, it is difficult to determine the auto correlation function (ACF) of
the non Gaussian noise $\eta_i$ exactly. To have an idea about this we have
 calculated it numerically and presented the result in Fig. 1.
The two time correlation function for the non Gaussian noise
(solid curve) is fitted well by bi-exponentially decaying function
$<\eta_i(t)\eta_i(0)>= a e^{-t/37}+ b e^{-t}$ having two
correlation times 37 and 1, respectively, for $\tau=1.0$, where
$a$ and $b$ are constants related to the noise intensity. In the
same figure we have plotted numerically calculated ACF for
Gaussian colored noise. It exactly mimics the function given in
Eq.(\ref{gvar}). Figure 1 clearly shows that the effective noise
strength and correlation time for non Gaussian noise are greater
compared to those of colored Gaussian one. The correlation time of
non-Gaussian noise $\tau_p$ at the stationary regime of the
process $\eta_i(t)$ diverges near $p=5/3$ and it can be
approximated \cite{fuen} over the range  $1 \le p < 5/3$ as

\begin{equation}\label{ct}
\tau_p \simeq 2\tau/(5-3p) \; \;.
\end{equation}

This equation is qualitatively consistent with Fig.1. However, for
this approximate correlation time, Eq.(\ref{var}) becomes

\begin{eqnarray}
\langle \eta_{ip}^2 \rangle \simeq  \frac{4 D}{\tau_p (5-3 p)^2}
\label{var1} \; \; \;.
\end{eqnarray}

Equations (\ref{var}-\ref{var1}) imply that when $p\rightarrow 1$,
we recover the limit that $\eta_i$ is a Gaussian colored noise
since at this limit Eqs.(\ref{var},\ref{var1}) correspond to the
variance of Colored Gaussian noise as given in Eq.(\ref{gvar}) and
$\tau_p$ in Eq.(8) becomes $\tau$ which is the correlation time of
the Gaussian noise. Another check in this context can be obtain in
the following way. In this limit the term in the square bracket of
Eq.(\ref{df}) can be written as

\begin{equation}
1+\alpha
(p-1){\eta_i^2}/{2}=\exp(\alpha(p-1){\eta_i^2}/{2}) \; \;.
\end{equation}

\noindent
Then Eq.(\ref{df}) becomes

\begin{equation}
P(\eta)=\frac{1}{Z_1}\exp(-\alpha \eta_i^2/2) \; \; \;, \label{eq9}
\end{equation}
with $Z_1=\sqrt{\pi/\alpha}$, which is a Gaussian distribution
function. However, Eq.(\ref{var}) shows that for a given external
noise strength $D$ and the noise correlation time $\tau$, the
variance of the non-Gaussian noise is higher than that of the
Gaussian noise for $p>1$, {\it i.e.} $\langle \eta_{ip}^2 \rangle
> \langle \eta_{i1}^2 \rangle$. Similarly, Eq.(\ref{ct}) implies
that $\tau_p > \tau$ for $p>1$. These are consistent with the
message of Fig. 1. Before leaving this issue we like to emphasize
that in the present study we have considered continuous
distribution of the non-Gaussian noise which is more relevant to
the natural systems rather than two-state or discrete
distributions as mostly used in the literature to study the noise
driven dynamical systems \cite{doer}.

The quantity of interest in the present study is
\begin{eqnarray}
Z = \Gamma e^{i\Theta} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1} ^{N} e^{i\theta_i}
\label{orderparameter}
\end{eqnarray}
which is the order parameter that measures the extent of
synchronization in the system of $N$ phase oscillators. Its
absolute value $\Gamma$ determines the degree of synchronization.
It can be seen that in case of all the oscillators having the same
phase the quantity equals to one ($\Gamma = 1$) that corresponds to
the full synchronization. The degree of synchronization is equal
to zero ($\Gamma = 0$) when all the oscillators are independent and
have different phases. $\Theta$ defines an average phase of the
oscillators. For the initial distribution of frequencies we choose the
Lorentzian distribution
\begin{eqnarray}
g(w) = \frac{1}{\pi}\frac{\lambda}{(\omega - \omega_0)^2 +
\lambda^2}. \label{lorentz}
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Results and discussion}

We have computed the order parameter $\Gamma$ as well as the
critical coupling strength numerically since it is very difficult
to study the problem analytically due to the colored noise and
nonlinearity in terms of $\eta_i$ in its time evolution equation.
Using Heun's method (a stochastic version of the Euler method
which reduces to the second order Runge-Kutta method in the
absence of noise) we have solved the Eqs. (\ref{stochastic}) and
(\ref{noise}) simultaneously \cite{rt}. Based on the above method,
we have studied time evolution of $N=5000$ coupled phase
oscillators. In Ref. \cite{bph}, we have showed that such a $N$
value is large enough so that the calculated quantities can
represent those for systems in the thermodynamic limit.

For a given frequency distribution of the phase oscillators and
environment of specific characteristic there exists a threshold
value of the coupling strength $(\epsilon_c)$ above which the
coherent (synchronized) state is the stable state. If the
$\epsilon$ is smaller than $\epsilon_c$, then the incoherent state
is the stable one. $\epsilon_c$ is called critical coupling
strength. To calculate the value of $\epsilon_c$, we first obtain
the dependence of ensemble average of $\Gamma$ ($<\Gamma>$) on
$\epsilon$. From this we determine numerically the derivative of
$<\Gamma>$ with respect to $\epsilon$ at stationary state. The
$\epsilon$ corresponding to the maximum value of the derivative is
identified as the critical coupling strength. Our numerical study
satisfies all the known limiting results, i.e., (i) $\epsilon_c=
2\lambda$ in the absence of noise ($D=0$) and $\tau_d=0$  (ii)
$\epsilon_c=2 (\lambda+ D)$ for white noise and $\tau_d=0$
(results are not shown here). We would also like to mention here
that we chose stationary time to be a linear function of time
delay ($\tau_d$) with the proportionality constant 100 and
integration step length $h=0.01$.

We start our numerical study to determine how stability of both
coherent and incoherent states depends on the time delay.
Stability of these states of white-noise driven coupled
oscillators in the Kuramoto model with a time delay has been
studied by Young and Strogatz \cite{yeung}. They have considered
two cases. In the first case, all the oscillators are identical.
In the second case, they have chosen Lorentzian distribution,
Eq.(\ref{lorentz}), of frequency of the coupled oscillators. In
the present paper, we extend this study to colored-noise driven
coupled oscillators. The noise may be OU Gaussian or non Gaussian
in characteristics. However, the critical coupling strength as
mentioned above indicates that up to that value of coupling
strength, the incoherent state can survive at long time. This
range corresponds the stability zone of the incoherent state of
the coupled phase oscillators. Thus critical coupling strength is
a measure to imply how stability of incoherent or coherent states
of the coupled oscillators depends on time delay and other
parameters of the system. To demonstrate the dependence of the
critical coupling strength $\epsilon_c$ on the time delay $\tau_d$
for various noise properties, we  have reproduced Fig.2 of Ref.
\cite{yeung} for identical oscillators in the absence of noise
(i.e. $D=0$) and presented it by the solid curve in Fig.2. In the
presence of noise the phase oscillators become non identical and
the time delay is effective in the dynamics even at its low value
compared to the case where noise is absent. Since the variance of
the non-Gaussian noise is higher compared to the Gaussian one, the
shift of the damped oscillating curve towards the larger critical
coupling strength from the noiseless case, is very big for former
than latter at low noise correlation time, $\tau \approx 0.1$.
Their difference reduces remarkably at large noise correlation
time, $\tau \approx 2$. The reason may be the following. Effective
noise correlation time of the colored non-Gaussian noise is much
higher than the Gaussian one at large $\tau$. Increase of noise
correlation time leads to develop better phase relationship among
the oscillators reducing the phase diffusion. Thus at large $\tau$
the difference in critical coupling strength is small for a given
time delay. It is apparent in Fig.2 that the interplay of noise
correlation time and the time delay plays some constructive role
to have a synchronized state particularly at large $\tau$ and
around the first maximum of the damped oscillation curve. It also
shifts a little bit the position of the maximum towards the left
and reduces the oscillation amplitude at large time delay values.
Thus colored noise plays a role beyond the induction of diffusion
behavior.

 Before going to the next case we would like to demonstrate the
variation of critical coupling strength as a function of frequency
of the coupled identical oscillators in the presence of time
delay. In Fig.3 we have presented this. It exhibits that the
variation is periodic as a result of interplay of the time delay
and the frequency of the oscillator. However, again it shows how
noise correlation can reduce the stability of incoherent state.
Because of higher effective noise strength of the non-Gaussian
noise, the critical coupling strength for the case $p=1.5$ and
$\tau=0.5$ is comparable to white Gaussian noise.

 For the second case of non-identical phase oscillators,
 we have done calculations similar to those for Fig. 2
for identical oscillators, and the results are presented in Fig.
4. Again, the solid curve in Fig.4 is a reproduction of Fig. 4 of
Ref.\cite{yeung}. All the features of Fig. 2 in the presence of
colored noise has appeared in Fig. 4. Here one important point to
be noted is that around the maximum, the incoherent state is
unstable even at lower coupling strength in the presence of
colored noise compared to the case without noise. Thus colored
noise can effect the nonlinear coupling among the phase
oscillators. It is quite similar to the modification of the
dynamics by the colored noise in the presence of nonlinear
potential \cite{han1,mb}.

 In the next step we demonstrate how the critical coupling
strength varies as a function of noise parameters. First, we
consider the dependence of $\epsilon_c$ on the noise strength (D).
To identify the signature of the time delay in this context we
have determined a ratio of critical coupling strengths
$\epsilon_c(\tau_d=0)/\epsilon_c(\tau_{dm})$ for a given noise
intensity, where $\tau_{dm}$ is the location of the first maximum
in the $\tau_d$ axis. For identical oscillators we have chosen
$\tau_{dm}=2$ from Fig. 2 and for nonidentical oscillators we have
considered $\tau_{dm}=1$ from Fig. 4.
It is not difficult to
anticipate that this choice will incorporate the maximum effect of
time delay. However, the ratio had been calculated for different
values of the noise strength for the white noise and is presented
in Fig.5. At first it rapidly increases both for identical (dotted
curve) and nonidentical (solid curve) oscillators then the growth
rate slows down. The initial growth rate is higher for identical
oscillators compared to nonidentical oscillators because at low
noise strength $\epsilon_c(\tau_d=0)$ is close to zero for the
former and it grows at a faster rate. If the noise strength is
appreciably large then the ratio is higher for identical
oscillators than for the nonidentical case even if $\tau_{dm}$ is
greater for the former than the latter. Thus time delay is more
effective in the dynamics for nonidentical oscillators compared to
the case of identical oscillators. Similar features are also
observed for the colored noise and are demonstrated in insets (a)
and (b) for the Gaussian and non-Gaussian noises. At large noise
intensities the ratio of critical coupling strengths is smaller
for the colored Gaussian noise compared to other noises for the
case of nonidentical oscillators. Thus on switching from the white
Gaussian to colored Gaussian or non-Gaussian characteristics of
noise the time delay begins to play an important role in the
dynamics.

 The variation of the ratio of critical coupling strengths with
the non-Gaussian parameter $p$ is demonstrated in Fig.6. It shows
that the ratio increases as a function of $p$ for both cases of
identical and nonidentical oscillators. The rate of growth is
higher for the former than the latter case. The ratio is lower for
the identical oscillators compared to the case of nonidentical
oscillators at low $p$. However at large $p$ the situation turns
around, it becomes inverse. These aspects can be understood if one
keeps in mind that the effective noise strength increases as $p$
grows. Therefore Fig.5 is essentially similar to Fig.6 and it can
be explained in the same way as we have explained the results
presented in Fig.6.

 Finally, in Fig.7 we have presented the variation of the ratio
of critical coupling strength as a function of noise correlation
time. It shows that the ratio decreases with increase of $\tau$.
Since phase diffusion reduces as the noise becomes more colored,
the critical coupling strength decreases as $\tau$ grows both in
the presence and the absence of time delay. The ratio decreases
because in the absence of time delay the colored noise is more
effective in the dynamics. Similarly, the rate of decrease is a
little bit higher for identical oscillators than for nonidentical
ones. These kind of features are also observed for the colored
non-Gaussian noise and are presented in the inset of the Fig. 7.
In both cases the ratio is higher for the identical oscillators
compared to the nonidentical oscillators for a given noise
correlation time. Thus it again supports the statement that the
time delay is more effective in the dynamics for the latter than
for the former.

\section{Conclusion}

We have considered the stochastic Kuramoto model including
time-delayed interaction with a delay time $\tau_d$ subject to
both OU Gaussian or non-Gaussian colored noise with a correlated
time $\tau$. The main focus of our study was on the interplay
between the effects of finite correlation time $\tau$ and the time
delay $\tau_d$ and their influence on the onset of the
synchronization. Our results can be summarized as follows.

(i) The shift of the damped oscillating curve (for the critical
coupling strength as a function of time delay $\tau_d$) towards
the larger critical coupling strength from the noiseless case is
very large for the non-Gaussian noise than for the Gaussian one at
low noise correlation time, $\tau \approx 0.1$. Their difference
reduces remarkably at large noise correlation times, $\tau \approx
2$ (Fig. 2).

(iii) Due to the present intrinsic correlations, the colored noise
plays a role beyond the induction of diffusive behavior.

(iii) The incoherent (unsynchronized) state may be unstable around
the maximum even at lower coupling strength values in the presence
of colored noise compared to the noiseless case (Fig. 4).

(iv) The ratio of critical coupling strengths
$\epsilon_c(\tau_d=0)/\epsilon_c(\tau_{dm})$ first rapidly
increases as a function of noise intensity $D$ for both the
identical and nonidentical oscillators and then slows down. The
initial growth rate is higher for identical oscillators compared
to the case of nonidentical oscillators. If the noise strength is
appreciably large then the ratio is higher for identical
oscillators than for the nonidentical case even if $\tau_{dm}$ is
greater for the former than the latter case. At large values of
noise intensity the ratio of critical coupling strength is smaller
for the colored Gaussian noise than for the other noises for the
case of nonidentical oscillators (Fig. 5).

(vi) The ratio of critical coupling strengths increases as a
function of non-Gaussian parameter $p$ for both cases of identical
and nonidentical oscillators. The rate of growth is higher for the
former case than the latter one. The ratio is lower for identical
oscillators compared to nonidentical oscillators at low $p \ge 1$.
However at large values of $p$ it becomes inverse (Fig. 6).

(v) The above ratio decreases with increase of $\tau$. The rate of
decrease is higher for the case of identical oscillators compared
to the one for nonidentical oscillators (Fig. 7).

 We anticipate that investigation of influence of time-delayed
interactions and (generally non-Gaussian) noise in complex systems
would lead to important insights into their stochastic dynamics,
e.g., for the process of intercellular synchronization in biology
\cite{zhou} (see also systems biology models mentioned as possible
applications in \cite{bph}). The time-delayed interaction also
plays an important role in a molecular model of biological
evolution \cite{10pre06evo}.

This work was supported by the National Science Council in Taiwan
under Grant Nos. NSC 96-2911-M 001-003-MY3 \& NSC
98-2811-M-001-066, and National Center for Theoretical Sciences in
Taiwan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This is a 'cool' and smooth sounding riff-jazz track similar to something like the Pink Panther or something from a slick old-school detective film. This was recorded live in a professional recording studio, originally used for a film score. This may be useful in a game setting as well!
In the download pack, I've included a seamlessly looping version for those who wish to use this as possible looping background music.
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I have the intention of using it as the introduction theme for the jazz club.
If you like, i am more than willing to mention you in the credits section of the game.


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text:
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  <state datetime="2017-03-15">REFERRED</state>
  <status>
    <introduced datetime="2017-03-15"/>
  </status>
  <introduced datetime="2017-03-15"/>
  <titles>
    <title type="short" as="introduced">Career and Technical Education State Flexibility Act</title>
    <title type="short" as="introduced">Career and Technical Education State Flexibility Act</title>
    <title type="official" as="introduced">A bill to amend the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006 to make the maintenance of effort provision less burdensome on States.</title>
    <title type="display">Career and Technical Education State Flexibility Act</title>
  </titles>
  <sponsor bioguide_id="H000338"/>
  <cosponsors/>
  <actions>
    <action datetime="2017-03-15">
      <text>Introduced in Senate</text>
    </action>
    <action datetime="2017-03-15" state="REFERRED">
      <text>Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.</text>
    </action>
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    <term name="Labor and employment"/>
    <term name="Education programs funding"/>
    <term name="Vocational and technical education"/>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We are the children of God. As children, we are aware of how we act in relationship to our God. We find ourselves doing things that we know are honorable and helpful to others and for our own life. We reach out to help those in financial distress and those who are broken by death and the hardships in their lives spiritually, emotionally, and physically. We pray to God, learn and meditate on God's words, and seek to lift up and strengthen others to do the same. We diligently support our family and friends, especially those who are sick or who need our close attention to deal with their problems. God leads us to do these acts of love.
Faith gives commitment, composure, and balance as we journey through life's disasters even during times of episodic and long-term hardships and also triumphs during periods of great of joy. When there is a lack of faith, there is mistrust, fickleness, and volatility. The evidence of unfaithfulness is seen when we are living a roller coaster lifestyle. Where every major success is met with over-the-top happiness and every significant failure or misfortune brings intense despair. A lack of faith is also evidenced by our quickness to argue, complain and challenge God regarding our circumstances on a regular basis.
Read Luke 4:1-13 where Jesus came face to face with the most intense adversary of all after he began his active ministry. Read of how he dealt with that intense attack of his spirit, mind, and body after fasting for 40 days.


text:
title: Trainspotting
playwright: Irvine Welsh
adaptor: "Harry Gibson"
student_written: false
season: In House
season_sort: 350
period: Spring
venue: New Theatre
date_start: 2017-05-10
date_end: 2017-05-13

cast:
- role: Renton / Boy
  name: Chris Sharp-Paul
- role: Tommy / Sick Boy / Drunk
  name: George Waring
- role: Alison / June / Lizzie / Lassie
  name: Claire Wimbush
- role: Begbie / Mother Superior / Mrs. Renton
  name: Pete Przyslo
- role: Radio Voice
  name: Iona Hampson

crew:
- role: Director
  name: Will Berrington
- role: Producer
  name: Laura Wolczyk
- role: Production Assistant
  name: Becca David
- role: Lighting Designer
  name: Nathan Penney
- role: Lighting Designer
  name: Hannah Burne
- role: Technical Director
  name: Ben Woodford
- role: Sound Designer
  name: Emma Barber
- role: Set Designer
  name: Ollie Shortt
- role: Video Specialist
  name: David Taylor
- role: Tech Specialist
  name: Joseph Heil
- role: Technical Operator
  name: Darcey Graham
- role: Technical Operator
  name: Lucy Simmons
- role: Technical Operator
  name: Adam Frankland
- role: Technical Operator
  name: Joanne Blunt
- role: Technical Operator
  name: Rohanna Brown
- role: Technical Operator
  name: Zoe Smith
- role: Stage Manager
  name: Dave Porter
- role: Stage Manager
  name: Kaitlyn Samuelsen
- role: Stage Manager
  name: Tom Proffitt
- role: Stage Manager
  name: Maddy Strauss
- role: Hair & Make-Up
  name: Sasha Gibson
- role: Hair & Make-Up
  name: Rachael Baines
- role: Photography
  name: Zoe Smith

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  - type: backstage
    video: wZsWDCG
    title: Backstage At

links:
  - type: Review
    href: http://www.impactnottingham.com/2017/05/trainspotting-nottingham-new-theatre/
    snapshot: gDCGj
    publisher: Impact Nottingham
    author: Anna Watson
    title: "Trainspotting @ Nottingham New Theatre"
    date: 2017-05-13
    rating: 9/10
    quote: "Music blaring, psychedelic disco lights encompassing the room in colour and chaos. It is immediately clear that this is a production not to be missed."
  - type: Review
    href: http://kevcastletheatrereviews.blogspot.co.uk/2017/05/trainspotting-adapted-by-harry-gibson.html
    snapshot: 0f89o
    publisher: Kev Castle Reviews
    title: "\"Trainspotting\" by Harry Gibson"
    date: 2017-05-11
    quote: "The show is full of emotion on several levels. it may make you angry, you may feel a love to some of the characters, one thing that I can promise though is that you'll go away from this production with some sort of emotion and talking point."

---

Choose Life. Choose a job. Choose a career. Choose a family. Choose a f\*\*\*ing big television, choose washing machines, cars, compact disc players and electrical tin openers. Choose good health, low cholesterol, and dental insurance. Choose fixed interest mortgage repayments. Choose a starter home. Choose your friends. Choose leisurewear and matching luggage. Choose a three-piece suit on hire purchase in a range of f\*\*\*ing fabrics. Choose DIY and wondering who the fuck you are on Sunday morning. Choose sitting on that couch watching mind-numbing, spirit-crushing game shows, stuffing f\*\*\*ing junk food into your mouth. Choose rotting away at the end of it all, pissing your last in a miserable home, nothing more than an embarrassment to the selfish, f\*\*\*ed up brats you spawned to replace yourselves. Choose your future. Choose life...


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A Gilded Age Tale of Murder and Madness
In opulent seaside Newport, a wealthy and beloved Black businessman turns up dead. The prime suspect is his son-in-law, a dashing medical student set to become one of the country's first Black surgeons. The resulting trial will tear the town in two.
Story by Kay Adams and Nancy Markey · Illustrations by Camilla Sucre · Edited by Brendan Spiegel · 11.17.22
Story by Kay Adams and Nancy Markey
Illustrations by Camilla Sucre
Edited by Brendan Spiegel
Tuesday, October 6, 1885, was a rainy morning on bustling Levin Street in Newport, Rhode Island. Despite the rain, the day began like any other, with milkmen and delivery boys making their usual rounds. Wives and daughters carried out their household duties while keeping an eye on the small children. Horses pulled wagons and carriages noisily up and down the short artery between swanky Bellevue Avenue to the east and Thames Street, the commercial heart of Newport, to the west. On either side of Levin Street, a diverse population occupied homes that were interspersed between bars, liveries and family-run businesses. Amongst the clamor of the morning, the first gunshot from the Burton residence at 63 Levin Street went relatively unnoticed. A few neighbors would later say, upon reflection, that they'd heard that first shot. When a second shot quickly followed, folks paused their morning activities to listen. Then the screaming began.
Burton's former home on Levin Street, now Memorial Boulevard, photographed in 1967. The home was demolished in the 1970s. (Photo: Rhode Island Collection, Providence Public Library)
The screams came from a young Black woman who burst through the doorway of the Burton home — one of the largest in the neighborhood, an imposing two-and-a-half-story building with the family's living quarters, adjoining a four-family tenement — and dashed up the street. Her cries of "Help! My father has shot himself!" echoed throughout the neighborhood. Those closest to the Burton house rushed to the open doorway, pushing their way inside, where they were met by a younger woman beckoning the crowd toward the back of the house. "Father has killed himself, go and get somebody!" she sobbed, pointing to the kitchen.
On the floor, legs sprawled under the breakfast table, lay the body of 59-year-old entrepreneur Benjamin J. Burton, reputed to be Rhode Island's wealthiest Black businessman. A small pistol lay by his side. A delivery man who had hastily abandoned his wagon on the street stepped forward and gently put his fingers on Burton's wrist, searching for a pulse. Slowly returning Burton's hand to the floor, he shook his head and stepped away from the body.
In the chaos, someone flagged down the police officer walking the neighborhood beat. The policeman dutifully called for the medical examiner and coroner, before turning his attention to the gawking onlookers streaming in and out of the front door.
The medical examiner quickly assumed command of the scene and ordered Burton's body moved to the kitchen table. A cursory inspection revealed two bullet wounds: one to the back of the head just above the right ear and a second to the left side of his chest. A curious white object protruded from Burton's mouth. It was a large piece of unchewed bread, its presence silently noted by the medical examiner. Within minutes, Burton was unceremoniously declared dead. It now fell to the coroner to determine the cause.
The coroner was eager to speak with the members of Burton's immediate family before issuing his decision. He found them huddled together in an upstairs bedroom. He asked each of them where they were at the time of their father's death.
Maria Burton Dorsey, Benjamin Burton's 24-year-old daughter, matter-of-factly reported that she had been in one of the adjacent tenements at the time of the shooting. Allen Dorsey, Maria's husband of three months, claimed to have been sick in bed in an upstairs room. He acknowledged hearing two loud bangs but said he assumed it was just doors being slammed shut. Burton's 18-year-old daughter, Emmie, cautiously answered that she wasn't certain if she'd been in the attic or her upstairs bedroom at the time of the shooting, as she had not heard the shots.
Each family member solemnly described Burton as being despondent in the weeks leading up to his death. The daughters revealed that their father had recently told them he did not expect to live much longer. Tearfully, they lamented that his prediction had come true.
This description of the despairing family patriarch came as a surprise to many in the Newport community, where the Burton family enjoyed a stellar reputation and Ben was known as a jovial, good-natured man with a quick wit and kind disposition.
His beloved wife had died five years earlier, leaving him to raise their children while running his businesses. His daughters were considered to be well-bred, genteel young ladies whose status as members of Newport's Black elite kept them above taking in laundry, dressmaking or engaging in a trade.
Burton's start in Newport, in the mid-19th century, had been a humble one, working as a teamster hauling coal and goods from the docks for other business owners. To service the tourists and summer residents who had made Newport a popular seaside resort, Burton established its first Black-owned express and transfer business. During the 10-week summer season, Burton's signature green wagons, piled high with the trunks and personal belongings of summer residents and vacationers, traversed the city thoroughfares. Arriving at the docks at 2 o'clock every morning, wagons in tow, Burton was eager to accept work his competitors rejected.
Over the course of his career, Burton saw Newport start to blossom into a destination for some of the wealthiest families in America. With the dawn of the Gilded Age in 1870, new ultra-rich industrialists and capitalists from New York, Boston and beyond began flocking to this "Queen of Resorts." Eager to spend their newfound wealth, they erected glittery behemoth granite-and-stone mansions with meticulously groomed grounds. With his superior physical strength and outgoing personality, Burton quickly became the favorite expressman of the summer elite.
He then bankrolled his profits into the creation of a horse-drawn bus line that became Newport's first means of mass public transportation. It was Burton's forward thinking that facilitated the creation of new neighborhoods in areas previously deemed undesirable due to their distance from places of employment and houses of worship. At 10 cents a ride, all classes could now travel around Newport at little expense. With the services he provided, for everyone from the uber wealthy to the working class, Ben Burton had earned goodwill all throughout Newport.
Although the family's description of Burton's state of mind seemed contrary to popular opinion, the coroner saw no reason to question the veracity of their statements. Satisfied with their explanations, he snapped his notebook closed, declared Burton's death a suicide, and dismissed the need for an official inquest.
But not everyone was so sure.
Among the people gathered in the Levin Street home on the morning of Burton's death was Mrs. Emily Burton, the widow of Ben's brother, a woman described as having "great will power and magnetism who could set a whole congregation shouting during a religious meeting." After viewing Ben Burton's body, she sought out a police officer to ask if the officer thought he had been murdered.
By the time Burton's death was reported in Providence's The Evening Bulletin, rumors that all was not well in the Burton home were beginning to circulate. Much of the gossip centered around the newest member of the Burton household: Allen Dorsey.
The son of a barber, Dorsey hailed from Athens, Pennsylvania, and was on track to become one of the first Black surgeons in the country. He was a graduate of Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania, and to defray the cost of his education, he had worked as a waiter at Newport's resort hotels during the summers. In 1877, Dorsey was introduced to Maria Burton, and they began a courtship that culminated in their marriage on June 17, 1885.
At the time of Burton's death — just three months after the wedding — Dorsey was preparing to return to Philadelphia to complete his final year of medical school. His admittance to the prestigious University of Pennsylvania was an extraordinary accomplishment, considering that he'd been one of only a handful of Black applicants admitted to the medical college in the school's history.
Standing on the precipice of success, there was only one thing preventing Dorsey from achieving his dream of becoming a surgeon: He was penniless.
Dorsey couldn't believe his luck when Benjamin Burton's daughter agreed to marry him. What's more, Burton had promised a generous dowry to be paid at the end of the season, in time for the start of the fall semester. The money would enable Dorsey to fund his final year of schooling and defray the initial costs of establishing a medical practice. With his future now secure, Dorsey had no intention of returning to menial hotel jobs. Instead, he spent the better part of the summer lounging in his bed and parading around town like a peacock in Burton's carriages.
Benjamin J. Burton's carriage business holds a 20th anniversary parade on the streets of Newport, 1875. (Photo: Rhode Island Collection, Providence Public Library)
Burton, on the other hand, seemed to have had a change of heart concerning his daughter's marriage to her freeloading husband. Although Burton was eager for the newlyweds to depart and begin their life in Philadelphia, he had yet to pay the dowry. In the months leading up to his death, Burton frequently complained bitterly that Allen was a "highly educated pauper" and that the household expenses had soared with the addition of his son-in-law. But most concerning to Burton were the rumors about his daughter Maria's participation in a desperate financial deceit.
A week before his death, Burton had paid his sister-in-law, Emily, an unannounced visit to determine whether she knew anything about an anonymous letter he had just received. The author of the letter accused Maria of borrowing money under false pretenses. Indeed, Emily knew firsthand of the shenanigans involving Burton's daughter and her new husband.
Emily told Burton that Dorsey had written to her the previous spring asking to borrow $125. After declining his request, Emily learned that Maria had borrowed the same amount from a cousin in New York City, promising to repay the debt once her father paid the dowry. This cousin had also had a $200 promissory note mysteriously disappear from her locked trunk while she was staying in the Burton home.
Most recently, Emily had heard that Maria had concocted a story about a relative who'd committed a murder and desperately needed money to flee the country. Though the story sounded like the plot of a dime–store novella, Maria successfully used it to collect a little money, though less than the amount Dorsey needed. Dumbfounded by all he had learned, Burton thanked his sister-in-law and returned home to confront his daughter.
A stormy scene ensued between father and daughter, in which Burton demanded to know if the rumors about the money were true. Maria denied having ever received any money, "borrowed or given." He told Maria that her actions had disgraced him and questioned why her husband had not worked all summer. "Is he too high-toned now that he has married you?" he taunted. Pounding his fist on the table, Burton shouted that Maria and her husband must be prepared to leave his house. This confrontation set into motion a series of events that would forever alter the fate of all four occupants of the Burton home.
The community was still reeling from Burton's death when the funeral was held, only two days after his body had been found on the kitchen floor. Townsfolk from all classes and races filled the Union Congregational Church to capacity, with an overflow of people spilling onto the street. They had all come to bid farewell to their friend and neighbor and to pray for his soul.
The cause of Burton's death divided the citizens of Newport into two distinct and unequivocal camps — those who believed it was suicide and those who believed it was murder. Many of Burton's friends and extended family members were making inquiries regarding the mysterious claims of his despondency and comparing notes about suspicious goings-on in the Burton home. Their informal investigations suggested that Burton was most likely murdered. Conversely, as reported in the November 21, 1885, edition of The Newport Mercury, "City authorities from his honor the mayor down have hung tenaciously to the theory of suicide from the first and showed a disposition to ridicule whatever might be said against that opinion."
While some residents had become convinced that Allen Dorsey was involved in the murder, many others shared the authorities' perspective. Among Dorsey's staunchest supporters was George T. Downing, one of the most influential civil rights leaders in the country and a friend of Ben Burton. A noted abolitionist, Downing had worked with Frederick Douglass to form the country's first Black labor union, in New York City. No one had done more than Downing to fearlessly defend the civil rights of the Black community in Newport. His notable successes included the desegregation of Newport schools, the repeal of the law prohibiting interracial marriage, and the election of the first Black member to the state legislature and the Newport school committee.
George T. Downing, circa 1880s. (Image: The New York Public Library, via Wikimedia)
Downing championed Dorsey as proof of what a Black man could achieve if given equal access to education and opportunity. If Dorsey became a surgeon, Downing believed it would open the door to the profession for other young Black men. He was steadfast in asserting Dorsey's innocence.
While Downing, as a civil rights leader, was a notable defender of Dorsey, it is important to note that the difference in opinion over the cause of Burton's death was equally divided among the townspeople and seemingly not defined along racial or class lines. Unlike other communities of the era, Newport was highly integrated and progressive regarding civil rights such as voting and equal access to education. According to the book Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880–1920, by Dr. Willard B. Gatewood, "… ladies and gentlemen have as little reason to feel their color as in Newport." That is not to suggest that Newport was devoid of racial tensions or social hierarchies, but neither appears to have been a determining factor in the community's bitter division over Burton's cause of death.
As the debate around the cause of Burton's death made its way into the legal community, it came as no surprise when a young attorney named Patrick J. Galvin questioned the likelihood of suicide.
Galvin, the son of Irish immigrants, had established a reputation as a patron of lost causes through his vigorous and outspoken legal defense of poor immigrants and other underrepresented residents of Newport. He was convinced that Burton had been murdered and believed that there should be a formal inquest into his death. The authorities did not share Galvin's opinion and were eager to put the recent unpleasantness behind them.
But when the rumors of foul play became increasingly accusatory, the officials could no longer defend their inaction. There are conflicting reports as to who brought the kerfuffle to the Rhode Island attorney general's attention. Nonetheless, 10 days after Burton's death, he ordered the exhumation and autopsy of Burton's body, to be followed by an inquest to determine the cause of death and whether anyone should be charged with a crime. The attorney general appointed Galvin to represent the state in the inquest. It proved to be a wise decision.
The exhumation took place at 1 o'clock in the morning in the Old North burial grounds. Burton had weighed more than 250 pounds while he was alive, and it took several men to lift the body from the casket and hold it midair while the undertaker slid the lid back onto the coffin. The coffin served as a makeshift autopsy table, with handheld lanterns providing the only source of light.
Among the things the autopsy revealed was the absence of gunpowder burns at the site of Burton's head wound. That combined with the presence of the unchewed bread in Burton's mouth suggested that if Burton had been holding anything in his hand, it was a sweet roll, not a gun.
The inquest lasted four long days, with 62 witnesses testifying. Conflicting accounts were given concerning Burton's state of mind and his financial situation at the time of his death. Testimony was elicited from friends and neighbors who had heard Burton make frequent statements about self-harm, including saying he wished he could float away in the waves, crawl into a hole and die, or blow his brains out with a pistol.
The one opinion shared by all the physicians who testified was that the shot to Burton's heart would have been instantly fatal; therefore, if it was suicide, he must have shot himself in the head first, then the chest.
However, the physicians who asserted murder as the cause of death testified that the shot to Burton's head would have, at a minimum, caused him to lose consciousness, rendering him incapable of inflicting a second gunshot wound upon himself. There was no way, Galvin argued, that Burton could have inflicted both wounds himself.
Having made his case that Burton was murdered, Galvin then turned his attention to identifying the person or persons most likely responsible. He called his star witness, Mrs. Emily Burton, who eagerly testified as to her conversation with Burton concerning the Dorseys. A neighboring tenant of Burton's testified that she'd overheard the heated verbal altercation between Maria and her father the week before his death.
When it was the Dorseys' turn to take the stand, each maintained a cool composure, calmly repeating the events on the morning of Burton's death. When questioned about their involvement, their earnest pleas of innocence impressed even their harshest critics. Some who initially believed Burton was murdered began to wonder whether Galvin was acting as a persecutor rather than a prosecutor.
Downing, the civil rights leader, testified that he'd observed Burton to be "in a despondent state," which he attributed to Burton's financial embarrassment as a result of his gambling losses. Using a pseudonym, Downing also wrote a letter to the editor of The Newport Daily News criticizing Galvin's investigation, alleging that he was not pursuing critical evidence concerning Burton's gambling habits. The accusation that the attorney was ignoring exculpatory evidence must have stung Galvin. Contrary to Downing's assertion, Galvin had followed up on that lead, but saloon owners and residents were not eager to testify about illegal gambling for fear of incriminating themselves in the process.
Ultimately, the coroner ruled that Burton had died of two shots fired by persons unknown. Although the finding ruled out suicide as the cause of death, the coroner's refusal to identify the Dorseys as the probable killers was a bitter disappointment to Galvin. Dorsey supporters claimed that the ruling was a vindication but that it unfairly left a cloud of suspicion over an innocent man.
Undeterred by the ruling, Galvin pored over the inquest testimony, focusing his attention on the youngest daughter, Emmie, and the neighbor who had provided Maria with an alibi for the time of the murder. Faced with the threat of perjury, the witness changed her story, admitting that only five minutes — not 20 minutes as she had originally testified — had elapsed between the sound of gunshots and Maria's screams alerting the neighborhood that her father had shot himself. This revised statement called the timeline of Maria's alibi into question and was enough to convince the authorities to arrest Allen and Maria Dorsey.
Stunned by their arrest, Allen and Maria Dorsey prepared for the fight of their lives. They retained Colonel William Paine Sheffield Jr., another young rising star in the legal community, as their counsel. Sheffield was the son of former U.S. senator and prominent attorney William Paine Sheffield Sr. The walls of Sheffield Jr.'s office were plastered with framed diplomas from prestigious universities and law schools, as well as commendations and awards. He still resided in the family home, a stately Greek revival–style mansion located at the top of Washington Square, in the heart of Newport. The home reeked of money and prestige. The junior Sheffield also had political ambitions and made no secret of the fact that he was setting his sights on the U.S. House of Representatives.
William Paine Sheffield Jr., 1900. (Image: William Harrison Taylor, via Wikimedia)
The Sheffields built their legal reputation by representing wealthy white clients and New York cottagers. Sheffield had the necessary resources and connections at his disposal to prepare the best possible defense for the Dorseys. Indeed, Sheffield would be a formidable opponent for Galvin.
Patrick J. Galvin did not have Sheffield's pedigree. If anything hung on his office walls, it was the odor of freshly caught fish from the fishmonger's shop next door. Galvin was one of eight children born to Irish immigrants and had grown up in Newport's Fifth Ward, considered "the Irish part of town." His father was a fifth-generation landscaper and a favorite of the wealthy Newport summer residents. Many of the magnificent gardens surrounding the villas on Bellevue Avenue had been created by Galvin's father. Galvin studied the law as an apprentice under the senior Sheffield, an honor most children of immigrants could only dream about.
Following the Dorseys' arrest on Thursday, November 19, Maria's younger sister, Emmie, was sent to stay with her aunt, who made no effort to hide her belief that Allen and Maria Dorsey had killed her brother-in-law. By late Sunday night, Emmie suffered a severe lung hemorrhage. It was suggested that the rapid deterioration in the young girl's health was a direct result of her aunt's persistent badgering about the Dorseys. Fearing that she was dying, Emmie begged her aunt to summon Galvin and the coroner to her bedside.
Mustering all her strength, Emmie revealed the truth about her father's death: Allen Dorsey had shot her father while he sat at the kitchen table eating his breakfast. Emmie's sister, Maria, had known her husband was going to kill their father. While her revelation that the Dorseys were responsible for Burton's murder was not unexpected, Emmie's confession that she acted as Dorsey's lookout during the shooting took Galvin completely by surprise.
At first light the following morning, the cries of newspaper hawkers began echoing up and down Thames Street. Read all about it! Burton's daughter confesses! Daughter says Dorsey pulled the trigger! People encircled the newsstands in a frenzy and ripped the papers from the hands of helpless paperboys.
A few days later, Emmie was accompanied by her doctor and aunt to the courthouse to put her confession on the record. In her weakened condition, Emmie tottered unsteadily. Maria was shocked by her sister's declining physical appearance. Instead of taking a seat in the gallery with the other spectators, their aunt sat next to Emmie and tightly held the young girl's hand during her testimony.
Emmie remained steadfast that her confession was voluntary and initiated by her because the guilt was "killing her by inches." Allen Dorsey meticulously took notes as though he were the lead attorney and not the accused. After the conclusion of the proceedings, both Dorseys were ordered held without bail, pending their trial for Burton's murder.
Despite Emmie's detailed and heart-wrenching confession outlining Allen's and Maria's roles in Burton's death, the community remained bitterly divided over their guilt. Downing and other civil rights leaders continued to stand firmly behind Dorsey, insisting he had no motive to kill Burton. Dorsey had managed to put himself through college and two years of medical school without Burton's money. They pointed to the numerous letters submitted on Allen's behalf extolling his exemplary character.
Galvin's strategy of separating Emmie from the Dorseys had proven successful. He now wanted to separate Maria from Allen to see if he could repeat his success. Yet another surprise twist gave him the opportunity to do just that. When Galvin became aware that Maria was pregnant, he petitioned the court to transfer her from the Newport County Jail. He argued that the local jail could not provide the level of medical care she needed in her "delicate" condition. The court was persuaded that Maria could be better cared for in the state prison with its around-the-clock matrons and physicians. Her transfer was ordered immediately.
The prison personnel assigned to care for Maria during her pregnancy felt that it was unlikely she would live long enough to give birth. The seeds of consumption were rooted in her body. To their astonishment, on April 2, 1886, Maria gave birth to a small but healthy baby boy.
When the Dorseys' criminal trial finally began at the end of June, Galvin and Sheffield were prepared for a battle. Both attorneys had spent the months leading up to the trial lining up medical experts to testify. Galvin was prepared to present testimony concerning bullet wounds and gunpowder burns by hardened Civil War physicians who had treated gunshot wounds during the war. He believed their testimony would prove that Burton's death could not have been a suicide.
Sheffield, meanwhile, used his family's connections to secure the testimony of David Hayes Agnew, a doctor and prominent professor at the University of Pennsylvania medical school. Agnew had served as President James Garfield's primary surgeon after he'd been shot by an assassin four years earlier. Dr. Agnew was prepared to testify that Burton's wounds were consistent with suicide. Moreover, Sheffield was confident that Dr. Agnew's notoriety and mere presence might sway a vacillating juror in the defense's favor.
New York's newspaper The Sun, reporting the arrest of Maria Burton Dorsey and AllenDorsey on November 19, 1885.(Image: Library of Congress)
Sheffield had also found witnesses willing to depict Burton as a prolific gambler who was deep in debt and who had never emotionally recovered from the death of his wife. Friends and family members were lined up to repeat their testimony that Burton had frequently threatened suicide. Sheffield felt confident that he'd put together a defense that would ensure his clients' acquittal.
The day before the trial began, Allen Dorsey gave an interview to a newspaper reporter from his jail cell. Dorsey began the interview by recapping all of his educational and professional accomplishments. He then listed the names of university dignitaries and community leaders who were lined up to testify on his behalf. When asked about Emmie's confession, Dorsey dismissed it by stating that she was a "hysterical undeveloped girl under the control of her aunt." He concluded the interview by assuring the reporter that "the more intelligent portion of the community have become favorably impressed in my behalf."
When the Dorseys arrived in the courtroom on the first day of trial, Maria was cradling their baby in her arms. Women in the gallery oohed and aahed, craning their necks to get a better view of the newest Dorsey. While waiting for the proceedings to begin, Maria "chirruped" to the baby, and Allen played the old game of "creep mouse" to elicit a smile from the infant boy.
Galvin began the proceedings by presenting testimony concerning Burton's fine reputation in the community. Witnesses attested that they had never seen Burton gamble. Business partners testified that it was normal for Burton to carry a large amount of debt, due to the nature of his businesses, but that he had always made good on his obligations. Certainly, Burton's financial situation would have permitted him to retire comfortably once relieved of the financial burden of supporting the Dorseys.
Galvin scrutinized the faces and body language of the 12-man jury carefully as they listened to hours of tedious medical testimony. It was imperative that they understood it would have been impossible for Burton to shoot himself in the chest after having been shot in the head. The autopsy testimony and medical opinions were repetitive and at times gruesome, but the jurors remained stoically attentive. Unbeknownst to Galvin, the medical testimony was having an unexpected effect on one person sitting in the courtroom, but it wasn't a juror.
After the long day of testimony, Maria Dorsey's pastor and spiritual advisor was awakened by the sound of frantic knocking on his front door. A young man dressed in a jailor uniform was standing on his stoop and informed him that Maria was requesting he come to the jail immediately. When he arrived at the jail, he was met by Galvin and immediately escorted to a small room where Maria sat waiting.
The pastor asked her to pray with him. When the prayer ended, he sat silently next to Maria and patiently waited for her to speak.
Maria whispered in a wearied tone that she could not bear sitting in the courtroom another day. She pleaded to be returned to the state women's prison. Momentarily speechless, the pastor responded that the trial was far from over and the defense had yet to present its case. He reminded her that she could still be acquitted of the charges.
The Sun's story on Emmie (referred to as Emily) reveling that her sister and brother-in-law murdered her father, published on November 25, 1885. At the time the story was printed, it had not been revealed that she acted as Dorsey's lookout during the shooting. (Image: Library of Congress)
Maria shook her head and said she would never be able to atone for her role in the death of her father. She wept as she described her father's kindness to her and her shame at being involved in his death. Wiping the tears from her eyes with the back of her hand, Maria said that God was now showing her the way forward. She needed to confess and go back to prison for the remainder of her natural life.
Galvin was called into the room and spent the next two hours silently recording Maria's confession. Maria slowly described Dorsey's descent into madness upon learning that her father would not pay the dowry. He had become convinced Burton would prevent him from achieving his dream of becoming a surgeon. Maria said she initially believed Dorsey had married her for love but had come to realize he had only married her for her father's money. When her father hadn't paid the dowry by the time Dorsey had expected to receive it, he'd become abusive toward her.
Maria recounted how Dorsey had hissed that he'd been duped into marrying her and was now ruined as a result. He threatened to divorce her. Maria had been mortified at the thought of divorce and desperate to please her husband. She'd begged her father to pay the dowry, but her pleas fell on deaf ears.
As the start of the academic semester had approached, Dorsey had become more frantic, relentlessly pressing Maria for other means of obtaining the money. Having already begged, borrowed and perhaps even stolen from friends and family, Maria was at a loss as to where to get more money. Teetering on the brink of madness herself, Maria had blurted out that she'd once overheard her father discussing the purchase of a substantial life insurance policy with her mother. She'd told Dorsey she thought the policy could be found in the safe in her father's office. That disclosure would seal Burton's fate.
Maria insisted that she had only mentioned the existence of the life insurance as a means of appeasing Allen and giving her more time to convince her father to pay the dowry. She felt certain that her father would capitulate and give Allen the dowry in time for him to return to medical school. When it became clear to her during the argument with her father the week before his death that he was not going to give them a dime of his money, she could no longer keep Allen at bay. Allen began plotting to kill her father. Maria pleaded with him not to do it. Dorsey called her "chicken-hearted."
She continued her confession by stating that on the morning of October 6, Allen had announced to Maria and Emmie that he had waited long enough. He retrieved Burton's gun from his bureau, ordered Maria to go to a neighbor's house, and instructed Emmie to act as the lookout. Burton sat eating a sweet roll at his kitchen table while Allen quietly tiptoed down the stairs in his stocking feet. Entering the kitchen, Dorsey stood behind Burton, aimed the pistol at Burton's head, and pulled the trigger.
The impact of the bullet caused Burton to fall to the floor. To Dorsey's horror, Burton was still alive, so he fired a second shot into Burton's chest.
When Maria returned to the house, she asked Allen and Emmie if her father was dead. Dorsey responded that he wasn't sure, so he was considering shooting him again. Maria flung herself on her father's body and embraced him. She informed Dorsey that he was not going to shoot her father again, before rising and running out of the house screaming for help.
Maria concluded her statement by swearing that she'd never believed her husband would kill her father. When Galvin stopped writing, he placed his pen in Maria's hand; after she signed the confession, he added his signature.
And did the life insurance policy that drove Allen Dorsey to murder exist? Yes. However, when Allen removed the policy from Burton's safe after his death, he discovered that it had lapsed and was worthless. Emmie would later describe Allen and Maria's reaction to this news by saying, "Their disappointment was terrible."
Dorsey's decision to include Emmie in his murder plans, and to trust that she would keep it a secret, is one of the unanswered mysteries that still surrounds this case. Emmie spent a lot of time alone with the Dorseys, which may have created an especially strong bond with Allen. Or, as at least one newspaper suggested, it's possible Allen and Emmie shared an "undue intimacy" that was "not strictly honorable." Emmie and Maria both testified to Dorsey's fierce temper, so perhaps she was just afraid of him. In any event, Dorsey's decision to include Emmie in Burton's murder ultimately led to his downfall.
When the trial resumed in the morning, a humiliated but defiant Sheffield did his best to save his remaining client, Allen Dorsey. He demanded Maria's confession be thrown out on the grounds that she could not testify against her spouse. While this argument was technically correct with regard to spousal immunity, Galvin countered that Maria's pastor was not prohibited from testifying about hearing her confession.
Quickly changing course, Sheffield demanded that Allen be tried separately from Maria. Rejecting his impassioned plea, the court ordered the trial to proceed with Allen and Maria as codefendants. A defeated Sheffield slowly lowered himself into his chair and announced that the defense would rest its case without presenting any evidence or further argument. Dorsey sat next to his attorney calmly cleaning his nails with a penknife.
The jury received their instructions and left the courtroom to deliberate. To pass the time, Dorsey sat quietly at the defense table, with his back to his wife, nonchalantly flipping through a New York newspaper, searching for articles about the trial.
When the jury returned, it rendered guilty verdicts for both Allen and Maria Dorsey, and they were each sentenced to life in the state prison.
The morning after his conviction, Dorsey confessed to his jailer that he had killed Burton. But he insisted that they'd gotten his motive wrong, saying, "What my controlling motive was no living person knows and never will. That shall go with me a secret to my grave. But it wasn't money."
Emmie Burton, who had also been sentenced to life in prison for her role in Burton's murder, died in the prison infirmary from consumption six months later. When no one claimed Emmie's body, Patrick J. Galvin offered to bear the expense of bringing her body back to Newport to be buried next to her father. When this effort failed, due to the condition of her corpse, she was buried in the state prison cemetery.
Maria's baby was removed from her care shortly after her conviction and adopted by a Newport family. After learning that the family had changed her baby's name and moved to New York City, Maria proclaimed death could not come soon enough. She would only have to wait two years before she also died from consumption.
When Allen Dorsey was informed that his wife was dying, he requested permission from the warden to visit her for the first time since their incarceration. After a brusque kiss on Maria's lips, Dorsey revealed that he was not there to say goodbye or make amends — he was there to ask a favor. Allen wanted Maria to sign a document taking full blame for her father's death, so that he could apply for a pardon. To his surprise, she not so politely declined.
True to form, Dorsey had a backup plan. He contacted his favorite reporter and announced that he was now ready to tell the world his true motive for the murder of Benjamin J. Burton. According to Dorsey, Burton had been "criminally intimate" with Maria. When the interview was published, his claim of incest was met with public scorn and denunciation.
Not only had Dorsey misjudged the public reaction — he'd also sorely miscalculated Maria's ability or willingness to respond to his outrageous claim. From her sickbed, Maria responded with a vengeance, sending Dorsey and the newspapers a scathing letter decrying his baseness. The letter was published in the papers the following day. She also provided copies of prior correspondence by Allen that directly refuted his salacious claim.
Allen Dorsey remained in prison for more than 25 years; by all accounts, he was a model prisoner throughout the term of his incarceration. After several unsuccessful attempts, he finally received a pardon in 1912. Dorsey eventually moved to New York City, where he worked as a waiter until he passed away in 1918 at the age of 60. He is buried in a potter's field.
Allen and Maria Dorsey's son, Earnest Young, moved to Virginia after the death of his adoptive parents and lived to the ripe old age of 83. He never married and had no children. He was the last known direct descendent of Benjamin J. Burton, the trailblazing entrepreneur once thought to be the wealthiest Black businessman in Rhode Island.
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a workspace save to fail if any non-ascii characters are present in the workspace spec.
It also will block odd characters from the workspace name.
#3 13586 tom_tyler Routine merge down from main -> dev.


This baby boy was separated from his family during the Nice attack. They've since been safely reunited.
A baby boy who went missing during the Thursday night attack in Nice has been safely reunited with his family.
In the aftermath of the attack, the mother's friends Yohlaine Ramasitera and Rebecca Boulanger took to Facebook to appeal for help finding the boy, who was separated from his family in the confusion following the attack.
"If you see this child: CONTACT ME," reads Ramasitera's post."Blue pushchair."
While the family were out searching for their child, Boulanger and Ramasitera quickly spread the word on social media. Their posts about the missing child were collectively shared hundreds of times across Facebook.
A short time later, the baby was found.
According to a post from Boulanger, a lady had found the baby and taken him in to keep him safe. The family were then contacted and went to pick him up.
The baby is now safely back with his family.


The University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. (267-284-5000). The Middle States Commission on Higher Education is an institutional accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.
The University is recognized by the University Aviation Association (UAA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Membership is held by the University with the Maryland Higher Education Commission (MHEC), the National Council of Educational Opportunity Association (NCEOA), the National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education (NAEOHE), the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLU), the American Council on Education (ACE), and the National AmericanAssociation of Summer Sessions, the American Association for Teacher Education (AACTE), and the National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE).


State lawmakers have also approved the deal, and SEIU says the governor will sign it Wednesday.
The contract includes four-and-a-half percent pay raises for SEIU's 95,000 members by July 2015. The governor still has to negotiate deals with the state's other public employee unions.


text:
CULTURESOCIETY
Every conversation needs kindness
by Lucy Donoughue on 5 January 2021 Read in
Writer, creator of the Babes About Town blog, and mum of two football-loving boys, Uju Asika shares thoughts from her new book Bringing Up Race: How to raise a kind child in a prejudiced world, and why she believes kindness is key in every conversation
As a woman who wears many hats – including author, screenwriting, blogger, creative consultant, and mum – it's fair to say that Uju Asika is an incredibly busy woman. When we speak, however, there's no sense of an overflowing to-do list. Uju is generous with her time, and ready to continue the conversation she started with her brilliant book, Bringing Up Race: How to raise a kind child in a prejudiced world.
With a sentiment that is undoubtedly all-too-familiar for a lot of us, Uju shares that 2020 was not the year she anticipated, particularly as a parent, when she first started to write her book in September 2019. However, she has focused on finding a positive from lockdowns and uncertainty.
Aju Asika
"I've managed, just like everyone else, one day after another," Uju says. "Mums tend to have this internal pressure to be all things, and to do everything, and I think that this year especially was a huge wake-up call. It taught us that, actually, a lot of that stuff is unnecessary, and you just have to focus on what really matters."
With that in mind, it became clearer than ever for Uju that one of her main focuses is to encourage greater conversations about the prejudice that exists in our society, and how parents, regardless of race or ethnicity, can help children to recognise and respond to racism. Here, Uju shares six insights on how to approach conversations on race:
Learning never stops
I realise that, even as a Black mum, raising Black kids in the western world, I have my lived experiences but in terms of my re-education, that's ongoing. For example, learning that babies start to notice ethnic differences at an early age – by three months old they're already taking in race. Babies look to us to make sense of the world, and if parents are "colour blind" and act as though race doesn't matter, it doesn't help our children.
'Messy' conversations are vital
If you think about when children play, they often make a mess. As a mum, it's the last thing you want, but actually that mess is crucial for their development. It's the same thing when you're having conversations about race; you need to have space for their mess and discomfort so that you can get to learning, understanding and, ultimately, a better place.
Speak with other parents
I spoke to so many people for the book – Italian, Greek, Polish, Nigerian, Dominican, and more parents, all different ethnicities. To me, those were essential conversations to have. We need to connect in order to understand each other, and we do this through listening and sharing our stories.
There's always so much more to explore when it comes to race and ethnicity.
Disrupt the patterns
A lot of people don't understand their rights when it comes to racial bullying, especially when it comes to their children and school. If the school isn't receptive, there are other things that you can do – you can take it to the Board of Governors, or you can take it out to your community and get support. The most important thing is that you disrupt these patterns of behaviour and look for help, because it is out there.
Approach with kindness
Kindness is an essential element that tends to be missing from a lot of conversations about racism and prejudice, especially at the current time, where the world feels fractious. Social media can be very divisive.
Discussions can be so emotional and fraught with people's personal experiences that if you don't approach them with kindness, then you're always going to be hitting up against a brick wall, because people feel resistant and protective of what they've experienced, or defensive about what they don't understand.
Encourage active kindness
Every parent wants to raise a kind child – that's one common desire for all of us. No matter where you are on your personal journey, you want your child to go out in the world and be a force for good – and that starts with you.
Kindness is quite a profound, almost spiritual quality. 'Kind' it's very much an active word for me – as opposed to 'being nice' which is sitting back and being passive. Kindness really is about going out of your way to do the right thing, and that takes courage, too.
Bringing Up Race: How to raise a kind child in a prejudiced world is out now, and available in hardback, audio, and ebook (Yellow Kite, £16.99).
Check out Uju's blog at babesabouttown.com
Lucy Donoughue
Lucy hosts Happiful's podcast 'I am. I have', is a contributing writer and Happiful's Head of Partnerships and Projects.
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Sorry it's late. I was away all weekend.
Very tough this one as it was such a strong all round team performance. But I'm going for Jake Bidwell here. His best ever performance in a QPR shirt for me. Faultless from start to finish, put in some great tackles and crosses, excellent positional sense, and dogged and determined throughout the game.
Special mentions also though for Robinson, Baptiste, Lynch, Luongo, Freeman, Scowen, Washington and Smith - who were all superb.
You get the feeling these players were really playing for their manager here, and wanted to dig out this result and performance for him just as much as us fans, which does bode very well for team-spirit. One thing we know for sure is that Ollie is an expert motivator and galvaniser which, dare it be said, could even compensate for his tactical limitations.
Mass by a mile for me. Freeman, Scowen, Washington and Baptiste were all very good also - plus Smith when he came on. All round great performance tbh - more of the same tomorrow night would be good!
Mass would have got it for me too had it not been for a few stray balls in the first half.
Lynch for me. Read the game well, first to absolutely everything and even set up the winner.
Only lynch made the epl team of the week.


We all only want the best for our children. We want them to be happy, content and healthy.
We want them to succeed to the very best of their ability, we want them to be all that they can be.
But what if your child can never be compared to the likes of Joe Bloggs next to him? What if his entire developmental life you have had to fight to show the world what he can do, when all they have focused on is what he can't do?
Leo is bright and caring, he is lovable and cheeky. He pushes his boundaries and looks for adventure. He is happy. He is so happy. He loves his family, and is loved completely and entirely in return. He learns at his own pace. He has never followed the expectations marked out for him that pit him up against other children. The line that has put him behind in every sense of the word for so long.
I knew starting school there would be concerns. I am used to it. I live by the motto 'As long as I can see that he is learning, whatever speed that may be, I am happy'. I don't care if the other children can count out 10 blocks and match each of the blocks to the appropriate number. and Leo can't, if the other children are reading short stories mere months after starting school. I don't care. I care about what Leo is doing. He might not be doing any of that, he isn't doing any of that, but he is picking out letters, he's telling me what they are. He's recognising them. He's trying and something is going in.
He's learning to write his name.
His speech has come along in leaps and bounds!
He goes into school happy.
He's learning in his own way!
Everyone around Leo just wants the best for him, his family and his teachers. I will make sure he gets all the support he needs, but I just wish that we could focus on what he can do over what he can't quite yet. Because in time he WILL do it, but only when he is ready. Leo really is so much like me, I didn't read for the first year at school, and I struggled. It makes sense that Leo might learn like I did. Slowly and at a pace he has tailored for himself.
In a recent meeting with his teacher I explained that I had been here before. I know that Leo is behind, it's been pointed out so many times over the years. He gets distracted, he doesn't concentrate, he likes to do his own thing. It's time to conform and in his own way, he is starting to.
It's been 3 months since he started school, 3 months. He is 4 years old. 4. He's still so young. In those 3 months he has come on so much, and just look at what he is doing that he wasn't when he started.
I choose to focus on what Leo can do over what he can't. When I say can't. I mean can't right now, because my boy will do it. One day.
Leo will be all that he is supposed to be. He will be all that he can. He will be happy and he will be loved and cared for. So learning might be hard, but that doesn't mean that he won't do amazing and wonderful things with his life.
As long as he is learning, I am happy.


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Today is a big deal. We have the first of a set of three eclipses starting off the latest "eclipse season". Eclipses usually happen in pairs but this season we have a set of three.
Onto the first aspect of the day which is a trine from the moon to Uranus at 2:50 AM. This is an energetic aspect but if you are sleeping it may bring unusual dreams. Otherwise it can help to give you energy, both physical and mental energy.
At 5:26 AM the full moon lunar eclipse peaks. A full moon is an opposition of the sun (now in Leo) and the moon (now in Aquarius). Often we feel the push-pull with another person during oppositions. Sometimes it shows up as an internal opposition … we may become aware that we want two opposing things in our lives and cannot have them both, There is tension here and heightened awareness. The opposition also will fall in two houses of your natal chart and these are the areas of your life that will be most affected by this full moon. If you do not know your chart we can help you to know where this is occurring and how it may affect you. Generally Leo is about "me" whereas Aquarius is about "us" so the tension you are dealing with may have to do with how I fit into the greater whole, or how the greater whole may limit personal expression. This is course is just one example. There are many ways it can manifest.
The Sabian Symbol for 27 Aquarius is "An Ancient Pottery Bowl Filled With Fresh Violets". This symbol has us thinking about the merging pf the past with the present. The merging of the old with the new. It also has us thinking about how we can add beauty into our life to give it more freshness.
After the full moon peaks the moon is void-of-course for a few hours. We can finish up lingering tasks but wait until the moon moves into the next sign to start anything new.
The moon does move into the sign of Pisces at 12:34 PM shifting the mood of the day from electric to more mellow. Moon in Pisces wants to go with the flow. It can be a sensitive moon sign, so listen to your inner guidance and pay attention to intuition.
A great stone to work with today is Amethyst which helps you deal with life from a place of healing and wisdom. Such calming energy aids in getting through strong energy days like this full moon.
The recommended essential oil for today is grapefruit which helps bring refreshing, wholesome energy into your day. Instant mood boost and energy boost!


A: The deciding factor for me to become a personal training client was that I wasn't getting the results I wanted to see while working out on my own and because I wanted to learn which exercises were best for what I wanted to achieve.
A: I've been training with Wendy at Fight Club for about a month and a half.
A: Overall I feel great about training with Wendy. She is creative with her workouts and motivates me to push through the work out.
A: I love training at fight club because it works great for my schedule and I feel happy my mom and I are able to train together and become stronger together!
A: The most important benefit from training with Wendy at Fight club is that the exercises are customized for the changes I want to see on my body.
A: Throughout my experience at Fight club training with Wendy I have gained a lot of knowledge pertaining to which exercises are best for what I want to achieve. I have also gained a lot of physical and mental strength to push through tough workouts, and most importantly motivation to keep working hard.
trainers, and weight machines. I have also improved my form while squatting and planking.


text:
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Photo caption: Closing ceremony of the Mystical Arts of Tibet
Houston Endowment makes grants to eligible organizations whose work advances our vision of a vibrant region where all have the opportunity to thrive.
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While many of our grants are either renewal grants or grants to organizations with which we have an existing relationship, we also provide funding to organizations that have not previously received a grant from the foundation. There are two primary pathways to sharing information about your work with – and potentially receiving a grant from – Houston Endowment.
Proposals Invited by Program Staff
Houston Endowment staff members are deeply engaged in our community and are actively seeking opportunities to drive our priorities. If appropriate, this may lead them to extend invitations to eligible organizations to complete full applications in GivingData, our grant management system.
Please note that such an invitation does not guarantee funding.
Learn more about full/invited applications
Self-Initiated Inquiries
We are also open to new ideas and new partners, and we welcome inquiries from those who believe their work aligns with Houston Endowment's priorities.
If you would like to share your idea with us, please complete a pre-application in GivingData.
The pre-application allows you to provide us with basic information so that the program team may evaluate your idea. If we think there is possible alignment with our priorities, you will be contacted and invited to complete a full application.
Please note that submitting a pre-application does not guarantee that an invitation to complete a full application will be extended.
learn more about pre-applications
In order to protect the integrity of the grantmaking process, Houston Endowment respectfully requests that applicants and their representatives refrain from contacting foundation board members regarding pending or anticipated grant requests. It is Houston Endowment's policy that board members refrain from participating in site visits or otherwise engaging with applicants or their representatives regarding pending or anticipated requests. Current applicants (those with full/invited applications pending) may contact Houston Endowment staff members with any questions.
We will review and reply to all inquiries submitted via GivingData in accordance with our application process as explained on this website. Please note that if you use other methods to provide information or request funding, you are unlikely to receive a response.
Click here to access Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the Houston Endowment grant application process, including eligibility and timelines, additional information about completing funding applications, and information about contacting Houston Endowment staff members.
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