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Seinfeld (season 4)
season of television series
Seasons: 1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
Seinfeld was an American sitcom that aired on NBC from 1989 to 1998. It revolved around neurotic comedian Jerry Seinfeld and his three equally neurotic friends. A self-described "show about nothing", it is generally considered one of the most popular, influential sitcoms of all time.
The Trip, Part 1 [4.1]Edit
[George brings multiple suitcases on the trip]
Jerry: We're going on a two day trip! What are you, Diana Ross?
George: I dress by mood.
Jerry: And what mood is this?
George: This is Morning Mist.
George: I hate asking for change. They always make a face. Like I'm asking them to donate a kidney.
Jerry: Hello, 911? How are you?
The Pitch [4.3]Edit
Telemarketer: Hi, would you be interested in switching over to TMI long distance service.
Jerry: Oh, gee, I can't talk right now. Why don't you give me your home number and I'll call you later.
Telemarketer: Uh, I'm sorry. We're not allowed to do that.
Jerry: Oh, I guess you don't want people calling you at home.
Telemarketer: No.
Jerry: Well, now you know how I feel. [hangs up; audience cheers]
Kramer: No. We had a deal. There are no guarantees in life.
Newman: No, but there's karma, Kramer.
Jerry: "Karma Kramer"?
The Ticket [4.4]Edit
Newman: So I sped home to save my friend's life and I was stopped for speeding. Yes, I admit I was speeding but it was to save a man's life! A close friend. An innocent person who wanted nothing more out of life than to love, to be loved and to be a banker.
George: The story is the foundation of all entertainment. You must have a good story otherwise it's just masturbation.
The Wallet [4.5]Edit
Jerry: Don't you hate "To be continued" on TV? It's horrible when you sense the "To be continued" coming. You know, you're watching the show; you're into the story. There's, like, five minutes left and suddenly you realize, "Hey, they can't make it. Timmy's still stuck in the cave. There's no way they wrap this up in five minutes." I mean, the whole reason you watch a TV show is because it ends. If I want a long, boring story with no point to it, I have my life. A comedian can't do that, see. I can't go, "A man walks into a bar with a pig under his arm... Can you come back next week?"
Morty: They stole my wallet. The bum stole my wallet. MY WALLET'S GONE! MY WALLET'S GONE! I had my wallet in my back pocket. It's gone.
Nurse: Are you sure?
Morty: Yes, I'm sure. I went in to get my X-ray. Somebody takes my wallet. Is that the operation here?
The Watch [4.6]Edit
Elaine: Just tell him that you're my boyfriend and that we're in love, okay? Can you do that?
Kramer: Yeah, yeah, okay. I'm your boyfriend... Have we been intimate?
Elaine: Yeah, yeah, we've been intimate.
Kramer: How often do we do it?
Elaine: Kramer, how is that important? Honestly, do you really think he's gonna ask you that?
Kramer: Elaine, he's a psychiatrist. They're interested in stuff like that.
Elaine: Alright, alright. We do it, uh...five times a week, okay?
Kramer: Oooh, baby.
Helen: If you don't think she's beautiful, there's something wrong with you.
Jerry: She's pretty. She's not beautiful.
Helen: I should drop dead if she's not beautiful.
Jerry: I think that's a little extreme.
Leo: She's alright.
The Bubble Boy [4.7]Edit
Jerry: He's a bubble boy!
George: A bubble boy?!
Jerry: Yes. A bubble boy.
Susan: What's a bubble boy?
Jerry: He lives in a bubble.
George: Boy.
[trying to avoid hearing Naomi's obnoxious laugh]
Naomi: I thought you liked to laugh. I thought you were happy-go-lucky.
Jerry: No, nah. I'm not happy and I'm not lucky, and I don't go. If anything, I'm sad-stop-unlucky.
Naomi: Hahahaha.
Jerry: That's not funny, Naomi. I didn't mean to be funny there. Why don't you check the TV Guide. I think, uh, Holocaust is on.
The Cheever Letters [4.8]Edit
Susan: (reading one of the letters) "Dear Henry, last night with you was bliss. I fear my..orgasm has left me a cripple. I don't how how I shall ever get back to work. I love you madly, John...P.S. Loved the cabin."
Elaine: Maybe I'll go visit my mother. She just bought me some new panties and they're all "laid out for me".
The Opera [4.9]Edit
Jerry: Why don't you just get lost?
Man: Why don't you get lost?!
Jerry: Because I was standing here, that's why!
Man: Oh, yeah?!
Jerry: Yeah!
(The man walks away)
Jerry: I kinda like this opera crowd. I feel tough. Anybody else got a problem?
The Virgin [4.10]Edit
Elaine: I was talking to this guy, you know, and I just happened to throw my purse on the sofa and my diaphragm goes flying out. So I just froze, you know, "ahh!", staring at my diaphragm. You know, it's just lying there. So then, this woman, the one who sold me this hair thing, she grabbed it before the guy noticed. So, I mean, big deal, right? So I carry around my diaphragm; who doesn't? Yeah, like it's a big, big secret that women carry around their diaphragms. You never know when you're gonna need it, right?
Jerry: She's a virgin. I just found out.
Elaine: Well, I didn't know!
Jerry: Well, it's not like spotting a toupee.
The Contest [4.11]Edit
George: Hey, what are you doing tonight?
Jerry: Dating Marla.
George: Oh, the virgin?
Jerry: Yeah.
George: Any, uh...progress, there? What's the latest?
Jerry: Well, I got my troops amassed along the border - I'm just waiting for someone to give me the go-ahead.
Elaine: What're you looking at?
Jerry: There's a naked woman across the street.
Elaine: [chuckling] This is gonna be the easiest money I've ever made in my life. So, my friend, Joyce, is teaching an aerobics class. I'm gonna go tonight.
Jerry: Yeah...the - the waitress should've taken it back.
Elaine: So then, I got a call this morning. You know, I was, uh, chosen to go on the space shuttle. We're goin' to Mars.
Jerry: Uh-huh.
George: Have a good time.
The Airport [4.12]Edit
Kramer: Listen to the bell, Grossbard. It tolls for thee.
Guard: All right, let's go.
Prisoner: I want the magazine!
George: Umm... No.
Prisoner: You know what I would do to you, if I wasn't in these shackles...
George: But you are, "Blanche"! You are in the shackles. Oh, I can't wait to read my "Time" magazine! Last copy, too. Maybe I'll read it tomorrow in the park! It's supposed to be a beautiful day! Have a nice life...sentence, that is!
The Pick [4.13]Edit
Jerry: If we pick, do we not bleed?
George: Hey! How come I didn't get a Christmas card? Everybody else got one. Jerry got one, Kramer got one. I thought we were good friends. I don't get a Christmas card. I don't get it.
Elaine: You want a Christmas card? You want a Christmas card? All right here. [rubs George's head on her breasts] Here's your Christmas card.
The Movie [4.14]Edit
Elaine: I don't wanna go to a miniplex multi-theater!
George: It's the same movie! What's the difference?
Elaine: It's not a theater, it's like a room where they bring in P.O.W.s to show them propaganda films.
George: Hey, you know what else is playing here? "Rochelle Rochelle."
Elaine: Ugh.
George: I wouldn't mind seeing that.
Elaine: Yeah, you know, men can sit through the most boring movie if there's even the slightest possibility that a woman will take her top off.
George: So what's your point?
The Visa [4.15]Edit
Jerry: Well, birthdays are merely symbolic of how another year's gone by and how little we've grown. No matter how desperate we are that someday a better self will emerge, with each flicker of the candles on the cake we know it's not to be. That for the rest of our sad, wretched, pathetic lives, this is who we are to the bitter end. Inevitably, irrevocably. Happy birthday? No such thing.
George: I'm disturbed, I'm depressed, I'm inadequate, I've got it all!
The Shoes [4.16]Edit
Jerry: Looking at a cleavage is like looking at the sun. You don't stare at it. It's too risky. You get a sense of it and then you look away.
Jerry: Men are obsessed with cleavage. It doesn't matter how many times we've seen these things. Every time these objects are presented to us, we have to look. We cannot not look. To men, cleavage is like the nearest thing to a nearby UFO landing. That's what it is.
The Outing [4.17]Edit
Jerry: I've been outed. I wasn't even in!
Jerry: Everyone thinks we're gay!... Not that there's anything wrong with that.
The Old Man [4.18]Edit
Sid: Oh, her. She steals from me. Steals my money. She says she doesn't speak English. My ass, she doesn't speak English. Plays that freakin' "voodoo" music and tries to hypnotize me. She thinks she's gonna turn me into a zombie and then rob me blind. Well, I wasn't born yesterday. I may drop dead today, but I sure as hell wasn't born yesterday! Now get the hell out of my house!
George: Aren't [postal workers] the guys that always go crazy and come back with a gun and shoot everybody?
Newman: [ominously] Sometimes...
Jerry: Why is that?
Newman: Because the mail never stops. It just keeps coming and coming and coming, there's never a let-up! It's relentless! Every day it piles up more and more and more! And you gotta get it out! But the more you get it out the more it keeps coming in! And then the bar code reader breaks! And it's Publisher's Clearing House day!
The Implant [4.19]Edit
Elaine: You know, sometimes when I think you're the shallowest man I've ever met, you somehow manage to drain a little more out of the pool.
Timmy: What are you doing?
George: What?
Timmy: Did…did you just double-dip that chip?
George: Excuse me?
Timmy: You double-dipped the chip!
George: Double-dipped? What are you talking about?
Timmy: You dipped the chip, you took a bite, and you dipped again.
George: So?
Timmy: That's like putting your whole mouth right in the dip! From now on, when you take a chip, just take one dip and end it!
George: Well, I'm sorry, Timmy...but I don't dip that way. [slowly takes a chip]
George: Timmy, You dip the way you want to dip...[tastefully bites the chip] I'll dip the way I want to dip. [defiengly dips the chip again]
The Junior Mint [4.20]Edit
Kramer: Who's gonna turn down a Junior Mint? It's chocolate, it's peppermint; it's delicious!
Jerry: That's true.
Kramer: It's very refreshing!
Jerry: Over the balcony, bounced off some respirator thing into the patient!
George: What do you mean "into the patient?"
Jerry: Into the patient, literally!
George: Into the hole?
Jerry: Yes, the hole!
George: Didn't they notice it?
Jerry: No!
George: How could they not notice it?!
Jerry: Because it's a little mint. It's a Junior Mint.
George: W-What did they do?
Jerry: They sealed him up with the mint inside.
George: They left the Junior Mint in him?
Jerry: Yes!
George: I guess it can't hurt him... People eat pounds of those things.
Jerry: They eat them, they don't put them next to vital organs in their abdominal cavity!
The Smelly Car [4.21]Edit
Jerry: Boy, do you smell something?
Elaine: Do I smell something? What am I, hard of smelling? Of course I smell something.
Jerry: What is it?
Elaine: I think it's B.O.
Jerry: What?
Elaine: It's B.O. The valet must've had B.O.
Jerry: It can't be. Nobody has B.O. like this.
Elaine: Jerry, it's B.O.
Jerry: But the whole car smells.
Elaine: So?
Jerry: So, when somebody has B.O., the O usually stays with the B. Once the B leaves, the O goes with it.
Jerry: It still smells.
George: How could it still smell after all that?
Jerry: I don't know.
George: Well, what are you gonna do?
Jerry: I'll tell you what I'm gonna do, I'm selling that car.
George: You're selling the car?
Jerry: You don't understand what I'm up against. This is a force more powerful than anything you can imagine! Even Superman would be helpless against this kind of stench! And I'll take anything I can get for it.
George: Maybe I'll buy it.
Jerry: Are you crazy? Don't you understand what I'm saying to you? This isn't just an odor! You need a priest to get rid of this thing!
[Elaine comes in]
Elaine: I still smell.
Jerry: You see? You see what I'm saying to you? It's a presence! It's the beast!
The Handicap Spot [4.22]Edit
Kramer: I got news for you: handicapped people, they don't even want to park there! They wanna be treated just like anybody else! That's why, those spaces are always empty.
George: He's right! It's the same thing with the feminists. You know, they want everything to be equal, everything! But when the check comes, where are they?
Elaine: What's that supposed to mean?
George: I don't even like Drake.
Jerry: You don't like The Drake?
George: I hate The Drake.
Elaine: I love The Drake!
Jerry: How could you not like The Drake?
George: Who's The Drake?
Elaine: Who's The Drake?!
Jerry: The Drake is good!
The Pilot, Part 1 [4.23]Edit
Jerry: Again with the sweat pants?
George: What? I'm comfortable.
Jerry: You know the message you're sending out to the world with these sweat pants? You're telling the world: "I give up. I can't compete in normal society. I'm miserable, so I might as well be comfortable."
George: He took a biopsy, Jerry, a biopsy!
Jerry: What'd he say?
George: He said he didn't know what it was.
Jerry: All right, so?
George: When I asked him if it was cancer, he didn't give me a "get out of here". That's what I wanted to hear. "Cancer? Get out of here!"
Jerry: Maybe he doesn't have a "get out of here" kind of personality.
George: How could you be a doctor and not say "get out of here"? It should be part of the training in medical school. "Cancer? Get out of here! Go home! What are you, crazy? It's a little test. It's nothing. You're a real nut, you know that?" Told you God would never let me be successful. I never should have written that pilot. Now the show will be a big hit, we'll make millions of dollars, and I'll be dead. Dead, Jerry. Because of this.
Jerry: Can't you at least die with a little dignity?
George: No, I can't. I can't die with dignity. I have no dignity. I want to be the one person who doesn't die with dignity. I've lived my whole life in shame! Why should I die with dignity?
Sandi: You're breaking up with me, aren't you?
Jerry: Do you want me to break up with you?
Sandi: If that's what you want.
Jerry: I don't even know what you're talking about.
Sandi: Fine. Break up with me.
Jerry: All right. We're broken up.
Sandi: Can we still be friends?
George: Listen, I know we've had our problems in the past, but we've got a show to do tonight. Pull together as a team. Life's too short. I say let's let bygones be bygones. If you took the raisins, if you didn't take the raisins. They weren't even my raisins. I was just curious because it seems like a strange thing to do, to walk into a room, audition, and walk out with a box of raisins. Anyway, whatever. If you ever want to tell me about it, the door to my office is always open. In the event that I get an office. You'll come in, we'll talk about the raisins, have a nice laugh.
TV Kramer: How'd you like it if I just pulled your heart out of your chest right now and shoved it down your throat?
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It was during his 1992 campaign for president that H. Ross Perot made his much-quoted prediction that the North American Free Trade Agreement, calling for the gradual elimination of trade barriers with Mexico and Canada, would be an economic disaster for the United States.
"You implement that NAFTA, the Mexican trade agreement where they pay people a dollar an hour, have no health care, no retirement, no pollution controls...and you are going to hear a giant sucking sound of jobs being pulled out of this country," Perot said during a debate in East Lansing, Mich.
But more than 1 1/2 years after the treaty went into effect on Jan. 1, 1994, the nation in the economic dumper is Mexico, not the United States.
Yet it's hard to find any Mexicans who blame NAFTA for their country's economic woes, not even in the leftist opposition party. "We believe it is good," said Fulgencio Menes Moran, regional secretary general of the Party of the Democratic Revolution in Juitepec, a depressed industrial city of about 200,000 in the state of Morelos, south of Mexico City.
Menes did have some gripes about the treaty. He argued that it should have provided more time for Mexican peasant farmers to develop the technology to compete with mechanized U.S. agribusinesses. And he charged that the United States is balking at opening its market to Mexican steel and tuna.
But Menes accepts NAFTA's basic argument that all North America is a single market.
For Mexico, that means an economic policy of "no separation -- no independence -- from the United States," he said.
There's a very good reason Mexicans see NAFTA as a solution to their economic problems: Since the collapse of the peso in December, the only companies in Mexico showing a pulse are those selling goods to the United States. The peso's loss of more than 40 percent of its value ignited inflation and sent interest rates skyrocketing, putting U.S. products out of reach of most Mexicans.
But the cheaper peso also lowered production costs by up to 40 percent for labor and rent, making Mexican products easier to sell abroad. Those exports are keeping some companies prosperous despite the economic collapse.
A prime example is the Goodyear tire plant in the Mexico City suburb of Lecheria.
While most companies are cutting back, the 1,950 workers at the Goodyear plant plan to produce 12 percent more tires this year than in 1994. This is despite a 26 percent decline in demand for tires in Mexico.
"We have not had to lay off a single associate in this whole crisis," said Hugh D. Pace, president and director of the plant.
Pace said his company has prospered despite the collapse of the Mexican economy because more than half the plant's projected 1995 production of about 4.4 million tires will be exported. Nearly half those -- about 1 million tires -- are going to the United States; most of the rest are going to other Latin American nations, Europe and Japan.
Pace, an Akron native and Firestone High graduate, has spent 17 of his 20 years with Goodyear in Latin America. Before coming to Mexico 3 1/2 years ago, he was in Argentina, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil.
The Goodyear plant couldn't always sell tires abroad when domestic demand went slack. For more than four decades after the plant was built in 1945, every tire produced there was required by law to be sold in Mexico.
The ban on exports was part of the government's policy of "import substitution." The program called for high tariffs to curb imports while encouraging foreign companies -- such as Goodyear -- to build factories.
In the mid-1960s, a limited exception was made for U.S. carmakers and other companies that wanted to take advantage of cheaper Mexican labor. Plants in designated "maquiladora" districts in northern Mexico were allowed to assemble products -- mainly using parts made in the United States -- for immediate export back across the border. Goodyear opened a plant to serve the maquiladora industry. The plant in Hermosillo mounts and balances U.S.-made tires for a nearby Ford factory assembling Escorts and Mercury Tracers. Another plant in San Luis Potosi makes automotive hoses and belts, mainly for export to the United States.
By the mid-1980s, the policy of import substitution was judged a failure. Critics charged that instead of spurring industrial development, the tariffs were protecting inefficient companies, resulting in poor goods and high prices for Mexicans.
The last remnants of the policy were swept away when President Carlos Salinas de Gortari took office in 1988 and began dropping tariffs and other trade bars. Under a banner of "neoliberalism," Salinas pushed for a common market with the United States -- a move that climaxed in NAFTA.
"In the '80s, before Mexico opened up, there were basically six brands of tires present in the Mexican market. And those were the six local manufacturers," Pace said. "Today, first of all with the opening of the Mexican market and in particular the opening caused by NAFTA, we now find over 35 brands of tires present in Mexico."
With the barriers coming down, the Goodyear plant exported its first tires in 1993 -- 7 percent of its production. The following year, the figure jumped to 20 percent.
Pace said the opening of the Mexican market couldn't have come at a better time because it coincided with a growing "global mentality" at Goodyear that enabled the company to react quickly to the collapse of the Mexican economy.
"Because of the global mentality, any time we see a problem -- an economic crisis in any country which reduces the demand for product -- we immediately try to replace that demand through exports to another market," he said.
"When the bottom fell out, local and corporate management in Akron immediately got together. We've displaced 18,000 tires a day to other markets around the world. In the past we would have had to cut our ticket 8,000 tires a day. We would have had to lay off people."
As NAFTA eliminates all trade barriers over the next 10 years, permitting tires to be sold anywhere in North America without tariffs, Goodyear will have even more freedom to fine-tune supply and demand by allowing his plant to specialize, Pace said.
Many U.S. Goodyear plants already specialize in one or two lines of tires. But as long as Mexico was a closed economy, Pace's plant had to produce all types of tires, from bias-ply tires for mobile homes and tractors to high-tech radial Eagles. The plant even makes tires for the Volkswagen Beetle, which is still manufactured in Puebla.
"As the economies of Mexico and the United States and Canada become more and more integrated, this plant will become more and more specialized in the lines that it makes, and that will enhance our efficiency and productivity," Pace said. "I could see a scenario where this company would continue exporting 50 percent of its product if it becomes a more and more specialized plant."
Types of tires no longer made at the plant would be imported from the United States and Canada.
Pace said that despite the burden of constantly shifting product lines and being an older facility, his plant is nearly as cost-effective as Goodyear's U.S. factories because of lower labor costs. Pace said his employees make about $12 an hour, including Social Security, pension and other benefits.
While that is less than half the $27.55 an hour that the average U.S. rubber worker makes in wages and benefits, it's more than 30 times the Mexican minimum wage of about $3 a day and enough to support a solidly middle-class lifestyle.
"Our people own their own houses," Pace said. "They own their own apartments. They have one or two cars, and they can afford to send their children to university. Their standard of living -- by Mexican standards -- is extremely high."
If NAFTA is helping some Mexican companies survive this crisis, what is it doing for the U.S. economy?
The short answer is not much -- at least right now.
The problem is that few Mexicans can afford to buy U.S. products, which cost more because of the peso devaluation. The economic crisis has derailed predictions by NAFTA supporters that lowering the trade bars with a nation of 91 million people would create a vast market for U.S. goods, generating hundreds of thousands of jobs here.
For a while, it had looked like those predictions quickly would come true. In November -- a month before the peso collapse -- the U.S. Department of Commerce credited increased trade with Mexico with creating 100,000 jobs in the United States in the first six months after the treaty took effect. By the end of the year, the United States boasted a $1.3 billion trade surplus with Mexico.
The number of new jobs overshadowed the 9,200 U.S. employees who lost work because of NAFTA and qualified for federal assistance under a Labor Department program.
But the situation changed dramatically after the devaluation. Within weeks, the flow of goods and services into Mexico dried up. Through July, the United States recorded an $8.9 billion trade deficit.
Meanwhile, the Labor Department found the number of U.S. employees who lost work because of NAFTA has gone up nearly fivefold, to 42,221 as of Sept. 30. Union leaders claim the damage is worse because many workers don't claim unemployment benefits.
The Commerce Department has not updated its figures on new jobs, but its chief economist, Lew Alexander, acknowledged that "trade with Mexico has not created the number of jobs people anticipated. That's a function of the financial crisis."
Mexico's economic crisis also has slowed direct U.S. investment there -- especially in stores.
Plummeting retail sales -- down 39 percent by May -- forced several major U.S. chains that had moved into Mexico in anticipation of a flood of NAFTA-spurred spending to scale back plans for expansion.
Wal-Mart, which had 44 stores in Mexico, had planned to open 12 supercenters and 13 Sam's Clubs in 1995. Now there will be only three.
Kmart opened two stores last year and two more this spring, but no more are on the drawing boards.
J.C. Penney entered Mexico with two stores in May, but plans for five more by 1997 are on hold.
Also hurting are many U.S. companies that opened plants south of the border to make products for sale in Mexico.
The J.M. Smucker Co. came to the Mexican market three years ago, importing its jams and jellies produced in Orrville, said Ken Miller, general manager of J.M. Smucker de Mexico.
To take advantage of cheaper manufacturing costs, the company began production in Michoacan, a fruit-growing state west of Mexico City. Plans called for gradually replacing the Ohio-made stock on supermarket shelves with locally made products.
But depressed sales this year have meant "we've had to come down from those plans," Miller said.
Miller declined to reveal sales figures, but he admitted, "We're running slightly behind last year at this point."
While "many U.S. companies have withdrawn from the market" because of the economy, Miller said Smucker is in Mexico to stay. "We plan on toughing it out."
Miller said NAFTA alone won't cure Mexico's ills.
Miller said the devalued peso and price increases caused by inflation that's predicted to hit nearly 50 percent for the year more than offset the treaty's gradual tariff reductions, which amount to only 2 percent annually for Smucker products.
"The impact of duty reduction is very modest at this point," he said. "On balance, NAFTA has been negated by the economic crisis."
NAFTA supporters say that despite the setbacks, it's too soon to call the treaty a flop. Once the Mexican economy gets going again, the demand for U.S. products will return. "That's the real benefit to Americans. It's not cheap labor; it's the consumers here," said Jaime Anderson, 26, who has worked as a commercial real-estate agent in Mexico for 1 1/2 years.
Anderson, a graduate of Denison and Ohio universities, was hired by the Ohio Department of Development to help open a trade office in Mexico City.
Mexico is Ohio's fifth-largest trading partner. About 18,700 Ohio workers -- a 175 percent increase in the work force since 1987, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce -- make about $1 billion worth of products exported annually to Mexico.
Anderson said there "are immense opportunities for Ohio companies to sell in Mexico," pointing to the success of Procter & Gamble of Cincinnati, which has produced bathroom and household products in Mexico for decades.
Anderson argued that the United States has an interest in a prosperous Mexico because of the potential size of the market.
"You don't get rich selling to the rich," he said. "Wouldn't you rather sell one jelly bean worth 1 cent to 50 million Mexicans every year rather than one jelly bean worth 10 cents to 10,000 rich Mexicans?
"I'd rather sell to 50 million."


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Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland, AnteriorMammary Glands, AnimalLactotrophsCorpus LuteumMedian EminenceOvary
SheepTilapia
HyperprolactinemiaPituitary NeoplasmsLactation DisordersProlactinomaGalactorrheaMammary Neoplasms, Experimental
Chemicals and Drugs 30
ProlactinReceptors, ProlactinBromocriptineThyrotropin-Releasing HormoneGrowth HormoneErgolinesLuteinizing HormonePlacental LactogenProgesteroneEstradiolPerphenazineFollicle Stimulating HormoneTranscription Factor Pit-1STAT5 Transcription FactorCaseinsPituitary HormonesGonadotropins, PituitaryPituitary Hormones, AnteriorHydrocortisoneMetoclopramideMilk ProteinsHormonesDomperidoneTestosteroneSulpirideThyrotropinHormone AntagonistsMelatoninRNA, Messenger20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone
RadioimmunoassayCastrationHypophysectomyOvariectomyMammary Neoplasms, Experimental
Phenomena and Processes 7
LactationPregnancyEstrusPregnancy, AnimalPseudopregnancyProestrusDiestrus
Milk Proteins
Difference between mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin and primiparous mice. (1/4090)
Mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin mice are similar to those from primiparous mice in several respects. However, there is one known difference. The cells from the mature virgin must traverse the cell cycle in order to become competent to make casein and enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin in vitro; those from the primiparous animal can make these proteins without first traversing the cycle. In this regard, cells from human placental lactogen- and prolactin-treated mature virgins are, after involution, similar to those from primiparous mice. The developemental block in the cells from the mature virgin, imposed by preventing cell cycle traversal, has been partially delineated. It does not appear to reside at the levels of ultrastructural maturation or the formation of casein messenger RNA. Rather, the lesion is postranscriptional and may be at the level of translation, or posttranslational modification, or both. (+info)
Vasopressin stimulation of acetate incorporation into lipids in a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor cell line. (2/4090)
In a preliminary report we described the effects of rat prolactin on the incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipids by a cell line from a dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor. The characteristics of the response to prolactin were very similar to those described for the normal rat mammary gland; namely, insulin was required for full expression of the response, maximal activity was not seen until 36 hr after the addition of the hormones, and growth hormone was able to elicit the same response. However, we were unable to detect binding of 125I-labeled prolactin to these cells, and furthermore, other more purified prolactin preparations were inactive. Upon further investigation we discovered that the activity resided in a low-molecular-weight fraction of the rat prolactin B-1 preparation and was probably either vasopressin or oxytocin or both. These data suggest the possibility that vasopressin may play a role in rodent mammary tumorigenesis. (+info)
Prolactin replacement fails to inhibit reactivation of gonadotropin secretion in rams treated with melatonin under long days. (3/4090)
This study tested the hypothesis that prolactin (PRL) inhibits gonadotropin secretion in rams maintained under long days and that treatment with melatonin (s.c. continuous-release implant; MEL-IMP) reactivates the reproductive axis by suppressing PRL secretion. Adult Soay rams were maintained under long days (16L:8D) and received 1) no further treatment (control, C); 2) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and injections of saline/vehicle for the first 8 wk (M); 3) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and exogenous PRL (s.c. 5 mg ovine PRL 3x daily) for the first 8 wk (M+P). The treatment with melatonin induced a rapid increase in the blood concentrations of FSH and testosterone, rapid growth of the testes, an increase in the frequency of LH pulses, and a decrease in the LH response to N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid. The concomitant treatment with exogenous PRL had no effect on these reproductive responses but caused a significant delay in the timing of the sexual skin color and growth of the winter pelage. These results do not support the hypothesis and suggest that PRL at physiological long-day concentrations, while being totally ineffective as an inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion, acts in the peripheral tissues and skin to maintain summer characteristics. (+info)
Sex steroid and prolactin profiles in male American black bears (Ursus americanus) during denning. (4/4090)
Serum sex steroid and prolactin profiles were examined in the male American black bear, Ursus americanus during denning. Sera collected in December and the following March from 8 denning male black bears in Minnesota, U.S.A. were assayed for testosterone, estradiol-17 beta and prolactin. Eight bears were confirmed to be the denning mode based on a serum urea to creatinine ratio less than 10. Serum testosterone concentrations tended to increase from December to the subsequent March whereas serum estradiol-17 beta concentrations tended to decrease during this period. There were few changes in serum prolactin concentrations between December and March. These findings suggest that spermatogenesis and testicular steroidogenesis initiated during denning may be influenced by changes in serum sex steroid concentrations in the American black bear. (+info)
Marker genes of decidualization: activation of the decidual prolactin gene. (5/4090)
Decidualization of human endometrial stromal (ES) cells in vitro is induced by cAMP analogues and ligands that elevate cellular cAMP levels in a manner resembling the gonadotrophins, prostaglandin E2 and relaxin (RLX). This differentiation process is marked by the onset of decidual prolactin (PRL) production in the late luteal phase of the cycle. Using transfection assays and a primary ES cell culture system, we have demonstrated that decidual PRL gene transcription is driven by an alternative upstream promoter (dPRL), approximately 6 kb upstream of the pituitary transcription start site. In primary cell cultures, RLX not only acutely but also permanently elevated cellular cAMP levels and induced PRL secretion after 6 days. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed all regulatory subunit isoforms (RIalpha, RIbeta, RIIalpha, RIIbeta) and catalytic subunits Calpha and Cbeta of protein kinase A (PKA) in ES cells. Transcript levels of PKA subunit isoforms are not altered during decidualization, but in decidualized ES cells exposed to elevated cellular cAMP levels by stimulation with RLX for >6 days, RIalpha protein levels were significantly reduced, whereas levels of all other forms remained unchanged. Reducing the availability of R subunits changed the R:C subunit ratio in favour of C and increased kinase activity. In transient transfections of undifferentiated ES cells, the dPRL promoter was activated by 8-Br-cAMP and by C subunit (Cbeta) of PKA. This induction, and the differentiation-dependent activity of the dPRL promoter in transfected decidualized cells, was effectively abolished by the co-expression of protein kinase inhibitor (PKI). A fragment of 332 bp of 5'-flanking region of the dPRL transcription start site was sufficient to mediate full inducibility by cAMP. cAMP activation of the dPRL promoter in ES cells was biphasic as an initial weak induction within 12 hours was followed by a subsequent, much more intense induction after 12 hours. The secondary induction was not seen with a control construct driven by a consensus cAMP response element (CRE) linked to a minimal promoter. The early response of the dPRL promoter depended upon a non-palindromic CRE at position -12 and mutation of this sequence led to omission of the early, but not of the delayed, induction. The major activation of the dPRL promoter depended upon a different region between position -332 and -270 since its deletion significantly reduced inducibility by cAMP. Its action was probably indirect as its kinetics differed from classic CRE-mediated responses, and it was specific to ES cells. (+info)
The prolactin gene is expressed in the mouse kidney. (6/4090)
BACKGROUND: Prolactin (PRL), originally identified as an anterior pituitary hormone exhibiting lactogenic activity, is now recognized as a versatile hormone expressed in a wide variety of tissues. METHODS: In this study, the expression of PRL in the mouse kidney was investigated by solution-phase and in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Mouse PRL (mPRL) transcript and protein are localized in the parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule. Pit-1 is a positive transcription factor for the expression of the PRL gene. The presence of Pit-1 transcript in the kidney was also assessed by RT-PCR methods. The localization of Pit-1 mRNA coincided well with that of PRL. Immunoreactivity to mouse PRL receptor (mPRL-R) is distributed on the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule cells and the parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the parietal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule synthesize PRL de novo and suggest that Pit-1 contributes to the transcriptional regulation of PRL gene expression in the kidney, and PRL expressed in this tissue functions in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. (+info)
Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 infusion synchronizes growth hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness. (7/4090)
OBJECTIVE: During prolonged critical illness, nocturnal pulsatile secretion of GH, TSH and prolactin (PRL) is uniformly reduced but remains responsive to the continuous infusion of GH secretagogues and TRH. Whether such (pertinent) secretagogues would synchronize pituitary secretion of GH, TSH and/or PRL is not known. DESIGN AND METHODS: We explored temporal coupling among GH, TSH and PRL release by calculating cross-correlation among GH, TSH and PRL serum concentration profiles in 86 time series obtained from prolonged critically ill patients by nocturnal blood sampling every 20 min for 9 h during 21-h infusions of either placebo (n=22), GHRH (1 microg/kg/h; n=10), GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2; 1 microg/kg/h; n=28), TRH (1 microg/kg/h; n=8) or combinations of these agonists (n=8). RESULTS: The normal synchrony among GH, TSH and PRL was absent during placebo delivery. Infusion of GHRP-2, but not GHRH or TRH, markedly synchronized serum profiles of GH, TSH and PRL (all P< or =0.007). After addition of GHRH and TRH to the infusion of GHRP-2, only the synchrony between GH and PRL was maintained (P=0.003 for GHRH + GHRP-2 and P=0.006 for TRH + GHRH + GHRP-2), and was more marked than with GHRP-2 infusion alone (P=0.0006 by ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: The nocturnal GH, TSH and PRL secretory patterns during prolonged critical illness are herewith further characterized to include loss of synchrony among GH, TSH and PRL release. The synchronizing effect of an exogenous GHRP-2 drive, but not of GHRH or TRH, suggests that the presumed endogenous GHRP-like ligand may participate in the orchestration of coordinated anterior pituitary hormone release. (+info)
Trans-sphenoidal surgery for microprolactinoma: an acceptable alternative to dopamine agonists? (8/4090)
AIMS: Reported cure rates following trans-sphenoidal surgery for microprolactinoma are variable and recurrence rates in some series are high. We wished to examine the cure rate of trans-sphenoidal surgery for microprolactinoma, and to assess the long-term complications and recurrence rate. DESIGN: A retrospective review of the outcome of trans-sphenoidal surgery for microprolactinoma, performed by a single neurosurgeon at a tertiary referral centre between 1976 and 1997. PATIENTS: All thirty-two patients operated on for microprolactinoma were female, with a mean age of 31 years (range 16-49). Indications for surgery were intolerance of dopamine agonists in ten (31%), resistance in six (19%) and resistance and intolerance in four (12.5%). Two patients were from countries where dopamine agonists were unavailable. RESULTS: The mean pre-operative prolactin level was 2933 mU/l (range 1125-6000). All but 1 had amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea, with galactorrhoea in 15 (46.9%). Twenty-five (78%) were cured by trans-sphenoidal surgery, as judged by a post-operative serum prolactin in the normal range. During a mean follow-up of 70 months (range 2 months to 16 years) there was one recurrence at 12 years. Post-operatively, one patient became LH deficient, two patients became cortisol deficient and two became TSH deficient. Out of 21 patients tested for post-operative growth hormone deficiency, 6 (28.6%) were deficient. Five patients developed post-operative diabetes insipidus which persisted for greater than 6 months. There were no other complications of surgery. The estimated cost of uncomplicated trans-sphenoidal surgery, and follow-up over 10 years, was similar to that of dopamine agonist therapy. CONCLUSION: In patients with hyperprolactinaemia due to a pituitary microprolactinoma, transsphenoidal surgery by an experienced pituitary surgeon should be considered as a potentially curative procedure. The cost of treatment over a 10 year period is similar in uncomplicated cases to long-term dopamine agonist therapy. (+info)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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"Where the spirit does not work with the hand there is no art" - Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Boats at Skerries, Ireland
The canvas shows six moored Dublin fishing vessels with the mudbank next to the harbour wall becoming visible as the tide ebbs. Skerries, on the outskirts of Dublin, is a village of some antiquity with round towers and ruins dating from the twelfth century. The harbour gate is a late Georgian structure of a style common to Ireland. On the green rising hills in the background we see two stone built villages with red tiled roofs, the right one surmounted by a campanile. Some shadows from the boats are reflected in the blue sea in the foreground, broken up by ripples, traces of the mudbanks, and in the deeper sections, buoys bobbing in the water.
The overall appearance is one of highly saturated colours, particularly in the fight cadmium red of the boat on the left, the cobalt violet and madders of the centre section boathouses and the intense white hull of the foreground boat. These are foiled by the ochre colour used in the harbour wall, the sombre greens of the hills which continue to the head of the canvas, the verticals of the multicoloured masts and the earth coloured village. The intense movement of line and colour ends sharply at the waterline where relief is provided by the soft pastel blues, whites, ochres and ombers of the sea passage.
Oil based pigment is used overall with a glaze of acrylic tint over the red of the boat on the left to add intensity and also to soften the primary colours and whites in the foreground. The texture of the surface is a notable characteristic of the painting provided by the use of a handwoven linen canvas of an irregular weave manufactured about two hundred years ago that the artist recovered on the back of an ancient painting. This is moderately primed with an acrylic white to preserve its irregularities which, upon close examination of the surface, are noticeable.
The painting was begun in Australia in 1979 on the basis of a double spread pencil drawing that Matthew made in Skerries some years previously. The hill villages derive from the gouache painting done about the same time, of the hill. village of Lingueglietta The artist made a subsequent drawing of the harbour archway to be incorporated in the final work but then not used. The painting was brought to a conclusion in February 1982 by the development of the green background and villages, and the application of a denser more impasto based pigment to the surface of the sea in the foreground.


"In the history of Mankind there are two differing kinds of magic to be found….On the one hand, there is the magic of spontaneity, where a person goes out to meet the chaotic element with his full collected being, and overpowers it by doing what is unforeseen and unforeseeable even to himself [Abraham and Moses]. On the other hand, there is the magic of formula, and nothing is more necessary than its correct application. It was the kind which, in Egypt, was given to the dead to accompany his journey to the heaven world or the underworld….
"Freedom,[on the other hand], means insecurity, improvisation, and the need to meet chaotic forces with our full, collected beings. We have, however, our heritage to stabilize us and give us guidance. We… embrace the 'insecurity of freedom,' as Heschel calls it, with wonder, faith, wholeness, and a principled outlook on the kind of change we're intent on establishing and which we will ALWAYS fight for: one which demands that the human foot not simply be a vehicle to turn a water wheel [in order for slaves to make bricks from mud in Egypt]. System disruption is in our blood. It's what we celebrate every Passover.
— Martin Buber, Moses: The Revelation and the Covenant, pp 22-23.
So, beginning with Amran's daughter, Miriam, you might say that, initially, the disruption of the Egyptian system was orchestrated by women and with considerable dramatic irony. What happened next is told in Exodus 1. It's about the courage of the midwives, in this case, Shifrah and Puah, who were usually present at the birth of a baby.
"But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them but saved the men-children alive. And the king of Egypt called for the mid-wives and said unto them: 'Why have ye done this thing and have saved the men-children alive?' And the midwives said unto Pharaoh: 'Because the Hebrew women are not as the Egyptian women; for they are lively and are delivered ere the midwife comes unto them. And God dealt well with the midwives; and the people multiplied and waxed very mighty" (Exodus 1: 17-20).
Yocheved, Miriam's mother, who sets her newborn son in an ark-like basket she has made in the reeds beside the sea. Her hope is that someone will find and protect him from the death that would otherwise await. Some commentators note the connection between the "ark" Moses mother made for him and the ark of the Noah story. Both saviors are saved on the water.
Miriam, Moses' sister, watches her baby brother in the reeds from afar until he is discovered by the servants. Then she approaches the Pharaoh's daughter to offer Yocheved's services as a wet-nurse. Thus Moses' own mother nurses him until he is old enough to join the household of the Pharaoh's daughter.
What is the significance of Moses' being brought up in the royal palace?
So Ibn Ezra suggests that Moses' position in the royal palace exposed him to "highest level" ideals, such as that "unjust violence" is reprehensible. According to Ibn Ezra, if Moses had been brought up a slave, he would not have been able to lead the people from slavery. Do you agree? Why or why not?
The Consequences of Murder….Flight. The grown-up Moses, brought up in a royal household as an Egyptian prince, becomes increasingly aware of his Hebrew heritage and the suffering of his Hebrew brothers. Angered by witnessing mistreated "slaves in Egypt creating bricks of mud from a pool of water and then using them to build a mastaba (a small pyramid-like tomb)," 1) he kills an Egyptian overseer who is beating a captive Hebrew slave with a whip. But when 2) Moses later intervenes between two fighting Hebrews, they berate him for setting himself up as a ruler and judge over them. "Will you kill us as you did the Egyptian?" they ask. People know about the murder. When Pharaoh finally hears about it, Moses fears the consequences and flees to Midian, where 3) once again he defends the seven daughters of Midian against the shepherds who are their attackers. These three episodes are formative episodes in his life. He is consumed with the ideal of justice and angered by unjust violence. For several years, Moses lives as a shepherd in Midian and eventually marries the Priest of Midian's daughter.
These incidents are the only pieces of information that we are given in the Bible about Moses' youth and adolescence. Before them, he is a child in the very heart of the Egyptian corridors of power. After them, he will marry and receive the revelation of God at the burning bush in Exodus Chapter 3, inaugurating him as a prophet and messenger of God and redeemer of the Jewish people.
The Voice Within. So in Midian, Moses is restless. His unsettled conscience about his Hebrew brethren calls him to return to Egypt, where, together with his reunited brother Aaron, he confronts the Pharaoh to release the people of his birth, the Hebrews. Let them go, he pleads. It is the next step in the development of a leader.
What shapes the development of a leader?
"What then, is a true Jewish leader? The Torah (Numbers 1:15) calls the leaders "the heads of the thousands of Israel." This defines their essence. The Torah is thus telling us that a true leader is like a head. The head is the part of the body that knows what is happening in all the other organs, and feels the pain of every one of them. Similarly, the leader is supposed to sense the problems and feel the pains of everyone.
Times of Israel, 27 December 2013.
How do differing perspective on leadership affect whom we honor, dignify, and look to as heroes or leaders in our lives today?


The word Metaphysics is a combination of two words – Meta, meaning over and beyond – and physics which is the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. Thus, the combination of both words can be translated to mean over and beyond the traditional Newtonian laws of physics.
There are many paths humans travel in the search to finding truth. Yogis, mystics, and sages of old have been utilizing the practice of metaphysical meditation for thousands of years in the search for truth. Therefore, metaphysical meditation is a form of meditation that engages a person in this profound search, a journey that eventually transcends the person beyond the boundaries of the egoic self.
Practitioners of metaphysical meditation aim to cultivate clear inner sight and wisdom, utilizing the knowledge gained to benefit all forms of life on earth, thus becoming a way of life and a living embodiment of spiritual philosophy.
1. The first session is for assessment and exploration of metaphysical themes.
2. The second session is for a guided metaphysical session and continual home practice.
After these two sessions are completed, monthly individual or group sessions are recommended for practice refinement and maintenance.
Metaphysical meditation groups are a great way to build and expand on various themes and to find a supportive atmosphere of practitioners. Groups run once a month for sixty minutes and are formed either on an as-needed basis or as requested.


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European Christian Workers Movement
For a socially-responsible and just Europe
ECWM Coordination Group
ECWM Movements
News from Europe
News from the movements
News from the WMCW
The ECWM takes part in the VIIth European Social Week in Milan
From February 14 to 16, the VII European Social Week was held in Milan. The motto was "Solidarity, Subsidiarity and Common Good - ways to overcome poverty and social inequality in Europe".
It has been attended by almost 100 people, from 21 countries in Europe, representing organizations, parties, unions and Christian movements concerned about justice and social rights. Mr. Antoine Hérouard, president of the Social Commission of COMECE and auxiliary bishop of Lille (France) has also attended. On behalf of the MTCE, we have attended two representatives.
The following presentations, presentations and panels have been developed:
- Ways to get out of the social crisis in Europe
- Changes that await us in the world of work. Work for all?
- The digitalization of the economy and work
- Reality and new challenges in social dialogue
- The new European social order
In this Social Week some lines of action and challenges for the future of Europe have been proposed:
- A policy of full employment - that promotes human dignity with measures that encourage the sharing of work or the general reduction of working hours to allow access to work by all;
- Harmonize the future of the company and the rights of workers
- Social dialogue and mutual trust. Need to rebuild this trust in each sector, company, country, etc.
- Support the transformation of the economic model so that the person becomes the center of social life.
- Promote the common good, equality, diversity and inclusion of all people;
- Improve the social status and protection systems are the most important tool to reduce poverty. Caring for the most vulnerable has to be a priority of a social Europe where more cooperation between states is needed.
- The introduction of an adequate European minimum income for all citizens, under conditions of equality between European countries, which would always imply pan-European solidarity.
The approach and perspectives on the future of work carried out in this Social Week have been interesting and can be a contribution, but this alone is not enough. Talking about poverty, about the number of people without any right or social protection can help to alleviate consciences, but it is necessary to know and feel its concrete reality, its difficulties and problems: "I know my sheep and my sheep know me" The poor in Europe They are not numbers, they are specific people, because they do not have work or their work does not give them access to an income that allows them to live with dignity. You have to change the paradigm, listen to the voice of those who do not have a voice. The future also implies that each of us believers, also change, implies a dimension of personal conversion, without forgetting that the concern for solidarity and respect for the common good in Europe leads us to a broader concern with all humanity and only It can be done globally.
Download the latest issue of INFOR, a publication of the WMCW
ECWM Seminar 2019 in Ostend: "A dignified life for EVERYONE in the digital age!"
Cardinal Turkson brought a Message of Pope Francis to the ILO in Geneva for its 100th anniversary
Europe: For the sake of our common home
ECWM Statement on European Elections - 2019 (long version)
European Christian Worker Movement Statement in the International Day of Free Sunday (3rd March)
ECWM Statement on European Elections - May 2019
Participation of ECWM to the COMECE Conference: "Building the future of work. A faith-based contribution to the initiative for the centenary of the ILO"
ECWM Yearly Seminar in Birmingham, UK: "Digital work - working anytime, anywhere - impact on workers and their families"
MCW England: "Unworkable workplaces" - New issue of MCW Review
On the website of WMCW
World Movement of Christian Workers - Home
Website of the World Movement of Christian Workers - Site Web du Mouvement Mondial de Travailleurs Chrétiens - Página web del Movimiento Mundial de Trabajadores Cristianos
Social justice is the true continuity of Christmas
International Migrants' Day on Dec. 18th: "Decent Work for All Migrant Workers"
Special INFOR issued on the occasion of the 50 years of history of WMCW
October 7th, 2019: World Day of Action for Decent Work
WMCW STATEMENT - INTERNATIONAL LABOUR AY- 1st MAY
8th MARCH, 2019: "Before being a Woman, a Woman is a Human Being"
Solidarity message: December 18th, International Day of Migrant Workers
7th October 2018: WMCW Message on the World Day of Action for Decent Work
Tripartism Plus - Rethinking Social Dialogue in Times of Globalisation and Informalisation
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Natl. Cact. Succ. J. vi. 8 (1951).
Type locality: Serranía de San Miscrato, Chiquitos province, Bolivia.
Altitude: The altitude varies between 150-900 metres above sea level.
Habitat: It is found on inselbergs in the ecotonal region between the Bolivian part of the 'cerrado' and Amazonian forests with high average temperatures for most of the year. It grows on flat rocks only in shady, forested areas where soil retains moisture during short droughts and the rainfall is in excess of 1000 mm per annum, but given the very rocky substrate, the water should drain away quickly. The soil is fine sandy-loamy or fine grained and permeable, but too shallow for a lot of plants that otherwise would shade out the tiny frailea. Frailea chiquitana grow isolated or in dense colonies in all sizes and grow together with Frailea pullispina and Echinopsis hammerschmdii.
Frailea chiquitana f. cristata hort.
Description: Frailea chiquitana is a dwarf cactus with unique and remarkably beautiful shape. Contrary to most representatives of the genus Frailea, this species show no cleistogamous flowers.
Habit: It is a s small depressed perennial stem succulent, usually solitary, rarely offsetting or many-stemmed forming low, flat clusters that grow deeply seated flat to the ground surface. Only in cultivation plants may have a spherical till columnar shape.
Roots: Conical, tuberous, with fine lateral diffuse roots.
Stems: Depressed-spherical to spherical, rarely short-cylindricand more or less imbilicate at apex. Individual stems 2,5-3,5(-4) cm in diameter, 2-3 cm tall (or more in cultivation) yellowish or bluish green or tinged with purplish and with a dark purple-brown lunate, blots situated below the areoles.
Ribs: Numerous, (14-)18-24(-31), very small size (16 mm from rib tip to rib tip) straight, low, but well-defined that, despite its almost spherical shape gives it a high Surface/Volume ratio, and broken up into conspicuous, blunt tubercles 2-3 mm in diameter, often with pronounced reddish markings beneath.
Areoles: Large elliptical, prominent, white to dark brown often with persistent white wool.
Spines: Not or slightly interlaced. to 3 mm, whitish or more often dark brown to blackish.
Central spines: Absent, occasionally 1 to 3 dark brown, up to 3 mm long.
Radial spines: (4-)5-8(-12) pectinate, bristle-like, whitish, adpressed up to 3 mm long.
Flowers: Apical, diurnal, radial, funnelform to bell shaped, light to sulphur yellow from the top of the plant, 1,7-2(-3,2) mm long 2,2-2,5(-4) cm wide. Buds with light brown wool. Tepals attenuate-acute. Stigma-lobes 5-7, to 5,5 mm very slender.
Fruit: Dry indehiscent with scales and bristles that detach easily up to 10 mm in diameter, pericarp membranous, fragile that break easily releasing the seed.
Seeds: 2 mm in diameter, shiny dark brown to blackish. smooth. hilum elongate-ovate-oblong. The seed is shaped strangely for a cactus , and is often described as "hat" or "boat" shaped with a prominent edge. That is a good description, for it is among the few cactus seeds that float! They are thought to be dispersed in habitat by floating away on runoff.
Frailea chiquitana Cárdenas: has green or purplish stems with dark purple-brown lunate, blots below the areoles. This species show no cleistogamous flowers. Distribution: Chiquitos and Cordillera province, department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Frailea chiquitana f. cristata hort.: crested form. Garden origin.
Frailea chiquitana Photo by: Andrea B.
Cultivation and Propagation: Frailea chiquitana is a summer grower species relatively easy to grow. It is sometime seen as a grafted plant but grows very well on its own roots too. Characteristically, during the dry season plants retract completely under the ground both in the wild and in cultivation too.
Growth rate: Fraileas are relatively short-lived plants, only lasting few years (rarely more than 10-15 years in cultivation) and, possible annuals in habitat! In fact they reseed readily around the base of the mother plant if kept reasonably moist during warm weather. It is a good idea to keep restarting them from seed; what looks like a healthy big plant may suddenly die of old age without warning.
Propagation: With fresh harvested seeds or (rarely) by grafting. Fraileas set seed (when well grown) and grow easily from seed. Seedlings dislike strong light and dry conditions and need to be repotted frequently during the first few years. However, old plants become senile and have a tendency to succumb to disease and a weak root system. At this stage, as is well known, they die suddenly. So, after they reach about 4-5 cm in diameter grow them slowly, and adopt a new repotting period, using intervals of every 3-4 years. Additionally grow them under drier conditions or with stronger sunlight. But plants are sometine grafted to accelerate growth, but the grafted plants are typical rather tall growing, compared with plants on their own roots that are usually more flat to the ground.


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View From Chicago
Ronald Dworkin's Error
The distinguished legal scholar, who died last week, gave judges too much license to draw on their own sense of morality.
By Eric Posner
Feb 19, 20133:03 PM
Ronald Dworkin in 2008
Courtesy of David Shankbone/Wikimedia Commons
The distinguished legal scholar Ronald Dworkin, author of Law's Empire, among many other books, and a frequent commentator for the New York Review of Books, died last week. An ingenious scholar, he made many important contributions to legal philosophy. Yet his most influential idea has produced a more questionable legacy. This is the idea that when judges decide constitutional cases, they should draw on moral principles as well as the legal materials at hand, like statutes and judicial precedents. This idea, abused by liberal and conservative judges alike, has harmed our democracy.
When judges are called upon to resolve disputes, they frequently face a pile of ambiguous texts. The Constitution, for example, overflows with vague, undefined phrases—"due process of law," "equal protection," "cruel and unusual punishment." Statutes and earlier decided cases are often no better.
To resolve these ambiguities, judges may look for clues about the writers' meanings, or follow canons of interpretation, like the rule that more specific legal commands prevail over more general commands. But it is tempting for judges also to rely on their moral beliefs, or ideological predispositions. If the Constitution bans "cruel and unusual punishment," a judge who rejects the death penalty on moral grounds may want to conclude that the death penalty is cruel and unusual, and hence constitutionally barred. If the Constitution creates a "right to bear arms," a judge who believes strongly in the right to self-defense may conclude that this right restricts gun control.
Dworkin did not believe that judges should simply impose their moral views on the law. He developed a sophisticated theory that holds that the judge's duty is to take existing legal materials—the relevant constitutional text, precedents from previous court cases, and so forth—and provide the best account of how they fit together. In doing so, the judge must not only parse the legal texts; he or she must also engage in moral reasoning, so that the interpretation finally chosen not only reconciles those texts but reconciles them in the best way possible, that is, so as to advance a morally correct vision of society.
This account provides an accurate and defensible description of how judges develop the common law (the body of law made by judges, via court rulings, that governs much private conduct like contracting) and interpret statutes. Although judges deny that they "make law," Dworkin rightly pointed out that when confronted with legal texts like statutes, judges must draw on general background norms to interpret them, and these norms frequently reflect common moral and political suppositions. Where there is a moral consensus, the use of these norms is almost invisible. And when judges disagree, or make mistakes, legislatures can easily correct their decisions by passing new statutes.
But Dworkin was most famous for applying this idea to disputes over the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. And here he made a wrong move. Constitutional law differs from statutes and the common law in two relevant ways. First, the process to amend the Constitution is extremely cumbersome, so that if the Supreme Court declares that pornography or campaign spending is protected by the right to free speech, it is virtually impossible for the public to undo this ruling by electing legislators who oppose pornography or support campaign finance reform. Second, the Constitution and most of its significant amendments were produced a century or two ago, when the country was radically different. As a result, they provide only limited guidance today and hence maximum space for judges to "interpret."
Moreover, Supreme Court justices face no negative consequences if they interpret the Constitution so as to advance their ideological commitments. (By contrast, state judges typically serve short terms and can be replaced by appointment or election.) Encouraged by fawning lawyers, journalists, and law professors, Supreme Court justices frequently come to think of themselves as uniquely qualified to divine public morality—which almost always somehow coincides with their own. Because our system gives judges so much power, Supreme Court justices are able to impose their ideological commitments over an enormous range of public policy issues—health care and gun control, criminal punishment and sexual freedom, religious liberty and public schooling.
In his obituary of Dworkin, New York Times Supreme Court reporter Adam Liptak noted that Justice Anthony Kennedy is the most Dworkinian of the current crop of justices, the most likely to justify his decision using moralistic language. Kennedy is also the least respected of the bunch. His efforts to provide the moral basis for his votes typically descend into gobbledygook. "At the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life," he warbles in one forgettable opinion on abortion rights. It is in the nature of issues like abortion that reasonable people have differing moral attitudes; democracy exists to enable them to resolve their disagreements in a fair and peaceful way. When judges decide these issues based on their moral beliefs, they deprive people of their right to determine policy through the vote. Judges ought to be more respectful of public attitudes; Dworkin's method encourages them not to be.
Dworkin, like many liberals, rightly worried that majorities will exploit minorities if judges do not step in. If it were not for the Supreme Court, he once wrote, black children would still attend segregated schools in the South. This was probably inaccurate given the legislative changes that took place in the 1960s. Jim Crow was defeated by political organization that changed public attitudes and ultimately led to federal civil rights statutes, not judicial noblesse oblige. But if we give the Supreme Court credit for its role in the civil rights revolution, we also must remember that a century earlier the Supreme Court had declared that blacks were not citizens in Dred Scott, helping to precipitate the Civil War, and in the 1930s the court absurdly attempted to prevent the federal government from addressing the Great Depression by experimenting with economic regulation. The current conservative majority "fits" constitutional text and judicial precedent to the justices' ideological distrust of government intervention in the market. That is why the Supreme Court has been able even today to strike down many economic regulations, like regulations designed to prevent firms from confusing consumers and rules that allow buyers of defective goods to win large punitive damages.
Dworkin was horrified by the rulings of the conservative justices, but, while he obviously did not cause them in any direct way, his theory of judging gave philosophical respectability to what psychologists call motivated reasoning. It is tempting for all of us to interpret the world so as to confirm our moral views. Judges given license by Dworkin to interpret the Constitution persuade themselves that their moral beliefs are embodied in that document, and thus disregard the policy choices made by the public's elected representatives.
In a typical ivory tower conceit, Dworkin responds by arguing that it is essential that nominees to the Supreme Court discuss their "judicial philosophies" with the Senate. The idea is to ensure that Supreme Court review has a democratic pedigree. But no one with any hope of confirmation would ever do such a thing. Because constitutional law is so politicized, nominees must hide their views from the public. Confirmation hearings take place entirely in code. President Bush says that judicial nominees should exercise "strict constructionism," while President Obama says that they should use "empathy." Chief Justice John Roberts claimed at his nomination to be an umpire calling balls and strikes, and Justice Sonia Sotomayor said that she would merely "apply the law"—while everyone knows that what is really at stake is whether Roe v. Wade will be overturned or campaign finance reform will be permitted.
The upshot is that rather than resolve gun control, abortion, and campaign finance by voting for politicians who hold our opinions, we vote for politicians who we hope will pick judicial nominees who hold our views, while the potential justices do everything they can to mask their positions.
This is not a good way to run a country. It would be better if judges tried to avoid making constitutional decisions and instead deferred to the national and state governments as much as possible. A few scholars, notably Jeremy Waldron of New York University and Adrian Vermeule of Harvard, have argued for this kind of judicial passivity. Waldron emphasizes the real harm that occurs when judicial review effectively blocks the public from exercising its right to political participation, while Vermeule argues that judges cannot be expected to possess either the moral wisdom or the knowledge of the empirical world that is necessary to bear the interpretive burden that Dworkin assigns to them.
Dworkin liked to imagine that judges should act like Hercules, drawing on superhuman wisdom and patience to bring order to the Augean stables of our law. His critics see the judge as bureaucrat and humble servant of people. Is it any wonder that someone like Anthony Kennedy would find the Dworkinian view more appealing?


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Leora Heilbronn
Review: Cinderella
Once upon a time, a modern and live action update on the 1950 Disney classic animated tale of Cinderella was released. While keeping with the core narrative of the cherished yarn, director Kenneth Branagh (Thor, Henry V) and screenwriter Chris Weitz (About a Boy) have crafted a refreshing and beautiful film that remains faithful to the original. Like the character of Cinderella, the film has a big, open heart that will bewitch even the most cynical curmudgeon.
For those unfamiliar with the tale, it centers on Ella (Lily James), the much loved daughter of a merchant (Ben Chaplin) and his beautiful wife (Hayley Atwell of Agent Carter). As with all Disney classics, Ella's mother falls mysteriously ill and on her deathbed inspiringly advises her daughter to "have courage and be kind", a mantra which the girl dedicates herself to avidly as she ages into a charming young woman. Years pass and Ella's Father marries the wicked Lady Tremaine (Cate Blanchett in a deliciously evil turn), who moves into their house accompanied by her Persian cat Lucifer and her dim-witted daughters Anastasia (Holliday Grainger from the upcoming The Riot Club) and Drisella (Sophie McShera of Downton Abbey). Following her Father's untimely death, Ella is rapidly given the demeaning role of a servant to her villainous stepmother and stepsisters, and maliciously dubbed "Cinderella" after serving the women with embers on her visage. In a uncharacteristically frustrated move, she flees to the nearby forest and there she serendipitously meets Kit, aka the Prince (Richard Madden, formerly of HBO's Game of Thrones).
In the same feminist vein as Pretty Woman, Cinderella and her Prince rescue one another and bring out the best in each other. In their first heated chance meeting in the forest, she has her very own white horse (literally and figuratively) and speaks her mind openly and confidently (as she should!). This is not your Mother or Grandmother's Cinderella and she is no damsel-in-distress. She is refreshingly (in terms of previous iterations of the prototype) and unabashedly her own woman–a perceptive, empathetic person who is keenly attune with others' tribulations. With enchanting screen presence, Lily James (Downton Abbey) is a revelation in the titular role. She gracefully encapsulates her character's generosity of spirit and portrays the iconic archetype with poised ease.
Other than the winsome Ms. James, the other true shining stars of the film are Sandy Powell's breathtakingly spectacular costumes and Dante Ferretti's elaborate and detailed set design. Powell has a history of immediately establishing characters through color theory alone (see Julianne Moore's primary-colored ensembles in The End of the Affair and Far from Heaven as examples), and Cinderella is no exception. Cate Blanchett's regal 1940's-esque gowns are varied hues of green, to symbolize her coldly-conserved jealousy of Cinderella's bright-eyed innocence and humanity. Likewise, the central ball gown is made with layers upon layers of fabric, (all different colors that make up the shade of blue seen on the outer layer), as if to infer Cinderella's symbolic layers of personality that were not otherwise seen in previous adaptations of the classic. Ferretti's meticulous art direction captures the fairy tale world perfectly and his visually lavish palace sets are a knowing ode to the set design in Branagh's Hamlet.
Cinderella is preceded by Frozen Fever, a Disney short that fans of the immensely successful Frozen will want to watch feverishly. Featuring the brand new hummable song "Making today a perfect day", it details Elsa's unveiling of an extravagant birthday surprise for her beloved sister Anna. Fans of the original will be delighted to see the return (or at least a loving nod to) all of the original film's central characters and songs. Hordes of parents will undoubtedly want to bring their Frozen-worshipping children to see the short film alone, but we urge them to stay seated for Cinderella (especially the end credits that include the rollicking 'Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo' and 'A dream is a wish your heart makes', as sung by Helena Bonham Carter and Lily James, respectively).
Simply, Cinderella is a magical take on the classic fairy tale that modern audiences of all ages will delight in watching for many years to come.
[star v=45]
Leora Heilbronn is a Toronto based film aficionado who has a weakness for musicals and violent action flicks. She can often be spotted reading a wide range of literature or listening to show tunes.
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An indie gem that will keep dazzling you long after you've finished watching it.
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Simple, familiar, but just refreshing enough to get by, Blumhouse has delivered another hit.
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Emerging tick-borne parasite detected in Scottish sheep
21 November 2019 | by FarmingUK Team | Animal Health, News, Sheep
Scientists have detected an exotic tick-borne parasite within sheep in the North of Scotland, according to a new study (Stock photo)
An emerging tick-borne parasite has been detected within sheep in a remote area of northern Scotland.
The parasite causes an economically important disease called babesiosis, which is recognised as an emerging infection in humans.
A new study published on Wednesday (20 November) reports that this is the first time this organism has been identified in animals in the UK.
It is also the first time it has been found in sheep anywhere in the world.
The identification of this parasite in the UK raises concerns for public health and farming policy, according to the researchers.
Although some evidence suggests this parasite may be more virulent than the species of Babesia usually found in the UK, the risk of people contracting this infection is believed to be low.
In the last two decades, the parasite has been recorded extensively in China and also in Europe, with two confirmed human infections in Italy.
Fortunately, babesiosis is treatable in most cases, although this depends on rapid and accurate diagnosis.
To conduct the study, scientists collected blood from sheep, cattle and deer in the northeast of Scotland, in areas where tick-borne diseases have previously been detected.
DNA from the B. venatorum parasite was detected in the blood of a large number of sheep, which were not showing any signs of disease, and which therefore can be considered as carrier animals.
The scientists believe that B. venatorum may have been carried by migratory birds coming to the UK from Scandinavia, where the parasite has previously been found in ticks collected from the environment and migratory birds.
Dr Willie Weir of the University of Glasgow, which conducted the study, said the presence of the parasite represents a 'new risk' to humans, especially to those working with livestock.
"Although we believe the threat to humans to be low, nevertheless local health and veterinary professionals will need to be aware of the disease if the health risk from tick-borne disease in the UK is to be fully understood.
"These findings signify a change in the landscape of tick-borne pathogens in the UK, and the underlying causes for this need to be investigated."
Given the findings, researchers say that ongoing active surveillance of this parasite in UK livestock would be useful to fully understand the prevalence and transmission of the disease.
Please contact the news editor Daniel Wild by emailing daniel.wild@farminguk.com or ringing 01484 400666 if you have a query regarding the content of this news article.


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In Part 1, we were introduced to the different imbalances that can occur in a game. Today, we will see how these concepts are employed to analyze critical positions, leading to the formulation of viable plans.
Before coming up with a plan, use these ideas to do a breakdown of the imbalances on both sides, before deciding how to make use of those imbalances where you have the advantage.
Imagine you are playing as White. There are no immediate threats on the board, so tactics are out of the question. How then, shall you formulate a plan? Of course you want to capitalize on your centre space, developmental lead, and better pieces, and shift the battle away from your isolated pawn weakness.
Having a lead in development and more active pieces are dynamic factors; they are temporary and can vanish if not exploited (e.g. the opponent can improve the position of his pieces if given enough time). With that in mind, White should mobilize his active pieces for an attack on the enemy king as soon as possible, before the opponent catches up in development.
On the other hand, his isolated d-pawn is a static factor, which is unlikely to change or vanish as the game progresses. So White should avoid the trading of pieces, since his isolated pawn will stay on the board and become a more vulnerable weakness in the endgame.
In essence, White's plan should be to use his more active pieces to attack the castled enemy king as soon as possible, and avoid trading into the endgame where his isolated pawn weakness becomes vulnerable.
How about Black? He needs to improve the position of his light-squared bishop, possibly by Bd7-Bc6. But more importantly, he needs to trade off White's active pieces to blunt any upcoming attack, and enter an endgame where Black has the better pawn structure.
Effectively, Black's plan is the reverse of White's. Improve the position of his light-squared bishop, exchange pieces to reach the endgame, and target White's isolated pawn weakness.
In our next example, White seems to have a problem: Black is threatening to exchange on d3 and remove White's bishop pair.
Some of us might think that the exchange will create an imbalance that helps Black, since he gets the two bishops. But although the bishop pair may be useful, they don't always work well in every position. We all know that tanks are powerful steel beasts, but put them in a muddy field and they are as good as useless.
Similarly, the bishop pair becomes ineffective in a closed position, where the diagonals are blocked by pawns. A quick glance at Position 2 is enough to see that the closed pawn centre is not good territory for the bishops!
So White should not be afraid to exchange on d3, since his knights work well in the closed position, while Black's two bishop "advantage" gets neutralized by the myriad of pawns in the centre. The resulting imbalance is in White's favour, not Black's!
Not surprisingly White has the advantage, and he should use the semi-open f-file to attempt a kingside invasion. This will be made easier by his centre control, which will interfere with Black's attempts to defend. However, White must watch for any counterplay Black may try on the queenside.
The last example is one of my most cancerous favourite games. It is a good demonstration of how one can use whatever imbalances they have at hand to save a bad position, and "scam" their opponent of any wins.
It is obvious that things are going badly for Black. White has total control of the h-file, and a pair of dangerous—albeit doubled—passed pawns on the b-file. If we analyze the imbalances, it isn't hard to see the advantage lies with White.
As Black, I faced a dilemma. I could defend passively with Qc8 to preserve material equality. But then White would be free to carry out his plans, and after something like b6 he would use his imbalances (the h-file and passed pawns) to slowly crush me.
Or I could do something about the few imbalances I had. Namely, White's weak e3 pawn and his vulnerable king. That means bringing as many pieces as I could over to attack the enemy king. But this would mean that the poor b7 bishop would be left defenceless.
Which of these choices did I choose? Either way, I would be losing something. So rather than giving my opponent an easy, positional game, why not go all out and create as much problems for him as possible? I am already in a bad position, so I have nothing to lose anyway!
So I chose Plan B: Jettison the b7 bishop, and bring my remaining pieces over for an all-out attack against White's king.
Was my attack a sound one? No: White could have refuted it with 29. Nf1. But the numerous problems I created on the kingside made it easy for either side to slip up, and my opponent was unfortunate enough to do so.
And in case you were wondering whether this was a blitz game, it was in fact a casual game played without time control, so both of us had plenty of time to think. Now imagine what would happen in rapid time control, with both sides having limited time to think!
The lesson from this game is: When in a bad position, play as actively as possible and create problems for your opponent. After all, you have nothing to lose, and with any luck your opponent may make mistakes and get "scammed" of his win!
It is by understanding the nature of a position that one can formulate an effective plan, and tip the scales in your favour. This is the art of chess strategy.


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Luxury Private Game Lodge
21 Sep Luxury Private Game Lodge
The Advantages of Luxury Private Game Lodges Compared to Other Alternatives
There are four words that are synonymous with enjoying an entire holiday or shorter break in one of South Africa's iconic bushveld wilderness areas, without any compromise on the standard of luxury creature comforts.
We refer to "luxury private game lodge", the new benchmark in exclusive accommodation and amenities in this country's private game parks. There's no need to describe other alternatives that don't comply with benchmark standards.
A Delightful Surprise
If you haven't yet had the pleasure of staying at a luxury private game lodge and in particular, at Fifty Seven Waterberg, you're in for a delightful surprise from the very moment of your arrival, throughout your stay, and way beyond your departure.
Memories are Made from This
This is the stuff of which enduring and endearing memories are made. You're very likely to return to Fifty Seven Waterberg in the future, again and again. Once is never enough; our guest records confirm this sentiment.
Unique Experience in Unique Species' Natural Habitat
Moreover, each game lodge experience is unique, and not necessarily because there are marked changes at the lodge, but because each and every encounter with South Africa's game species, living freely in their natural habitat, is unique. No two game drives or hikes in the bush are identical, since wild creatures' behaviours are always unpredictable, as many an experienced ranger, visitor, nature lover, and wildlife photographer will attest to.
A Few Features of Our Private Lodge Facilities
Genuine, sincere, and legendary South African hospitality.
Graded 5-star luxury resort.
Privacy par excellence – a private game lodge in a private game park that forms part of the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Surrounded by thousands of hectares of unspoiled, peaceful bushveld tranquillity.
Big 5 game-viewing opportunities.
5 luxury guest suites, each located a discreet distance away from the next, as well as the main lodge buildings, offering inimitable views from private patios.
Limited number of intimately set guest accommodation suites ensure that dedicated personal service and discreet privacy is maintained throughout guests' unique bushveld and wildlife experience.
Delicious cuisine prepared by our talented chef and his assistant.
Rates include full-board stay plus game drives twice daily in an open game-viewing vehicle, in the informative company of our guide, who knows just when and where to take you to view Waterberg's wildlife species.
If 5-star luxury makes you happy and the magic of the bushveld beckons you, a break or holiday at our luxury private game lodge simply must be at the top of your to-do list. We look forward to providing all that you require to tick it off as being done.