Rents are Low – But These Still Might Work…!
While there aren't too many Sacramento Duplexes for sale on the market these days that I like a lot, there are some Duplexes I think might work out for the right investor.
These Duplexes for Sale are what I call "Bread and Butter" type of Investments.
Take a peek at the information I have below here. I'm profiling these Duplexes for Sale based upon their current situation and what I think the ultimate sale price should realistically end up being.
I will profile other Sacramento Duplexes later so come back here from time to time.
If you are looking for a Residential Income Investment like a Duplex or a Four Plex, please send an email to: favinger@rwntwork.com or you can call me at anytime at 916.203.1260.
Sacramento Duplex Prices Are Steady & Rents Are Good…!
With the annual rate of appreciation of Real Estate prices in the Sacramento area generally slowing down a bit buying a Duplex here might be a little easier with fewer multiple offers.
Don't get me wrong if you have been looking for an Investment like a Sacramento Duplex there are still multiple offers occurring.
That is especially true if the Duplex has been well maintained with good curb appeal and a great tenant profile paying close to or at Market Rents.
Those Duplexes that have some deferred maintenance issues and below market rents will take a little longer to sell if they are not priced correctly to make up for their deficiencies.
Here's some quick statistics for you regards closed sales from January 1, 2019 to Date, February 12th.
As you can see it looks like prices have stabilized somewhat, but the rents are still going up. Maybe now is the time to make a move into Buying a Sacramento Duplex.
If you're thinking of investing in Sacramento Duplexex, maybe a Four-Plex or even a small Apartment complex please drop me an email note at favinger@rwnetwork.com or call/text me at 916.203.1260.
By the way… We do Property Management as well.
Over the years since I've been writing here, I've discussed Investing in Sacramento Duplexes for sale. Other areas with great potential are Citrus Heights, Carmichael and Rancho Cordova with a lot of neighborhoods of Duplexes that come up for sale from time to time.
While in many respects Duplexes have the same amenities as a Single Family home, they are for the most part properties occupied by "non-owners" called Tenants.
An Investment Property like a Duplex has to be managed correctly to get the most value out of your investment in the form of higher rents and of course at re-sale increased appreciation.
I've got a little slide show that I would like to share with you. This is one of my pet peeves – the lack of proper management and allowing Tenants to do what they want with your Investment.
What is my pet peeve…? Parked cars on the front yard grass. See below.
If you are thinking of buying a Duplex in the Sacramento Area, think about managing it as well. Good management will make you money. Check out our Property Management Company.


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Jayson Musson: The Truth in the Song
Fleisher/Ollman Gallery
April 1–May 28, 2016
By Abby King
In 2011, the YouTube character Hennessy Youngman responded to questions about the authenticity of his wardrobe with a short clip. Hennessy looms large in the camera, speaking directly to the viewer in his usual baseball cap and casual tone in artist Jayson Musson's series Art Thoughtz, where this satirical persona imparts wisdom to the "Internet" with one-liners and comical insights into the art world. In this video, Youngman retorts, "My shit is authentic…look at this shit, internet. It looks like someone puked dope shit on the floor." The camera pans to a pile of Coogi sweaters. Five years later, that brightly patterned pile of fabric can be seen at Jayson Musson's second exhibition of sweater paintings at Fleisher /Ollman. As his alter ego's states, he is the Coogi King.
The Truth in Song is Musson's second body of the work at Fleisher/Ollman where Coogi sweaters are the medium of choice. Musson's sewn works are a purposeful arrangement of color and pattern, rather than a haphazard fabric mound discarded across an apartment floor. Each of the twelve works in the exhibition are an amalgamation of these garish fashions from yesteryear. Musson collects these garments (now somewhat back in demand), takes them apart, and rearranges them to become abstract works, as close to paintings as 90's fashion ever will be.
This textile's immediate recognizability brings to mind the role of the Coogi sweater in hip-hop culture. Despite being an Australian company that changed its name to have a more aboriginal essence, the sweaters are linked to African American legends such as Biggie, Snoop Dogg (now Snoop Lion), and Drake. These are celebrities who embraced this large, loud, patterned garb and made the sweaters desirable objects to a new set of consumers. But the gallery's press release rejects the notion that his works are simply interested in this cultural fashion statement:
"For Musson, Coogi sweaters are more about African-American nostalgia and cultural memory rather than homage to Notorious B.I.G. or a commercial garment brand. Coogi, long regarded as a status symbol within the African-American Hip-Hop community, has always been a white-owned company, first by Australians and then by Americans, and functions as yet another instance of the white power structure profiting off of the perceived desires of people of color."
The Truth in Song is not just a tribute to these musical moguls. The artist is literally taking these cultural symbols apart, though they do not lose their Coogi recognizability. Each fabric painting is nearly instantly recognizable as the colors of the late 80's and early 90's. Works like the titular piece, The Truth in Song, are more subtle waves of design. From afar the splotches of salmon read like tentacles or other kinds of organic limbs. Other pieces such as 777 are more noticeably Coogi with rainbow stripes of color throughout. These pieces in particular conjure up visions of "The Cosby Show," even if much research and disclaimers have been made clarifying that the main character never wore them.
Instead of focusing on the disparate connection between Dr. Huxtable and artist's work, the relationship to Musson's own fictional character is worth noting. Unlike his satirical persona Hennessy Youngman, whose institutional critique performance overtly poked fun at the ridiculous expectations thrust upon artists of color, this work internalizes those needs. Rather than directly addressing identity politics within the subject or content of the paintings, Musson uses the sweater material to play this role. It reads like a quick-witted one-liner in these aesthetically subtle woven works.
Since this is a repeat move of Musson's — The Truth In Song is his second full exhibition of sweater pieces — it is interesting to see how the work has evolved. There is a stronger embrace of the textile texture of the sweaters. Although many of the pieces resemble canvas in how they are stretched across their frames, several break the rectangle format and drape over the edge. In Rosetta, the threads ooze off the frame and down the right side. The unfinished sprawl of the fabric off of the rigid painting format is a refreshing embrace of the medium at hand.
These moves are mainly contained to the smaller works, with the exception of the piece, World 1-1. In this earth toned, eight-foot-tall object, fabrics are overlayed on top of one another. A waterfall of torn blue fabric stems from the top of the piece. In these moments, the fabric itself plays more of a role rather than a delivery system. The ribbons act like unfinished sentences, poking fun at the other self contained worlds present in the exhibition. They are playful, at times awkward, and more earnest in their exploration of Musson's unique material.
The Truth In Song is filled with beautiful moments. Taking in the exhibition as a whole, the collection of sewn work creates a vibrant experience. Rather than just being in dialogue with cultural consumption, the Coogi canvases seem more in conversation with abstract expressionism and other painting traditions. There is a clear division between the work Musson makes for museums vs. those shown in commercial spaces. His work shown at Fleisher/Ollman is distinctly different from his irreverent internet characters such as Hennessy Youngman and his Bob Ross reincarnation, Franklin Vivray. These gallery works also have little in common with his most recent museum exhibition at the ICA, an absurdist three-hour video opera made with Alex DeCorta. The common thread among all of these projects can be some form of humour, the same can be said for the Coogi kaleidoscopes when considering the artist's previous institutional critique. Knowledge of Musson's comedic exploration of race and the art world via his alter-ego Hennessy Youngman show previous instances of a layered exploration of identity. If the artist is interested in the trash of culture and the cyclical appropriation of different races, classes, and subcultures, then finding these overpriced emblems of consumption and transforming them into much more beautiful works of art is fitting. Selling them back into the same world of acquisition seems like his best joke yet.
Abby King is a mixed-media artist and museum educator based in Philadelphia.
Abby King, Jayson Musson
Previous Conversation: Matt Neff and J. Louise Makary on RAIR (Recycled Artist in Residence)
Next Interview with Michael Gallagher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I love to travel and seek adventure!!
I am very outgoing and keep in good health, i live the outdoors and summer camping/watersports,have a good income,enjoy family very much,I am always happy and postive, different cultures and languages intrest me alot.
Life is beutiful but is too short.
Honest, loyal, do not smoke or use any drugs. Like various of sports, fishing, gardening, ect. Would love to meet nice and loyal female.. Many thanks for Ur time and attention.
I am down to earth with humble personality. Love to travel.
I am a carpenter working for a great company. I love art and music, cooking and eating! I love to travel and experience new things and see different cultures.
I am good looking and powerful man. I am rich and look for someone to share my success with. Love to travel, to cuddle, and sports in general.
I am a lonely sailor, that is loyal dependable and really friendly. My hobbies include camping, swimming, going to movies, watching TV and painting scale figures.


In my latest app Loopy Tunes, I needed to add multitouch functionality to a keyboard. I use Cocos2D, so if you're like me, then just do the following.
When preparing my universal app for iTunes I was having trouble with getting the icon.png file the right size. When I saved a 57×57 pixel icon iTunes complained about needing a 72×72 pixel icon for the iPad an vice versa for the iPhone. So I googled and found there are a couple of things you need to do.
On that same page down the bottom are the instructions for how to enter these to your info.plist. Follow them, or just add this to your info.plist if it isn't in there already. (I prefer to edit the info.plist myself in textEdit) If you are using a cocos project, especially 0.99.5 or newer, it should already be in there.
American Typewriter, AppleGothic, Arial, Baskerville, Bodoni 72, Bradley Hand, Chalkduster, Cochin, Copperplate, Courier, Courier New Didot, Futura, Geeza Pro, Georgia, Gill Sans, Heiti J, Helvetica, Hoefler Text, Marker Felt, Optima, Palatino, Papyrus, Party LET, Snell Roundhand, Thonburi, Times New Roman, Trebuchet MS, Verdana, Zapf Dingbats, Zapfino.


Harold Bradley plays guitar during the 2007 Country Music Hall of Fame Medalliion Ceremony.
Country Music Hall of Fame guitarist Harold Bradley, who played on hundreds of hit country records including "Crazy," ''King of the Road" and "Crying" and helped create "The Nashville Sound" with his brother Owen, has died at the age of 93.
His daughter Beverly Bradley said he died Thursday morning in Nashville, Tennessee, where he was born.
Harold was born in 1926 and switched from banjo to guitar at the urging of his brother. He was a teenager when he started playing professionally, touring with Ernest Tubb and making his debut on the Grand Ole Opry.
During World War II, he served in the U.S. Navy and after his discharge, he came back to Nashville to become an in-demand session player. He played on songs for Hank Williams, Eddy Arnold, Brenda Lee, the Everly Brothers, Burl Ives, Red Foley, Anita Bryant and more.
Many consider him to be one of the most recorded musicians ever, appearing on multiple Elvis Presley records. Some of the most well-known hits he played on include "Make the World Go Away" by Arnold, "Harper Valley P.T.A." by Jeannie C. Riley, "Stand by Your Man" by Tammy Wynette, "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" by Lee and "Battle of New Orleans" by Johnny Horton.
In the 1950s, the Bradley brothers started a recording studio on what is now Music Row, just the second studio to locate there. There was a surplus Army structure on the property called a Quonset hut that they turned into the now historic studio where they also filmed TV performances.
He was also the longtime president of the Nashville Association of Musician Local 257 of the American Federation of Musician.


Though many avid festival-goers are beginning to recover their battered bodies, brains and bank accounts from the seemingly endless barrage of music festivals this past season, that doesn't mean the party is over. Quite to the contrary in fact, as new data from Eventbrite suggests. Spending time at home in front of the TV instead of sleepless nights in dusty deserts surrounded by freaks and bass music has its moments, but after awhile, the restless spirit gets tired of resting.
Thankfully, us party deviants have the holiday event season to look forward to which kicks off this Halloween weekend and closes with New Year's Eve as its grand finale. Events such as L.A.'s Minimal Effort at Los Angeles Center Studios are drawing crowds from all over Southern California. Many event organizers are shifting their focus from large scale festivals to smaller, local events that offer all the accoutrements of a grandiose festival without having to spend hundreds of dollars just to schlep all your camping gear into the middle of nowhere. Many organizers are bringing the aesthetics of music festivals to their venues, offering a more convenient setting without sacrificing production value. Ranging from arenas to small clubs, one can experience beautiful live art, stellar lineups, and performance artists in their own city which allows for a broader audience to attend.
Eventbrite, a leading global marketplace that powers two million events each year, has uncovered some key insights into the holiday event season. They have seen a huge increase in both free and ticketed Halloween events on their platform this year which means that participants as well as organizers are putting more emphasis on Halloween parties than before. This leads to event organizers seeing higher profits on Halloween parties than in recent years so as a result, they are investing more money and resources into better performers and venues. There are also large scale raves and underground Halloween parties that are happening, many of which are not included within the statistical data, despite the controversy surrounding several popular EDM festivals. Regardless of the type of parties occurring, there is no doubt that there are more than a plethora to choose from.
From 2014 to 2015, Eventbrite saw a 64% increase in ticketed Halloween events which boasted a 76% increase in gross ticket sales during the same time period. While this data represents last year's statistics, the company expects 2016's numbers to be even higher when they pull this year's data after the holiday is behind us. New Year's Eve events will also be included in future statistics as they mark the finale of the holiday event season with organizers placing an equal emphasis on the holiday. Because many of the same venues who throw raging New Year's Eve parties will also have just hosted Halloween events, they will continue to evolve and improve for future events.
While Halloween has both big and small cities coming alive with parties of all crowds and sizes, in venues that range from the streets of West Hollywood to intimate indoor venues, New Year's Eve seems to mark a resurgence in the festival season. Events such as SnowGlobe in South Lake Tahoe, Cosmic Convergence at Lake Atitlan in Guatemala, Bass Nectar's New Year's Eve at the Birmingham-Jefferson Convention Complex in Alabama, Decadence at the Colorado Convention Center, and many more are all boasting superstar lineups and sparing no expense on epic production.
Both Halloween and New Year's Eve bookend a season of partying that is taking place at several small and often more intimate, local venues, further connecting the community. This event season gives the fairweather partiers their chance to cut loose as well as avid festival-goers various places to satiate their appetite for fun until next season.


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E-books: Sports and Leisure
Sport and Leisure Studies
Sports Medicine and Therapy
25–36 of 294
Professional / Trade
Handbooks / Companions
Research Monographs
Paperbacks Direct
Conditioning for Strength and Human Performance
Third Edition, 3rd Edition
Edited by T. Jeff Chandler, Lee E. Brown
Fully revised and updated, the third edition of Conditioning for Strength and Human Performance provides strength and conditioning students with the clearest and most accessible introduction to the scientific principles underpinning the discipline. Covering bioenergetics and nutrition, a systematic…
eBook – 2018-08-31
Sport Fans
The Psychology and Social Impact of Fandom, 2nd Edition
By Daniel L. Wann, Jeffrey D. James
Sports, and the fans that follow them, are everywhere. Sport Fans: The Psychology and Social Impact of Fandom examines the affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions of fans to better comprehend how sport impacts individual fans and society as a whole. Using up-to-date research and theory from…
Advanced Statistics for Kinesiology and Exercise Science
A Practical Guide to ANOVA and Regression Analyses, 1st Edition
By Moh H. Malek, Jared W. Coburn, William D. Marelich
Advanced Statistics for Kinesiology and Exercise Science is the first textbook to cover advanced statistical methods in the context of the study of human performance. Divided into three distinct sections, the book introduces and explores in depth both analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regressions…
Digital Sports Journalism
By Charles M. Lambert
Digital Sports Journalism gives detailed guidance on a range of digital practices for producing content for smartphones and websites. Each chapter discusses a skill that has become essential for sports journalists today, with student-friendly features throughout to support learning. These include…
The Baseball Glove
History, Material, Meaning, and Value, 1st Edition
By David Jenemann
The baseball glove is a ubiquitous item, a crucial piece of equipment in the game of baseball, and it offers the opportunity to examine the production of material culture and social practice at numerous levels. Where and how is a glove made, and how does its manufacture square with the narratives…
Routledge Series for Creative Teaching and Learning in Anthropology
Managing Sport Business
An Introduction, 2nd Edition
Edited by David Hassan
Contemporary sport is both a sophisticated and complex international business and a mass participatory practice run largely by volunteers and community organisations. Now in a fully revised and expanded second edition, this authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of…
Foundations of Sport Management
Creating Sustainable Arts Organizations, 1st Edition
By Kenneth Foster
The contemporary world faces unprecedented upheaval and change forcing institutions of all types to rethink how they are designed and how they must now function if they are to survive into an uncertain future. The performing arts are no exception; in an era of constant change and…
Mastering Management in the Creative and Cultural Industries
The Economics of Sports
By Michael A. Leeds, Peter von Allmen, Victor A. Matheson
The sports industry provides a seemingly endless set of examples from every area of microeconomics, giving students the opportunity to study economics in a context that holds their interest. Thoroughly updated to reflect the current sports landscape, The Economics of Sports introduces core economic…
Governance and Policy in Sport Organizations
By Mary A. Hums, Joanne C. MacLean
Now in a fully updated new edition, this textbook introduces readers to the power and politics of sport organizations. It explores the managerial activities essential to good governance and policy development, and looks at the structure and functions of individual organizations within the larger…
Disability and International Development
A Guide for Students and Practitioners, 1st Edition
By David Cobley
Despite growing evidence of a close and complex relationship between disability and poverty, development policy, planning and programming has often failed to take full account of the concerns of disabled people. However, following the 2006 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities…
Rethinking Development
The Psychology of Gardening
By Harriet Gross
Why do so many people love gardening? What does your garden say about you? What is guerrilla gardening? The Psychology of Gardening delves into the huge benefits that gardening can have on our health and emotional well-being, and how this could impact on the entire public health of a country. It…
The Psychology of Everything
The Psychology of Performance
By Stewart T. Cotterill
Why is performing under pressure often so difficult? What strategies can help us deliver our best performance? How can we boost our self-confidence? The Psychology of Performance explores the key psychological factors that affect our ability to cope under pressure, whether it's competing in a sport…


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Change of Training Times
Training will continue to be at the Norfolk Road multigames area, but will be split into 2 sessions.
It's great to see so many players at training - for the last 2 weeks we have had over 40 attendees.
With the nights drawing in and for the safety of all players we have decided to split training as follows:
1st Team & Reserves
7:30 - 8:00 warm-up in the small section
8:00 - 9:00	continue in the large section
'A' Team & Others
8:30 - 9:00	warm-up in the small section
9:00 - 10:00 continue in the large section
It is worth noting that team managers are now continually under pressure to only select players who regularly attend training.
If you are unsure which session to attend please talk to a team manager.
Players over 16 years of age, who wish to play for BTFC but are not signed on, are welcome to train with the 'A' Team in the later session, as long as they act in a responsible manner.


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Deposed leader Muammar Gaddafi's son freed in Libya
BENGHAZI, Libya- Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, the son of deposed Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, has left the town of Zintan where he had been held since 2011 after being freed by an armed group, according to one of his lawyers and a statement from the brigade.
The lawyer and the brigade said he had been released under an amnesty law passed by a parliament based in eastern Libya. The lawyer, Khaled al-Zaidi, said Saif al-Islam was headed to another Libyan city but he could not say where for security reasons.
Previous reports that Saif al-Islam had been released from Zintan turned out to be false.
A Tripoli court sentenced Saif al-Islam to death in 2015 for war crimes, including killing protesters during the revolution.
Zintan, which grew powerful through its role in the 2011 uprising and has been at odds with authorities in Tripoli, had refused to hand him over.


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Patrick deWitt Quotes
I know a lot of people who use the Internet really wisely. It enriches their lives in some way.
Patrick deWitt
Quotes to Explore
The travel and tourism industry, it's just a huge part of our economy.
Karen Hughes
The problem men seem to have, and women, too, is that they have this very structured idea that we should find a partner and settle down and be, you know, faithful. And yet clearly this is really, really hard for anybody to do!
It is the function of the President, representing the executive principle, to execute the laws.
Garet Garrett
Whatever they did for democracy, the U.S. interventions in the Middle East and the vaunted Arab Spring have proved to be pure hell for Arab Christians.
Do you wish to be great? Then begin by being. Do you desire to construct a vast and lofty fabric? Think first about the foundations of humility. The higher your structure is to be, the deeper must be its foundation.
You want maybe to be that guy or one of the few guys who can help develop the game in the United States.
I became friends with the leader of the underground vampire world. He had a fangsmith, so I had a pair made... It has become kind of my signature thing.
Madison McKinley
I lead a normal life and I don't assume there is anything I can impart to people. The only reason to write a book would be to make money, and I don't want to do that. To write a book would be going against how I've lived.
Patrick Duffy
For me, one of the privileges of being a writer is to poke your nose around and learn about worlds you don't know.
Gavid Hood
Thom is one of those wonderful people to cook for because he absolutely loves it, just loves it. He loves to eat and drink and he'd be a great guest at any dinner party.
Ted Allen
I had been impressed by the fact that biological systems were based on molecular machines and that we were learning to design and build these sorts of things.
K. Eric Drexler
The world is indeed a mixture of truth and make-believe. Discard the make-believe and take the truth.
Ramakrishna
I think it's a mistake to go after someone just based on looks. But I always respond to people who don't act that interested in me.
Navi Rawat
There's a lot of garbage, and then there are those ones that just stand out so incredibly. You fight for those roles; you do everything in your power to get it.
Maika Monroe
I would vote for the man who's lived life, who's done different occupations, who's been out in the real world and struggled to make a living, struggled to raise a family, struggled with life as it exists. So I'd vote for experience, honest experience.
It's always been my dream to do a dance scene with Anthony Hopkins.
Gary Sinise
Refugees are the human dimensions of a failed state.
Sam Brownback
The risk from viruses is an unanswered question - and it won't be answered until you have had organs transplanted into humans over many years.
There's been resistance to every new technology that's ever been introduced. When books came out hundreds of years ago, there were complaints that it would destroy the oral tradition. Some of those fears were justified, but it didn't stop the rise of the written word. And books have proven to be incredibly useful.
Jeremy Stoppelman
Representation is so important because it's hard for kids to want to be what they can't see. Little girls and boys need to know that it's natural for girls to love science and tech.
Emily Calandrelli
Religion is for people who are scared to go to hell. Spirituality is for people who have already been there.
MTV has always given artists a platform to get their stories and music out to their fans and this series reveals the unknown side of T.I.-one of the world's greatest artists at the most precarious time in his life.
RELEVANT THEMES
RELEVANT AUTHORS
Sabine Baring-Gould
Vaughn Monroe
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09.11.2015 Something Borrowed Movie #773748 presented at this page with awesome top resolution of 850x571px. Alan Snowden - is the user who uploaded it through the features of the 6iee.com website. This wallpaper weights about 139.14 KB.


Use this form to add, remove or transfer a mailbox in one of the School of Biological Sciences mail rooms (EBB, EST, CE, 14th Street).
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If you are not a PI please list your PI's name below.
Complete the section below if you are new to the School and would like request a mail box, have never had a mail box in any of the mail rooms and would like to request a mail box, or currently have a mail box and would like for it to be removed. If you currently have a mail box and would like to transfer it from one mail room to another please skip this section and complete the "Transfer Mailbox" section below.
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Please list any additional information that will be helpful to our administrative team for your request.


It is amazing how she gets to stardom with just getting a viral stint with her photogenic pictures. Rita Gaviola, A.K.A. "Badjao girl," got instantly famous after getting a shot of her while pleading for alms at the "Pahiyas Festival in Quezon Province."
With her photos reaching a lot of fame, a lot of queries about her whereabouts have been asked. At first, she was really scared why some of the police were looking for her. She thought that she might have done something wrong. But after learning that they were searching for her because of the matters with her stardom, it changed the prospect of her life and her family for good.
A lot of good people also helped her in such ways that she could've imagined. It helped her step into the limelight which made her successful in her career.
She told in her interview with the Inquirer that long before, her family couldn't have some decent meal at least once a day. She and her four siblings that try to seek for alms or any small donations.
Mayor Roderick Alcala of Lucena City gave her father some decent work just to provide for their family in the city government's general services office. But it made her really happy when she was given a scholarship which now she really focuses on so that she could pursue her dream as a teacher. She has a very admirable determination in seeking aid for street children to educate them in her own way.
It was very recent that she had just celebrated her 14th birthday and was very thankful for her fans that they gave her a meaningful event. She wore a pink gown that made her felt like a princess for her very first birthday celebration.
A lot of projects and modeling events came to her that makes her blessed even though she focuses on her studies. She attended a fashion show on Market Market this past September.
In her recent post on Facebook, she stated that she would be in an upcoming movie.
What are your thoughts on her stardom? Share this article!


Named in honour of the mathematician Emmy Noether, this free online project aims to encourage the participation of both teachers and students at the Grade 5 and 6 level in solving problems for enjoyment and satisfaction. The 'circle' symbolizes an inclusive and collaborative setting, open to a variety of ability levels, wherein mutual support enhances individual investigations.
Each Circle is a set of six problems, plus hints, suggestions, and solutions. The problems can be used individually, or as a set, as time permits. While group work is a major focus, most problems are also accessible to students who prefer to work on their own.
Circles are available in the charts below both as complete sets and divided into problems identified by curriculum strand.


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May 20, 2013 | General News
Suspected Boko Haram Spy Had 600 Million In His Account – Maj-Gen. Garba Wahab
The General Officer Commanding (GOC), 1 Division Nigerian Army, Kaduna, Major-General Garba Wahab, at the weekend said the media should not eulogize criminals as the Division has arrested a suspected orange seller who spied for terrorists and over N600 million was found in his bank account within three months.
The GOC, whose area of command covers the north-western states, while fielding questions from newsmen in Kaduna relating to why the Army is carrying out general search without discrimination, said, 'When we stop those who are hawking and carrying wheelbarrow, and we said we want to check, people will shout, 'Why are you disturbing the average person?' And I give you example; we arrested somebody here called mai lemu (orange seller) in Kawo here. And in three months when we checked through his account, over 600 million naira has passed through that man's account, and he sells orange here by Kawo bridge.
'He is there as a lookout. He is like a spy. He looks around, gets information and feeds these guys, says this is what is happening. That is why I said we are not dealing with idiots. We are dealing with people who have one or two guys working and thinking, and giving them information. And we know that before they attack they must look at the softest locations.'
Wahab added that it is a criminality that the media and society must cooperate and ensure that it is brought to an end.
On Thursday's attacks in Daura, he explained that military personnel adhered to the principles of rules of engagement, saying, 'I called this press conference to fill the gap on the attack that occurred in Daura, Katsina state. We don't want a situation where people will be speculating. Yes, the criminals came, they bombed vehicles, and they packed money using improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to bomb everywhere. Nobody will give an instruction for an innocent life to be lost, so in whatever we do, we keep to the rules of engagement given to us and that is why I have called the media to lend us their support because when a few reports go out, it's like it is encouraging the criminals and they start to think they have the upper hand.'
Meanwhile, the presidency yesterday offered amnesty to any Boko Haram member who surrenders, as it wages war on the insurgents in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa, where state of emergency was declared last Tuesday.
Special Adviser to the President on Media and Publicity, Dr. Rueben Abati, revealed this yesterday while talking to Reuters, a foreign news agency, on telephone.
He said: 'Mr President has urged Boko Haram members to surrender their arms and embrace the amnesty option which is still open as the committee is working on the option of dialogue for a peaceful resolution.'


Liver biopsy is still useful in selected clinical situations in which it is the only tool to obtain information necessary for the diagnosis, the prognosis, and the decision for treatment. Main examples are viral hepatitis with confounding co-morbidities, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, and autoimmune liver diseases.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a definition encompassing a spectrum of disorders ranging from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Excessive alcohol consumption triggers a series of metabolic reactions that affect the liver by inducing lipogenesis, increasing oxidative stress, and causing abnormal inflammatory responses. The metabolic pathways regulating lipids, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immune system are closely related and in some cases cross-regulate each other. Therefore, it must be taken into account that major genetic and epigenetic abnormalities affecting enzymes involved in one of such pathways can play a pivotal role in ALD pathogenesis. However, recent studies have pointed out how a significant predisposition can also be determined by minor variants, such as relatively common polymorphisms, epigenetic modifications, and microRNA abnormalities. Genetic and epigenetic factors can also affect the progression of liver diseases, promoting fibrogenesis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. It is noteworthy that some of these factors, such as some of the cytokines involved in the abnormal inflammatory responses, are shared with non-alcoholic liver disease, while other factors are unique to ALD. The study of the genetic and epigenetic components involved in the liver damages caused by alcohol is crucial to identify individuals with high risk of developing ALD, design personalized protocols for prevention and/or treatment, and select the best molecular targets for new therapies.
Background and aim. The HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is organized into a minichromosome in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes through interactions with histone and nonhistone proteins. Retinoid X receptor ? (RXR?), a liver-enriched nuclear receptor, participates in regulation of HBV replication and transcription through modulation of HBV enhancer 1 and core promoter activity. Material and methods. This study investigated RXR? involvement in HBV cccDNA epigenetic modifications. Quantitative cccDNA chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was applied to study the recruitment of RXR?, histones, and chromatin-modifying enzymes to HBV minichromosome in HepG2 cells after transfection of the linear HBV genome. Results. RXR? Was found to directly bind to HBV cccDNA; recruitment of RXR? to HBV mini-chromosome paralleled HBV replication, histone recruitment, and histone acetylation in HBVcccDNA. Moreover, RXR? overexpression or knock-down significantly increased or impaired the recruitment of the p300 acetyltransferase to cccDNAminichromosome. Conclusions. Our results confirmed the regulation of RXR? on HBV replication in vitro and demonstrated the modulation of RXR? on HBV cccDNA epigenetics. These findings provide a profound theoretical and experimental basis for late-model antiviral treatment acting on the HBV cccDNA and minichromosome.
Introduction and aim. Occult hepatitis C infection (OHCI) is the presence of HCV-RNA in the liver or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) accompanying with negative serologic results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of OHCI among Iranian chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Material and methods. In this cross sectional study 200 chronic HD patients with negative HCV antibody enrolled the study. Blood sample of patients were obtained, followed by Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) testing for detection of HCV RNA. Patients with positive serum HCV RNA were considered as manifest hepatitis C infection (MHCI). However, patients with negative serum HCV RNA underwent further tests on PBMCs for detection of OHCI. Results. Serum HCV RNA was positive in 2 (1%) patients whom considered as MHCI, and 6 (3.03%) patients had positive PBMC HCV RNA. Conclusion. In conclusion, chronic HD patients have been considered as a high risk group for hepatitis C infection. The results of this study suggest that these patients are also at risk for OHCI. Furthermore, evaluating PBMCs to detect HCV RNA would be a sensitive diagnostic method to find OHCI patients.
Background/Objectives. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis. As a result of chronic inflammatory response to the virus, HCV-infected patients may be at a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the data on this association is unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted with the aims to summarize all available evidence. Material and methods. A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to April 2016. Studies that reported relative risks, odd ratios, or hazard ratios comparing the risk of VTE among HCV-infected patients vs. subjects without HCV infection were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method. Results. Three studies met our eligibility criteria and were included in analysis. The pooled RR of VTE in HCV-infected patients vs. subjects without HCV infection was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.08-1.77, I2 = 40%). Subgroup analysis showed that risk was increased for both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) even though without adequate power to demonstrate statistical significance (Pooled RR of 1.34, 95% CI, 0.67-2.66 for PE and pooled RR 1.45, 95% CI, 0.93-2.77 for DVT). Conclusion. Our study demonstrated a significantly increased risk of VTE among HCV-infected patients. Further studies are required to clarify how this risk should be addressed in clinical practice.
Introduction and aim. Natural Killer (NK) cells play an important role in innate immune response to viral infections and their high proportion is situated in the liver. The aim of this study was to analyze possible relation between the expression of NK cell receptors and varied intensity of liver lesions in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in children. Material and methods. Study included 105 children with CHC - 54 boys and 51 girls, age 13.62 ± 3.48 years. Blood specimens were taken at the day of the liver biopsy. Histological evaluation was performed according to METAVIR scoring system. Circulating NK cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. The results were shown as a proportion of cells expressing evaluated receptor and its' mean fluorescent intensity (MFI). Results. In 58 children with CHC (55.2%) significant liver fibrosis was observed ( ≥F2). Higher proportion of cells expressing CD158e inhibitory receptors was observed in the group of children with ALT > 2UNL (21.11 ± 14.60 vs. 12.22 ± 8.99%; p = 0.037). While higher proportion of cells expressing inhibitory CD158b receptor was observed in children with significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) compared to minimal fibrosis (F < 2) - (34.14 ± 12.44 vs. 27.48 ± 8.71%; p = 0.049). Children with advanced fibrosis (F ≥ 3) had higher MFI of NK cell CD 158b receptor than children with fibrosis scored F < 3 - (5344.20 ± 3407.49 vs. 2979.67 ± 1190.64; p = 0.049). Proportion of NK cells expressing CD158b was found a predictor of significant fibrosis in univariate analysis - [OR 1.065; 95%CI (1.07-1.15); p = 0.046]. Conclusions. Higher proportion of NK cells expressing inhibitory CD158b and CD158e receptors is associated with significant liver injury.
Background. Hepatitis C (HCV) is more prevalent in African Americans than in any other racial group in the United States. However, African Americans are more likely to be deemed ineligible for HCV treatment than non-African Americans. There has been limited research into the origins of racial disparities in HCV treatment eligibility. Aim. The purpose of this study was to compare medical and non-medical characteristics commonly assessed in clinical practice that could potentially contribute to HCV treatment ineligibility disparities between African American and non-African American patients. Material and methods. Patients with confirmed HCV RNA considering treatment (n = 309) were recruited from university-affiliated and VA liver and infectious disease clinics. Results. African Americans and non-African Americans did not differ in prevalence of lifetime and current psychiatric disorders and risky behaviors, and HCV knowledge. HCV clinical characteristics were similar between both groups in terms of HCV exposure history, number of months aware of HCV diagnosis, stage of fibrosis, and HCV virologic levels. African Americans did have higher proportions of diabetes, renal disease, and bleeding ulcer. Conclusions. No clinical evidence was found to indicate that African Americans should be more often deemed ineligible for HCV treatment than other racial groups. Diabetes and renal disease do not fully explain the HCV treatment ineligibility racial disparity, because HCV patients with these conditions are priority patients for HCV treatment because of their greater risk for cirrhosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The findings suggest that an underlying contributor to the HCV treatment eligibility disparity disfavoring African Americans could be racial discrimination.
Background. Currently, there is no standardized treatment regimen for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aim. We performed a metaanalysis of high quality randomized controlled trials that evaluated treatment response to metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and vitamin E in adult patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Outcome measures were improvement in liver histology, biochemical, and anthropometric measures. Material and methods. Nine trials met inclusion criteria (3 with TZD, 3 with Metformin, 2 with Vitamin E and 1 with both TZD and Vitamin E.). Results. With metformin, weighted liver histologic scores for steatosis, ballooning, and fibrosis did not demonstrate significant improvement and lobular inflammation worsened significantly (weighted mean increase 0.21, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.31, P < 0.0001). The liver histology score including steatosis (OR 3.51, 95% CI 2.14 to 5.78) and lobular inflammation (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.69 to 4.15) improved with TZDs. Hepatic fibrosis (OR 1.58, 95% CI 0.98 to 2.54) and ballooning scores (OR 1.84, 95% CI 0.94 to 3.58) did not demonstrate significant improvement. With Vitamin E, weighted liver histologic scores for steatosis (weighted mean decrease -0.60, 95% CI -0.85 to -0.35, P < 0.0001), lobular inflammation (weighted mean decrease - 0.40, 95% CI -0.61 to -0.20, P = 0.0001) and ballooning (weighted mean decrease -0.30, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.07, P = 0.01) demonstrated significant improvement compared to placebo. Fibrosis did not significantly change. Conclusion. In patients with NASH, TZDs and Vitamin E improve liver histologic scores but metformin does not. Insulin resistance also improves with both TZDs and metformin. Fibrosis does not improve with any of the agents.
Background. The natural history of intrapulmonary vascular dilations (IPVD) and their impact on patient outcomes in the setting of portal hypertension has only been described in small series. Aims. To assess the development of hepatopulmonary s?ndrome (HPS) in patients with isolated IPVD and to evaluate outcomes of IPVD and HPS among patients evaluated for liver transplantation (LT). Material and methods. Data from a prospective cohort of patients evaluated for LT with standardized screening for HPS were analyzed. IPVDs were defined as the presence of microbubbles in the left atrium > 3 cycles following right atrial opacification. HPS was defined as the presence of IPVD and hypoxemia (Alveolar-arterial gradient ? 15 mmHg) in the absence of concomitant cardiopulmonary disease. Results. A total of 104 patients with negative contrast-enhanced echocardiogram (CE) were compared to 63 patients with IPVD and 63 patients with HPS. Only four patients were categorized as ?severe? HPS based on degree of hipoxemia (defined as PaO2 < 60 mmHg). Twenty IPVD patients were followed with ABG over a mean duration of 21 months (range 9-43), of whom 7 (35%) subsequently met HPS criteria. Overall unadjusted survival from the time of LT evaluation using multi-state survival models that accounted for pre- and post-LT time was not statistically different among the three groups (negative CE, IPVD, and HPS; p > 0.5). Conclusions. Patients with IPVD appear to have a substantial risk of developing oxygenation impairment over time and progress to HPS. In our cohort, survival in patients with HPS and isolated IPVD is not different when compared to those without IPVDs.
Introduction. Hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV) are important causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our aim was to assess mortality and resource utilization of patients with HCC-related to HBV and HCV. Material and methods. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database (2001-2009) was used. Medicare claims included patient demographic information, diagnoses, treatment, procedures, ICD-9 codes, service dates, payments, coverage status, survival data, carrier claims, and Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) data. HCC related to HBV/HCV and non-cancer controls with HBV/HCV were included. Pair-wise comparisons were made by t-tests and chi-square tests. Logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used. Results. We included 2,711 cases of HCC (518 HBV, 2,193 HCV-related) and 5,130 non-cancer controls (1,321 HBV, 3,809 HCV). Between 2001-2009, HCC cases related to HBV and HCV increased. Compared to controls, HBV and HCV patients with HCC were older, more likely to be male (73.2% vs 48.9% and 57.1% vs. 50.5%), die within one-year (49.3% vs. 20.3% and 52.2% vs. 19.2%), have decompensated cirrhosis (44.8% vs. 6.9% and 53.9% vs. 10.4%) and have higher inpatient ($60.471 vs. $47.223 and $56.033 vs. $41.005) and outpatient charges ($3,840 vs. $3,328 and $3,251 vs. $2,096) (all P < 0.05). In two separate multivariate analyses, independent predictors of one-year mortality were older age, being male and the presence of decompensated cirrhosis. Conclusions. The rate of viral hepatitis-related HCC is increasing. Mortality and resource utilization related to HBV and HCV-related HCC is substantial.
Purpose. To investigate the prevalence, related risk factors, and survival of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a Mexican population. Material and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study at Medica Sur Hospital in Mexico City with approval of the local research ethics committee. We found cases by reviewing all clinical records of in-patients between October 2005 and January 2016 who had been diagnosed with malignant liver tumors. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities were obtained to evaluate the probable risk factors and the Charlson index. The cases were staged based on the TNM staging system for bile duct tumors used by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and median patient survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results. We reviewed 233 cases of hepatic cancer. Amongst these, hepatocellular carcinomas represented 19.3% (n = 45), followed by intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, which accounted for 7.7% (n = 18). The median age of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was 63 years, and most of them presented with cholestasis and intrahepatic biliary ductal dilation. Unfortunately, 89% (n = 16) of them were in an advanced stage and 80% had multicentric tumors. Median survival was 286 days among patients with advanced stage tumors (25th-75th interquartile range, 174-645 days). No correlation was found between the presence of comorbidities defined by the Charlson index, and survival. We evaluated the presence of definite and probable risk factors for the development of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, that is, smoking, alcohol consumption, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Discussion. We found an overall prevalence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of 7.7%; unfortunately, these patients were diagnosed at advanced stages. Smoking and primary sclerosing cholangitis were the positive risk factors for its development in this population.
Background and aim. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is linked with increased risk of fetal complications. An accurate diagnostic test is needed to diagnose this disorder on time. We aimed to assess sensitivity and specificity of laboratory tests used for diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and determine more reliable cut-off values of transaminases. Material and methods. Sixty one symptomatic patients with ICP and 29 healthy pregnant women were included in the retrospective analysis. Results. ICP patients had higher total bile acids (TBA) levels than healthy women (32 vs. 6; P < 0.0001) due to increase in cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). CA/CDCA ratio was significantly higher in ICP patients compared to healthy pregnant women (1.13 vs. 0.68; P < 0.00002). TBA, CA, CDCA and CA/CDCA ratio demonstrate the following sensitivity (94%, 96%, 89%, 71.9%) and specificity (63%, 63%, 59%, 79.3%, respectively) for ICP diagnosis. Lowering cut-off values for ALT (31 U/L) and AST (30 U/L) resulted only in minimal increase of sensitivity to 92.2% vs. 90.1% for ALT and to 92.2%, vs. 90.6% for AST. Conclusion. The present study did not reveal any single specific and sensitive marker for reliable diagnosis of ICP. Establishment of lower cut-off values for transaminases activity might only minimally increase the accuracy of diagnosing ICP.
Background and aims. Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a critical complication in cirrhotic patients. We explored the role of the activated factor VII-antithrombin (FVIIa-AT) complex and enhanced monocytic tissue factor (TF) expression in the development and prediction of non-neoplastic PVT in cirrhotic patients. Material and methods. A total of 30 HCV-cirrhosis patients were included in our study. They were compared to 35 cirrhotic patients without PVT, 15 non-cirrhotic patients with PVT, and 15 healthy controls. The plasma level of the FVIIa-AT complexes was analyzed by ELISA. MIF CD142, CD86, and HLA-DR on monocytes (CD14) were determined by flow cytometry. Results. Compared with cirrhotic patients without PVT, cirrhotic patients with PVT had comparable plasma values of FVIIa, AT, and the FVIIa-AT complex. However, they had significantly lower values compared to non-cirrhotic patients with PVT and healthy controls. Cirrhotic patients with PVT had increased monocytic TF expression (MIF CD142) compared to non-PVT cirrhotic patients and healthy controls [86.5 (93.5) vs. 18 (32.0) and 11.0 (6.0), respectively; p < 0.001 for each]. However, cirrhosis PVT could not be distinguished from non-cirrhosis PVT. The area under the ROC curve of MIF CD142 was 0.759 (0.641- 0.876; p = 0.000) at an optimal cut-off value of 45, which yielded a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 77.1%, as well as a PPV and NPV of 69.2% for each. Conclusion. Enhanced expression of monocytic TF may have a role in the development and prediction of non-neoplastic PVT in HCV-cirrhosis patients. Large multicenter studies are necessary to validate our results.
Background. The clinical impact of relative adrenal insufficiency (AI) on patients with stable decompensated cirrhosis (DeCi) has not been yet elucidated. Aim. Explore the association between AI and outcome [death or liver transplantation (LT)] in patients with DeCi. Material and methods. Patients with DeCi presenting no active complication have been included. Clinical and laboratory data, including serum levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) were recorded in each participant. Salivary cortisol (SC) and serum total cortisol (STC) were assessed at (T0) and 1 h (T60) after intravenous injection of 250 μg corticotropin. Results. 113 consecutive patients were totally tested. Median SC was 3.9 ng/mL and 15.5 ng/mL and median STC was 10.7 μg/dL and 22.7 μg/dL at T0 and T60 respectively. The patients with AI [group 1, n = 34 (30%)] had significantly lower systolic blood pressure (106 ± 12 vs. 113 ± 13 mmHg, p = 0.05), serum sodium (133 ± 7 vs. 137 ± 12 mEq/L, p = 0.04), HDL (29.9 ± 14 vs. 38.6 ± 18 mg/dL, p = 0.034) and albumin (2.7 ± 0.5 vs. 3.1 ± 0.5 g/dL, p = 0.002), but higher direct bilirubin (median: 1.6 vs. 0.8 mg/dL, p = 0.029) compared to those without AI [group 2, n = 79 (70%)]. Moreover, group 1 patients presented more frequently past history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) [10/34 (29.4%) vs. 6/79 (7.5%), p = 0.002]. AI was significantly associated with death [HR = 2.65, 95% C.I.: 1.55 - 4.52, p = 0.003 over a follow up period of 12 (6-48) months.] Conclusions. The presence of AI in patients with stable DeCi predispose to obvious clinical implications since it is associated with circulatory dysfunction, previous history of SBP and worse survival.
Background/propose. Sleep disturbance and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) have been reported in patients with hepatic cirrhosis with no hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The objective of this study was to evaluate daytime sleepiness and risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among liver cirrhosis patients. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC)-Riyadh over a period of six months, using a structured questionnaire that investigated: 1) Sleep patterns and daytime sleepiness using the Epworth Sleeping Scale (ESS), and 2) The risk for sleep apnea using the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). We enrolled patients with a confirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis who were being followed at the hepatology and pre-liver transplant clinics. Results. We enrolled 200 patients with liver cirrhosis, 57.5% of whom were male. The mean age was 60 (± SD 12.2). The reported prevalence of EDS, OSA, and both EDS and OSA were 29.5%, 42.9%, and 13.6%, respectively. The prevalence of EDS was higher in patients with Hepatitis-C and patients with DM, who experienced short sleep duration. We did not find any association between the severity of liver disease and EDS or OSA as measured by Child-Pugh scores (CPS). Conclusions. The risk of OSA and EDS is high among liver cirrhosis patients. Those patients with cirrhosis secondary to Hepatitis C are at higher risk of EDS and OSA. Both EDS and OSA affect patients designated as CPS Class A more frequently than patients designated as CPS Class B.
Introduction. Thoracic involvement (TIHE) is one of the evolutionary complications of hepatic echinococcosis (HE). Aim. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and postoperative morbidity (POM) of a series of patients with TIHE treated surgically. Material and methods. Series of cases of patients treated for TIHE between 2000 and 2014 in the Hospital Regional and Clínica Mayor in Temuco, Chile, with a minimum 12-month follow-up. The outcome variable was "development of POM". Descriptive statistics were used. Results. The series was composed of 37 patients with a mean age of 53.2 ± 47.4 years (51.4% female). Mean cyst diameter was 19.4 ± 15.5 cm, and 75.7% of the lesions were located in the right hepatic lobe. The most frequent surgical technique used for the cyst was subtotal pericystectomy (56.8%); the residual cavity was treated by capitonnage (27.0%) or omentoplasty (21.6%), and a phrenoplasty with or without prosthetic material was performed for the TIHE. Mean hospital stay was 6.0 ± 5.7 days and follow-up was 61.4 ± 79.9 months; a mortality rate of 2.7% (one patient) and a POM of 24.3% (9 patients) were verified. Conclusion. TIHE is an uncommon evolutionary complication of HE associated with significant POM rate.
Background and rationale. Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), and Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) are proteins that can be used as markers for autophagic pathway. Bcl-2 protein is reported to be inversely correlated with apoptosis. We aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on liver inflammation and fibrosis up to the first dysplastic stage of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by Thioacetamide (TAA) in rats and to clarify the effects of curcumin on LC3-II, SQSTM1, and Bcl-2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: Control group, TAA group, Curcumin low-dose group, and Curcumin highdose group. The last three groups received TAA 200 mg/kg i.p. twice weekly for 18 weeks. Oxidative stress markers as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by colorimetric methods. Hepatic SQSTM1 concentration was measured by ELISA, and gene expression levels of Bcl-2, and LC3-II were measured by RT-PCR. We also investigated the in vitro effect of curcumin on HepG2 cells viability through MTT assay, and the involvement of autophagy in this effect. Results. Curcumin increased the survival percent in rats, decreased -fetoprotein (AFP) concentration, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and increased serum albumin concentration. Curcumin also significantly reduced oxidative stress in liver, inhibited apoptosis, and induced autophagy. In vitro, curcumin (50 μM) decreased HepG2 cells viabilityand the concentration of SQSTM1. Conclusions. Curcumin leads to protection against TAA induced HCC up to the first dysplastic stage through activating autophagic pathway and inhibiting apoptosis. Also, the antioxidant activity of curcumin almost prevents liver fibrosis.
Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is one of the most common vascular disorders of the liver; its importance relies because of its significant morbidity and mortality. Large cohorts have reported a global PVT prevalence of 1%, but in some risk groups can be up to a 26%.1 The incidence of PVT in cirrhosis is less clearly defined, but reported as 16% by Amitrano, et al.2 in a group of patients with Liver Disease (LD) followed prospectively. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is commonly performed for refractory ascites, refractory variceal bleeding, hepatic hydrothorax, and Budd-Chiari syndrome. We report a case to emphasize the role of TIPS in patient with refractory acute and portal vein thrombosis.
Neuroendocrine tumors comprise approximately 1-2% of all gastrointestinal tumors, and while the liver is the most common site for metastasis of these tumors, primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors are very rare entities. Since first being reported in 1958, there have been less than 150 cases reported in the literature. Because of the infrequent occurrence of these tumors, the pool of data available for analysis regarding these tumors is small. As such, the medical community must rely on the publication of case report data to further enlarge this data pool, with the hopes of eventually having enough data to draw meaningful, statistically significant conclusions with regard to diagnosis and management of these rare tumors. We have encountered two patients at our institution within the last year with primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors. We present their cases in this manuscript in an effort to contribute to the available data on the disease. We also provide a concise review of the literature available to date regarding primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Background. Hepatitis delta virus infection occurs as acute co-infection or as superinfection in patients with preexisting chronic hepatitis B. Chronic hepatitis delta leads to more severe disease than chronic hepatitis B, with more rapid progression of fibrosis and increased risk of hepatocelullar carcinoma. Case report. We report a case of hepatocelullar carcinoma 5 years after spontaneous clearance of Hepatitis B surface antigen in a patient with previous chronic hepatitis delta. He had been diagnosed with acute hepatitis delta superinfection 30 years ago which evolved to chronic delta infection and subsequently development of liver cirrhosis. Despite no specific antiviral treatment, he lost HBsAg persistently with later regression of cirrhosis. Conclusions. In patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis delta who cleared HBsAg with improvement of liver fibrosis by non invasive techniques, it remains unknown how long hepatocelullar carcinoma surveillance has to be maintained.


text:
RFP, background checks fair in IR contest, says Nagasaki
Aug 20, 2021 Newsdesk Japan, Latest News, Top of the deck
Japan's Nagasaki prefecture says that its request-for-proposal (RFP) process for selecting a private-sector partner regarding a casino resort has been conducted in a "fair manner". In reply to an enquiry from GGRAsia, the authority added it would continue to act in that manner "as we prepare to create our national IR development plan application".
The latter was a reference to an integrated resort (IR), as large-scale casino complexes with tourism facilities are known in Japan, and to the fact that local governments must apply to the national authorities for the right to host such a development.
On August 10, the prefectural authorities in Nagasaki (pictured) said they had selected Casinos Austria International Japan Inc as their "priority" choice as partner for the local government's tilt at having a casino resort.
But it was reported in Japanese media that another of the contenders – Niki Chyau Fwu (Parkview) Group, a Japanese enterprise – had questioned the integrity of Nagasaki's selection process.
Even before the selection of Casinos Austria had been announced, the other suitor among the three courting Nagasaki – Oshidori International Development Ltd, part of Oshidori International Holdings Ltd – had issued a statement saying it was considering withdrawing from the RFP process, unless it was "conducted in an ethical manner".
One of the issues raised subsequently was the fairness or otherwise, of Nagasaki's application of background-check tests relating to the suitor organisations.
Nagasaki's Integrated Resort Promotion Division said on Friday in its emailed reply to GGRAsia: "Casinos Austria International Japan was chosen as the priority rights holder after an overall evaluation of five different evaluation sections."
It added: "The background checks have been applied equally to all of the applicants."
GGRAsia asked Nagasaki prefecture whether to date it had received any complaints or requests to re-evaluate the review process, relating to the Nagasaki IR partner-candidates and their respective business proposals.
The authority replied that "since the tender is not yet completed, information regarding the individual applicants cannot be disclosed in order to complete a fair tendering process".
Up to three casino resorts will be permitted in Japan, under the liberalisation framework.
Nagasaki has said it expects to make its own submission to the national government by spring 2022.
Genting Singapore to wind up Japan
Osaka online public comment phase for...


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An agency little-known outside accounting circles recently issued draft rules to change the standards which govern the verification of the year-end oil and gas reserves of public companies. The change would increase the burden of an audit, but the agency sees the need to tighten the scrutiny of such estimates. If they are right, then some companies will see downward revisions of reserves, their single greatest asset, as the rules become effective over about the next two years.
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) governs the auditors which validate the financial filings of public companies in the U.S. It was created along with Sarbanes-Oxley reforms and endowed with the power to license, discipline and revoke licenses for the auditors themselves, and it has become the official gate-keeper of one set generally accepted accounting practices. Both the public companies and the PCAOB answer to the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). Its decisions, thus, have about the same import as the regulations of the SEC itself.
how the audit itself, including the work of specialists, examines accounting estimates (read "reserves").
Approximately 200 oil companies fall under the governance of the SEC and PCAOB when reporting reserves, and, of those, about 80 percent use third-party engineering firms. Some rely mainly on internal reserve estimators but overlay a review by a third-party consulting firm to audit reserves, in the aggregate. In many cases, companies hire a third-party engineering firm to conduct the reserve calculation independently.
Though the engagement may take several forms, the third-party engineering firm usually works directly for and with the company and then supplies to the accounting auditor its credentials and a letter or report of its findings. For decades, the system has been accepted, but the PCAOB has now found it necessary to "strengthen requirements for evaluating the work of a company's specialist" whether that specialist is "employed or engaged by the company."
evaluation of a "company's intent and ability to carry out a particular course of action".
Applied to reserves estimates, these new standards will require a deeper and wider analysis from auditors than they have exercised previously. The triangle of companies, engineering firms and auditors will have to rearrange itself substantially.
In a few years, the process of year-end reserves could look a lot different than it does today, and the process of implementing the new rules could make for a rude awakening to oil companies and their investors if the engineering work and its documentation do not satisfy the closer inspection of a truly independent reservoir engineer.


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Sally D. Babbitt, JD, CPC
Attorney, Mediator, and Certified Professional Coach
Babbitt Legal Group, PC
6005 W. Saint Joseph Hwy.
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March 26, 2015 By Sally Babbitt Leave a Comment
Estate of Mark Moon, the Sequel
Still going strong……
Little did I know there would be a sequel…..
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
C O U R T O F A P P E A L S
In re Estate of MARK E. MOON. KRISTINA MOON, Personal Representative, Appellant, UNPUBLISHED August 14, 2014 v No. 315698 Eaton Probate Court MERLIN MOON, LC No. 08-045647-DE Appellee. Before: SAAD, P.J., and OWENS a
nd K.F. KELLY, JJ. PER CURIAM. Appellant, as personal representative of the estate of Mark E. Moon, appeals as of right the probate court's order that denied her motion for summary disposition, which requested that the probate court determine that the estate has a 50 percent partnership interest in real property titled in appellee's name. We affirm. As a preliminary matter, appellee claims that this Court does not have jurisdiction because not all interested parties appear to have been served with the claim of appeal. However, under MCR 7.204(B), this Court is vested with jurisdiction in an appeal of right by the timely filing of the claim of appeal and the entry fee. Therefore, any alleged failure to serve all interested parties with the claim of appeal does not divest this Court of jurisdiction. I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY This case involves a prolonged dispute between appellant and appellee regarding whether certain property belongs in decedent's estate. Decedent and his father, appellee, ran a dairy farm together. During the course of these proceedings, it was determined that the two of them created a partnership. See In re Mark E. Moon Estate, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued January 27, 2011 (Docket No. 294176) (affirming the probate court's determination that a partnership to run the dairy farm operation existed between decedent and appellee). Consequently, appellant submitted discovery requests to appellee in an attempt to reevaluate the estate inventory, particularly to include additional real and personal property that may have belonged to the partnership. After a serious of discovery requests and responses, -2- appellant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), requesting that the probate court determine that the estate has a 50 percent partnership interest in four parcels of real property titled in appellee's name and to require appellee to deliver the proceeds of those properties. Appellee argued that he owned the property before the farming operation began and it was never his intent for it become partnership property. Appellee argued that the use of the property for the farming operation did not make it partnership property. He further argued that there is a presumption that where property is titled, the named owner is the beneficial owner. Appellant, however, argued that real property does not have to be titled in the names of both partners or in the name of the partnership to be considered partnership property. Rather, appellant argued that the use of the property for the farming operation makes it partnership property. The probate court denied appellant's motion, finding that the property in question was not partnership property, but was the sole property of appellee. Specifically, the probate court found that the property was titled solely to appellee and was never conveyed to the partnership or anyone else. The probate court also found that there was no evidence that decedent considered the property to be his or that of the partnership. The probate court further found that even though the partnership used the land to farm, the land was also used for other purposes, and the parties treated it very differently than the personal property of the partnership. Following the probate court's denial of her motion for reconsideration, appellant filed this claim of appeal, arguing that the probate court erred by determining that the property in question was not partnership property. II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW "The standard of review on appeal in cases where a probate court sits without a jury is whether the court's findings are clearly erroneous." In re Estate of Bennett, 255 Mich App 545, 549; 662 NW2d 772 (2003). "A finding is clearly erroneous when a reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made, even if there is evidence to support the finding." Id. Additionally, this Court reviews de novo a probate court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). "A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint. Id. at 119. In reviewing the motion, this Court considers "the pleadings, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Latham v Barton
Malow Co, 480 Mich 105, 111; 746 NW2d 868 (2008). Summary disposition is properly granted "if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id. A genuine issue of material fact exists "when reasonable minds could differ on an issue after viewing the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Allison
v AEW Capital Mgt, LLP, 481 Mich 419, 425; 751 NW2d 8 (2008). -3- Finally, we review questions of statutory interpretation de novo, and discern the legislative intent by focusing on the plain language of the statute. Cameron v Auto Club Ins
Ass'n, 476 Mich 55, 60; 718 NW2d 784 (2006). III. ANALYSIS Section 8 of the Uniform Partnership Act (UPA) defines partnership property as, (1) All property originally brought into the partnership stock or subsequently acquired, by purchase or otherwise, on account of the partnership is partnership property; (2) Unless the contrary intention appears, property acquired with partnership funds is partnership property; (3) Any estate in real property may be acquired in the partnership name. Title so acquired can be conveyed only in the partnership name; (4) A conveyance to a partnership in the partnership name, though without words of inheritance, passes the entire estate of the grantor unless a contrary intent appears. [MCL 449.8.] In this case, the property in question does not fall under this definition of partnership property, as appellee owned the property before the partnership was created, he did not acquire it with partnership funds, and he did not convey it to the partnership. Whereas here, land is taken in the name of one of the partners, to determine whether that land is in fact partnership property "always depends upon the intent of the parties and the understanding and design under which they acted." Johnson v Hogan, 158 Mich 635, 648-649; 123 NW 891 (1909). An express agreement is not necessary to show intent. Id. at 649. An agreement may be implied, which is determined by examining the general purpose of the parties, the nature of the partnership business, and the manner in which the parties dealt with the property in question. Id. Our Supreme Court reaffirmed these legal principles in McCormick v
McCormick, 342 Mich 525, 530; 70 NW2d 706 (1955), which appellant relies on to argue that real property does not have to be in the name of both partners to be considered partnership property. While it is "not essential that the record title should stand in the names of all partners,"
id., contrary to what appellant asserts that fact alone does not determine whether property is in fact partnership property. Rather, the focus is on the intent of the parties. Id. In McCormick, the Court determined that the fact that the legal title to the property in question stood in the names of various parties at different times did not deprive it of its character as a partnership asset, because the parties treated the property as belonging to all of them. Id. at 530-531; see also Mathews v
Wosek, 44 Mich App 706, 714 n 7; 205 NW2d 813 (1973) (noting that although "there is a presumption of some vigor that the named owner is the beneficial owner," the intent of the parties remains the focus because "title is often taken in individual names when ownership by the firm is intended"). Unlike in McCormick, in this case, the record shows that appellee and decedent did not treat the real property as if it belonged to both of them. It is undisputed that the property in -4- question was titled solely in the name of appellee, but was used for the dairy farm operation by both appellee and decedent. Appellee, however, testified that he owned the property in question well before decedent began using it for the dairy farm operation. Although appellee acknowledged that he supplied the real estate for decedent to use and that the "use of it was for the benefit of the partnership," he also testified that he never intended for the land to become partnership assets. Most significantly, appellee charged decedent rent to use the land, and not only did appellant admit that decedent paid rent to appellee, but also appellee's 2004 through 2007 income tax returns show that he received such rent. Further, the property tax bills were addressed to appellee and there is no evidence that those bills were paid by decedent or the partnership. With the other partnership property, it is clear from the record that the parties shared the costs and maintenance associated with the property, such as making improvements to the buildings and maintaining the equipment. With the property in question, however, there is no evidence that decedent shared in the costs and maintenance associated with the property. Rather, it appears appellee bore that burden. Based on the record there is no indication that the parties treated the property in question as belonging to all the partners, and therefore, we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that the probate court erred by concluding that the property was not partnership property.1 Affirmed. /s/ Henry William Saad /s/ Donald S. Owens /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
1 Appellant also argues that the probate court erred by interpreting section 25 of the UPA, which refers to "specific partnership property." Although it appears that the probate court's interpretation of the phrase "specific partnership property" was erroneous, we decline to address this issue because it has been determined that the property in question was not partnership property, thus rendering this argument moot, as section 25 clearly address a partner's rights in "specific partnership property." MCL 449.25 (emphasis added).
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The Chief Executive Officer of Rwanda Development Board (RDB), Clare Akamanzi said on August 12 during the official launch of Visit Rwanda-Arsenal FC partnership that the deal is one of the recent events that have put Rwanda in the global limelight.
The launch coincided with the opening fixture of Arsenal's English Premier League season at the Emirates Stadium.
Akamanzi said of the new Rwanda and the partnership that went viral globally has already fetched several opportunities to Rwanda's tourism as well as other sectors.
"The story of today's Rwanda is one of vibrancy, beauty, energy, creativity and innovation. This partnership has already started to create greater global awareness of Rwanda's culture, natural attractions, and numerous opportunities," said Akamanzi.
"With the launch today of our new website, Visitrwanda.com, the world will discover why we are the second fastest growing economy in Africa and a unique tourist and convention destination on the continent," she added.
In attendance were Yamina Karitanyi, High Commissioner for Rwanda to the United Kingdom and diplomats such as the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, Secretary General of the Commonwealth, Lord Stuart Polak, Mazen Al Sawwaf, Rageh Omaar, Alby Shale and Paul Milton.
Others included United Kingdom Tour operators Amanda Bond, Taqi Moledina, Andrew Dunn and a cross-section of the Rwandan Diaspora the UK.