text:
Electronic scoring target board
A target (1) for use with a projectile has a web (7) defining a target face and a back board (29). The target face is divided into multiple segments (3, 5). A cup (19) filled with a projectile-receptive insert material (27) is mounted for sliding within each segment. Each cup has one or more resilient cushions (35) between the cup and the back board. Each cushion has at least one electroconductive area. The back board has pairs of switch contacts (25), forming electrical switches. The projectile impacting a cup at the target face with sufficient force causes the cup to slide within the segment urging the electroconductive area of the one or more cushions to touch the switch contacts, resulting in closing of the switch defined by the switch contacts and signaling a hit to onboard electronic circuitry. The at least one cushions beneath that cup return the cup substantially to its original position.
Stewart, Mark F. (ONTARIO, CA)
A63F9/02; F41J3/02; F41J5/00; F41J5/052
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GARNER, WERNER G
Gardere Wynne, Sewell Llp Intellectual Property Section (3000 THANKSGIVING TOWER, 1601 ELM ST, DALLAS, TX, 75201-4761, US)
1. A target for use with a projectile, comprising: a web defining a target face and having a depth, the web defining at least one segment within the web that opens toward the target face; a cup slidably mounted and substantially filling the target face of each segment, the cup having a mouth that opens toward the target face an insert mounted within and substantially filling each cup to the target face; a board mounted to and behind the web, the board having a pair of switch contacts; a resilient cushion attached to each cup between the cup and the corresponding switch contacts, the cushion having a conductive area facing the contacts; wherein the projectile impacting an insert at the target face with sufficient force causes the cup and cushion for that insert to slide within the web and the conductive area of the cushion to touch the switch contacts beneath that cup, and the cushion resiliently returns the cup substantially to its original position.
2. The target of claim 1 for use with projectiles that are darts, wherein the insert is formed from a material for generally receiving and retaining the darts.
3. The target of claim 1, wherein the insert is formed from a material for substantially filling in behind the projectile when the projectile is removed.
4. The target of claim 1, wherein the insert is formed from a material chosen from the group consisting of plastic, sisal and rubberized cork.
5. The target of claim 1, wherein the insert is glued to its respective cup.
6. The target of claim 1, wherein each cushion is formed from elastomer.
7. The target of claim 1, wherein the web further comprises a plurality of substantially concentric spaced apart rings and a plurality of equally spaced spokes emanating from the second to the innermost ring, the spokes defining circular sectors, the two innermost rings defining two segments, and intersecting spokes and rings defining the remainder of the segments.
8. The target of claim 7, wherein the innermost ring is connected by a quick release mechanism to the back board for quick removal of the innermost ring and easy access to the conductive cup in the innermost ring for removal of that cup from the target.
9. The target of claim 8, wherein the quick release mechanism comprises at least one first extension of the innermost ring through the back board, the at least one first extension having a first groove substantially parallel to the back board for receiving a first snap ring that maintains the back board snugly against the unextended portion of the innermost ring.
10. The target of claim 9, wherein the back board comprises a main board and a centre board, wherein the main board has an area beneath substantially the entire inside diameter of the second to the innermost ring removed, and the centre board extends beneath that area and overlaps the main board, wherein the at least one first extension extends through the centre board and the second to the innermost ring has at least one second extensions of the second to the innermost ring through the centre board, the main board having projections beneath the unextended portion of the second to the innermost ring, the at least one second extension having a second groove substantially parallel to the centre board for receiving a second snap ring that maintains the centre board and main board snugly against the unextended portion of the second to the innermost ring.
11. The target of claim 7, wherein the web has a tip on each of the rings and spokes that extends into the segments and retains each of the cups.
12. A target of claim 11, wherein the tip substantially covers the entire face of the web and substantially covers the entire rim of each cup.
13. The target of claim 12, wherein the tip is made from a material that can withstand the impact of projectiles over a long period of use.
14. The target of claim 13, wherein the tip is made from plastic and the web is covered by a protective spider for withstanding the impact of the projectile.
15. The target of claim 1, wherein the cups are made from a material chosen from the group consisting of plastic, metal, and non-metal composite.
16. The target of claim 1, wherein the board is a printed circuit board and the switch contacts are traces on the board.
17. The target of claim 7, wherein the web has 6 rings, and the back board conductively connects the switch contacts beneath segments in the same sector between the second and third to the innermost rings and the fourth to the fifth innermost rings.
18. The target of claim 17, wherein the target has circuitry to poll each of the switches defined by the switch contacts at least once during the time that contact would likely be occurring between a cup and the switch contacts as the result of an impact from a projectile.
19. The target of claim 18, wherein contact between a conductive area and the switch contacts results in a closed circuit between the switch contacts, and polling by the circuitry senses the closed circuit.
20. The target of claim 19, further comprising a vertical sector sensing means for determining the sector that is in the vertical position.
21. The target of claim 20, further comprising switches for selecting the sector that is to be in the vertical position.
22. The target of claim 18, further comprising no hit detection means for vibrationally sensing a dart hitting on or near the target and determining if a contact has been made between the conductive area of a cushion and the switch contacts approximately when the dart impacted on or near the target, and if no such contact was made, providing a no hit indication.
23. The target of claim 7, further comprising means for detecting the rotational position of the target.
26. The target of claim 7, further comprising no hit detection means for vibrationally sensing a projectile hitting on or near the target and determining if contact has been made between a cushion and the switch contacts approximately when the projectile impacted on or near the target, and if no such contact was made, providing a no hit indication.
27. The target of claim 7, further comprising circuitry for normally holding one of two switch contacts at a first potential and the other switch contact at a second potential, and sensing when a projectile has impacted a given segment by determining when the one switch contact has momentarily taken substantially the potential of the other switch contact through contact with the conductive area of the cushion.
28. The target of claim 27, wherein the circuitry determines when one switch contact has momentarily taken substantially the potential of the other switch contact of the same pad by polling the one switch contact at a rate greater than the time the conductive area of the cushion corresponding to the pad is likely to remain in contact with the two switch contacts.
29. The target of claim 1, wherein the cushion surface concaves away from the switch contacts when the cushion is not in contact with the switch contacts.
30. The target of claim 16, wherein the traces are part on a pad on the board.
The invention relates to a target board systems with electronic scoring. More particularly, it relates to such systems where the system is capable of indicating the location of the dart within a given segment of the board.
An automated dartboard system has a number of advantages, such as knowledge of when a match has commenced and when it has ended. This allows the system to use automated revenue collection means, such as are used in video or arcade games.
As shown by the art in this field, many attempts have been made to create such a system. One popular system has been the type shown in British patent specification 1 532 744 of Jones et al. filed May 30, 1977, and published Nov. 22, 1978. Jones discloses a system employing plastic tipped darts and an array of target plates moulded with a large number of closely spaced holes corresponding substantially in size to that of the tip. When the dart is thrown at the board, the tip enters into one of the holes and remains in the hole until removed by one of the players. For automated scoring, a given target plate is slidably supported and, when a given target plate is struck by a dart, the plate slides inwardly to effect closure of an electrical switch contact which directs a signal to a scoring register.
Obviously, the Jones system is not designed to employ regulation grade metal tipped darts of the type preferred by serious dart players. The games are not sufficiently realistic for a wide segment of the market. In addition to the modifications required for reception and retention of grade metal tipped darts, the switches used and the plastic target plate struck by a dart are typically not strong enough to withstand continuous heavy impact from grade metal tipped darts.
Holt et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,651,998 issued Mar. 24, 1987 discloses a safe tip dart system such as that in Jones et al. Holt et al add a bullseye detection mechanism wherein the dart board deforms, or alternatively a plate slides within the board, to actuate a contact switch that causes a timer circuit to activate an audible alarm. This provides an additional attraction for playing the game. The Holt et al bullseye provides only a means to actuate a bullseye segment and only in conjunction with an all plastic safe tip dart board. As safe tip darts are being used, wear of the segments is not a factor, and no means is discussed for lengthening time between replacement or for facilitating replacement.
Automated regulation dart systems are shown in the following U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,888 issued Aug. 1, 1989 to Ross et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,583 issued Jan. 13, 1981 to Wood et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,546 issued Mar. 29, 1977 to Steinkamp; U.S. Pat. No. 3,677,546 issued Jul. 18, 1972 to Oetiker; U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,321 issued Sep. 27, 1966 to Forest; U.S. Pat. No. 3,101,198 issued Aug. 20, 1963 to Williams. Dart conductive systems have a first conductive layer part of the way into the segment and a second conductive layer further into the segment. The conductive layers are at two different potentials. When the dart enters the segment it pierces the first layer and the second layer which causes current to flow between the layers and indicates the location of the dart. Ross et al., Forest and Williams disclose modified systems of this type.
Dart conductive systems wear out in the conductive layers as they are continually pierced. As well, darts may not pierce both layers and a score will not be recorded. This can happen when the dart has insufficient energy to reach both layers or the dart enters at an angle. It is also desirable to have the dart create an impulse contact, rather than a constant contact between the conductive layers. This simplifies the operation of circuitry in the system. For a system that operates on a continuous contact see Wood et al. Most dart conductive systems use a mechanical means of moving the dart from contact with one of the layers or moving one of the layers from contact with the dart. This adds complexity to the mechanical operation of the system.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,486,007 and 5,613,685 issued (on Jan. 23, 1996 and Mar. 25, 1997, respectively) to the inventor et al. disclose an automated dart board which overcome the shortcomings listed above. This dart board describes a target for darts that has a conductive rigid web made up of concentric rings intersecting spokes emanating from the second to the innermost ring. The spokes define sectors, while the rings define segments within each sector. Conductive blocks, made up of a metallic cup having contacts protruding from its bottom and containing a rubberized cork insert, fill in the segments of the web. Beneath each cup is a silicon foam cushion cut away between the contacts and a pad on a printed circuit board ("PCB"). The pads are each connected to circuitry that senses when a dart hits an insert causing the corresponding cup to slide within the web and contact a pad. The circuitry, by way of piezoelectric sensors, also determines if a dart has impacted on or near the target and checks to see if the target has polled a segment that indicates a hit on the target, failing which the target indicates that the dart missed the target. The circuitry also senses the rotational orientation of the target and sets the basic scores of the segments accordingly, allowing the target to be periodically rotated to reposition segments in sectors of heavy use to sectors of lighter use.
This system requires that the conductive web, of a relatively large area, be held at a known voltage (ground or voltage high). An electrostatic charge (ESD for electrostatic discharge) builds up on the top of surface of the conductive cups. This charge may affect the sensitive low voltage electronic circuitry mounted on the printed circuit board underneath.
Other perceived deficiencies or improvements may include the higher cost and heavy weight of a metal conductive web as opposed to a cheaper and lighter non-conductive plastic or composite web; the continued need to have a switching device that will withstand the impact of metal grade steel tip darts while still maintaining its dual dart (i.e. steel and plastic) feature.
It is an object of the invention to address these perceived deficiencies in the field or other needs as will become evident from the following description.
In a first aspect the invention provides a target for use with a projectile. Examples of such projectiles are regulation grade metal tipped darts, plastic tipped darts, target gun shooting (pellet, b.b. bullets), archery, dartguns, blowguns, and games that use projectiles that are not intended to remain in the target, such as balls striking the target. The target has a web. The web defines a target face and has a depth. The web also defines one or more segments within the web that open toward the target face. One or more blocks are mounted for sliding within the web and substantially fill the target face of one or more segments of the web. Each of the blocks has one or more resilient cushions, between each block and the back board. Each cushion has one or electroconductive areas. The back board has an array of switch contacts forming an electrical switch. The projectile impacts a block at the target face with sufficient force to cause the block for that insert to slide within the web and have the electroconductive area of the one or more cushion contact the switch contacts beneath that block, resulting in closing of the electrical switch defined by the switch contact. The one or more resilient cushions beneath that block return the block substantially to its original position.
In a second aspect the invention also provides a target for use with a projectile. This aspect is similar to the first, but the web must be rigid and the blocks are made up of cups and of inserts. The cups are mounted to slide within the web and fill the target face of one or more segments of the web. Each cup has a mouth that opens toward the target face. An insert is mounted within and fills each cup to the target face. The projectiles impact the inserts at the target face with sufficient force to cause the cup for that insert to slide within the web, and the cushion beneath that cup returns the cup substantially to its original position.
This target may also be used with projectiles that are darts. The insert in that case is formed from a material for receiving and retaining the darts. The insert could be formed from a material for refilling in behind the darts when they are removed.
The web could also take the shape of a traditional dart board with a series of concentric spaced apart rings and a series of equally spaced spokes emanating from the second to the innermost ring. The spokes define circular sectors, the two innermost rings define two segments, and intersecting spokes and rings define the remainder of the segments. The innermost ring could be connected by a quick release mechanism to the back board for quick removal of the innermost ring and easy access to the cup in the innermost ring in order to remove that cup from the target. The quick release mechanism could have at least one extension of the innermost ring through the back board, that extension would have a groove parallel to the back board for receiving a snap ring or other fastening device that maintains the back board snugly against the unextended portion of the innermost ring.
The back board could have a main board and a centre board, with the main board having an area beneath the inside diameter of the second to the innermost ring removed. The centre board in that case would extend beneath that area and overlap the main board. The previously mentioned extensions extend through the centre board. In addition, the second to the innermost ring has extensions through the centre board. The main board has projections beneath the unextended portion of the second to the innermost ring. These latter extensions also have a groove parallel to the centre board for receiving a snap ring or other fastening device that maintains the centre board and main board snugly against the unextended portion of the second to the innermost ring.
The web may have a tip on each of the rings and spokes. The tip extends into the segments and retains each of the cups. The tip may cover the face of the web and the rim of each cup. The tip could be made from a material that can withstand the impact of darts over a long period of use.
The inserts could be made from sisal. It is possible to glue the inserts to their respective cups. The cushions can be formed from elastomer.
The back board may be a printed circuit board and the pads are traces on the back board.
The target may have circuitry to poll each of the pads at least once during the time that contact would likely be occurring between a cushion and a pad as the result of an impact from a projectile.
The target may have a vertical sector sensor for determining the sector that is in the vertical position. In this case, the target could have switches for selecting the sector that is to be in the vertical position. The target may also detect the rotational position of the target.
The target could also have a no hit detection means for vibrationally sensing a dart hitting on or near the target and determining if contact has been made between an electroconductive area on a cushion that sits under the cup and switch contacts on a pad underneath the cushion, approximately when the dart impacted on or near the target, and if no such contact was made, providing a no hit indication.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES AND DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show preferred embodiments of the present invention and in which:
FIG. 1 is a target according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a partial top view of the target of FIG. 1, including an inner single point section and a triple point section.
FIG; 3 is an exploded perspective view from above and to one side of parts of the target of FIG. 1, including an insert, a cup, a cushion, and part of a contact board.
FIG. 4 is an exploded cross-section along the line A-A′ of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a partial cross-section along the line B-B′ of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 6a-6g are partial schematic views of a target board circuit used in the target of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a program used in conjunction with the target of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8A is a top view of inter-digitated switch contacts.
FIG. 8B is a top view of two-half switch contacts.
The following description contains reference to specific dimensions, other quantities, and materials. These are included for ease of creating a target similar to that of the preferred embodiment. Please note that these are typical only and the invention is not limited to them. For example, the target board will be described for use with regulation grade metal tipped darts, however alternate embodiments could be configured with consequent modification to the dimensions, other quantities and materials to match the specifications of the dart (which could be plastic also) or projectile, being used. Games and sports using suitable projectiles include, for example, target gun shooting (pellet, b.b. bullets), archery, dartguns, blowguns, and games that use projectiles that are not intended to remain in the target, such as balls striking the target.
Referring to FIG. 1, a typical target board 1 is divided into 20 circular sectors surrounding a circular segment 3 and a concentric annular segment 5. Each sector is divided into a number of segments, 4 segments being shown in FIG. 1 for example as a, b, c, d, that are defined by circular arcs of different radii. The total number of segments is 82, 4 for each sector plus segments 3 and 5. This invention also includes those embodiments with different configurations and numbers of segments (at least one).
Adjacent segments of different sectors have the same relative value. Segments a and c of each sector are given a basic score, whereas the outermost segment d is double score and segment b is triple score. Thus, of the 80 segments contained in all the sectors, only 60 unique segments exist.
All sectors are the same except for their respective positions along the circumference of the target 1. The basic score that is conferred on each sector is dependent on the position of the sectors when the target 1 is installed. For example, a specific sector that is in the upper vertical position on installation usually has a basic score of 20. Adjacent to the 20 sector in the counterclockwise direction is a sector with a basic score of 5, and in the clockwise direction is a sector with the basic score of 1. Rotating the sectors clockwise by one sector will move the sector with basic score 5 into the 20 position and the one with basic score of 20 into the 1 position.
A web 7 has spokes 9 dividing each of the sectors and the web 7 typically has rings 11 radially dividing each segment from the other. Referring in particular to FIGS. 1 and 4, each of spokes 9 and rings 11 has a preferred arrow-shaped cross-section, defining tips 13 and stems 15. The spokes 9 and rings 11 may be joined wherever they cross.
Each of the stems 15, except for one on the spoke 9a and the ring 11a around segment 5 and ring 11b around segment 3, has preferably a depth of about 23.55 mm (approximately the same thickness as a regulation dart board) and similar width of about 1.2 mm at the bottom widening out by about 0.5 degree toward the tips 13. The tips 13 have a preferable height of approximately 4.5 mm and a width of approximately 3.8 mm at their bottom. The tips 13 have a preferred radius of approximately 6 mm with the point of each tip 13 rounded off at a radius of about 0.25 mm.
The stem 15 of spoke 9a has an alignment spine 17 with an additional depth of preferably approximately 6.5 mm. The stem 15 on ring 11a is typically approximately 30.30 mm, while that on ring 11b is approximately 30.30 mm preferably. The outside diameter of ring 11a at the base of the stem is typically approximately 20 mm, while that of ring 11b is 43.46 mm. Ring 11a does not have any connecting spokes 9 as will be discussed later. The stems 15 on rings 11a and 11b each have opposing pairs of cut-outs 18a, 18b from their bottom. The cut-outs 18a have a preferred depth of approximately 7.52 mm, while the cut-outs 18b have a preferred depth of approximately 11.255 mm. At a preferred depth of approximately 3.175 mm from the bottom of each stem on rings 11a and 11b is an annular groove 18a, 18b respectively that has a preferred height of approximately 1.17 mm.
A cup 19 is fitted for each segment of the web 7 to loosely fit within the stems 15 of the appropriate spokes 9 and rings 11 fully underneath the tips 13. The shape of the cross-section (typically arrow-like) is aimed to retain the cups 19 in the segments. Each of the cups 19, except those in segments 3, 5 have sides 21 that taper towards bottoms 23. The sides 21 of cups 19a and 19b in segments 3 and 5 respectively have differing depths for reasons that will later become apparent.
The cups 19 may be made from any material strong enough to withstand the repeated impact of very strongly thrown darts. Aluminum or zinc are possible and can be hardened by anodizing or another such technique to achieve the required strength. Non-metal composites and plastic of the appropriate strength may also be used.
An insert 27 fits and is glued into each cup 19, fitting flush with the lip of the cup 19. Sisal is the preferred material for the insert as it is relatively easy to cut, durable, provides good stopping resistance for darts, and retains darts well. Other materials, such as rubberized cork, known to be usable for dart boards could be used as inserts 27, with consequent modification to the various dimensions, if required.
As the tips 13 overlap the cups 19 and the inserts 27, the tips 13 protect the edges of the inserts 27 from damage by the darts or other projectiles. For this reason, among others, it is important to select an appropriate material for the tips 13; alternatively treat the tip 13 for increased strength, or protect the tip 13 with a separate cover. For metal grade darts, anodized aluminum, zinc or another alloy may be too soft without additional treatment or a protective cover, whereas plastic might be sufficient for plastic darts. The cups 19, which may be of a material plastic, metallic, or any other sufficiently strong to withstand repeated impacts of darts as indicated above, preferably be electrically dissipative.
Other materials could be used for the insert 27 provided they are capable of receiving and retaining the dart being used. For grade metal tipped darts, the insert 27 must also slow the dart down sufficiently so that the dart does not penetrate the cup 19, and should have a memory to fill behind the dart once it is removed. Sisal is a suitable material commonly used for dart boards. Alternatively, the insert 27 could be formed for use with plastic darts such as those shown in Jones et al. discussed previously. In that case the insert 27 would likely be made from plastic or filled with a material that is penetrable by the plastic darts.
Alternate embodiments could also be created where the functions of corresponding cups 19 and the inserts 27 are integrated into a block, not shown. The block would take the same shape as a combined cup 19 and insert 17, but would be a single unit formed from a material, such as sisal, rubberized cork, or dart penetrable plastic.
A circular main printed circuit board 29 rests beneath the web 7. The centre is cut away from the board 29 so that it fits around the stems of the ring 11b and protrudes into the cut-outs 18b, but not beneath the 25 point on segment 3. The top edge of the cut-outs 18b acts as a stop 31 for the board 29 to prevent it from traveling any further toward the front of the board 29. On the top of the board 29 beneath the cushion of a cup 19 are closely located switch contacts 25 typically defined by etched traces (which traces may be part of a pad 33). The purpose of this will be discussed shortly.
The board 29 has an alignment slot 34 that the alignment spine 27 fits to ensure that the board 29 is properly aligned. The board 29 is fastened near its outside edge to the web 7. A flange 34A projects outwardly from the bottom of the stem 15 of the outermost ring 13 for holding bolts or the like to fasten the web 7 to the board 29.
Although it is not shown in the preferred embodiment, the flange 34A could be altered to include a fixed well, not shown, to hold cork pieces or any other dart-receptive material, not shown, for a zero point region containing the numbers of the basic scores for each sector.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, between the board 29 and each cup 19, are one or more spaced discrete resilient dielectric cushions 35. Each cushion has at least one electroconductive area (not shown). When a dart hits the target 1, it causes a cup 19 to slide towards the corresponding switch contacts 25. This compresses one or more cushions 35 and causes the at least one electroconductive area of the cushions 35 to touch switch contacts 25 (not shown) and close the switch defined by contacted switch contacts 25. The closing of the switch indicates to the underlying circuitry that a dart hit has occurred. The electroconductive area may be (or cover) a small or large portion of the cushion 35 surface adjacent to the switch contacts 25. In a preferred embodiment, the electroconductive area would be separated from the corresponding switch contacts 25 by a recessed design. One possibility is where the cushion 35 surface adjacent to the pad 33 concaves away from the switch contacts 25 in the normal state: when the cup 19 compresses the cushion 35 toward the switch contacts 25 as the result of a dart hitting the target 1, the electroconductive area, being urged towards the switch contacts 25, touches and bridges the switch contacts 25 and thereby closing the switch. As a result, a hit may be detected by the underlying circuitry. The cushion 35 then returns the cup 19 slidably to the original position prior to the hit.
Although not strictly necessary, it is recommended to have at least three and even four cushions 35 for each segment 7 (in practice, the number of cushions 35 should be dictated by the size of the cups 19) due to the tendency of the cups 19 to rotate when hit by a dart at the edge of an insert 27. When four cushions 35 are placed toward the outside edges of each of the cups 19 the likelihood that contact is made at the correct time is increased. There is a possibility, although unlikely that contact could be made and released at one cushion 35 of a cup 19 followed by contact on another cushion 35 of the same cup due to an oscillation when a dart hits. False detection of the second contact as an independent hit can be prevented in many instances by introducing some kind of time delay mechanism into the target 1. The cushion 35 is preferably glued or otherwise fastened to the cup 19 to ensure that it does not move beneath the cup 19. The cushions 35 underneath each cup 19 may also be integrated with the cup 19 and insert 27 as a single unit. A further variation is where each cushion 35 fits inside an elastomer membrane.
The dielectric material of a cushion 35 may be an elastomer (or even rubber), such as silicone, which must be sufficient to dampen the shock and vibration caused by repeated impacts of a dart on the target 1 and to return the cup 19 substantially to its original position prior to the dart hit after thousands of such impacts. The material must also be resistant to corrosion.
The switch contacts 25 must be able to withstand the force created by a dart hit over thousand of such hits and have sufficiently low resistance to closing the switch. There are a number of possible configurations of switch contacts 25. FIG. 8A illustrates inter-digitated switch contacts 25 with an non-conductive gap separating the two contacts. These contacts 25 may be result of etched tracing of the PCB as shown in FIG. 8a. When a dart hits a cup 19, the electroconductive area of an underlying cushion 35 would bridge the non-conductive gap between two contacts 25 and close the switch defined thereby. FIG. 8B shows two-half switch contacts. The switch contact 25 material must be resistant to corrosion.
Overlapping the interior edge of the board 29 for a small distance is a concentric twenty-five and fifty point printed circuit board 37. The board 37 has two opposing arced slots 39a and two opposing arced slots 39b that fit over the stems 15a and 15b respectively until the board 37 meets the board 29. At this point a first snap ring 40 is forced into the groove 8b. The boards 29 and 37 have an approximate thickness of 1.17 mm each and are snugly retained between the stop 31 and the snap ring 40.
The stem 15a of the ring 11a, which floats freely, is brought toward the board 37 until it meets the top edge of the cut-outs 18 that form a second stop 41. A second snap ring 43 is forced into the groove 8a and the board 37 is snugly trapped between the stop 41 and the ring 11a. This retains the ring 11a. The arced slots 39a, 39b should fit over the stems 15 fairly snugly as well to limit rotational movement of the board 37.
Other fastening means could be used in place of the snap rings 40, 43, such as threading annular locking rings, not shown, onto the stems 15a and 15b, preferably they would provide a quick release of the respective boards 29, 37 in the sense that they would not require tools or any special skill to remove.
Some form of hook or other fastening means, not shown, is used to hold the target against a wall or other substantially vertical surface. Alternatively, the target may be on a freestanding cabinet.
In order to disassemble the target, it is taken down from the wall. If the 50 point needs replacement (in heavy use), the second snap ring 43 is simply removed and the ring 11a slips out the front of the target. The cup 19a, including its insert 27 is replaced and the ring is reinserted into the target 1 with the ring 43 snapped into placed.
If the ring 11b needs replacement then ring 11 a is removed as discussed above. The target 1 is placed face down and ring 40 is then removed. This allows the board 37 to be removed for access to the cup 19b. That cup 19b can be removed and replaced. The target 1 is re-assembled in reverse order.
For access to the other cups 19, when the board 37 is removed, the board 29 is also removed by loosening the fastening devices at its outer edge. The remaining cups 19 are now accessible and can be replaced, or even interchanged if that is desired, and the target re-assembled in reverse order.
To increase the length of time that a given cup 19 may be used before replacement is required, the target 1 may be rotated so that high use sectors, the 20, 18 and 1 basic score sectors typically have the highest use, are moved to lower use sectors. It is then necessary to make the target 1 aware of the change so that automated scoring is unaffected. This will be discussed further below.
Of course, the segments in the sectors will eventually wear out and the ability to easily replace the segments using a means such as that set out above is highly advantageous.
Rotation of the segments 3, 5 does not affect the length of time they may be used, so it is also advantageous that they can be easily changed by using a means such that described previously.
The target 1 is set within a casing (or a freestanding cabinet), not shown, for protection. The casing could have the hook mentioned earlier to attach the target 1 to a wall. The casing could also have on its face the value of the basic score of each sector.
Ring Counter and Latch Circuit
Referring generally to FIGS. 6a-6g, in one embodiment of the invention a circuit 45 connects each of the 82 different segments from the pads 33 to respective inputs of multiplexers U1 through U8. This leaves 2 remaining inputs—one of which is unused, the other is connected to a no score segment as will be discussed further below.
The circuit 45 is on the printed circuit boards 29, 37. The circuit interfaces to another board, referred to as the processor board, not shown. The processor board is set behind the target 1 within the casing and is connected to the circuit 45 via a 26 conductor ribbon cable, not shown. The processor board contains a processor and a programmable read-only-memory PROM, not shown. The PROM contains computer programs for use by the processor, a 8051 may be used, to control the operation of the target 1, as described below, and also display, audio communication, coin collection and user interface functions. The display, not shown, provides a visual indication of the players scores. Audio communication, not shown, plays back suitable noises for game situations, such as a cheer when a bullseye, segment 5, is struck. The processor may communicate with a coin collection device, not shown, for receiving and calculating the amount of money put into the device by the players. The user interface, not shown, might include switches, such as On-Off, number of players or game selections. The number of players is needed for control of the target during play: it is also needed to determine how much money is needed to play. Game selections might be well known dart games, such as 301, 501, 701 or Cricket. A change in the game selection would typically require the processor to use a new scoring algorithm. Examples of these aspects of automated target boards are well known in the art and will not be further set out herein.
Integrated circuits U9, U10 and U12 implement a ring counter 47 that indicates the status of the current segment being sensed as well as physically sensing the state of the segment.
U9 contains two four bit, binary counters. The upper two bits of the first and all four bits of the second make a six bit counter with a capability to count to 64. Because the first two bits of the counter are not used, four pulses at a clock input of U9 are needed to move the counter by one. An address latch enable line (ALE) of the 8051 processor on the processor board serves as a counter clock.
Of the six counter lines, the least significant three control the one-of-eight multiplexers U1 through U8. The three control lines go to the control inputs of each of the eight multiplexers U1 through U8. Each multiplexer U1 through U9 enables one of eight segments to which it is connected to be sensed by another one-of-eight multiplexer U10. The most significant three output lines from the counter 47 control multiplexer U10 which in turn allows one of the eight lines connected to its inputs to be sensed by latch U12. This brings the state of the circuit 45 under the control of the processor board to the "Initialize . . . " box of FIG. 7. When the target is started, the ring counter 47 is set to zero.
The circuit then moves to the "Start ring counter. . . " box of FIG. 7. The counter 47 is then started and the net effect is to connect in turn each of the 63 segments to be sensed to the latch U12 allowing polling of each segment and sensing of its status.
The six counter lines are also connected through a 26 pin connector, not shown, to a processor board, not shown. These lines are shown as KDTA through KDTF on FIG. 6. The lines provide a processor board, not shown, with the identity of the segment currently being sensed by the circuit 45.
When a segment is hit by a dart, its cup 19 is pushed toward the back of the target 1 and one or more of its cushions 35 (i.e. the conductive area) contact the switch contacts 25 beneath it. Normally, one of the two contacts 25 is kept at logic low, in this case ground, and the other is at a high state. When the switch is closed by the conductive area contacting the two contacts 25 beneath it, the high state of the high contact goes low.
The inputs to the multiplexers U1 through U8 are normally held in a high state by resistors R1 tied to the supply voltage Vcc. In the event an active segment state, i.e. a segment that has been hit by a dart, causes a normally high state to go low, the low state is latched into latch U12 and the processor board is notified through line KDTIN. This way the processor board knows that a segment has been hit by a dart and exactly which segment has been hit.
The circuit 45 is in the "Hit has occurred?" and "Is count less than or equal to 61?" diamonds of FIG. 7. For the purpose of this part of the discussion, it is assumed that a hit has occurred and that the count is less than 61. If so the state flow of the circuit 45 continues to the "assign dart hit . . . " box. If there is no hit then the target simply keeps counting until a hit is sensed. To determine if the count is less than 61 a subcircuit shown in FIGS. 6f-g detects a dart hit and if no segment is active low, it assumes that the dart missed the target and outputs a count of 62. This is described more fully under the heading NO SCORE DETECTION below.
The circuit 45 is now in the "Is count less than or equal to 61?" diamond of FIG. 7. Upon receiving the count information, the processor updates a scoring display and sounds an appropriate sound from memory on the processor board. The processor also sends a reset pulse to the circuit via a KRST line that causes the latch U12 to reset to a high state, i.e. an inactive state.
The circuit 45 is now in the "Start Ring counter . . . " box of FIG. 7. At the same time, the KRST line resets the ring counter 47 to zero, from which point it again starts to count upwards. The polling of each segment of the target happens at least once every millisecond, thereby making it highly unlikely that a dart will hit a segment without being sensed. The polling rate may have to be increased with changes in the rebound time of the cushions 35, which will be a function of the typical dart impact weight, the resiliency of the cushion 35 and the friction between the cups 19 and web 7.
Hit and No Score Detection
In the circuit 45 is a subcircuit that first detects a hit and then detects a failure to hit any of the scoring segments, a dart has landed either in the no scoring segment or has hit the web 7 and bounced off.
This returns the circuit 45 to the "Hit has occurred?" diamond of FIG. 7. The motion of the target 1 caused by a dart hit is detected by one or more piezoelectric sensors mounted on the target 1. In the preferred embodiment 4 sensors are used, 49a-d. Although it is not shown on the Figures, the sensors 49a-d are mounted against the back of the target 1 casing equally spaced about the perimeter so as to contact the wall. Every dart hit is detected by the sensors 49a-d and is converted into a low TTL pulse by comparator U100. The output of the sensors 49a-d is clipped by a 4.8 V zener diode before being introduced into the comparator U100. The comparator U100 also contains a small amount of hysteresis in order to prevent ringing at the points of transition of the pulse. This is done by resistor R100 that connects the output of the comparator U100 to the positive input of the comparator U100.
The output of the comparator U100 is connected to two monostables U101. The first monostable U101 a generates a 800 millisecond high pulse, the falling edge of which triggers the second monostable U101b to generate an 8 microsecond high pulse. The rising edge of this pulse, in turn, triggers another monostable U102 to produce an 800 microsecond low pulse that is connected to the no scoring segment in the target circuit 47.
The circuit 45 is then leaving the "Hit has occurred?" box of FIG. 7 with a YES and a count of 63 to return to the "is count less than 61?" diamond described above. If within the 800 milliseconds of a first monostable U100a pulse, no scoring dart is sensed, the subcircuit outputs a pulse on the 63rd segment which is decoded by the processor as a dart that created zero score.
The circuit 45 is then leaving the "Hit has occurred?" diamond of FIG. 7 on the YES line and returning to the "Is count less than or equal to 61" diamond with the count as sensed above undisturbed. On the other hand, if the dart actually hit a segment which resulted in latch U13 to go low (KDTIN), another chain of events ensues. The low KDTIN triggers one of two monostables 103a, 103b to generate a 0.5 second high pulse. The falling edge of this pulse creates another low pulse in monostable U103b. This low pulse in turn causes U101 and U102 to be reset, thereby canceling the no score pulse that was in the process of being created and that would have resulted in a zero score at segment 63.
The use of sensors 49 to detect each hit on or near the target 1 and the circuitry 45 checking to see if a dart has hit a segment can result in a lower component implementation of the no hit function than using sensors, not shown, on and off the target 1 and comparing the difference in the signals.
Upper Vertical Sector Sensing Circuit
As discussed previously, when sectors having a high basic score get worn out earlier than sectors with low basic scores, the target 1 may simply be rotated (the preferred embodiment does this in steps of two sectors when the target 1 is powered down) in order to reassign sector basic scores. As will be described further below, the processor is notified of the specific sector that is currently in the upper vertical position by means of a bank of 10 switches, one of which is toggled ON. The switch that is toggled ON corresponds to the sector that is currently in the upper vertical position. This reduces maintenance intervals.
While the target 1 is powered, the processor board polls the target every 12 milliseconds to ascertain which sector is currently the upper vertical sector. This is done through two control lines P7, P9 that originate from the processor. It is really only necessary to poll the target 1 once when the target is powered up, however continuous polling builds some redundancy into the target 1.
Normally P9 and P7 are high and low respectively. When this state is inverted, the inverted or gate output U13 pin 6 goes low, thereby pulling one pair of basic score segments in a sector low. The pair of segments that are pulled low is determined by a bank of ten switches in which one switch is closed. With U13 pin 6 being low, the processor is informed of which sector is low by the current state of the ring counter 47. This information is stored in memory of the processor board to properly evaluate the segment that has been hit by a dart and what score to attribute to that hit.
Once the identity of the upper vertical sector is established, P9 and P7 lines revert to the high and low state respectively.
It will be appreciated that the above description relates to the preferred embodiments by way of example only. Many variations on the apparatus for delivering the invention will be clear to those knowledgeable in the field, and such variations are within the scope of the invention as described and claimed, whether or not expressly described.
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This is the object added to every entity bean using byte code enhancement.
This provides the mechanisms to support deferred fetching of reference beans and oldValues generation for concurrency checking.
Create a intercept with a given entity.
Finds the index position of a given property.
Return the array of flags indicating the dirty properties.
Return a dirty property hash taking into account embedded beans.
Return the set of dirty properties.
Return a map of dirty properties with their new and old values.
Return the owning bean for an embedded bean.
Return the property index (for the parent) of this embedded bean.
Return the property that triggered the lazy load.
Return the index of the property that triggered the lazy load.
Return a loaded property hash.
Return the set of property names for a partially loaded bean.
Return the original value that was changed via an update.
Return the 'owning' entity bean.
Return the property name for the given property.
Return the sort order value for an order column.
Return true if any of the given property names are dirty.
Return true if only the Id property has been loaded.
Called when a BeanCollection is initialised automatically.
Return true if the property is considered changed.
Return true if this bean has been directly modified (it has oldValues) or if any embedded beans are either new or dirty (and hence need saving).
Return true if the property was changed or if it is embedded and one of its embedded properties is dirty.
Return true if lazy loading is disabled.
Return true if the embedded bean is new or dirty and hence needs saving.
Return true if the bean is marked as having failed lazy loading.
Return true if the entity has been loaded.
Return true if the property is loaded.
Return true if this entity bean is new and not yet saved.
Return true if the entity bean is new or dirty (and should be saved).
Check each property to see if the bean is partially loaded.
Return true if the bean should be treated as readOnly.
Return true if the entity is a reference.
Return true if the entity should be updated.
Explicitly mark a property as having been changed.
Called prior to Id property getter.
Method that is called prior to a getter method on the actual entity.
Check to see if the values are not equal.
OneToMany and ManyToMany don't have any interception so just check for PropertyChangeSupport.
Register the callback to be triggered when getter is called.
Set the BeanLoader with PersistenceContext.
Set true to turn off lazy loading.
Called by an embedded bean onto its owner.
Set the loaded status for the embedded bean.
Set the embedded beans owning bean.
Set the bean to be updated when persisted (for merge).
Set lazy load failure flag.
Set the loaded state to true.
When finished loading for lazy or refresh on an already partially populated bean.
Set the property to be loaded.
Set all properties to be loaded (post insert).
Set the load error that happened on this property.
Set the bean into NEW state.
For forced update on a 'New' bean set all the loaded properties to changed.
Explicitly set an old value with force (the old value is forced even it is already set).
Set the property to be treated as unloaded.
Set this as a reference object.
Set the sort order value for an order column.
Register the callback to be triggered when getter is called. This is used primarily to automatically flush the JDBC batch.
Return true if the bean should be treated as readOnly. If a setter method is called when it is readOnly an Exception is thrown.
Set the readOnly status. If readOnly then calls to setter methods through an exception.
Worth noting that this is also set after a insert/update. By doing so it 'resets' the bean for making further changes and saving again.
Typically used to disable lazy loading on SQL based report beans.
Finds the index position of a given property. Returns -1 if the property can not be found.
Set the property to be treated as unloaded. Used for properties initialised in default constructor.
Check to see if the values are not equal. If they are not equal then create the old values for use with ConcurrencyMode.ALL.


text:
package index;

/**
 * Interface for the listener that is updated as sizes of index items change
 * @author William Howard
 */
public interface IndexListener {
	public static enum szTypes {TERM_COLLECTION,DOCUMENT_COLLECTION,FILE_QUEUE};

	/** Occurs when the a size of something in the index has changed */
	public void sizeChanged(szTypes item, int new_size);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You've been with them in the van, in the dark, and atop a pool table (no, really). Today, we're going spelunking!
Aloud performs "Oh Danny", via their latest 360° video in conjunction with the folks at Acid VR.
The full-band version of "Oh Danny" is set to appear in Aloud's upcoming full-length record.
Watch it now over at Acid VR.
Click to watch Aloud perform "Oh Danny" on ACID VR.


Registration includes an access code and Emergency Response Planning Handbook. The code is used to access the training online at the National Swimming Pool Foundation website. Cost per training and book is $40. Minimum time to complete is 1.5 hours.
"The course teaches managers how to develop an effective emergency response action plan. Establishing an Emergency Response Plan is the critical first step organizations can take to minimize injuries to staff and patrons, and administer care when responding to emergencies.
Aquatic Hazard Communication Plan in Accordance with OSHA 1910.1200"


This pink agate front side silhouette design stands out in the center of the locket. It measures 3/4" across and can hold two photos or engraving. Made in the USA and comes boxed with a lifetime warranty. 18" chain is included.


text:
Homeless housing project moves ahead
Members of the Grand Forks City Council Service Safety Committee met Tuesday and heard options for the location of a housing project for the homeless and agreed to do more research on the proposal. Housing First, a "regional housing collaborative...
By Jennifer Lu
Members of the Grand Forks City Council Service Safety Committee met Tuesday and heard options for the location of a housing project for the homeless and agreed to do more research on the proposal.
Housing First, a "regional housing collaborative" led by the Grand Forks Housing Authority, aims to provide permanent housing for homeless residents, according to a report submitted before the committee.
"We're not doing anything new here. This is a model that has been working around the nation," Deputy Director of Planning and Community Development Meredith Richards said.
To apply for Federal Home Loan Bank, Low Income Housing Tax Credit or Housing Trust Fund, a location for the housing project was needed, Richards said.
A publicly donated lot would give their application extra points, she said, while a downtown location would ensure proximity to agencies that provide social services.
Three downtown locations were initially suggested for the project, but a parking lot near Northlands Rescue Mission and the former County Correctional Facility were nixed in favor of the area behind the Police Department that is being used as a skate park and parking lot, according to the report.
The location is owned by the city and does not generate property taxes.
City Council member Terry Bjerke, said he wanted to know the difference in PILOT revenue versus property taxes that could be raised from the land. PILOT, or payment in lieu of taxes, refers to federal compensation paid to local governments to offset some or all the revenue lost in property taxes.
Committee members instructed city staff members to gather more information on the project.
Related Topics: GRAND FORKS CITY COUNCIL
Would you qualify for a discount on your next hospital stay in Minnesota?
Nonprofit hospitals are required to provide free or discounted care, also known as charity care; yet eligibility and application requirements vary across hospitals. Could you qualify? We found out.
By Molly Castle Work
Minnesota lawmakers look to regulate state-funded crisis pregnancy centers
Crisis pregnancy centers received almost $3 million in taxpayer funds in 2022. Soon, sharing only medically accurate information could be a prerequisite for funding.
Kickoff event scheduled Saturday for Grand Forks Blue Zones Project
The Grand Forks Blue Zones Project, which hopes to make Grand Forks not just a healthier city but a closer community, is hosting an event on Saturday, Jan. 21, at the Empire Arts Center from 3-5 p.m.
By Delaney Otto
Couples battling infertility plead for health insurance coverage in North Dakota
A bill being considered by the North Dakota Legislature would require infertility treatment for public employees — a step that could lead to requiring private insurance for the costly treatments.
By Patrick Springer
North Dakota Senate passes bill revising abortion laws
Grand Forks Mayor Bochenski says Fufeng project 'should be stopped' after Air Force letter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Place the egg yolks, garlic, vinegar, black pepper, mustard and blitz until smooth in a liquidiser or using a stick blender.
Then add the oils in a thin stream to emulsify.
Add a little water to let down to the right consistency.
Finally add the lemon juice and check the seasoning.
The dressing should coat the leaves nicely but not be too thick.
If the dressing is too thick then add a touch of water.
Slice the warm potatoes into slices about 1cm thick, so they don't break up.
Stir the bread cubes through.
Place in deep bowls and top with boiled egg and slices of Parmesan cheese.


AFTER THE DEFEAT of the Workers' Reich the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union notoriously thieved everything they could lay their hands on. The Allies' motto; 'If it moves steal it; if it can't be moved, blow it up'.
Ships can be moved: In November 2015, the Renegade Tribune carried "The Curse of the Monte Rosa." Before England's war, this luxurious Reich liner provided state-subsidised Mediterranean cruises for German workers.
On May 8, 1945, Germany's overwhelmed armed forces — though not their government — surrendered. The SS Monte Rosa was then claimed by Britain as prize of war. The story of the liner's fate doesn't have a happy ending.
Renamed Empire Windrush, the pilfered German liner was put to use in transporting cheap labour from Jamaica and the East Indies to undercut the jobs of British workers. In 1954, whilst evacuating British troops and their families from the Korean peninsula, the Empire Windrush sank in the Mediterranean after suffering a voyage from hell.
Once is a coincidence; twice is karma. The Soviets were as voracious as were Britain and the US. Soviet plunder included the German-built transatlantic liner SS Berlin III. This super liner, after providing German workers with affordable Mediterranean cruises, was converted into a hospital ship in July 1939. The great liner that had served Germany so well was, during the last distressing months of the war, to heroically evacuate thousands of troops and civilians fleeing the rapacious Red Army.
Following Germany's defeat, the SS Berlin III was seized by the Soviets. The allies called that 'reparations.' Call it what you will, from that moment on the great German liner was as cursed as was the Monte Rosa/Empire Windrush.
After repairs in Liverpool, presumably free of charge, the SS Berlin III was renamed by the Soviets and was called the Admiral Nakhimov. The former German cruise liner entered service for the Black Sea Steamship Company. This Soviet enterprise operated between Odessa and the Georgian port of Batumi. The liner's cruise career was briefly interrupted during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Then, the Admiral Nakhimov was used to transport troops to the Caribbean island; these passengers were said to be harvest workers — armed with hammers and sickles, no doubt.
Back on the booze cruises for those who served the regime well, the stolen liner — the largest in the Soviet fleet — was destined to meet its fate. On August 31, 1986, the Admiral Nakhimov left Novorossiysk for Sochi. This was to be the liner's last voyage; only the breaker's yard lay ahead. On-board were 888 (go figure) passengers and 346 crew members.
The liner's voyage was marred by the inexplicably poor seamanship of its hapless skipper, Vadim Markhov. Even odder was the collision course being taken by the approaching bulk carrier, Pyotr Vasev, as it too traversed Tsemes Bay. It is not so much a long story but a sad tale of confused signals being relayed between the unfortunate Admiral Nakhimov's second mate Alexander Chudnovsky on the bridge.
The cruise liner's captain, Vadim Markhov, retired to his cabin but it isn't certain which cabin; one not his own. This was a bizarre thing to do. Even a deck-boy knows that ships' captains do not usually leave the bridge during busy port approaches. And it is unforgivable to do so when an approaching bulk carrier is on a collision course and behaving strangely.
Inevitably, there was a collision — following which the badly-holed "prize of war" sank; it did so in just seven minutes, just before midnight. In total, 423 of the 1,234 passengers and crew lost their lives. The Soviet authorities disallowed release of any news of the tragedy for two days. Today, the pride of the Reich, the "Strength through Joy" super liner lies in 150 feet of water in Tsemes Bay.
Both Captain Markhov and Captain Tkachenko, who skippered the bulk carrier, were to face trial. The court's 1987 finding was that both were equally culpable and each was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Both skippers were pardoned and released just five years into their sentences. Why? Your guess is as good as mine.
Interestingly, Captain Viktor Tkachenko, who skippered the bulk carrier that rammed the passenger liner, changed his name to Talor, which was his Jewish wife's name. Captain Viktor Talor née Tkachenko took up permanent residence in Israel.
The story still doesn't have a happy ending — or does it? In September 2003, Tkachenko/Talor skippered a yacht that foundered off Newfoundland's coast. The bodies were recovered. They included the corpse of the ill-fated bulk carrier's skipper. The worst captain in Soviet maritime history was buried in Tel Aviv, Israel. Perhaps he should have been better known as Captain Karma.


Chief Minister Pema Khandu today assured Prime Minister Narendra Modi that the BJP Government in Arunachal Pradesh will give account of every penny granted by the central government and that the government in the state has changed since his (Modi's) visit to the state in 2015.
Modi was in the state capital Itanagar on Thursday and inaugurated the Dorjee Khandu State Convention Center, dedicated the State Civil Secretariat Building to the nation and laid foundation of the academic block of the Tomo Riba Institute of health & Medical Sciences (TRIHMS).
Speaking at a public reception in honour of the Prime Minister at I G Park here, Khandu pointed that the present BJP government in the state took root from Modi's fiery speech during his last visit in 2015, when the state had a Congress government. Modi had warned that the central government will make States accountable for every penny granted by the Center.
"It is the responsibility of Team Arunachal to give account of every penny spent from the government exchequer and we will do it," Khandu asserted.
The Chief Minister also asserted that despite abundant resources, Arunachal Pradesh is still a resource-crunch state due to lack of proper and sound policies implemented by the earlier state governments.
"Our youths have the potential to excel in all fields and take the state forward rapidly. We need to give them opportunity through programs and policies and a corruption-free government," he said.
Expressing gratitude to the Prime Minister for taking time out from his hectic schedule to visit the state twice in three years, Khandu said no other Prime Minister ever did that. He said due to Modi's love and care for the North East, the dynamics of the region has taken a complete overhaul.
Khandu said during the erstwhile regime of the Congress, North Eastern States had to visit New Delhi at least twice a month with their respective issues and problems. However, after the Modi government assumed office at the Center, New Delhi comes to the North East at least once every month, he pointed.
"Since 2014, hundred-plus visits have been made to the North Eastern States by union ministers along with their officers to resolve issues pertaining to respective states," Khandu said.
Citing connectivity as the only means to all round development of the state, the Chief Minister emphasized the need to have an airport in the state capital. He requested the Prime Minister to consider sympathetically to the proposal for a greenfield airport at Hollongi near here.
He also sought assistance for revamping and restoring old government infrastructure like offices, quarters and other assets that were built during the NEFA times and have long outgrown their shell life.
Meanwhile, Khandu reiterated his stance to have a separate cadre of civil service officers for Arunachal Pradesh.
"Ours such a distinct state with so many tribes and history. Civil service officers come here to serve only for two years at a stretch. They don't get enough time even to understand how many tribes are here and their issues. How can they contribute to their capacity in resolving issues and support the government to take the state forward?" he questioned.
"Give me a dedicated cadre of civil servants specific to Arunachal Pradesh and I promise to change the face of Arunachal Pradesh," Khandu added.
Also present on the occasion were Arunachal Pradesh Governor Brig (Dr) B D Mishra (Rtd), Speaker T N Thongdok, Deputy Chief Minister Chowna Mein, Union MoS Home Kiren Rijiju, MoS DoNER Jitendra Singh and state's UD, Housing Minister Nabam Rebia, Assam MP Ramen Deka, Arunachal East MP Ninong Ering and State BJP President Tapir Gao.


text:
Swami can't return to New Vrindaban
Associated Press/June 18, 2004
Moundsville, W.Va. -- A former swami released from prison cannot return to the New Vrindaban community he once ran because he is banned for life from all Hare Krishna temples.
Swami Bhaktipada was freed four years early from a prison in Butner, N.C., earlier this week.
Bhaktipada, who also is known as Kirtanananda Swami and was born Keith Ham in Peekskill, N.Y., was arrested in 1987, charged with racketeering and accused of ordering the murders of two devotees who had threatened his control of the community.
He appealed his initial racketeering conviction, then pleaded guilty at a second trial in August 1996, and was sentenced to 20 years. A federal judge reduced the sentence to 12 years in 1997, citing Bhaktipada's poor health.
Bhaktipada was expelled from the International Society for Krishna Consciousness by the society's governing body commission on March 16, 1987. It issued a notice "forbidding Kirtanananda Swami from participating in the functions of ISKCON."
New Vrindaban General Manager Kuladri dasa said the community has worked hard to "re-establish positive relationships with our neighbors in West Virginia and with ISKCON."
"There is no turning back on our fresh start, and Kirtanananda has no part to play in our future."
New Vrindaban, known to many as the Palace of Gold, was once some 700 members strong, the crown jewel of the Krishna movement in America. The community was expelled from ISKCON in 1987.


Bahrain has extended its crackdown on freedom of speech with the detention of a well-known poet for "political poetry", to the dismay of campaigners who say the country is making criminals of anyone who criticises the government's repressive policies.
The arrest this week of poet Khalil al-Ismael, who is famous for criticising the Gulf kingdom's human rights record, came after the charging of Nazeeha Saeed, a journalist, which Human Rights Watch said proved the Bahraini government was undermining freedom of expression and media freedom.
Ismael, who is being represented by leading Bahraini human rights lawyer Mohammed al-Tajer, was arrested on Saturday as he left the village of Duraz, the scene of ongoing protests after Bahrain's government stripped the country's highest ranking Shia cleric and Dirza resident, Sheikh Isa Qassim, of his citizenship.
Ismael, 27, has been charged with attending an "illegal demonstration" and reading out a "political poem". Protests in Duraz are ongoing and the poet's detention follows the arrest of several dozen protesters last week.
The poet, who is known for his strident verses, is being held in the infamous Jau prison, where there have been ongoing reports of maltreatment of prisoners. If convicted, his lawyer fears he could face "several years" in prison.
His lawyer Tajer, who is himself subject to a travel ban by the Bahraini authorities, told Middle East Eye that his client denied the charges against him. He said that Ismael is a resident of Duraz and was arrested at a checkpoint as he left the village to visit family members.
Bahraini authorities quickly set up checkpoints around Duraz following the move against Qassim on June 20, refusing entry to those attempting to enter.
The heavy police presence in Duraz also comes amid a wider crackdown that has seen human rights defenders jailed and al-Wefaq, the largest Shia opposition group in Bahrain, banned.
Qassim has since been charged with misappropriating religious funds, in a move seen by many as an attempt to undermine the country's minority Shia community.
Ismael's arrest this weekend came as it emerged that the Bahraini government had charged prominent journalist Nazeeha Saeed, a correspondent for a French media outlet, with violating the country's licensing laws for journalists.
According to Human Rights Watch, the criminal charges against the France24 journalist violate her right to free expression and further undermines media freedom in Bahrain. She is also subject to a travel ban.
"Bahrain is making criminals of anyone who criticises the government's increasingly repressive policies," said Joe Stork, deputy Middle East director at Human Rights Watch.
The charges against Saeed come after the Information Affairs Authority reportedly refused to renew the journalist's licence, citing "the unsatisfactory evaluation of her performance by our specialists".
Another journalist based in Bahrain, who requested anonymity, told Human Rights Watch that the agency has refused at least two other journalists who had been working for foreign media this year.
Saeed told Bahrain's Independent Commission of Inquiry into protests in 2011 that she had witnessed security forces shooting dead a 61-year old protester at close range during anti-government demonstrations.
She was later arrested accused or working as part of a terrorist cell and, according to evidence she gave in court, she was subjected to serious physical abuse including being beaten with a hose during her time in custody.
Saeed, a Bahraini citizen, filed a criminal complaint against the security officers she said were responsible but, in November 2015, the justice ministry said there was "insufficient evidence" to prosecute them.
UN human rights experts have repeatedly warned that state licensing of journalists violates freedom of expression.
"Bahrain's repressive tendencies clearly illustrate why governments should have no role in saying who should be allowed to practice journalism," Stork added.
Saeed is also one of 23 people subjected to travel bans since the start of June. They include activists, trade union leaders, teachers' and nurses' representatives, the president of the Bahrain chapter of Transparency International and lawyers, including Mohammed al-Tajer.
Democracy campaigners have been documenting the increasing crackdown with dismay in recent weeks, but have taken heart after US presidential hopeful Hillary Clinton appointed Tim Kaine as her running mate.
The senator was one of seven American politicians who called on Secretary of State John Kerry to reconsider arms sales to Bahrain in the wake of the crackdown.
In a letter addressed to Kerry, the bipartisan group of senators requested that the State Department rethink arms sales to the key Gulf ally if Bahrain's leadership did not protect the rights freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.
The letter followed a State Department report to Congress critical of Bahrain.


Bundoora Park provides customers with information on the region and significant venues within Victoria, as well as a wealth of experiences and activities for all the family.
Escape for an hour or a day and enjoy a wide range of activities in Cooper's Settlement. The farm animals are always keen for visitors.
Play a round of golf at one of the best and most picturesque public golf courses in Melbourne. Relax in the many beautiful picnic or playground areas. Take in the spectacular view of the Melbourne skyline from Mount Cooper.
The cafe features both an indoor and outdoor seating arrangement and on those cold winter days customers can sit down in front of the fireplace and enjoy the warmth of a cosy fire. The cafe provides picturesque views of the Cooper's Settlement Wildlife Reserve. Customers with a keen eye may be able to spot kangaroos and emus.
Child and concession prices. Family $26 (Two adults and two children).


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Counting Crows in full Australian tour
Multi-platinum modern rock band Counting Crows today announce their long-awaited Australian theatre tour for 2013, their first national headline tour since 2004. Following the April 2012 release of their first new album in more than four years, Underwater Sunshine (Or What We Did On Our Summer Vacation), the American seven-piece head Down Under for a national tour beginning in Brisbane on the 27th March, and moving on to Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide, before winding up at Sydney's iconic Opera House on 9th April.
With five studio albums, multiple live albums, a 'best of' album and soundtrack appearances, plus Grammy and Oscar nominations already under their collective belt, the Crows' sixth studio album Underwater Sunshine offers something of a different depth and inspired direction. The album delivers 15 beautifully interpreted songs from the early 1960s up to 2012, honouring lesser-known tracks from a varied range of artists including: Gram Parsons, Bob Dylan, Big Star, The Faces, Teenage Fanclub, Travis and Kasey Anderson.
The band most recently struck gold with the Shrek 2 soundtrack hit song Accidentally In Love which was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song, plus a Golden Globe for Best Original Song. Still thriving critically and commercially after 20 years, Counting Crows have sold more than 20 million albums worldwide.
Don't miss an evening with one of America's finest bands, Counting Crows, on their 2013 national tour.
Tickets for all shows go on sale at 9am, Monday 21st January. My Live Nation members can access tickets ahead of the general on-sale, during the pre-sale commencing midday Thursday 17th January. Register for the pre-sale at Live Nation.
Wed 27th March - Brisbane QPAQ Concert Hall
Sat 30th March - Melbourne Arts Centre Melbourne, Hamer Hall
Wed 3rd April - Perth Concert Hall
Sat 6th April - Adelaide Her Majesty's Theatre
Tues 9th April - Sydney Sydney Opera House


AFI is pleased to announce it has concluded a sponsorship deal as major partner of the Condè Nast International Luxury Conference to be held in Cape Town this year.
For over a decade, AFI has propelled many African designers to local and global recognition and has created platforms for the designers to showcase their collections in a globally relevant manner.
AFI is commitment to nurturing emerging African talent as we aim to equip young creatives to succeed in the business of fashion.
Experienced speakers from around the continent and homegrown creatives share the stage, engaging in topics that are the driver for the success of the Fashion Business.
XPerience AFI, was launched in 2017 and is a premium creative hub for millennials to interact and engage around fashion and the brands they are passionate about.
It promotes a sense of entrepreneurism amongst the youth in the creative industry, by giving them a stage to promote their brand, thereby ushering in the next generation of designers, artists and musicians.
Feel the runway come alive as the finest in fashion strut their stuff and set the night alight in an awe-inspiring show featuring colorful couture & immaculate models.
Including some of the finest designers across the African continent as well as some exciting up and comers, the AFI Cape Town Fashion Week is an event on every fashionistas calendar for 2019.
See the latest collections by heavyweight fashion icons and spend time mingling with an eclectic mix of cosmopolitan movers and shakers as the best and brightest in the industry come out to play.
MAXHOSA BY LADUMA is a South African knitwear brand founded in 2012 by Laduma Ngxokolo. This was with desire to explore knitwear design solutions that would be suitable for amakrwala (Xhosa initiates). His initial vision was to create a modern Xhosa-inspired knitwear collection that would be suitable for this market.
La Art Neviole Emporium is the brainchild of Neville Masondo, who studied Fashion Design and Technology at the Tshwane University of Technology. He then opened his Couture boutique where he has dressed celebrities such as Bonang and Nigeria's Toke Makinwa. Neville describes his designs as couture with a touch of avant-garde, his designs have a historical or vintage element – but with a modern twist.
The designer duo Quiteria Kekana and George Malelu have become two of the most recognisable and acclaimed fashion icons in the country.Loved by many of our celebrities and personalities and fresh from showcasing at the Arise Fashion Week in Nigeria, there is no doubt the brand is fast gaining mileage across Africa as well.
A part of our development strategy, AFI's Fastrack™ was established as an initiative that identifies and invests in the best of the continent's young designers, by providing them with direct access to: mentorships, media exposure and business acumen, through yearlong programmes that prepare them to navigate the fashion landscape.
Nola Black is a Nigerian-based Contemporary Womenswear Brand.For modern ladies and women, Nola Black offers high quality, finely finished premium garments solely in black and white, to provide a combination of contemporary quirkiness, transcendent artistic style with a thoroughly practical appeal.
Marianne Fassler has spent over three decades in the fashion business. She operates from Leopard Frock, her creative workshop in Saxonwold, Johannesburg. She sells garments and separates off the peg and also consults with individual clients by appointment.
Her work is always superbly crafted, interesting and comfortable. She appeals to a wide spectrum of women who love individuality, identity, craftsmanship and diversity in their wardrobe.
At Aphia Sakyi Our goal is to put the "fun" in functional fashion. We know that looking stylish can make your whole day better; that's why we are committed in making our site your source for the newest trends. We design clothing and accessories you love so you can focus on looking great! Our passion for style and love for fashion makes our designs unique in every way.


Palmerston North Home Store is looking for a highly experienced Sales and Service Assistant with over three years personalised retail selling experience.
The role involves working Monday 8:45am-17:45pm, Thursday 9:45am-19:15, Friday 8:30am-17:15pm, Sunday 8am-16:45pm. Flexibility is a must through extended trading hours and Christmas.


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Home / Events / Colloquium with Dr. Nancy Eisenberg (Michael Chandler Lecture Series)
Colloquium with Dr. Nancy Eisenberg (Michael Chandler Lecture Series)
2198 Health Sciences Mall, Vancovuer, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
MICHAEL CHANDLER LECTURE
Dr. Nancy Eisenberg, Arizona State University
Children's Effortful Self-Regulation: Conceptualization and Relations to Adjustment and Maladjustment
Recently there has been an increasing appreciation of the role of emotion and its regulation in children's socioemotional functioning in both typical and atypical samples. I will discuss different conceptualizations of emotion-related self-regulation, and differentiate between effortful control and aspects of control that are less voluntary (reactive control). After a brief discussion of expected relations of different aspects of effortful and reactive control to (mal)adjustment, I will present findings on associations of effortful control and reactive control with children's maladjustment and social competence, with an emphasis on temperamentally based effortful control, and the mediating role of personality resiliency.
Nancy Eisenberg is Regents' Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University. Her research interests include social, emotional, and moral development, as well as socialization influences, especially in the areas of self-regulation and adjustment. She has published numerous empirical studies, as well as books and chapters on these topics. She has also been editor of Psychological Bulletin and the Handbook of Child Psychology and was the founding editor of the Society for Research in Child Development journal Child Development Perspectives. Dr. Eisenberg has been a recipient of Research Scientist Development Awards and a Research Scientist Award from the National Institutes of Health (NICHD and NIMH).
ABOUT MICHAEL CHANDLER
Michael Chandler is Professor Emeritus, working at UBC's Department of Psychology. Dr. Chandler received his Bachelor of Arts in 1960 from Grinnell College, Iowa and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of California, Berkeley where he worked with Drs. Sheldon Korchin and Theodore Sarbin. He then went on to complete two postdoctoral fellowships; one at the Menninger Foundation in Kansas and the other at the Institut des Sciences de L'Education, Universite de Geneve, in Switzerland with Dr. Jean Piaget. Dr. Chandler is a world-renowned scholar whose accolades and contributions to the field are too numerous to mention in full. He is often recognized for revolutionizing the way scholars conceptualize and study the development of social cognition or 'theory of mind' as well as his pioneering research on identity development. His ongoing program of research features an exploration of the role culture plays in constructing the course of identity development, shaping young people's emerging sense of ownership of their personal and cultural past, and their commitment to their own and their community's future well being. These efforts, along with more than 150 published books, articles and book chapters, have earned Dr. Chandler the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Senior Research Prize, led to his being awarded the Killam Teaching Prize, and resulted in his twice being named a Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies Distinguished Scholar in Residence. His research and scholarly efforts have also resulted in his being appointed as Canada's only Distinguished Investigator of both the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (MSFHR). Dr. Chandler's research with children at risk began more than 35 years ago with an article (co-authored with A. Sameroff) that was selected by the Society for Research in Child Development for inclusion in a book entitled Twenty Studies That Revolutionized Child Psychology. Professor Chandler's program of research dealing with identity development and suicide in Aboriginal youth was singled out for publication as a book and as an invited Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development (recently translated into French), and is the only program of Canadian research featured in WHO's recently released report on the social determinants of health.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEVgb5-M2XI&[/youtube]
Annually the Department of Psychology hosts a Colloquia Series throughout the academic year.
Public, Talks
Wonder Kids | Ask a Developmental Psychologist Series with Dr. Susan Birch
Colloquium with Dr. Viji Sathy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Colloquium with Dr. Hyo Gweon, Stanford University
View all eventsarrow_right_alt


I don't consider myself a cat person. For one thing, I've been allergic to them for pretty much my whole life. For another, I've mostly owned dogs. A few years ago, thanks to a friend introducing me to a certain guy, all of that changed. When I first met these two, my first thought was that neither of them would probably ever like me much. And I figured that was ok, because fair enough, I can't really snuggle up to them without entering into a world of pain.
I reckon that pets are akin to the arts, and music: you can't calculate what they add to your life, but you need them. It's more than need: it's something your spirit craves, whether you realize it or not. A dog will wreck the furniture running to greet you. A cat will wreck the furniture, but not for that reason; you might not see it on the surface, but a cat's love runs deep. It rumbles inside, like the purring motor that seems to come straight from their hearts.
I know I certainly never could have expected or added up how much our kitties have added to our lives - how much the kitties that came into our lives thanks to the arrival of the Man of the House, could have made our home even more wonderful. The love sneaks up on you, like a cat without a bell. Suddenly it's just there (and you might be tripping over it).
My mom has a photo album full of family moments from a time long before I was born. It contains lots of snapshots, particularly of a gang of dachshunds who were clearly as dearly loved as they are now dearly departed. It makes me sad to look at it, knowing the love that surrounded those doggos, and the grief that will have accompanied each of their trips over the rainbow bridge. Somewhere in my own house, and certainly on hard drives, are many, many photographs of my own dogs. The most recent one, Jimmy, was ridiculously photogenic, a total ham in front of the camera. The ghost of his sweet loyal self rests upon them, so I can hardly bear to look.
Still, none of us can resist photographing our pets! They say that you make pictures of what you love, what you fear to lose. They are beloved, vulnerable, precious.
These days, I look forward to checking on my favorite Instagram cats almost as much as I look forward to my morning coffee. They are adorable and hilarious, and fill my heart with smiles! Cats are kinda like people: they don't have to love you, but they might choose to. This makes any attention of the feline kind especially poignant, because you can only really earn it through mutual respect. These days, I also spoil the bejesus out of this girl, in part because spoiling "people" that I care about is one of my favorite activities, and in part because of something heartbreaking that happened last fall.
The handsome fellow pictured below left us. He jumped out of a box one night to skip out the front door - an innocent enough adventure that he had enjoyed many times. Since his sister was out there with him, we went to bed without qualms. And, in spite of hours, days, weeks of frantic & impassioned searching, we have not seen him since.
He is as missed as he was loved. As with everything else in last year's string of gut-wrenching losses, we are grateful for the time we had with him. And we hold on to hope: maybe he won't show back up at our door, but maybe, just maybe, he's being loved in someone else's house. In the end, it's far better to have cherished and loved a pet for a while than to never have had one at all!


The above picture is a long range photo of a monkey seating on the top of a hillock at Maramani Rest Camp in the Shashe area in Beitbridge West.
I take photography as a hobby and it has helped me have a clear introspection into life in so many ways.
I have shot thousands of pictures ever since my high school friend Knox Lollipop L Chipengule taught me how to operate a camera as far back as 1993.
Now back to the picture. Monkeys are very perceptive and respond with quick reflexes. Their lives depend on that.
I was at least eighty metres away from the fellow when I spotted him and tried to capture of him. I believed the distance was not obtrusive but was I wrong!! He had already spotted me as I raised my camera and extended my lens of the Canon SX410 IS.
All he did was extend his tail down the rock and turn slightly to the right as if in a pose. Two frames later he bounded off.
Therewith my lesson. The fellow knew his environs and was aware of what was focusing on him even if it was eighty metres away.
Because he knew his environs, he also knew what posed a threat to him. I guess little urchins have taken potshots with a catapult at him and he knew how to duck to safety but I guess because he knew of what danger is, he was aware that the camera meant no harm.
The fellow knew his environment, knew his abode and knew what would harm him hence he had no fear of the fellow at the mountain bottom.
There I learnt, when I know where I am, what I am facing and where my refuge is, I have no reason to fear.
I am not afraid of fear.


Kim and Ron go to see the ultimate Bueno Nacho and run into a bird brained Villain. Kim acquires super strength and learns it is from Shego's brother. To stop their new enemy, Kim and Shego work together to save Shego's brothers. Contact Us to suggest edits and corrections!


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CBS News April 20, 2019, 12:01 PM
Columbine teacher can still hear the gunfire 20 years later
Columbine teacher on the pain of looking back
What many consider America's first mass school shooting took place in the community of Littleton, Colorado, 20 years ago today. Two Columbine High School seniors killed 12 fellow students and a teacher, possibly setting the stage for the school shootings that haunt us to this very day.
For Kiki Leyba, who was in his first year of teaching and survived that day, there is no way to forget.
"I can see the silhouette of a gunman holding a long rifle. But I can also hear gunfire," Leyba told CBS News' Barry Petersen.
20 years on, Columbine survivors and victim's father offer words of encouragement to their younger selves
How Columbine forever changed the way we respond to active shooters
Leyba is still teaching at Columbine today, and when you talk to him you wonder: was it 20 years ago or just yesterday?
"Trauma has a memory," Leyba said, adding, "we can feel it."
Students still walk those same halls learning English and math and -- these days -- how to survive an active shooter.
"What was left behind in all of those years after Columbine and we just moved on?" Petersen asked.
"Trying to heal, whatever that looks like," Leyba said. "There's always the push to move forward, which drives me crazy. The largest group is that non-physically wounded, traumatized population. And then also the families that get lost in that as well."
After the 2012 murders at Sandy Hook Elementary School, their staff asked Kiki to come and share his insights and his memories.
"To see it on their faces, in their eyes, was so difficult," Leyba said.
"But when you spoke with those people and they saw that you were on the – I wouldn't say on the other side – but on the mending part of this, did that help?" Petersen said.
"Yes, I think it's a really important part of that healing, to have that opportunity to meet with somebody or talk to somebody who can relate to your experience," Leyba said.
Steve Siegel agrees. He was a victims' advocate for the Denver district attorney. "They're going through a time where their wounds have been ripped open," Siegel said. "It's flooding back."
Leyba's memories include a newspaper from the day after, with a headline that reads, simply, "heartbreak." He said at the time he had no idea how big or life-changing it would be.
He believes we need to continue the dialogue about what happened that day – even if it's painful.
"The memories. I mean, that's part of it. I mean, it's a packaged deal when it comes down to, you know, these mass shootings, school shootings. You're inevitably, you're gonna be dealing with that. And it's part of what we have to deal with until something changes."
Remembrance services in Littleton on Saturday are expected to draw a huge crowd of students, friends and survivors. It will be a tribute to the victims from Columbine. Many – like Leyba – may wonder: How many more of these before something changes?
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Is it possible to give each subcontractor a separate view on the project, only showing the documents, tasks,... relevant for his sub-project?
Hi Bart. Thank you for your inquiry. This is not currently a feature in ProjectDirector. I have changed your question to an idea so that our product team can take this into consideration for future releases.


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James Gunn (* 13. März 1753 in Colony of Virginia; † 30. Juli 1801 in Louisville, Georgia) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker, der den Bundesstaat Georgia im US-Senat vertrat.

James Gunn, dessen genauer Geburtsort nicht überliefert ist, absolvierte eine Ausbildung in den Rechtswissenschaften und begann dann in Savannah als Anwalt zu praktizieren. Während des Unabhängigkeitskrieges diente er in Dragoner-Einheiten der Miliz von Georgia, in deren Reihen er letztlich bis zum Brigadegeneral aufstieg.

Im Jahr 1787 wurde Gunn als Delegierter zum Kontinentalkongress nominiert, der zu dieser Zeit in New York tagte; allerdings nahm er an keiner einzigen Sitzung des Gremiums teil. Am 17. Januar 1789 wurde er zu einem der beiden ersten US-Senatoren für Georgia gewählt. Die Senatsklassen wurden zwischen ihm und William Few ausgelost, wobei Gunn den Klasse-3-Sitz erhielt; damit absolvierte er ab dem 4. März 1789 eine sechsjährige Amtsperiode, während Few als Klasse-2-Senator nur für vier Jahre gewählt war. Gunn, inzwischen den Föderalisten beigetreten, wurde am 13. November 1794 in seinem Mandat bestätigt und verblieb bis zum 3. März 1801 im Senat. Danach kehrte er nach Georgia zurück und ließ sich in der damaligen Hauptstadt Louisville nieder, um weiter aktiv an der Staatspolitik mitwirken zu können. Er starb aber bereits im Juli desselben Jahres.

Das Dampfschiff James Gunn (ATS-0044), ein im Zweiten Weltkrieg gebauter und eingesetzter Liberty-Frachter, wurde nach dem Senator benannt.

Literatur
 George R. Lamplugh: James Gunn: Georgia Federalist, 1789-1801 In: The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Band 94 (2010), S. 313–341

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Senator der Vereinigten Staaten aus Georgia
Mitglied der Föderalistischen Partei
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1753
Gestorben 1801
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia