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The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637

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ISBN-13: 978-0-226-13973-9 (cloth)

ISBN-10: 0-226-13973-5 (cloth)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Coombes, Allen J.

The book of leaves : a leaf-by-leaf guide to six hundred of the world's great trees / Allen J. Coombes ; edited by Zsolt Debreczy.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-13973-9 (cloth : alk. paper)

ISBN-10: 0-226-13973-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Trees—Identification. 2. Leaves—Pictorial works. I. Debreczy, Zsolt. II. Title.

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THE BOOK OF LEAVES

A LEAF-BY-LEAF GUIDE TO SIX HUNDRED
OF THE WORLD'S GREAT TREES

ALLEN J. COOMBES

EDITED BY ZSOLT DEBRECZY

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
Chicago and London
ALLEN J. COOMBES is coordinator of scientific collections at the Herbarium and Botanic Garden of the University of Puebla, Mexico. He was previously botanist at the Sir Harold Hillier Gardens in Hampshire, England. He is the author of several books on trees and plants and was president of the International Oak Society from 2006 to 2009.

ZSOLT DEBRECZY is research director of the International Dendrological Research Institute, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA. He holds a PhD in botany and began his career as curator of the Bryological Collection in the Botanical Department of the Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary. He is the author of several books focusing on temperate-zone woody flora and vegetation.
CONTENTS

_Foreword_

_Introduction_

**What is a tree?**

**What is a leaf?**

**Leaf function**

**The variety of leaves**

**Leaf shape and arrangement**

**Leaf anatomy**

**Understanding plant names**

**Identifying tree leaves**

**The leaves**

**Appendices**

_Glossary_

_Resources_

_Index by common name_

_Index by scientific name_

_Acknowledgments_

## FOREWORD

Leaves are a true miracle of nature. They perform a job that science still only dreams of fully understanding: they transform dissolved minerals and other elements into the organic matter that eventually forms the shoots, leaves, roots, flowers, and fruits that create the Earth's rich layer of humus and soil, and build its wondrous forests and habitats. Leaves, or specifically the chlorenchyma cells within the mesophyll, make possible the material connection between the Sun's energy and life on Earth.

Evergreen leaves can provide significant year-round interest. This Cherry Laurel ( _Prunus laurocerasus_ ), which is commonly grown for its attractive foliage as well as for providing shelter, is a classic example.

Morphologically, leaves are modified, flattened shoot-systems. Many scientists in the field of evolutionary morphology believe that over geological time, plants' lateral outgrowths gave rise not only to leaves but also to reproductive organs such as petals, sepals, carpels, and stamens.

Leaf shape varies hugely, both within and between species. Yet the basic character of a leaf is usually typical enough to help with species identification. So, _The Book of Leaves_ is about tree identification as well as about leaves. Other identifiers, such as flowers and fruits, are ephemeral, but the leaves remain throughout a tree's growing season. A leaf can be simple; that is, with a single blade adjoining the stem; or distinctly compound, with few or many leaf-parts (leaflets). A leaf can be entire, shallowly to deeply lobed, or cut toward the central vein. Characters of the leaf's surface provide additional identifiers, such as whether or not the leaf is hairy, and whether the hairiness is sparse or dense, rough, or soft.

The leaf selection introduced here is limited to the temperate zone, that Era (starting about 65 million years ago) to the present. This flora first appeared in the northern part of a much warmer Earth (an average temperature of 72°F/22 °C compared to 57 °F/14 °C today). It gradually evolved to resist physiological cold—primarily by being deciduous in winter or, if evergreen, by other morphological and physiological strategies. This ability saved most or many species as the planet gradually cooled, reaching its low-temperature minimums in periods starting some half-million years ago.

As for leaves from the southern hemisphere, in this book they are represented by a somewhat more moderately cold-resistant flora that survived and evolved in South America and New Zealand and in the southernmost part of Australia, particularly the wet conditions of Tasmania and the mountains of southern Australia. _The Book of Leaves_ thus covers a large segment of the trees that can be observed in forests, or in arboreta, throughout the temperate world.

Documenting trees and photographing leaves is a true pleasure for any nature lover. Leaves are intrinsically beautiful, and can inspire deep feelings. Go for a walk in an arboretum, and you might notice how similar the related temperate-zone species can be, even though one may be from North America and the other from southern Asia. This is because they are indeed closely related; climatic differences and millions of years of divergent geological history have merely blurred their similarities. This book you now hold is, one might say, a kind of paper arboretum, a place where trees and leaves that the eons have dispersed have been successfully and satisfactorily reunited.

_Zsolt Debreczy_

The European Wild Pear ( _Pyrus pyraster_ ) is one of a few species in its genus to have small, rounded leaves.

## INTRODUCTION

_"Nature will bear the closest inspection. She invites us to lay our eye level with her smallest leaf, and take an insect view of its plain."_

HENRY THOREAU, 1839

In spite of their importance to life, their abundance, and their presence over a large proportion of the year, leaves are perhaps the least appreciated part of a tree. We often talk of beautiful flowers or wonderful bark, but leaves are generally accorded a mention only for their brief, but often spectacular, fall color. As L. Frank Baum wrote in _The Land of Oz_ "For the common folks are like leaves on a tree, and live and die unnoticed."

The Hubei Crab Apple ( _Malus hupehensis_ ) has an ovate form. Whatever their shape, all leaves are adapted to perform a range of complicated functions.

Leaves are all around us, we see them every day, but do we really look at them? To many of us, a leaf is just that, a leaf, but I hope this book goes some way to showing the amazing diversity of shapes that leaves have, and that it encourages closer observation. The leaf of every species is different in one way or another—not only in the shape, but in many other respects, too. In some cases the differences may be small, but noticing them is just a matter of training the eye.

It is interesting to see how different people react when trying to identify a tree. The inexperienced will usually stand at some distance away while those with more knowledge will be close up, holding the leaves, feeling the texture, and trying to detect any scent. Invariably the first thing the most experienced people will do is to turn the leaf over, since the lower surface holds most clues as to its identity.

The elm, like many trees, has individual leaves that can be angled to receive the maximum amount of sunlight and not cast shade on their neighbors.

All these things are important when trying to identify a tree from its leaf. First-hand knowledge of what the leaf feels like and how it smells can be recalled when the tree is seen again. These features help us to put together a "character" for each tree, which might also include such things as how its leaves are held and how they reflect the light. We are all very good at recognizing very small facial differences, and the same process can be applied to trees and leaves.

Looking at features that may not be obvious at first glance is also important for identification. With a good hand-held lens it is easy to see if the hairs are star-shaped or if there are glands on the leaf stalk. We can perhaps imagine ourselves as Thoreau's insect pushing through the matted hairs on the underside of the leaf.

Let us also enjoy and appreciate leaves for what they are. They show us the first signs of spring as buds expand and finally burst into sprays of soft young foliage. In summer they cool us and shade our streets from the hot sun while in the fall they give us unrivaled displays of color, which herald the approach of winter. This is not by accident, still less for our benefit, but is part of the working of the plant as a whole.

Leaves have a very important function to perform and spend their short lifespan producing energy for the tree, and releasing the oxygen that is essential for life on Earth. They should be appreciated for their beauty and efficiency, too. Henry Thoreau realized that there is more to a leaf than meets the eye—and so can the rest of us.

## WHAT IS A TREE?

We all recognize a tree when we see one, and there are plenty of characteristics that allow us to distinguish an oak from a beech, or an apple tree from a pear tree. But it is surprisingly difficult to pin down the defining characteristics of trees in general.

Trees that grow in an open position, such as this oak, develop a broader habit than those growing close together, and retain branches and foliage low down.

When trying to define a tree, we can begin by saying that it is a perennial (that is, long-lived), woody plant with normally a single, clear stem that reaches at least 10 or 13 ft (3 or 4 m) tall. This distinguishes it from a shrub (also a woody perennial), which has several to many stems from the base and is shorter. However, there is no clear distinction between trees and shrubs at the point at which they meet. A tree can have more than one stem, and sometimes several. Moreover, many species featured in this book can grow as either a shrub or a tree. For example, many trees, while they make magnificent specimens in the lowlands, will be reduced to stunted shrubs when growing on mountains or in other exposed positions.

A tree, then, is not a botanically defined group of plants, as are the oaks or beeches. It is better to think of it as a form of growth, often subjectively defined, which some plants may or may not assume. A young oak seedling cannot be described as a tree, although it has the potential to become one.

THE FIRST TREES

Trees are land-based plants and, like land-based animals, they evolved from organisms that lived in the seas. The earliest plants grew in water and had no need of vascular tissue (for transport of water and nutrients, and also support). Only when these had been developed to supply water and nutrients to aerial parts could plants start to reach any size.

The earliest trees (strictly speaking, treelike plants since they did not possess wood) were very different from those we are familiar with today. They were the now-extinct relatives of modern club mosses ( _Lycopodium_ ) and horsetails ( _Equisetum_ ), which often reached a large size. The later ferns also had tree-sized members but these were restricted to moist habitats as fertilization occurred outside of the plant and needed a moist environment.

The first true trees, and the first of the seed-producing plants, were the gymnosperms (plants with naked seeds), in which fertilization occurs internally and is not reliant on an aqueous environment. This, together with the fact that they are wind-pollinated, enabled them to spread more widely into drier habitats. Today they are mainly represented by the conifers, but primitive gymnosperms such as _Ginkgo biloba_ (the Maidenhair Tree) and the cycads still exist, though with much reduced distributions.

THE BROAD-LEAVES

The final group of plants (and trees) to emerge were the angiosperms (broad-leaves, or plants with seeds enclosed in an ovary). These often have colorful or scented flowers that enable them to be pollinated by insects. They have developed a wide range of different flowers, often adapted to attract different pollinators. Insect pollination is an advantage because it reduces the amount of nutrient-rich pollen that a plant needs to produce. Moreover, the seeds of angiosperms are enclosed in a range of different fruits, enabling them to be dispersed widely by animals. These adaptations make the angiosperms the most widely spread and successful group of living plants. All the leaves in this book are from trees in this group.

The remains of early gymnosperms more than 100 million years old can be seen here in the fossil forest at Lulworth Cove, Dorset, UK.

## WHAT IS A LEAF?

A leaf can be defined as a vegetative outgrowth from the stem of a plant. The leaves of temperate-zone broad-leaved trees—the leaves that are discussed in this book—mostly have a flattened shape and are green in color. However, that broad similarity encompasses a vast evolutionary diversity of form.

The American Smoketree ( _Cotinus obovatus_ ) has thin, untoothed leaves, which are much larger than those of the more familiar and shrubby Smoke Tree ( _C. coggygria_ ).

A leaf typically consists of the blade (lamina), and stalk (petiole). In the axil of the leaf, where the leaf joins the stem, there is an axillary bud. Some species also bear structures known as stipules. These are small and often leaflike and are borne at the base of the leaf stalk. They are often small and inconspicuous, falling early, but sometimes they are large and useful for identification. In _Sorbus sargentiana_ , for example, the stipules are very conspicuous. In other trees, for example _Robinia pseudoacacia_ , the stipules are transformed into a pair of spines.

LEAF TYPES

While a simple leaf is undivided, although it may be lobed or toothed, a compound leaf is one that is divided into a number of leaflets. It may be palmately compound (divided in the manner of a hand) or pinnately compound (divided like a feather). In a compound leaf, the leaflets are always separate from each other and attach directly to the leaf stalk in a palmate leaf, or to the rachis (the extension of the leaf stalk in a pinnate leaf to which the leaflets are attached).

In some cases simple leaves on a shoot can be mistaken for the leaflets of a pinnate leaf, especially if the leaves are opposite. The easiest way to tell the difference is to look at the point where the leaf (or leaflet) is attached. A simple leaf on a shoot will have a bud in its axil where it joins the shoot. This is the point from which a shoot may develop in the next year.

Tree leaves are generally flat; they can also become reduced to tiny scales or spines. In some cases, the true leaf blade is absent. In many species of _Acacia_ , for example, young plants have leaves divided into leaflets, but in mature plants the function of the leaf is taken over by a structure known as a phyllode, which develops from the expanded leaf rachis. There are also intermediate leaves with an expanded rachis as well as some leaflets.

HOW LEAVES DEVELOPED

Although leaves are one of the most conspicuous features of trees, the earliest land plants were leafless. Living in an atmosphere with high carbon dioxide levels, plants were able to obtain carbon dioxide through small pores called stomata on their stems. Some early plants had tiny outgrowths on the stem—these were the earliest leaves. But large-leaved plants, with few stomata, could not have survived in the relatively high temperatures that were then prevalent, since they would have been unable to cool themselves adequately. It is thought that leaves as we know them today developed as a response to a drastic reduction in carbon dioxide levels, and the resulting reduction of temperature. As carbon dioxide levels decreased it became an advantage, and a necessity, to have a greater surface area bearing stomata. It was only with the temperature decrease that such structures could survive.

Buds shown here on a Silver Birch ( _Betula pendula_ ) contain the young, unexpanded leaves protected from bad weather during winter but ready to develop at the onset of spring.

The leaves of the earliest plants are considered to have been simple (that is, not divided), untoothed, and arranged alternately on the shoot. As flowering plants diversified (trees included), different kinds of leaves evolved. Variations, such as opposite and compound leaves, toothed and lobed leaves, probably evolved many times independently. This is the process that resulted in the great diversity of leaf form we see today.

## LEAF FUNCTION

The basic function of a leaf is to perform photosynthesis. This means that it uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water into glucose and oxygen. All green parts of a plant carry out photosynthesis, but in most plants the majority of the process occurs in the leaves. The green parts of plants contain chlorophyll, the pigment that is essential for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the blue and red wavelengths of sunlight. The green wavelengths are not absorbed and are reflected, which is why leaves appear green.

Trees that grow close together in a forest situation tend to have most of their foliage high on the tree in order to catch the most sunlight.

The carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis are used by the plant in a process called respiration. This is the conversion of carbohydrate to energy in the leaf and other structures. One result of this process is the production of water and carbon dioxide. While photosynthesis only occurs in sunlight, respiration occurs both day and night.

In order to carry out these two processes—photosynthesis and respiration—leaves need to perform gas exchange: that is, they need to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and to release oxygen. Gas exchange is done through tiny pores (stomata) on the leaf surface that can be opened and closed.

LEAF COLOR

Leaves contain other pigments, but these are mostly masked by the intense green of chlorophyll. They can often be seen, however, at the beginning and end of the seasons. Many trees have leaves that are bronze or red when they first emerge in spring or summer, and many are well-known for their striking fall colors of yellow, red, or purple.

These other pigments have several functions. In young foliage they may protect developing chloroplasts (structures that contain chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs) from intense radiation, which can damage them, as well as making the foliage less attractive to predators. In mature leaves, although the pigments may not be visible they can absorb excess radiation, which might otherwise overload the photosynthetic system.

The other leaf pigments usually break down after chlorophyll, so the green color of the leaf disappears leaving its fall color, which is determined by the remaining pigments. When leaves of deciduous trees turn color and fall in the fall, they are not simply dying; they are being recycled by the tree as leaves contain a sizeable supply of nutrients, not least in the form of chlorophyll, which is rich in magnesium and nitrogen. That this is an active process can easily be seen by observing the fate of a branch broken on a tree in summer. In the fall most of the tree's leaves will change color and drop while those on the broken branch remain attached and brown. Leaf shedding requires a considerable input of energy from the plant; it is thought that leaf pigments can protect chlorophyll from intense radiation, enabling it to remain active for as long as possible before the leaves are shed.

Autumnal color is a common feature of many temperate deciduous trees, and develops as the green pigments are broken down in the leaf.

LEAFLIKE BRACTS

There are leaflike structures known as bracts, which are associated with flowers or groups of flowers. Bracts can have several functions, such as protecting the flower, or if green, acting as a source of nutrients to the flower and developing fruit. Some bracts, when associated with flowers that are relatively insignificant, can take on the role of petals and act to attract pollinating insects. An example of this is the well-known poinsettia ( _Euphorbia pulcherrima_ ), widely grown for its striking red bracts. Trees with showy bracts include the flowering dogwoods, such as _Cornus florida_ and _C. kousa_ , and the Dove Tree ( _Davidia involucrata_ ). In the Dove Tree, the bracts are green at first and can photosynthesize, but as the flowers open they turn white. Not only do they attract insects to the flowers, they also protect the flowers from rain as the pollen loses viability when it is exposed to water.

## THE VARIETY OF LEAVES

One of the most obvious differences in the types of leaf found on temperate-zone broad-leaved trees are those that remain on the tree during winter and those that are shed in fall. The evergreens originated in moist and humid tropical regions and keep their leaves for more than one year; deciduous trees evolved to survive in extreme climates, and shed their leaves in the unfavorable season.

Trees that flower early benefit from photosynthesizing early. This Horse Chestnut ( _Aesculus hippocastanum_ ) provides a good example, its large leaflets intercepting the maximum amount of sunlight.

The first trees were evergreens. Modern evergreen species have the advantage that they are able to photosynthesize after deciduous trees have lost their leaves. They have tougher leaves that are more resistant to predators and as they replace a smaller proportion of them annually, tend to perform better on poorer soils. Broad-leaved evergreens tend to favor regions where the climate does not fluctuate excessively without long periods of cold or drought.

Deciduous trees, on the other hand, have the advantage that they are dormant in the unfavorable season. This means that they do not have to produce leaves that can survive very cold weather, and they do not have to supply them with water when the ground may be frozen. Not all deciduous trees lose their leaves because of cold winters. Many tropical species lose them in the dry season to avoid excessive water loss. Deciduous trees tend to be prevalent in regions with extremes of climate, either with long, cold winters, or with long dry seasons.

The Tarajo ( _Ilex latifolia_ ) is one of the largest leaved of all the hollies, with leaves that are unlike those of the better-known species in the genus.

As evergreen leaves represent a greater investment for a plant, they need to be designed to last longer. So they are usually thicker, and many evergreens have spiny leaves to protect them from predators. Examples of trees with spiny leaves include the European Holly ( _Ilex aquifolium_ ) and the Holm Oak ( _Quercus ilex_ ) as well as other species of _Ilex_ and _Quercus_. Both of these have leaves that are edged with spines so as to deter herbivores from eating the foliage. Such leaves grow low in the canopy; higher on the tree, where herbivores cannot reach, the leaves tend to have fewer spines or are spineless.

LEAF ADAPTATIONS

Trees that grow in places where moisture is not always available face the constant danger of desiccation (drying out). Leaves need to be flat to ensure maximum exposure to sunlight, and they need to open their stomata in order for photosynthesis to occur, but this results in the loss of water from the leaf. Plants have adopted a number of strategies to minimize water loss while enabling gas exchange to take place.

Leaf structure is part of the solution. To reduce water loss, most stomata are found on the lower leaf surface and normally close at night when there is no need to take in carbon dioxide, or during periods of water stress. In some plants, the stomata only open during the night and early morning, and any carbon dioxide that is absorbed during that time is stored in the leaf until it can be used in photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight. This process (known as crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM) occurs in many plants from dry regions, in particular succulents and also in the Hop Bush ( _Dodonaea viscosa_ ).

As transpiration (the movement of water through the plant and into the atmosphere) can also take place through the leaf epidermis, this is covered by a waxy cuticle that cuts down water loss. The cuticle is particularly thick on the upper side of the leaf in evergreen plants and in those that grow in dry areas, and it is thicker on leaves that grow in sun than those in shade.

Under normal conditions, when a leaf has its stomata open, a layer of humid air builds up on the underside of the leaf. This layer decreases the amount of water lost from the leaf, but any movement of air will remove the layer and increase transpiration and water loss. Plants therefore have a number of ways to reduce the movement of air around the leaf and so reduce transpiration. An effective way to do this is to cover the stomata. In the Mediterranean Olive ( _Olea europaea_ ) for example, the lower surface of the leaf is covered with tiny, wax-covered scales.

Many leaves are hairy, at least on the lower surface when young, as shown by this Empress Tree ( _Paulownia tomentosa_ ). Hairs reduce the movement of air across the leaf surface and help to cut down water loss.

HAIRY LEAVES

Many trees have their leaves covered with hairs (technically called trichomes), particularly on the underside. These too disrupt the flow of air over the leaf surface reducing transpiration—but hairs can also have other functions. They are often present on the upper side of young leaves, to reduce the damaging effects of strong sunlight on the young tissue; they are usually lost as the leaf ages. Sticky, glandular hairs can deter insects that might feed on the young growths. Insect damage can also be reduced by the presence of extra-floral nectaries (organs that secrete sugar-rich nectar) on leaves such as in the Elder ( _Sambucus nigra_ ). These provide food for certain insects that can then defend the plant from other, harmful insects.

LEAF ORIENTATION

While most trees angle their leaves to catch the maximum sunlight, some species that grow in warm regions hang their leaves vertically, with the edge uppermost, to protect them from the hot sun. Among the species that do this are many _Eucalyptus_ , as well as the American Turkey Oak ( _Quercus laevis_ ). Plants in high-rainfall areas frequently have long, tapered points to their leaves. These points, known as "drip tips," are thought to encourage the drainage of water from the leaf surface, thereby preventing the build-up of algae and fungi that could restrict photosynthesis.

The distinctive toothed leaves of the Aspen ( _Populus tremula_ ) absorb the sunlight. Teeth are more commonly found on leaves of temperate trees than on those of tropical species. They help to increase the photosynthetic activity as the leaf is expanding.

TOOTHED AND LOBED LEAVES

Leaf toothing and lobing is also an important adaptation. The earliest leaves were unlobed and untoothed and both toothing and lobing have originated many times in different families of plants. Teeth and lobes tend to be relatively large in developing leaves; as the leaf grows they do not increase as much as the main portion of the blade. They are also more active photosynthetically at an early age compared to the rest of the leaf, and so provide an early boost for the plant as the young leaves are expanding. This is clearly shown by the fact that there are considerably more trees with lobed or toothed leaves in cooler temperate regions than there are in tropical ones. This applies even within a single genus. For example, more species of oak ( _Quercus_ ) in temperate regions have toothed or lobed leaves, whereas in tropical regions the percentage of trees with untoothed leaves is considerably higher.

Lobing may also have a role in expanding the surface area of a leaf without increasing its weight. This gives the leaf greater access to sunlight—especially where leaves grow in the shade of other leaves above them. Taken to its extreme, deep lobing develops into a compound leaf, which again achieves greater size without added weight. In this case each leaflet can act as an individual leaf by angling itself toward or away from light when necessary.

## LEAF SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT

The arrangement and shape of leaves are very useful in identification. The point on a stem where a leaf originates is called a node. Each node can bear a single leaf, in which case the leaves are alternate, or two leaves, one opposite the other, in which case the leaves are opposite.

ALTERNATE AND OPPOSITE LEAVES

Examples of trees with alternate leaves are the birches ( _Betula_ ) and the oaks ( _Quercus_ ); these always bear a single leaf at each node. Trees with opposite leaves include the maples ( _Acer_ ) and members of the olive family (Oleaceae) such as the privets ( _Ligustrum_ ) and _Phillyrea latifolia_. Some trees, such as _Catalpa bignonioides_ , have whorled leaves, where more than two leaves are borne at each node. When deciduous trees lack leaves, those with opposite leaves have opposite buds on the shoots while those with alternate leaves have alternate buds.

All members of the birch family have alternate leaves, while the olive family have opposite leaves. The Silver Birch ( _Betula pendula_ , see here), and the Mediterranean Olive ( _Olea europaea_ , see here), are two such examples.

Alternate leaves

Opposite leaves

In _Magnolia kobus_ (see here) the leaves are simple, while in the Ohio Buckeye ( _Aesculus glabra_ , see here) they are palmately compound, and in the American Mountain Ash ( _Sorbus americana_ , see here) they are pinnately compound.

Simple leaf

Palmately compound leaf

Pinnately compound leaf

Some groups of plants can contain species with alternate and opposite leaves, for example while most of the dogwoods ( _Cornus_ ) have opposite leaves, there are exceptions to members, _Cornus alternifolia_ and _C. controversa_ , that have alternate leaves. In addition, some species with normally opposite leaves can produce alternate leaves on vigorous shoots, such as the Crape Myrtle ( _Lagerstroemia indica_ ). The species of _Eucalyptus_ are unusual because while seedlings have opposite leaves, in most species the leaves become alternate as the tree grows.

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAVES

Most of the leaves in this book are what is called simple; that is, they are not divided into separate leaflets although they can be lobed or toothed. Compound leaves are leaves that are divided into separate leaflets. Palmately compound leaves are divided in the manner of a hand, with their leaflets originating from the same place at the end of the leaf stalk. Examples of palmately compound leaves include the horse chestnuts and buckeyes ( _Aesculus_ ). Pinnately compound leaves are divided in the manner of a feather, with the leaflets originating from either side of an axis, the rachis, such as the ashes ( _Fraxinus_ ) and rowans ( _Sorbus_ ).

The number of leaflets varies between species and in the same species. Some pinnately compound leaves have an odd number of leaflets with a terminal leaflet (imparipinnate) while other species may have leaves with an even number of leaflets, in which case the terminal leaflet is absent (such as _Toona sinensis_ ). Trees, however, are not always consistent and some species can produce pinnate leaves with or without a terminal leaflet.

BIPINNATE LEAVES

Some pinnate leaves are divided more than once. Bipinnate leaves are those that have the leaflets (in this case called pinnae) further divided into separate leaflets (pinnules). Examples of trees with bipinnate leaves are the Mimosa ( _Acacia dealbata_ ) and the Silk Tree ( _Albizia julibrissin_ ). Some trees can bear both pinnate and bipinnate leaves such as the Black Locust ( _Gleditsia triacanthos_ ) while the Chilean Hazel ( _Gevuina avellana_ ) is notable for having leaves varying from pinnate to bipinnate and even tripinnate with the ultimate divisions of the bipinnate leaves further divided into separate leaflets.

The Silk Tree ( _Albizia julibrissin_ ) is an example of a tree with bipinnate leaves. Each leaf consists of numerous pinnae that each bear many small leaflets (pinnules).

A leaf can be borne on a stalk (petiole) or be stalkless (sessile). The same applies to the leaflets of compound leaves, which can be stalked or not. Very often, in pinnate leaves, if the lateral leaflets are stalkless, the terminal leaflet, if present, is stalked. The petiole can be useful in identification. It can be smooth or hairy and can sometimes bear distinctive glands as in _Idesia polycarpa_.

LEAF SHAPE

The shape of the leaf and its parts are very useful for identification. The blade (lamina) of a leaf varies from very linear to rounded, and is sometimes broader than long, with every shape in between. The shape of the tip (apex) and base are important features for identification. The tip can be rounded or indented to bluntly or sharply pointed, or tapered abruptly to a long or short point. The base can be rounded to heart-shaped, truncate or narrowly to broadly wedge-shaped.

TEETH AND LOBES

Leaves and leaflets can be entire (without teeth) or variously toothed, with blunt, pointed, glandular, or bristle-tipped teeth. Teeth can be single or double, in which case a single tooth bears one or more smaller teeth on its margin. Leaves can also be variously lobed with the lobes either arranged pinnately (from the midrib) such as in many oaks ( _Quercus_ ) or palmately (from the base) as in many maples ( _Acer_ ). When the lobing is pinnate, the veins from the lobes will normally run to the midrib of the leaf. If the lobing is palmate, the veins will normally meet at or near the base of the leaf. The number of veins on a leaf can also be important. For example the often confused Rauli ( _Nothofagus alpina_ ) and the Roble ( _N. obliqua_ ) can be distinguished by the number of leaf veins.

There is often a confusion between lobes and teeth, but teeth are smaller and normally more or less equal in size so that a line drawn along their base is parallel with the leaf margin or nearly so. Lobes on the other hand are often much deeper at the broadest part of the leaf so a line drawn between their bases is parallel with the midrib. Lobes can also vary in depth on the same plant. In oaks ( _Quercus_ ), for example, the leaves on the second flush of growth in the summer are often much more deeply lobed than those on the first flush.

LEAF SURFACE

Both the upper and lower leaf surfaces show important characters. Many leaves are hairy when they first emerge but most will lose the hairs on the upper surface. The hairiness of the lower, and sometimes the upper, surface as well as the type of hair can help to distinguish species. For example the Silver Lime ( _Tilia tomentosa_ ) has a dense covering of star-shaped hairs (visible with a hand lens) on the lower leaf surface, while the Broad-leaved Lime ( _T. platyphyllos_ ) has longer, straight hairs. In some cases, such as in the Small-leaved Lime ( _T. cordata_ ), the hairs are confined to tufts in the axils of the main veins on the lower surface of the leaf.

Leaf lobes are usually larger at the widest part of the leaf as in the Swamp White Oak ( _Quercus bicolor_ , see here), while teeth tend to be the same size throughout the leaf as in the Tibetan Cherry ( _Prunus serrula_ , see here).

Lobed leaf

Toothed leaf

## LEAF ANATOMY

The structure of leaves is closely linked to their function. Leaves need to absorb light, conserve water, and take in and release gases in order to photosynthesize. The epidermis of their upper and lower surfaces is usually one cell thick, which protects the leaf's internal tissues, prevents water loss, and bears other structures such as the stomata and any hairs or scales. It is translucent to allow light through, and is covered with a waxy cuticle that is usually thicker on the upper surface and defends against water loss.

A typical leaf has a central midrib from which arise secondary veins; these are further divided into smaller veins.

Small pores formed by guard cells on the surface can expand or contract to open or close the stomata. Unlike most of the epidermis, the guard cells contain chloroplasts. Most stomata are present on the lower leaf surface where they are protected from the drying effects of the sun.

Like most trees the Black Cottonwood ( _Populus trichocarpa_ ) has few stomata on the upper surface of the leaf, but in the Eastern Cottonwood ( _Populus deltoides_ ) they are common.

**LEAF SECTION OF _POPULUS TRICHOCARPA_**

**LEAF SECTION OF _POPULUS DELTOIDES_ SHOWING UPPER SURFACE**

INSIDE THE LEAF

The tissue between the two layers of epidermis (the "mesophyll") is formed of two layers in dicotyledonous plants, which includes all the trees in this book apart from the palms and the Cabbage Tree ( _Cordyline australis_ ); in the monocotyledons, such as palms, the mesophyll is not differentiated. Just below the upper epidermis is the palisade mesophyll, which consists of elongated cells arranged vertically. These cells, which are closest to the light, contain the most chloroplasts necessary for photosynthesis. The chloroplasts can be damaged by excessive radiation so they can move within the cell depending on how much light there is.

The part of the mesophyll between the palisade parenchyma and the lower epidermis is known as the spongy mesophyll. This comprises loosely packed, rounded cells, which contain fewer chloroplasts than those of the palisade parenchyma but are still able to photosynthesize. The air spaces between them allow for gas exchange to occur between the stomata on the lower leaf surface and the cells of the palisade parenchyma, which use more carbon dioxide and release more oxygen.

The leaf veins pass through the layers of the mesophyll, transporting water and minerals around the leaf and products of photosynthesis, such as glucose, to other parts of the plant. They also have associated thickened cells that support the leaf. The veins can be pinnate (branching from a main axis, the midrib) or palmate (branching from the base of the leaf). In monocotyledons, such as palms, they are parallel.

LEAF STALKS

Leaves may have a stalk (petiole) or not, in which case they are called sessile. The conducting tissues of the leaf midrib or veins pass to the stem of the plant through the petiole, if present. The petiole serves to support the leaf and to transport water and nutrients to and from the rest of the plant. In pinnate leaves the petiole extends only to the basal pair of leaflets. The leaflets themselves are borne on the rachis.

Leaves that are palmately lobed, such as _Liquidambar formosana_ (see here), are palmately veined; unlobed or pinnately lobed leaves are usually pinnately veined, as in _Diospyros lotus_ (see here).

## UNDERSTANDING PLANT NAMES

The trees described in this book are arranged alphabetically by family, then by genus, and finally by species. This means that related plants in the same family will be found close together. As an example, a leaf may be identified as belonging to a member of the walnut family (Juglandaceae). Some of the members of this family such as the walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) and the hickories ( _Carya_ ) are commonly confused. As they are in the same family, they will be found close together for easy comparison.

The hickories ( _Carya_ ) and the walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) are related genera in the same family. Foliage can be similar but walnuts are distinct in the chambered pith of their shoots.

Juglans

Carya

The widely distributed maple genus ( _Acer_ ) contains many species with lobed leaves that are known for their striking fall color. These include the Sugar Maple ( _Acer saccharum_ , see here) and the Norway Maple ( _Acer platanoide_ s, see here).

A family can be defined as a genus or group of related genera showing similar characteristics that distinguish them from members of another family. Related families are grouped together in orders. For example Fabaceae (the legumes) is a family of herbs, shrubs, climbers, and trees that bear their seeds in pods. It is grouped in the order of Fabales, as are the milkworts ( _Polygala_ ). Although their flowers can superficially resemble those of the Fabaceae, the fruit is a berry or a samara and never a pod.

GENERA AND SPECIES

A genus can be defined as a species or group of related species that have characters that distinguish them from members of another genus. For example, _Betula_ (the birches) is a genus in the family Betulaceae, distinct from but related to _Alnus_ (the alders) in the same family. Alders and birches have characteristics that distinguish them as well as characteristics that unite them in the same family. They both have separate male and female flowers, the males in long catkins, but while birches have a fruit cluster that breaks up when ripe, in the alders it is woody, persistent, and cone-like.

A species can be defined as a group of organisms showing similar characters and capable of interbreeding. For example, the Norway Maple ( _Acer platanoides_ ) is a species in the genus _Acer_. The Sugar Maple ( _Acer saccharum_ ) is another species in the same genus. The two species have characteristics that distinguish them as well as characteristics that unite them in the genus _Acer_. They both have opposite leaves and winged fruits but the Norway Maple has pointed leaf lobes and leaves with milky sap in the petiole while the Sugar Maple has blunt lobes and a clear sap.

_Quercus robur_ is a variable species, particularly in the south and east of its range, where several subspecies are recognized. Many cultivars are also grown in gardens.

SUBSPECIES, VARIETIES, AND CULTIVARS

Some species are so similar that they are recognized as a subspecies or variety of another species, depending on how important their differences are considered to be. The Black Maple has been regarded as a separate species ( _Acer nigrum_ ) but now is usually considered as part of the natural variation of _Acer saccharum_ and so is referred to as _Acer saccharum_ subsp. _nigrum_. Looking at this in another way, some species are so variable that part of them can be recognized as a subspecies or variety. When a variety or subspecies is named, the remaining part of the species automatically becomes the type variety or subspecies. In this case _Acer saccharum_ subsp. _saccharum_ defines the Sugar Maple while _Acer saccharum_ includes the Sugar Maple and all its subspecies.

A cultivar is a uniform group of plants selected and propagated for a particular characteristic. Many trees have been selected for their ornamental qualities. These include those selected for their habit, such as upright and weeping trees, as well as those with variously colored or variegated foliage. _Acer platanoides_ 'Crimson King' is a purple-leaved selection of the Norway Maple. A Cultivar Group is a variable group of plants with a characteristic worth recognizing in cultivation but not regarded as being botanically significant. It may include named cultivars. For example _Quercus robur_ Fastigiata Group includes all the upright forms of the English Oak.

AUTHOR NAMES

Scientific names are followed by the name of the person who first described the plant (its "author"). For example, the Syrian Pear ( _Pyrus syriaca_ Boissier) was described by Swiss botanist Pierre Edmond Boissier (1810–85). When the author's name is in brackets it means that the author first used the epithet for that species, but a subsequent author used the epithet in the combination currently regarded as correct. For example, _Arbutus arizonica_ (A. Gray) Sargent was originally described by American botanist Asa Gray (1810–88) as _Arbutus xalapensis_ var. _arizonica_ A. Gray, in 1886. Fellow American Charles Sprague Sargent (1841–1927) raised it to the level of species in 1891. Name changes such as this may follow investigations on a group of plants and/or the discovery of new species.

Current opinion may influence the name that is used for a particular plant. _Arbutus arizonica_ (above) has been viewed as a variety of _A. xalapensis_.

FAMILY TREE OF PLANT NAMES

## IDENTIFYING TREE LEAVES

In any given area or garden, there may be a relatively small number of trees, but there are an estimated 100,000 species worldwide, with many of these confined to tropical, particularly rainforest, areas. Identification is therefore often a process of elimination. As well as making observations on the foliage, such as how the leaves are arranged and their type and shape, geography can be an extremely useful tool in identification. Knowing in which region of the world a tree grows naturally makes it possible to rule out a large number of possibilities. A tree found growing naturally in eastern North America, for example, is unlikely to be one that is native to the Mediterranean region.

If found as a wild tree in Japan, this Japanese Zelkova ( _Zelkova serrata_ ) would be relatively easy to identify because it is the only species in the genus that is native there.

Unfortunately for identification purposes, the matter is complicated by a relatively small number of tree species that have become naturalized outside of their native countries. For example, the Tree of Heaven ( _Ailanthus altissima_ ), a native of China and Taiwan, can now be found growing in many parts of the world. In the garden, identification is further complicated because a tree may not be native to the country in which it is growing. British gardens, for example, contain a large number of trees that have originated from North America, China, Japan, and many other places.

When identifying a leaf, you should always remember that this book contains only a very small proportion (less than one percent) of the total number of trees in the world. While it does attempt to include the most common and best-known of the broad-leaved trees of temperate regions, most of the genera included here have other species, sometimes many.

MONOCOT OR DICOT?

Flowering plants are traditionally divided into the monocotyledons (monocots) and the dicotyledons (dicots). Monocots have one cotyledon (seed leaf) in the seed, the parts of the flower often in multiples of three, leaves with the main veins parallel, and do not produce true wood. Dicots on the other hand have two cotyledons, parts of the flower often in multiples of four or five, leaves with netlike veins, and produce true wood.

The fact that monocots do not produce wood, like the dicots, technically means that they are never true trees. Some of them, however, can be termed treelike in their habit and so a few temperate examples are included in this book. The best-known monocot trees are the largely tropical and subtropical palms, but others include the widely grown Cabbage Tree ( _Cordyline australis_ ) from New Zealand.

THE MONOCOTS

Only three monocots are described in this book. They are all evergreen and have large clustered leaves at least 24 in (60 cm) long. The Cabbage Tree ( _Cordyline australis_ ) has long, narrow, undivided leaves. The other two monocots are palms that have an unbranched trunk and large, divided leaves: the Canary Island Date Palm ( _Phoenix canariensis_ ) has pinnately divided leaves while the Chinese Windmill Palm ( _Trachycarpus fortunei_ ) has palmately divided leaves.

**MONOCOT LEAVES**

_Cordyline australis (seehere)_

_Phoenix canariensis (seehere)_

_Trachycarpus fortunei (seehere)_

THE DICOTS

The dicots include the vast majority of temperate trees. Identification is complex, and it is necessary to make a series of observations on the foliage, such as how the leaves are arranged, whether they are divided into leaflets, lobed or toothed, evergreen, or deciduous. Once you have selected the series of characteristics that apply to your plant, the choice of possibilities is narrowed down. The process of identification can be continued by comparing leaves to the descriptions in the text and the illustrations.

**The identification process**

With a shoot from your tree in front of you, decide which characteristics from the following sets applies to it.

1. Are the leaves _a_. opposite or in whorls of three, or _b_. alternate?

2. Are the leaves _a_. simple, _b_. pinnately compound, _c_. palmately compound, or _d_. trifoliolate

3. Are _a_. the leaves or leaflets entire, _b_. the leaves or leaflets toothed but not lobed, or _c_. the leaves lobed (they may also be toothed)?

4. Are the leaves _a_. evergreen, or _b_. deciduous?

When you have made your choices you should have four characteristics. For example, your leaf may be alternate, pinnately compound, with toothed leaflets, and deciduous. Choose the list below that matches your selection (in this case, you would choose list 18, see here). Here you will find a selection of names; one of them should either be your tree or be in the same genus as your tree. Some names are in more than one list. This is because a species may be variable, for example, it may produce both toothed and lobed leaves.

If a match is not found, go back to the choices above and check that they have been answered correctly. Are the leaves really lobed, for example, or are they merely toothed?

The shape, arrangement, and features of leaves are key factors in tree identification; the leaves of the Leatherwood ( _Eucryphia lucida_ ) are always opposite, simple and untoothed, although they can vary considerably in size.

**OPPOSITE OR WHORLED, SIMPLE, ENTIRE, DECIDUOUS**

_Catalpa bignonioides (seehere)_

_Chionanthus retusus (seehere)_

_Clerodendrum trichotomum (seehere)_

_Cornus florida (seehere)_

_Dodonaea viscosa (seehere)_

_Emmenopterys henryi (seehere)_

_Lagerstroemia indica (seehere)_

_See also:_

_Paulownia tomentosa (seehere)_

_Syringa reticulata (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, SIMPLE, ENTIRE, EVERGREEN**

_Acer oblongum (seehere)_

_Cornus capitata (seehere)_

_Eucalyptus cordata (seehere)_

_Eucryphia lucida (seehere)_

_Ligustrum lucidum (seehere)_

_Luma apiculata (seehere)_

_Olea europaea (seehere)_

_Osmanthus americanus (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE OR WHORLED, SIMPLE, LOBED, DECIDUOUS (RARELY EVERGREEN)**

_Acer platanoides (seehere)_

_Acer saccharum (seehere)_

_Acer sempervirens (seehere)_

_See also:_

_Catalpa (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, SIMPLE, TOOTHED, DECIDUOUS**

_Acer carpinifolium (seehere)_

_Cercidiphyllum japonicum (seehere)_

_Clerodendrum trichotomum (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, SIMPLE, TOOTHED, EVERGREEN**

_Eucryphia cordifolia (seehere)_

_Osmanthus yunnanensis (seehere)_

_Phillyrea latifolia (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, PALMATELY COMPOUND, TOOTHED, DECIDUOUS**

_Aesculus hippocastanum (seehere)_

_Aesculus indica (seehere)_

_Aesculus pavia (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, TRIFOLIOLATE, TOOTHED OR UNTOOTHED, DECIDUOUS**

_Acer cissifolium (seehere)_

_Acer griseum (seehere)_

_Acer maximowiczianum (seehere)_

_Staphylea holocarpa (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, PINNATELY COMPOUND, ENTIRE LEAFLETS, DECIDUOUS**

_Fraxinus berlandieriana (seehere)_

_Phellodendron amurense (seehere)_

_Tetradium daniellii (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, PINNATELY COMPOUND, TOOTHED LEAFLETS, DECIDUOUS**

_Acer negundo (seehere)_

_Dipteronia sinensis (seehere)_

_Eucryphia glutinosa (seehere)_

_See also:_

_Fraxinus americana (seehere)_

_Sambucus nigra (seehere)_

**OPPOSITE, PINNATELY COMPOUND, TOOTHED LEAFLETS, EVERGREEN**

_Lyonothamnus floribundus (seehere)_

_Weinmannia trichosperma (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, SIMPLE, LOBED, DECIDUOUS**

_Alangium chinense (seehere)_

_Crataegus monogyna (seehere)_

_Ficus carica (seehere)_

_Kalopanax septemlobus (seehere)_

_Liquidambar styraciflua (seehere)_

_Liriodendron tulipifera (seehere)_

_Magnolia officinalis (seehere)_

_Malus trilobata (seehere)_

_Morus alba (seehere)_

_Platanus occidentalis (seehere)_

_Quercus alba (seehere)_

_Sassafras albidum (seehere)_

_Sorbus intermedia (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, SIMPLE, ENTIRE, DECIDUOUS**

_Asimina triloba (seehere)_

_Cercis canadensis (seehere)_

_Cornus controversa (seehere)_

_Cotinus obovatus (seehere)_

_Cydonia oblonga (seehere)_

_Diospyros kaki (seehere)_

_Elaeagnus angustifolia (seehere)_

_Embothrium coccineum (seehere)_

_Fagus sylvatica (seehere)_

_Lindera angustifolia (seehere)_

_Maclura pomifera (seehere)_

_Magnolia obovata (seehere)_

_Mespilus germanica (seehere)_

_Nyssa sylvatica (seehere)_

_Oxydendrum arboreum (seehere)_

_See also:_

_Pyrus salicifolia (seehere)_

_Quercus imbricaria (seehere)_

_Styrax grandifolius (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, SIMPLE, ENTIRE, EVERGREEN**

_Arbutus arizonica (seehere)_

_Castanopsis cuspidata (seehere)_

_Chrysolepis chrysophylla (seehere)_

_Cinnamomum camphora (seehere)_

_Dodonaea viscosa (seehere)_

_Drimys winteri (seehere)_

_Embothrium coccineum (seehere)_

_Eucalyptus obliqua (seehere)_

_Ilex aquifolium (seehere)_

_Laurus nobilis (seehere)_

_Lindera megaphylla (seehere)_

_Lithocarpus edulis (seehere)_

_Magnolia grandiflora (seehere)_

_Persea borbonia (seehere)_

_Pittosporum tenuifolium (seehere)_

_See also:_

_Quercus hypoleucoides (seehere)_

_Telopea truncata (seehere)_

_Umbellularia californica (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, SIMPLE, TOOTHED, DECIDUOUS**

_Alnus cordata (seehere)_

_Amelanchier laevis (seehere)_

_Betula papyrifera (seehere)_

_Broussonetia papyrifera (seehere)_

_Carpinus betulus (seehere)_

_Castanea sativa (seehere)_

_Celtis australis (seehere)_

_Corylus colurna (seehere)_

_Crataegus crus-galli (seehere)_

_Davidia involucrata (seehere)_

_Ehretia dicksonii (seehere)_

_Eucommia ulmoides (seehere)_

_Euptelea pleiosperma (seehere)_

_Fagus grandifolia (seehere)_

_Halesia carolina (seehere)_

_Hemiptelea davidii (seehere)_

_Hovenia dulcis (seehere)_

_Idesia polycarpa (seehere)_

_Ilex montana (seehere)_

_Malus baccata (seehere)_

_Meliosma myriantha (seehere)_

_Mespilus germanica (seehere)_

_Morus nigra (seehere)_

_Nothofagus obliqua (seehere)_

_Ostrya carpinifolia (seehere)_

_Oxydendrum arboreum (seehere)_

_Paliurus hemsleyanus (seehere)_

_Parrotia persica (seehere)_

_Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (seehere)_

_Photinia villosa (seehere)_

_Plagianthus regius (seehere)_

_Planera aquatica (seehere)_

_Poliothyrsis sinensis (seehere)_

_Populus trichocarpa (seehere)_

_Prunus sargentii (seehere)_

_Pseudocydonia sinensis (seehere)_

_Pterostyrax hispidus (seehere)_

_Pyrus calleryana (seehere)_

_Quercus castaneifolia (seehere)_

_Rhamnus purshiana (seehere)_

_Salix alba (seehere)_

_Sorbus thibetica (seehere)_

_Stewartia pseudocamellia (seehere)_

_Styrax japonicus (seehere)_

_Tetracentron sinense (seehere)_

_Tilia americana (seehere)_

_Ulmus glabra (seehere)_

_Zelkova serrata (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, SIMPLE, TOOTHED, EVERGREEN**

_Arbutus unedo (seehere)_

_Eriobotrya japonica (seehere)_

_Heteromeles salicifolia (seehere)_

_Ilex opaca (seehere)_

_Lomatia hirsuta (seehere)_

_Maytenus boaria (seehere)_

_Metapanax davidii (also lobed) (seehere)_

_Nothofagus dombeyi (seehere)_

_Notholithocarpus densiflorus (seehere)_

_Photinia serratifolia (seehere)_

_Pomaderris apetala (seehere)_

_Prunus ilicifolia (seehere)_

_Prunus laurocerasus (seehere)_

_Prunus lusitanica (seehere)_

_Pseudopanax ferox (seehere)_

_See also:_

_Quercus agrifolia (seehere)_

_Symplocos glauca (seehere)_

_Trochodendron aralioides (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, TRIFOLIOLATE, UNTOOTHED, DECIDUOUS**

_Laburnum alpinum (seehere)_

_Laburnum anagyroides (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, PINNATELY COMPOUND, EVERGREEN**

_Ceratonia siliqua (seehere)_

_Gevuina avellana (seehere)_

_Sophora microphylla (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, PINNATELY COMPOUND, TOOTHED LEAFLETS, DECIDUOUS**

_Ailanthus altissima (seehere)_

_Carya ovata (seehere)_

_Cyclocarya paliurus (seehere)_

_Gleditsia sinensis (seehere)_

_Juglans nigra (seehere)_

_Koelreuteria paniculata (seehere)_

_Picrasma quassioides (seehere)_

_Platycarya strobilacea (seehere)_

_Pterocarya fraxinifolia (seehere)_

_Rhus typhina (seehere)_

_Sorbus aucuparia (seehere)_

_See also:_

_Toxicodendron succedaneum (seehere)_

_Xanthoceras sorbifolium (seehere)_

_Zanthoxylum ailanthoides (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, PINNATELY COMPOUND, ENTIRE LEAFLETS, DECIDUOUS**

_Cladrastis kentukea (seehere)_

_Juglans regia (seehere)_

_Maackia amurensis (seehere)_

_Pistacia chinensis (seehere)_

_Pistacia terebinthus (seehere)_

_Robinia pseudoacacia (seehere)_

_Sapindus drummondii (seehere)_

_Sophora tetraptera (seehere)_

_Styphnolobium japonicum (seehere)_

_Toona sinensis (seehere)_

_Zanthoxylum molle (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, BIPINNATE, DECIDUOUS**

_Albizia julibrissin (seehere)_

_Aralia elata (seehere)_

_Gleditsia triacanthos (seehere)_

_Gymnocladus dioica (seehere)_

_Koelreuteria bipinnata (seehere)_

_Melia azedarach (seehere)_

**ALTERNATE, BIPINNATE, EVERGREEN**

_Acacia dealbata (seehere)_

_Gevuina avellana (seehere)_

NOTES ON THE DESCRIPTIONS

The leaf size given is for a good-sized leaf on a healthy tree. Many leaves will be smaller and some may be larger than this, particularly those on very vigorous shoots. The leaves are shown at actual size. The size given in the information panel relates to the leaf blade only; it does not include the petiole. The tree's distribution relates to its native range only.

The size and habit given for the tree are for a healthy, mature specimen in an open position. Many trees will be smaller than this and some will be larger. Trees growing in forest conditions among other trees will usually be much narrower and often taller than those in an open position, while those growing in exposed positions or on poor soils may be stunted. The illustrations are a guide to the height and shape of the tree; they are not drawn to scale and so do not reflect the accurate size of the leaf. The illustration of the man is intended to represent a marker line of 6 ft (1.8 m), making it easier to see the tree's full height in comparison to the man. Also, since each species of tree can vary greatly, the shapes given in this book are very general. Finally, the maps show approximate distributions. If a tree is shown as growing in a particular country, it is not necessarily found in all of that country.

### THE LEAVES

_SAMBUCUS NIGRA_

ELDER

LINNAEUS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | 12 x 6 in (30 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply ridged, thick and corky

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, the corolla 5-lobed, in broad, flattened heads

**FRUIT** | A glossy black, juicy berry

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Woodland, hedgerows

The Elder is a broadly columnar to spreading, small tree, more often shrubby, with stout shoots dotted with numerous pale lenticels, producing its fragrant white flowers in early summer. Both flowers and fruits are used to make wine and other drinks although the fruits can be poisonous unless cooked. The fruits, which are very attractive to birds, are also used in various preserves. Small extrafloral nectaries at the base of the leaves and leaflets are thought to provide food for beneficial insects.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other species in this genus are rarely trees, some are herbaceous. The American Elderberry, _Sambucus nigra_ subsp. _canadensis_ , is more shrubby with more leaflets, occurring south to Mexico, where it has been called _S. mexicana_. _S. nigra_ subsp. _cerulea_ , from western North America, has blue-white fruits.

**The leaves of the Elder** are up to 12 in (30 cm) long and are dark green above and paler beneath. They are composed of usually 5 or 7 short-stalked leaflets that are ovate to elliptic and up to 4 in (10 cm) long, each edged with small, pointed teeth. Some forms grown in gardens have purple or deeply and finely cut leaves.

_LIQUIDAMBAR ACALYCINA_

LIQUIDAMBAR ACALYCINA

H. T. CHANG

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 6 in (13 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Blackish brown

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, greenish, without petals; males and females in separate spherical heads on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A spherical cluster of up to 26 small, woody capsules

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central and south China

**HABITAT** | Mixed mountain forests

_Liquidambar acalycina_ is a fast-growing deciduous tree that has a conical to columnar habit. It produces its small, greenish flowers in the spring. In recent years it has proved to be a popular ornamental tree in Europe and North America, grown for its young foliage, which is attractively flushed with red-purple. The genus was until recently included in the same family as the witch hazels (Hamamelidaceae).

SIMILAR SPECIES

With its three-lobed leaves this species is closest to _L. formosana_ from which it can be distinguished by its shorter stalked leaves and fewer capsules in the fruit cluster. The foliage of this and other species in the genus is sometimes confused with that of maples ( _Acer_ ) but can be recognized by the alternate leaves.

**The leaves of Liquidambar acalycina** are up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pale green to red-purple when young, becoming dark green above and paler beneath, often turning orange to red and purple in fall. They are divided into 3 triangular lobes that are edged with small glandular teeth and end in a tapered point. They are borne on a petiole up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long.

_LIQUIDAMBAR FORMOSANA_

LIQUIDAMBAR FORMOSANA

HANCE

Up to 100 ft, or more (30 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 6 in (15 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, greenish, without petals or males and females in separate spherical heads on the same plant.

**FRUIT** | A spherical cluster of up to 40 or more small, woody capsules

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Vietnam, Laos, South Korea, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Liquidambar formosana_ is a large deciduous tree of broadly conical to columnar habit, and bears its individually inconspicuous flowers in spring. It grows over a wide area, and plants from China previously referred to as _L. formosana_ var. _monticola_ are now not regarded as being significantly different. Grown as an ornamental, it is popular for its colored young foliage and fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species differs from the closely related _L. acalycina_ in the longer-stalked leaves and in having more capsules in the fruit cluster. Like other species it has been confused with maples ( _Acer_ ) but has alternate leaves.

**The leaves of Liquidambar formosana** are up to 6 in (15 cm) long and across, and are divided into 3 broadly ovate lobes each ending in a tapered point and edged with small glandular teeth, occasionally with 2 additional, smaller lobes at the base. The petiole is up to 4½ in (12 cm) long. Leaves emerge pale green or red-purple, can be smooth or hairy beneath when young, and turn to orange, red, and yellow in fall.

_LIQUIDAMBAR ORIENTALIS_

ORIENTAL SWEETGUM

MILLER

Up to 100 ft, or more (30 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 4 in (8 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracking into small plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, greenish, without petals or males and females in separate spherical heads on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A spherical cluster of up to 40 or more small, woody capsules

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest Turkey, Rhodes

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests on hills often by the coast

The Oriental Sweetgum is a large deciduous tree of conical to columnar habit, flowering in spring. It is a rare tree in its native habitat, and has a very restricted distribution as the populations are threatened by cutting for timber and for the bark that is used to produce a balsam.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Most species in the genus have three-lobed leaves. There are only two species with five-lobed leaves: the Oriental Sweetgum and the Sweetgum ( _Liquidambar styraciflua)_ , but the two species are widely separated geographically. The Oriental Sweetgum differs in having main lobes that frequently have smaller lobes on the side.

**The leaves of the Oriental Sweetgum** are up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across on a petiole to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. They are matt green above and smooth on both sides, turning orange in fall, and can have 3 or 5 toothed lobes that are edged with small glandular teeth. The lobes can be either ovate and pointed, but not generally with a long taper, or oblong with one or more lobes on each side.

_LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA_

SWEETGUM

LINNAEUS

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | Up to 6 x 6 in (15 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown with irregular shallow ridges

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, greenish, without petals or males and females in separate spherical heads on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A spiny, spherical cluster to 1½ in (4 cm) across, of up to 35 small woody capsules

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America, Mexico, Central America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, in the mountains in the south of its range

The Sweetgum, which is also known as the Satin Wood, ranks among the most impressive and well-known of the North American deciduous trees. The inconspicuous flowers open in spring but the tree is best known for its foliage. In fall, the leaves turn a wide range of shades from yellow to orange, red, and purple, often on the same tree. Many trees have thick corky ridges along the branches, and if damaged the bark exudes an aromatic resin. The hard spiny fruits, often called gumballs, can be an annoyance in gardens when they fall in large numbers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The only other species in the genus with five-lobed leaves is _Liquidambar orientalis_ , which can be distinguished by the smaller leaves, which often have side lobes on the main lobes. The other species have three-lobed leaves. _L. styraciflua_ is often confused with maples ( _Acer_ ) but these have opposite leaves.

**The leaves of the Sweetgum** are up to 6 in (15 cm) long and across on a petiole to 4 in (10 cm) or more, and are aromatic when crushed. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and deeply cut into 5, or sometimes 7 lobes. Each lobe is triangular to ovate in outline, and is edged with small teeth, tapering to a point at the tip.

_COTINUS OBOVATUS_

AMERICAN SMOKETREE

RAFINESQUE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | Up to 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray and scaly, flaking with age

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and yellowish, in large panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Tiny and kidney-shaped, held in large plume-like panicles with many sterile branches

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern United States

**HABITAT** | Rocky woods and limestone soils

The American Smoketree, also known as the Yellow Wood or the Chittamwood, is a deciduous tree of broadly conical habit, sometimes shrubby. It is uncommon in its native habitats with a restricted distribution. It is attractive in many seasons, admired for its bark, the feathery plumes of flower in spring, its long-lasting fruiting panicles, and not least for its brilliant fall color. The leaves can be quite variable in size, and while large leaves are produced on young plants, older ones can have leaves that are much smaller. The tree has a scattered distribution in the wild, at least some of its populations having been reduced in earlier times for the wood, which was used to make a yellow dye.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Smoketree can be confused with the European and Asian Smoketree ( _Cotinus coggygria_ ). This is much more common in cultivation; it is more shrubby and has smaller leaves. When grown in cultivation the two species have produced hybrids.

**The leaves of the American Smoketree** are broadly elliptic to obovate in shape, aromatic when crushed, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) wide. They are of thin texture, untoothed and borne on a slender petiole. They emerge bronze or pinkish when young, and have characteristic, sparse long hairs beneath, at least at first.

_PISTACIA CHINENSIS_

CHINESE PISTACHIO

MILLER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 8 in (25 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and scaly, flaking to reveal orange-brown young bark

**FLOWERS** | Small and green or reddish in clusters before the leaves open; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, spherical drupe ¼ in (5 mm) across, ripening from green to red then blue through winter

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forest slopes, riverbanks

The Chinese Pistachio is a deciduous, rounded to spreading tree producing its individually inconspicuous flowers on the bare shoots in late winter or spring. It is the most cold-hardy species in the genus, and its fall color and attractive fruits make it a useful ornamental tree for warm, dry areas. A yellow dye is obtained from the wood, which is also used to make furniture.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The alternate pinnate leaves with taper-pointed leaflets together with the fruit distinguish this species, which has close relatives in the Himalayan region and northeastern Africa. The pistachio nut, _Pistacia vera_ , is grown in warm areas and has leaves with three to five rounded leaflets.

**The leaves of the Chinese Pistachio** are pinnate, up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across, with up to 13 leaflets. The lateral leaflets are opposite or nearly so; the terminal leaflet may be absent. They are glossy dark green above, turning to yellow, orange, or red in fall. Each leaflet is shortly stalked, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across, taper-pointed at the tip, and with an untoothed margin.

_PISTACIA MEXICANA_

AMERICAN PISTACHIO

KUNTH

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown with horizontal bands of small lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals, small and reddish; male and female flowers on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, nearly spherical, red drupe about ¼ in (5 mm) across that turns blue-black as it dries

**DISTRIBUTION** | Texas, Mexico, Central America

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes and canyons, often on limestone

**SYNONYM** | _Pistacia texana_ Swingle

The American Pistachio is a widely distributed evergreen tree with a rounded head, often shrubby. It can be deciduous in the south of its range, particularly in dry areas. The small flowers open in clusters in spring as the young foliage emerges. It is the only species in the genus that occurs in the New World. Plants in Texas are sometimes regarded as a separate, closely related species ( _Pistacia texana_ ). They differ in their more evergreen leaves, which have fewer leaflets, and their more shrubby habit. In Mexico the seeds are eaten and used medicinally. Very tolerant of dry soils, _P. mexicana_ is sometimes grown in arid regions for its attractive young foliage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The number of leaflets distinguishes this species from other evergreen members of the genus. The usually shrubby Evergreen Sumac ( _Rhus virens_ ) has flowers with white petals and leaves with no more than nine leaflets.

**The leaves of the American Pistachio** are pinnate, to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, and with up to 35 leaflets, the terminal one sometimes absent. They are leathery in texture, glossy dark green above, and emerge red in spring. The oblong leaflets are up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long and ½ in (1 cm) across, and untoothed. They are opposite or alternate.

_PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS_

CHIAN TURPENTINE TREE

MILLER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 4½ in (18 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown

**FLOWERS** | Small and individually inconspicuous, reddish; male and female flowers on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, red, nearly spherical drupe about ¼ in (5 mm) long, ripening to brown or blackish

**DISTRIBUTION** | Mediterranean region, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Rocky places, woods, and scrub

The Chian Turpentine Tree is a widely distributed, deciduous tree of spreading habit, flowering in spring. It is related to and hybridizes with the pistachio nut ( _Pistacia vera_ ) for which it is used as an understock for grafting. All parts of the tree are aromatic, and a turpentine can be obtained from the trunk. The bark is cut in June with an ax, and the syrupy turpentine oozes from the trunk and is collected. This practice was particularly common on the island of Chios in the Aegean, which gives the tree its common name. An oil has been made from the young green fruits, which are collected in late summer and can be used to make cakes or as a substitute for butter. Plants that lack a terminal leaflet have sometimes been regarded as a separate species, _P. palaestina_ ; intermediates occur between _P. palaestina_ and _P. terebinthus_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chian Turpentine Tree is sometimes confused with the Mastic tree ( _P. lentiscus_ ), which is evergreen, usually a shrub, and has fewer leaflets. Hybrids between the two species are intermediate. The more similar _P. atlantica_ , from north Africa and western Asia, has a narrowly winged rachis.

**The leaves of the Chian Turpentine Tree** are pinnate, strongly aromatic, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 4½ in (12 cm) across. They have as many as 11 ovate to oblong, untoothed leaflets up to 2¾ long (7 cm) and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. The terminal leaflet is usually present but is sometimes lacking or much reduced in size.

_RHUS CHINENSIS_

CHINESE SUMACH

MILLER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 18 x 8 in (45 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth or with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small, creamy white in large panicles at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, red, nearly spherical drupe to ¼ in (5 mm) across and covered in soft hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | East and Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Chinese Sumach is a deciduous spreading tree of loose, open habit, producing its showy large panicles of small white flowers in late summer. It is used as an ornamental tree, popular for its large flower clusters and fall color. This species has frequently, and incorrectly, been called _Rhus javanica_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Sumach is distinct from most species in the genus because of its distinctly winged rachis. The North American Shining Sumach ( _R. copallinum_ ) also has this, but has more numerous leaflets and is shrubby.

**The leaves of the Chinese Sumach** are pinnate with a winged rachis, and are up to 18 in (45 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across, borne on hairy shoots. Bright green above, paler or bluish green and hairy beneath, they turn yellow, orange, and red in fall. Each leaf comprises up to 13 ovate, toothed leaflets, which increase in size toward the end of the leaf.

_RHUS TYPHINA_

STAG'S HORN SUMACH

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 24 x 10 in (60 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, dark brown

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish-white, in dense clusters at the ends of the shoots; individual flowers may be male, female, or hermaphrodite

**FRUIT** | A small bright red drupe about ¼ in (5 mm) across, borne in dense terminal clusters, and matted together by long hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Woodland clearings, meadows, roadsides

The Stag's Horn Sumach is a deciduous, spreading tree, flowering in summer. It is often shrubby, spreading vigorously by suckers from the base. The young shoots are densely covered in velvety hairs. Although some people have an allergic reaction to parts of the plants, the fruit has been used to make a lemonade-like drink. It is commonly grown as an ornamental, including 'Dissecta', a form with deeply cut leaflets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The North American Smooth Sumach ( _Rhus glabra_ ) is similar but has smooth, bloomy shoots and fruit that have very short hairs and do not become matted together. The two species can hybridize, producing intermediates.

**The leaves of the Stag's Horn Sumach** are up to 24 in (60 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are dark green above, pale bluish green beneath, turning orange and red in fall. Each leaf comprises 25 or more opposite, toothed, lanceolate to oblong leaflets that are up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, tapering to a point.

_TOXICODENDRON SUCCEDANEUM_

WAX TREE

(LINNAEUS) KUNTZE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 14 x 8 in (35 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellowish green, in lateral panicles to 6 in (15 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A slightly flattened, yellowish, and resinous drupe to ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | East and Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub on hills and mountains

**SYNONYM** | _Rhus succedanea_ Linnaeus

The Wax Tree is a fast-growing deciduous tree of spreading habit, flowering in late spring and summer. Although cultivated for its fall color, it is related to poison ivy; all parts, in particular the sap, are toxic and can cause severe dermatitis. A wax used in varnishes and for making candles is made from the fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Wax Tree differs from species of _Rhus_ in having lateral (not terminal) inflorescences. The Varnish Tree ( _Toxicodendron vernicifluum_ ) differs in its hairy shoots. The Chinese Pistachio ( _Pistacia chinensis_ ) can be confused with the Wax Tree, but its leaves often lack a terminal leaflet.

**The leaves of the Wax Tree** are pinnate, to 14 in (35 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are bright green above, bluish green beneath, and turn to brilliant shades of orange-yellow to red-purple in fall. They comprise up to 15 untoothed, oblong to ovate, short-stalked leaflets to 6 in (15 cm) long.

_TOXICODENDRON VERNICIFLUUM_

VARNISH TREE

(STOKES) F. A. BARKLEY

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 14 x 8 in (35 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellowish green, in large axillary panicles to 12 in (30 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A small, resinous, bluish white drupe about ¼ in (7 mm) across in large pendulous clusters

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Asia and India

**HABITAT** | Forests on hills and mountains

**SYNONYM** | _Rhus verniciflua_ Stokes

The Varnish Tree, which is also known as the Lacquer Tree, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit. It bears its small yellow-green flowers in late spring to early summer. It is cultivated for its sap, which is used to produce the lacquer used in Chinese and Japanese lacquerware. There is some evidence that the Japanese trees were introduced several thousand years ago from China, for their durable timber and sap. As with _Toxicodendron succedaneum_ , contact with any part of this tree can cause severe dermatitis.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The yellowish brown hairs on the shoots and undersides of the leaves distinguish this species from _T. succedaneum_. Species of _Rhus_ have flowers in terminal, not axillary, panicles.

**The leaves of the Varnish Tree** are pinnate and up to 14 in (35 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are composed of up to 13 untoothed leaflets that are ovate to oblong, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Borne on a short, downy stalk, they are smooth or nearly so above, and covered in yellow-gray hairs beneath.

_ASIMINA TRILOBA_

PAWPAW

(LINNAEUS) DUNAL

Up to 33 ft, or more (10 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 4½ in (25 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, developing shallow ridges with age

**FLOWERS** | Drooping 1½ in (4 cm) across, with 6 unequal petals, green at first then deep red-purple

**FRUIT** | Hanging, to 6 in (15 cm) long, green ripening to brown, with a thick, sweet, edible flesh and several large seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Pawpaw is a broadly conical, deciduous tree of usually small size, producing its unusual and distinctive flowers in spring as the leaves emerge. In the wild it forms colonies, spreading by suckers. The delicious fruits have the texture and flavor of ripe bananas. It is one of a group of mainly tropical trees that produce such edible fruits as the custard apples.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Pawpaw is the only tree in this genus that is likely to be seen in temperate regions. It has been confused, in name only, with the tropical and unrelated Papaya ( _Carica papaya_ ), also sometimes known as the Pawpaw.

**The leaves of the Pawpaw** are obovate to oblong, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 4½ in (12 cm) across, sometimes more, with an untoothed margin. They are abruptly pointed at the tip, and taper gradually at the base to a short stalk. Borne on shoots that are rusty-haired when young, they hang down from the branches and turn to bright yellow in fall.

_ILEX AQUIFOLIUM_

EUROPEAN HOLLY

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong or ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and white or purple-flushed, in dense clusters in the leaf axils; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A glossy, usually red berry to ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Woods

The European Holly is an evergreen, conical to columnar tree bearing its fragrant flowers in spring. Only female trees bear fruits, but they can be distinguished from males in flower by the presence of a prominent green ovary and small stamens, the anthers of which do not release pollen. Many different forms of this species are cultivated, often with variegated leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Holly is most likely to be confused with the Highclere Holly ( _Ilex × altaclerensis_ ), its hybrid with _I. perado_ and its forms. These have large leaves, flowers, and fruits. The American Holly ( _I. opaca_ ) has dull green leaves.

**The leaves of the European Holly** are elliptic to oblong or ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are very variable, even on the same tree, and can be sharply spiny or untoothed with variously undulate margins. Spiny leaves are more often found on young plants and on lower branches of mature ones.

_ILEX DIPYRENA_

HIMALAYAN HOLLY

WALLICH

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth, becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and white or greenish white, in dense clusters in the leaf axils; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A dark red berry about ¼ in (5 mm) across, often slightly longer than wide

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, southwestern China

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Himalayan Holly is a widely distributed, broadly conical, evergreen tree, usually found at high altitudes in the mountains and flowering in spring to early summer. In the Himalayan region the fruits are eaten raw and the wood is used for firewood and for making beehives. An occasionally cultivated garden hybrid ( _Ilex × beanii_ ) between this species and the European Holly ( _I. aquifolium_ ) was named after William Jackson Bean (1863–1947), curator of the UK's Kew Gardens in the 1920s and author of _Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species differs from other evergreen hollies in making a large tree, occasionally a shrub, with relatively narrow, elongated leaves that are usually edged with several spines.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Holly** are elliptic to oblong, leathery, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are dark, rather dull green above with impressed veins, paler beneath, and borne on a short stalk. As with many other evergreen species, the leaves can be sharply toothed or have only a terminal spine.

_ILEX LATIFOLIA_

TARAJO

THUNBERG

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 3¼ in (20 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellowish green, in large clusters in the leaf axils; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A dull brick-red berry about ⅜ in (8 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests and thickets on hills and mountains

The Tarajo is a conical to columnar, evergreen tree of dense habit, bearing its fragrant flowers in spring. Its bold foliage has made it valuable for plant breeding, and many hybrids have been raised from it. In China the young leaves are used to make a bitter tea. In Japan, where it is often planted near shrines or temples, the wood is used for charcoal.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Tarajo is usually a very distinct species because of the large size of its leaves. It can be confused with some of its hybrids, which normally have smaller leaves with fewer spines.

**The leaves of the Tarajo** are oblong and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. Glossy dark green above, pale green beneath, the leaves are borne on a stalk to 1 in (2.5 cm) long and are edged with numerous black-tipped teeth. They are among the largest leaves of any holly.

_ILEX MACROCARPA_

ILEX MACROCARPA

OLIVER

Up to 33 ft, or more (10 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4½ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm) or more

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Light gray, with conspicuous white lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small and white, in clusters in the leaf axils; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical, black berry to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, somewhat depressed and broader than long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

While the best-known hollies are the evergreen members of the genus, there are also those that are deciduous, and _Ilex macrocarpa_ is one of the most unusual of these. The glossy black, cherrylike fruits are among the largest of any holly. In China they form an important part of the diet for the catlike palm civets, which are thought to aid in their dispersal. This very distinct and unusual species was introduced to gardens from China by plant collector Ernest Wilson in 1907. Although rare in cultivation, it is a striking tree when bearing its glossy black fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The deciduous habit and large black fruits are characteristic of _I. macrocarpa_. It is more likely not to be recognized as a holly than to be confused with another plant in the same genus.

**The leaves of Ilex macrocarpa** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4½ in (12 cm) or more long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are smooth or nearly so on both sides, with a shallowly toothed margin and a taper-pointed tip. Borne on a petiole of about ½ in (1 cm) in length, they are dark green above, paler beneath, turning yellow in fall when the fruit is ripe.

_ILEX MONTANA_

MOUNTAIN HOLLY

TORREY & A. GRAY ex A. GRAY

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2 in (9 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, with prominent lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small and white, in clusters in the leaf axils; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A spherical red berry ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods in the mountains

The Mountain Holly, also known as the Mountain Winterberry, is a deciduous large shrub or small tree of spreading habit with smooth shoots, often shrubby with several stems from the base. The bright red fruits are among the largest of the American hollies, and can persist well into winter. They are attractive to birds, which disperse the seeds. It is occasionally grown in gardens and thrives best in woodland conditions.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are several other deciduous species in the same area with red fruits but the Mountain Holly can be distinguished by its treelike habit and large, short-stalked fruits. The Mountain Holly is closely related to the usually shrubby Carolina Holly ( _Ilex ambigua_ ), which has smaller leaves.

**The leaves of the Mountain Holly** are rather thin in texture, broadly elliptic to ovate, up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are tapered at the base to a petiole of about ⅝ in (1.5 cm), and taper-pointed at the tip with a sharply toothed margin. Dark green above and paler beneath, they are smooth on both sides or have white hairs along the veins.

_ILEX OPACA_

AMERICAN HOLLY

AITON

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and white, clustered in the leaf axils; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A spherical red berry to ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The American Holly is an evergreen tree of conical to spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is as much admired in the United States as _Ilex aquifolium_ is in Europe for the winter berries that are used for Christmas decorations. Widely grown as a garden tree, it has given rise to a large number of forms selected for improved hardiness or fruit production. Some unusual forms have yellow fruits. It is the State Tree of Delaware. It has crossed with the American Dahoon ( _I. cassine_ ) in gardens to produce the hybrid _I. × attenuata_ , which is grown in many different forms varying in habit, leaf shape, and fruit color, and is widely used as a landscape plant.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The sharply toothed, evergreen leaves distinguish this species from all other American hollies. It differs from the European Holly ( _I. aquifolium_ ) in having dull, not glossy, green leaves.

**The leaves of the American Holly** are ovate to elliptic, leathery, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are dull dark green to yellow-green above, and paler beneath. The margin is edged with rather widely spaced spine-tipped teeth, occasionally with few teeth or, rarely, untoothed.

_ILEX PURPUREA_

CHINESE HOLLY

HASSKARl

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4½ x 1½ in (12 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth, with small lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small and purple

**FRUIT** | A glossy red, spherical berry about ½ in (1 cm) across, often slightly longer than wide

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

**SYNONYM** | _Ilex chinensis_ auct.

The Chinese Holly is a fast-growing, conical, evergreen tree, sometimes multistemmed or a large shrub, flowering in spring or summer. Its purple flowers are very unusual in the genus as other hollies usually have white or greenish flowers. The bright red fruits persist on the tree for a long time during winter. These, together with the brightly colored young foliage, make it a popular tree in regions where it can be grown, such as the southeastern United States. Various parts of the plant are important medicinally in China, and it is one of the 50 fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine, used to treat a variety of ailments. The name _Ilex chinensis_ has been, and sometimes still is, incorrectly used for this species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The shallowly toothed leaves could be confused with other, mainly subtropical species, but the purple flowers easily distinguish the Chinese Holly.

**The leaves of the Chinese Holly** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are bright purple-pink when young, maturing to glossy dark green above and pale green beneath. The margins are very shallowly toothed, not spiny, tapering to a slender point at the tip, and with a petiole to about ½ in (1 cm) long.

_ARALIA ELATA_

JAPANESE ANGELICA TREE

(MIQUEL) SEEMANN

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Bipinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oval in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 ft x 24 in (1 m x 60 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, often spiny

**FLOWERS** | Small and white in rounded heads borne in large open panicles

**FRUIT** | A spherical black berry about ¼ in (5 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, eastern Russia, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Open forests

The Japanese Angelica Tree is a small deciduous tree of spreading habit with slightly spiny shoots. It flowers in late summer and fall. Although it can be a tree, it frequently spreads by suckers, forming thickets. The young shoots are eaten in the Far East, and the root bark is used medicinally. It is a popular ornamental, grown for its fruit and fall color, and there are several forms with variegated leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The North American Devil's Walking Stick ( _Aralia spinosa_ ) is similar but more shrubby and more spiny. Its inflorescences are conical with a single main axis while those of _A. elata_ have several spreading branches from the base.

**The leaves of the Japanese Angelica Tree** are very large, 3 ft (1 m) or more long and 24 in (60 cm) across. Each leaf has several pairs of opposite pinnae, each with a single leaflet at its base. The pinnae have up to 11 ovate leaflets up to about 4½ in (12 cm) long; they are taper-pointed at the tip with a toothed margin and a very short stalk. They are dark green above, grayish with hairs and sometimes spiny on the veins. They turn yellow, orange, red, and purple in fall.

_KALOPANAX SEPTEMLOBUS_

CASTOR ARALIA

(THUNBERG) KOIDZUMI

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately lobed

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 10 in (25 x 25 cm) or more

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray with shallow fissures, often with large conical spines

**FLOWERS** | Small and white

**FRUIT** | A small, spherical, blue-black drupe about ¼ in (5 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Castor Aralia is a large deciduous tree of broadly columnar to rounded habit, producing its small but profuse flowers in summer. The bark and stout shoots are often armed with sharp spines. It is the only species in the genus. In its native regions the leaves are eaten as salad and the bark is used for its medicinal properties. Trees with deeply lobed leaves are sometimes called var. _maximowiczii_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Castor Aralia differs from maples ( _Acer_ ), some of which have similarly shaped leaves, and from the sweetgums ( _Liquidambar_ ) in the thick spiny shoots and in the very different flowers and fruits.

**The leaves of the Castor Aralia** are up to 10 in (25 cm) or more long and across, borne on a long petiole to 20 in (50 cm). They are alternate on long shoots but in clusters on short shoots, and dark green above, turning yellow or reddish in fall. The 5–7 lobes are triangular with a toothed margin, ending in a taper-pointed tip. The depth of lobing is very variable, and while most leaves have lobes that reach from one-third to two-thirds of the way to the base, some are cut almost to the base.

_METAPANAX DAVIDII_

METAPANAX DAVIDII

(FRANCHET) J. WEN & FRODIN

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Variable

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Variable

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2½ in (20 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish white in rounded clusters, borne in panicles at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small black drupe, flattened on 2 sides and about ¼ in (5 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, northern Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Streambanks, scrub, and forest margins in the mountains

**SYNONYM** | _Pseudopanax davidii_ (Franchet) Philipson

_Metapanax davidii_ is a small evergreen tree, sometimes shrubby, flowering in summer. Although this species has been cultivated for more than 100 years, it has had a long history of name changes and has been placed in seven different genera; at one time it was listed with a group of related species mainly from New Zealand. The currently accepted genus contains only two species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The only other species in the genus is _M. delavayi_ , which is also from China and Vietnam. It is shrubby and can be distinguished from _M. davidii_ by the leaves, which are distinctly cut into as many as five leaflets.

**The leaves of Metapanax davidii** are very variable in shape and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are leathery in texture and glossy dark green above, with 3 veins from the base; they can be simple and oblong to ovate, divided into 3 lobes, or, more rarely, with 3 separate leaflets.

_PSEUDOPANAX FEROX_

FIERCE LANCEWOOD

KIRK

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Linear

**LEAF SIZE** | To 20 x x¾ in (50 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray with shallow vertical ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish white, in rounded heads clustered at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | An oblong black berry about ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | New Zealand

**HABITAT** | Forests, scrub, dunes

The Fierce Lancewood, which is also known as the Toothed Lancewood, is an unusual evergreen tree that has a columnar habit or is spreading when mature. It flowers in summer. It goes through three distinct growth stages, one in which it is unbranched, one after it branches, and one when it starts to flower. The leaves of each growth stage are slightly different. This is a rare species in the wild but it is cultivated as an ornamental tree.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Lancewood ( _Pseudopanax crassifolius_ ) is another New Zealand native. It differs by making a larger tree, reaching up to 50 ft (15 m) or more; the leaves of the juvenile stage are up to 3 ft (1 m) long, and have smaller teeth.

**The leaves of the Fierce Lancewood** are linear in shape, stiffly leathery, up to 20 in (50 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) wide, pointing downward on young unbranched plants. They are bronze in color with an orange or yellow-green raised midrib, and are edged with sharp conical spines that are marked with white. As the plants mature and start to branch, they develop shorter spreading leaves, and when flowering the leaves are up to 6 in (15 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across.

_PHOENIX CANARIENSIS_

CANARY ISLAND DATE PALM

HORT. EX CHABAUD

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 16½ x 3 ft (5 x 1 m) or more

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, with diamond-shaped marking of old leaf bases

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, in long, hanging clusters, males and females on the same or separate trees

**FRUIT** | An edible, fleshy, orange-brown to purple drupe to 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Canary Islands

**HABITAT** | On fertile, volcanic soils

The Canary Island Date Palm is a slow-growing, single-stemmed tree usually flowering in winter and spring. This tree, although confined in nature to the Canary Islands, is very widely planted in warm regions. It is threatened by hybridization with the related Date Palm ( _Phoenix dactylifera_ ). Technically palms are not considered to be trees since their stems do not contain true wood, although they have a treelike habit.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Canary Island Date Palm can be confused with the Date Palm ( _P. dactylifera_ ), which grows taller, has a more slender stem, and often has suckers from the base.

**The leaves of the Canary Island Date Palm** are very large, to 16½ ft (5 m) or more long, the youngest ones upright, then arching outward, and finally hanging down against the stem. Each leaf bears numerous narrow lanceolate, pointed leaflets that are up to 18 in (45 cm) long and are reduced to sharp spines toward the base of the rachis.

_TRACHYCARPUS FORTUNEI_

CHINESE WINDMILL PALM

(HOOKER) H. WENDLAND

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 28 in x 4 ft (70 x 120 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Covered with old leaf bases and matted brown fibers

**FLOWERS** | Small, creamy yellow, in large drooping panicles; males and females usually on separate trees

**FRUIT** | A small, yellowish drupe about ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests in the mountains

The Chinese Windmill Palm, also known as the Chusan Palm, is a small, evergreen, single-stemmed tree, which develops a rounded head of fan-shaped leaves and bears its fragrant flowers in spring. It is the hardiest of all the palms, which are mainly tropical and subtropical in origin. Many parts of the tree are used medicinally while the leaves are used to make hats, and the stem fibers are made into a range of clothing.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In many areas the Chinese Windmill Palm is the only hardy palm, and is the most likely to be seen growing in cold areas. It can be recognized by its fibrous bark.

**The leaves of the Chinese Windmill Palm** are semicircular to nearly rounded in outline, and up to 4 ft (1.2 m) or more across. They are deeply cut into about 50 segments, almost to the base and appearing palmately compound. Each segment is folded upward, and divided into 2 small teeth at the tip.

_ALNUS CORDATA_

ITALIAN ALDER

DESFONTAINES

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to oval

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4 in (10 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, furrowed on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Very small, males and females separate on the same tree; males in pendulous yellow-brown catkins to 4 in (10 cm) long, females in short upright spikes with red stigmas

**FRUIT** | Woody and cone-like, brown, upright, to 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Corsica, southern Italy

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Italian Alder is a fast-growing, conical, deciduous tree. The showy male catkins are an attractive feature when they open in late winter or early spring. The tree's narrow, compact habit makes it a popular choice for planting as an ornamental tree. Green immature fruits can be seen on the tree in summer, then they turn brown and open to release their seeds. Although it has a restricted distribution in the wild, this species is one of the most commonly cultivated alders in gardens. It occasionally hybridizes with other species, such as the European Alder ( _Alnus glutinosa_ ) to produce _A. × pubescens_. Its hybrid with the Japanese Alder ( _A. japonica_ ), _A. × elliptica_ , is also cultivated.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is usually easily distinguished from other alders by its rounded to oval leaves that are typically heart-shaped at the base. They can be somewhat similar to those of the Common Pear ( _Pyrus communis_ ) but fruits are nearly always present to distinguish the two species.

**The leaves of the Italian Alder** are up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across, and are borne on a petiole to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Rounded to ovate in shape, they have a finely toothed margin, a short point at the tip, and a distinctive heart-shaped base. They are glossy and very dark green above, paler beneath, with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins.

_ALNUS GLUTINOSA_

EUROPEAN ALDER

(LINNAEUS) GAERTNER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3¼ in (10 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, shallowly fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in yellow-green pendulous catkins, females red, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in a woody cone-like structure about ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, western Asia, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks and other moist places

The European Alder is a conical deciduous tree, often with several trunks from the base. The flowers open in early spring, from catkins formed the previous year and visible through the winter. This tree is very tolerant of wet conditions, and as nodules on the roots are able to fix nitrogen, it can grow in poor soils. The wood is traditionally used to make clogs. A familiar tree of riverbanks in its native regions, it has produced a number of variants in gardens. Among the best known is 'Imperialis', a very graceful tree with finely cut leaves. Other selections include 'Aurea', with yellow leaves, and 'Pyramidalis', a narrow conical tree with upright branches.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This relatively distinctive species can be distinguished from others in the genus by the obovate leaves, which often have an indented apex.

**The leaves of the European Alder** are obovate or sometimes rounded, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across, and rather sticky to the touch when young. They are dark green and smooth above, with impressed veins, smooth or variously hairy beneath. The margins are finely to coarsely toothed, often double-toothed, and the leaf apex is rounded, and frequently conspicuously indented.

_ALNUS INCANA_

GRAY ALDER

(LINNAEUS) MOENCH

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3¼ in (10 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, with horizontal bands of small lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in cream and reddish pendulous catkins, females red, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small with a narrow wing, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in a woody cone-like structure about ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods and by streams

The Gray Alder is a widely distributed species, the typical form native to Europe but with subspecies in North America and close relatives in northeast Asia. It is a fast-growing, conical, deciduous tree, producing its catkins in early spring. Because of its ability to fix nitrogen and to grow on poor soils, it has been much used in land reclamation. Hybrids sometimes occur with the European Alder and have an intermediate leaf shape. It has given rise to a number of selections grown in gardens, including 'Pendula' with weeping branches, and 'Aurea', which has yellowish shoots and leaves, and red-tinged catkins.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Speckled Alder ( _Alnus incana_ subsp. _rugosa_ ) is very similar but smaller and usually a shrub; it is widely distributed in northeastern North America. The Thinleaf Alder ( _A. incana_ subsp. _tenuifolia_ ) occurs in western North America from Alaska southward, and has thinner leaves with more rounded teeth.

**The leaves of the Gray Alder** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3½ in (8 cm) across. They are dark, rather dull green above, and grayish white and hairy beneath. The margins are sharply double-toothed, sometimes shallowly lobed, ending in a pointed apex.

_ALNUS JAPONICA_

JAPANESE ALDER

(THUNBERG) STEUDEL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2¾ in (15 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in yellow-green pendulous catkins, females red, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small with a narrow wing, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in a woody cone-like structure about ½ in (1 cm long)

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, riverbanks, moors, marshes

The Japanese Alder is a fast-growing deciduous tree of conical to broadly conical habit, flowering in early spring. It is an important tree for providing a source of firewood, and in the Philippines it is planted as a shade tree in coffee plantations. Logs of this species are used to cultivate shiitake mushrooms. The Korean plants have been recognized as _Alnus japonica_ var. _koreana_ but differ little from those in Japan. The Japanese Alder has sometimes been regarded as a variety of the Seaside Alder ( _A. maritima_ ), a much smaller, often shrubby species from the eastern United States, which flowers in fall. It has crossed in gardens with _A. subcordata_ , from the Caucasus and Iran, to produce the hybrid _A. × spaethii_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Alder is usually easy to recognize by its unlobed leaves that are taper-pointed and finely toothed. It can be distinguished from the Himalayan Alder ( _A. nepalensis_ ) both by its distinctively toothed leaves and by flowering in spring.

**The leaves of the Japanese Alder** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. Glossy dark green above and paler beneath, they end in a slender, tapered point and have a finely toothed margin.

_ALNUS NEPALENSIS_

HIMALAYAN ALDER

D. DON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray with horizontal bands of white lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in long, yellow-green pendulous catkins, females pale green with white stigmas, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small with a narrow wing, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in a woody cone-like structure about ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes, riverbanks

The Himalayan Alder is a fast-growing deciduous or semi-evergreen tree, and is unusual for producing its striking long catkins in fall. In the wild it is a pioneer tree, favoring disturbed soil such as recent landslips. Commonly grown for forestry purposes, its root nodules enrich the nitrogen content of the soil. Timber is used locally for building, firewood, and charcoal, and the bark is used in dyeing. This species makes an impressive and handsome tree with bold foliage and attractive catkins that are normally borne when the tree is in full leaf. While most other species come from cold areas, however, this species has a subtropical distribution, and in cultivation succeeds best in warm, moist climates.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is one of only a few alders that flower in the fall. The Himalayan Alder has numerous male catkins borne together, and this feature, with its large leaves, distinguishes it from other species in the genus.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Alder** are broadly elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are dark green above, blue-green beneath, with tufts of brown hairs in the vein axils. The margin is untoothed or almost so, with small, shallow teeth, and the petiole is up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long.

_ALNUS OBLONGIFOLIA_

ARIZONA ALDER

TORREY

Up to 80 ft, or more (25 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow elliptic to ovate or lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2½ in (9 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, silvery to dark gray or black

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in long, yellow-green pendulous catkins with red anthers, females red, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small with a narrow wing, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in a woody cone-like structure about 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist slopes, streambanks, canyons

The Arizona Alder is a deciduous tree of open, conical habit, sometimes with several main stems from the base, and occasionally shrubby. It flowers in early spring before the young leaves open and has a restricted distribution in mountainous regions, often in oak or pine forests. In its native regions the trunks are often scratched by bears, revealing the red inner wood. Like other species in the genus, nodules in the roots are able to fix nitrogen. This species has a very scattered distribution in mountain forests, where it often can be found growing with oaks and pines. Although it can be a small tree, some specimens can reach more than 115 ft (35 m) in height.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Arizona Alder can usually be distinguished from other species in the genus by its relatively narrow and sharply toothed leaves. The closest relatives of this species, such as _Alnus acuminata_ , lie further south in Mexico and Central America.

**The leaves of the Arizona Alder** are narrow elliptic to lanceolate or ovate. They are up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are dark green and slightly resinous above, and paler beneath, sometimes with a thin covering of rusty hairs. The margins are sharply cut into pointed, double teeth, and narrow to a taper-pointed apex.

_ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA_

WHITE ALDER

NUTTALL

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2 in (9 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, cracking into plates toward the base with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in long, yellow-green pendulous catkins with red anthers, females red, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small with a narrow wing, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in a woody cone-like structure about ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western United States

**HABITAT** | Rocky streambanks, hill and mountain slopes

The White Alder is a deciduous tree of conical habit, often with several main trunks from the base. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. It has a wide distribution along the Pacific slope of North America, but rapid expansion of urban areas has meant that large areas of its habitat have been lost. Its timber is used for firewood, and a dye has been made from the bark. Many parts of the tree were used by Native Americans. Apart from medicinal uses, of which there were many, the roots were used to make baskets, arrows were made from the shoots, and the bark was the source of a red dye used as body paint.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The White Alder can be confused with the Red Alder ( _Alnus rubra_ ) but that species has leaves with larger teeth and a distinctly revolute leaf margin.

**The leaves of the White Alder** are ovate to oblong, and are up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, paler and sometimes hairy below, at least at first. The margin is finely toothed, narrowing to a rounded or bluntly pointed apex, and the leaf is tapered or rounded at the base.

_ALNUS RUBRA_

RED ALDER

BONGARD

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, cracking toward the base with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in yellow-green pendulous catkins with red anthers, females red, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small with a narrow wing, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in an ovoid, woody cone-like structure about 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America

**HABITAT** | Wet places, from streambanks in mountain foothills to the coast

The Red Alder, also known as the Oregon Alder, is a large and fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit. It flowers in spring before the young leaves open. It is the largest species in the genus in North America, and is the only one there that is commercially exploited for timber, which is used for furniture, charcoal, and paper-making. It is a pioneer tree with nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots that rapidly colonize bare soils, such as after logging. It can be used to prevent erosion on bare soils, and to improve the productivity of conifer crops. Native Americans used this tree extensively. A red dye was made from the bark, and the shoots and roots were used to make baskets and cradles.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The deeply toothed leaves could be confused with those of the Gray Alder ( _Alnus incana_ ) but _A. rubra_ has leaves with distinctly revolute margins, which also distinguish it from the White Alder ( _A. rhombifolia_ ).

**The leaves of the Red Alder** are ovate to elliptic in shape, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are dark green above, with conspicuous veins, paler green to blue-green beneath, with hairs along the veins. They are bluntly pointed to rounded at the tip, and have a broadly wedge-shaped to rounded base, with the margin deeply double-toothed.

_ALNUS SERRULATA_

HAZEL ALDER

(AITON) WILLDENOW

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4½ x 2¾ in (12 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray to gray-brown, smooth, with inconspicuous lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in long, yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females red, in small upright spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Small with a narrow wing, consisting mainly of the seed, borne in a woody cone-like structure about ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Streambanks, wet places

The Hazel Alder, also known as the Smooth Alder or the Tag Alder, is a small deciduous tree, often a multistemmed shrub forming thickets. It flowers in late winter or early spring before the young leaves open. With a wide distribution, it is the only alder native in the southeastern United States. It is very tolerant of waterlogged soils, and can be found growing partly submerged or in areas subjected to regular flooding. This ability to grow in extreme conditions has led to it being used to stabilize riverbanks and in wetland restoration. The bark contains an analgesic; infusions were used by Native Americans as a painkiller during childbirth, and as an antiseptic.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Hazel Alder has been confused with the Speckled Alder ( _Alnus incana_ subsp. _rugosa_ ) but that has conspicuous lenticels on the bark and doubly toothed leaves that are broadest below the middle rather than above it.

**The leaves of the Hazel Alder** are broadly elliptic to obovate, and up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are dark dull green above, and slightly sticky when young, paler and smooth or somewhat hairy beneath. The base is rounded, the apex is rounded or bluntly pointed, and the margins are finely and evenly toothed.

_BETULA ALBOSINENSIS_

CHINESE RED BIRCH

BURKILL

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Papery and peeling in thin flakes, orange-red to purple-pink

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike up to 1½ in (4 cm), which breaks up when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Chinese Red Birch is a large deciduous tree with a conical to broadly columnar habit. It flowers as the young leaves emerge in spring, on shoots that are slightly rough with sticky glands. The bark is very variable in color, and darkens after exposure as it ages. An extract of the bark has medicinal properties. The Chinese Red Birch is a popular species in gardens with several selections for bark color: these include 'Bowling Green', which has honey-colored bark, and 'China Ruby', which has a coppery red bark. _Betula albosinensis_ var. _septentrionalis_ is sometimes recognized as distinct, and has duller green leaves than the typical form.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Himalayan Birch ( _B. utilis_ ) is similar but usually has broader leaves with tufts of hair in the vein axils on the lower side, and shoots that are hairy at least when young.

**The leaves of the Chinese Red Birch** are ovate and up to 3½ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are dull or glossy green above, paler beneath, turning yellow in fall. They end in a finely tapered point with a rounded to broadly tapered base and are sharply double-toothed at the margin with pointed, triangular teeth.

_BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS_

YELLOW BIRCH

BRITTON

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Yellow-brown, peeling in papery, horizontal strips

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike to 1 in (2.5 cm) long which often persists after the fruit has fallen

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks

**SYNONYM** | _Betula lutea_ Michaux

The Yellow Birch is a large deciduous tree, the tallest birch in North America, with a broadly columnar habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It has a wide distribution preferring cool regions with high rainfall. A characteristic, although not unique, feature is the strong wintergreen smell of the young shoots when rubbed. It is one of the most important birches for timber, which is used in building. In its native regions it can hybridize with other birches. It crosses with the shrubby Bog Birch ( _Betula pumila_ ) to give _B. × purpusii_ , normally a large shrub, and also with the Paper Birch ( _B. papyrifera_ ). The tree was used in various ways by Native Americans: the bark was used to make canoes as well as dishes and containers, while the sap was mixed with maple syrup.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Yellow Birch can be confused with the Cherry Birch ( _B. lenta_ ), which has similarly aromatic shoots but lacks the characteristic peeling bark of _B. alleghaniensis_ and has more finely toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Yellow Birch** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are dark green above, paler and usually hairy, at least on the veins beneath, and turn a good yellow in fall. Taper-pointed at the tip and rounded to slightly heart-shaped at the base, the margins are irregularly and sharply double-toothed.

_BETULA DAHURICA_

DAHURIAN BIRCH

PALLAS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-white or purple-tinged, and thickly peeling in young tree, dark and rugged with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike to 1 in (2.5 cm) long which often persists after the fruit has fallen

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods, rocky slopes

The Dahurian Birch is a deciduous tree with a columnar to rounded habit, sometimes with more than one main trunk from the base. The young shoots are hairy and rough to the touch, with dense resinous wartlike glands. It is a species of cool, moist climates, mainly at low altitudes. In Korea logs of this species are used to cultivate edible fungi. It is a very hardy species and its native range makes it suitable for cold northern gardens. The rugged, peeling bark is very distinct, and selections have been made for improved bark color. These include 'Maurice Foster', with red-brown peeling bark that is silvery gray when freshly exposed. The dense, hard wood is used in construction, and for making tools and furniture.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Dahurian Birch is closely related to the North American River Birch ( _Betula nigra_ ), and has a similar bark. _B. nigra_ tends to have leaves that are distinctly wedge-shaped at the base and are more coarsely toothed.

**The leaves of the Dahurian Birch** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm), across. They are dark green above, paler with resinous glands and small tufts of hairs in the vein axils beneath. The leaves are pointed at the apex, with a sharply double-toothed margin, and they are rounded to broadly wedge-shaped at the base.

_BETULA DELAVAYI_

BETULA DELAVAYI

FRANCHET

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1½ in (7 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray to brown

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, which breaks up after the fruit has fallen

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods and scrub, riverbanks

_Betula delavayi_ is a large shrub or small tree, flowering in late spring to early summer and found in mountain habitats. The young shoots are densely hairy, and the fruiting catkins remain on the tree after the seeds are released, breaking up in winter. _B. delavayi_ is one of a group of several species of shrubs or small trees from western China that are still much confused. Some varieties of the species, based on minor characters, are sometimes recognized: these include _B. delavayi_ var. _microstachys_ , which has small female flower clusters and leaves that have up to ten pairs of veins.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_B. delavayi_ is most likely to be confused with _B. calcicola_ , which is a shrub. It has smaller, very short-stalked leaves that, like the shoots, are densely covered with long white hairs when young.

**The leaves of Betula delavayi** are prominently veined, ovate to lanceolate, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across on a hairy petiole to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy on the veins when young, with a bluntly pointed or rounded apex. The margins are very finely and usually double-toothed and rounded at the base.

_BETULA ERMANII_

ERMAN'S BIRCH

CHAMISSO

Up to 65 ft, or more (20 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 2 in (7 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Creamy white to pink and orange, with conspicuous bands of lenticels, peeling in horizontal strips

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests, often forming pure stands

The Erman's Birch is a deciduous tree with densely hairy and sticky young shoots, of broadly conical to columnar habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is a variable species with a very wide distribution, growing on mountains or at sea level at northerly latitudes. A number of garden selections have been made for ornamental bark, which is white when mature but varies from cream to pink or orange when freshly exposed. The wood of this species is used for building and the bark can be used to light fires. While the typical form of this species ( _Betula ermanii_ var. _ermanii_ ) has a wide distribution, var. _japonica_ only occurs on Honshu, Japan. It differs in its more triangular leaves with more numerous lateral veins. The shrubby _B. apoiensis_ , which is found only on Mount Apoi, Hokkaido, Japan, is thought to have originated as a hybrid between _B. ermanii_ and the shrubby _B. ovalifolia_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is sometimes confused with the Himalayan Birch ( _B. utilis_ ) because of the attractive bark. The latter differs in having more oblong leaves, which have distinct tufts of hairs in the vein axils on the underside of the leaves.

**The leaves of the Erman's Birch** are ovate or triangular-ovate, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are glossy to matt dark green above, paler beneath, and turn yellow in fall. The apex ends in a long tapered point while the base is rounded to truncate or broadly wedge-shaped. The margin is edged with fine teeth, each abruptly pointed at the tip.

_BETULA LENTA_

CHERRY BIRCH

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Glossy red-brown when young, becoming gray and cracked with age, not peeling

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green ovoid spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Cherry Birch, also known as the Sweet Birch and the Black Birch, is a large deciduous tree that flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are scented with wintergreen when rubbed. Many parts of the tree are useful. It is a valuable source of timber, a syrup can be made from the sap, and wintergreen can be extracted from the bark, which can also be used to make birch beer. Oil obtained from this tree has medicinal properties very similar to those of wintergreen. It is produced by distilling the chopped wood of trees cut down when the sap is in the trunk. It consists largely of methyl salicylate, and is used to relieve muscle and joint pain, but can be toxic.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species can be confused with the Yellow Birch ( _Betula alleghaniensis_ ), which has the same distinctive wintergreen scent. The latter differs in its peeling bark and more coarsely toothed leaves. The Virginia Roundleaf Birch ( _B. lenta_ f. _uber_ ) makes a smaller tree with small, rounded leaves to 2 in (5 cm) long. It only occurs in a small area in Virginia, USA, and does not always come true from seed.

**The leaves of the Cherry Birch** are ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Glossy dark green above and paler with silky hairs on the veins beneath, the leaves turn a beautiful golden yellow in fall. At the apex, they are taper-pointed, the base is rounded to heart-shaped, and the margin is finely toothed.

_BETULA MAXIMOWICZIANA_

MONARCH BIRCH

REGEL

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown at first and on branches, becoming orange-pink and white, peeling in horizontal strips, gray and scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green ovoid spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Cool, moist forests

The Monarch Birch is an impressive, large deciduous tree of broadly conical to broadly columnar habit, flowering as the leaves emerge in spring. It is a pioneer species in its native regions, establishing best in open positions where the soil has been disturbed; it is one of the species that can grow on volcanic ash soils. The leaves are among the largest of any birch, making it one of the most distinct in the genus ; the effect of them fluttering in a breeze has been compared to that of the Silver Lime ( _Tilia tomentosa_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

This very distinct species is rarely confused with any other. The leaf's large size and its shape easily distinguish the Monarch Birch from others in the genus. It seems most closely related to the Chinese _Betula alnoides_ , but that species does not share the same leaf shape.

**The leaves of the Monarch Birch** are broadly ovate to nearly rounded in outline, with a heart-shaped base, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are dark green above and paler beneath, turning yellow in fall. The margin has slender-tipped teeth from the ends of the veins with small teeth in between.

_BETULA NIGRA_

RIVER BIRCH

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rhombic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2½ in (8 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pinkish white to gray, peeling in thick, papery layers when young, pale to dark gray and ridged on mature trees

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green ovoid spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a bracted spike to 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | River and lake banks, floodplains

The River Birch, also known as the Red Birch, is a large deciduous tree, conical when young often becoming rounded with age, often with more than one main trunk. It is unusual in ripening its fruits in late spring to early summer: it is a characteristic tree of floodplains and releases its water-dispersed seeds when the land is likely to be flooded. Widely planted for its attractive bark and resistance to bronze birch borer, it is the only birch that is native to and thrives in the warm and humid coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Several selections, such as 'Cully', have been made for improved bark, resistance to birch borer, and heat tolerance. Native Americans used infusions of the bark and leaves for medicinal purposes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The River Birch is closely related and similar to the Dahurian Birch ( _Betula dahurica_ ). The latter has leaves that are less hairy beneath, with smaller teeth.

**The leaves of the River Birch** are ovate to rhombic in shape, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Glossy deep green to blue-green above, they are gray-green and downy beneath, particularly on the veins. They have a pointed tip, a characteristically wedge-shaped base, and are sharply double-toothed at the margins.

_BETULA PAPYRIFERA_

PAPER BIRCH

MARSHALL

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2¾ in (10 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | White, peeling in horizontal flakes, with conspicuous bands of lenticels and dark branch scars, brown on young trees

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals, males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a drooping, bracted, cylindrical spike to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern North America

**HABITAT** | Cool, moist forests

The Paper Birch is a large deciduous tree with a conical to broadly columnar habit, sometimes with more than one trunk from the base. It has a very wide distribution in the northern United States and Canada, and is well known for its thin, white, papery bark, which is reddish brown on young trees and occasionally can be dark brown on mature trees. The waterproof, oil-rich bark was used to make canoes and for lighting fires, the wood for various items, and the sap can be used to make syrup and beer. The bark, buds, shoots, and seeds provide a valuable source of food for wildlife. There are some naturally occurring hybrids of this species, which include _Betula × utahensis_ (with _B. occidentalis_ ) and _B. × sandbergii_ (with the shrubby _B. pumila_ ). The Paper Birch is the State Tree of New Hampshire.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_B. cordifolia_ is a similar and closely related species, occurring in the east of the range. It differs in its reddish to brown bark and the heart-shaped base of the leaf.

**The leaves of the Paper Birch** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across, dark green above, paler beneath, and usually hairy at least on the veins, turning yellow in fall. They are pointed or slightly tapered at the apex, and usually broadly wedge-shaped at the base, with a sharply double-toothed margin.

_BETULA PENDULA_

SILVER BIRCH

ROTH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to triangular

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 2 in (6 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | White, peeling, developing blackish, often diamond-shaped fissures toward the base with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a drooping, bracted, cylindrical spike to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, northern Asia

**HABITAT** | Dry woods, heaths, moors, usually on sandy soils

The Silver Birch is well known throughout its native range. It is a fast-growing deciduous tree, with usually a conical habit, characteristically weeping branchlets, and young shoots that are hairless but rough with wartlike glands. It flowers in spring. The wood is used for firewood and for making furniture and paper. It is the National Tree of Finland. The Silver Birch is a commonly planted tree even outside of its native range, and several garden selections have been made. The best known and most popular of these are 'Fastigiata', a columnar tree with sinuous, upright branches, 'Laciniata' (the Swedish Birch, often wrongly called 'Dalecarlica'), with the leaves deeply cut into slender lobes, 'Tristis', with very slender, pendulous shoots, and 'Youngii', which makes a small, flat-topped, mushroom-shaped tree. The elegant habit of the Silver Birch has also given it the name of Lady of the Woods.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Silver Birch differs from the Downy Birch in the hairless, warty shoots, the weeping branchlets, and the black marks at the base of the trunk. The North American Gray Birch ( _Betula populifolia_ ) is similar but lacks the black fissures on the trunk, has bark that does not peel, and leaves with a longer point.

**The leaves of the Silver Birch** are ovate or nearly triangular, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, paler blue-green beneath, and turn yellow in fall. The tip is taper-pointed at the tip, the base broadly wedge-shaped to truncate, and the margin is sharply double-toothed.

_BETULA PLATYPHYLLA_

ASIAN WHITE BIRCH

SUKACZEV

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to triangular-ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2¾ in (9 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | White to gray-white, peeling, with conspicuous bands of lenticels and dark branch scars

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a drooping, bracted, cylindrical spike to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Asia (Siberia to Japan)

**HABITAT** | Forests, meadows, steppe

The Asian White Birch is a widely distributed and variable species growing over a very wide area and often forming pure forests. It is conical to broadly columnar in habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. Several varieties have been recognized based on small and inconsistent differences. These include _Betula platyphylla_ var. _kamtschatica_ from Kamchatka and northern Japan, var. _mandschurica_ , from eastern Russia, Korea, and northern Japan, and var. _szechuanica_ (sometimes regarded as a distinct species, _B. szechuanica_ ) from western China. The Asian Birch is sometimes regarded as part of the variation of the Silver Birch ( _B. pendula_ ). In its native regions it is an important source of timber and birch sap.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Asian White Birch is very closely related to the Silver Birch ( _B. pendula_ ). However, it does not have pendulous shoots and lacks the dark fissures at the base of mature trees. Plants from western China that have been called _B. szechuanica_ or _B. platyphylla_ var. _szechuanica_ tend to have blue-green leaves.

**The leaves of the Asian White Birch** are ovate to triangular-ovate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. Dark green above and paler blue-green beneath, they turn yellow in fall. The apex is taper-pointed, and the base is broadly wedge-shaped to truncate or slightly heart-shaped. The margin is finely toothed.

_BETULA POPULIFOLIA_

GRAY BIRCH

MARSHALL

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to triangular

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | White, not peeling, with conspicuous bands of lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a drooping, bracted, cylindrical spike to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern North America

**HABITAT** | Well-drained soils near water and on sandy soils

The Gray Birch is a small and fast-growing, but usually short-lived, deciduous tree of narrow conical habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. Like _Betula pendula_ it is a pioneer species, rapidly colonizing bare soils, such as after a fire, following which it can resprout from the base. The wood is useful for fuel and for making small objects. It has been used for reclaiming mine spoils. In its native regions it forms naturally occurring hybrids with the Mountain White Birch ( _B. cordifolia_ ), a relative of the Paper Birch with a reddish brown bark. These hybrids, which are known as the Blue Birch ( _B. × caerulea_ ), are intermediate between the parents, having the tapered leaf tip of the Gray Birch and the red-brown bark of _B. cordifolia_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Gray Birch is very similar to the Silver Birch ( _B. pendula_ ). It differs in its non-peeling bark and the long and narrow tapered apex to the leaf. Another close relative in western Canada and Alaska is the much larger _B. neoalaskana_ , which has densely resinous young shoots.

**The leaves of the Gray Birch** are broadly ovate to triangular, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Glossy dark green above and paler beneath, they turn yellow in fall. The leaf apex is characteristically drawn out into a long, slender, tapered point, edged with teeth, while the base is usually broadly wedge-shaped. The margin is sharply double-toothed.

_BETULA PUBESCENS_

DOWNY BIRCH

EHRHART

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 2 in (6 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | White, peeling

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a drooping, bracted, cylindrical spike to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, western and central Asia

**HABITAT** | Open woodlands, heaths, mountains

The Downy Birch is a deciduous tree, conical when young, sometimes rounded to spreading when mature in open positions. It flowers in spring as the leaves emerge. Over much of its range it overlaps with the Silver Birch but often grows in wetter places. The two species occasionally hybridize in the wild. Like that of the Silver Birch, the sap of the Downy Birch is used to make syrup and birch wine. In Greenland and Iceland this species is the only native tree. While the typical form ( _Betula pubescens_ var. _pubescens_ ) is mainly a lowland tree, var. _glabrata_ is usually shrubby with small leaves and aromatic, glandular shoots; it occurs in northern Europe and mountains further south. The form that occurs in Greenland and Iceland, var. _pumila_ , is shrubby with small leaves and hairy shoots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Downy Birch is mainly confused with the Silver Birch ( _B. pendula_ ) but it lacks the weeping habit and black fissures at the base of the trunk, and has downy not warty shoots. The leaves usually have single rather than double teeth.

**The leaves of the Downy Birch** are ovate to almost circular in outline, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Dark green above, paler and downy beneath, particularly when young and on the veins, they turn yellow in fall. Rounded to broadly wedge-shaped at the base, they have a pointed to blunt tip, and they are edged with small, usually single teeth.

_BETULA UTILIS_

HIMALAYAN BIRCH

D. DON

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Peeling, red-brown to pink or white

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins, females in green cylindrical spikes, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small, narrowly winged nutlet held in a drooping, bracted, cylindrical spike to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Himalayan Birch is a broadly conical to broadly columnar, deciduous tree, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. It has a wide distribution range, and the bark, in particular, is very variable. The typical form ( _Betula utilis_ var. _utilis_ ), occurring in the eastern populations in China, has glossy red-brown bark, while in the west _B. utilis_ var. _jacquemontii_ has a pure white bark. In Nepal forms are found with pinkish bark. The epithet _utilis_ means useful, and the bark is used for making paper as well as for roofing and even for covering umbrellas. Many selections are grown for their bark, including var. _jacquemontii_ 'Doorenbos' and 'Jermyns', the latter with particularly long male catkins.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The similar and closely related _B. albosinensis_ , from China, has narrower leaves with a longer-tapered point. Its bark varies from reddish to pinkish white.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Birch** are ovate to oblong, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Glossy dark green above, they are paler beneath, with hairs along the veins and tufts of hair in the vein axils; they turn yellow in fall. They end in a tapered point, are rounded to slightly heart-shaped at the base, and have a sharply double-toothed margin.

_CARPINUS BETULUS_

EUROPEAN HORNBEAM

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet at the base of a leafy, 3-lobed, mainly untoothed bract, borne in large, drooping clusters

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, western Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, hedgerows

The European Hornbeam is a deciduous tree of spreading habit flowering in spring with the young leaves. The fluted bark is characteristic, and the large green bracts of the drooping fruit clusters are conspicuous in summer, turning brown in fall. The very hard wood was traditionally used for making such items as tool handles and chopping blocks, as well as for charcoal. It is commonly planted as an ornamental, particularly as the upright selection 'Fastigiata'. Since it responds well to clipping, it is useful as a hedging plant.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The European Hornbeam is perhaps most commonly confused with the European Beech ( _Fagus sylvatica_ ) because of the similar bark. The latter has untoothed leaves and very different fruit. Hop hornbeams ( _Ostrya_ ) can be distinguished by their different fruits, each enclosed in a thin, bladderlike husk.

**The leaves of the European Hornbeam** are ovate to oblong and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Mid- to dark green above, with up to 15 conspicuously pleated pairs of veins, they are paler and hairy beneath, and turn yellow in fall. The leaves end in a short, tapered point, the base is rounded, and the margin is edged with prominent, sharp, pointed, double teeth.

_CARPINUS CAROLINIANA_

AMERICAN HORNBEAM

WALTER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet at the base of a leafy, 3-lobed bract, in large, drooping clusters

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks

The American Hornbeam, also known as the Blue Beech or the Musclewood, is a small deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is very shade-tolerant, and is often found as an understory growing beneath a variety of taller trees. Two forms of this species are recognized. The typical form ( _Carpinus caroliniana_ var. _caroliniana_ ) is native to the southeastern United States. It overlaps in distribution with _C. caroliniana_ subsp. _virginiana_ , which extends further north into southeastern Canada. The wood is hard and can be used for tools, but the tree is too small to be used for timber.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In its native habitat, the American Hornbeam is most likely to be confused with the American Beech ( _Fagus grandifolia_ ) or with the Ironwood ( _Ostrya virginiana_ ), both of which are larger trees with different fruits. It differs from the European Hornbeam ( _C. betulus_ ) in its smaller size and often toothed bracts. The similar _C. tropicalis_ grows in Mexico and Central America, and makes a larger tree.

**The leaves of the American Hornbeam** are ovate to elliptic or oblong, and up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (6 cm) across with up to 14 pairs of veins. They are dark green above with conspicuous veins, paler beneath with dark glands, turning orange to red in fall. They are taper-pointed at the tip and edged with pointed, double teeth. This description applies to the better known subsp. _virginiana_. The more southerly subsp. _caroliniana_ has smaller leaves without black glands and with smaller teeth.

_CARPINUS CORDATA_

HEARTLEAF HORNBEAM

BLUME

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth at first becoming ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet at the base of a leafy, toothed bract, borne in cylindrical, drooping clusters to 4¾ (12 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, eastern Russia, Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain woods

The Heartleaf Hornbeam is a deciduous tree flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge, with a compact, broadly conical to broadly columnar habit. The leaves are particularly large in the genus, and it is one of a group of species, including _Carpinus japonica_ , which have densely overlapping bracts in the fruiting clusters. For this as well as for its foliage, it is sometimes planted as an ornamental. The hard wood is used locally for making furniture and tools. Several varieties are recognized, differing mainly in the amount of hair on the shoots and leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Heartleaf Hornbeam is most likely to be confused with the Japanese Hornbeam ( _C. japonica_ ), which has narrower leaves rounded at the base with more numerous impressed veins.

**The leaves of the Heartleaf Hornbeam** are ovate to oblong, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, with up to 20 pairs of veins. Often reddish when young, they are dark green above when mature, paler beneath and slightly to densely hairy on the veins; they turn yellow in fall. The tip is abruptly taper-pointed, the base is distinctly and often unequally heart-shaped, and the leaf is edged with slender, bristlelike teeth.

_CARPINUS JAPONICA_

JAPANESE HORNBEAM

BLUME

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, dark gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet at the base of a leafy, toothed bract, borne in cylindrical, drooping clusters to 2½ in (6 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Woods and riverbanks in hills and mountains

The Japanese Hornbeam is a small, slow-growing, deciduous tree, often branching low down and shrubby, with a spreading habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The attractive fruit clusters consist of densely overlapping, toothed bracts that are green when young, often becoming red-flushed as they mature and before they turn to brown. In Japan the hard wood is used for making furniture and tools, and for fuel. The Japanese Hornbeam is often used as a bonsai plant.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is most similar to the Heartleaf Hornbeam ( _Carpinus cordata_ ) but it has shorter fruiting spikes and more prominently veined, taper-pointed leaves.

**The leaves of the Japanese Hornbeam** are ovate to lanceolate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across with up to 24 pairs of veins. Dark green above and paler beneath, they can turn to yellow or red in fall. The numerous sunken veins give the leaf a characteristic pleated appearance. The tip of the leaf ends in a tapered point, and the margin is sharply double-toothed.

_CARPINUS ORIENTALIS_

ORIENTAL HORNBEAM

MILLER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1 in (6 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet at the base of a leafy, toothed bract, borne in cylindrical, drooping clusters to 2½ in (6 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub

The Oriental Hornbeam is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, sometimes a large bushy shrub, flowering in spring as the leaves emerge. Although it is not often planted as an ornamental, its small leaves make it popular as a subject for bonsai. In the wild it can make a tree; it is reduced to a thicket-forming shrub on dry soils such as limestone. Where it grows with or near the European Hornbeam ( _Carpinus betulus_ ), such as in the Caucasus and northern Iran, hybrids between the two species can occur; these are known as _C. × schuschaensis_. These have larger leaves than the Oriental Hornbeam, up to 4¼ in (11 cm) long.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The European Hornbeam ( _C. betulus_ ) is the only other species that grows in the same regions. The Oriental Hornbeam can be distinguished from this by its smaller leaves and by the unlobed bracts of its fruit.

**The leaves of the Oriental Hornbeam** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 2¼ in (6 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across with up to 14 pairs of veins. They are glossy dark green above, and paler beneath, with hairs along the veins; they can turn to yellow and red in the fall. The apex ends in a pointed tip, and the leaves are sharply double-toothed at the margins.

_CARPINUS PUBESCENS_

CARPINUS PUBESCENS

BURKILL

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong-elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small hairy nutlet at the base of a leafy bract toothed on one side, borne in drooping clusters to 2¾ in (7 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, northern Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests, often on limestone

_Carpinus pubescens_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading, often slightly pendulous habit, which flowers in spring when the young leaves emerge. It is one of about 30 species of hornbeam native to China where the genus has its greatest diversity. It is a variable species, in leaf shape and hairiness, with many synonyms. It is a characteristic tree of limestone regions with dry soils. A relatively recent introduction to gardens, it is still rare in cultivation but promises to make an attractive tree with a weeping habit and red young foliage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_C. turczaninowii_ can be distinguished from _C. pubescens_ by its shorter and relatively broader leaves, as well as by its shorter fruiting clusters and nutlets that are hairy only at the tip. The nutlets of _C. pubescens_ are hairy, while most _Carpinus_ species have nutlets that are either smooth or hairy only at the tip.

**The leaves of Carpinus pubescens** are oblong-elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with up to 14 pairs of veins. Coppery red when young, they mature to dark green and smooth above, paler beneath with hairs on the veins and in the vein axils. The apex is taper-pointed, and the margin is sharply double-toothed.

_CARPINUS TSCHONOSKII_

YEDDO HORNBEAM

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet at the base of a leafy, unlobed, toothed bract, toothed on one side borne in clusters to 2¾ in (7 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Yeddo Hornbeam is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit and downy young shoots, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. Like some other species in the genus, it is a popular choice for bonsai, and logs of the tree are used in shiitake mushroom cultivation. It has a wide distribution in China as well as Korea and Japan, and was named by Russian botanist Carl Maximowicz (1827–91). It has been in cultivation in Europe for more than 100 years as an ornamental tree, giving good fall color. Hybrids between this and several other species have been raised in the United States.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Yeddo Hornbeam can usually be distinguished from other species in the genus by the bracts being untoothed on one side and by the hairy shoots.

**The leaves of the Yeddo Hornbeam** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across with up to 16 pairs of veins. They are dark green above, paler beneath; they have hairs on both sides when young, and later are hairy only on the veins with tufts of hair in the vein axils beneath. The apex ends in a tapered point, and the margin is finely double-toothed.

_CARPINUS TURCZANINOWII_

CARPINUS TURCZANINOWII

HANCE

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1½ in (6 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet at the base of a leafy, toothed bract, borne in clusters to 2½ in (6 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain and hill forests

_Carpinus turczaninowii_ is a deciduous tree, sometimes shrubby, with a spreading habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. In its native regions the tree has a number of uses. The hard wood is made into a variety of implements including tools and furniture, and logs are used for mushroom cultivation. With particularly small leaves, it is a popular bonsai plant. It is sometimes called the Korean Hornbeam, a name that is also applied to the smaller and often shrubby _C. coreana_. It makes an attractive, usually small, graceful tree with small, neat leaves. In gardens it can produce good fall color of yellow-brown or orange-red. It is one of several plants named after the Russian botanist Nicolai Turczaninow (1796–1863), who discovered it.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This is one of a group of similar species in China that includes _C. pubescens_. _C. turczaninowii_ has smaller leaves than that species, with conspicuously impressed veins.

**The leaves of Carpinus turczaninowii** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across with up to 12 pairs of deeply impressed veins. Dark green above, paler and glossy beneath, with hairs along the veins and tufts of hair in the vein axils, they can turn to yellow, orange, and red in fall. The apex is pointed or tapered, and the margin is finely double-toothed.

_CORYLUS CHINENSIS_

CHINESE HAZEL

FRANCHET

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 4¾ in (18 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking slightly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown drooping catkins, females enclosed in bracts with just the red stigmas showing, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical nut to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, enclosed in bracts forming a tubular sheath cut into slender lobes toward the tip

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub on mountain slopes

The Chinese Hazel is a large deciduous tree of broadly conical to spreading habit and a girth of up to 16½ ft (5 m). It flowers in the spring before the young leaves emerge. The nuts are eaten raw or cooked, a tea is obtained from the leaves, and the wood is used for fuel. The tree is sometimes cultivated for its fruit, and some selections have been made for improved fruit quality. The Chinese Hazel has been used in breeding programs with other species to improve resistance to eastern filbert blight.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Hazel is related to the Turkish Hazel ( _Corylus colurna_ ) and has previously been regarded as a variety of it, but that species does not have bracts united in a tubular sheath.

**The leaves of the Chinese Hazel** are broadly elliptic to obovate, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, with hairs along the veins and in the vein axils. The tip of the leaf ends in a short, abrupt point, and the base is oblique and heart-shaped.

_CORYLUS COLURNA_

TURKISH HAZEL

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking when mature with corky ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; male flowers in yellow-brown drooping catkins, female flowers enclosed in bracts with just the red stigmas showing, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A thick-shelled nut up to ¾ in (2 cm) long surrounded by a spreading husk deeply cut into slender lobes

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, western Asia, Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Turkish Hazel is a large deciduous tree with a compact conical habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. Its consistently conical shape has made it popular as an ornamental, and it is widely planted as a street tree. The nuts are edible, although some can be difficult to remove from the husk, and the tree produces a timber that is used for furniture. It is sometimes used for grafting selections of the Common Hazel ( _Corylus avellana_ ), with which some hybrids are known.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The open husk deeply cut into slender lobes distinguishes this species from others. It should not be confused with the Filbert ( _C. maxima_ ), also native of Turkey, a shrubby species with a tubular husk around the nut.

**The leaves of the Turkish Hazel** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are dark green above, paler and hairy beneath. The apex ends in an abrupt point, and the base is deeply heart-shaped. The margin is double-toothed or can be edged with toothed, shallow lobes.

_CORYLUS FEROX_

HIMALAYAN HAZEL

WALLICH

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3½ in (15 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in yellow-brown drooping catkins, females enclosed in bracts with just the red stigmas showing, on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A thick-shelled nut up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long surrounded by a chestnut-like husk densely covered in sharp-pointed, branched spines

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Himalayan region, western China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Himalayan Hazel is a deciduous tree of broadly conical habit, sometimes a large shrub, flowering in spring. Although the nuts are edible, the very spiny husk prevents their exploitation on a commercial scale. There are two similar forms recognized. The typical form, _Corylus ferox_ var. _ferox_ , which occurs in the Himalayan region and in China, has the bud scales covered in white hairs and leaves with 10–14 veins on each side of the midrib. There is also var. _thibetica_ ( _C. thibetica_ ), which has a more northern distribution and only occurs in China; it has smooth bud scales, more spiny fruits, and leaves with 8–12 veins on each side.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is easily distinguished from others in the genus by having the bracts around the husk composed of densely arranged, branched spines. In some species, such as _C. chinensis_ , the bracts may end in narrow lobes that are not spiny.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Hazel** are ovate to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are dark green above, with hairs along the main veins when young, paler and hairy beneath, with tufts of hairs in the vein axils. The apex is drawn out into a slender point, and the base is shallowly and somewhat obliquely heart-shaped. The margin is finely double-toothed.

_OSTRYA CARPINIFOLIA_

HOP HORNBEAM

SCOPOLI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth on young trees, flaking with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from old shoots, females in green spikes on young shoots on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet enclosed in a papery bladderlike husk that ripens from greenish white to brown, borne in hoplike pendulous clusters that are 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub often on dry soils

The Hop Hornbeam is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is at its most attractive in summer when the whitish hoplike fruit clusters are conspicuous on the tree. The very hard wood can be used to make a variety of items; it is similar to that of the Hornbeam ( _Carpinus betulus_ ). In Italy and other parts of southern Europe, this is one of the plants that is host to the sought-after and expensive white truffle. It is also used to cultivate truffles in other parts of the world.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Ostrya carpinifolia_ is closely related to _Carpinus_ but distinguished by the fruits. The Ironwood ( _O. virginiana_ ) is similar but has gland-tipped hairs on the young shoots. The Japanese Hop Hornbeam ( _O. japonica_ ) has fewer pairs of leaf veins.

**The leaves of the Hop Hornbeam** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are dark green above, paler and thinly hairy beneath, with up to 15 pairs of veins, turning yellow in fall. The apex is taper-pointed and the margin is sharply double-toothed.
_OSTRYA JAPONICA_

JAPANESE HOP HORNBEAM

SARGENT

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth when young, flaking with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; male catkins yellow-brown, pendulous, on the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet enclosed in a papery bladderlike husk that ripens from greenish white to brown, borne in hoplike pendulous clusters that are 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Japanese Hop Hornbeam is a deciduous tree of broadly conical habit, with densely hairy young shoots that become smooth with age. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is the most widely distributed of the Asiatic species and the only one that occurs in both China and Japan, where it is usually found at forest margins or in light woodland. The hard wood is used for building, flooring, and furniture. It is occasionally grown in gardens and can have good yellow or red fall color. Closely related to the Ironwood ( _Ostrya virginiana_ ), it was originally described as a variety of that species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Hop Hornbeam differs from the Hop Hornbeam ( _O. carpinifolia_ ) and from the Ironwood ( _O. virginiana_ ) in the fewer leaf veins. _O. rehderiana_ differs in its very short leaf stalks.

**The leaves of the Japanese Hop Hornbeam** are ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across with up to 12 pairs of veins. Dark green above and downy on both sides when young, they have tufts of hair in the vein axils beneath when mature. The apex is taper-pointed, and the margin is sharply double-toothed.

_OSTRYA KNOWLTONII_

WESTERN HOP HORNBEAM

COVILLE

Up to 30 ft (9 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to broadly elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 2 in (6 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking in small scaly plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in pendulous, yellow-brown catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet enclosed in a papery bladderlike husk that ripens from greenish white to brown, borne in hoplike pendulous clusters 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northwest Mexico

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes and canyons in the mountains

The Western Hop Hornbeam, also known as the Knowlton Hop Hornbeam and the Wolf Hop Hornbeam, is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often shrubby with several main stems, flowering in spring usually before the young leaves emerge. It is a rare species in the wild with a scattered distribution, occurring on dry, well-drained soils in oak, pine, and juniper woodland in the US states of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah, and can be found growing on the edges of the Grand Canyon. The hard wood is sometimes used locally for fence posts and for making tools. It is named after the American botanist Frank Knowlton who discovered it in 1889 below the rim of the Grand Canyon.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Western Hop Hornbeam is distinct from other species in its small leaves and semi-shrubby habit. A related species, the Chisos Hop Hornbeam ( _Ostrya chisosensis_ ) has narrower leaves and is confined to the Chisos Mountains in Texas.

**The leaves of the Western Hop Hornbeam** are ovate to broadly elliptic, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Dark green and downy or smooth above, they are hairy beneath especially on the veins. The apex is bluntly pointed or nearly rounded, and the margin is sharply double-toothed.

_OSTRYA REHDERIANA_

ZHEJIANG HOP HORNBEAM

CHUN

Up to 60 ft (18 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic-oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in yellow-brown pendulous catkins from the old shoots, females in green spikes on young shoots on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet enclosed in a papery bladderlike husk that ripens from greenish white to brown, borne in loose, hoplike pendulous clusters to 3¼ in (8 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | East China

**HABITAT** | Open woods

The Zhejiang Hop Hornbeam is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. The slender shoots are hairy when young, becoming smooth and purple. Although this species was described as fairly common when it was named in 1927, it is now extremely rare in the wild: the entire population has been reduced to just a few trees on one mountain in Zhejiang Province, China. These trees are protected in the wild but unfortunately they do not appear to be regenerating naturally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Ostrya rehderiana_ is most closely related to the Japanese Hop Hornbeam ( _O. japonica_ ) but it differs from that species in having open fruiting clusters and very short-stalked leaves.

**The leaves of the Zhejiang Hop Hornbeam** are elliptic-oblong, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They have up to 16 pairs of veins, on a short petiole up to ¼ in (5 mm) long. They are dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, with densely hairy veins. The apex ends in a slender, tapered point, and the margins are sharply double-toothed.

_OSTRYA VIRGINIANA_

IRONWOOD

(MILLER) K. KOCH

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4½ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking in scaly plates when mature

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males on yellow-brown, pendulous catkins on old shoots, females in green spikes on the young shoots on the same plant

**FRUIT** | A small nutlet enclosed in a papery bladderlike husk, that ripens from greenish white to brown, borne in hoplike pendulous clusters to 2½ in (6 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America, Mexico, Central America

**HABITAT** | Moist, well-drained woods

The Ironwood is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. Similar in many ways to the American Hop Hornbeam ( _Carpinus caroliniana_ ), it extends through Mexico into Central America and the populations in the southeastern United States are slightly different to those elsewhere. It mainly grows as an understory tree. The hard, strong wood has been used to make items such as posts and golf-club handles, and various parts of the tree have been used medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ironwood differs from the Hop Hornbeam ( _Ostrya carpinifolia)_ in the gland-tipped hairs on the shoots, and from the Japanese Hop Hornbeam ( _O. japonica_ ) in the greater number of leaf veins.

**The leaves of the Ironwood** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with up to 15 pairs of veins. Sometimes reddish when young, they are dark green above when mature, paler and often hairy beneath, and turn yellow in fall. The apex tapers to a short point and the margin is sharply double-toothed.

_CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES_

INDIAN BEAN TREE

WALTER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 8 in (25 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Whorled

**BARK** | Gray-brown with thin scales

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, 2 in (5 cm) long, white spotted inside with purple and yellow, in large panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A slender capsule to 14 in (35 cm) long, splitting to release winged seeds edged with white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks

The Indian Bean Tree is a deciduous tree of rounded to wide-spreading habit, producing its showy flowers in summer. It produces an aromatic wood that has been used for fence posts and is valued for woodworking. The distinctive long seed pods have given it the alternative name of the Cigar Tree. A caterpillar that lives on the fruits is valued as fish bait. 'Aurea' is a popular form with yellow leaves that is grown in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Western (or Northern) Catalpa ( _Catalpa speciosa_ ) is similar but makes a large tree with larger leaves that are often in pairs. The Empress Tree ( _Paulownia tomentosa_ ) has opposite, angled leaves, and different flowers and fruit.

**The leaves of the Indian Bean Tree** are large and broadly ovate, up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. Rather light green above, they end in a short, tapered point, have an entire margin, and a heart-shaped base. The leaves have a slightly unpleasant odor when they are crushed.

_CATALPA BUNGEI_

CATALPA BUNGEI

C. A. MEYER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Whorled

**BARK** | Gray-brown and scaly

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, pale pink, with yellow and purple marks in the throat

**FRUIT** | A slender pod to 18 in (45 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Catalpa bungei_ is a small deciduous tree of upright habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is widely distributed in China, growing as far north as Beijing, and is often planted in temple gardens. Outside of China, it is less common in cultivation and a dwarf form of the Indian Bean Tree ( _C. bignonioides_ ) has been distributed in gardens for many years under this name.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The smooth, glossy leaves and pink flowers distinguish this species from all others in the genus except some forms of the similar _C. fargesii_ , which is another Chinese species. This is a larger tree up to 65 ft (20 m) tall or more, and has larger leaves and bigger flower clusters.

**The leaves of Catalpa bungei** are ovate or almost triangular, to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. Normally entire or sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, they are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and end in a finely tapered point with a broadly wedge-shaped base. They have a slightly unpleasant odor when crushed.

_CATALPA OVATA_

CHINESE CATALPA

G. DON

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 10 in (25 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite or whorled

**BARK** | Gray-brown and scaly

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, pale yellow with purple spots, in large panicles

**FRUIT** | A slender capsule to 12 in (30 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Chinese Catalpa is a deciduous tree of broadly columnar habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. Although a native of China, it was first introduced to the West from Japan where it has been grown for many hundreds of years in gardens and by temples. It has hybridized in gardens with _Catalpa bignonioides_ to produce _C_. _× erubescens_ which has shallowly three-lobed leaves that are purple when young. The bark of the stems and roots is used medicinally in China and Korea.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species can usually be recognized by its normally three-lobed, sometimes unlobed, leaves that are slightly rough and glabrous, or nearly so, on both sides and its relatively small, pale yellow flowers.

**The leaves of the Chinese Catalpa** are large and broadly ovate to rounded, up to 10 in (25 cm) long and across. Dark green above, with purple glandular blotches in the axils of the veins beneath, they have 3 shallow lobes and an untoothed margin. The glands at the leaf base in this and other species are extrafloral nectaries that attract beneficial insects.

_CATALPA SPECIOSA_

WESTERN CATALPA

(WARDER EX BARNEY) ENGELMANN

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Whorled or opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, to 2 in (5 cm) long, white spotted with yellow and purple inside

**FRUIT** | A slender pod to 20 in (50 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks

The Western (or Northern) Catalpa is a deciduous tree of broadly conical to broadly columnar habit, flowering in late spring. The showy flowers make it an attractive ornamental tree but it is generally less well known than its close relative the Indian Bean Tree ( _Catalpa bignonioides_ ). The timber is very durable and has been used for making railway ties, fence posts, and other items. Early settlers used this wood to make stockades and canoes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This tree is commonly confused with the Indian Bean Tree ( _C. bignonioides_ ). It can be distinguished by its larger size and more upright habit, its larger unscented leaves with a more pronounced tapered tip, the furrowed not scaly bark, and by flowering a few weeks earlier.

**The leaves of the Western Catalpa** are rather leathery in texture, broadly ovate, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. Dark green above, they are paler and somewhat hairy beneath, especially on the veins. They are normally unlobed, ending in a slender tapered point, entire at the margin, and with a heart-shaped base.

_EHRETIA ACUMINATA_

HELIOTROPE TREE

R. BROWN

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 2½ in (16 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, small and bell-shaped to about ¼ in (5 mm) long with 5 spreading lobes, in dense conical clusters at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small spherical yellow to orange drupe ⅙ in (4 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | East and Southeast Asia, eastern Australia

**HABITAT** | Hill forests and scrub

The Heliotrope Tree is a deciduous or semi-evergreen tree of broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in spring or summer. It is a very widely distributed and variable species. In some parts the sweet fruits are pickled or eaten raw, and are very attractive to birds. The timber is used for building and for making furniture. In Australia, where the tree is evergreen or nearly so, it is known as the Koda or the Silky Ash. This species was originally described from Australia, and attempts have been made to divide it on the basis of minor character, such as slight variations in leaf shape. The Asian plants have been regarded as a distinct variety or even as a separate species but it is now accepted that the species is very variable.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Heliotrope Tree differs from _Ehretia dicksonii_ in its smaller, smooth not rough leaves, its smooth bark, and its smaller flowers and fruits.

**The leaves of the Heliotrope Tree** are oblong to obovate, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. More or less glabrous on both sides, they are dark, sometimes glossy green above and paler to blue-green beneath. The tip of the leaf is abruptly contracted into a short point, and the base is broadly wedge-shaped, narrowing to a short petiole of about 1 in (2.5 cm) in length. The margin is edged with fine, pointed teeth.

_EHRETIA DICKSONII_

EHRETIA DICKSONII

HANCE

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with deep corky ridges

**FLOWERS** | White, 5-lobed with exserted stamens and about ½ in (1 cm) across in domed heads 4 in (10 cm) wide at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A spherical yellow drupe ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Himalayan region, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Japan

**HABITAT** | Rocky valleys and slopes on hills and mountains

_Ehretia dicksonii_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to flat-topped, spreading habit; it is sometimes shrubby and branched from the base. It produces its flowers, which are highly fragrant, in spring to early summer. The light, strong wood is used in China to make carrying poles. This species makes a handsome tree in cultivation but it is rarely planted.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_E. dicksonii_ can be distinguished from the Heliotrope Tree ( _E. acuminata_ ) by its very rough and larger leaves. It also has deep ridges on the bark, which is smooth in the Heliotrope Tree, and the flowers and fruits are larger.

**The leaves of Ehretia dicksonii** are broadly elliptic to obovate, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. Dark green above and paler beneath, they are rough to the touch on both sides. They are variable in hairiness, and can be softly hairy or nearly glabrous. They have a pointed apex and a wedge-shaped to rounded base, with a sharply toothed margin.

_CELTIS AUSTRALIS_

MEDITERRANEAN HACKBERRY

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and green in clusters in the leaf axils; males and females separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A spherical, fleshy, green then purplish black drupe to ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, north Africa, Turkey

**HABITAT** | Open positions on well-drained soil

The Mediterranean Hackberry is a deciduous tree with a usually rounded head, sometimes shrubby, producing its small flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The most commonly seen European species, it is a frequently planted and useful shade tree in Mediterranean streets and squares where very old trees can be found. The sweet fruits are edible fresh or cooked. Both leaves and fruit are said to have medicinal properties, and infusions have been used to treat a variety of ailments. It is sometimes believed that this tree is the lotus of Greek mythology, consumed by the lotophagi (lotus eaters) and mentioned in Homer's Odyssey.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Mediterranean Hackberry is distinct from the elms ( _Ulmus_ ) in the fleshy fruit. _Celtis tournefortii_ , found in southeastern Europe and Turkey, has yellow fruits.

**The leaves of the Mediterranean Hackberry** are ovate to lanceolate, up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across and normally hang downward on the tree. They are dark green and rough to the touch above, grayish and softly hairy beneath. The leaves are taper-pointed at the tip, and rounded to broadly wedge-shaped at the base, which is usually oblique and 3-veined; the margin is sharply toothed.

_CELTIS BUNGEANA_

BUNGE HACKBERRY

HANCE

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and green in clusters in the leaf axils; males and females separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A spherical, fleshy, blue-black drupe to ⅜ in (8 mm) across, yellow before it ripens

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub on hill and mountain slopes

_Celtis bungeana_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading head and smooth shoots, flowering in spring when the young leaves emerge. The slender-stalked edible fruits are borne singly in the leaf axils. It is sometimes planted as an ornamental as it is not susceptible to the witches' broom disease, caused by the combined action of a fungus and a mite, that can disfigure many other species of hackberry in North America. _C. bungeana_ makes a handsome shade tree with glossy foliage and is hardy and drought-tolerant; however, it requires hot summers to thrive. The bark is used medicinally in China and the tree produces a useful timber.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_C. bungeana_ can be confused with other species in China (where 11 of the 60 species in the genus grow) but the combination of small, blue-black fruits borne singly and smooth leaves that are entire at the base distinguish it.

**The leaves of the Bunge Hackberry** are ovate to oblong and up to 3½ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, larger on vigorous shoots. Glossy dark green above and paler beneath, they are nearly glabrous except for hairs in the vein axils and on the veins; they turn yellow in fall. The leaf is taper-pointed at the tip and rounded at the 3-veined base, and has a margin that is toothed except at the base or nearly entire.

_CELTIS KORAIENSIS_

KOREAN HACKBERRY

NAKAI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly obovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 4 in (13 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and green in clusters in the leaf axils; males and females separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical fleshy drupe to ½ in (1 cm) across, ripening from orange to brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Forests on hill and mountain slopes and valleys

The Korean Hackberry is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, the shoots smooth or with a few hairs where the leaves join the stem. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The fruit has a thin, edible flesh and a relatively large, egg-shaped stone. Unfortunately this very distinct species is little known in the West and is rarely seen in cultivation, although it was introduced in 1920. It grows well in gardens and seems not to require the hot summers needed by many other species in the genus.

SIMILAR SPECIES

While many species in the genus are very similar in appearance and difficult to distinguish, the Korean Hackberry is not easily confused with others. It is distinct in its large leaves with a conspicuously cut apex and large fruits.

**The leaves of the Korean Hackberry** are broadly obovate to oblong in outline, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are rather light green above, paler beneath, and nearly glabrous. The apex is abruptly truncate ending in several teeth, the central one the largest; the margin is edged with sharp-pointed, hooked teeth. Without the apical teeth, the blade is almost rounded.

_CELTIS LAEVIGATA_

SUGARBERRY

WILLDENOW

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth or with conspicuous corky warts

**FLOWERS** | Small and green in clusters in the leaf axils; males and females separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A spherical fleshy drupe to ⅜ in (8 mm) across, ripening from red to brownish red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks

The Sugarberry is a large deciduous tree of broadly columnar to rounded habit often with drooping branches, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. It derives its common name from the thin, but sweet, edible flesh of the fruits, which contain a single hard stone and are attractive to wildlife. The tree is a source of timber and is also used as an ornamental. The bark is said to have medicinal properties. Forms of this species previously recognized as distinct, but now included within the range of variation of the species, are _Celtis laevigata_ var. _smallii_ , with more conspicuously toothed leaves, and var. _texana_ , with thick, rough, and untoothed leaves. The Netleaf Hackberry ( _C. reticulata_ ) is sometimes regarded as a variety of this species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sugarberry is most commonly confused with the Hackberry ( _C. occidentalis_ ) from which it can be distinguished by its taper-pointed leaves that often lack teeth, at least on fruiting shoots.

**The leaves of the Sugarberry** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. Light green in color and smooth on both sides, they end in a tapered point with a rounded, 3-veined base. The leaves are entire or nearly so on fruiting shoots but on vigorous growths they are more sharply toothed and slightly rough above.

_CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS_

HACKBERRY

LINNAEUS

To 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, toothed

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with corky warts and ridges, deeply furrowed in old trees

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and green, without petals; males and females usually borne separately on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ellipsoid to nearly rounded, orange-red to purple-black drupe to ½ in (1 cm) across, with a sweet edible flesh and containing a single hard stone

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern and central North America from southern Canada to Oklahoma and Georgia

**HABITAT** | Moist soils in deciduous forests on floodplains and in valleys

The Hackberry, also known as the Sugarberry and the Nettletree, is a deciduous, broadly columnar to rounded tree. Its inconspicuous flowers open in spring. It is a variable and widely distributed species varying considerably in size and shape. It is very tolerant of a wide range of soils, and this has made it a useful tree for planting in dry and exposed positions where few other trees will thrive. The wood is used to make a variety of items, and the edible fruits are attractive to birds.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Hackberry can be confused with the other American species, _Celtis laevigata_ and _C. tenuifolia_ , which never have purple-black fruits. It was originally considered to be related to elms ( _Ulmus_ ) but is now thought to be a member of the hop family. It differs from the elms in having leaves that are three-veined from the base.

**The leaves of the Hackberry** are ovate, up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, and with 3 main veins from the usually oblique base. They are arranged in 2 rows on either side of the shoot. Borne on a petiole of about ½ in (1 cm) length, they end in a long, tapered point, and are edged with numerous small teeth, sometimes on only one side. The leaves are dark green and sometimes rough above, pale green beneath, and they turn yellow in the fall.

_CELTIS RETICULATA_

NETLEAF HACKBERRY

TORREY

To 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, toothed

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1¼ in (5 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray with irregular corky ridges and nodules

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and green, without petals; males and females usually borne separately on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly rounded, orange-red to brownish or orange-black drupe to ½ in (1 cm) in diameter, with thin, sweet, edible flesh and containing a single hard stone

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Dry, rocky places, river washes

The Netleaf Hackberry, also known as the Douglas Hackberry, is a deciduous, rounded tree or often a gnarled shrub, semi-evergreen in the south of its range. Its inconspicuous flowers open in spring. A variable species, some forms appear to intergrade with the Sugarberry ( _Celtis laevigata_ ), and with the Hackberry ( _C. occidentalis_ ); this makes some plants difficult to identify and indicates that these species may hybridize. The Netleaf Hackberry has been regarded as a variety of the Sugarberry and also of the Hackberry ( _C. occidentalis_ ). Occasionally cultivated, it is particularly suitable for dry areas and its fruits provide valuable food for birds, especially during winter. The hard wood is used for fuel and to make tool handles.

SIMILAR SPECIES

It can be confused with other species in the genus, such as the Sugarberry ( _C. laevigata_ ), but can be distinguished by its relatively small, untoothed or sparsely toothed, thick leaves with a characteristic reticulate network of veins.

**The leaves of the Netleaf Hackberry** are up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, borne on a short stalk of less than ½ in (1 cm) length. They are dark green above, paler green beneath, thick in texture and rough to the touch on both sides, with impressed veins and either a heart-shaped or an oblique base. There are few or no teeth on the margin.

_MAYTENUS BOARIA_

MAITEN

MOLINA

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x ¾ in (8 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, ridged

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, with 5 petals; males and females usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small yellowish capsule ¼ in (5 mm) long containing one or two red-coated seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | South America

**HABITAT** | Hill and mountain slopes, grasslands

The Maiten is an evergreen tree related to _Euonymus_ , with a rounded or columnar habit often with pendulous shoots, flowering in spring. Although the individual flowers are very small, they are conspicuous when the tree is in full flower. Trees can spread by suckers, producing vigorous erect shoots at some distance from the parent. In Chile, bees produce honey from the flowers; an industrial oil can be extracted from the seeds and the wood can be used for tool handles and for turning.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This is a very distinctive tree unlikely to be confused with any other. The Cheesewood ( _Pittosporum bicolor_ ) can have leaves of a similar shape but they are untoothed and densely covered with gray hairs beneath.

**The leaves of the Maiten** are narrow elliptic to lanceolate, and usually up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. Extreme forms do exist, however, with leaves as long as 3½ in (9 cm) or as narrow as ¼ in (5 mm). Glossy dark green above, they are paler beneath, and smooth on both sides. They have a pointed tip and are narrowed to the base, with a finely, sometimes indistinctly, toothed margin.

_CERCIDIPHYLLUM JAPONICUM_

KATSURA TREE

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2¾ in (8 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and with petals, the males with red anthers, the females with red stigmas, borne in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A small, green, podlike follicle

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Himalayan region, China, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests and riverbanks

The Katsura Tree is a deciduous tree of rounded to spreading habit, often with more than one trunk from the base, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. It has two types of shoots, vigorous long shoots and slow-growing short shoots that bear the flowers. It is the only genus in the family and is considered to be relatively primitive. The tree is best known in gardens for its fall color and the burnt sugar smell of the fallen leaves. Garden selections of this species including 'Pendulum', with weeping branches, 'Rotfuchs', an upright tree with red-purple foliage, 'Heronswood Globe', a small tree with a compact, rounded head, and forms grown for their foliage color, such as 'Raspberry' and 'Strawberry'.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese _Cercidiphyllum magnificum_ is usually a smaller tree with larger leaves. The Katsura Tree can sometimes be confused with the Judas Tree ( _Cercis siliquastrum_ ); however, that species has untoothed, alternate leaves.

**The leaves of the Katsura Tree** are rounded in outline, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They emerge bronze-purple in early spring, becoming dark green above and turning to various shades of yellow, orange, red, and purple in fall. The margin is shallowly toothed, and the base heart-shaped, but rounded or wedge-shaped on leaves of the long shoots.

_ALANGIUM CHINENSE_

ALANGIUM CHINENSE

(LOUREIRO) HARMS

Up to 33 ft, or more (10 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple to palmately lobed

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 8 in (25 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, white to yellowish and fragrant, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, the petals reflexed

**FRUIT** | An egg-shaped drupe to about ½ in (1 cm) long ripening from green to blue-black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region to east and Southeast Asia, east Africa

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

_Alangium chinense_ is a deciduous or evergreen tree of spreading habit or a shrub, flowering in spring or summer. It is very variable over its wide range. The African populations can make much larger trees and tend to have entire or only shallowly lobed leaves. Various parts of the plant are used in medicine in China and Africa, where edible caterpillars are fed on the leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_A. platanifolium_ differs from this species in having few flowers in the cluster. Mulberries ( _Morus_ ) can also have lobed or unlobed leaves on the same tree, but these are sharply toothed.

**The leaves of Alangium chinense** are ovate in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. Dark green above, they are thin or leathery in texture, and are smooth on both sides except for tufts of hair in the vein axils below. They can be entire or variously lobed, and have 3–5 prominent veins at the base, which is usually oblique.

_CORNUS CAPITATA_

HIMALAYAN STRAWBERRY TREE

WALLICH

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate or lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown

**FLOWERS** | Small, creamy white with 4 petals, in dense clusters surrounded by 4 large creamy white to creamy yellow bracts

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical compound fruit derived from many flowers, red and fleshy, up to 2 in (5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, western China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Himalayan Strawberry Tree is an evergreen tree, sometimes a shrub, of spreading habit, flowering in summer. It is one of a group of species in the genus known as the flowering dogwoods, which have showy bracts around the flowerheads. The bracts often become pink-tinged as they age. This species is grown as an ornamental for its showy flowerheads and fruits, which are commonly eaten in its native lands.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Flowering Dogwood ( _Cornus florida_ ) and the Japanese Strawberry Tree ( _C. kousa_ ), which are both flowering dogwoods, are deciduous rather than evergreen. There are similar species in China including _C. hongkongensis_ , which has leaves that are usually glossy green beneath, and _C. elliptica_ , with long and slender flower stalks.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Strawberry Tree** are elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are dark green above and whitish green beneath, with flattened hairs. The apex ends in a short tapered point, and the margins of the leaves are untoothed.

_CORNUS CONTROVERSA_

WEDDING CAKE TREE

HEMSLEY

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3½ in (12 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with 4 petals in flattened heads to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | A glossy blue-black berry about ¼ in (6 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Himalayan region, China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Wedding Cake Tree is a deciduous tree of spreading habit, flowering in summer. It is one of only two species in the genus with alternate leaves, and has a very distinctive habit with horizontally spreading branches, above which the flower clusters are borne, giving a layered effect. The wood is used to make various items including clogs in Japan. 'Variegata' is a variegated form and a popular ornamental tree in gardens, the leaves having a conspicuous, broad, creamy white margin. 'Janine' is one of several more recent selections and has the leaves edged with bright yellow, most conspicuously on the young growth.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Wedding Cake Tree can be confused with the North American _Cornus alternifolia_ , which also has alternate leaves, but that species is either shrubby or grows as a small tree with smaller leaves.

**The leaves of the Wedding Cake Tree** are broadly elliptic to obovate, up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across, and have slender stalks. Glossy dark green above and gray-green beneath, the leaves turn to yellow, red, or deep purple in fall. The apex ends in a short tapered point, and the margin is untoothed.

_CORNUS FLORIDA_

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m), or more

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, untoothed

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Dark brown, cracked into small, square plates

**FLOWERS** | Tiny, with 4 yellow-green petals, borne in dense hemispherical clusters at the ends of the shoots. Each flowerhead is surrounded by 4 conspicuous white to pink bracts to 2 in (5 cm) long, notched at the tip

**FRUIT** | Glossy-red, elliptic, and berrylike, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in clusters, each with one or two seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America, with a subspecies in Mexico

**HABITAT** | Valleys and hillsides in deciduous forest

The Flowering Dogwood, usually referred to as the Dogwood, is a deciduous spreading tree, sometimes shrubby, which flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. Widely cultivated for its showy flowerheads, it is one of the best known and loved of the North American flowering trees. It is widely cultivated in numerous forms with bracts ranging from white to pink and double, as well as forms with variegated leaves. It is the State Tree of both Missouri and Virginia.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Asian flowering dogwoods such as _Cornus capitata_ and _C. kousa_ have fruits that coalesce in a fleshy head. The Pacific Dogwood ( _C. nuttallii_ ) has larger leaves and flowerheads with usually six bracts; hybrids between this and the Flowering Dogwood are known when the two are grown together in gardens. The Mexican _C. florida_ subsp. _urbiniana_ is semi-evergreen with lanternlike flowerheads composed of bracts that remained joined at the tip.

**The leaves of the Flowering Dogwood** are ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with an untoothed margin. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and often turn red in fall. If the leaf is gently pulled in two, both halves remain joined by slender threads from the veins, a phenomenon that is common to the genus.

_CORNUS KOUSA_

JAPANESE STRAWBERRY TREE

HANCE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking with age to leave paler patches

**FLOWERS** | Small, creamy white with 4 petals, in dense clusters surrounded by 4 large white or sometimes pink bracts

**FRUIT** | A spherical compound fruit derived from many flowers, red and fleshy, about 1¼ in (3 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, Korea, China

**HABITAT** | Woods and riverbanks in the mountains

The Japanese Strawberry Tree is a deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to spreading habit, flowering in summer. A widely distributed species, the typical form, var. _kousa_ occurs in Korea and Japan, while var. _chinensis_ occurs in China. It has given rise to a wide range of garden selections and hybrids, with bracts a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors from white to deep pink, as well as those with variegated leaves. The fruits, as well as those of other species, are eaten in the Far East and can be used to make wine. Cultivated hybrids with the Himalayan Strawberry Tree ( _Cornus capitata_ ) include the similar selections _C_. 'Norman Hadden' and 'Porlock', which are semi-evergreen with creamy bracts ageing to deep pink.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Flowering Dogwood ( _C. florida_ ) has a very different fruit, flower buds that are exposed in winter, and bracts that are joined at the tips when they first open.

**The leaves of the Japanese Strawberry Tree** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Glossy dark green above and gray-green to green beneath, they can turn to red and purple in fall. They end in a tapered point and are untoothed but have a wavy-edged margin. _C. kousa_ var. _chinensis_ has slightly thicker leaves than var. _kousa_ , often with brown tufts of hair in the leaf axils beneath.

_CORNUS MACROPHYLLA_

LARGE-LEAF DOGWOOD

WALLICH

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic-oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, cracking with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with 4 petals in flattened heads to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | A glossy blue-black berry about ¼ in (6 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, China, Taiwan, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests and riverbanks in the mountains

The Large-leaf Dogwood is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit and arching branches, sometimes shrubby. It flowers in summer. The size of the plant, its bold foliage, and the large lacelike and fragrant flower clusters make this a useful ornamental tree. It remains uncommon, however, and is overshadowed by better-known relatives such as the Wedding Cake Tree ( _Cornus controversa_ ). In gardens it has hybridized with some of the North American shrubby species of the genus. _C. × horseyi_ is a hybrid with _C. amomum_ while _C. × dunbarii_ is a hybrid with _C. asperifolia_. Both of these originated at the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts. Various parts of the tree are used medicinally in its native regions, the fruit is edible, and the wood can be used to make charcoal.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Large-leaf Dogwood has been confused with the Wedding Cake Tree ( _C. controversa_ ) but that species is easily distinguished by its alternate leaves.

**The leaves of the Large-leaf Dogwood** are ovate to elliptic-oblong, and up to 6 in (15 cm) or more long and 4 in (10 cm) across. Glossy dark green and prominently veined above, the leaves are often folded upward along the midrib so the blue-green underside is visible. The tip tapers to a slender point, and the margin is untoothed but often wavy-edged.

_CORNUS NUTTALLII_

PACIFIC DOGWOOD

AUDUBON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2¾ in (12 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish white with 4 petals, in dense clusters surrounded by up to 7 large white bracts that can become tinged with pink

**FRUIT** | A hemispherical cluster of small, red, ovoid drupes each about ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America

**HABITAT** | Woods, valleys, streambanks

The Pacific Dogwood is a large deciduous tree of broadly conical habit, flowering in spring and often again in fall. It is one of the flowering dogwoods, in which the showy part of the flower is the large bracts that surround them. In the case of the Pacific Dogwood the whole flowerhead can be up to 6 in (15 cm) across. Although it makes a spectacular tree, it is not generally as well known as the Flowering Dogwood ( _Cornus florida_ ). Several hybrids between the two species are known; they often arise accidentally when the Pacific Dogwood is raised from seed.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Pacific Dogwood can be distinguished from the Flowering Dogwood ( _C. florida_ ) by its larger size and larger flowerheads with more numerous bracts. In the Pacific Dogwood the small spreading bracts can be seen around the flowerhead in winter, in the Flowering Dogwood the bracts are closed over the flowerhead, and in hybrids the bracts are intermediate.

**The leaves of the Pacific Dogwood** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across, often confined to the ends of the shoots and appearing whorled. They are glossy dark green above when mature, paler gray-green and hairy beneath, and can turn red in fall. The apex is pointed, and the margin is untoothed but sometimes slightly wavy-edged.

_CORNUS OFFICINALIS_

JAPANESE CORNELIAN CHERRY

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Orange-brown, peeling in thick flakes

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow on slender stalks with 4 reflexed petals, borne in umbels at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A red oblong drupe about ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods and thickets

The Japanese Cornelian Cherry is a deciduous tree of spreading habit usually branching low and often shrubby, its small but conspicuous flowers opening in late winter or early spring before the young leaves emerge. It is one of a small group of winter-flowering species and is sometimes grown in gardens for its early flowers. Selections include 'Kintoki', with glossy brown peeling bark on the young shoots and bearing profuse, bright yellow flowers, and 'Lemon Zest', which has lemon-scented bright yellow flowers and good peeling bark. The rather sour fruits can be eaten fresh or made into jam and are also used medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cornelian Cherry ( _Cornus mas_ ), from Europe and west Asia, is similar to the Japanese Cornelian Cherry but more shrubby and smaller, with a less conspicuously flaking bark and smaller flowers.

**The leaves of the Japanese Cornelian Cherry** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath and thinly hairy with tufts of brown hairs in the vein axils. They are taper-pointed at the apex, with an entire margin and borne on a short petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long.

_EUCRYPHIA CORDIFOLIA_

ULMO

CAVANILLES

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 2½ in (13 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young developing shallow ridges

**FLOWERS** | White with 4 petals, to 2 in (5 cm) across, with a center of numerous long stamens tipped with pink anthers

**FRUIT** | An oblong woody capsule to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Slopes and valleys in the foothills of the Andes

The Ulmo is a large, evergreen tree of columnar habit, producing its showy flowers in late summer. It is one of a small genus of trees from South America and Australia. In Chile, introduced bees produce a delicious honey from the flowers. The tree produces a durable wood used in building as well as for fuel and charcoal, but logging threatens populations in the wild. In cultivation it is best known as a parent of _Eucryphia × nymansensis_ , its hybrid with _E. glutinosa_ , which is a much hardier tree than the Ulmo.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ulmo is usually easily recognized as the only species in the genus with simple, toothed leaves. Its hybrid _E. × nymansensis_ has some leaves with three leaflets.

**The leaves of the Ulmo** are oblong, leathery, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, grayish and hairy beneath, and are densely arranged in opposite pairs on the shoot. They are rounded or bluntly pointed at the apex, slightly heart-shaped at the base, with a shallowly toothed margin and very short petiole of about ¼ in (5 mm).

_EUCRYPHIA GLUTINOSA_

EUCRYPHIA GLUTINOSA

(POEPPIG & ENDLICHER) BAILLON

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3¼ in (12 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray and smooth

**FLOWERS** | White with 4 petals, to 2½ in (6 cm) across, with a center of numerous stamens tipped with deep pink anthers

**FRUIT** | A small woody capsule to ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile

**HABITAT** | Woods, riverbanks

_Eucryphia glutinosa_ is a small deciduous or sometimes semi-evergreen tree of loosely columnar habit, often with several stems from the base or shrubby. It is the only deciduous species in the genus. Like the Ulmo ( _E. cordifolia_ ) its flowers are used by bees to produce honey. In Chile it is known as Guindo Santo, meaning "holy cherry." Its ability to grow in dry places has made it popular in cultivation, where it has hybridized with other species in the genus.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_E. glutinosa_ is distinct in its deciduous habit. Its garden hybrid with _E. lucida_ ( _E_. _× intermedia_ ) is evergreen and has leaves that are simple or with three leaflets.

**The leaves of Eucryphia glutinosa** are oblong, up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are usually pinnate with 3–5 leaflets but are occasionally simple. Each leaflet is ovate, up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, with a sharply toothed margin. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and they turn red in the fall.

_EUCRYPHIA LUCIDA_

LEATHERWOOD

(LABILLardière) BAILLon

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to narrow oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 _x_ ⅝ in (5 x 1.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, occasionally pink, fragrant, with 4 petals, 2 in (5 cm) across, with a center of numerous stamens tipped with pink anthers

**FRUIT** | A small woody capsule about ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Rainforests

The Leatherwood is an evergreen tree of compact columnar habit producing its fragrant flowers in summer. It is one of five species in Australia, two of which were only described in 1997. The well-known and very aromatic Leatherwood honey derives from the flowers of this tree. Some naturally occurring forms with pink flowers such as 'Ballerina' and 'Pink Cloud' have been propagated and introduced to cultivation. _Eucryphia milliganii_ is a close relative, also from Tasmania and sometimes regarded as a variety of _E. lucida_. Hybrids between the two species, with leaves of intermediate size, are found in Tasmania. _E. lucida_ has also hybridized in gardens with _E. glutinosa_ to produce _E. × intermedia_ , which can have leaves with three leaflets, and with _E. moorei_ to give _E.× hillieri_ , with leaves that have three to five or more leaflets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The untoothed leaves distinguish it from most other species. _E. milliganii_ has smaller flowers and smaller leaves, which are up to ¾ in (2 cm) long.

**The leaves of the Leatherwood** are oblong and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above with a white and rather waxy lower surface. The margin is untoothed but often slightly undulate or twisted. Very vigorous shoots can occasionally produce leaves with 3 leaflets.

_WEINMANNIA TRICHOSPERMA_

PALO SANTO

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1¼ in (8 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, cracking with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and white, with conspicuous white stamens, borne densely arranged in cylindrical racemes

**FRUIT** | A small brown capsule containing seeds bearing long, white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile

**HABITAT** | Forests in high rainfall areas

The Palo Santo is a slow-growing and long-lived evergreen tree, with a dense columnar habit. It flowers in summer. Common in rainforest areas of Chile, it is attractive in summer when the white flowers turn to pink as the fruits start to ripen. It produces a hard wood, bark that is used medicinally, and honey from the flowers. It is one of a genus of some 150 species of tropical and southern hemisphere trees and shrubs.

SIMILAR SPECIES

With a large number of species in the genus, there are others with pinnate leaves and a winged rachis. The distinct triangular sections of the wing normally distinguish this species.

**The leaves of Palo Santo** are oblong in outline, up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, and leathery. They are pinnate with up to 19 leaflets. Each leaflet is ovate to oblong, up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long and ½ in (1 cm) across and edged with sharp teeth. The rachis has prominent, usually toothed, triangular wings between the pairs of leaflets.

_DIOSPYROS KAKI_

CHINESE PERSIMMON

LINNAEUS FILS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 3¼ in (16 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, cracking into scaly plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Yellowish, the corolla with 4 lobes; males about ½ in (1 cm) across, females slightly larger, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A fleshy, yellow to orange, edible berry to 3¼ in (8 cm) across, with a persistent brown 4-lobed calyx

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub

The Chinese Persimmon is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit flowering in late spring to summer. It is best known as cultivated tree grown for its delicious fruit, known as Kaki or Sharon Fruit, and has often naturalized in warm countries. The typical, large-fruited form of this species ( _Diospyros kaki_ var. _kaki_ ) was described from cultivated plants in Japan where it has been grown for more than 1,000 years. It has been suggested that it is a hybrid of other Chinese species. Wild plants (var. _sylvestris_ ) have smaller fruits, which can be densely hairy, and more hairy leaves. Many cultivars have been selected for fruit quality, some of which bear both male and female flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Persimmon can be distinguished from the other species in this large genus by the size of the fruits.

**The leaves of the Chinese Persimmon** are ovate to obovate, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, paler and often hairy beneath, at least at first, turning to yellow, orange, or red in fall. They have a taper-pointed tip and an entire margin.

_DIOSPYROS LOTUS_

DATE PLUM

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2½ in (15 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, cracking into square plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Yellowish to pink or reddish, the corolla with 4 lobes; males about ¼ in (5 mm) long, females slightly larger, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A fleshy berry up to ¾ in (2 cm) across, yellow to orange or blue-black when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | West Asia to China

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub

The Date Plum is a deciduous spreading tree flowering in late spring to summer. It was known to the Ancient Greeks as food of the gods. The Date Plum is widely cultivated and often naturalized in warm regions, which has obscured its native distribution in many areas. The edible fruits are very astringent until ripe when they become soft and sweet with a date-like flavor and can be used to makes jams and sauces. Male and female trees are normally needed but some female trees can produce seedless fruits in the absence of a male. Seedlings of this species are often used for grafting selections of the Chinese Persimmon.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Persimmon ( _Diospyros virginiana_ ) is very similar to the Date Plum; it can be distinguished by the larger fruits, which are up to 1½ in (4 cm) across.

**The leaves of the Date Plum** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above and gray-green beneath, almost glabrous or softly hairy on both sides. The apex is taper-pointed and the margin untoothed.

_DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA_

AMERICAN PERSIMMON

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 3¼ in (16 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, deeply divided into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | Pale yellow, about ½ in (1 cm) long with 4, rarely 5, lobes

**FRUIT** | A spherical, orange-yellow to red, purple or nearly black, often bloomy, berry to 1½ in (4 cm) across, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Thickets and woods usually on moist, well-drained soils

The American Persimmon is a large deciduous tree of broadly conical to spreading habit, sometimes with pendulous branches, flowering from spring to early summer. The fruits form an important winter food supply for wildlife. They were also eaten by Native Americans and early settlers, who ate the fruits fresh, stored, and dried, or in various preserves and puddings. They were also used to make beer, wine, and brandy. Selections have been made for improved fruit quality such as 'John Rick', which produces large, orange-flushed red fruits with a good flavor and a firm texture. There are some hybrids with the Chinese Persimmon, such as _Diospyros_ 'Nikita's Gift', which combines the large fruit of the Chinese species with the hardiness of the American species. The tree produces a hard wood that is used to make a variety of implements.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Date Plum ( _D. lotus_ ) is similar but has smaller fruits up to ¾ in (2 cm) across. The Chinese Persimmon ( _D. kaki_ ) has much larger fruits up to 3¼ in (8 cm) across.

**The leaves of the American Persimmon** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, green to gray-green beneath, and can turn orange to red or purple in fall. The tip is taper-pointed; the margin is untoothed.

_ELAEAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA_

OLEASTER

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1¼ in (8 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth at first, developing loose scaly ridges with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and bell-shaped, fragrant, without petals, the calyx 4-lobed, creamy white to yellow inside, with silvery scales outside, in clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A yellowish brown, nearly spherical to ovoid, achene to 1 in (2.5 cm) long with a fleshy coat

**DISTRIBUTION** | Temperate Asia

**HABITAT** | Dry riverbeds, coasts

The Oleaster, also known as the Russian Olive, is a deciduous tree with a spreading, slightly weeping habit and shoots that often bear thorns. Its roots are able to fix nitrogen in the soil, and it is very tolerant of alkaline and salty soils. It has been used extensively for land reclamation or as windbreaks, but has become invasive in many areas. It is grown for its fruit, which is eaten dried. Plants with broader and shorter leaves are sometimes distinguished as _Elaeagnus angustifolia_ var. _orientalis_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The tree bears a superficial resemblance to the Olive ( _Olea europaea_ ) but differs in its deciduous, alternate leaves. Some other species in the genus, such as _E. pungens_ , also have leaves that are scaly, at least underneath, but they are mostly evergreen.

**The leaves of the Oleaster** are oblong to lanceolate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are silvery, scaly on both sides when young, becoming dark green to gray-green above, silvery white with scales beneath. The tip is bluntly pointed to rounded, and the margin is untoothed.

_ARBUTUS ANDRACHNE_

GREEK STRAWBERRY TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Reddish-brown, peeling in thin flakes, green to orange-brown when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Urn-shaped, about ¼ in (6 mm) long, white and fragrant, in clusters at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A spherical red berry about ½ in (1 cm) across with a slightly wrinkled surface

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, Turkey

**HABITAT** | Dry rocky slopes

The Greek Strawberry Tree is an evergreen tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit flowering in spring. The wood is used locally for carving small objects such as spoons and some parts of the tree are used medicinally. Where it grows together with the Strawberry Tree ( _Arbutus unedo_ ), hybrids between the two species ( _A. × andrachnoides_ ) can occur. Unlike many plants in the family it is often found on limestone soils. As the Greek Strawberry Tree needs a mild climate to thrive, the hybrid is more often seen in cultivation in cooler areas. It combines the hardiness of the Strawberry Tree with the striking peeling bark of the Greek Strawberry Tree, and always has toothed leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Strawberry Tree differs in its rough, not peeling, bark, and its toothed leaves. The Arizona Madrone ( _A. arizonica_ ) can also have untoothed leaves but they are narrower, with a pointed tip and wedge-shaped base.

**The leaves of the Greek Strawberry Tree** are elliptic to obovate, leathery, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Pale green when young, they mature to glossy dark green above, and paler beneath. The leaves are bluntly pointed to rounded at the tip; the margin is largely untoothed but may have teeth on very vigorous shoots.

_ARBUTUS ARIZONICA_

ARIZONA MADRONE

(A. GRAY) SARGENT

Up to 33 ft, or more (10 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1¼ in (8 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown, peeling, creamy pink when freshly exposed. Old trunks with persistent bark cracked into small plates

**FLOWERS** | Creamy white, urn-shaped, about ¼ in (5 mm) long, in clusters at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | An orange-red berry about ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, west Mexico

**HABITAT** | Streambanks, oak woodland, cliffs, canyons

The Arizona Madrone is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit and red young shoots, flowering in spring or early summer depending on the tree's location. It often has more than one main trunk and can be shrubby, or produce sprouts from the base. The size of the tree varies considerably depending on location and in moist canyons it can reach 65 ft (20 m) tall. In the northern part of its range, trees tend to have smaller and narrower leaves than in the south. The wood has been used to make charcoal and gunpowder, and the fruits provide valuable food for wildlife.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Arizona Madrone is one of a small group of species that start to retain their bark on the older stems from an early age. It was originally described from Arizona as a variety of the Texas Madrone ( _Arbutus xalapensis_ ) but that species differs in having usually larger leaves that are rounded at the base.

**The leaves of the Arizona Madrone** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Often finely hairy as they emerge, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler beneath and glabrous on both sides. The leaf is pointed at the tip and wedge-shaped at the base; the margin is untoothed but can have teeth on vigorous shoots.

_ARBUTUS MENZIESII_

MADROÑA

PURSH

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3 in (15 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, red-brown, peeling in flakes to reveal green young bark, becoming rough and fissured at the base with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and urn-shaped, creamy white or pink-tinged, to ¼ in (6 mm) long, fragrant, in upright panicles up to 6 in (15 cm) long at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A warty spherical berry ½ in (1 cm) across, ripening from green to orange-red and containing numerous seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Pacific coast of western North America

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes and canyons in oak and coniferous forest

The Madroña is one of California's best-known trees. It is evergreen, with a columnar to spreading habit, sometimes with several stems from the base. It flowers in spring. A popular ornamental in its native regions, it is also grown in other areas with a suitable climate for flowering in spring and is cultivated as an ornamental for its attractive peeling bark and large clusters of fragrant flowers that are attractive to bees. The fruits are edible in small quantities and are attractive to wildlife such as doves and pigeons, which disperse the seeds. Trees are often seen with brown to blackish leaf spots caused by various diseases.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other species in this small genus are similar but they make smaller trees with smaller leaves and flower clusters. The Texas Madrone ( _Arbutus xalapensis_ ) can have leaves that are almost as large but they are pale blue-green rather than green beneath, and it makes a much smaller tree.

**The leaves of the Madroña** are evergreen and leathery, to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across, borne on a petiole to about 1 in (2.5 cm). They are glossy dark green above, pale blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides. Normally untoothed, young seedlings can have leaves with toothed margins. Old leaves often turn red before falling in the second summer.

_ARBUTUS UNEDO_

STRAWBERRY TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Rough and red-brown, flaking in strips when mature but not peeling

**FLOWERS** | Urn-shaped, white, sometimes pink, about ⅜ in (8 mm) long, in nodding clusters at the tips of the shoots

**FRUIT** | An orange to red warty berry to ¾ in (2 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Mediterranean region, Turkey, southwest Ireland

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes, scrub and woods, mainly near the coast

The Strawberry Tree is an evergreen tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in fall as the fruits from the previous year's flowers ripen. The fruits are strawberry-like in appearance rather than taste; in fact the epithet _unedo_ derives from Latin and means "I eat only one." In spite of this, the fruits are eaten raw or made into preserves or even liqueur. The wood is used for firewood and charcoal, which has led to a reduction in populations in some areas. The leaves are sometimes used medicinally. The tree varies in flower color and leaf shape. While the flowers are usually white, in _Arbutus unedo_ f. _rubra_ they are pink. 'Integerrima' has leaves with no teeth while the leaves of 'Quercifolia' have large teeth. Compact, free-flowering, and fruiting forms, such as 'Atlantic' and 'Elfin King', are suitable for small gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The toothed leaves distinguish the Strawberry Tree from other species in the genus. The hybrid with _A. andrachne_ ( _A_. × _andrachnoides_ ) can also have toothed leaves but it has peeling bark.

**The leaves of the Strawberry Tree** are elliptic to oblong, leathery, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides. They end in a bluntly pointed tip and have conspicuously toothed margins.

_ARBUTUS XALAPENSIS_

TEXAS MADRONE

KUNTH

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown, peeling in thin flakes to reveal pale orange to pinkish young bark, some old bark retained at the base on mature trees

**FLOWERS** | Urn-shaped, about ¼ in (6 mm) long, white or pinkish, borne in clusters at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A spherical, bright red, warty berry ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes, woods, and canyons

**SYNONYM** | _Arbutus texana_ Buckley

The Texas Madrone is an evergreen tree, sometimes shrubby, with a spreading habit. The flowers open in winter in the south of its range, and in spring in the northernmost locations. It is a widely distributed species and varies in its leaf hairiness and toothing, bark, and flowering time. Plants with glandular hairs on the leaves and shoots have been recognized as a separate species ( _Arbutus glandulosa_ ) but are now considered to be part of the variation within Texas Madrone. The heavy, hard wood is used to make a variety of items, and many parts of the tree have been used medicinally. The specific epithet means "from Xalapa" in Mexico, from where it was described. In the United States the Texas Madrone occurs only in New Mexico and Texas but has an extensive distribution, mainly in mountainous areas of Mexico and well into Central America.

SIMILAR SPECIES

It is most likely to be confused with the Arizona Madrone ( _A. arizonica_ ) as the two species can grow together. The latter has leaves that taper at the base while in the Texas Madrone the leaf base is usually rounded.

**The leaves of the Texas Madrone** are ovate to elliptic, leathery, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are downy or glabrous when young, sometimes with glandular hairs, particularly on the petiole. When mature, they are glossy dark green above, paler beneath. The apex is pointed or blunt, and the base usually rounded. The margin is often entire but it can be finely toothed.

_OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM_

SORREL TREE

(LINNAEUS) A. P. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 3¼ in (20 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed with narrow ridges

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, urn-shaped, about ¼ in (6 mm) long in slender-branched, drooping or spreading panicles

**FRUIT** | A brown capsule about ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Open slopes and streambanks, often in pine or oak forest, on acidic soils

The Sorrel Tree, also known as the Sourwood, is a deciduous tree of conical to columnar habit, with an often leaning trunk and slender, slightly drooping branches. It flowers in summer. Where the tree is common, such as in the Appalachian Mountains, bees produce a popular, spicy honey from the flowers. Both the scientific and common names derive from the acidic taste of the leaves (like sorrel itself), which are sometimes used to quench thirst or to make a medicinal tea. It is a popular ornamental tree, valued for its late flowers and fall color, but is only suitable for growing on acidic soils. Some selections have been made for improved fall color, such as 'Chameleon', which has leaves turning to yellow, red, and purple in the fall. Native Americans used infusions of the bark for medicinal purposes, and the wood to make objects including arrow shafts.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sorrel Tree is not readily confused with other trees. The large sprays of relatively small flowers and the fruits that persist for some time on the tree are very distinctive and are most similar to those of the evergreen and shrubby _Pieris_.

**The leaves of the Sorrel Tree** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are dark green and smooth above, paler with hairs along the veins at least when young; they turn to bright orange and red in fall. The tip ends in a tapered point, and the margin can be entire, finely toothed, or ciliate.

_EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES_

HARDY RUBBER TREE

OLIVER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 3½ in (18 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Inconspicuous, green, without petals, at the base of young shoots, the males clustered, the females borne singly, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | An elliptic samara about 1¼ in (3 cm) long, the wing notched at the tip

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub on hill and mountain slopes

The Hardy Rubber Tree is a deciduous tree, upright when young, and developing a rounded habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. Although a rare tree in the wild, it is widely cultivated in China and fossil records show that the family (now restricted to this one species) was previously widely distributed. The bark is one of the 50 fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine. Part of the bark of a tree is stripped and dried in the sun before the outer bark is removed leaving the inner, latex-containing bark. Despite its name, it is not related to the tree from which rubber is produced commercially.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The leaf shape is reminiscent of several other trees, for example some _Prunus_ species. The identity can be confirmed by pulling a leaf in half gently; strands of latex should keep the two halves joined. This phenomenon also occurs in _Cornus_.

**The leaves of the Hardy Rubber Tree** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. Glossy green above with impressed veins, they end in a long tapered point and are sharply toothed at the margin. If a leaf is gently pulled in two, the halves of the leaf remain connected by slender strands of latex.

_EUPTELEA PLEIOSPERMA_

EUPTELEA PLEIOSPERMA

J. D. HOOKER & THOMSON

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals but with numerous stamens tipped with red anthers

**FRUIT** | Clusters of small, slender-stalked samaras each to ½ in (1 cm) long, often red as they mature

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Himalayan region, China

**HABITAT** | Deciduous forests, scrub, riverbanks

_Euptelea pleiosperma_ is a deciduous tree or large shrub with a bushy, spreading habit, flowering in spring just before the young leaves emerge. It is a common plant in some parts of China, and its variability led to the belief that there were several species. Now only one is recognized in China with another similar species in Japan. It is the only genus in the family, and is considered to be most closely related to the buttercups and poppies.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese _E. polyandra_ is similar, differing in the irregularly and more sharply toothed leaves.

**The leaves of Euptelea pleiosperma** are ovate to rounded, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They often emerge bronze or red, turning to dark green above, paler or blue-green beneath, and can turn to orange, yellow, and red in fall. The tip is abruptly taper-pointed, while the base is wedge-shaped and the margin irregularly edged with gland-tipped teeth.

_ACACIA DEALBATA_

MIMOSA

LINK

50 ft, or rarely to 100 ft (15, or to 30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Bipinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Green and smooth when young becoming dark brown and fissured

**FLOWERS** | Fragrant, very small and bright yellow, in dense rounded clusters borne in large panicles

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 3 in (7.5 cm) long, green when young becoming glaucous then brown when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia and Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Dry forest on mountain slopes, gullies, and ridges

The Mimosa, or the Silver Wattle, is an evergreen tree, more rarely a shrub, flowering in late winter or early spring. The attractive leaves are borne on angled, silver-haired shoots. Many species in this large genus have bipinnate leaves when very young and entire, leaflike "phyllodes" (developed from the expanded leaf stalk) when mature. The leaves of the Mimosa, however, always remain bipinnate. It is commonly grown as an ornamental in warm regions, and flowering shoots are used in cut-flower arrangements.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Silk Tree ( _Albizia julibrissin_ ) also has bipinnate leaves, but they have fewer subdivisions, larger leaflets, and are green not blue-green. In flower it can be confused only with other, less commonly seen species in the genus. _Acacia dealbata_ subsp. _subalpina_ , found at higher altitudes, is a smaller tree with shorter pinnae to 1¼ in (3 cm) long.

**The leaves of the Mimosa** are oblong, up to 6 in (15 cm) long, and borne on a stalk up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long. They have 20 or more opposite subdivisions (pinnae) on each side, about 2 in (5 cm) long, each of them bearing numerous tiny blue-green, narrowly oblong, untoothed leaflets ¼ in (5 mm) long and less than ⅛ in (1 mm) across, with hairs on the lower surface.

_ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN_

SILK TREE

(WILLDENOW) DURAZZINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Bipinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 20 x 12 in (50 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray becoming fissured and scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | In stalked clusters of up to 20, the greenish white calyx and corolla inconspicuous but with numerous long stamens white at the base, pink at the tips

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 8 in (20 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, gullies, riverbanks

The Silk Tree is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in summer. It is widely cultivated, particularly in regions with warm summers, for its fernlike foliage and its attractive, fragrant flowers and has become naturalized in some regions. The wood has been used for building and for making furniture, and some parts are used medicinally. It is the hardiest species in a mainly tropical genus.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Mimosa ( _Acacia dealbata_ ) has leaves with more numerous, smaller, blue-green leaflets and silver-haired stems. Other species of _Albizia_ are planted in tropical regions.

**The leaves of the Silk Tree** are oblong in outline, and bipinnate with up to 12 or more opposite pairs of pinnae, lacking a terminal pinna. Each pinna has up to 30 opposite pairs of leaflets to ½ in (1 cm) long; they are dark green above, and more or less smooth. The leaflets close together at night.

_CERATONIA SILIQUA_

CAROB TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 6 in (30 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Very small, without petals, borne in racemes to 12 in (30 cm) long from the old shoots, the males with orange to reddish anthers; males and females on the same or separate plants

**FRUIT** | A rigid, usually curved pod to 12 in (30 cm) long, brown when ripe, containing large seeds in a sticky sweet pulp

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern Mediterranean region, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Rocky hillsides, well-drained soils

The Carob Tree is an evergreen tree with a rounded to spreading habit, producing its small flowers in fall or winter. It is also known as St. John's Bread. The pods have a high nutritional value. The ground pulp is used as a cocoa substitute, and the roasted seeds have been used as a coffee substitute. A gum from the ground seeds is widely used in the food industry. The term "carat" derives from the name of this tree as the seeds were used as a measure of weight.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Carob Tree is a very distinctive tree that is unlikely to be confused with other species. _Gleditsia_ is related but its species have bipinnate leaves.

**The leaves of the Carob Tree** are oblong in outline and pinnate with up to 6 pairs of opposite leaflets. These are glossy dark green above, grayish and hairy beneath, untoothed, and often with a notched tip; they are up to 2 in (5 cm) long. A missing leaflet from the terminal pair may make the remaining one resemble a terminal leaflet.

_CERCIS CANADENSIS_

REDBUD

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 4¾ in (12 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, about ½ in (1 cm) long, pale to deep pink with a calyx that is deeper in color

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 4 in (10 cm) long, green then red-purple and fnally brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Redbud is a small deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in early spring before the young leaves emerge. The flowers are only superficially pealike and these trees are more closely related to another group in the family that includes the largely tropical genus _Bauhinia_. Redbud is an important landscape plant in North America for its profuse flowers; these are particularly ornamental just before they open as they are even darker colored in bud. There are forms with white flowers and with purple leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The tapered leaf apex distinguishes the Redbud from the Judas Tree ( _Cercis siliquastrum_ ). _C. canadensis_ var. _texensis_ and var. _mexicana_ have glossy green, leathery leaves, which are downy beneath in the latter variety, while the typical form has dull green, thin leaves.

**The leaves of the Redbud** are ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and across. They are bronze when young, becoming dark dull green above, paler beneath, and with or without hairs. The apex tapers to a point, and the base is usually heart-shaped or sometimes truncate. The margin is untoothed.

_CERCIS CHINENSIS_

CHINESE REDBUD

BUNGE

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4 in (10 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth when young, cracking into small plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, pale to deep pink, about ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, in clusters on the branches and trunk

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 3¼ in (8 cm) long, green at first, becoming red then brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes, woodland clearings

The Chinese Redbud is a deciduous tree, sometimes shrubby with a rounded head, flowering in spring before the young leaves open. It is the best known of several Chinese species and is frequently cultivated for its relatively large, deeply colored, and profusely borne flowers. The flowers are variable in color and are white in some forms. Popular garden selections of this species include 'Don Egolf', a compact form that bears profuse, bright pink flowers and no fruit, and 'Avondale', which has the shoots densely covered with purple-pink flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Redbud is very similar to Redbud ( _Cercis canadensis_ ) but it differs in the larger, usually deeper-colored flowers and in the translucent margin of the leaves.

**The leaves of the Chinese Redbud** are rounded and are up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across. They are deep glossy green above, blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides or with sparse hairs on the veins and in the vein axils beneath. The apex tapers to a short point, and the base is deeply heart-shaped. Leaves are untoothed with a narrow translucent margin.

_CERCIS RACEMOSA_

CERCIS RACEMOSA

OLIVER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 4½ in (13 x 11 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking with age

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, pink, about ½ in (1 cm) long, carried in pendulous racemes to 4 in (10 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod that is up to 4 in (10 cm) long, green at first, becoming pink then brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, slopes, and riverbanks in the mountains

_Cercis racemosa_ is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading head, sometimes a shrub, the shoots hairy when young. It flowers in spring before or as the young leaves emerge. A rare species both in the wild and in cultivation, it is unusual in the genus in producing the flowers in elongated racemes rather than umbel-like clusters. It is closely related to another Chinese species, _C. glabra_ , which bears flowers in very short racemes less than ¾ in (2 cm) long. It has been described as one of the most beautiful of Chinese trees.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_C. racemosa_ is a very distinctive tree when it is in flower, since no other species in the genus bears the flowers in such long racemes.

**The leaves of Cercis racemosa** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 4¼ in (11 cm) across. They are dark green above, and paler and hairy beneath. The apex is abruptly tapered to a short point, the base is rounded, and the margin is untoothed.

_CERCIS SILIQUASTRUM_

JUDAS TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4 in (10 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured with age and cracking into small plates

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, pink, to ¾ in (2 cm) long, with a deeper colored calyx

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 4 in (10 cm) long, green at first, turning to pink and then to brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern Mediterranean region

**HABITAT** | Dry, rocky places

The Judas Tree is a deciduous tree, often shrubby or with several stems from the base, with a spreading habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The showy flowers are sometimes eaten in salads and often appear in dense clusters from the main trunks. The common name of this species derives from the belief that Judas Iscariot hanged himself on this tree. It is commonly cultivated as an ornamental, and forms exist with white flowers such as 'White Swan'. Perhaps the most popular selection is 'Bodnant', with profuse, large, deep pink flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The rounded leaf apex and relatively large flowers distinguish the Judas Tree from other species. It can be confused with the Katsura Tree ( _Cercidiphyllum japonicum_ ), which has toothed leaves. The closely related _Cercis griffithii_ is found in Iran, Afghanistan, and central Asia, and differs in having the leaves notched at the tip.

**The leaves of the Judas Tree** are rounded and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across. They are bronze when young, becoming deep bluish-green above, paler blue-green beneath, and hairless on both sides. The apex is rounded or sometimes has a slight notch, and the base is deeply heart-shaped. The margin is untoothed.

_CLADRASTIS DELAVAYI_

CHINESE YELLOWWOOD

(FRANCHET) PRAIN

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 3½ in (20 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray-green

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, white to pink, about ½ in (1 cm) long, in large upright panicles to 12 in (30 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 3¼ in (8 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Bhutan, China

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain woods

**SYNONYM** | _Cladrastis sinensis_ Hemsley

The Chinese Yellowwood is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, bearing its fragrant flowers in midsummer. It is one of several species that show a close relationship between the floras of China and eastern North America, and is related to the genus _Styphnolobium_ , which also has species in both hemispheres. Occasionally planted as an ornamental, it is useful in the garden because it flowers late and is one of the last trees to come into leaf in summer.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Yellowwood differs from the Yellowwood ( _Cladrastis kentukea_ ) in the upright flower panicles, which open about one month later, and in its more numerous leaflets.

**The leaves of the Chinese Yellowwood** are oblong in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. It has up to 15 untoothed leaflets; these are usually alternate on the rachis. Each leaflet is ovate to oblong and up to 4¼ in (11 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are dark green above, gray with hairs beneath, and turn yellow in fall.

_CLADRASTIS KENTUKEA_

YELLOWWOOD

(DUMONT DE COURSET) RUDD

Up to 60 ft (18 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, white, to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, in large drooping panicles

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 4 in (10 cm) long, green ripening to brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Valleys, slopes, and riverbanks usually on limestone

**SYNONYM** | _Cladrastis lutea_ (F. A. Michaux) K. Koch

The Yellowwood is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often branching low down, and flowering in early summer. In this and other species of the genus the buds are enclosed in the base of the leaf stalk. It is a rare tree in the wild, and has a scattered distribution. The common name derives from the bright yellow, freshly cut wood, from which has been obtained a yellow dye. The hard wood has been used to make gunstocks and furniture. The Yellowwood is planted as an ornamental tree, with 'Perkins Pink', a form with pink flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Yellowwood ( _Cladrastis delavayi_ ) differs in the upright flower panicles, which are produced later in the year. _Maackia_ is a closely related genus, but its species have exposed buds that are not enclosed in the base of the leaf stalk.

**The leaves of the Yellowwood** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. Each consists of up to 11 alternate, short-stalked leaflets that are up to 4 in (10 cm) long with a pointed tip and untoothed margin. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn yellow in fall.

_GLEDITSIA SINENSIS_

CHINESE HONEY LOCUST

HEMSLEY

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 4¾ in (25 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and spiny

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and greenish in spikes; male and female flowers in separate spikes on the same or different trees, or flowers hermaphrodite

**FRUIT** | A flattened, curved, dark brown pod to 14 in (35 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Woods and valleys often in the mountains

The Chinese Honey Locust is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, the young shoots smooth or slightly hairy only when young. It produces its small flowers in spring. It is the largest of the six species in the genus that are native to China. The trunk and shoots bear conical, often branched, sharp-pointed spines which are circular in cross-section and up to 6 in (15 cm) long. Also known as the Soap Bean Tree, the pods are boiled in China to make soap and were also used to make gunpowder. Some parts of the tree, such as extracts from the fruits and the dried spines, are important medicinally in China.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Honey Locust differs from the Honey Locust ( _Gleditsia triacanthos_ ) in having fewer leaflets that are blunt rather than pointed at the tip. _G. japonica_ , from China, Japan, and Korea, has entire or very shallowly toothed leaflets and flattened spines. The Chinese Honey Locust differs from both in having only pinnate leaves.

**The leaves of the Chinese Honey Locust** are pinnate and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. Each leaf bears up to 7 opposite pairs of leaflets that are ovate to oblong, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are bluntly pointed at the tip, and have a rounded base and a toothed, slightly undulate margin.

_GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS_

HONEY LOCUST

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate or bipinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, ridged when mature, with clusters of branched spines

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and greenish in spikes; male and female flowers in separate spikes on the same or different trees, or flowers hermaphrodite

**FRUIT** | A thick, flattened, dark brown, often curled pod to 16 in (40 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Honey Locust is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring. The pods contain a sugar-rich pulp that can be eaten, used as a sugar substitute, or fermented to make beer. The hard wood has been used particularly for fence posts. Although this tree is usually spiny, spineless and fruitless selections have been developed for use as street trees. 'Sunburst' is a form that has bright yellow foliage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Honey Locust ( _Gleditsia sinensis_ ) bears only pinnate and not bipinnate leaves. Of the species in the genus that can have both pinnate and bipinnate leaves, _G. japonica_ has fewer, larger leaflets.

**The leaves of the Honey Locust** are pinnate or bipinnate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. Pinnate leaves normally occur on short shoots on the old wood, and have up to 15 pairs of glossy dark green leaflets up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. Bipinnate leaves occur on vigorous shoots, and have up to 7 pairs of opposite pinnae with smaller leaflets.

_GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA_

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE

(LINNAEUS) K. KOCH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Bipinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LE AF SIZE** | To 36 x 24 in (90 x 60 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, with scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Greenish white, small; males and females on separate trees, some trees also bearing some hermaphrodite flowers

**FRUIT** | A large brown pod to 10 in (25 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern to mid-western United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Kentucky Coffee Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, sometimes spreading by suckers. It flowers in late spring to early summer. The female flowers are fragrant and are borne in panicles up to 12 in (30 cm) long but are often hidden by the leaves. Early North American settlers made a coffee substitute from the seeds, which can also be eaten after boiling or roasting; they are poisonous until cooked.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The large bipinnate leaves could only be confused with those of _Aralia_ , the treelike species of which have spiny stems and toothed leaflets, and usually lack the terminal leaflets on the pinnae.

**The leaves of the Kentucky Coffee Tree** are oblong to obovate in outline, and up to 36 in (90 cm) long and 24 in (60 cm) across. Each leaf bears up to 6 pairs of opposite pinnae, with or without a terminal pinna, and often with a pair of opposite, untoothed leaflets at the base of the rachis. The pinnae each bear up to 7 pairs of opposite leaflets, which are ovate, taper-pointed at the tip, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. They emerge bronze and then become a deep blue-green. The leaflets drop in the fall, leaving the rachis attached to the shoots.

_LABURNUM ALPINUM_

SCOTCH LABURNUM

(MILLER) BERCHTOLD & J. PRESL

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Trifoliolate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly semicircular

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4¾ in (10 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth becoming scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, yellow, ¾ in (2 cm) long, in pendulous racemes to 18 in (45 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A small, smooth pod to 3¼ in (8 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Alps of Europe

**HABITAT** | Moist sites in the mountains

The Scotch Laburnum is a deciduous tree, upright when young and becoming rounded with age, producing its showy flowers in early summer. These made it a popular garden tree, which has now been superseded by its hybrid with _Laburnum anagyroides_ ( _L. × watereri_ ) in gardens. It has green shoots, which are slightly hairy when young, soon becoming glabrous. All parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are very poisonous.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Common Laburnum ( _L. anagyroides_ ) has flowers borne in shorter racemes and opening slightly earlier, as well as leaves that are gray and hairy beneath, and hairy pods. _L. × watereri_ has leaves that are hairy beneath but green.

**The leaves of the Scotch Laburnum** are trifoliolate, with ovate to elliptic leaflets to 4 in (10 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. The leaflets end in a pointed tip, have an untoothed margin, and taper to the base. They are dark green above, green and almost without hairs beneath and are borne on a stalk of up to 2½ in (6 cm).

_LABURNUM ANAGYROIDES_

COMMON LABURNUM

MEDIKUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Trifoliolate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly semicircular

**LEAF SIZE** | 3½ x 5 in (9 x 13 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, yellow, ¾ in (2 cm) long, in pendulous racemes to 10 in (25 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A gray-haired pod to 3¼ in (8 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern and central Europe

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods and thickets

The Common Laburnum is a deciduous tree, sometimes shrubby with a rounded to spreading, often slightly weeping habit. It flowers in late spring. Commonly planted as an ornamental and sometimes naturalized, it is one of the parents of the garden hybrid _Laburnum × watereri_ ( _L. alpinum × L. anagyroides_ ). As with the Scotch Laburnum, all parts of the plant are very poisonous. A few garden selections have been made, such as the yellow-leaved 'Aureum' and 'Quercifolium', which has curiously lobed leaflets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Common Laburnum differs from the Scotch Laburnum ( _L. alpinum_ ) in the shorter, denser inflorescences, the leaves that are gray-hairy beneath, and the gray-hairy pods. The hybrid _L. × watereri_ has longer inflorescences closer to those of _L. alpinum_ , and leaves that are green and hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Common Laburnum** are 3½ in (9 cm) long and 5 in (13 cm) across and trifoliolate, with elliptic to ovate leaflets up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are dark green above, gray beneath with appressed silky hairs. The apex is blunt with a small point, and the margins are untoothed. The leaves are borne on a stalk of up to 3¼ in (8 cm).

_MAACKIA AMURENSIS_

AMUR MAACKIA

RUPRECHT & MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, orange-brown and peeling when young.

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, white, in dense, cylindrical, upright racemes

**FRUIT** | A flattened dark brown pod to 2¾ in (7 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern Russia, northeast China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests, riverbanks

The Amur Maackia is a small deciduous tree of spreading habit, flowering in summer. It is related to _Cladrastis_ and _Styphnolobium_ , and is a member of a small genus of about eight trees and shrubs of east Asia, mostly China. Amur Maackia's hard wood is resistant to decay and is used in China to make a variety of items such as furniture and veneers. This and related species are occasionally planted as ornamental trees for their fragrant flowers and attractive bark.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The compact inflorescences that are upright or nearly so are very distinct. _Cladrastis_ differs in its more open inflorescences, and in having the buds enclosed in the base of the petiole. There are several similar species in the genus, but the glabrous mature leaves and the number of leaflets distinguish the Amur Maackia from most others.

**The leaves of the Amur Maackia** are obovate in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 11 ovate to elliptic, taper-pointed, untoothed, opposite leaflets to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. The young leaves are attractively silvery green with hairs when they emerge, becoming dark green above, paler beneath, and glabrous on both sides. They sometimes turn yellow in fall, or can drop when green.

_ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA_

BLACK LOCUST

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 4 in (30 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, thick and deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, ¾ in (2 cm) long, white blotched with yellow, fragrant, in pendulous racemes to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A reddish brown, flattened pod to 4 in (10 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Woods and thickets

The Black Locust is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, spreading by suckers and flowering in late spring and early summer. The shoots bear small spines derived from the persistent stipules. Although it has a relatively small distribution in the wild, this species is commonly planted and has become a serious invasive weed in many countries. The hard and very heavy wood was once used extensively for shipbuilding. There are several garden selections, the most common of which is 'Frisia' with golden yellow leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other species in the genus have pink flowers. The Black Locust is sometimes confused with _Gleditsia_ species, which usually have bipinnate leaves and thorny trunks.

**The leaves of the Black Locust** are oblong and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 21 leaflets that are opposite or nearly so. Each leaflet is elliptic to oblong, up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across, and bluntly pointed to slightly indented at the apex with an untoothed margin. At the base of the petiole are 2 small stipules that persist and become spiny.

_ROBINIA VISCOSA_

CLAMMY LOCUST

VENTENAT

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 4 in (30 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark brown, smooth when young becoming furrowed and often burred with age

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, pink with yellow blotches, about ¾ in (2 cm) long, in pendulous racemes to 2½ in (6 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A flattened pod to 3¼ in (8 cm) long, sticky with glandular hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Woods, ridges, clearings

The Clammy Locust is a deciduous tree, often shrubby, spreading by suckers. The shoots are densely covered with sticky glandular hairs, and have small spines derived from persistent stipules. It is cultivated for its attractive flowers, is widely naturalized in eastern North America, and has hybridized with other species. Hartweg's Locust ( _Robinia viscosa_ var. _hartwegii_ ) is a rare shrubby form restricted to South Carolina and Georgia.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Clammy Locust is sometimes confused with the Bristly Locust ( _R. hispida_ ); it is a shrub that also has pink flowers, but has shoots that are bristly, not sticky. The New Mexican Locust ( _R. neomexicana_ ) is a small tree that has hairy shoots.

**The leaves of the Clammy Locust** are oblong in outline and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 21 opposite leaflets. The leaf stalk and rachis are sticky with glandular hairs. The leaflets are elliptic to ovate, up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across, dark green above, paler and hairy at first beneath.

_SOPHORA MICROPHYLLA_

SMALL-LEAVED KOWHAI

AITON

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 1¼ in (15 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Yellow, tubular with 5 petals to 2 in (5 cm) long, in clusters

**FRUIT** | A slender pod to 8 in (20 cm) long with narrowly winged margins, constricted between the seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | New Zealand

**HABITAT** | River terraces, floodplains, hill slopes

The Small-leaved Kowhai is a semi-evergreen tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit and often pendulous branches when mature. The old leaves usually fall just before the flowers open, in late winter to spring. As with many other New Zealand plants, young trees go through a long juvenile phase with a bushy habit and interlacing branches with fewer, smaller leaves. Plants usually have to reach the adult stage before they flower. The Chilean tree at one time referred to as _Sophora microphylla_ is now regarded as a separate species, _S. cassioides_. The garden selection _S_. Sun King ('Hilsop') was once thought to be a form of _S. microphylla_ but is a hybrid of _S. cassioides_ and _S. macrocarpa_ , which are both from Chile.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are several similar, often shrubby, species in New Zealand. The best known of these, the Kowhai ( _S. tetraptera_ ), from the North Island of New Zealand, can make a tree to 33 ft (10 m) tall or more; it differs in having up to 41 larger leaflets and not going through a juvenile phase. The Chilean _S. cassioides_ is most similar to _S. microphylla_ but does not have a juvenile phase.

**The leaves of the Small-leaved Kowhai** are narrow oblong in outline and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 51 opposite or nearly opposite leaflets. The leaflets are elliptic to obovate, and up to ½ in (1 cm) long and ¼ in (5 mm) across; they have an entire margin and a rounded to slightly indented apex. They are borne on a very short stalk.

_SOPHORA TETRAPTERA_

KOWHAI

J. F. MILLER

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2¾ in (15 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Yellow, tubular with 5 petals to 2 in (5 cm) long, in clusters

**FRUIT** | A pod to 8 in (20 cm) long with narrowly winged margins, constricted between the seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | New Zealand (North Island)

**HABITAT** | Lowland areas, riverbanks, wood margins

The Kowhai is a deciduous or semi-evergreen tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in late winter to spring, usually just after the old leaves are shed. It is perhaps the best-known tree of New Zealand and is often regarded as the national flower. It is a popular garden tree since it does not go through the extended juvenile phase of the Small-leaved Kowhai ( _Sophora microphylla_ ) before it flowers. Native birds visit the flowers to drink the nectar. This and related species are sometimes used for bonsai. Both the Kowhai and the Small-leaved Kowhai produce an attractive, hard, and dense wood that has been used for fence posts and tools, and in cabinet making.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Kowhai is usually recognized easily from the length of the leaflets which are ¾ in (2 cm) or more long. The Small-leaved Kowhai ( _S. microphylla_ ) has smaller leaflets only about ½ in (1 cm) long, and has a shrubby, juvenile phase. The Chilean _S. cassioides_ does not have a juvenile phase but has leaflets similar in size to those of the Small-leaved Kowhai.

**The leaves of the Kowhai** are oblong in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to about 41 opposite, untoothed leaflets. Each leaflet is elliptic to oblong and ¾–1⅜ in (2–3.5 cm) long and ⅜ in (8 mm) across, longer and relatively narrower than any of the other New Zealand species. The leaflets are dark green above and paler beneath, and hairy on both sides.
_STYPHNOLOBIUM JAPONICUM_

JAPANESE PAGODA TREE

(LINNAEUS) SCHOTT

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 4 in (25 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and green with prominent pale lenticels when young becoming gray-brown and ridged

**FLOWERS** | Pealike, white or pinkish, about ½ in (1 cm) long, in large panicles to 12 in (30 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical smooth pod to 3¼ in (8 cm) long, constricted between seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Woods, thickets, and open places in the mountains

**SYNONYM** | _Sophora japonica_ Linnaeus

The Japanese Pagoda Tree is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in summer. Although originally described from Japan and thought to be native there, it was, in fact introduced from China and is widely cultivated elsewhere, particularly in areas with warm summers. 'Pendulum' is a popular selection; it has a contorted head of weeping branches. A yellow dye from the flowers and fruits is used for dyeing silk. The Japanese Pagoda Tree is also a popular bonsai plant.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The cylindrical pods distinguish the Japanese Pagoda Tree from _Cladrastis_ and _Maackia_ species. The green, spineless shoots distinguish it from _Robinia_.

**The leaves of the Japanese Pagoda Tree** are oblong in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 9 pairs of opposite leaflets. The leaflets are ovate and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, dark green above and gray beneath, either dropping green or briefly turning yellow in fall. They taper to a short, abrupt point at the tip, and have an untoothed margin. The base of the leaf stalk is swollen, enclosing the bud.

_CASTANEA CRENATA_

JAPANESE CHESTNUT

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 2 in (18 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth when young, furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and fragrant, creamy white in upright spikes; males with long stamens, females at the base of some spikes

**FRUIT** | 1 to 3 brown nuts in a spiny husk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, South Korea

**HABITAT** | Hill forests

The Japanese Chestnut is a deciduous tree of spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. The nuts of this species are an important source of food in the Far East. They vary a great deal in size and sweetness and are eaten raw or cooked, or are fed to pigs. This species is fairly resistant to chestnut blight, and early importations into North America may have been the source of the disease there. Several forms have been selected for fruit quality and hybrids have been raised between this species and others in order to produce disease-resistant selections.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The underside of the leaf has yellowish scales as well as hairs, a unique combination in the genus. _Castanea seguinii_ also has scales here but is hairy only on the veins beneath.

**The leaves of the Japanese Chestnut** are oblong to lanceolate and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are dark green above, grayish beneath, with a covering of soft hairs as well as yellowish scales. The apex tapers to a slender point, and the margin is edged with fine-pointed bristles that emerge from the ends of the veins.

_CASTANEA DENTATA_

AMERICAN SWEET CHESTNUT

(MARSHALL) BORKHAUSEN

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 4 in (30 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth when young, furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and fragrant, creamy white in upright spikes to 8 in (20 cm) long; males with long stamens, females at the base of some spikes

**FRUIT** | Up to 3 glossy brown nuts in a spiny husk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Rich woods

The American Sweet Chestnut is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. This species was once a magnificent tree of the North American forests, much prized for its wood and fruit, which was eaten by man and pigs. In the early twentieth century the fungal disease chestnut blight was first detected in New York; it spread rapidly throughout the native range of the species, killing most trees to the ground. As the roots are resistant, these trees often now exist only as sprouts that rarely reach fruiting size before succumbing, once again, to the disease.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The leaves are most similar to those of the Sweet Chestnut ( _Castanea sativa_ ) but they are duller green and tapered, not rounded, at the base.

**The leaves of the American Chestnut** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are dark dull green above and paler beneath, without obvious hairs. The apex tapers to a point and the margin is edged with triangular, bristle-tipped teeth. The base tapers to a stalk of up to 1¼ in (3 cm).

_CASTANEA MOLLISSIMA_

CHINESE CHESTNUT

BLUME

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 3¼ in (20 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth when young becoming fissured into rough ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white in upright spikes; males with long stamens, females at the base of some spikes to 4¾ in (12 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Up to 3 glossy brown nuts in a spiny husk

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Chinese Chestnut is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. The sweet, edible nuts vary in size, and many cultivars have been selected based on their quality. In its native China, this species is host to the fungus that causes chestnut blight but is resistant to it, suffering only mild symptoms. This is one of the species that has been used in breeding programs to produce a chestnut resistant to the disease. The Chinese Chestnut has been widely planted and is sometimes naturalized in the southeastern United States.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Allegheny Chinquapin ( _Castanea pumila_ ) also has the leaves downy beneath but is a shrub or small tree. The Japanese Chestnut ( _C. crenata_ ) has scales as well as hairs on the underside of the leaves.

**The leaves of the Chinese Chestnut** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. Dark and somewhat glossy green above, they are gray or green beneath with a coating of soft hairs, at least along the veins. The apex is pointed and the margin is edged with triangular pointed teeth.

_CASTANEA PUMILA_

ALLEGHENY CHINQUAPIN

MILLER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 3¼ in (20 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray-brown, shallowly furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white in upright spikes; males with long stamens, females at the base of some spikes to 4¾ in (12 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A single glossy brown nut borne in a spiny husk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Mixed woods, rocky and sandy soils

**SYNONYM** | _C. alnifolia_ Nuttall

The Allegheny Chinquapin is a small deciduous tree or a thicket-forming shrub spreading by suckers, flowering in late spring and early summer. It is a very variable species in habit, size, and hairiness of leaves. Some forms, such as those that have been called _Castanea alnifolia_ , grow to only about 3 ft (1 m) tall. It is the most resistant of the North American species to chestnut blight but is still susceptible to the disease.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ozark Chinquapin ( _C. ozarkensis_ ) is a very localized species from the Ozark Mountains and neighboring states. It is the only other species with one nut in the husk but differs from Allegheny Chinquapin in its larger size, up to 65 ft (20 m) tall, its glabrous shoots, and its larger, nearly glabrous leaves.

**The leaves of the Allegheny Chinquapin** are elliptic to oblanceolate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. Borne on downy shoots, they are bright green above and gray with hairs beneath. They end in a pointed tip, and the margin is edged with pointed teeth.

_CASTANEA SATIVA_

SWEET CHESTNUT

MILLER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 3¼ in (20 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth when young, becoming gray-brown and developing prominent spiral ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white in upright spikes to 4¾ in (12 cm) long; males with long stamens, females at the base of some spikes

**FRUIT** | Up to 3 glossy brown nuts in a spiny husk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, north Africa, Turkey

**HABITAT** | Woods on well-drained soils

The Sweet Chestnut is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in summer. Frequently seen in parks and large gardens, it makes a magnificent specimen tree often developing an enormous bole. It produces a valuable wood and sweet, edible nuts. The Sweet Chestnut sprouts readily from the base when cut back, and was often grown as a coppice crop for wood production. Many forms have been selected for their fruit quality, and hybrids with Asiatic species such as the Japanese Chestnut ( _Castanea crenata_ ) are also grown. 'Albomarginata' is the most popular ornamental selection; it has leaves that are edged with creamy yellow when young, the margin turning to white.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sweet Chestnut is most likely to be confused with the American Chestnut ( _C. dentata_ ) but differs in the glossier leaves that are rounded, not tapered, at the base.

**The leaves of the Sweet Chestnut** are oblong and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and thinly hairy at first before becoming glabrous. The apex tapers to a point; the base is usually rounded or sometimes slightly heart-shaped. The margin is edged with pointed teeth.

_CASTANEA SEGUINII_

CASTANEA SEGUINII

DODE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to elliptic or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ _x 2_ in (14 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and fragrant, creamy white in upright spikes; males with long stamens, females at the base of some spikes

**FRUIT** | 1 to 3 brown nuts in a spiny husk

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests, mainly in the mountains

_Castanea seguinii_ is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often shrubby, flowering in late spring or summer. Like other species in the genus, this tree produces edible nuts, and it is cultivated for this reason in China, though less extensively than other species. While most chestnuts take several to many years to fruit from seed, _C. seguinii_ can bear nuts within one to two years. It is resistant to chestnut blight, and hybrids of this species have been used as dwarfing rootstocks for other chestnuts. Hybrids with the Chinese Chestnut ( _C. mollissima_ ) have been raised as fruiting trees, and can bear sweet nuts in three to five years from seed.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_C. seguinii_ may be confused with the Japanese Chestnut ( _C. crenata_ ); in that species, the underside of the leaf is also covered with scales, but it is hairy all over.

**The leaves of Castanea seguinii** are oblong to elliptic or obovate in outline, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, with a sharply toothed margin. The base is rounded or sometimes slightly heart-shaped. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are grayish beneath and densely covered with tiny scales, with hairs only along the veins when young.

_CASTANOPSIS CUSPIDATA_

JAPANESE CHINQUAPIN

(THUNBERG) SCHOTTKY

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white; males and females in separate upright to arching spikes to 4 in (10 cm) long

**FRUIT** | An acorn to ½ in (1 cm) long ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, South Korea

**HABITAT** | Evergreen forests, especially near the coast

The Japanese Chinquapin is an evergreen tree with a dense, rounded habit, flowering in spring and early summer. It is a member of a genus of more than 100 species of evergreen trees native to east and Southeast Asia and closely related to the chestnuts ( _Castanea_ ), which are always deciduous, and to _Lithocarpus_ , species of which have their acorns in small clusters. The nuts are edible and are considered a delicacy in some areas; they also provide an important source of food for wildlife. The dense wood is used to make furniture and other items, and mushrooms are cultivated on the dead branches. Most of the species in this genus are of tropical or subtropical origin, and very few are seen in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

A closely related species, _Castanopsis sieboldii_ , a native of South Korea and Japan and sometimes regarded as a variety of _C. cuspidata_ , has longer acorns and thicker leaves. _Lithocarpus edulis_ has a similar sheen on the underside of the leaf but has larger, untoothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Japanese Chinquapin** are ovate and leathery, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. Bronze when young, they mature to glossy dark green above, with a metallic-bronze appearance beneath due to the presence of numerous scales. The apex is drawn out into a tapered point, and the margin is edged with shallow, blunt teeth above the middle.

_CHRYSOLEPIS CHRYSOPHYLLA_

GOLDEN CHESTNUT

(DOUGLAS EX HOOKer) HJELMQUIST

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, entire

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray when young, becoming furrowed and red-brown

**FLOWERS** | Small, whitish, fragrant; males in upright catkins to 2 in (5 cm) long, females at the base of catkin, sometimes in separate catkins on same tree

**FRUIT** | Chestnut-like, a spiny husk to 1½ in (4 cm) across ripening the second year, and containing up to 3 glossy brown seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western United States, from Washington to California

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes in evergreen forests

**SYNONYM** | _Castanopsis chrysophylla_ (Douglas ex Hooker) A. L. de Candolle

The Golden Chestnut, or the Giant Chinquapin, is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, though it can be a shrub at higher altitudes. It flowers in early summer. It has also been placed in the genus _Castanopsis_ , a large genus mainly from warm parts of Southeast Asia. It is very variable in size, ranging from a shrub on poor, dry soils to a large tree of 130 ft (40 m) or more on the best sites, such as on cool slopes or moist canyon bottoms. The edible nuts are attractive to wildlife. A shrubby form, _Chrysolepis chrysophylla_ var. _minor_ , has smaller leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The shrubby Bush Chinquapin ( _C. sempervirens_ ), from southern Oregon and California, has blunt-ended leaves. The chestnuts ( _Castanea_ ) have similar fruits but are deciduous with toothed leaves. The Holm Oak ( _Quercus ilex_ ) has leaves that are gray tomentose beneath, without yellow scales.

**The leaves of the Golden Chestnut** are oblong to lanceolate, up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, ending in a long, tapered point. They are leathery in texture, dark green above, and golden yellow beneath, with a dense covering of tiny scales. These appear mustard yellow on young leaves but eventually fall, leaving the leaf bluish white and smooth beneath.

_FAGUS CRENATA_

JAPANESE BEECH

BLUME

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males and females in separate clusters on the same tree, the males pendulous

**FRUIT** | 1 or 2 nuts enclosed in a woody 4-parted bristly husk to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long on a stalk to ½ in (1 cm) long; lower bristles on husk have expanded tips

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Japanese Beech is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. This is the most common and most widely distributed of the beeches in Japan, its distribution extending from the southern islands of Kyushu and Shikoku to the northern island of Hokkaido, and it is often the dominant tree in forests. It grows from sea level in the north of its range to mountains in the south. The tree provides a useful timber and is popular as a bonsai plant.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Blue Beech ( _Fagus japonica_ ) is distinguished by the greater number of leaf veins and the nut being longer than and exserted from the husk. The Oriental Beech ( _F. orientalis_ ) also has husk bristles with expanded tips but the fruit is much longer-stalked.

**The leaves of the Japanese Beech** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across with 7–11 pairs of veins. They are dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, with silky hairs along the veins when young. The apex is pointed and the margin is scalloped or wavy-edged.

_FAGUS ENGLERIANA_

ENGLER BEECH

SEEMEN EX DIELS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males and females in separate clusters on the same tree, the males pendulous

**FRUIT** | 1 or 2 nuts enclosed in a woody 4-parted bristly husk to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long on a stalk to 2¾ in (7 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Engler Beech is a deciduous tree of broadly conical to spreading habit, sometimes branching low with several stems from the base. It has a relatively northern distribution compared to other species of the genus in China and when it grows with others tends to prefer cooler sites such as north-facing slopes. This species makes an attractive and relatively small tree in gardens, but is rare in cultivation.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Engler Beech is easily distinguished from other species in the genus by the very long fruit stalks which can be up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long, the blue-green leaves, and the leafy bracts on the fruit husk. The Japanese Blue Beech ( _Fagus japonica_ ) is similar but has shorter fruit stalks and nuts longer than the husk.

**The leaves of the Engler Beech** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across with 9–14 pairs of veins. A distinctive blue-green color, they are smooth above and hairy on the veins beneath when young. They are pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, and have a wavy-edged margin.

_FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA_

AMERICAN BEECH

EHRHART

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, with warty lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males and females in separate clusters on the same tree, the males pendulous

**FRUIT** | 1 or 2 nuts enclosed in a woody 4-parted bristly husk to ¾ in (2 cm) long on a short stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America, southeastern Canada, east Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The American Beech is a large deciduous tree of spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It is the only species in the genus in North America, and the pale wood is used for making furniture, particularly chairs. Occurring over a wide range from east Canada to Florida, this species is variable over its range and several varieties have previously been recognized. The similar Mexican Beech ( _Fagus grandifolia_ subsp. _mexicana_ ) is a rare native of cloud-forest habitats in east Mexico; these are humid forests in tropical mountains that are subject to frequent cloud cover.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The large and prominently toothed leaves of the American Beech make it the most distinctive species in the genus. The Japanese Blue Beech ( _F. japonica_ ) has shallowly toothed leaves that are blue-green beneath.

**The leaves of the American Beech** are narrow elliptic to ovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, and have up to 15 pairs of veins. They are glossy dark green above, paler and hairy at least along the veins when young beneath. The apex is tapered to a point, the base is usually wedge-shaped, and the margin is edged with prominent forward-pointing teeth

_FAGUS JAPONICA_

JAPANESE BLUE BEECH

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males and females in separate clusters on the same tree, the males pendulous

**FRUIT** | 1 or 2 nuts longer than and projecting from a woody 4-parted bristly husk to 1 in (2.5 cm) long on a stalk to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Japanese Blue Beech is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, which flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. It is less common and has a more southerly distribution than the Japanese Beech ( _Fagus crenata_ ), and is found mainly on the Pacific side of Japan. Trees are often multistemmed, sprouting from the base. This feature is thought to enable the tree to live for a long time since the dead stems are replaced by suckers that grow from the base.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Beech ( _F. crenata_ ) differs from the Japanese Blue Beech in having leaves that are green beneath with fewer veins; it also has nuts that are included in the husk.

**The leaves of the Japanese Blue Beech** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across with up to 14 pairs of veins. They are dark green above with silky hairs when young, blue-green and downy beneath. The apex is pointed and the margin is shallowly toothed.

_FAGUS ORIENTALIS_

ORIENTAL BEECH

LIPSKY

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males and females in separate clusters on the same tree, the males pendulous

**FRUIT** | 1 or 2 nuts in a woody 4-parted bristly husk to ¾ in (2 cm) long on a stalk to 2¾ in (7 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Oriental Beech is a large deciduous tree. It has an upright habit when young, becoming rounded with age. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. The tree is a source of timber and charcoal. Where the distribution of this species overlaps with that of the European Beech ( _Fagus sylvatica_ ), hybrids (which are known as _F. × taurica_ ) can occur. They are intermediate between the parents, having some of the flattened husk bristles characteristic of the Oriental Beech but with fewer leaf veins; they can be found particularly in southeastern Europe and northwest Turkey.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Oriental Beech is closely related to the European Beech ( _F. sylvatica_ ) of which it is sometimes regarded as a subspecies. It differs in having some of the husk bristles with expanded tips and in having more leaf veins. The Japanese Beech has very short-stalked fruits.

**The leaves of the Oriental Beech** are obovate in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, with as many as 12 or up to 14 veins. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath with silky hairs on the veins. The tip ends in a short, abrupt point; the margin is untoothed, has few shallow teeth, or is wavy.

_FAGUS SYLVATICA_

EUROPEAN BEECH

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2½ in (9 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males and females in separate clusters on the same tree, the males pendulous

**FRUIT** | 1 or 2 nuts in a woody 4-parted bristly husk to 1 in (2.5 cm) long on a stalk to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Woods, on mountains in the south of its range

The European Beech is a large deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. Widely planted as an ornamental tree or hedge, this species has given rise to numerous forms selected for various characteristics such as purple or variously cut leaves, upright or weeping habit, or combinations of these. The best known of these are _Fagus sylvatica_ Purpurea Group (the Purple or Copper Beech), _F. sylvatica_ 'Pendula' (the Weeping Beech), and _F. sylvatica_ 'Dawyck', with a narrow columnar habit. The wood is commonly used for making furniture and flooring. _F. × taurica_ is a hybrid with the Oriental Beech ( _F. orientalis_ ) that occurs where the species grow together.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Oriental Beech ( _F. orientalis_ ) differs in its larger, usually obovate leaves with a greater number of veins, and in the expanded tips of the lower husk bristles.

**The leaves of the European Beech** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with usually no more than 9 pairs of veins. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, with silky hairs on the veins and at the margins. The tip is abruptly short-pointed, and the base is rounded or broadly wedge-shaped. The margin can bear small teeth toward the leaf tip or be merely undulate.

_LITHOCARPUS EDULIS_

LITHOCARPUS EDULIS

(MAKINO) NAKAI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 2½ in (18 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, in rigid, erect spikes to 3¼ in (8 cm) long, female flowers at the base of the spike

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical acorn pointed at the tip to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in clusters of 3, in cups composed of triangular, overlapping scales, and ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved forests

_Lithocarpus edulis_ is an evergreen tree with smooth shoots and a dense, rounded habit, flowering in summer. It is among the hardiest members of this largely tropical and subtropical genus. The specific epithet refers to the fact that the acorns are edible, and although not as palatable as other species they provide an important food source for wildlife such as sika deer. _L. edulis_ is widely planted as an ornamental in streets and parks in Japan. The timber is used locally for firewood.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_L. glaber_ is often confused with _L. edulis_ but it has downy shoots and leaves that are silver-haired beneath when young. The Japanese Evergreen Oak ( _Quercus acuta_ ) has leaves that are green and smooth beneath when mature, and ringed scales on the acorn cups.

**The leaves of Lithocarpus edulis** are elliptic to oblanceolate, leathery, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are glossy green above, paler and covered in tiny scales beneath, giving the surface a metallic sheen. The leaves end in a short blunt point; the untoothed margin tapers from above the middle to a petiole of up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long.

_LITHOCARPUS HENRYI_

HENRY TANBARK OAK

(SEEMEN) REHDER & E. H. WILSON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 2½ in (25 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, in rigid, erect spikes to 8 in (20 cm) long, female flowers at the base of the spike

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in clusters of 3, in cups composed of triangular, overlapping scales, and ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests in the mountains

The Henry Tanbark Oak is an evergreen tree with a spreading habit, flowering in summer to early fall, with distinctly angled young shoots. As it is one of the species from more temperate regions, it is occasionally seen in gardens in Europe and North America. Flowering and fruiting is best in areas with hot summers, and although the individual flowers are very small, a tree in full flower can be very attractive.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Lithocarpus_ is a large genus with many similar species. The Henry Tanbark Oak can be distinguished from those most commonly seen by the long, tapered tip of the leaves, which are green beneath and with numerous impressed veins.

**The leaves of the Henry Tanbark Oak** are elliptic to oblong, leathery, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with up to 15 impressed veins on each side of the midrib. Pale and slightly downy when young, they become dark green above, paler beneath. The apex tapers to a fine point, and the untoothed margin tapers below the middle to a wedge-shaped base and a petiole to 1¼ in (3 cm) long.

_NOTHOLITHOCARPUS DENSIFLORUS_

TANOAK

(HOOKER & ARNOTT) MANOS, C. H. CANNON & S. OH

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young becoming cracked and furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, in rigid, erect to spreading spikes to 4 in (10 cm) long, female flowers at the base of the spike

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to nearly spherical acorn to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across, borne in a cup covered with bristly recurved scales.

**DISTRIBUTION** | California, southwest Oregon

**HABITAT** | Coniferous forests in the mountains

**SYNONYM** | _Lithocarpus densiflorus_ (Hooker & Arnott) Rehder

The Tanoak is a large evergreen tree with downy young shoots and a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in summer. It is the only species in the genus, which was only recently recognized as distinct from the Asiatic _Lithocarpus_. This species is very susceptible to sudden oak death, and infected trees succumb quickly to the disease. _Notholithocarpus densiflorus_ var. _echinoides_ is a dwarf, shrubby form that has smaller leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In flower or fruit the Tanoak is very distinct. In leaf alone it can be confused with _Quercus tomentella_ , which grows only on the California islands and Guadalupe Island, Mexico, or with the Golden Chestnut ( _Chrysolepis chrysophylla_ ), which has a thin layer of yellow hairs on the undersides of the young leaves.

**The leaves of the Tanoak** are ovate to oblong, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with up to 14 impressed veins on each side of the midrib. They are rigid and leathery. Densely covered with white hairs when young, they become glossy dark green above, downy beneath but eventually smooth and blue-green, the margin shallowly toothed.

_QUERCUS ACUTA_

JAPANESE EVERGREEN OAK

THUNBERG

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females in short spikes, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a downy cup with scales in concentric rings

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, South Korea

**HABITAT** | Evergreen broad-leaved forests on mountain slopes

The Japanese Evergreen Oak is a small evergreen tree, sometimes shrubby with several stems from the base, with a bushy, rounded to spreading habit. It flowers in spring. It is a member of the subgenus _Cyclobalanopsis_ ; these all have the scales on the acorn cups united into concentric rings. The hard reddish wood is used for a variety of purposes such as building and tools. This tree is widely planted for ornament in Japan, particularly in parks, and sometimes in the southeastern United States. The Japanese Evergreen Oak is reported to hybridize with both the Ring-cup Oak ( _Quercus glauca_ ) and _Q. sessilifolia_ in Japan.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Evergreen Oak is often confused in gardens with _Lithocarpus edulis_ , which has leaves scaly beneath with a metallic sheen and different acorn cups. _Q. sessilifolia_ , from China, Taiwan, and Japan, has narrower leaves with shorter stalks, which are only about ½ in (1 cm) long. The Ring-cup Oak ( _Q. glauca_ ) has toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Japanese Evergreen Oak** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm). They are often pinkish or bronze when young, and covered in loose gray or brownish hairs that soon wear off. Mature leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, tapering to a slender point at the tip and with a petiole up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. The margin is untoothed or obscurely toothed toward the apex, and often undulate.

_QUERCUS ACUTISSIMA_

SAWTOOTH OAK

CARRUTHERS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow elliptic to oblong or lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 2½ in (18 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a cup covered in slender, reflexed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region to east Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests, from low elevations to the mountains

The Sawtooth Oak is a large deciduous tree of broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in spring. It has been widely planted in the eastern United States both as an ornamental tree and for feeding wildlife, particularly turkeys. 'Gobbler' is a selection with relatively small acorns that are easier for turkeys and other wildlife to eat. It has become naturalized in some areas. It can form hybrids with the Turkey Oak ( _Quercus cerris_ ) in gardens. The fall color is yellow-brown.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Cork Oak ( _Q. variabilis_ ) has leaves of a similar shape but it has corky bark and leaves that are gray and densely hairy beneath. _Q. chenii_ is a very closely related species from China, sometimes regarded as a subspecies of _Q. acutissima_. It has shorter and relatively narrower leaves.

**The leaves of the Sawtooth Oak** are narrow elliptic to oblong or lanceolate, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with up to 16 pairs of veins. They are bright green above, paler green beneath, and thinly hairy at least when young on a petiole to 2 in (5 cm) long. The margin is edged with triangular teeth that end in bristlelike points.

_QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA_

COAST LIVE OAK

NÉE

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1½ in (5 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray and smooth when young, becoming darker with age and deeply cracked

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A conical acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with appressed triangular scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western California, Baja California (Mexico)

**HABITAT** | Mixed evergreen forest, grasslands, scrub

The Coast Live Oak is a red oak, and makes an evergreen tree with a wide-spreading habit. It flowers in spring. It is a common component of the coastal slopes in California, growing higher in the mountains in the south of its range. _Quercus agrifolia_ var. _oxyadenia_ has the leaves densely covered with gray hairs beneath, and occurs in southern California and adjacent Baja California, Mexico. Both forms of this species hybridize with other red oaks in their native range such as the California Black Oak ( _Q. kelloggii_ ) and the Interior Live Oak ( _Q. wislizeni_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Coast Live Oak can be confused with the Interior Live Oak ( _Q. wislizeni_ ), which differs in its flat, not convex, leaves, and in having acorns that mature the second year as do most of the red oaks. The California Live Oak is the only red oak in California that matures its acorns in one season.

**The leaves of the Coast Live Oak** are elliptic to nearly rounded, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across and are distinctly concave. Glossy dark green above, they are paler with a thin layer of hairs beneath, or densely gray-hairy in var. _oxyadenia_. The margin is edged with small spiny teeth.

_QUERCUS ALBA_

WHITE OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 115 ft (35 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, scaly, becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with rough scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Deciduous forest

The White Oak is a large deciduous tree, conical when young and developing a spreading habit with age. It flowers in spring. It is a common, long-lived, and widely distributed tree, and is the State Tree of several American states. The hard, strong wood is often used for furniture and construction, and for making whiskey barrels. The White Oak is commonly planted, and several selections have been made for growth, habit, and degree of leaf lobing.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The more or less glabrous leaves distinguish the White Oak from similar North American species in the genus. The tapered base of the leaf distinguishes it from the English Oak ( _Quercus robur_ ), which has a heart-shaped leaf base.

**The leaves of the White Oak** are obovate in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinkish when young, hairy becoming smooth and bright green above, pale blue-green beneath; they usually turn deep red in fall. The leaf is pinnately lobed, the untoothed lobes varying from shallow to deep, and has a rounded tip.

_QUERCUS ALIENA_

ORIENTAL WHITE OAK

BLUME

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 3¼ in (20 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, with vertical fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins to 3¼ in (8 cm) long, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with rough scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved and mixed forests mainly in the mountains

The Oriental White Oak is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring. The species varies in the toothing of the leaves and _Quercus aliena_ var. _acutiserrata_ occurs in China and Japan; it is not native to Taiwan although it has been introduced there. Its valuable wood is commonly used in China and it is occasionally seen in cultivation, although it frequently hybridizes with other species when raised from seed.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Oriental White Oak is reasonably distinct in its smooth shoots and its large leaves that are downy beneath with numerous veins. _Q. serrata_ has smaller leaves that are smooth beneath or nearly so when mature.

**The leaves of the Oriental White Oak** are obovate to elliptic, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, gray and hairy beneath with up to 15 pairs of veins. The margin is wavy-edged to shallowly toothed, with the teeth either rounded, or pointed in var. _acutiserrata_. The base is rounded or wedge-shaped and the petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long.

_QUERCUS ALNIFOLIA_

GOLDEN OAK OF CYPRUS

POECH

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to broadly elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 2 in (5 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray with conspicuous lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical acorn, slightly wider at the tip, to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a cup covered in slender, recurved scales often red at the tip, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Cyprus

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests on rocky soils

The Golden Oak of Cyprus is an evergreen tree or large shrub with a rounded habit, producing suckers from the base, and flowering in spring. It is a very distinct species only found in the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus, where it is the National Tree, and often occurs with the endemic Cyprus Cedar, _Cedrus brevifolia_. In its native habitat it can be found growing with the Kermes Oak ( _Quercus coccifera_ subsp. _calliprinos_ ), with which it can occasionally form hybrids. It is one of the few oaks in which the acorns germinate from the base. The wood is used locally, mainly for firewood. A variety of this species, _Q. alnifolia_ var. _argentea_ , was only recognized in 2006. It differs from the typical form in having the mature leaves nearly flat or slightly recurved at the margins, with silvery hairs beneath (although the young leaves are yellow beneath).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Golden Oak of Cyprus is usually easy to recognize by the rather shrubby habit, the rounded, often cupped leaves, and the yellow color of the leaf underside. The Coast Live Oak ( _Q. agrifolia_ ) has leaves of a similar shape but they are green or grayish beneath.

**The leaves of the Golden Oak of Cyprus** are rounded to broadly elliptic, and usually up to 2 in (5 cm) in length and breadth, and distinctly convex. They are rigid in texture and glossy dark green above, covered beneath with a dense layer of golden hairs. Toward the apex, the margin is edged with small pointed teeth. In var. _argentea_ , the leaves are flatter and silver-haired beneath.

_QUERCUS BICOLOR_

SWAMP WHITE OAK

WILLDENOW

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 4 in (18 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray and flaking on young trees and branches, becoming darker and furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long in a cup covered in rough scales, 1 to several borne together on a long stalk to 4 in (10 cm), ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, swamp margins, floodplains

The Swamp White Oak is a deciduous tree, conical when young with a broadly columnar to spreading habit when mature; it flowers in spring. The acorns of this species are particularly sweet and, unlike those of most species, are edible without leaching; they also provide an important source of food for wildlife such as deer and turkeys. The tree produces a strong timber, used for building and furniture. Some recent hybrids with upright forms of the English Oak ( _Quercus robur_ ) are promising landscape trees. The hybrid between these species has been named _Q. × warei_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The long-stalked acorns distinguish the Swamp White Oak from similar species. The Bur Oak ( _Q. macrocarpa_ ) has distinctly fringed acorn cups and leaves with some deep sinuses. Intermediates between the two species can be found.

**The leaves of the Swamp White Oak** are obovate and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across with up to 7 pairs of veins. They are glossy dark green and smooth above, velvety with hairs and usually silvery white beneath. The margin is shallowly lobed, the lobes usually largest at the center of the leaf; it is often unlobed toward the base, which tapers to a petiole that is about ¾ in (2 cm) long.

_QUERCUS CANARIENSIS_

ALGERIAN OAK

WILLDENOW

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, thick, and deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a nearly unstalked cup covered in hairy scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern Europe, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Woodlands

The Algerian Oak is a semi-evergreen tree with a conical to columnar habit when young, spreading with age. It flowers in spring. The leaves tend to remain green on the tree until well into winter, some until the new leaves appear. It is grown as a landscape tree in parks and large gardens, and is popular for its bold, persistent leaves. It hybridizes easily with other related species such as the English Oak ( _Quercus robur_ ) and the Sessile Oak ( _Q. petraea_ ); many cultivated trees are hybrids. Despite the name _canariensis_ , it is not native to the Canary Islands.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Algerian Oak is usually easily recognized by the bold, long-persistent leaves covered by loose brown hairs beneath that rub off easily. This characteristic can also be seen its hybrids.

**The leaves of the Algerian Oak** are obovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across, with up to 12 pairs of veins. They are pinnately lobed, the shallow lobes untoothed and blunt at the tip. When young, they are reddish and hairy, with loose brown hairs beneath; they become dark green above, smooth and blue-green beneath, with a few traces of the brown hairs along the midrib.

_QUERCUS CANBYI_

CANBY OAK

TRELEASE

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, becoming darker and fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to nearly spherical acorn about ½ in (1 cm) long, borne in an unstalked, scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Oak and pine-oak forests on dry, well-drained soils

The Canby Oak is a semi-evergreen tree: it often loses its leaves before the young ones emerge, but is usually more or less evergreen in cultivation. Conical when young, the Canby Oak develops a spreading habit with age and flowers in spring. It is unusual (although not unique) among red oaks in ripening its acorns the first year. Although from an area with a warm climate, like many red oaks, it has adapted well to cultivation in much colder regions. Several minor variants of this species have been named, differing in the size of the leaf and the number of teeth, but they are usually regarded as part of the normal variation of the species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chisos Oak ( _Quercus graciliformis_ ), a rare species of the Chisos Mountains in Texas, is similar to the Canby Oak but has pointed acorns that ripen in the second year. Similar species occur further south in Mexico such as _Q. acutifolia_ , that differs in having up to 7 teeth on each side of the leaf blade.

**The leaves of the Canby Oak** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. Pinnately lobed, they often emerge red; they become glossy dark green above, paler and glossy beneath, with tufts of hair in the axils of the veins. The apex is taper-pointed, and the margin is edged with 4–5 triangular lobes on each side, which end in bristlelike teeth.

_QUERCUS CASTANEIFOLIA_

CHESTNUT-LEAVED OAK

C. A. MEYER

Up to 100 ft, or more (30 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 2¾ in (18 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray brown, rugged and deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to ellipsoid acorn to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long, borne in a cup densely covered with narrow, reflexed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved forests on hill slopes

The Chestnut-leaved Oak is a large deciduous tree that can reach as much as 165 ft (50 m) tall in its native habitats. Large, old trees can develop a buttressed trunk. It is fast-growing and conical when young, eventually with a wide-spreading habit. It flowers in spring. This species is a common component of the forests around the Caspian Sea in northern Iran and neighboring countries, where it can be found growing with _Parrotia persica_. The reddish wood is used locally for building and furniture. Often cultivated, it is a close relative of the Turkey Oak ( _Quercus cerris_ ), with which it can hybridize.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Turkey Oak ( _Q. cerris_ ) has lobed leaves that are rough to the touch. The Lebanon Oak ( _Q. libani_ ) has smaller leaves with bristly teeth. The Chinese Cork Oak ( _Q. variabilis_ ) has leaves with very small teeth with bristle tips and a corky bark.

**The leaves of the Chestnut-leaved Oak** are oblong to elliptic, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across with up to 12 pairs of veins. They are glossy dark green above, and grayish with hairs beneath. The apex is pointed and the margin is edged with triangular teeth, each tipped with a small point.

_QUERCUS CERRIS_

TURKEY OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 115 ft (35 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ellipsoid acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a short-stalked cup covered in slender, defexed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woodlands, forests

The Turkey Oak is a large, fast-growing deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring. It is widely planted outside of its native range and often naturalized. The timber is an inferior quality compared to the English Oak ( _Quercus robur_ ) and is sometimes used for building, as well as for firewood. An inferior cork has been made from the bark. This species is one of the hosts of the wasp that causes the knopper gall on the English Oak, and its presence is necessary for the gall to develop. For this reason trees are sometimes removed to prevent the development of the gall, which results in the production of disfigured acorns.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Turkey Oak can resemble the Chestnut-leaved Oak ( _Q. castaneifolia_ ), and forms with shallowly lobed leaves are sometimes mistaken for the English Oak ( _Q. robur_ ). However, the Turkey Oak differs from both of these species in having leaves that are rough above.

**The leaves of the Turkey Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are glossy dark green and slightly rough to the touch above, gray or green and downy beneath. The lobing of the leaf is very variable, from shallow to very deep. It has up to 8 lobes on each side, which can themselves bear small lobes, each lobe ending in a short point.

_QUERCUS CHAPMANII_

CHAPMAN OAK

SARGENT

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2½ in (8 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, furrowed and cracking into plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong to ovoid acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a short-stalked cup covered in appressed downy scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Pine-oak scrub on sandy soils

The Chapman Oak is a deciduous or semi-evergreen small tree, or often a shrub, with densely hairy shoots, spreading by rhizomes, the leaves usually persisting until late winter. It has a limited distribution occurring in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States, with its widest distribution in Florida, but is also found in a few coastal areas of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. It can form thickets on dry sandy soils where it grows with other rhizomatous oaks, which are adapted to areas that experience frequent fires. The rhizomatous habit enables plants to produce new shoots from the base rapidly after fire damage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Myrtle Oak ( _Quercus myrtifolia_ ) can have similarly shaped leaves but these have bristle tips at least at the apex; it also ripens the acorns the second year.

**The leaves of the Chapman Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Pinkish and densely hairy beneath as they emerge, they mature to glossy dark green and smooth above, thinly hairy beneath, sometimes only on the veins. They are very variable in shape, from entire or wavy-edged to shallowly few-lobed, especially toward the apex.

_QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS_

CANYON LIVE OAK

LIEBMANN

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1¼ in (8 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, flaking slightly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a thick, corky cup covered in yellowish downy scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America

**HABITAT** | Oak and conifer woodland, canyons

The Canyon Live Oak, also known as the California Live Oak and the Golden Cup Oak, is an evergreen tree, sometimes shrubby, of rounded to spreading habit. It flowers in spring. It is the most widely distributed member of a small group of related evergreen shrubs and trees native to western North America. It has a wide distribution from Oregon to Baja California in Mexico, and varies in many of its characters. Hybrids are known with several of the other species in the group. The hybrid with the Island Live Oak ( _Quercus tomentella_ ), a native of the California islands and Guadalupe Island, Mexico, occurs in the wild and when the Island Live Oak is raised from garden seed in the presence of the Canyon Live Oak.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Huckleberry Oak ( _Q. vacciniifolia_ ) is a small shrub that can be confused with shrubby forms of the Canyon Live Oak, but it lacks the golden hairs on the underside of the leaf.

**The leaves of the Canyon Live Oak** are ovate to oblong, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Bright glossy green above, they are covered beneath with a dense layer of golden hairs; this wears away during the season to leave the lower surface smooth and bluish white. The margin can be entire or spiny-toothed.

_QUERCUS COCCIFERA_

KERMES OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 1½ x 1 in (4 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, usually at least half of which is enclosed in a cup covered with spiny scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Mediterranean region

**HABITAT** | Scrub on rocky soils

The Kermes Oak is an evergreen shrub, sometimes a tree, with a bushy, rounded, or upright habit, flowering in spring. It is a widely distributed species, varying considerably in habit, leaf size, and height. A crimson dye was made from a scale insect found on its shoots. These were picked at night by collectors who grew long fingernails especially for the job. Sprigs of this plant have been included on the crest of the UK's Worshipful Company of Dyers since the sixteenth century. The dye was eventually replaced by cochineal, which is derived from a related Mexican scale insect.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Most other oaks with spiny leaves have the leaf undersides densely hairy. The Interior Live Oak ( _Quercus wislizeni_ ) can be similar but the long, pointed acorns distinguish it.

**The leaves of the Kermes Oak** are ovate to oblong, and up to 1½ in (4 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across. They are rigid, prickly, and holly-like. Dark green above and paler beneath, they are smooth and glossy on both sides. The apex is spine-tipped and there are up to 5 spiny teeth on each side.

_QUERCUS COCCINEA_

SCARLET OAK

MÜNCHHAUSEN

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 4¾ in (16 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth on young trees becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with closely appressed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Woods, usually on well-drained soils

The Scarlet Oak is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in spring. The tree provides a useful timber, and the acorns are a valuable source of food for wildlife such as squirrels, deer, and woodpeckers. It is popular as a landscape tree for its striking fall color, particularly well developed in 'Splendens'. Scarlet oak commonly hybridizes with related species such as the Pin Oak ( _Quercus palustris_ ), the Red Oak ( _Q. rubra_ ), and the Black Oak ( _Q. velutina_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Oak ( _Q. rubra_ ) differs in its dull green leaves, which are blue-green beneath. The Pin Oak ( _Q. palustris_ ) has conspicuous tufts of hair in the vein axils on the underside of the leaf, and acorns with shallow cups.

**The leaves of the Scarlet Oak** are elliptic to obovate in outline, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are deeply pinnately lobed, with up to 7 or 9 lobes, sometimes almost to the midrib. Each lobe is widest toward the tip and is further divided, ending in several bristle-tipped teeth. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler and glossy beneath, turning bright red in fall.

_QUERCUS DENTATA_

DAIMIO OAK

THUNBERG

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ellipsoid to nearly spherical acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a cup covered in slender, reflexed scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests from sea level to the mountains

The Daimio Oak is a deciduous tree with stout, angled shoots and a rugged, spreading habit, flowering in spring. It is a widespread and variable species, and several forms have been distinguished such as the Chinese _Quercus dentata_ subsp. _yunnanensis_ , which has shorter, upright scales on the acorn cups. The wood is not of a very good quality and is mainly used for firewood. The leaves are sometimes used to feed silkworms. In Japan, the bark is used for tanning and leaves are used to wrap rice cakes. 'Pinnatifida' is a very slow-growing and unusual Japanese selection, usually making no more than a small tree, with the leaves deeply cut into narrow lobes, while 'Carl Ferris Miller' and 'Sir Harold Hillier' are selections that grow particularly well in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The large leaves, stout shoots, and distinct acorn cup scales of the Daimio Oak make it a species that is usually easy to recognize. _Q. macranthera_ has smaller leaves with longer petioles and lacks the reflexed scales on the acorn cup.

**The leaves of the Daimio Oak** are obovate and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across, sometimes larger. Shallowly pinnately lobed, with up to 16 lobes on each side, they are dark green and often slightly rough to the touch above, paler and downy beneath. In some forms, the leaves turn to orange or pink in fall. They are borne on a very short petiole of ½ in (1 cm) or less.

_QUERCUS DOUGLASII_

BLUE OAK

HOOKER & ARNOTT

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1½ in (7 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth when young, becoming rough and scaly

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in an unstalked scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | California

**HABITAT** | Dry, rocky slopes, scrub, grasslands

The Blue Oak is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in spring. It is a common tree in California in valleys and on hill slopes, often growing with other oaks and pines. It is very resistant to drought, and can shed its leaves during very dry periods in summer. The acorns provide a valuable source of food for a variety of wildlife, and the Blue Oak woodlands are the habitat for several rare bird species. They also provide good grazing for beef cattle. Native Americans ground the acorns into flour from which they could make porridge, soup, bread, and cakes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The larger Valley Oak ( _Quercus lobata_ ) is closely related and can hybridize with the Blue Oak. It has larger leaves and acorns. Hybrids with some of the California scrub oaks tend to be more shrubby, with more evergreen, often spiny-toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Blue Oak** are oblong to obovate, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed, often shallowly and sometimes nearly entire; the lobes end in a small point. The upper surface is blue-green, the lower gray, and they are hairy on both sides, becoming smooth or nearly so above.

_QUERCUS EMORYI_

EMORY OAK

TORREY

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrowly oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1¼ in (8 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, deeply cracked

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to oblong acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with appressed scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Woodland in dry rocky places, hill slopes, canyons

The Emory Oak is an evergreen tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring. The acorns of this species are particularly sweet, and unlike those of most oaks can be eaten without leaching. They were a traditional and highly nutritious food of Native Americans, who would grind the acorns into a powder and boil them into a mush. They are still part of the diet in their native range. Although this is one of the red oaks, it is unusual in that group in ripening the acorns in the first year, as do the white oaks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The leaves can be very similar in shape to the unrelated white oaks, the Live Oak ( _Quercus virginiana_ ), and particularly the Texas Live Oak ( _Q. fusiformis_ ). Both of these differ in having the leaves bluish white beneath.

**The leaves of the Emory Oak** are narrowly oblong in outline, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Reddish when young and downy on both sides, they become glossy green above, paler and glossy with sparse hairs beneath. The apex is spine-tipped and the margin is entire or scalloped, with up to 6 spiny teeth on each side.

_QUERCUS ENGLERIANA_

QUERCUS ENGLERIANA

SEEMEN

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2½ in (15 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with appressed downy scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Assam

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub on rocky slopes

_Quercus engleriana_ is a small evergreen tree with a spreading habit flowering in spring. It is one of a group of mainly Chinese evergreen species related to the Holm Oak ( _Q. ilex_ ) and _Q. phillyreoides_. The rigid shoots are densely hairy when young becoming smooth when mature. It is one of many species introduced to cultivation by the plant collector Ernest Wilson in the early twentieth century, but remains very rare in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The evergreen leaves with brown hairs beneath that rub off easily are a distinct feature of _Q. engleriana_. It is not likely to be confused with any frequently encountered oaks.

**The leaves of Quercus engleriana** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, with up to 14 pairs of veins. They are thick in texture and rigid, glossy dark green and smooth above, densely covered beneath with a thick layer of brown hairs that mostly fall away or rub off easily, leaving the surface smooth. The margin is edged with small teeth, or is sometimes entire.

_QUERCUS FAGINEA_

PORTUGUESE OAK

LAMARCK

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, cracked and fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long, borne in a cup densely covered with downy scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern Europe, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Oak and conifer forests in rocky places

The Portuguese Oak is a deciduous or semi-evergreen tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring. It is an extremely variable species especially in leaf shape. The tree is often found with a large number of galls, and is sometimes known as the Gall Oak. Frequent hybridization with other species in its range complicates identification. Many forms have been described of this species, the most distinct of which is _Quercus faginea_ subsp. _broteroi_. The name _Q. lusitanica_ has often been misapplied to this species but is the correct name for a shrubby oak spreading by stolons and reaching no more than 10 ft (3 m) tall.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Algerian Oak ( _Q. canariensis_ ) differs in having a layer of brown hairs on the undersides of the leaves, which soon falls away leaving only a few traces.

**The leaves of the Portuguese Oak** are elliptic to oblong or obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. Glossy dark green above, blue-green beneath, they are smooth or nearly so when mature, or have a persistent layer of white hairs in subsp. _broteroi_. The margin is toothed, or in subsp. _broteroi_ can be shallowly pinnately lobed.

_QUERCUS FALCATA_

SOUTHERN RED OAK

MICHAUX

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 6 in (30 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, ridged

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn ⅜ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with closely appressed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests, usually on dry soils in upland areas

The Southern Red Oak is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit and downy young shoots. It flowers in spring. It is sometimes called the Spanish Oak or the Swamp Red Oak. It is used for timber but this is considered inferior to that of other species such as the Cherrybark Oak ( _Quercus pagoda_ ). Particularly common in the south of its range, the Southern Red Oak grows well even on very poor soils. It hybridizes with many other of the red oaks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cherrybark Oak ( _Q. pagoda_ ) differs in lacking the long terminal leaf lobe, and in having a leaf base that is wedge-shaped rather than rounded. The Black Oak ( _Q. velutina_ ) has leaves that are only thinly hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Southern Red Oak** are ovate to obovate in outline, pinnately lobed, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They end in a terminal lobe that is characteristically elongated with 2–3 additional, sometimes curved, lobes on each side of the leaf, each lobe ending in a single or several bristle-tips. The margin of the leaf tapers from the lower lobes to a rounded base. Leaves are dark green above, with a dense, pale brown tomentum beneath.

_QUERCUS FRAINETTO_

HUNGARIAN OAK

TENORE

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4¾ in (20 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in nearly unstalked clusters in scaly cups

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved forests

The Hungarian Oak is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit and sparsely hairy young shoots. It flowers in spring. The leaves are variable in the depth of the lobing, which in some forms can nearly reach to the midrib. The Hungarian Oak is a popular landscape tree, and some selections, such as 'Hungarian Crown', have a compact, upright habit. Hybrids occur with other related species such as the English Oak ( _Quercus robur_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Q. macranthera_ is similar to the Hungarian Oak, but differs in having stout, densely hairy shoots and longer-stalked leaves with shallow, undivided lobes.

**The leaves of the Hungarian Oak** are obovate to oblong, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are pinnately cut into as many as 11 blunt-tipped lobes on each side, which themselves are often shallowly lobed. The very short petiole of usually less than ½ in (1 cm) is often hidden by small auricles at the leaf base. Dark green and smooth above when mature, the leaves are gray-green and hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS GAMBELII_

GAMBEL OAK

NUTTALL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough, with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ or occasionally 114 in (2 or 3 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved and coniferous forests and scrub in the mountains

The Gambel Oak is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit or a large shrub forming dense thickets, flowering in spring. It spreads by rhizomes and has a large system of lignotubers (swollen underground stems) that can sprout quickly following cutting or fire damage. This species is particularly common in the Rocky Mountains, and it is sometimes known as the Rocky Mountain Oak. It is a very variable species, particularly in habit and leaf shape, and hybridizes with several other species that occur in its range, such as the Bur Oak ( _Quercus macrocarpa_ ) and several shrubby evergreen species. The relatively sweet acorns were eaten by native Americans.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Valley Oak ( _Q. lobata_ ) has shallowly lobed leaves and pointed acorns. The Oregon Oak ( _Q. garryana_ ) is very closely related and both species have shrubby forms but the Gambel Oak can usually be distinguished by its smaller acorns.

**The leaves of the Gambel Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across and are pinnately lobed with up to 4 lobes on each side that extend at least halfway to the midrib. The lobes may themselves be shallowly lobed. Leaves are glossy dark green above, paler or blue-green and hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS GARRYANA_

OREGON OAK

DOUGLAS EX HOOKER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, ridged and scaly

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to nearly rounded acorn to 1¼ or occasionally 1½ in (3 or 4 cm) long, borne in a shallow, scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northwestern North America (British Columbia to California)

**HABITAT** | Valleys, slopes, oak woodlands

The Oregon Oak, also known as the Garry Oak, is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring. It grows further north than any other oak in western North America, and is the only species in Washington State and British Columbia, where it is mainly confined to Vancouver Island. The relatively sweet acorns were a common food for Native Americans, and acorns were collected to feed pigs. It is a valuable timber tree in its native regions. Although the Oregon Oak is usually a tree, there are two shrubby forms, _Quercus garryana_ var. _breweri_ and var. _semota_ , both from mountainous regions of California and Oregon.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The closely related Gambel Oak ( _Q. gambelii_ ) is also sometimes shrubby, but it usually has larger acorns. The Valley Oak ( _Q. lobata_ ) has longer, pointed acorns and leaves that are shallowly lobed.

**The leaves of the Oregon Oak** are obovate to elliptic, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed with up to 4 lobes on each side, the lobes reaching halfway or more toward the midrib and often with small, shallow lobes on the margin. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth or sparsely hairy above, paler and downy beneath.

_QUERCUS GLAUCA_

RING-CUP OAK

THUNBERG

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long in a cup covered with 5-6 concentric rings of scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | East and Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Mixed and evergreen broad-leaved forests

The Ring-cup Oak is an evergreen tree with a rounded to spreading habit, upright when young, flowering in spring. It is a member of the subgenus _Cyclobalanopsis_ , species of which all have the scales on the acorn cups united into concentric rings. The Ring-cup Oak is a variable and widely distributed species growing from the Himalayan region to China, Japan, and Vietnam. It is commonly planted in Japan in streets and parks, and is also used for hedging. The acorns are sometimes eaten and provide an important source of food for wildlife.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Evergreen Oak ( _Quercus acuta_ ) has the leaves untoothed or nearly so, and green beneath. _Q. myrsinifolia_ has relatively narrower leaves that open later in the year, and are usually broadest below the middle and smooth beneath.

**The leaves of the Ring-cup Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They emerge early in the year, and mature from deep red when young to bronze, then become dark green and smooth above, paler blue-green beneath with flattened hairs. The apex is taper-pointed and the margin is toothed above the middle.

_QUERCUS GRACILIFORMIS_

CHISOS OAK

C. H. MULLER

Up to 26 ft, or more (8 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate to narrowly oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1¼ in (10 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, furrowed and cracking with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with appressed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Texas

**HABITAT** | Rocky canyons

The Chisos Oak is a semi-evergreen tree, sometimes shrubby at least in the wild, upright when young and developing a graceful arching habit. It flowers in spring. This is a very rare species in the wild, only occurring as a small, isolated population in the Chisos Mountains in Texas, where it can hybridize with the Emory Oak ( _Quercus emoryi_ ) to give _Q. × tharpii_. It has potential as an ornamental tree: it has been introduced to cultivation where it tends to be more vigorous with larger leaves; and, in spite of its southern origins, it seems remarkably tolerant of cold weather and cool climates.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chisos Oak is closely related to the Canby Oak ( _Q. canbyi_ ), of which it is sometimes regarded as a synonym, but that species has leaves that tend to be ovate in outline, and it also ripens its acorns in the first year.

**The leaves of the Chisos Oak** are lanceolate to narrowly oblong, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Often bright red when young, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler and glossy beneath, and glabrous on both sides or with small tufts of hair in the axils of the veins. The margins are shallowly pinnately lobed; they have up to 4 or 5 bristle-tipped teeth on each side or, more rarely, are entire.

_QUERCUS HYPOLEUCOIDES_

SILVERLEAF OAK

A. CAMUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 1½ in (12 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray to nearly black, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong to ovoid acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with appressed scales, ripening the first or second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Ridges and valleys in mountain woods

The Silverleaf Oak is an evergreen tree with a wide-spreading habit, sometimes losing its leaves in the dry season in spring. It flowers in spring. It is normally a small tree, but in very dry, exposed places it can be a shrub, forming extensive thickets, and in suitable places it can reach 80 ft (25 m) or more. It is very tolerant of drought and is particularly resistant to low winter temperatures for a broad-leaved evergreen. The Silverleaf Oak can hybridize with other species. A hybrid with the Emory Oak ( _Quercus emoryi_ ) is grown in gardens. It has a dense layer of gray hairs on the underside of the leaf, which rubs off easily.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Silverleaf Oak is a very distinct species. The leathery leaves with bright white undersides usually make it easy to recognize, although from above the leaves could be mistaken for those of the Holm Oak ( _Q. ilex_ ).

**The leaves of the Silverleaf Oak** are lanceolate to elliptic, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. Rigid in texture, they are dark green above with impressed veins and with a persistent white tomentum beneath, the green veins clearly visible. The margins are entire and slightly revolute, or with up to 5 bristle-tipped teeth on each side.

_QUERCUS ILEX_

HOLM OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth when young, cracking into small squares with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with downy scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, north Africa, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved and coniferous forests, rocky places, coastal cliffs

The Holm Oak is a large evergreen tree with a dense, rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring to early summer. It is very variable in the shape and size of the leaves, and in the shape of the acorn and cup. Over its wide distribution, from Portugal to Turkey, it is found from near sea level to high in the mountains. The strong and durable wood is used to make furniture, flooring, and charcoal. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks, large gardens, and streets. As it responds well to clipping, it is often planted as a hedge.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Quercus rotundifolia_ is sometimes regarded as a variety of this species. It has more rounded leaves with fewer veins. The Silverleaf Oak ( _Q. hypoleucoides_ ) has leaves with a dense white tomentum beneath, the green veins visible.

**The leaves of the Holm Oak** are ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Leathery in texture and often convex, they emerge densely hairy on both sides, becoming dark green and smooth above, gray and hairy beneath. The apex is usually taper-pointed, and the margin can be either toothed or entire. Leaves that grow in the shade can be difficult to identify since they are often very large and green rather than gray beneath.

_QUERCUS IMBRICARIA_

SHINGLE OAK

MICHAUX

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2¾ in (15 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist riverbanks to dry ridges

The Shingle Oak is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, with smooth or sparsely hairy young shoots, flowering in spring. It is particularly common in the region south of the Great Lakes, becoming less common further east and with a scattered distribution in the mountains further south. The epithet _imbricaria_ means "overlapping;" this and the common name derive from the use of the wood of this species by early settlers for roof tiles (shingles). It is planted in parks and gardens as a shade tree, and the leaves often persist on the tree into winter.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Willow Oak ( _Quercus phellos_ ) also has untoothed leaves but they are narrower and glabrous beneath, at least when mature. The Bluejack Oak ( _Q. incana_ ) is a small tree with narrower, sometimes lobed leaves and deeply cracked bark.

**The leaves of the Shingle Oak** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are glossy dark green and glabrous above, gray-green and softly hairy beneath. The sometimes wavy margins are quite entire, without lobes or teeth, except for a small bristle-tip at the apex. The base tapers to a short downy petiole of up to ¾ in (2 cm).

_QUERCUS KELLOGGII_

CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK

NEWBERRY

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 5½ in (20 x 14 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and pale gray when young, becoming darker and cracking into small plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong to ellipsoid acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western United States (Oregon, California), Baja California (Mexico)

**HABITAT** | Well-drained soils in the mountains, often growing with conifers

The California Black Oak is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded or spreading habit. It flowers in spring. It has a leaf type that resembles that of some of the red oaks of the eastern United States, and it is the only oak of this type in California. Its hybrids with other red oaks of the region, such as the Interior Live Oak _(Quercus wislizeni)_ , are semi-evergreen.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In its native regions, the California Black Oak is distinct from all other oaks in having deciduous leaves with bristle-tipped lobes. Among the eastern red oaks, it most resembles the Black Oak ( _Q. velutina_ ), since both have leaves that are downy beneath when young; the leaves are smaller in the California Black Oak.

**The leaves of the California Black Oak** are elliptic to obovate in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 5½ in (14 cm) across. Downy on both sides and often pinkish when young, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler beneath and nearly smooth when mature or sometimes densely gray-hairy. They are pinnately lobed with up to 5 lobes on each side. The larger lobes are further divided, ending in bristle-tips.

_QUERCUS LAEVIS_

AMERICAN TURKEY OAK

WALTER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to broadly elliptic in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, thick and deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Poor, sandy soils, particularly near the coast

The American Turkey Oak is a deciduous tree, usually of small size and often shrubby with a broadly columnar to spreading habit. It flowers in spring. It is often found growing in association with pines and other oaks. The common names derives from the resemblance of some leaves to a turkey's foot; this species is not related to the Turkey Oak ( _Quercus cerris_ ), whose common name is derived from one of its countries of origin. An unusual feature of this species is that the leaves are often held vertically, enabling them to avoid the hot sun.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Turkey Oak is normally a very distinct species recognized by its few-lobed leaves held vertically on short petioles. The Blackjack Oak ( _Q. marilandica_ ) has much less deeply lobed leaves with a rounded base. Hybrids between the two species occur.

**The leaves of the American Turkey Oak** are rounded to broadly elliptic in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across, sometimes more. Glossy dark green above, paler and sparsely hairy beneath when mature, they often turn red in fall. They are deeply pinnately lobed and usually have a long terminal lobe and 1–3 lobes on each side. Each lobe ends in one or more bristle-tipped teeth. The wedge-shaped base tapers to a characteristically short petiole of ¾ in (2 cm) or less.

_QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA_

SWAMP LAUREL OAK

MICHAUX

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate or diamond-shaped

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 1½ in (12 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown becoming darker and furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to oblong acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks, bottomlands, often on sandy soils

The Swamp Laurel Oak is a large, fast-growing, late-deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit when young, wide-spreading when mature. It flowers in spring. The leaves are usually retained well into winter or until the new growth emerges in spring, but fall earlier in the north of its range. Large trees often have prominent buttresses at the base of the stem to provide support in moist ground. The Swamp Laurel Oak is occasionally planted as a landscape tree but it tends to be short-lived. The profuse acorn crops are an important source of food for wildlife.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Darlington Oak ( _Quercus hemisphaerica_ ) has thicker and more frequently lobed leaves, and it grows on dry soils. The Willow Oak ( _Q. phellos_ ) has thin leaves that drop in the fall.

**The leaves of the Swamp Laurel Oak** are elliptic to obovate or diamond-shaped in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are normally unlobed and untoothed, except for a bristle-tip at the apex. Occasional leaves, especially those on vigorous shoots of the second flush, can have 1–3 shallow lobes on each side.

_QUERCUS LIBANI_

LEBANON OAK

G. OLIVIER

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A large barrel-shaped acorn to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long, often mostly enclosed in cup covered with triangular, appressed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests, often growing with conifers

The Lebanon Oak is a small deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring. It is found in mixed or pure stands, from Turkey to Iran and Lebanon. It varies considerably in the wild in its leaf size and shape, and frequently hybridizes with related species. The hybrid with Turkey Oak ( _Quercus cerris_ ), known as _Q. × libanerris_ , occurs in the wild but was first described from a cultivated plant raised when the two species were grown together. The acorns are sometimes roasted and eaten, and the hard wood is used for building.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chestnut-leaved Oak ( _Q. castaneifolia_ ) has leaves with short-pointed teeth, and acorn cups with slender, often reflexed scales. The Macedonian Oak ( _Q. trojana_ ) has shorter-stalked leaves with fewer teeth.

**The leaves of the Lebanon Oak** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Glossy green or bluish-green above, they are sparsely hairy on both sides when young, becoming more or less smooth, turning yellow in fall. The margin is edged with up to 14 bristle-tipped teeth on each side and the petiole is up to ¾ in (2 cm) long.

_QUERCUS LOBATA_

VALLEY OAK

NÉE

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 21½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed and cracked into small plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong acorn to 2 in (5 cm) long, pointed at the tip, borne in a rough, scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | California

**HABITAT** | Valleys and hill slopes

The Valley Oak, also known as the California White Oak and the Sacramento Oak, is a large deciduous tree with a wide-spreading habit, flowering in spring. Considered to be the "monarch" of California oaks this long-lived tree is among the largest oaks in the United States and plays an important role in the ecology of the area, its woodlands being home to many rare species. Its range has been reduced due to the demand for housing and agriculture in the region. A mature tree can produce up to a ton (900 kg) of acorns in a good year; these are an important source of food for wildlife and were eaten by Native Americans after leaching to remove tannins. The leaves are very variable in depth of lobing, and in the shape of the lobes. The species can hybridize with several others in the genus, such as the Blue Oak ( _Quercus douglasii_ ), as well as with shrubby and evergreen species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Oregon Oak ( _Q. garryana_ ), with which the Valley Oak can hybridize, has shorter acorns, which are rounded at the tip. The Gambel Oak ( _Q. gambelii_ ) can also have a similar leaf shape but again lacks the long-pointed acorns of the Valley Oak.

**The leaves of the Valley Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed, with up to 5 lobes on each side. The lobes reach halfway to the midrib or more, and are often divided into smaller lobes toward the tips. Glossy dark green and smooth or with sparse hairs above, they are paler or grayish and hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS LYRATA_

OVERCUP OAK

WALTER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracked into scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, almost or completely enclosed in a cup covered in rough scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods on poorly drained soils

The Overcup Oak is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in spring. The enclosed acorns are an adaptation to its swampy habitats. They fall when still inside the cup, are dispersed by floating on water, and provide a valuable source of food for wildlife in these areas. Although the wood is not of high quality, it is produced in wet soils and has been used for furniture and barrels. The acorns were eaten raw, cooked, or ground into flour by Native Americans and settlers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is normally easily recognized by the acorns that are enclosed in the cups. The deeply lobed leaves are sometimes similar to those of the Bur Oak ( _Quercus macrocarpa_ ) but they are usually green beneath rather than whitish.

**The leaves of the Overcup Oak** are obovate and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are variably pinnately lobed, with up to 5 rounded to bluntly pointed lobes on each side, some of the lobes usually deeply cut. The leaves are narrowly wedge-shaped at the base, dark green and smooth above, paler and smooth or sparsely hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS MACRANTHERA_

CAUCASIAN OAK

FISCHER & C. A. MEYER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ellipsoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Caucasus, northern Iran, northern Turkey

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Caucasian Oak is a large deciduous tree with a broadly ovoid to rounded habit, flowering in spring. Two forms of this species are recognized, the typical form from the Caucasus and northern Iran, and _Quercus macranthera_ subsp. _syspirensis_ from northern Turkey, which is a smaller tree with smaller leaves. The Caucasian Oak is occasionally cultivated for its bold foliage, which turns yellow-brown in fall; it hybridizes with several other oaks, both in the wild and in cultivation.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Hungarian Oak ( _Q. frainetto_ ) also has large leaves but they are less hairy and more deeply cut, with more prominently toothed lobes. The Pyrenean Oak ( _Q. pyrenaica_ ) also has leaves that are more deeply lobed.

**The leaves of the Caucasian Oak** are obovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed, with up to 12 lobes on each side. The lobes are entire, or have a few small teeth toward the end or on one side, and they reach less than halfway to the midrib. The leaves are dark green and sparsely hairy above, paler beneath, with a layer of soft hairs.

_QUERCUS MACROCARPA_

BUR OAK

MICHAUX

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, furrowed, with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to oblong acorn to 2 in (5 cm) long, often almost enclosed in a cup edged with a fringe of slender scales

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central and eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist lowlands to dry slopes, scrub, prairies, often on basic soils

The Bur Oak, also known as the Mossy-cup Oak, is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit when mature. It flowers in spring. Rapid root growth as a young tree enables it to compete with other plants and to establish itself on open prairies. The shoots often have characteristic corky ridges. It is a variable species with a wide distribution. The largest acorns are found in the south of its range, where the cups can be 2½ in (6 cm) across. Further north, the acorns are smaller with smaller fringes on the cups, and the plants may be shrubby.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Swamp White Oak ( _Quercus bicolor_ ) has less deeply lobed leaves and flaking bark. The Overcup Oak ( _Q. lyrata_ ) can have the acorn completely enclosed in the cup but has leaves that are green beneath and have fewer lobes.

**The leaves of the Bur Oak** are obovate in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed, with up to 9 lobes on each side. The lobes vary in depth, and the largest are edged with smaller lobes. Characteristically, one or two sinuses on each side are broad and deep, reaching almost to the midrib. The leaves are glossy dark green above, and whitish and hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS MACROLEPIS_

VALONIA OAK

KOTSCHY

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rugged, deeply cracked into square plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical to oblong acorn to 2 in (5 cm) long, as long as or exserted from the cup, which is covered with long, reflexed scales, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Rocky hillsides

The Valonia Oak is a deciduous or semi-evergreen tree, usually with a low, spreading habit, flowering in spring. The large cups of this species, which can reach as much as 2 in (5 cm) across, were used in quantity for tanning leather; however, as demand dropped populations were decreased as trees were felled to provide land for agriculture. The acorns themselves, which are less bitter than those of other species in the region, were also eaten, raw or cooked, and provided food for pigs, sheep, and goats. The Valonia Oak is occasionally seen in gardens where the selection 'Hemelrijk Silver' is a form with particularly large, silvery grey leaves. Some trees grown from garden seed are hybrids with the Turkey Oak ( _Quercus cerris_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Q. ithaburensis_ , a native of southwest Asia, has smaller, less deeply lobed leaves. _Q. brantii_ , also from southwest Asia, has unlobed leaves, with up to 14 teeth on each side.

**The leaves of the Valonia Oak** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are irregularly pinnately lobed, with up to 10 lobes on each side, ending in pointed teeth. Gray-hairy when young, they become glossy dark green above and softly gray-haired beneath.

_QUERCUS MARILANDICA_

BLACKJACK OAK

MÜNCHHAUSEN

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Triangular to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 8 in (20 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, nearly black, deeply cracked into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening in the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Dry often poor and sandy soils, often growing with pines and other oaks

The Blackjack Oak is a small, slow-growing tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring. On very poor soils it is often stunted and shrubby. It is one of the characteristic trees of the region of forest and prairie known as the Cross Timbers, mainly in Texas and Oklahoma. The small size and slow growth make it unsuitable for timber but the wood is used for posts, firewood, and charcoal. Plants in the west of the range have smaller leaves to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and are sometimes recognized as _Quercus marilandia_ var. _ashei_. The Blackjack Oak hybridizes with several other of the red oaks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Blackjack Oak is easily recognized from its usually small size and the distinctively shaped leaves. These, however, are very variable in shape and can, in some forms, be similar to those of the Water Oak ( _Q. nigra_ ) and the Arkansas Oak ( _Q. arkansana_ ). These are both larger trees with smaller leaves.

**The leaves of the Blackjack Oak** are triangular to obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and across. They are shallowly 3-lobed to rounded at the apex, the lobes ending in bristle-tipped teeth. The margin is untoothed below the middle and tapers to a rounded base. Rather leathery in texture, the leaves are glossy bright green above, with yellowish hairs beneath.

_QUERCUS MICHAUXII_

SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK

NUTTALL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, flaking on young trees and branches, furrowed when mature

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in a rough, scaly cup held on a short stalk to ¾ in (2 cm) long or less, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist lowland woods and swamps

The Swamp Chestnut Oak is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, becoming rounded when mature. It flowers in spring. It is also referred to as the Basket Oak, the name deriving from the baskets made from the wood and used to collect cotton, and the Cow Oak. The large, relatively sweet acorns are favored by wildlife, and can be eaten raw or cooked. The tree produces a valuable strong timber that is used for furniture and flooring. The name _Quercus prinus_ has been applied to this species, as well as to the Chestnut Oak ( _Q. montana_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Swamp Chestnut Oak is one of a group of species that can be difficult to distinguish. The Swamp White Oak ( _Q. bicolor_ ) has acorns on stalks up to 4 in (10 cm) long and leaves that are usually white beneath; the Chinquapin Oak ( _Q. muehlenbergii_ ) has relatively narrower, more chestnut-like leaves and grows on dry sites; and the Chestnut Oak ( _Q. montana_ ) has a more northern distribution, grows on dry sites, and lacks the scaly bark.

**The leaves of the Swamp Chestnut Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are regularly and shallowly pinnately lobed, with up to 20 triangular to rounded lobes on each side, each ending in a short point. Glossy dark green above, they are paler and softly hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS MONGOLICA_

MONGOLIAN OAK

Fischer

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a short-stalked scaly cup

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern Russia, north China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved and coniferous forests on plains and low mountain slopes

**SYNONYM** | _Quercus liaotungensis_ Koidzumi

The Mongolian Oak is a deciduous tree with a rounded head, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is a variable and widely distributed species, with some forms approaching the English Oak ( _Quercus robur_ ) in leaf shape. It reaches its greatest size on fertile soils of low river floodplains but elsewhere it is often a stunted tree, and in very cold regions at the northern limit of its range it forms low scrub on south-facing hillsides. The wood is similar to that of the English Oak and is used for building, the bark is used for tanning, and mushrooms are grown on dead logs.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Q. crispula_ ( _Q. mongolica_ var. _grosseserrata_ ) is native to northeastern Russia and Japan. It has larger leaves that have more numerous, often toothed lobes.

**The leaves of the Mongolian Oak** are obovate and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are shallowly pinnately lobed, with up to 12 usually rounded lobes on each side. Dark green and smooth above, they are blue-green beneath, with hairs along the veins. The lobing extends almost to the base of the leaf and a short petiole of up to ½ in (1 cm) long.

_QUERCUS MONTANA_

CHESTNUT OAK

WILLDENOW

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, deeply fissured on mature trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid, blackish brown acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a rough, scaly cup on a short stalk to ¾ in (2 cm) long, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Well-drained slopes, rocky ridges

The Chestnut Oak, which is also known as the Rock Chestnut Oak, is a slow-growing and often long-lived deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit. It flowers in spring. The wood is similar to that of the White Oak ( _Quercus alba_ ) and has been used for building, flooring, furniture, and for fuel, while tannin was extracted from the bark. This species is susceptible to damage by gypsy-moth caterpillars. Cut trees sprout vigorously from the base, and many existing trees probably derive from sprouts. The name _Q. prinus_ has been applied to this species and to the Swamp Chestnut Oak ( _Q. michauxii_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chestnut Oak is one of a group of closely related species that can be difficult to distinguish. The Swamp White Oak ( _Q. bicolor_ ) has acorns on long stalks, the Swamp Chestnut Oak ( _Q. michauxii_ ) has leaves with velvety hairs beneath and a more southerly distribution on moist soils, and the Chinquapin Oak ( _Q. muehlenbergii_ ) has a scaly bark and smaller acorns that are up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long.

**The leaves of the Chestnut Oak** are elliptic to obovate and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are regularly and shallowly pinnately lobed, with up to 16 rounded lobes on each side, each ending in a small point. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are paler and sparsely hairy beneath.
_QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII_

CHINQUAPIN OAK

ENGELMANN

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, flaking in papery scales

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to oblong acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup on a stalk less than ½ in (1 cm) long, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Canada, eastern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Well-drained soils, dry hills, often on limestone

The Chinquapin Oak, also known as the Yellow Chestnut Oak, is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded or spreading habit, flowering in spring. It has a very wide and mainly scattered distribution. The hard and strong wood is used for making items such as furniture and provides excellent firewood. The sweet acorns have little tannin and were eaten by Native Americans. They are also very attractive to a wide variety of wildlife for which they provide an important source of food.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Dwarf Chinquapin ( _Quercus prinoides_ ) has leaves of a similar shape but it makes a suckering shrub or small tree with fewer-veined leaves, and usually grows on acidic soils.

**The leaves of the Chinquapin Oak** are elliptic to lanceolate or obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are similar to the chestnuts ( _Castanea_ ) in appearance, the margin being edged with more than 10 pointed teeth on each side, at the ends of the conspicuous parallel veins. Glossy dark green above, they are whitish with hairs beneath.

_QUERCUS MYRSINIFOLIA_

QUERCUS MYRSINIFOLIA

BLUME

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a cup bearing 7–9 concentric scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests, mainly in the mountains

_Quercus myrsinifolia_ is an evergreen tree with a rounded habit and arching shoots, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is a member of the subgenus _Cyclobalanopsis_ , species of which all have the scales on the acorn cups united into concentric rings. Unlike many of the species of this group, which contains many tropical and subtropical members, this species has a relatively northern distribution enabling it to be grown even in cool temperate regions. It is widely planted in Japanese parks and gardens as a shade tree or hedge.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ring-cup Oak ( _Q. glauca_ ) has broader leaves opening in early spring; they are often widest above the middle and have flattened hairs beneath.

**The leaves of Quercus myrsinifolia** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They end in a fine, tapered point, and have small teeth above the middle. Young leaves emerge late in the year, in late spring, and are bronze to red-purple; they become dark green and smooth above, and pale blue-green and smooth beneath.

_QUERCUS MYRTIFOLIA_

MYRTLE OAK

WILLDENOW

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1 in (5 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, becoming darker and furrowed at the base with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Sandy soils

The Myrtle Oak is a small evergreen to semi-evergreen tree with a bushy rounded head, often a rhizomatous thicket-forming shrub. It flowers in spring. The old leaves often fall as the new ones are emerging. It is a characteristic species of sand-dune scrub in coastal regions, a decreasing habitat important for wildlife and maintained by frequent fires after which the oak regenerates by sprouting from the base. The acorns provide a valuable source of food for wildlife in the area, such as the Florida Scrub Jay, which is threatened because of habitat loss.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chapman Oak ( _Quercus chapmanii_ ) grows in the same area; it can have leaves of a similar shape but they lack the bristle-tips. _Q. inopina_ is a shrub restricted to Florida; it has leaves that are markedly convex.

**The leaves of the Myrtle Oak** are obovate and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath and smooth on both sides except for tufts of hair in the vein axils on the underside. The apex is blunt to rounded with a small bristle-tip, and the margin is untoothed but may have one or two bristle-tips on each side.

_QUERCUS NIGRA_

WATER OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, shallowly ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist soils from lowland to hill slopes

The Water Oak is a fast-growing but often short-lived, usually semi-evergreen tree with a rounded habit. It flowers in spring. Most trees lose their leaves gradually during late fall or winter, some turning yellow or red before they drop. The leaves are extremely variable in shape, and different forms can be shown on seedlings, juvenile trees, and vigorous shoots. The wood has been used for plywood and veneer, and for fuel, and the tree is sometimes planted for shade in the southern United States. The Water Oak is sometimes called the Pin Oak, a name also used for _Quercus palustris_ , and the Red Oak, used for _Q. rubra_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Some forms can have leaves similar to those of the Swamp Laurel Oak ( _Q. laurifolia_ ), which has leaves that are broadest in the middle not toward the apex. Some seedlings or juvenile trees can have leaves similar to those of the Willow Oak ( _Q. phellos_ ) but differ in being evergreen or nearly so.

**The leaves of the Water Oak** are obovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They typically have a broad, unlobed, and expanded apex, with a single or a few bristle-tips, and taper to the base. Some forms, such as juvenile trees and vigorous shoots, can have leaves that are variously pinnately cut or even linear in shape. The leaves are glossy green to blue-green above, paler beneath; they are smooth on both sides except for tufts of hair in the vein axils beneath.

_QUERCUS OBLONGIFOLIA_

MEXICAN BLUE OAK

TORREY

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x ¾ in (5 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, deeply cut into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes and canyons

The Mexican Blue Oak is an evergreen or semi-evergreen tree with a rounded habit. It flowers in spring. It is also known as the Blue Oak, a name that is applied to _Quercus douglasii_. The old leaves usually turn yellow and fall as the new ones are emerging. In the wild, the Mexican Blue Oak often forms pure stands, or can be found growing with pines and other oaks. It is shrubby at high elevations. The acorns provide a valuable source of food for wildlife; they were eaten by Native Americans who ground them into flour.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Californian Englemann Oak ( _Q. engelmannii_ ) is very similar, also with bluish leaves, and is sometimes regarded as the same species. It makes a larger tree to 50 ft (15 m) with longer and relatively narrower leaves and larger acorns. Another closely related blue-leaved oak is Lacey Oak ( _Q. laceyi_ ) which can also be similar but has thinner, more frequently lobed leaves and occurs in Texas and adjacent Mexico, further east than the Mexican Blue Oak, which in Texas, only occurs in the far west.

**The leaves of the Mexican Blue Oak** are oblong to ovate, leathery, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. Reddish and densely hairy when young, they mature to glossy blue-green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides. Rounded at the tip and the base with a very short petiole, the margin is entire, undulate, or with few shallow teeth.

_QUERCUS PALUSTRIS_

PIN OAK

MÜNCHHAUSEN

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, shallowly fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Canada, eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist and poorly drained soils

The Pin Oak is a fast-growing, deciduous tree with a characteristic conical habit. It has drooping lower branches when young, and is spreading in old age. It flowers in spring. Although it naturally grows in moist situations and is tolerant of flooding, its ability to grow in a range of soils and the ease with which it can be transplanted has made it perhaps the most widely planted oak in North America. It is, however, very intolerant of alkaline soils where it quickly develops yellowish foliage. Several garden selections have been developed for their habit including dwarf forms that are no more than large bushes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Oak ( _Quercus rubra_ ) has dull green leaves that are blue-green beneath. The Scarlet Oak ( _Q. coccinea_ ) lacks the conspicuous axillary tufts on the leaf underside. In the southern United States, the Nuttall Oak ( _Q. texana_ ) is more common; that species has much larger acorns than the Pin Oak.

**The leaves of the Pin Oak** are elliptic to oblong in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are deeply pinnately lobed with usually 3 lobes on each side, each lobe divided at the tip and ending in several bristle-tipped teeth. Glossy dark green above, they are paler and glossy beneath with conspicuous tufts of brown hair in the vein axils. They turn red in fall.

_QUERCUS PETRAEA_

SESSILE OAK

(MATTUSCHKA) LIEBLEIN

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in an unstalked scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Sessile Oak is a large deciduous tree with a spreading habit when mature, flowering in spring. It is very long-lived, able to reach 1,000 years old, and is widely planted for its excellent timber. In the east of its range it is variable and several subspecies are recognized, differing from the typical form _Quercus petraea_ subsp. _petraea_ in the leaf shape and the number and depth of the lobes: they include _Quercus petraea_ subsp. _medwediewii_ from the Caucasus, and subsp. _pinnatiloba_ from Armenia and Azerbaijan, both with deeply cut leaves. There are numerous garden selections with variously shaped or cut leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The English Oak ( _Q. robur_ ) has very short-stalked leaves and acorns on long stalks. Hybrids between this and the Sessile Oak can occur where the two species grow together; these are intermediate in these characteristics.

**The leaves of the Sessile Oak** are obovate to elliptic, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed, and have up to 8 normally shallow lobes on each side in subsp. _petraea_ ; other subspecies may have more and deeper lobes. Dark green and slightly glossy above, the leaves are blue-green and usually thinly hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS PHELLOS_

WILLOW OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrowly oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1 in (10 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth when young becoming shallowly fissured and ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A broadly ovoid to nearly spherical acorn to ½ in (1.2 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist lowlands, riverbanks

The Willow Oak is a fast-growing deciduous tree, upright when young and developing a rounded to spreading head with age. It flowers in spring. The common name derives from the willowlike leaves, while the epithet _phellos_ refers to the somewhat corky ridges that develop on the bark of old trees. It is commonly planted as a shade tree, particularly in the southern United States. It is known to hybridize with many other red oaks, such as the Pin Oak ( _Quercus palustris_ ) to give _Q. × schochiana_ , which is occasionally grown in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Shingle Oak ( _Q. imbricaria_ ) also has untoothed leaves but they are broader and densely hairy beneath. Some forms of the Water Oak ( _Q. nigra_ ) can have leaves of a similar shape but they are evergreen or semi-evergreen.

**The leaves of the Willow Oak** are narrowly oblong in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across. Always unlobed and untoothed, they end in a single bristle-tip at the pointed apex. They are dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, and sparsely hairy with tufts of hair in the vein axils. They normally turn yellow in fall.

_QUERCUS PHILLYREOIDES_

UBAME OAK

A. GRAY

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1¼ in (6 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth when young becoming deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening in the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Evergreen and mixed woodlands, often near the coast

The Ubame Oak is an evergreen tree with a bushy, rounded head or sometimes columnar, often a densely branched shrub. It flowers in spring. It is closely related to the Holm Oak ( _Quercus ilex_ ) and was once considered to be a variety of that species. While in Japan this species has a largely coastal distribution, the Chinese form, which has been recognized as a distinct variety, grows on limestone cliffs and gorges inland. The acorns have been eaten in China and Japan. It is commonly planted in Japanese gardens, often as a hedge or as clipped topiary.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ubame Oak bears a superficial resemblance to the shrubby, opposite-leaved _Phillyrea latifolia_ (Oleaceae), after which it is named. It differs from the Holm Oak ( _Q. ilex_ ) in the smooth undersides of the leaves.

**The leaves of the Ubame Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Leathery in texture, they are bronze when young, becoming glossy dark green above, paler and glossy below, and smooth or nearly so on both sides. The margin is shallowly toothed above the middle, tapering at the base to a short stalk.

_QUERCUS PONTICA_

ARMENIAN OAK

K. KOCH

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 4 in (30 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough and furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in long, pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to nearly spherical acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the first year.

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeast Turkey, Caucasus

**HABITAT** | Thickets in the mountains

The Armenian Oak is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, more often a shrub forming dense thickets. It flowers in spring. The large buds at the ends of the shoots are characteristic. They are up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long with large yellowish scales edged with brown. In its native habitat, this species produces few acorns and reproduces mainly by the layering of prostrate branches. It has a restricted distribution in the wild, and the hard wood is used for fuel. It is occasionally cultivated in gardens, where it can grow taller than plants in the wild.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Armenian Oak is closely related to the shrubby _Quercus sadleriana_ , from California and Oregon, a semi-evergreen shrub with similar buds, smaller leaves, and slightly larger acorns.

**The leaves of the Armenian Oak** are obovate and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. There are up to 30 prominent parallel veins either side of the yellow midrib, each ending in a short, curved tooth. Slightly glossy and rather yellowish green above, they are blue-green beneath, and are borne on a yellow petiole to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long.

_QUERCUS PUBESCENS_

DOWNY OAK

WILLDENOW

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to oblong acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Dry woods, on acidic or basic soils

The Downy Oak is a deciduous tree with densely hairy shoots and a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring. It is a widely distributed and variable species with many synonyms. In southeastern Europe and Turkey, _Quercus pubescens_ subsp. _crispata_ is recognized, differing from the typical form in its wavy-edged, more deeply lobed leaves. The much sought-after truffles grow on the roots of this species, as well as those of the Holm Oak ( _Q. ilex_ ). The Downy Oak is now planted in southern Europe for truffle production, using seedlings with the fungus already established on the roots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sessile Oak ( _Q. petraea_ ), with which the Downy Oak hybridizes, differs in the smooth shoots and nearly smooth leaves. The Pyrenean Oak has larger, more deeply cut leaves.

**The leaves of the Downy Oak** are obovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across on a petiole to ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are pinnately lobed, with up to 7 rounded to bluntly pointed lobes on each side, the larger lobes sometimes edged with smaller lobes. The leaves emerge densely covered with gray hairs, becoming dark green and smooth or nearly so above, gray with hairs beneath.

_QUERCUS PYRENAICA_

PYRENEAN OAK

WILLDENOW

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4¾ in (20 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in a cup covered in downy scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern Europe, North Africa

**HABITAT** | Forests, often on poor, acidic soils, in mountains in the south of its range

The Pyrenean Oak is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring. The leaves of this species emerge relatively late in the season, an adaptation thought to prevent damage by late frosts, which can occur frequently in its mountain habitats. It also produces extensive suckers from the base and can form small colonies. Some areas of Pyrenean Oak forest in Spain have been managed as coppices for hundreds of years to maximize the production of pasture for grazing animals as well as acorns for livestock and firewood. Weeping forms of this species are cultivated as ornamental trees. Wood from this species is used to produce barrels in which brandy is aged. Heating the inside of the barrel over a fire of wood chips imparts a distinctive flavor to the brandy. The Pyrenean Oak is grown in gardens mainly as the selection 'Pendula', a weeping tree with pendulous shoots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Downy Oak ( _Quercus pubescens_ ) has smaller and less deeply lobed leaves, while the Caucasian Oak ( _Q. macranthera_ )has more lobes, which are shallow, on the leaf.

**The leaves of the Pyrenean Oak** are elliptic in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are deeply pinnately lobed with up to 8 lobes on each side, usually reaching more than halfway to the midrib. The larger lobes are often divided into smaller lobes. Densely covered in white hairs when they emerge, the leaves become glossy dark green above, gray-green and hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS REHDERIANA_

QUERCUS REHDERIANA

HANDEL-MAZZETTI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2½ in (8 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, deeply cracked on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to nearly rounded acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, in a scaly cup, several borne together on a rigid stalk to 2½ in (6 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

**SYNONYM** | _Quercus pseudosemecarpifolia_ A. Camus

_Quercus rehderiana_ is an evergreen tree with a dense, broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring. It is one of a group of related, mainly Chinese, species with spiny juvenile foliage that have been consistently confused, in this case with _Q. longispica_. In China, as with other related species, _Q. rehderiana_ is often cut for its foliage to feed animals. Of relatively recent introduction to gardens, this species promises to make a fast-growing and relatively hardy evergreen tree, often with attractive bronze young foliage. It is better known, and usually grown, under its synonym of _Q. pseudosemecarpifolia_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The smooth glossy foliage of _Q. rehderiana_ is distinct in this group. _Q. longispica_ , with which it has been confused, has a layer of yellow hairs on the undersides of the leaf as well as much longer, flexuous, fruiting spikes.

**The leaves of Quercus rehderiana** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Rigid and sharply spiny at the margin on young plants, they are untoothed on mature trees, but both types of foliage can occur together. Emerging bronze-red, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler and glossy beneath, and are smooth on both sides or with sparse hairs.

_QUERCUS ROBUR_

ENGLISH OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 3½ in (13 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rugged and deeply fissured on mature trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to cylindrical acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, in a scaly cup, usually several borne together on a stalk to 4 in (10 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests

The English Oak is a large and long-lived deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit when mature. It flowers in spring. This magnificent and well-known tree is represented by many venerable specimens, some estimated to be more than 1,000 years old. It produces one of the most useful of timbers, hard, durable, and attractive, valued for construction and shipbuilding. It has given rise to a number of variants in gardens, amongst which Fastigiata Group has a narrow, upright habit, while 'Concordia' has golden yellow foliage. Some cut-leaved forms may have long petioles not typical of the species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The smooth, short-stalked leaves with small lobes at the base, and the long-stalked acorns distinguish this species. The Sessile Oak ( _Quercus petraea_ ) differs in its long-stalked leaves and sessile acorns.

**The leaves of the English Oak** are obovate and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed with up to 5, usually shallow, rounded lobes on each side. At the base of the leaf 2 small lobes (auricles) partially cover the very short petiole. Dark green above, the leaves are blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_QUERCUS ROTUNDIFOLIA_

QUERCUS ROTUNDIFOLIA

LAMARCK

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1¼ in (5 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, cracked into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical acorn to 2 in (5 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with downy scales, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Spain, Portugal, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Open woodland

_Quercus rotundifolia_ is an evergreen tree with a rounded to wide-spreading habit, flowering in spring. This close relative of the Holm Oak ( _Q. ilex_ ) is characteristic of an ecosystem known as _dehesa_ in Spain and _montado_ in Portugal, which has been managed for hundreds of years to give an open woodland that also contains the Cork Oak ( _Q. suber_ ) and sometimes the Pyrenean Oak ( _Q. pyrenaica_ ). The areas between the trees are used for arable crops or pasture, and in fall pigs feed on the large sweet acorns of _Q. rotundifolia_ to produce the famous Iberian ham. Fermentation of the ground acorns gives a sweet and delicious acorn liqueur, bottles of which usually contain an acorn from the tree. _Q. rotundifolia_ has a more inland distribution than _Q. ilex_ , which occurs mainly in coastal regions. Although this species is well-known in its native regions, it is not frequently encountered in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The greyish hairs beneath distinguish it from other evergreen species such as the Silverleaf Oak ( _Q. hypoleucoides_ ) and the Canyon Live Oak ( _Q. chrysolepis_ ). The Holm Oak ( _Q. ilex_ ) is a larger tree with bigger leaves that have more numerous veins.

**The leaves of Quercus rotundifolia** are ovate to elliptic or nearly rounded in outline, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Leaves on young plants are rounded and edged with sharp spines, on mature trees leaves tend to be longer and less spiny, often entire. They are glossy green to blue-green above, and gray-white with hairs beneath.

_QUERCUS RUBRA_

RED OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray becoming furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Canada, eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Red Oak is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit when mature, flowering in spring. It is one of the commonest oaks in the eastern United States, and the best-known and most widely planted American oak in other countries. It is the most important of the red oaks (a group that includes this and related species) for timber; the wood is used for flooring, furniture, and posts. Trees in the north of the range bear smaller acorns than those in the south. There are several garden selections, including forms that have bright yellow leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Oak can be distinguished from related species such as the Scarlet Oak ( _Quercus coccinea_ ) and the Pin Oak ( _Q. palustris_ ) by the dull green, relatively shallowly lobed leaves, which are blue-green beneath.

**The leaves of the Red Oak** are elliptic in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed, with up to 5 lobes on each side that usually reach less than halfway to the midrib. Each lobe is further divided, ending in several bristle-tipped teeth. The petiole is up to 2 in (5 cm) long and is usually flushed with red on the exposed side.

_QUERCUS RUGOSA_

NETLEAF OAK

NÉE

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracking into scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long in a rough, scaly cup, several borne on a stalk to 2½ in (6 cm) long, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, Mexico, Guatemala

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes, often with pines and other oaks

**SYNONYM** | _Quercus reticulata_ Bonpland

The Netleaf Oak is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to columnar or spreading habit, flowering in spring. Although of restricted distribution in the United States, it is one of the commonest and most widely distributed of Mexican oaks, growing at high altitudes. It has a variety of common names in Mexico such as _encino blanco_ (the White Oak), _encino negro_ (the Black Oak), and _encino avellano_ (the Hazel Oak). It is very variable, particularly in leaf size, which in some cases can be as much as 8 in (20 cm) long, and in acorn size and shape. The tree has a variety of uses in Mexico. The wood is of high quality, and is used to manufacture various items such as tools, as well as for pulp for paper, and as firewood and charcoal. The acorns are eaten by cattle, pigs, and goats, and a coffee-like drink with medicinal properties has been made from them.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Netleaf Oak is normally easily recognized by its rigid, cupped leaves and long-stalked acorns. Some trees of the Mexican _Quercus crassifolia_ could be mistaken for it, but this is a red oak, with unstalked acorns ripening the second year and leaves densely covered in brown hairs beneath.

**The leaves of the Netleaf Oak** are obovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across, but are very variable in size. Rigid in texture and usually distinctly cupped, they are unlobed and edged with several small teeth. They taper from above the middle to a rounded base and a short petiole of less than ½ in (1 cm). Often emerging red, they become very dark green above with impressed veins, blue-green and hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS RYSOPHYLLA_

LOQUAT OAK

WEATHERBY

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 3¼ in (25 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth when young becoming dark and deeply cracked into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Mexico

**HABITAT** | Evergreen forests on mountain slopes

The Loquat Oak is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in spring. It has quickly become one of the most sought-after of the Mexican oaks in cultivation for its vigorous growth, hardiness, and bold foliage. The foliage is very variable even on one tree; it ranges from sharply toothed or shallowly lobed on young plants and vigorous shoots, to entire.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Some forms of the Netleaf White Oak ( _Quercus polymorpha_ ), which occurs from Texas to Guatemala, can be superficially similar, but the leaves lack bristle-tips, are usually on long stalks, and the acorns ripen the first year.

**The leaves of the Loquat Oak** are elliptic in outline and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. Taper-pointed at the apex, the base is rounded with small auricles that often cover the short petiole. The margin is untoothed, with a bristle-point at the apex, or variously lobed and toothed on vigorous shoots. The leaves emerge bronze or reddish, then become glossy dark green and deeply veined above and paler beneath; they are nearly glabrous on both sides.

_QUERCUS SEMECARPIFOLIA_

QUERCUS SEMECARPIFOLIA

SMITH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3¼ in (12 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, with scaly plates when mature

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in long, pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical, unstalked acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) across, borne in a scaly cup, ripening to brownish black in summer of the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Quercus semecarpifolia_ is an evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring. It is one of a group of mainly Chinese evergreen species that often have yellow hairs on the underside of the leaf and are referred to as the golden oaks. Species from further east in China are commonly mistaken for this species. The epithet _semecarpifolia_ is often misspelt as _semicarpifolia_ but derives from the resemblance of the leaves to those of the genus _Semecarpus_ (Anacardiaceae). The wood is used for building, tools, and fuel, and the foliage for fodder.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Large shade leaves of the Holm Oak ( _Q. ilex_ ) can be similar but they lack the yellowish hairs beneath. The Chinese _Q. longispica_ differs in having both long fruiting spikes and smaller leaves.

**The leaves of Quercus semecarpifolia** are broadly elliptic to rounded, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. Spiny-edged on juvenile plants, they become entire on older trees. They are glossy dark green above, and covered beneath by a layer of yellow hairs; this rubs off as the leaf ages and may be absent on leaves that grow in the shade or those on vigorous shoots.

_QUERCUS SERRATA_

QUERCUS SERRATA

THUNBERG

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark brown with irregular fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong to ovoid acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Himalayan region, China, Japan, Korea

**HABITAT** | Deciduous and mixed forests from low altitude to the mountains

_Quercus serrata_ is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring. It is a widely distributed and variable species and several different forms have been recognized varying in petiole length and leaf shape. The hard wood is commonly used for construction, for making farm tools, and for firewood. Edible shiitake mushrooms are grown on dead branches. In Japan, the acorns of this and other species were eaten after leaching to remove bitter tannins.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Q. serrata_ can be confused with the Oriental White Oak ( _Q. aliena_ ), which differs in the larger leaves with a persistent layer of star-shaped hairs on the undersurface.

**The leaves of Quercus serrata** are obovate to elliptic, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are abruptly tapered to a point at the apex and narrowed from above the middle to a petiole of up to 1¼ in (3 cm) (or very short in _Quercus serrata_ var. _brevipetiolata_ ). There are up to 14 veins on each side of the midrib, ending in pointed teeth. Emerging silky hairy and often pinkish, the leaves mature to glossy dark green above, blue-green beneath, and often turn red in the fall.

_QUERCUS SHUMARDII_

SHUMARD OAK

BUCKLEY

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4¾ in (20 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, shallowly ridged

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist soils, riverbanks

The Shumard Oak is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring. It has a wide distribution mainly in the United States, just reaching Ontario in Canada where it is rare. In its typical form it has rather shallow acorn cups. Trees with deeper cups are sometimes recognized as _Quercus shumardii_ var. _schneckii_. A form from Arkansas with leaves about as wide as they are long, or wider, is now recognized as a separate species, _Q. acerifolia_. The Shumard Oak produces a strong, hard wood that is used for furniture, veneer, and flooring.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In its large acorns the Shumard Oak resembles the Red Oak ( _Q. rubra_ ), which has less deeply divided, dull green leaves. The Texas Shumard Oak ( _Q. buckleyi_ ) is a smaller tree that grows on dry soils; it also has smaller leaves.

**The leaves of the Shumard Oak** are elliptic to obovate in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are deeply pinnately lobed with 4 lobes on each side, each lobe divided into smaller lobes and ending in bristle-tipped teeth. Glossy dark green above, they are paler and glossy beneath. They are smooth on both sides when mature, with conspicuous tufts of brown hair in the vein axils, and often turn deep red in fall.

_QUERCUS STELLATA_

POST OAK

WANGENHEIM

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, cracked into scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Dry woodlands and well-drained soils

The Post Oak is a slow-growing deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring. Together with the unrelated Blackjack Oak ( _Quercus marilandica_ ), this is a characteristic tree of the Cross Timbers of Texas and Oklahoma. This drought-resistant species makes a fine landscape specimen on dry soils, but many trees in residential areas are remnants of the original forest. The relatively sweet acorns were eaten raw, cooked, or ground into flour by Native Americans. The hard wood has been used in mines, and for railroad ties, flooring, and fence posts.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species can normally be recognized by the rough, cross-shaped leaves with a dense covering of star-shaped hairs beneath. The Sand Post Oak ( _Q. margaretta_ ) is a related species with less deeply lobed leaves; it normally makes a shrub or small tree and suckers from the base. Intermediates between the two species occur.

**The leaves of the Post Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are shallowly to deeply lobed with usually 3 lobes on each side, the central pair the largest, often giving the leaf a cross-shaped appearance. The upper surface is dark green and rough to the touch, the lower surface densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The leaves turn orange-brown in fall, and many usually persist on the tree during winter.

_QUERCUS SUBER_

CORK OAK

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, with thick corky ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong acorn to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening in the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western Mediterranean region

**HABITAT** | Woods

The Cork Oak is an evergreen tree with a rounded to spreading head, flowering in spring and sometimes later. This well-known species is often found in areas of managed woodland. The bark of the trunk and lower branches is cut about once every nine years for cork production; the best cork is used for bottle stoppers while inferior cork is used for tiles and other purposes. This process does not harm the tree although growth is slowed. Trees are conspicuous just after removal of the bark when the smooth, red inner bark is exposed. Some flowers produced late in the season may ripen their acorns the following year.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The foliage of this tree can be confused with that of the Holm Oak ( _Quercus ilex_ ) but the thick, corky bark distinguishes it. _Q_. × _hispanica_ can have corky bark but the leaves are more conspicuously and deeply toothed.

**The leaves of the Cork Oak** are ovate to oblong, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across and on uncut large trees can reach up to 6 in (15 cm) long. They are often slightly convex and are edged with small, widely spaced teeth. Dark green to blue-green above, they are densely gray-haired beneath.

_QUERCUS TEXANA_

NUTTALL OAK

BUCKLEY

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 5 in (20 x 13 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist and poorly drained soils

**SYNONYM** | _Quercus nuttallii_ E. J. Palmer

The Nuttall Oak is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring. It is also known as the Texas Red Oak, and the name _Quercus texana_ has had a confused history, being applied for many years to other species; this tree is still often referred to as _Q. nuttallii_. It has a limited distribution in Texas, being confined to the far east of the state, and occurs mainly in the lower part of the Mississippi River valley, extending north to Illinois, where it is rare. It usually produces an abundant crop of acorns; as many of these can remain on the tree into winter, the Nuttall Oak is an important source of food for wildlife such as rodents, deer, turkeys, and ducks. Selections of this species include 'New Madrid' with red-purple young foliage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Nuttall Oak has often been confused with the Pin Oak ( _Q. palustris_ ), which has smaller acorns in a shallower cup and a more northern distribution.

**The leaves of the Nuttall Oak** are elliptic in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 5 in (13 cm) across. They are deeply pinnately lobed with up to 5 lobes on each side, each lobe ending in several bristle-tipped teeth. They are glossy green on both sides, with conspicuous tufts of brown hairs in the vein axils beneath. The leaves turn to a good red late in fall.

_QUERCUS TOMENTELLA_

ISLAND OAK

ENGELMANN

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, cracking into scaly plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in a hairy cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | California Channel islands, Guadalupe Island (Mexico)

**HABITAT** | Hillsides, canyons

The Island Oak is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a rounded head, flowering in spring to early summer. It is one of a small group of related evergreen shrubs and trees native to western North America. A rare species in the wild, it is threatened by grazing and by fire, and some replanting in its native regions has taken place. Fossil records show that it once occurred on the mainland but now only occurs on islands off the coast of southern California and northwest Mexico.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Canyon Live Oak ( _Quercus chrysolepis)_ is a close relative but has smaller leaves that have a coating of golden hairs on the underside when young. The two species hybridize in the wild and in gardens. The Tanbark Oak ( _Notholithocarpus densiflorus_ ) can be similar in foliage but can also have larger leaves; it has different flowers (in rigid spikes) and fruits in bristly cups.

**The leaves of the Island Oak** are oblong to elliptic, leathery, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are pointed or rounded at the tip, and the often revolute margin is edged with shallow pointed teeth or is sometimes untoothed. Glossy dark green above, they are gray beneath, with a layer of star-shaped hairs.

_QUERCUS TROJANA_

MACEDONIAN OAK

WEBB

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply fissured on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong acorn to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in an unstalked scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Oak and pine forests

The Macedonian Oak is a late-deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit, flowering in spring. It prefers dry, well-drained soils, and is often found on limestone. The hard, heavy wood of this tree was used for shipbuilding, and the Republic of Venice obtained wood for this purpose from forests of Macedonian Oak in southern Italy. Today it is more likely to be used for firewood while sheep and goats graze on the fallen acorns. The typical form has the leaves smooth or nearly so beneath; _Quercus trojana_ subsp. _euboica_ , from the island of Evia (Euboea), Greece, and subsp. _yaltirikii_ , from southern Turkey, are densely hairy beneath.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Lebanon Oak ( _Q. libani_ ) is closely related but differs in having longer petioles and leaves with more teeth. The Chestnut-leaved Oak ( _Q. castaneifolia_ ) has much larger leaves.

**The leaves of the Macedonian Oak** are elliptic to oblong in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across on a short petiole of less than ½ in (1 cm) long. They have up to 12 pairs of veins, each ending in a triangular tooth. Glossy green to blue-green above, they are normally smooth on both sides; forms such as subsp. _euboica_ and subsp. _yaltirikii_ have leaves that are densely hairy beneath.

_QUERCUS VARIABILIS_

CHINESE CORK OAK

BLUME

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6½ x 2½ in (17 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, thick and corky

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A broadly ovoid acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a cup covered with narrow, reflexed scales, ripening the second year.

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Deciduous and mixed forests

The Chinese Cork Oak is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring. The bark provides a source of cork in China although it is of lower quality than that from the Cork Oak ( _Quercus suber_ ) and is mainly used in industry. Various other parts of the tree have been used. In China the wood has been used for boat building, the bark for roofing, and the acorn cups as a source of black dye for silk. Edible mushrooms are grown on dead branches, and the acorns are eaten and fed to pigs.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sawtooth Oak ( _Q. acutissima_ ) has leaves of a similar shape but they are green beneath and the bark is not corky. The Chestnut-leaved Oak ( _Q. castaneifolia_ ) lacks the corky bark and has leaves with larger teeth.

**The leaves of the Chinese Cork Oak** are ovate to lanceolate and up to 6½ in (17 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip and rounded at the base, with up to 16 pairs of veins that end in short bristle-tips. Glossy dark green above, they are covered beneath with a dense layer of gray star-shaped hairs.

_QUERCUS VELUTINA_

BLACK OAK

LAMARCK

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, cracked into small plates on mature trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to nearly spherical acorn to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in a deep, scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Woods on well-drained slopes and ridges, dunes

The Black Oak is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring. It is a widely distributed and often common species that can form pure stands or grow associated with other oaks. The timber has similar uses to that of the Red Oak ( _Quercus rubra_ ), such as furniture and flooring. Also known as the Yellow Oak, a bright yellow dye was extracted from the orange inner bark and was in use until replaced by modern alternatives. The bark was also used to produce tannin. The Black Oak hybridizes with several related species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Oak differs in its dull green leaves that are blue-green beneath. The Shumard Oak ( _Q. shumardii_ ) has more numerous leaf lobes and acorns with shallow cups.

**The leaves of the Black Oak** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are deeply pinnately lobed with up to 4 lobes on each side, the lobes further divided toward the tips and ending in several bristle-tips. Densely hairy and often red or pink when young, they mature to very dark, glossy green above, paler beneath, with brown hairs that eventually remain only along the veins. Some trees can show good orange or red fall color.

_QUERCUS VIRGINIANA_

LIVE OAK

MILLER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown with shallow furrows and scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to oblong, blunt-tipped acorn to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in a short-stalked scaly cup, ripening the first year

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woodlands, riverbanks

The Live Oak is a fast-growing and long-lived evergreen tree with a spreading habit. It flowers in late winter to spring. This is the classic evergreen oak of coastal regions from southern Virginia to eastern Texas; it is often seen as majestic old trees draped with Spanish moss, and is frequently planted as avenues in or not far from its native range. The wood, among the heaviest of any North American tree, was traditionally used for shipbuilding and makes excellent firewood. Native Americans made oil and a porridge from the relatively sweet acorns.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Texas Live Oak ( _Quercus fusiformis_ ) is sometimes regarded as a variety of _Q. virginiana_. It occurs further inland on drier sites in Texas, Oklahoma, and northeast Mexico. Often a smaller tree and a suckering shrub in the driest sites, it differs in having slightly larger, pointed acorns.

**The leaves of the Live Oak** are elliptic to oblong or obovate in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are very variable in shape and toothing, and can be entire or with up to 3 teeth on each side, more on young plants and sucker shoots. Glossy dark green above, they are bluish white beneath, with star-shaped hairs.

_QUERCUS WISLIZENI_

INTERIOR LIVE OAK

A. L. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 2 in (6 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth when young furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins, females inconspicuous, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to cylindrical acorn, tapering from below the middle, to 1½ in (4 cm) long, borne in a scaly cup, ripening the second year

**DISTRIBUTION** | California, Baja California (Mexico)

**HABITAT** | Slopes and valleys on foothills and mountains

The Interior Live Oak is an evergreen tree, sometimes a shrub, with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring. A shrubby form, _Quercus wislizeni_ var. _frutescens_ only grows to about 16 to 20 ft (5 or 6 m) and can grow at up to 6,500 ft (2,000 m), but plants of the typical variety can be reduced to shrubs in the mountains. The wood is used mainly for firewood and the foliage and acorns provide food for sheep, cattle, and pigs as well as a wide range of wildlife. The specific epithet is often misspelled as _wislizenii_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Interior Live Oak has often been confused with _Q. parvula_ , an evergreen shrub or tree differing in its larger leaves to 3½ in (9 cm) long and in the more cylindrical acorns tapered to the tip from above the middle. The Coast Live Oak ( _Q. agrifolia_ ) has convex leaves and acorns that ripen in the first year.

**The leaves of the Interior Live Oak** are flat, rather than convex, ovate to oblong in outline, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They can be entire, with only a point at the tip, or edged with up to 8 or more pointed teeth on each side. Glossy dark green above, they are paler and glossy beneath, and smooth on both sides when mature.

_PARROTIA PERSICA_

PERSIAN IRONWOOD

(A. P. DE CANDOLLE) C. A. MEYER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2½ in (15 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown peeling in small flakes leaving creamy patches

**FLOWERS** | Without petals, clusters about ½ in (1 cm) across of small deep red anthers emerging from dark brown bracts

**FRUIT** | A small woody capsule about ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern Iran, Azerbaijan

**HABITAT** | Moist forests

The Persian Ironwood is a deciduous tree with an upright to spreading habit, flowering in early spring. In its native habitat, the ancient Hyrcanian Forest south of the Caspian Sea, it can be a single or multistemmed tree, or a shrub sometimes forming dense thickets of interlacing branches. It has proved to be a popular garden plant grown mainly for its striking fall color and peeling bark, but in cultivation it does not attain the size it does in the wild. In its native regions, the extremely hard wood is used for making various items including charcoal.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The leaves are similar in shape to some others in the same family, such as species of _Hamamelis_ and _Fothergilla_. These are much smaller shrubs without the peeling bark and with different flowers.

**The leaves of the Persian Ironwood** are oblong to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with up to 8 pairs of veins. They are rounded at the apex, tapering from above the middle to a short petiole of less than ½ in (1 cm). The margin is wavy or has shallow rounded teeth above the middle. Reddish or margined with purple-red when young, they mature to glossy green above, paler and sparsely hairy beneath. They turn to yellow, orange, red, and purple in fall.

_PARROTIOPSIS JACQUEMONTIANA_

PARROTIOPSIS JACQUEMONTIANA

(DECAISNE) REHDER

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4¼ in (10 x 11 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Without petals, a cluster about 2 in (5 cm) across of stamens with yellow anthers surrounded by several white bracts

**FRUIT** | A small woody capsule

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Thickets in the mountains

_Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana_ is a deciduous tree or a shrub with an upright habit, flowering in spring just before or as the young leaves emerge. It is sometimes referred to as the Himalayan Hazel, a name that correctly applies to a true hazel ( _Corylus ferox_ ). Within its family, it is more closely related to the shrubby North American witch alders ( _Fothergilla_ ) than the witch hazels. In its native regions the strong wood is used to make walking sticks and other items, while the flexible twigs are used to make baskets and rope for use in rope bridges.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Species of _Fothergilla_ can have leaves of a similar shape, but they are shrubby and lack the white bracts around the flowerheads. The Persian Ironwood ( _Parrotia persica_ ) differs in its larger, relatively longer leaves, which are nearly smooth beneath and have more veins.

**The leaves of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana** are rounded to obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 4¼ in (11 cm) across, with up to 6 pairs of veins. They are rounded at the apex, and taper to a rounded or heart-shaped base and short stalk. Above the middle the margin is edged with small teeth. Hairy on both sides when young, the leaves become nearly smooth above but with gray star-shaped hairs on the veins beneath; they do not color in fall.

_CARYA AQUATICA_

WATER HICKORY

(F. MICHAUX) NUTTALL

Up to 115 ft (35 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 16 x 10 in (40 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, flaking in thin, curling scales

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in clusters of 3 pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A flattened, thin-shelled nut in a 4-angled husk to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Forests in moist lowlands

The Water Hickory is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It is an important tree in wetland forests that are subject to flooding, and its ability to survive such conditions led to its recognition as an important tree in slowing and cleaning drainage water. The wood is rather brittle and is used locally as firewood; the nuts are bitter but are eaten by wildlife.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Hickories ( _Carya_ ) differ from walnuts in having solid, not chambered, pith. The Pecan ( _C. illinoinensis_ ) also has falcate leaflets but they are more numerous; its nuts are sweet and they are not flattened or four-angled.

**The leaves of the Water Hickory** are oblong in outline, and up to 16 in (40 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 13 opposite leaflets. The leaflets are lanceolate, distinctly falcate and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with a very short stalk, a pointed tip, and a toothed or untoothed margin. They are dark green and smooth above, paler and hairy beneath.

_CARYA CORDIFORMIS_

BITTERNUT

(WANGENHEIM) K. KOCH

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 16 x 8 in (40 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, becoming furrowed, not scaly

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in clusters of 3 pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A slightly flattened, thin-shelled nut in a narrowly 4-winged husk to 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Well-drained slopes to floodplains

The Bitternut is a fast-growing, large, deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It is the most widely distributed and one of the largest species of the genus in North America. The wood is used for making tools, and gives an excellent charcoal. It is also used to smoke meat, giving a distinctive flavor. The nuts are very bitter and are rarely eaten by wildlife; they have been used to make oil that was used in lamps and medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Hickories ( _Carya_ ) differ from walnuts in having solid, not chambered, pith. The Bitternut can be distinguished from other species of hickory by the yellow buds, the fissured but non-peeling bark, and the husk having four wings above the middle.

**The leaves of the Bitternut** are oblong in outline, and up to 16 in (40 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually up to 9 short-stalked leaflets, sometimes more. Each leaflet is ovate to lanceolate, up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, with a pointed tip and toothed margin.

_CARYA GLABRA_

PIGNUT

(MILLER) SWEET

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 24 x 18 in (60 x 40 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth when young becoming fissured, sometimes slightly scaly on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in clusters of 3 pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nut in an unwinged spherical to pear-shaped husk to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaf forests on moist or dry soils

The Pignut is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It is a widely distributed species, varying over its range in bark, fruit, and leaf characters. The strong, heavy wood is used for items such as tool handles, mallets, and sports equipment. The nuts are eaten by wildlife. The Red Hickory ( _Carya ovalis_ ) is sometimes treated as a separate species, differing in its slightly fewer leaflets and husks that may split to the base. There are, however, intermediates and the two are usually regarded as synonymous.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Hickories ( _Carya_ ) differ from walnuts in having solid, not chambered, pith. The Pignut can normally be distinguished from other hickories by its non- or only slightly scaly bark, and its unwinged, often pear-shaped, fruit.

**The leaves of the Pignut** are oblong in outline, and up to 24 in (60 cm) long and 18 in (40 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5 or 7 leaflets. The leaflets are ovate to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across with a toothed margin. They are dark green and smooth above, paler and smooth or hairy beneath, and turn yellow in fall.

_CARYA ILLINOINENSIS_

PECAN

(WANGENHEIM) K. KOCH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 28 x 12 in (70 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed, scaly on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in clusters of 3 pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An oblong, thin-shelled nut in a husk with 4 ridges, to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | South-central United States, Mexico

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved forests in moist river valleys

The Pecan is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It is the most important nut-producing tree of the United States, and the State Tree of Texas. Native Americans used the nuts for food, and this species is now extensively cultivated; many forms have been selected for growing in different areas and varying in hardiness, fruit size, and quality. In some areas the Pecan's native range has been obscured by plants that have naturalized from cultivation. The Pecan hybridizes with other species in the genus.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Hickories ( _Carya_ ) differ from walnuts in having solid, rather than chambered, pith. The Pecan can normally be easily recognized by its numerous falcate leaflets and its distinct fruits.

**The leaves of the Pecan** are oblong in outline, and up to 28 in (70 cm) long and 12 in (30 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 17 leaflets. The short-stalked leaflets are ovate to lanceolate and usually distinctly falcate, with a pointed tip, unequal base, and toothed margin. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and turn yellow in fall.

_CARYA LACINIOSA_

SHELLBARK HICKORY

(F. MICHAUX) LOUDON

Up to 115 ft (35 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 35 x 16 in (90 x 40 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Light gray, shaggy, with loose scaly plates curling away from the trunk

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in clusters of 3 pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A flattened nut with a thick, hard shell in a spherical to ovoid husk to 2¾ in (7 cm) long, soon splitting

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Moist, fertile soils in valleys and floodplains

The Shellbark Hickory is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It is sometimes also called the Big Shellbark Hickory to distinguish it from _Carya ovata_ , which is also called the Shellbark Hickory. The sweet, edible nuts are the largest of all hickories, although they are difficult to crack. They are eaten by a wide variety of wildlife. The strong, flexible wood is used for tool handles.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Hickories ( _Carya_ ) differ from walnuts in having solid, not chambered, pith. The Shellbark Hickory can be distinguished from other species by the scaly bark, the large leaves that have up to nine leaflets, and the large fruits. The Shagbark Hickory ( _C. ovata_ ) has leaves with five or seven aromatic leaflets.

**The leaves of the Shellbark Hickory** are obovate in outline, and up to 35 in (90 cm) long and 16 in (40 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–9 leaflets, the terminal one much larger than the others. The leaflets are ovate to obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across with a short stalk and a toothed margin. They are glossy dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, and turn yellow in the fall.

_CARYA OVATA_

SHAGBARK HICKORY

(MILLER) K. KOCH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 24 x 12 in (60 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, shaggy, peeling in scaly plates that curl away from the trunk

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in clusters of 3 pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A thick-shelled nut in a nearly spherical husk to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada, Mexico

**HABITAT** | Well-drained soils from moist valleys to dry slopes

The Shagbark Hickory is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. The sweet nuts of this species are next in popularity to those of the Pecan ( _Carya illinoinensis_ ) and were eaten by Native Americans. They are normally gathered from native trees although several selections have been named, and are used to flavor bread and cakes. The very dense wood is used for tool handles and sports equipment; it also makes an excellent fuel and is used to smoke meat and cheese. The Southern Shagbark Hickory ( _C. ovata_ var. _australis_ or _C. carolinae-septentrionalis_ ) has smaller fruits and narrower leaflets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Hickories ( _Carya_ ) differ from walnuts in having solid, not chambered, pith. The Shagbark Hickory is most similar to the Shellbark Hickory ( _C. laciniosa_ ) but differs in the smaller aromatic leaves with fewer leaflets.

**The leaves of the Shagbark Hickory** are obovate, up to 2 ft (60 cm) long and 1 ft (30 cm) across, and are aromatic when crushed. They are pinnate with usually 5–7 leaflets. The leaflets are ovate to obovate, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across with a pointed tip and toothed margin. They are dark yellow-green above, paler and often hairy beneath, with tufts of hairs on the sides of the teeth; they turn yellow in fall.

_CARYA TOMENTOSA_

MOCKERNUT

(POIRET) NUTTALL

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 20 x 8 in (50 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, furrowed, with irregular ridges

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in clusters of 3 pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to nearly spherical, thick-shelled nut in a 4-angled husk to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Well-drained hill slopes and ridges

The Mockernut is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. The large, edible fruits have very thick shells; a "mokker" hammer was used to break them, hence the common name. The very hard wood is used for furniture and tool handles. This species is also called the White Hickory, from the color of the sapwood.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Hickories ( _Carya_ ) differ from walnuts in having solid, rather than chambered, pith. The Shagbark Hickory ( _C. ovata_ ) has small tufts of hair on the sides of the leaf teeth.

**The leaves of the Mockernut** are oblong in outline, and up to 20 in (50 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–9 leaflets and are very aromatic when crushed. The leaflets are elliptic to obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are glossy deep yellow-green above, pale green and hairy beneath and turn yellow in fall.

_CYCLOCARYA PALIURUS_

WHEEL WINGNUT

(BATALIN) ILJINSKAJA

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 10 in (25 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, ridged

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals, in pendulous catkins; males clustered on the old shoots, females on the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A small nut surrounded by a circular wing to 2½ in (6 cm) across, borne in pendulous catkins to 12 in (30 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

**SYNONYM** | _Pterocarya paliurus_ Batalin

The Wheel Wingnut is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. Closely related to the genus _Pterocarya_ , and originally included in that genus, it is distinct not only in the fruits but also in the clustered male catkins. In parts of China it is sometimes called the Sweet Tea Tree; a tea made from the dried young leaves is said to have medicinal properties. Like _Platycarya strobilacea_ , it is the only species in its genus, and the fossil record shows that both genera were at one time more widely distributed. The Wheel Wingnut is a protected plant in China.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Wheel Wingnut is most similar to _Pterocarya_ in the chambered pith and naked terminal buds, but the large, circular fruit wing distinguishes it.

**The leaves of the Wheel Wingnut** are oblong in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–9 unstalked or very shortly stalked, toothed, elliptic to oblong leaflets up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Glossy dark green above and paler beneath, they are almost smooth on both sides except for hairs along the main veins.

_JUGLANS AILANTIFOLIA_

JAPANESE WALNUT

CARRIÈRE

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 ft x 1 ft (90 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray and deeply furrowed, with irregular ridges

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A rounded to ovoid, thick-shelled nut in a husk to 2 in (5 cm) long covered in sticky hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist forests and riverbanks

The Japanese Walnut is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand, the shoots covered with sticky hairs. It provides timber that is used in cabinet making, and edible nuts, which are borne, up to 20 at a time, in pendulous racemes. The Heartnut ( _Juglans ailantifolia_ var. _cordiformis_ ) is a form that occurs in seed batches of typical plants. It has heart-shaped nuts with a thinner, smoother shell and kernels that are easier to extract whole. A number of forms and hybrids of this have been selected and are occasionally grown, particularly in areas where the Walnut ( _J. regia_ ) is not hardy.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) differ from hickories ( _Carya_ ) in the chambered pith of the shoots. The Japanese Walnut is similar to the Butternut ( _J. cinerea_ ) but differs in its larger leaves with longer leaflets and its nuts that are longer than wide and borne in clusters of up to 20.

**The leaves of the Japanese Walnut** are oblong in outline, and up to 3 ft (90 cm) long and 1 ft (30 cm) across. They are pinnate with 11–17 oblong leaflets up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. The leaflets taper to a point at the tip and are rounded to slightly heart-shaped at the base, on a short petiole. They are dark green above and densely hairy on both sides, especially when they are young.

_JUGLANS CALIFORNICA_

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WALNUT

S. WATSON

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical, thick and smooth-shelled nut in a husk to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern California

**HABITAT** | River courses and canyons

The Southern California Walnut, also known as the California Black Walnut, is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often branching low, with more than one stem from the base, or shrubby. It flowers in late winter to spring as the young leaves expand. The Southern California Walnut is often found growing with the Coast Live Oak ( _Quercus agrifolia_ ). The sweet nuts are eaten locally but the tree is not grown commercially. The habitat in which this species grows, one which is important for wildlife, has been much reduced by urban development and grazing.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) differ from hickories ( _Carya_ ) in the chambered pith of the shoots. The Southern California Walnut is sometimes confused with the Northern California Walnut _(J. hindsii)_ , which is planted and naturalized outside of its natural range, but this is a bigger tree with larger leaves.

**The leaves of the Southern California Walnut** are oblong in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 11–17 oblong to lanceolate leaflets that are pointed at the tip and finely toothed. Deep green above, they are paler beneath, turning yellow to yellow-brown in the fall.

_JUGLANS CINEREA_

BUTTERNUT

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 24 x 10½ in (60 x 26 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, rough and furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A thick-shelled nut in an ovoid, pointed, two-ridged husk to 2½ in (6 cm) long, borne in long-stalked clusters of up to 5 in (13 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Woods in moist valleys and dry slopes

The Butternut is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. The common name derives from the oily nut with a buttery taste. Native Americans used parts of this tree widely; the nuts were eaten, oil was extracted from them, and many parts were used medicinally. They probably extended the distribution of the species by taking seeds with them and planting them near villages. Populations of this species have been significantly reduced, firstly by felling for timber, urban and agricultural development, and more recently by butternut canker.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) differ from hickories ( _Carya_ ) in the chambered pith of the shoots. The Japanese Walnut ( _J. ailantifolia_ ) has larger leaves and more fruits in the cluster. The Black Walnut ( _J. nigra_ ) has leaves that often lack the terminal leaflet, and spherical fruits borne singly or in pairs.

**The leaves of the Butternut** are oblong in outline, and up to 24 in (60 cm) long and 10½ in (26 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 11–17 leaflets that are ovate to lanceolate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. The terminal leaflet is always present and slightly smaller than the lateral ones. They are dark green above and hairy on both sides, sometimes sticky, at least when young.

_JUGLANS MANDSHURICA_

CHINESE WALNUT

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 x 1 ft (90 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray and deeply furrowed with irregular ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small, without petals; males in pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to spherical, thick-shelled and a ridged nut in husk to 2½ in (6 cm) long covered in sticky hairs, up to 12 borne on each raceme.

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, northeastern Russia, Korea, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Moist woods in valleys and on mountain slopes

**SYNONYM** | _Juglans cathayensis_ Dode

The Chinese Walnut, which is also known as the Manchurian Walnut, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. The nuts are edible but they are difficult to extract from the thick shells. In the tree's native regions, the timber is used to make furniture. Its hardiness makes it useful as an understock for grafting in colder regions.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) differ from hickories ( _Carya_ ) in the chambered pith of the shoots. The Japanese Walnut ( _Juglans ailantifolia_ ) differs in having up to 20 fruits in each cluster.

**The leaves of the Chinese Walnut** are oblong in outline, and up to 3 ft (90 cm) long and 1 ft (30 cm) across. They are pinnate with 11–19 elliptic to lanceolate, toothed leaflets that are up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. Dark green above and paler beneath, they are hairy on both sides when young, becoming almost smooth above.

_JUGLANS NIGRA_

BLACK WALNUT

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 24 x 10 in (60 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals; males in pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in clusters of up to 5 on young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A woody, thick-shelled nut in a rounded, aromatic green husk to 2 in (5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States and southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Moist soil in mixed forests

The Black Walnut is a large deciduous tree of spreading habit when mature. The flowers open as the young leaves emerge in spring. The nuts are edible and are sought after by wildlife, especially squirrels. The Black Walnut is highly valued for its timber, which is widely used for furniture and gunstocks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Butternut ( _Juglans cinerea_ ) has pointed fruits, which are longer than they are wide, and leaves with usually fewer leaflets. All species of _Juglans_ differ from the hickories ( _Carya_ ) in the chambered pith in the shoots, and from _Pterocarya_ in having winter buds.

**The leaves of the Black Walnut** are up to 24 in (60 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across, with up to 21 opposite, lanceolate, sessile, finely toothed leaflets to 4¾ in (12 cm) long, tapering to a point at the tip. They are aromatic, dark green above, paler and soft-haired beneath, and turn yellow in fall.

_JUGLANS REGIA_

WALNUT

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth, becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals; males in pendulous catkins on the old shoots, females in short spikes at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A ridged, spherical nut in a spherical husk to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Woods

The Walnut is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. This is the most popular species of the genus for its nuts, and there are many forms selected for nut size and shell thickness. The Walnut produces a valuable timber widely used for furniture; it is planted extensively for both nuts and wood. Parts of the tree have been used medicinally; ground shells are used as an abrasive.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) differ from hickories ( _Carya_ ) in the chambered pith of the shoots. The Walnut is distinct from other species in the genus in the untoothed leaflets, the terminal one being much larger than the others.

**The leaves of the Walnut** are obovate in outline, aromatic, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5–7 elliptic to ovate, untoothed leaflets; the terminal one is larger and up to 6 in (15 cm) long. Often bronze when young, the leaflets become dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth or almost so on both sides.

_PLATYCARYA STROBILACEA_

PLATYCARYA STROBILACEA

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale brown with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Individually small and without petals, in upright catkins at the ends of the young shoots, several male catkins surrounding a single female

**FRUIT** | A small, winged nut in an upright, persistent, woody, cone-like spike

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Woods on mountain slopes

_Platycarya strobilacea_ is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in summer. This is an unusual member of the Walnut family, and is a genus of a single or very few species. It normally has pinnate leaves; _P. simplicifolia_ , another species described in this genus with simple leaves, is thought to be an abnormal form of _P. strobilacea_. In China, dyes are obtained from the fruit, and the bark and the wood are used for fuel.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The upright clustered catkins and the cone-like fruit of _P. strobilacea_ are unique, and this species is unlikely to be confused with other trees.

**The leaves of Platycarya strobilacea** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually up to 15 leaflets, only the terminal one stalked. The leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip and sharply toothed margin. They are dark green above, paler below, hairy when young, becoming smooth on both sides, except for hairs along the veins. They turn yellow in fall.

_PTEROCARYA FRAXINIFOLIA_

CAUCASIAN WINGNUT

(LAMARCK) SPACH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 24 x 10 in (60 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals, in pendulous catkins; males on the old shoots, females at the ends of the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A small nut with 2 rounded wings, borne in pendulous clusters to 20 in (50 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Caucasus, northern Iran

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, swamps, riverbanks

The Caucasian Wingnut is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It does not form a terminal bud and the tiny young leaves are visible in winter. It can spread vigorously by suckers and sometimes is only a large shrub ( _Pterocarya fraxinifolia_ var. _dumosa_ ). Its garden hybrid with _P. stenoptera_ is known as _P_. _× rehderiana_. The small nuts of the Caucasian Wingnut are edible, and the wood is used to make matches and clogs.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Wingnut ( _P. stenoptera_ ) also lacks a terminal bud but has leaves with a spreading wing on the rachis and is often lacking the terminal leaflet. _P. × rehderiana_ has a narrow, upright wing on the rachis.

**The leaves of the Caucasian Wingnut** are ovate to oblong in outline, and up to 24 in (60 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with 11–27 unstalked, oblong leaflets to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with a pointed tip and toothed margin on an unwinged rachis. They are glossy dark green and smooth above, paler and with hairs along the veins beneath; they turn yellow in fall.

_PTEROCARYA MACROPTERA_

PTEROCARYA MACROPTERA

BATALIN

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 18 x 16 in (45 x 40 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals, in pendulous catkins on the young shoots; males and females separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A small nut with 2 rounded to diamond-shaped wings, borne in pendulous clusters to 28 in (70 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Moist forests in valleys and by rivers

_Pterocarya macroptera_ is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a spreading habit. The shoots end in a terminal bud, enclosing the young leaves in winter. There are three varieties, all from China. The typical form ( _P. macroptera_ var. _macroptera_ ) grows to 50 ft (15 m) tall and has a petiole to 3¼ in (8 cm) long, and large wings on the nuts of up to 1¼ in (3 cm); var. _delavayi_ ( _P. delavayi_ ) is similar but has a longer petiole to 5 in (13 cm) and smaller wings; var. _insignis_ grows up to 80 ft (25 m) tall, and has smooth nuts and a short petiole to 2½ in (6 cm).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Wingnut ( _P. rhoifolia_ ) also has a terminal bud enclosing the young leaves; the leaves have more numerous leaflets.

**The leaves of Pterocarya macroptera** are elliptic to oblong in outline, and up to 18 in (45 cm) long and 16 in (40 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–13 unstalked or very shortly stalked, ovate to elliptic, toothed leaflets up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are dull green above and hairy beneath.

_PTEROCARYA RHOIFOLIA_

JAPANESE WINGNUT

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals, in pendulous catkins; males and females separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A small nut with 2 rounded wings, borne in pendulous clusters to 12 in (30 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, northeast China

**HABITAT** | Forests on slopes and in valleys, riverbanks

The Japanese Wingnut is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring to early summer as the young leaves expand. The shoots end in conspicuous green or red-purple buds, and the young leaves are covered by scales. Although the Japanese Wingnut is widely distributed in Japan, in China it is confined to a small area. In Japan, the nuts are sometimes eaten, while the wood is used to make small items such as chopsticks, clogs, and matches.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The terminal buds distinguish the Japanese Wingnut from other species in the genus, except _Pterocarya macroptera_ , which has leaves with fewer leaflets. This species and _P. macroptera_ produce the male flower spikes on young shoots, while other species bear them on both old and new shoots.

**The leaves of the Japanese Wingnut** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with 11–21 oblong, finely toothed leaflets to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across on an unwinged rachis. Dark green above and paler and downy beneath, at least along the main veins, the leaves turn yellow in fall.

_PTEROCARYA STENOPTERA_

CHINESE WINGNUT

CASIMIR DE CANDOLLE

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 8 in (25 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown with prominent ridges

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, without petals, in pendulous catkins; males on the old shoots, females on the young shoots, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A small nut with 2 narrow, tapered wings, borne in pendulous clusters to 18 in (45 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes, riverbanks

The Chinese Wingnut is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. As in most other species in the genus, the shoots end in naked buds; the young leaves are visible throughout winter. The Chinese Wingnut is sometimes grown as an ornamental tree but its very invasive roots restrict its use in streets. In cultivation it has given rise to the hybrid _Pterocarya × rehderiana_ of which _P. fraxinifolia_ is the other parent. A form with deeply cut leaves is known as 'Fern Leaf'.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Wingnut is easily distinguished from other species in the genus by the winged rachis and the slender wings on the nuts. _P. × rehderiana_ also has a wing on the rachis but it is upright, narrower, and untoothed.

**The leaves of the Chinese Wingnut** are oblong in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 11–21 elliptic to oblong, toothed leaflets up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Sometimes the terminal leaflet is absent. The rachis has a characteristic narrow and often toothed wing.

_CLERODENDRUM TRICHOTOMUM_

HARLEQUIN GLORYBOWER

THUNBERG

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4¾ in (20 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Fragrant, with a white, 5-lobed corolla 1¼ in (3 cm) across and an angled, pink, 5-lobed calyx, borne in large clusters about 8 in (20 cm) across at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A bright blue, eventually black, spherical drupe ½ in (1 cm) across surrounded by the persistent red calyx

**DISTRIBUTION** | East and Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain thickets

The Harlequin Glorybower is a deciduous tree or a shrub, often spreading by suckers, with a spreading habit, flowering in late summer to early fall. It is a member of a large, widely distributed genus, and was previously placed in the Verbenaceae. The shoots and leaves are variable in hairiness, and _Clerodendrum trichotomum_ var. _fargesii_ , with almost smooth leaves and shoots, is sometimes recognized. The Harlequin Glorybower is widely cultivated as an ornamental for its flowers and fruits, particularly as var. _fargesii_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Harlequin Glorybower is a very distinct tree when it is in flower. The leaves can resemble species of _Catalpa_ but are never whorled and are often toothed.

**The leaves of the Harlequin Glorybower** are ovate to elliptic, up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across, and unpleasantly scented when crushed. They taper to a point at the apex, and have a rounded or sometimes slightly heart-shaped base and a petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long. The margin is normally entire but occasionally has a few teeth or is sometimes lobed. The leaves are bronze when young, becoming dull to glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy or nearly smooth on both sides.

_CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA_

CAMPHOR TREE

(LINNAEUS) J. PRESL

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown with vertical fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small, greenish white in clusters to 2¾ in (7 cm) long from the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to spherical, fleshy, blue-black drupe to ⅜ in (8 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Well-drained moist forests and riverbanks

The Camphor Tree is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a dense, spreading habit, flowering in spring. It is commonly planted in parks and streets in warm regions, and in some areas, such as Australia, has become an invasive weed. This tree is the original source of camphor produced either from the leaves or by passing steam through wood chips and condensing camphor crystals from the vapor. Today camphor is often synthesized from pine resin. The aromatic wood, which deters insects, was traditionally used for chests for storing clothes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are many similar species in the genus. The Camphor Tree can generally be recognized by its alternate, glabrous, aromatic leaves, which are bluish white beneath. The related Cinnamon Tree ( _Cinnamomum zeylanicum_ ) has opposite leaves.

**The leaves of the Camphor Tree** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across and have a very strong scent of camphor. The midrib divides into 3 conspicuous veins from just above the base. The leaves have a pointed apex and an untoothed, sometimes wavy margin, and are borne on a slender petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Emerging bronze-red when young, they become glossy dark green above, bluish white beneath. They are smooth on both sides except for tufts of hair in the axils of the veins on the underside.

_LAURUS NOBILIS_

BAY LAUREL

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, entire

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic-oblong to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and dark gray

**FLOWERS** | Pale yellow with 4 tepals about ¼ in (5 mm) long; male and female flowers are similar and are borne on separate plants in dense clusters in the leaf axils.

**FRUIT** | The fruit is an ovoid to spherical berry about ½ in (1 cm) long, ripening from green glossy black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Mediterranean region

**HABITAT** | Thickets, gulleys, and rocky places often near the coast

The Bay Laurel is an evergreen tree of dense, broadly conical habit, flowering in spring. It is particularly valued for its aromatic foliage, which is used as a condiment. In classical times its foliage was used to make laurel wreaths, a symbol of victory and power, which were seen adorning the heads of Roman emperors.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The related California Laurel ( _Umbellularia californica_ ) is similar but the flowers have six tepals and the fruits are larger. Many unrelated plants are often referred to as laurels.

**The leaves of the Bay Laurel** are ovate to elliptic-oblong, leathery, very aromatic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, tapering to a point at the tip. The leaves are glossy dark green above and paler beneath.

_LINDERA ANGUSTIFOLIA_

ORIENTAL SPICEBUSH

W. C. CHENG

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1¼ in (10 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow, in unstalked umbels at the ends of the shoots; males and females often on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A spherical, black berry about ⅜ in (8 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Thickets and woods on mountain slopes

The Oriental Spicebush is a small deciduous tree, or more often a large shrub with a spreading habit, flowering on the bare shoots in spring before the leaves emerge. It is cultivated in collections for its early flowers and its attractive fall color. The Oriental Spicebush is a member of a genus of some 100 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs from east Asia and North America, with 38 species recognized in China. The leaves of this species yield an aromatic oil, while oil from the seeds is used in China to make soap.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are several similar species but the Oriental Spicebush can be distinguished by its pinnately veined (not three-veined) leaves, its smooth shoots, and its unstalked or very shortly stalked flower clusters.

**The leaves of the Oriental Spicebush** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. The apex is pointed or rounded, and the margin is entire, tapering to the base. They are mid-green above, paler to blue-green beneath, and turn to shades of orange and pink in fall, eventually becoming brown and persisting into the winter.

_LINDERA MEGAPHYLLA_

LINDERA MEGAPHYLLA

HEMSLEY

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to oblanceolate or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8½ x 2½ in (22 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow-green, in dense, short-stalked clusters in the leaf axils; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A purple-black, ovoid berry to ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Moist forests and thickets

_Lindera megaphylla_ is an evergreen tree or a large shrub with purple young shoots ending in prominent buds to ¾ in (2 cm) long and a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring. The tree produces a valuable wood used in construction; the leaves and fruit are used to make aromatic oils and incense, and oil from the seeds is used in soap making.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species can generally be distinguished from the other species in the genus by its large size, and its large, evergreen, pinnately veined leaves.

**The leaves of Lindera megaphylla** are oblong to oblanceolate or oblong, leathery, up to 8½ in (22 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, and are clustered at the tips of the shoots. They are pointed at the tip with an untoothed margin, and tapered at the base to a short stalk about 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Glossy dark green above with about 20 pairs of veins, they are bluish green beneath. They are smooth, or sometimes hairy when young.

_PERSEA BORBONIA_

REDBAY

(LINNAEUS) SPRENGEL

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray to red-brown, shallowly ridged, scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, in small clusters in the leaf axils, often hidden amongst the leaves

**FRUIT** | A spherical, glossy blue-black, bloomy drupe to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, stalk about as long as the petiole

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, sandy soils, dunes

The Redbay is an evergreen tree usually branching low with a rounded head, sometimes shrubby, flowering in late spring to early summer. The shoots are downy with flattened yellow-brown hairs. A close relative of the Avocado ( _Persea americana_ ), it is found largely in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States from Delaware to Texas. The very aromatic leaves are used as food flavoring, while the fruits are eaten by a variety of wildlife. The hard and heavy, bright red wood is used for furniture and boat-building.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Swampbay ( _P. palustris_ ) is similar and is sometimes regarded as a variety of the Redbay. It differs in the upright, curled hairs of the leaves and shoots, and in having a fruit stalk that is longer than the petiole.

**The leaves of the Redbay** are elliptic to ovate, aromatic, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They have a pointed to rounded tip and an untoothed margin. Glossy dark green above and smooth when mature, they are dull pale blue-green beneath with small, flattened, glistening yellow-brown hairs, individually not visible without a lens.

_PERSEA ICHANGENSIS_

PERSEA ICHANGENSIS

(REHDER & E. H. WILSON) KOSTERMANS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 2 in (25 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and white or greenish white, in slender panicles from the base of the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A glossy black, fleshy, spherical berry ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes and in valleys

**SYNONYM** | _Machilus ichangensis_ Rehder & E. H. Wilson

_Persea ichangensis_ is an evergreen tree with a rounded head, flowering in late spring to early summer. This is one of about 100 species previously assigned to the genus _Machilus_ , which although still recognized as distinct in some works, differs very little from _Persea_. This species has smooth, slender young shoots and gray-white hairy buds. The typical form has the leaves hairy below when young, but _P. ichangensis_ var. _leiophylla_ has glabrous leaves and larger flower clusters.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. ichangensis_ has been confused with the _P. thunbergii_ , which differs in its broader, more leathery leaves, the yellow flowers, and the larger fruits. The genus also contains the Avocado ( _P. americana_ ), native to tropical America.

**The leaves of Persea ichangensis** are oblong to lanceolate, leathery, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. The apex is abruptly taper-pointed and the margin is untoothed, tapering to a wedge-shaped base and a slender petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. Glossy green and smooth above, they are paler blue-green and smooth or silky hairy beneath.

_PERSEA PALUSTRIS_

SWAMPBAY

(RAFINESQUE) SARGENT

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Reddish brown, furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, in small clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A spherical, glossy blue-black, bloomy drupe to ½ in (1 cm) long, the stalk longer than the petiole

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States, Bahamas

**HABITAT** | Moist woodlands, swamps

**SYNONYM** | _Persea borbonia_ var. _pubescens_ (Pursh) Little

The Swampbay is an evergreen tree with a rounded habit, sometimes shrubby, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is a close relative of the Redbay ( _Persea borbonia_ ); it is sometimes regarded as a variety of that species but is usually found in moister habitats. The shoots are densely covered with yellow-brown hairs when young, becoming smooth.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Redbay ( _P. borbonia_ ) differs in having inconspicuous, flattened hairs on both the shoots and the leaves; it also has shorter fruit stalks. The Silk Bay ( _P. humilis_ ) is a shrub or small tree, which has leaves that are silky-haired beneath.

**The leaves of the Swampbay** are ovate to elliptic, occasionally slightly curved, aromatic, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are narrowly to bluntly pointed at the tip with an untoothed margin, and taper to the base. Glossy dark green above and smooth apart from hairs along the midrib, they are pale blue-green beneath with dense, long, and conspicuous hairs.

_PERSEA THUNBERGII_

PERSEA THUNBERGII

(SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI) KOSTERMANS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2½ in (15 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow or greenish yellow, fragrant, in panicles from the base of the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical, purple-black berry to ½ in (1.2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist forests from sea level to mountain slopes and valleys

**SYNONYM** | _Machilus thunbergii_ Siebold & Zuccarini

_Persea thunbergii_ is an evergreen tree with a dense, broadly columnar to spreading habit. It has whorled shoots and buds covered in rust hairs, and flowers in spring. It is often found in coastal areas where the climate is mild, growing with other evergreen trees that are resistant to strong, salt-laden winds. In Japan it is grown as a shade tree in parks or as a hedge. The wood is used for furniture, construction, and boat-building.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. ichangensis_ differs in its narrower leaves and whitish flowers. Of the 80 or so other species of this genus in China alone, _P. thunbergii_ is more similar to _P. japonica_ , which has slightly longer and narrower leaves. All of these are kept in the genus _Machilus_ by some authorities who regard _Persea_ as a tropical American genus.

**The leaves of Persea thunbergii** are obovate to lanceolate, leathery, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with an untoothed margin, and taper to a wedge-shaped base and a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, which is red on the exposed side. Bronze-red when young, the leaves mature to glossy green above, blue-green beneath, and are smooth on both sides.

_SASSAFRAS ALBIDUM_

SASSAFRAS

(NUTTALL) NEES

To 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, entire to lobed

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Thick and deeply fissured on mature trees, brown to reddish brown

**FLOWERS** | Small, fragrant, yellow-green flowers, about ¼ in (5 mm) across, with 6 yellow-green tepals. They open in clusters on the young shoots in spring as the leaves emerge; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Female trees bear dark blue, olive-shaped, fleshy fruits to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long each with a single seed

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America from southeast Canada to Texas and Florida

**HABITAT** | Well-drained soils in fields, woodlands, and hedgerows

The Sassafras is a fast-growing, columnar, deciduous tree that is aromatic in all its parts. It spreads by suckers and is often found forming thickets in the wild. It flowers in spring. The roots were previously used to make sassafras tea or root beer, but these products have since been found to be carcinogenic.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sassafras is a member of a large and mainly tropical or subtropical family, and there are two closely related species in east Asia, _Sassafras randaiense_ and _S. tzumu_. Both of these differ from the American species in frequently having hermaphrodite flowers.

**The leaves of the Sassafras** are variable in shape, a distinguishing character. They are ovate in outline, up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across, and 3-veined at the base, with lobed leaves often described as mitten-shaped. The lobes are usually blunt or rounded, ending in a short point. They are bright green above, blue-green and smooth or covered in white hairs beneath, and they turn to brilliant shades of red and orange in the fall.
_SASSAFRAS TZUMU_

SASSAFRAS TZUMU

(HEMSLEY) HEMSLEY

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 4 in (18 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark -brown with longitudinal fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow, ⅛ in (4 mm) long in racemes to 2 in (5 cm) long; males and females on different trees or flowers hermaphrodite

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical, bloomy, blue-black drupe to ⅜ in (8 mm) long, borne on a red cupule

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests

_Sassafras tzumu_ is a large and fast-growing deciduous tree with stout, smooth, reddish young shoots. It flowers in spring before or as the young leaves emerge. _Tzumu_ is a native name applied to this species in China. The wood is used for furniture and boat-building, and an oil produced from parts of the plant has been used medicinally. The very closely related _S. randaiense_ occurs in Taiwan; both species have been regarded as belonging to another genus.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_S. tzumu_ is similar to the North American _S. albidum_ but that species often has larger leaves that are more frequently three-lobed; the lobes are narrower and more deeply cut.

**The leaves of Sassafras tzumu** are ovate to obovate, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are unlobed, or with up to 3 lobes, and with red veins when young. The lobes are pointed at the tip and untoothed, tapering to a broadly wedge-shaped base and a red petiole up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long. The leaves are dull to slightly glossy green above, gray-green beneath, and smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA_

CALIFORNIA LAUREL

(HOOKER & ARNOTT) NUTTALL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 1½ in (12 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark brown, smooth when young developing thin scales with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow, with 6 tepals, in dense, short-stalked clusters from the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical, green drupe to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western United States (California, Oregon)

**HABITAT** | Moist soils in canyons and valleys

The California Laurel is an evergreen tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, often branching low or from the base and sometimes shrubby. It flowers from late winter to early spring. It is also known as the Oregon Myrtle, the Pepperwood, or the Headache Tree, since the pungent aroma of its leaves can induce feelings of nausea. The attractive wood is used for furniture, veneers, and paneling but many of the larger trees have now been felled. _Umbellularia californica_ var. _fresnensis_ is a rare form with a restricted distribution; it has leaves that are finely hairy beneath.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bay Laurel ( _Laurus nobilis_ ) could be confused with this species but it has a different scent, flowers with four tepals, and smaller fruits that are glossy black when ripe.

**The leaves of the California Laurel** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. The apex is tapered, pointed or blunt at the tip, and the margin is untoothed, tapering from below the base to a short petiole of ¼ in (5 mm) or less. They leaves are dark green and slightly glossy above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides in the typical variety.

_CORDYLINE AUSTRALIS_

CABBAGE TREE

(J. G. FORSTER) J. D. HOOKER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 ft x 2½ in (1 m x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, rough, and fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, about ¼ in (5 mm) long, fragrant, with 6 reflexed tepals, borne in large panicles to 3 ft (1 m) long at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small white berry about ½ in (5 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | New Zealand

**HABITAT** | Open places, riverbanks, near swamps

The Cabbage Tree is a slow-growing evergreen tree with a rounded head, flowering in late spring and early summer. It has a single stem for several years until it flowers, then starts to branch. Several parts of the plant, including the young shoots, roots, and pith from the stem were used for food while fiber was obtained from the leaves. Widely grown as an ornamental, there are many selections with variously colored and variegated foliage, such as Purpurea Group, with purple leaves, 'Sundance', with leaves flushed red at the base, and 'Torbay Dazzler', with leaves broadly edged with creamy white.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cabbage Tree is often mistaken for a palm but differs in having undivided leaves. Many species of _Yucca_ have similar leaves but those that make trees are confined to warmer regions.

**The leaves of the Cabbage Tree** are narrow elliptic, and up to 3 ft (1 m) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. Borne in dense clusters at the ends of the shoots, the youngest leaves are upright while old ones droop from the base. They are light green on both sides, with a pointed tip and untoothed margin, and have numerous parallel veins.

_LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA_

CRAPE MYRTLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1½ in (8 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and flaking in shades of cream, gray, and brown

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, to 1½ in (4 cm) across with usually 6 crinkled lobes, white to pink, red and purple, borne in dense conical panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A small brown capsule that persists into winter

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan, Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Open woods, thickets, fields

The Crape Myrtle is a deciduous tree, often with several stems from the base or shrubby; it is upright when young, later spreading, and flowers in summer. Although the leaves are mainly opposite, they can be nearly opposite or alternate, particularly on upper shoots. The Crape Myrtle has an extensive distribution in the wild but is best known as an ornamental tree that is widely cultivated in regions with hot summers for its showy flowers and peeling bark. Garden selections include forms that are small shrubs to those of tree size, with flowers ranging from white to pink, purple, and red.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Lagerstroemia fauriei_ is a larger tree with longer, pointed leaves on longer stalks and smaller flowers. Many Crape Myrtle selections are hybrids between _L. indica_ and this species.

**The leaves of the Crape Myrtle** are oblong to obovate or nearly rounded, and up to about 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. Glabrous or nearly so on both sides, they are dark green when mature but can be bronze to red-purple as they emerge. They turn to yellow, orange, or red in the fall.

_LIRIODENDRON CHINENSE_

CHINESE TULIP TREE

(HEMSLEY) SARGENT

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 8 in (20 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Cup-shaped with 9 tepals to 1½ in (4 cm) long, the outer 3 green and spreading to reflexed, the inner upright, green with yellow veins

**FRUIT** | A conical cluster of numerous samaras

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, northern Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Mountain woodlands

The Chinese Tulip Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring. This is a rare species in the wild, with small, scattered populations since it is often cut for its valuable timber. It is one of only two species in the genus, and is the only other genus in the family apart from _Magnolia_. Occasionally cultivated, the Chinese Tulip Tree has hybridized in gardens with the Tulip Tree ( _Liriodendron tulipifera_ ). It is very closely related to the American species and was originally regarded as a variety of it.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Tulip Tree can only be confused with the Tulip Tree ( _L. tulipifera_ ); it differs in the green tepals lacking the orange coloration, and, often, more deeply lobed leaves.

**The leaves of the Chinese Tulip Tree** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They usually have 4 untoothed lobes, 2 at the tip and 2 at the base, separated by a deep sinus. The apex is often indented. Bright green above and blue-green beneath, they turn yellow in fall.

_LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA_

TULIP TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 115 ft (35 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 8 in (20 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Cup-shaped with 9 tepals to 2 in (5 cm) long, the outer 3 green and spreading to reflexed, the inner upright, green with an orange-yellow base

**FRUIT** | A conical cluster of numerous samaras

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Moist woods in valleys and on slopes

The Tulip Tree is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It produces a valuable, light, and soft wood used in making furniture and other items. Early settlers made canoes from trunks of large trees. It has long been cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, and it has given rise to some popular selections such as 'Aureomarginatum', with the leaves edged with bright yellow when young, and 'Fastigiatum', with a narrow columnar habit.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Tulip Tree ( _Liriodendron chinense_ ) is similar to the Tulip Tree but lacks the orange marks on the outer tepals.

**The leaves of the Tulip Tree** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and across. They usually have 4 untoothed lobes, sometimes more, with 2 at the tip and 2 at the base, and a broad sinus between the pairs. The apex is often indented and sometimes the leaves can be unlobed. Bright green above and blue-green below, they turn yellow in fall.

_MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA_

CUCUMBER TREE

(LINNAEUS) LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown with shallow ridges

**FLOWERS** | Cup-shaped, to 3½ in (9 cm) across, with 9 green to blue-green tepals, the outer 3 smaller and reflexed, borne singly at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical cluster to 2¾ in (7 cm) long of small follicles, which are bright red when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, often in the mountains

The Cucumber Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in spring to early summer. It is a variable species, and forms that make smaller trees with yellow flowers are called _Magnolia acuminata_ var. _subcordata_. It is not a showy species, with its flowers often hidden amongst the foliage. However, by hybridization in gardens with other species, it has given rise to a large range of yellow-flowered trees with more showy flowers. These include _M_. 'Butterflies', a hybrid with _M. denudata_. _M. acuminata_ is the only species in the genus that is native to Canada.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The relatively small, green to blue-green or yellowish flowers easily distinguish this species from others. The deciduous leaves that are not clustered at the ends of the shoots and that have a rounded base distinguish it from other North American species.

**The leaves of the Cucumber Tree** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They end in a short-tapered point, and are wedge-shaped to rounded at the base with an entire margin. Dark green and smooth or almost so above, they are paler blue-green and often hairy beneath.

_MAGNOLIA BIONDII_

MAGNOLIA BIONDII

PAMPANINI

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, to 3¼ in (8 cm) across with 9 tepals, the 6 inner large and flushed with pink at the base, the 3 outer small and sepal-like

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical cluster to 5½ in (14 cm) long of small follicles, red at first, becoming brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests mainly in the mountains

_Magnolia biondii_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in late winter to early spring before the leaves open. In China, where it grows further north than any species apart from _M. sieboldii_ , its early flowering has given it the name of the Hope for Spring Flower. It took about 70 years from its discovery for this species to be successfully introduced to western gardens, but it has never been very popular because of its small flowers, which take several years to appear. The dried flower buds are used medicinally in China.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. biondii_ is closely related to the Japanese _M. salicifolia_ , which has aromatic foliage and shoots. From the Yulan ( _M. denudata_ ) it differs in its smaller size, narrower leaves, and smaller flowers.

**The leaves of Magnolia biondii** are ovate to obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip with an entire margin, and wedge-shaped at the base with a short petiole of up to ¾ in (2 cm). Dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath and hairy when young, becoming smooth.

_MAGNOLIA CAMPBELLII_

MAGNOLIA CAMPBELLII

J. D. HOOKER & THOMSON

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 4¾ in (25 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Large, fragrant, to 12 in (30 cm) across, with up to 16 pink to deep pink or sometimes white tepals, the inner upright, the outer spreading

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical cluster to 8 in (20 cm) long of small red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Magnolia campbellii_ is a deciduous tree of broadly conical habit, flowering in late winter to early spring before the leaves emerge. The enormous flowers are often described as cup-and-saucer-shaped. One of the most spectacular flowering trees in temperate climates, this species it is widely grown; it is also widely used in hybridization to impart stature and flower size to its offspring. Plants originating from west Yunnan, China, are sometimes recognized as _M. campbellii_ var. _mollicomata_ ; they differ from the typical form in small details.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. campbellii_ can be recognized by its large size, and by the big cup-and-saucer flowers held upright. _M. dawsoniana_ and _M. sargentiana_ can also reach a large size but their flowers are held horizontally when open rather than upright.

**The leaves of Magnolia campbellii** are elliptic to oblong in outline, and up to 10 cm (25 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. The apex is abruptly short-pointed and the margin is entire, while the base is rounded with a petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Often bronze when young, the leaves mature to dark green and smooth above, paler or gray-green and hairy beneath.

_MAGNOLIA DELAVAYI_

MAGNOLIA DELAVAYI

FRANCHET

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 6 in (30 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Saucer-shaped, large and fragrant, to 12 in (30 cm) across with 9–12 creamy white tepals

**FRUIT** | An ovoid cluster to 6 in (15 cm) long of small green follicles, which are brown when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Moist forests often on limestone

_Magnolia delavayi_ is an evergreen tree with stout shoots, often with several main stems, or a large shrub, with a rounded to spreading habit. It flowers in late spring to summer. Sometimes grown as an ornamental tree, the flowers tend to open at night and are very short-lived, soon turning to a parchment brown. Some forms have pink or reddish rather than white flowers. Its name commemorates the French missionary Père Jean Marie Delavay who discovered it in 1886.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The large evergreen leaves make this a distinct species. The Southern Magnolia ( _M. grandiflora_ ) has smaller leaves that are green or have rusty hairs beneath.

**The leaves of Magnolia delavayi** are ovate to oblong, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They have a bluntly pointed to rounded tip, an entire margin, and a rounded base, on a petiole to 2¾ in (7 cm) long. The petiole is marked with a scar on each side from where the stipules were attached. The leaves are dark green above, blue-green beneath, and downy on both sides when young, becoming more or less smooth when mature.

_MAGNOLIA DENUDATA_

YULAN

DESROUSSEAUX

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth, becoming fissured on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Vase-shaped at first, later opening widely to 6 in (15 cm) across, with usually 9 equally-sized white tepals

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical cluster to 6 in (15 cm) long of small follicles, red ripening to brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Yulan is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in late winter to spring before the leaves emerge. Commonly grown as an ornamental tree for its profuse flowers, it was a feature of Chinese and Japanese gardens long before it reached the West. It is well-known as one of the parents of the garden hybrid _Magnolia × soulangeana_ , which combines the treelike habit and profuse-flowering of _Magnolia denudata_ with the rich coloring of the shrubby _M. liliiflora_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Yulan can be confused with white-flowered forms of _M. × soulangeana_ but these have the outer tepals shorter than the inner ones, while in _M. denudata_ they are of equal length.

**The leaves of the Yulan** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are rounded at the apex with a short point; the margin is entire and narrowed to a short petiole of 1 in (2.5 cm) in length. The petiole is marked with a stipular scar for less than half its length. The leaves are dark green above and paler beneath, and they are hairy at least on the veins on both sides.

_MAGNOLIA DOLTSOPA_

MAGNOLIA DOLTSOPA

(BUCHANAN-HAMILTON EX A. P. DE CANDOLLE) FIGLAR

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2¾ in (20 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, smooth, becoming scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | White, very fragrant, to 4 in (10 cm) across when open, with up to 16 tepals

**FRUIT** | A drooping cluster to 2¾ in (7 cm) long comprising obovoid red carpels ¾ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China, east Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Evergreen broad-leaved forests in the mountains

**SYNONYM** | _Michelia doltsopa_ Buchanan-Hamilton ex A. P. de Candolle

_Magnolia doltsopa_ is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit, flowering in spring. The classification of _Magnolia_ is still debated, and the family is sometimes split into as many as 12 different genera. This species is one of a large group of mainly tropical and subtropical evergreen trees and shrubs that are sometimes retained in the genus _Michelia_ , but here and in most modern works are placed in Section _Michelia_ of the genus _Magnolia_. They differ in bearing the flowers at the ends of short side shoots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. figo_ is shrubby with smaller leaves up to 4 in (10 cm) long; they, like the shoots, are covered with brown hairs when young. Hybrids between the two species, which are intermediate between the parents, are found in gardens.

**The leaves of Magnolia doltsopa** are oblong to elliptic, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They have up to 14 pairs of impressed veins. The apex is pointed, the margin untoothed, and the base wedge-shaped to rounded; the petiole is up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth above, pale blue-green beneath, and hairy when they are young.

_MAGNOLIA FRASERI_

FRASER MAGNOLIA

WALTER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 18 x 8 in (45 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Creamy white, fragrant, with 9 spreading, equal tepals, flushed green on the outer surface, 8 in (20 cm) across

**FRUIT** | A conical cluster to 4 in (10 cm) long of small red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain woods

The Fraser Magnolia is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is one of several North American species sometimes referred to as the Umbrella Tree, because of the habit of bearing large leaves clustered at the shoot tips. It is found mainly in the Appalachian Mountains between Virginia and northern Georgia. A light-demanding species, trees in shade tend to be crooked as they grow toward the light. The attractive flowers and foliage make it a useful ornamental tree.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bigleaf Magnolia ( _Magnolia macrophylla_ ) also has the leaves lobed at the base but they are white beneath. _M. pyramidata_ is closely related and sometimes regarded as a variety of the Fraser Magnolia. It has smaller leaves, abruptly contracted below the widest part, and occurs at low altitudes mainly in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States.

**The leaves of the Fraser Magnolia** are obovate and up to 18 in (45 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with an entire margin, and taper gradually from the widest part to the base, where there are small lobes either side of the petiole. They are bronze when young, then dark green above, blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA_

SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 4 in (25 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth when young becoming furrowed and scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Globular, later opening widely to 12 in (30 cm) or more across, very fragrant, with usually 9 white tepals

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to oblong cluster to 4 in (10 cm) long of red-brown follicles that split to reveal red-coated seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods and valleys in the coastal plain

The Southern Magnolia, also known as the Bullbay, is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to columnar or rounded habit, flowering in late spring and summer. The hard wood is used to make furniture but this tree is best known as a widely planted ornamental; it is prized for its foliage and flowers, and is well adapted to city streets. Numerous selections have been made for hardiness, habit, and flower and leaf characters. These include the popular 'Bracken's Brown Beauty', with a compact habit and wavy-edged leaves that are rusty with hairs beneath; the very hardy 'Edith Bogue;' 'Goliath', with large, undulate leaves and very large flowers; and the dwarf, often shrubby 'Little Gem', with small leaves and flowers. Hybrids with the Sweetbay ( _Magnolia virginiana_ ), such as 'Freeman' and 'Maryland', have been raised in gardens, and may occur in the wild where the two species grow together. The Southern Magnolia is the State Flower of both Louisiana and Mississippi.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sweetbay ( _M. virginiana_ ) can be evergreen in the south of its range, where it can be confused with the Southern Magnolia ( _M. grandiflora_ ); it differs from that species in having leaves that are blue-white beneath.

**The leaves of the Southern Magnolia** are elliptic, very leathery, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. Pointed at the tip with an entire margin they are narrowed to the base and have a stout petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. They are glossy green and smooth above, green to variably, sometimes densely, covered with rusty brown hairs beneath.

_MAGNOLIA KOBUS_

MAGNOLIA KOBUS

A. P. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3 in (15 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White or pink-flushed, vase-shaped, to 4 in (10 cm) across, held horizontally, slightly fragrant, with usually 6 large tepals and 3 small sepal-like tepals

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical cluster to 4 in (10 cm) long of small red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, South Korea

**HABITAT** | Forests

_Magnolia kobus_ is a deciduous tree with a conical habit when young, later spreading. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. Although this species can take many years to flower, and the flowers are rather small, it is often grown as an ornamental tree. In Japan the wood is used for building and to make furniture. _M. × loebneri_ , its hybrid with _M. stellata_ , is popular in gardens, producing flowers with more numerous, often pink tepals. A form described from northern Japan, _M. kobus_ var. _borealis_ , is generally regarded as part of the normal variation of the species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. salicifolia_ has leaves that are broadest at or below the middle, smooth leaf buds (downy in _M. kobus_ ), and strongly aromatic shoots. _M. stellata_ is shrubby with numerous slender tepals.

**The leaves of Magnolia kobus** are obovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip with a short, abrupt point and entire margin, and taper from above the middle to a petiole of up to ¾ in (2 cm). Dark green above, they are paler beneath with hairs along the veins.

_MAGNOLIA MACROPHYLLA_

BIGLEAF MAGNOLIA

MICHAUX

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 x 1 ft (90 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Very large, to 12 in (30 cm) or more across, white and fragrant, with usually 9 tepals, the inner ones blotched with purple at the base, the outer 3 greenish and reflexed

**FRUIT** | A ovoid cluster to 3¼ in (8 cm) long of small red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods and valleys

Also sometimes known as the Umbrella Tree, the Bigleaf Magnolia is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit with stout shoots. It flowers in late spring to early summer, after the leaves have emerged. It has the largest leaves and flowers of any species in the genus. The closely related _Magnolia ashei_ from Florida and _M. dealbata_ from Mexico are sometimes regarded as varieties or subspecies of the Bigleaf Magnolia. The bark of this and other species has been used medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. ashei_ is a small shrubby tree with smaller leaves and flowers, while _M. dealbata_ lacks the purple blotches on the tepals. The Bigleaf Magnolia differs from the Fraser Magnolia ( _M. fraseri_ ) which also has lobes at the base of the leaf, in having the leaves whitish beneath.

**The leaves of the Bigleaf Magnolia** are oblong to obovate, to 3 ft (90 cm) long and 12 in (30 cm) across, or more, and clustered at the ends of the shoots. They are rounded to bluntly pointed at the tip with an entire margin, which is narrowed to the base where there are 2 small lobes either side of the petiole. Dark green and smooth above, they are whitish and hairy beneath.

_MAGNOLIA OBOVATA_

JAPANESE BIGLEAF MAGNOLIA

THUNBERG

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 18 x 8 in (45 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Cup-shaped, very strongly fragrant, to 8 in (20 cm) across with 9 or 12 creamy white tepals, the outer 3 usually flushed pink.

**FRUIT** | A conical, pointed cluster to 8 in (20 cm) long of small bright red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

**SYNONYM** | _Magnolia hypoleuca_ Siebold & Zuccarini

The Japanese Bigleaf Magnolia is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer after the leaves have emerged. Unfortunately this species has had a confused nomenclatural history and for many years was known as _Magnolia hypoleuca_. The flowers have a very powerful wintergreen-like fragrance, which can be detected at some distance when the tree is in flower, making it one of the most popular deciduous summer-flowering magnolias. In Japan, the wood of this species was traditionally used to make sword handles and scabbards.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. officinalis_ is similar and closely related, but differs in the yellow-gray shoots, which are hairy when young, the flat-topped fruits, and the leaves sometimes lobed at the apex. _M. obovata_ has purplish, glabrous shoots.

**The leaves of the Japanese Bigleaf Magnolia** are obovate in outline, up to 18 in (45 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across, and clustered at the ends of the shoots. Rounded at the tip with an entire margin and a short abrupt point, they are tapered to the base. They are dark green and smooth above, and pale blue-green and hairy beneath.

_MAGNOLIA OFFICINALIS_

HOUPU MAGNOLIA

REHDER & E. H. WILSON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 18 x 8 in (45 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Cup-shaped, fragrant, to 8 in (20 cm) across with 9 or 12 creamy white tepals, the outer tepals sometimes flushed pink

**FRUIT** | A conical, flat-topped cluster to 8 in (20 cm) long of small bright red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests in valleys and on mountains

The Houpu Magnolia is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. In China an extract of the harvested bark of this tree has been commonly used as a medicinal herb for at least 2,000 years; it is prescribed for a wide variety of ailments including anxiety, coughs, and intestinal problems. Unfortunately this leads to the death of the tree and the species is now rare in parts of its range. The tree is widely cultivated in China to ensure a supply of bark. Trees with leaves lobed at the tip have been called _Magnolia officinalis_ var. _biloba_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Bigleaf Magnolia is very similar but it has smooth, purplish shoots (which are yellow-green in the Houpu Magnolia, and hairy when young) and pointed fruits.

**The leaves of the Houpu Magnolia** are obovate in outline, up to 18 in (45 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across, and clustered at the ends of the shoots. They are rounded or 2-lobed at the tip with an entire margin, and taper to the base. Dark green and smooth above, they are gray-green and hairy beneath.

_MAGNOLIA SALICIFOLIA_

WILLOW-LEAF MAGNOLIA

(SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI) MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate or elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2½ in (15 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, sometimes flushed pink at the base, fragrant, to 4¾ in (12 cm) across, usually held horizontally, with 6–9 tepals and three small sepal-like tepals

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical cluster to 3 in (7.5 cm) long of small pink to red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain woods

The Willow-leaf Magnolia is a deciduous tree, sometimes multistemmed and shrubby, with a broadly conical, later spreading, habit. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. It is also sometimes known as the Anise Magnolia from the scent of the foliage; the bark and slender shoots are also very aromatic. The leaf buds are small, while the larger flower buds are densely hairy. This is a very variable species in size of flower and leaf. Forms with large flowers opening relatively late and broad leaves have been called _Magnolia salicifolia_ var. _concolor_. Several garden selections have been made, some previously believed to be of hybrid origin. 'Wada's Memory' has foliage that is bronze when young, and large flowers, which are borne profusely. _M_. × _proctoriana_ is a hybrid with the shrubby _M. stellata_ , and bears flowers with usually nine tepals.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Willow-leaf Magnolia is distinct from similar species such as _M. biondii_ in having very aromatic shoots and leaves. _M. kobus_ can also have aromatic shoots but it has leaves that are broadest above the middle and leaf buds that are hairy; in the Willow-leaf Magnolia the leaf buds are smooth and the leaves are widest at or below the middle.

**The leaves of the Willow-leaf Magnolia** are ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, and are strongly aromatic when crushed. They are 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) wide. They end in a short-tapered point and are narrowed to the base. Often bronze when young, they mature to dark green and smooth above, and are blue-green and smooth or thinly hairy beneath.

_MAGNOLIA TRIPETALA_

UMBRELLA TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 20 x 10 in (50 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Opening widely to 20 across, unpleasantly scented, with usually 9–12 white tepals, the outer 3 sepal-like, flushed green, and longer than the inner tepals

**FRUIT** | A conical cluster to 4 in (10 cm) long of small pinkish red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Umbrella Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in late spring and early summer after the leaves have emerged. The common name derives from the arrangement of the leaves, in whorl-like clusters at the ends of the shoots; it is also applied to other species that have this character such as the Fraser Magnolia ( _Magnolia fraseri_ ) and the Bigleaf Magnolia ( _M. macrophylla_ ). The confusing epithet _tripetala_ , which means "three petals," probably refers to the three outer tepals, which open before the others.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Umbrella Tree differs from the other umbrella magnolias (those deciduous species that have the leaves clustered at the tips of the shoots) in lacking the small lobes at the base of the leaf.

**The leaves of the Umbrella Tree** are elliptic to obovate, up to 20 in (50 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across or more, and arranged in clusters at the tips of the shoots. Pointed at the tip, they taper, usually from above the middle to the base. They are bright green and smooth above, paler gray-green beneath, and finely hairy when young.

_MAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA_

SWEETBAY

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2¾ in (20 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Cup-shaped, fragrant, to 3¼ in (8 cm) across with up to 12 white tepals

**FRUIT** | An elliptic to nearly spherical cluster, to 2 in (5 cm) long, of small red follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, swamps, mainly in the coastal plain

The Sweetbay is a deciduous, semi-evergreen or evergreen tree with a conical habit, sometimes multistemmed and shrubby. It is a variable species and the most widely distributed magnolia in the United States. Deciduous in the north of its range, it is an evergreen, larger tree in the south. The southern form is sometimes recognized as _Magnolia virginiana_ var. _australis_ , and is known as the Swampbay. The Sweetbay is a popular landscape plant in the eastern United States, valued for its fragrant flowers, and there are many selections, some with very small or willowlike leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The lack of lobes on the leaves and the bluish white underside make this species usually easy to recognize. Evergreen forms could be mistaken for the Southern Magnolia ( _M. grandiflora_ ) but that has the leaves green or rusty-hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Sweetbay** are oblong to elliptic, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are rounded to bluntly pointed at the tip, with an entire margin and a wedge-shaped base. They are glossy dark green above, and pale bluish white beneath.

_PLAGIANTHUS REGIUS_

LOWLAND RIBBONWOOD

(POITEAU) HOCHREUTINER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 x 2 in (7.5 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray

**FLOWERS** | Small, about ½ in (5 mm) across with 5 tiny white petals, borne in large clusters; male and female flowers on different plants or flowers hermaphrodite

**FRUIT** | A small capsule with 1 or 2 seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | New Zealand

**HABITAT** | Moist forests, riverbanks

The Lowland Ribbonwood is a deciduous tree with a narrow upright, later spreading, habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is the largest deciduous tree in New Zealand. Young plants pass through a juvenile stage of bushy habit with slender, interlacing branches and small leaves. The only other species in the genus is the shrubby _Plagianthus divaricatus_ , also from New Zealand. The hybrid between the two species ( _P_. × _cymosus_ ) is found where they grow together, or sometimes in the absence of one or both parents. In the Chatham Islands, subsp. _chathamicus_ is similar but does not have a juvenile stage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Lowland Ribbonwood is not easily confused with other species. Some species of _Hoheria_ can have similar leaves but they have much larger flowers.

**The leaves of the Lowland Ribbonwood** are ovate and up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, but only about ¾ in (2 cm) long and ½ in (1 cm) across on juvenile plants. Pointed at the tip, they are edged with triangular teeth, the larger of which may also be toothed. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and thinly covered with small star-shaped hairs on both sides.

_TILIA AMERICANA_

BASSWOOD

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth when young, furrowed on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, about ½ in (5 mm) across, gray with hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist, broad-leaved forests

The Basswood, or the American Linden, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It often grows in clumps with more than one trunk, and can produce sprouts from the base. The easily worked timber is valuable for carving, and is used for furniture and veneers. The White Basswood ( _Tilia americana_ var. _heterophylla_ ) is sometimes regarded as a distinct species. It has a more southerly distribution. Both forms are valued as excellent sources of honey.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_T. × europaea_ has smaller leaves that are less oblique at the base, and the leaves of _T. tomentosa_ are often lobed.

**The leaves of the Basswood** are ovate to rounded, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They end in an abruptly short-pointed tip, with a sharply toothed margin and a heart-shaped, noticeably oblique base. Glossy or dull dark green and smooth above, they are green beneath and smooth except for small tufts of hair in the vein axils, or densely covered in white hairs in var. _heterophylla_.

_TILIA AMURENSIS_

AMUR LIME

RUPRECHT

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2¾ in (8 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth when young, ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters to 2 in (5 cm) long, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Nutlike, ovoid, about ⅜ in (8 mm) long, covered in red-brown hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern China, eastern Russia, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Amur Lime is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It is commonly found in mixed forests associated with firs ( _Abies_ ), pines ( _Pinus_ ), birches ( _Betula_ ), and often many woody vines. Extracts of various parts of the tree are used medicinally, and bees feeding on the flowers produce a valuable honey. The typical form has leaves that are heart-shaped at the base while _Tilia amurensis_ subsp. _taquetii_ has leaves that are truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Lime ( _T. japonica_ ) is similar but it has larger leaves, bracts, and flower clusters. The Mongolian Lime ( _T. mongolica_ ) often has two large teeth or small lobes toward the leaf tip.

**The leaves of the Amur Lime** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip, with a sharply toothed margin and a heart-shaped, sometimes oblique, base. Dark green above, the leaves are paler beneath and hairy at first, but later only have tufts of hairs in the vein axils.

_TILIA CHINENSIS_

TILIA CHINENSIS

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 3½ in (13 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth when young, later fissured, sometimes flaking

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in short, few-flowered, drooping clusters, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, ellipsoid, up to ⅝ in (1.4 cm) long, distinctly 5-angled and covered in gray hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests in the mountains

_Tilia chinensis_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in summer. It is a variable and widely distributed species varying in the amount of hair on the leaves and shoots, some forms densely hairy, some almost smooth. The winter buds are always particularly large. Three varieties are currently recognized in China. The typical form ( _Tilia chinensis_ var. _chinensis_ ) has smooth shoots and leaves that are densely hairy beneath, var. _investita_ has leaves that become nearly smooth beneath, and var. _intonsa_ has densely hairy shoots and leaves that are densely hairy beneath. In parts of China the bark of this species is used for making sandals.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_T. chinensis_ can usually be distinguished from others by the relatively small leaves, the few flowers in each cluster, and the ribbed fruit.

**The leaves of Tilia chinensis** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They end in a short, tapered point, and have a finely toothed margin and an oblique, heart-shaped, or sometimes rounded base. Dark green and smooth above, the leaves are paler beneath and covered, sometimes sparsely, with star-shaped hairs, with tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA CORDATA_

SMALL-LEAVED LIME

MILLER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2¾ in (8 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, becoming ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in upright clusters of up to 10 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Nutlike, spherical, up to ¼ in (6 mm) across, covered in gray hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, Caucasus

**HABITAT** | Woods usually on limestone

The Small-leaved Lime is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It is one of the parents of the Common Lime, _Tilia × europaea_ , and is often planted as an ornamental tree. There are selections with a compact, upright habit, suitable for street planting. This species was commonly coppiced (cut to the ground) and left to sprout. The shoots produced were used for building and fences. The wood is excellent for carving, and the tree is an important plant in providing food for bees in honey production.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Common Lime ( _T. × europaea_ ) has larger leaves that are green beneath, and often produces numerous suckers from the base. The Mongolian Lime ( _T. mongolica_ ) also has leaves that are blue-green beneath, but they have distinct lobes. The Japanese Lime ( _T. japonica_ ) has drooping flower clusters.

**The leaves of the Small-leaved Lime** are rounded and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They end in an abrupt, short point, and have a finely toothed margin and a heart-shaped base. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are blue-green beneath, and smooth except for tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA × EUROPAEA_

COMMON LIME

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3½ in (10 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth, becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 10 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Nutlike, ovoid to nearly spherical, up to ⅜ in (8 mm) long, covered in gray hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Woods with the parent trees

The Common Lime is a vigorous deciduous tree with a broadly conical to broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It is believed to be a hybrid between the Small-leaved Lime ( _Tilia cordata_ ) and the Broad-leaved Lime ( _T. platyphyllos_ ). Although it often does not produce fertile seed, trees of this hybrid were easy to propagate by layering and became the most commonly planted lime in many parts of Europe, particularly in avenues and large gardens. One of the most common forms, 'Pallida', produces numerous sprouts from the base.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Broad-leaved lime ( _T. platyphyllos_ ) differs in the long hairs on the underside of the leaf, making it softly hairy to the touch. Small-leaved Lime ( _T. cordata_ ) has the leaves blue-green beneath with brown tufts of hair in the leaf axils.

**The leaves of the Common Lime** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. The apex is abruptly pointed and the margin finely toothed. The base is truncate to heart-shaped and usually oblique. Dark glossy or dull green above, they are green beneath or slightly blue-green with small pinkish tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA HENRYANA_

HENRY'S LIME

SZYSZYLOWICZ

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 5½ in (13 x 14 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in clusters of numerous flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, obovoid, up to ½ in (1 cm) long, 5-ribbed, and covered in gray hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

Henry's Lime is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It varies in the amount of hair on the shoots and underside of the leaves, and forms that are nearly glabrous have been called _Tilia henryana_ var. _subglabra_. Said to be the largest species of lime in central and western China, Henry's Lime grows well in cultivation only in areas that have hot summers; in cooler areas it will often not flower until the early fall.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In its densely hairy leaf undersides the Henry's Lime is similar to the Silver Lime ( _T. tomentosa_ ) but it differs from this and other species in having long teeth on the margins of the leaves.

**The leaves of Henry's Lime** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 5½ in (14 cm)across. The apex ends in a short, abrupt point, and the margin is edged with long and finely pointed teeth. The base is truncate to heart-shaped, and often oblique. Densely white-haired when young, they become bronze, then dark green and smooth above, and densely covered in pale brown hairs or nearly smooth below, with tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA JAPONICA_

JAPANESE LIME

(MIQUEL) SIMONKAI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3½ in (10 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth becoming furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters to 4 in (10 cm) long of up to 30 or more flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Nutlike, ovoid, up to ¼ in (6 mm) long, covered in gray hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern China, Japan

**HABITAT** | Temperate mountain forests

The Japanese Lime is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It is closely related to the Small-leaved Lime ( _Tilia cordata_ ) and has been regarded as a variety of that species. In Japan the bark of this species is stripped from young trees to produce fiber used in making rope, clothes, and bags. It is occasionally cultivated and the profuse flowers and neat, small leaves make it an attractive ornamental tree, which is seen in streets and parks in Japan. Trees grown in the United States and Europe as _T. insularis_ (a synonym of _T. amurensis_ subsp. _taquetii_ ), although believed to have come from the Korean island of Ullung-do, have been shown to belong to _T. japonica_. This tree bears profuse flowers and has now been named _T. japonica_ 'Ernest Wilson' after the plant collector who introduced it from Japan.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Small-leaved Lime ( _T. cordata_ ) is similar but has upright flower clusters. The Mongolian Lime ( _T. mongolica_ ) often has lobed leaves.

**The leaves of the Japanese Lime** are rounded and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. The apex ends in a short, abrupt point, and the margin is edged with fine-pointed teeth. The base is usually heart-shaped and often oblique. Dark green and smooth above, the leaves are blue-green beneath and smooth except for tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA KIUSIANA_

TILIA KIUSIANA

MAKINO & SHIRASAWA

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 x 2 in (7.5 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, shallowly fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters to 4 in (10 cm) long of up to 36 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, nearly spherical, about ¼ in (6 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Tilia kiusiana_ is a slow-growing deciduous tree, often branched low or sometimes shrubby, with slender shoots hairy when young. It has a conical, later spreading, habit, and flowers in early summer. This very unusual species is found in the south and west part of Japan from west Honshu to the islands of Shikoku and Kyushu. The scientific name derives from its occurrence on the latter island. In some parts of its range it is rare and locally protected. It is occasionally grown in gardens and on first sight it is often not realized that it is a lime. Named by Japanese botanists in 1900, it was introduced to western cultivation in the 1930s but remains uncommon. It is often low-growing and bushy; one of the tallest plants in cultivation is 23 ft (7 m), at Westonbirt Arboretum, Gloucestershire, UK.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_T. kiusiana_ is very distinct from all other members of the genus in having small leaves that have a relatively long, tapered point and a short petiole.

**The leaves of Tilia kiusiana** are ovate to oblong, and up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. The apex ends in a long, tapered point and the margin is sharply toothed. The base is usually truncate or heart-shaped, and oblique, with a petiole less than ¾ in (2 cm) long. Glossy green above, they are paler beneath with tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA MANDSCHURICA_

MANCHURIAN LIME

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 5½ in (15 x 14 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters to 4 in (10 cm) long of up to 20 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, ovoid to globose, up to ½ in (1 cm) long with 5 ridges

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern Russia, northeast China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Moist forests

The Manchurian Lime is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in summer. This tree was planted near Buddhist temples in northern China, a substitute for the tropical _Ficus religiosa_ used in warmer regions but not suitable for cold regions of China. In these areas, the Manchurian Lime provides a useful wood, and fiber from the bark is used to make ropes, mats, and sandals. It is a variable species in the wild and several varieties have been named including the large-leaved _Tilia mandschurica_ var. _megaphylla_ from Korea and a small part of northeast China, and var. _tuberculata_ , which has warty fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Manchurian Lime differs from the Silver Lime ( _T. tomentosa_ ) in the larger, long-pointed teeth.

**The leaves of the Manchurian Lime** are ovate to rounded, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 5½ in (14 cm) across. The apex is abruptly short-pointed and the margin is edged with slender-tipped, triangular teeth. The base is oblique and heart-shaped or truncate. Glossy dark green above, they are densely covered beneath with gray, star-shaped hairs.

_TILIA MAXIMOWICZIANA_

TILIA MAXIMOWICZIANA

SHIRASAWA

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6½ x 5 in (17 x 13 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 20 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, ovoid to globose, up to ½ in (1 cm) long with 5 ridges

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist woods and valleys

_Tilia maximowicziana_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. In Japan this species occurs in the northeast part of the main island (Honshu) and on the island of Hokkaido. It has extremely fragrant flowers that are very attractive to bees. As with many other species of lime, the late flowers provide food for bees used in honey production. It was named by Japanese botanist Yasuyoshi Shirasawa after the Russian botanist Carl Maximowicz, who described several of the Chinese species of _Tilia_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other species that resemble _T. maximowicziana_ in having the leaves densely tomentose beneath, such as _T. mandschurica_ and _T. tomentosa_ , lack the tufts of hair in the vein axils.

**The leaves of Tilia maximowicziana** are ovate to rounded, and up to 6½ in (17 cm) long and 5 in (13 cm) across. The apex ends in a short, abrupt point, and the margin is edged with sharp, short-pointed teeth. The base is usually oblique and heart-shaped to truncate. Dark green above and hairy along the veins, they are densely covered in gray, star-shaped hairs beneath, and also have conspicuous tufts of brown hairs in the axils of the veins.

_TILIA MIQUELIANA_

TILIA MIQUELIANA

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 4 in (12 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 20 or more flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, globose, up to ½ in (1 cm) long, hairy

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern China

**HABITAT** | Forests

_Tilia miqueliana_ is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in summer. It was originally described from Japan, and thought to be native there. However, like several other species it is thought to have been introduced to Japan from China by a Buddhist priest in about 1190. In both Japan and eastern China, _T. miqueliana_ is commonly planted, particularly near Buddhist temples; like _T. mandschurica_ of northern China, it is used as a replacement for the peepul ( _Ficus religiosa_ ) in cold areas where the latter will not grow.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_T. miqueliana_ differs from the Manchurian Lime ( _T. mandschurica_ ) in having leaves that are normally symmetrical (not oblique) at the base, with short teeth.

**The leaves of Tilia miqueliana** are ovate to rounded, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. Ending in an abrupt, short point, they have a toothed margin and a usually symmetrical, heart-shaped base. They are glossy dark green above, with a dense layer of gray hairs beneath.

_TILIA MONGOLICA_

MONGOLIAN LIME

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 2¾ in (7 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in spreading clusters of up to 30 or more flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Nutlike, ovoid to obovoid, up to ¼ in (6 mm) long, 5-ribbed

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China, eastern Russia

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Mongolian Lime is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in summer. The good-quality timber is used for building, while a hemp-like fiber is obtained from the bark. Its attractive, very distinctive foliage, relatively small size, and compact habit have made this a popular ornamental. Several hybrids have been raised, such as _Tilia_ 'Harvest Gold', a hybrid of the Mongolian Lime with the Small-leaved Lime ( _T. cordata_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Mongolian Lime is closely related to the Small-leaved Lime ( _T. cordata_ ) and the Japanese Lime ( _T. japonica_ ) but it is usually easy to identify by the large teeth and lobed leaves.

**The leaves of the Mongolian Lime** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and across. Ending in a slender, pointed tip, they are edged with large triangular teeth, 1 or 2 of which on each side are larger and lobe-like, giving the leaves a maple- or birchlike appearance. Often red when young, they mature to glossy dark green above, blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides except for tufts of brown hair in the vein axils beneath.

_TILIA NOBILIS_

TILIA NOBILIS

REHDER & E. H. WILSON

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 15 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a large, smooth, pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, nearly spherical and ½ in (1 cm) across, 5-ribbed, and covered in yellowish hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Tilia nobilis_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. Although a relatively small tree, it has the largest leaves of any of the Chinese limes. The discovery of this species is owed to plant collector Ernest Wilson who found it in the high mountains of Sichuan, western China in 1903; it was not introduced to gardens until almost 80 years later. It differs from all other limes in having eight sets of chromosomes instead of the normal two or four.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_T. chinensis_ has smaller leaves, which are more densely hairy beneath, smaller hairy bracts, fewer flowers in the clusters, and smaller fruits.

**The leaves of Tilia nobilis** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are abruptly short-pointed at the tip, with the margin edged with pointed teeth, and the base oblique and truncate to heart-shaped. Bright green and smooth above, they are smooth beneath with tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA OLIVERI_

OLIVER'S LIME

SZYSZYLOWICZ

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ x 4 in (14 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 20 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a large, smooth, pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard, nutlike, nearly spherical, ½ in (1 cm) across, covered in gray hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain forests, on slopes and in valleys

Oliver's Lime is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, with glossy green young shoots flowering in summer. It varies in the amount of hair on the underside of the leaves; forms with less dense, gray hairs are sometimes recognized as _Tilia oliveri_ var. _cinerascens_. In China the wood is used to make furniture, and fiber and paper are made from the bark; the leaves are sometimes fed to pigs.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Silver Lime ( _T. tomentosa_ ) is closely related and has the same dense white tomentum on the underside of the leaf but it differs in having densely hairy young shoots.

**The leaves of Oliver's Lime** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. The tip is abruptly short-pointed and the margin finely toothed; the base is oblique and heart-shaped or sometimes truncate. They are dark green and smooth above, densely covered with white hairs beneath.

_TILIA PAUCICOSTATA_

TILIA PAUCICOSTATA

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3¼ in (10 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 15 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a large, smooth, pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Nutlike, obovoid to nearly spherical, to ¼ in (7 mm) long, ribbed

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Tilia paucicostata_ is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree with smooth, slender shoots and a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It is a variable species in the amount of hair on the leaves and shoots. While the typical form has smooth shoots, _T. paucicostata_ var. _yunnanensis_ has hairy shoots and leaves that are gray-haired beneath. The flowers of _T. paucicostata_ are used to make aromatic oils and also medicinally, while the timber is used for building, and fiber is obtained from the bark.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_T. paucicostata_ is related to the Small-leaved Lime ( _T. cordata_ ) and to the Japanese Lime ( _T. japonica_ ) but can be distinguished from these by the truncate or wedge-shaped, only occasionally heart-shaped, base of the leaf.

**The leaves of Tilia paucicostata** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. The apex is abruptly tapered to a short point, and the margin is sharply toothed, with some teeth often slightly larger than the others. The base is oblique and truncate to broadly wedge-shaped or sometimes slightly heart-shaped. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth above, blue-green beneath and smooth except for tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_TILIA PLATYPHYLLOS_

BROAD-LEAVED LIME

SCOPOLI

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 4 in (12 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 6 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a large, smooth, pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, nearly spherical, to ½ in (1 cm) across, 5-ribbed

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woodlands often on limestone

The Broad-leaved Lime is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. It has a scattered distribution and is often less common than the Small-leaved Lime ( _Tilia cordata_ ) but is often planted outside of its native range. The best-known form found in Britain and northern Europe is _T. platyphyllos_ subsp. _cordifolia_ , while other forms in south and southeast Europe are less hairy. The Broad-leaved Lime is one of the parents of the Common Lime ( _T. × europaea_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Small-leaved Lime ( _T. cordata_ ) has leaves that are blue-green and smooth beneath except for tufts of hair in the leaf axils. The Common Lime ( _T. × europaea_ ) has the leaves smooth and green beneath, while those of the Broad-leaved Lime (at least the most commonly seen form, subsp. _cordifolia_ ) has leaves that are green and hairy on both sides.

**The leaves of the Broad-leaved Lime** are rounded and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt point and have a sharply toothed margin. The base is usually heart-shaped and often oblique. Dark green above, with impressed veins and hairy at least when young, the leaves are green and hairy beneath. Described here are the leaves of subsp. _cordifolia_ ; other subspecies are less hairy or nearly smooth.

_TILIA TOMENTOSA_

SILVER LIME

MOENCH

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 4 in (12 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, of up to 10 flowers, the stalk of which is attached smooth, pale green bract in drooping clusters o the center of a large, smooth, pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, ovoid, to ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods

The Silver Lime is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit and hairy shoots. It flowers in summer. The attractive foliage has made this a popular ornamental tree for streets, large gardens, and parks, and several forms have been selected for their shape. 'Petiolaris' is a particularly popular form, with long-stalked leaves and weeping shoots; it has been regarded as a separate species or a hybrid. Although the nectar of the Silver Lime is sometimes said to be toxic to bees, the tree is used as a source of food for honeybees in southeastern Europe.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Oliver's Lime ( _Tilia oliveri_ ) is similar but differs in the smooth young shoots and the warty fruits, and in flowering slightly earlier.

**The leaves of the Silver Lime** are rounded and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. Ending in a short, abrupt point, the margin is sharply toothed, sometimes almost lobed, with some teeth distinctly larger than the others. The base is truncate to heart-shaped. Glossy dark green above, the leaves have a dense covering of white hairs beneath.

_TILIA TUAN_

TILIA TUAN

SZYSZYLOWICZ

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6½ x 4¼ in (17 x 11 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, with 5 petals, in drooping clusters of up to 20 flowers, the stalk of which is attached to the center of a large, smooth, pale green bract

**FRUIT** | Hard and nutlike, spherical to obovoid, to ½ in (1 cm) long, hairy

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Tilia tuan_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, and smooth or hairy shoots. It flowers in summer. It is a widely distributed and variable species, with some forms differing in the number of teeth on the leaves, the number of flowers in each cluster, or the amount of hair on the lower surface of the leaf. They are sometimes regarded as separate species. The typical form has sparsely toothed leaves while _T. tuan_ var. _chinensis_ has conspicuous teeth. The specific epithet _tuan_ derives from the Chinese name for the lime tree, and fiber from the bark is used to make sandals.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_T. miqueliana_ differs in having usually fewer flowers in each cluster and in the normally symmetrical, not oblique, leaf base.

**The leaves of Tilia tuan** are ovate to rounded, and up to 6½ in (17 cm) long and 4¼ in (11 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip, with the margin sharply toothed or almost entire in some forms. The base is oblique and truncate to heart-shaped. Dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath, and smooth or variously covered in gray to brown hairs with tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_MELIA AZEDARACH_

BEAD TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Bipinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1 ft (60 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Fragrant, about ¾ in (2 cm) across, with 5 spreading, pale lilac petals and a central deep purple tube formed from the stamens, borne in large clusters from the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A pale yellow, ovoid drupe to ¾ in (2 cm) long containing a single, hard seed

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, China, Southeast Asia to Australia

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests

The Bead Tree, also known as the Chinaberry or the Persian Lilac, is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring. It is widely cultivated in warm climates as an ornamental tree for its flowers and its long-persistent fruits. In many areas it has naturalized and sometimes become an invasive weed, and its true native distribution is uncertain. In China extracts of the bark, leaves, and other parts are used medicinally, but all parts of the tree can be toxic, sometimes resulting in death. The wood has a wide variety of uses, from building and cabinet work to fuel and pulp for paper.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In flower the Bead Tree is unlikely to be confused with other species in the genus. The Neem Tree ( _Azadarichta indica_ ) is much more tropical, and differs in having pinnate, rather than bipinnate, leaves.

**The leaves of the Bead Tree** are elliptic to ovate in outline, and up to 2 ft (60 cm) long and 1 ft (30 cm) across. They are bipinnate (sometimes 3-pinnate) with usually 3–5 opposite pinnae on each side of the rachis, each with a varying number of ovate to lanceolate, toothed leaflets to 2½ in (6 cm) long that are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth or slightly hairy on both sides.

_TOONA SINENSIS_

CHINESE MAHOGANY

(A. JUSSIEU) M. ROEMER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 ft x 16 in (100 x 40 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, peeling in long strips on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small, fragrant, with usually 5 white petals, borne in large clusters to 3 ft (1 m) long drooping

**FRUIT** | A capsule to 1¼ in (3 cm) long containing winged seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests on hill and mountain slopes

**SYNONYM** | _Cedrela sinensis_ A. Jussieu

The Chinese Mahogany is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in late spring and summer. It is one of the few temperate trees with edible leaves. The young foliage is commonly boiled and eaten as a vegetable in east Asia, where it is known as the Fragrant Spring Tree, and has a taste of onion or garlic. It was at one time included in the genus _Cedrela_ , which is restricted to tropical regions of the New World.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Mahogany differs from the Tree of Heaven ( _Ailanthus altissima_ ) in having leaves that lack a terminal leaflet and leaflets without the large teeth at the base, as well as onion-scented young foliage.

**The leaves of the Chinese Mahogany** are oblong in outline, and up to 3 ft (1 m) long and 16 in (40 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 20 pairs of leaflets, usually lacking a terminal leaflet. The leaflets are opposite or nearly so, oblong to lanceolate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are tapered at the apex and oblique at the base, the margin edged with sparse, small teeth or entire. Bronze when young and onion-scented, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler beneath.

_BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA_

PAPER MULBERRY

(LINNAEUS) VENTENAT

Up to 50 ft, or more (15 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, toothed

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray brown and shallowly ridged

**FLOWERS** | Very small, without petals, borne in dense clusters; males and females on separate plants; males with white stamens, borne in pendulous cylindrical catkin-like clusters to 3¼ in (8 cm) long, females with purple stigmas, in spherical clusters ¾ in (2 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Small, red, single-seeded fruits emerge from the female clusters in fall

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Asia

**HABITAT** | Well-drained soils in fields and woodland margins

The Paper Mulberry is an open and wide-spreading deciduous tree or large shrub, with stout, densely hairy shoots and milky sap, often producing suckers from the base. It flowers in spring. It is widely grown as an ornamental for its foliage, and has become naturalized and sometimes invasive in many, especially warm, areas of the world. In east Asia the bark has been traditionally used to make paper and cloth.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Paper Mulberry is related to the mulberries ( _Morus_ ), which can have leaves of a similarly variable shape but the fruits are quite different.

**The leaves of the Paper Mulberry** are rounded to ovate, to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip, a coarsely toothed margin, and a petiole to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. The leaves are very variable in shape, from unlobed to deeply and irregularly palmately 3–5 lobed, especially on young plants or vigorous shoots. They are bronze-purple when they emerge, becoming dark green with bristly hairs above and densely hairy beneath.

_FICUS CARICA_

EDIBLE FIG

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately lobed, sometimes unlobed

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to orbicular

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 12 in (30 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, pale gray

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and hidden inside a pear-shaped receptacle that develops into the fruit

**FRUIT** | Pear-shaped and fleshy, to 2 in (5 cm) long, green, ripening to brown and purple, edible, containing numerous seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest Asia, widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized in areas with a Mediterranean climate

**HABITAT** | Dry, rocky places

The Edible Fig is a deciduous small tree or large shrub with a spreading habit, commonly grown for its delicious fruit, which is eaten fresh or dried. Figs have a complicated method of pollination that involves wasps laying their eggs inside the receptacle that develops into the fruit. Cultivated figs produce fruit without the need for pollination.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Edible Fig is very distinct tree that is not readily confused with any other. It belongs to a large, very diverse genus of more than 800 species of mainly evergreen trees, shrubs, and climbers found throughout tropical regions; many are important food sources for forest animals. Several are grown as ornamental trees in warm regions or as indoor plants elsewhere; most of these are evergreen without the edible fruits.

**The leaves of the Edible Fig** are large, ovate to orbicular, and to 12 in (30 cm) long and across. They are palmately lobed and have prominent veins from the base, but unlobed leaves can also be found. They are glossy green above and rough with hairs on both sides, turning yellow before they drop in fall.

_MACLURA POMIFERA_

OSAGE ORANGE

(RAFINESQUE) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3 in (12 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed and peeling in thin strips when mature

**FLOWERS** | Very small and green, without petals, in dense, pendulous clusters on the previous year's shoots; males and females on separate plants, the females with long styles

**FRUIT** | A compound fruit derived from many flowers, yellow-green and spherical, to 4 in (10 cm) or more across, hard and heavy with a textured surface

**DISTRIBUTION** | South-central United States

**HABITAT** | River valleys

The Osage Orange is a deciduous tree with thorny shoots and a rounded to spreading habit, normally branching low down, and flowering in spring to early summer. Before the advent of alternatives, the Osage Orange was used as an impenetrable living fence to contain livestock. It is now widely planted and naturalized in the eastern United States. The hard wood is very resistant to decay; it is used for fence posts, and some Native Americans used it to make bows. It is a popular ornamental tree, and there are several selections including thornless forms and one with huge fruits that can weigh up to 3 lb (1.35 kg).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The spiny shoots and the milky sap in the petiole usually distinguish the Osage Orange from other trees. It is unmistakeable in fruit. _Maclura tricuspidata_ is a smaller tree with smaller fruits and occasionally lobed leaves with fewer veins.

**The leaves of the Osage Orange** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They end in a tapered point, with untoothed margins and up to 10 veins on each side. The base is rounded and the petiole is up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath with hairs along the veins; they turn yellow in fall.

_MACLURA TRICUSPIDATA_

MACLURA TRICUSPIDATA

CARRIÈRE

Up to 23 ft (7 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ x 2½ in (14 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed on old plants

**FLOWERS** | Very small and green, without petals, in dense, pendulous clusters on the young shoots; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A compound fruit derived from many flowers, orange-red and spherical, 1 in (2.5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes and forest margins

**SYNONYM** | _Cudrania tricuspidata_ (Carrière) Bureau

_Maclura tricuspidata_ is a small tree or large shrub with a rounded habit, sometimes spreading widely by suckers. It flowers in late spring to early summer. The branches are normally armed with stout tapered spines up to ¾ in (2 cm) long, but these may be absent on upper branches. Unlike those of its American relative, the Osage Orange ( _M. pomifera_ ), the fruits are sweet when ripe; they are eaten in China. The leaves are used to feed silkworms when those of the mulberry are in short supply, and fiber from the bark is used to make paper. A hybrid has been raised between _M. pomifera_ and _M. tricuspidata_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Osage Orange ( _M. pomifera_ ) is a larger tree that differs from _M. tricuspidata_ in having unlobed leaves with more veins and in its larger fruits. The related mulberries _(Morus)_ have toothed, and often lobed, leaves.

**The leaves of Maclura tricuspidata** are ovate to obovate, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. The apex is taper-pointed, sometimes abruptly and sometimes with 3 rounded lobes. The margin is untoothed, and there are up to 6 veins on each side of the midrib. Dark green and smooth above, the leaves are blue-green and sometimes slightly hairy beneath.

_MORUS ALBA_

WHITE MULBERRY

LINNAEUS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4¾ in (20 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth becoming deeply ridged

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, without petals, in dense, pendulous spikes; males and females separate, on the same or different trees

**FRUIT** | A compound fruit derived from several flowers, cylindrical and fleshy, white to pink, red, or purple, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, on a stalk to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Hillside forests

The White Mulberry is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. Although the fruit is edible, it is not as desirable as that of the Black Mulberry ( _Morus nigra_ ). The leaves are the preferred food of the silkworm. Larvae hatch from eggs laid by the moth, and feed exclusively on mulberry leaves that emit a volatile chemical to attract them. When full-sized, the larvae spin a cocoon made of silk. The silkworm has been domesticated in China for more than 4,000 years, and depends on man and the silk industry for survival.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The White Mulberry is most often confused with the Black Mulberry ( _M. nigra_ ), which has leaves that are rough above and unstalked fruit clusters.

**The leaves of the White Mulberry** are broadly ovate and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. The apex is rounded or taper-pointed, and the margin is sharply toothed. Leaves can be unlobed or variously lobed. They are glossy dark green and smooth or nearly so above, paler beneath with tufts of hair in the vein axils. They turn yellow in fall.

_MORUS AUSTRALIS_

JAPANESE MULBERRY

POIRET

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, without petals, in dense, pendulous spikes; males and females separate, on the same or different trees

**FRUIT** | A compound fruit derived from several flowers, cylindrical and fleshy, white to pink, red, or purple, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, on a stalk to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, the long styles conspicuous on the developing fruit

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub, often on limestone

The Japanese Mulberry is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit, usually branching low and often growing as a shrub. It flowers in spring. In some coastal regions of Japan, this tree is used as a substitute for the White Mulberry on which to feed silkworms. The sweet, edible fruits are used in jams and various drinks, and fiber from the bark is used to make paper. As with other species in the genus, the leaves are very variable in shape.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Mulberry is most likely to be confused with the White Mulberry ( _Morus alba_ ), but it differs in the long styles that persist on the fruit.

**The leaves of the Japanese Mulberry** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across, and are unlobed or variously, sometimes deeply, 3- or 5-lobed. The margin is usually sharply toothed, sometimes entire. The leaves are dark green and slightly rough above, paler beneath, and hairy at first becoming smooth.

_MORUS NIGRA_

BLACK MULBERRY

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Orange-brown, rough and fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, without petals, in dense, pendulous spikes; males and females separate, on the same or different trees

**FRUIT** | A compound fruit derived from several flowers, cylindrical and fleshy, dark red to nearly black when ripe, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, unstalked

**DISTRIBUTION** | Probably southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Mainly cultivated

The Black Mulberry is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It quickly assumes a rugged appearance, often with a burred trunk, and trees can look much older than they are. This tree is so widely cultivated that its native origin is uncertain. This is the best species for edible fruits; they are large, sweet, and juicy, and are eaten raw and dried or used in cooking. Many Black Mulberries were planted in Britain in the seventeenth century when there was an attempt to start a silk industry; the silkworm, however, prefers the leaves of the White Mulberry ( _Morus alba_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Black Mulberry is most often confused with the White Mulberry ( _M. alba_ ) but differs in the rough leaves and unstalked fruits.

**The leaves of the Black Mulberry** are broadly ovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. Normally unlobed, they can also be 3- to 5-lobed, particularly on vigorous shoots. The margin is sharply toothed and the base is deeply heart-shaped. The leaves are dark green and rough to the touch above, and paler and hairy beneath.

_EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA_

BLACK PEPPERMINT

LABILLARDIÈRE

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate to linear

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x ½ in (12 x 1.2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough and fibrous on the trunk, smooth and peeling on the branches

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, in stalked clusters of up to 15 or more in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A woody, hemispherical capsule to ¼ in (7 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Open forests from coastal areas to hill slopes

The Black Peppermint is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring and summer. It is one of the species that produces a lignotuber, which can produce sprouts following fire and severe drought. Juvenile leaves are lanceolate, opposite, and unstalked, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ½ in (1 cm) across. An aromatic oil with medicinal uses is prepared from the leaves while the timber is used for building.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Tasmanian Snow Gum ( _Eucalyptus coccifera_ ) is one of several related species that occur in Tasmania. It differs in its smooth, peeling bark on the trunk.

**The adult leaves of the Black Peppermint** are lanceolate to linear, sometimes slightly curved, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and ½ in (1.2 cm) across. They are strongly scented of peppermint. The apex is taper-pointed, and the untoothed margins taper to a short petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are dark green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS COCCIFERA_

TASMANIAN SNOW GUM

J. D. HOOKER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x ¾ in (9 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, peeling in long strips, white when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, in stalked clusters of up to 7 in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A woody, hemispherical capsule to ¼ in (7 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Mountains

Also known as the Mount Wellington Peppermint, the Tasmanian Snow Gum is an evergreen tree with a spreading habit, flowering in summer. Often shrubby, particularly at high altitudes, the young shoots have a bluish white bloom. The juvenile leaves are opposite and sessile, rounded to 2 in (5 cm) long, and blue-green; they may be seen on seedlings and sprouts from the trunk or the base. The leaves contain an aromatic oil but it is not used commercially. Coming from high altitudes, the Tasmanian Snow Gum is a very hardy tree, and it is grown as an ornamental for its attractive foliage and bark. The flowers are normally borne in clusters of four to seven, but on Mount Wellington, near Hobart, Tasmania, trees bear flowers in clusters of three.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Black Peppermint ( _Eucalyptus amygdalina_ ) is a larger tree with longer leaves and rough bark. The Tasmanian Snow Gum can be distinguished from the Cider Gum ( _E. gunnii_ ) by the usually hooked leaf tip.

**The adult leaves of the Tasmanian Snow Gum** are lanceolate, up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across, and smell of peppermint when crushed. The apex tapers to a fine, hooked point, and the margin is untoothed. The leaves taper from the middle or just below to a short petiole of up to ¾ in (2 cm) in length. The upper and lower surfaces are similar in color, and vary from blue-green to glaucous.

_EUCALYPTUS CORDATA_

SILVER GUM

LABILLARDIÈRE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2¾ in (8 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth, white and gray-green, peeling

**FLOWERS** | Small and white, with numerous stamens, in clusters of 3 in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A woody, hemispherical capsule to ½ in (1 cm) long, covered in a waxy bloom

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Dry evergreen forest and coastal scrub

The Silver Gum is an evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, sometimes shrubby, flowering in winter and spring. It is an unusual species in that it flowers and fruits on shoots that bear juvenile foliage (with opposite leaves), and adult foliage is only occasionally produced. Juvenile leaves are gray-blue on both sides, rounded to ovate, unstalked, and clasping the stem at the base; they are entire or with shallow teeth. The Silver Gum is a rare species confined to a small area of southeastern Tasmania. The typical form has the shoots rounded in cross-section while the recently described _Eucalyptus cordata_ subsp. _quadrangulosa_ has the shoots square in cross-section.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is distinct from most others in flowering on shoots with opposite leaves. _E. pulverulenta_ , from New South Wales, also does this, but has smaller leaves that are rounded at the base.

**The leaves of the Silver Gum** are mainly juvenile, opposite, rounded to ovate and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. Adult foliage is rarely produced. The adult leaves are lanceolate and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long in the typical form, with a taper-pointed tip and an untoothed margin, gray-green on both sides. Adult leaves of subsp. _quadrangulosa_ , when produced, are longer, to 7 in (18 cm).

_EUCALYPTUS DALRYMPLEANA_

MOUNTAIN GUM

MAIDEN

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6½ x 1½ in (17 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray to pink and brown, peeling, cream when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, in clusters of 3 in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A woody hemispherical capsule to ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia (including Tasmania)

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Mountain Gum is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer and fall. The typical form, _Eucalyptus dalrympleana_ subsp. _dalrympleana_ , has three flowers in each cluster and occurs from New South Wales to Tasmania, while subsp. _heptantha_ has seven flowers in each cluster and has a more northerly distribution in New South Wales and Queensland. The juvenile leaves are rounded, unstalked, and opposite, green to blue-green.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ribbon Gum ( _E. viminalis_ ) can be similar but it has taper-pointed juvenile foliage and narrower adult leaves that are green on both sides.

**The adult leaves of the Mountain Gum** are lanceolate, sometimes slightly curved, and up to 6½ in (17 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They end in a fine, tapered point, with an untoothed but sometimes slightly wavy-edged margin. The base is wedge-shaped, tapering from below the middle of the leaf to a slender petiole of 1¼ in (3 cm) in length. They emerge bronze, maturing to dark blue-green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS_

TASMANIAN BLUE GUM

LABILLARDIÈRE

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 1½ in (30 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray-brown, and peeling, leaving cream young bark; rough, furrowed, and gray at the base of the trunk

**FLOWERS** | White with numerous stamens, borne singly in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A hemispherical to inversely conical woody capsule to 1¼ in (3 cm) across, with a waxy bloom when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia (Tasmania, Victoria)

**HABITAT** | Open forests

The Tasmanian Blue Gum is a large, fast-growing evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring to early summer. It is a popular ornamental, valued particularly for its juvenile foliage; it is widely planted for ornament and timber, and is sometimes naturalized. The juvenile leaves are opposite and unstalked, silvery blue in color, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long. The typical form, _Eucalyptus globulus_ subsp. _globulus_ , has the flowers borne singly in the leaf axils while other subspecies have flowers in clusters of three or seven. This tree is the official floral emblem of Tasmania, and bees feeding on the flowers produce a strong-flavored honey.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is usually easy to recognize by the large woody fruits, borne singly, and the large caps that fall from the flower buds as they open.

**The adult leaves of the Tasmanian Blue Gum** are leathery in texture, lanceolate, sometimes slightly curved, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They end in a tapered point, have an entire margin, and taper from below the middle to a short petiole. They are glossy green to blue-green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS GUNNII_

CIDER GUM

J. D. HOOKER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray-brown to orange-brown or greenish, peeling, cream when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, in clusters of 3 in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A cup-shaped woody capsule to ¼ in (5 mm) long, sometimes with a waxy bloom

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Moist soils in the mountains

The Cider Gum is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. One of the most cold-tolerant species of its genus, it is popular as an ornamental tree; it is sometimes cut back for its silvery juvenile foliage, which is often used as part of cut-flower arrangements. The juvenile leaves are opposite, rounded, and unstalked, and up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. They are bright silvery blue when young, becoming gray-green. The common name derives from the sweet sap that ferments naturally to produce an alcoholic drink.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cider Gum is part of a complex of similar species that are sometimes regarded as synonymous. _Eucalyptus archeri_ grows at higher altitudes and is distinguished by its smaller leaves and green foliage. _E. divaricata_ , now usually known as _E. gunnii_ subsp. _divaricata_ , has smaller, broader leaves than the typical _E. gunnii_ and is more glaucous in all its parts.

**The adult leaves of the Cider Gum** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, and are aromatic when crushed. The apex ends in a fine, sometimes hooked point, and the margin is untoothed. The base is tapered from below the middle of the leaf to a petiole that is up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. The leaves can vary in color from green to blue-green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS JOHNSTONII_

TASMANIAN YELLOW GUM

MAIDEN

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 1¼ in (13 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Reddish brown, peeling, pale yellow-green to orange-yellow when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, in clusters of 3 in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A hemispherical to bell-shaped woody capsule about ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain forests on peaty soils over sandstone

The Tasmanian Yellow Gum is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a narrow conical to columnar habit, flowering in summer and fall. In Tasmania it is confined to the mountains in the southeast and produces a lignotuber. At higher altitudes it is replaced by the similar Alpine Yellow Gum ( _Eucalyptus subcrenulata_ ). The juvenile leaves are opposite, unstalked, and rounded to ovate, to 2 in (5 cm) long, and glossy dark green on both sides. The tree produces a hard and strong timber.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Alpine Yellow Gum ( _E. subcrenulata_ ) is similar but is a smaller tree growing higher in the mountains with smaller leaves. Intermediates occur between the two species.

**The adult leaves of the Tasmanian Yellow Gum** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are pointed or blunt at the apex, and the margin is entire or with small, very shallow teeth. The base is wedge-shaped, tapering to a short petiole. They are thick and leathery in texture, and the same bright glossy green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS NITENS_

SILVER TOP

(H. DEANE & MAIDEN) MAIDEN

Up to 195 ft, or more (60 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 9½ x 1 in (24 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-green to gray-brown, smooth, peeling in large strips, persistent and fibrous at the base of the trunk

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, borne in stalked clusters of 7 in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A cylindrical to ovoid woody capsule to ¼ in (7 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeast Australia (New South Wales, Victoria)

**HABITAT** | Moist forests in high rainfall areas in the mountains

Also known as the Shining Gum, the Silver Top is a very fast-growing evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in summer. Trees can reach more than 33 ft (10 m) tall in five years and the largest are some 300 ft (90 m) tall. This rapid growth rate makes it a valuable forestry tree, suitable for colder areas than the Tasmanian Blue Gum ( _Eucalyptus globulus_ ) and it is planted particularly for pulp, and also for its timber that is used for general building purposes, paneling, and flooring. The juvenile leaves are opposite, unstalked, and glaucous.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Tasmanian Blue Gum ( _E. globulus_ ) is closely related but has longer and broader leaves, flowers borne singly, and larger fruits. _E. denticulata_ has toothed leaves.

**The adult leaves of the Silver Top** are narrow lanceolate, up to 9½ in (24 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across, and are borne on red shoots. The apex is tapered to a point and the margin is untoothed, tapering from below the middle to a short petiole of about ¾ in (2 cm) in length. They are leathery in texture and glossy dark green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA_

MESSMATE STRINGYBARK

L'HÉRITIER

Up to 165 ft, or more (50 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7½ x 1⅜ in (19 x 3.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough, fibrous, and deeply furrowed on the trunk, smooth on the branches

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, in stalked clusters of up to 15 or more in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | An ovoid to barrel-shaped woody capsule to ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia (including Tasmania)

**HABITAT** | Forests on well-drained soils, from coastal regions to the mountains

The Messmate Stringybark is a large, fast-growing evergreen tree with a columnar habit, flowering in summer. It is one of the largest species in the genus, and is capable of reaching 300 ft (90 m) in height but in poor coastal soils it can be reduced to a small tree or shrub. The juvenile leaves are alternate and stalked, ovate, up to 8 in (20 cm) long, and only opposite on young seedlings. The Messmate Stringybark produces a valuable timber widely used in construction and the manufacture of furniture, as well as for pulp.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Messmate Stringybark is closely related to the Australian Mountain Ash ( _Eucalyptus regnans_ ) but differs in the rough bark over the whole trunk rather than only the lower part.

**The adult leaves of the Messmate Stringybark** are lanceolate, up to 7½ in (19 cm) long and 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across and often slightly curved. They taper to a fine point at the tip, and the margin is entire. The base is broadly wedge-shaped and oblique, with a short petiole about ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are glossy dark green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS REGNANS_

AUSTRALIAN MOUNTAIN ASH

F. VON MUELLER

Up to 230 ft, or more (70 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2 in (20 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough and fibrous on the lower trunk to 50 ft (15 m), smooth and peeling above

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, with 2 stalked clusters of up to 15 flowers in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | An inversely conical to hemispherical woody capsule to ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia (Victoria, Tasmania)

**HABITAT** | Well-drained moist soils on coastal hills and mountain valleys

Also known as the Giant Ash, the Australian Mountain Ash is a very large, fast-growing evergreen tree with a columnar habit, flowering in summer to fall. Although some trees are more than 300 ft (90 m) tall, earlier specimens, since felled, probably exceeded 400 ft (120 m) and were taller than the California Redwoods, today's tallest tree. If killed by fire, this tree releases numerous seeds from fruits retained in the crown; it does not produce a lignotuber as do some other species. The tree produces a valuable timber, mainly used for pulp. The juvenile leaves are only opposite in young seedlings, becoming alternate and stalked, to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Australian Mountain Ash is related to the Messmate Stringybark ( _E. obliqua_ ) but it has rough bark only on the lower part of the trunk. The paired flower clusters are unusual and not found in many other species.

**The adult leaves of the Australian Mountain Ash** are lanceolate, often slightly curved, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They taper to a point at the tip, and have an untoothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped and oblique with a petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. They are glossy dark green on both sides.

_EUCALYPTUS VIMINALIS_

MANNA GUM

LABILLARDIÈRE

Up to 130 ft, or more (40 m, or more)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 9 x 1 in (23 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Brown, peeling in long strips, rough and persistent at the base of the tree

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with numerous stamens, in 3-flowered, stalked clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A spherical to ovoid woody capsule to ⅜ in (8 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania)

**HABITAT** | Open forests in mountain and hill valleys

Also known as the Ribbon Gum and the White Gum, the Manna Gum is an evergreen tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in summer and fall. It is very variable in size, reaching 300 ft (90 m) in the best conditions but reduced to a shrubby tree on very dry soils. The name Manna Gum derives from the sweet, edible substance that crystallizes from the sap that is exuded after the trunk is damaged. Juvenile leaves are opposite and unstalked, ovate to lanceolate, green, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Manna Gum is closely related to the Mountain Gum ( _Eucalyptus dalrympleana_ ), which grows at higher altitudes and differs in its rounded juvenile leaves. Where populations meet, there is continuous variation between the two species.

**The adult leaves of the Manna Gum** are lanceolate, often curved, up to 9 in (23 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across, and borne on red, warty shoots. The tip tapers to a long point, and the leaves narrow at the base to a short petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. They are glossy dark green on both sides, often with a red midrib.
_LUMA APICULATA_

CHILEAN MYRTLE

(A.P. DE CANDOLLE) BURRET

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x ¾ in (5 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Orange-brown, peeling in thin flakes, creamy white when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | White and fragrant, about ¾ in (2 cm) across, with 4 cupped petals and a center of numerous white stamens, borne singly or in clusters of up to 5 in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A fleshy, glossy, edible, purple-black berry to ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Moist temperate forests

**SYNONYM** | _Myrtus luma_ Molina

The Chilean Myrtle is an evergreen tree, which is often multistemmed or shrubby. It has a bushy, rounded to spreading habit, and the trunk is gnarled and often contorted on old trees. This species flowers in summer and fall. The very hard wood is used both to make tool handles and for fuel, and parts of the plant are used medicinally. The Chilean Myrtle is commonly grown as an ornamental for its flowers and peeling bark, and it is sometimes naturalized.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chilean Myrtle can be confused with the Common Myrtle ( _Myrtus communis_ ). This is a shrub without the peeling bark of this species, and with flowers with five petals and oblong fruits.

**The leaves of the Chilean Myrtle** are broadly elliptic, aromatic, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. The apex is abruptly tapered to a short point, and the margin is untoothed. The base is rounded or broadly wedge-shaped, tapering to a short petiole of less than ⅛ in (about 2 mm) in length. They are dark green and smooth above with an impressed midrib, paler beneath and hairy along the veins.

_NOTHOFAGUS ALESSANDRII_

RUIL

ESPINOSA

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 3½ in (13 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray with irregular fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals, in clusters; males and females separate on the same tree, the males with numerous stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk to ½ in (1 cm) long, containing up to 7 small, winged nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile

**HABITAT** | Forests on coastal mountain slopes

The Ruil is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit. It flowers in the spring. This species was once widespread in the wild but it is now very rare because much of its habitat has been lost or fragmented by developing agriculture and pine plantations; many trees are reduced to sprouting from stumps. Part of the population lies within protected areas. The Ruil is thought to be a particularly primitive species in the genus.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ruil is distinctive in having small prickly teeth on the leaf margin. Similar species include the Rauli ( _Nothofagus alpina_ ), which has leaves with as many as 18 pairs of veins, and the Roble ( _N. obliqua_ ), which has only about eight pairs of veins.

**The leaves of the Ruil** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across, with 11–13 veins on either side of the midrib, each one ending in a small, projecting spinelike tooth. They are pointed at the tip, with a rounded to broadly wedge-shaped base, and a short petiole to ½ in (1 cm) long. When young, they are pale green and silky hairy on the veins and margin; they mature to dark green and develop a slightly leathery texture. They turn yellow or red in the fall.

_NOTHOFAGUS ALPINA_

RAULI

(POEPPIG & ENDLICHER) OERSTED

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals, in clusters; males and females separate on the same tree, the males with numerous stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk covered with glandular bristles and containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Rauli is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit, flowering in spring. It is a valuable timber tree in Chile: the beechlike timber is used for building and making furniture. It has also been planted in the UK as a potential source of timber but does not grow well on very dry soils and can be susceptible to frosts. The correct name of this species has been a source of confusion for many years and it has been commonly referred to as _Nothofagus nervosa_ and _N. procera_. When grown close to the Roble ( _N. obliqua_ ), hybrids between the two species can originate. They are called _N_. × _dodecaphleps_ and are intermediate in leaf characters between the parents.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Rauli is most likely to be confused with the Roble ( _N. obliqua_ ), which has leaves that are usually oblique at the base and have fewer veins.

**The leaves of the Rauli** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with usually 15–18 pairs of deeply impressed veins on each side of the midrib. Pointed to rounded at the apex, they have a finely toothed margin, a wedge-shaped to rounded base, and a short petiole of about ½ in (1 cm). Bronze when young, they mature to dark green above, paler beneath and hairy on the veins; they turn yellow or red in fall.

_NOTHOFAGUS ANTARCTICA_

ANTARCTIC BEECH

(G. FORSTER) OERSTED

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 1⅜ x ¾ in (3.5 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, fissured and cracking

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals, in clusters; males and females separate on the same tree, the males with 10 stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Chile, southern Argentina

**HABITAT** | Cold places on mountain slopes to steppe and marshes

The Antarctic Beech is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often with several main stems or shrubby, sometimes conical. It flowers in spring. It is a variable and widely distributed species, adapted to many different habitats and growing far south into Tierra del Fuego. In some areas it grows with the Monkey Puzzle ( _Araucaria araucana_ ) and is found from sea level to high in the mountains, where it is often reduced to a shrub reaching only 3 ft (1 m) or so tall. In some areas where it grows with the evergreen _Nothofagus betuloides_ , natural hybrids occur that are semi-evergreen. The wood is mainly used for fuel.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Lenga ( _N. pumilio_ ) is similar but has regularly lobed leaves not oblique at the base, with the veins ending at a sinus; it also has two teeth at the margin between each vein.

**The leaves of the Antarctic Beech** are ovate and up to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across with usually 3–5 veins on either side of the midrib ending in teeth. The apex is blunt, and the margin undulate and irregularly toothed with usually 4 teeth between each vein. The base is rounded to slightly heart-shaped and oblique, with a very short petiole of about ¼ in (5 mm). Sometimes resinous and aromatic when young, they are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth or slightly hairy on both sides.

_NOTHOFAGUS BETULOIDES_

MAGELLAN BEECH

(MIRBEL) BLUME

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 1 x ¾ in (2.5 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals; males borne singly, females clustered, separate on the same tree, the males with numerous red stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Chile, southern Argentina

**HABITAT** | Moist places from near sea level to mountain slopes and valleys

The Magellan Beech is an evergreen tree with a columnar habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It grows in cool, moist places either as pure stands or mixed with other species, and can hybridize with other evergreen species in the genus such as _Nothofagus dombeyi_. In the north of its range, it is found high in the mountains but descends to sea level in Tierra del Fuego. It is a long-lived tree, and can reach a large size or be reduced to a shrub in extreme conditions such as high altitude. The bark of this species was used by indigenous people to make canoes, and the durable wood is used for flooring, panels, roofing, and for making furniture.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Coigüe ( _N. dombeyi_ ) is similar but is of more open habit, has leaves with pointed teeth, and male flowers that are borne in threes. The Silver Beech ( _N. menziesii_ ) and the Myrtle Beech ( _N. cunninghamii_ ) have blunt teeth on the leaves.

**The leaves of the Magellan Beech** are ovate and up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. Bluntly pointed at the tip, they are edged with blunt teeth and are tapered or rounded at the base with a petiole about ⅛ in (3 mm) long. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and often dotted with glands.

_NOTHOFAGUS CUNNINGHAMII_

MYRTLE BEECH

(J. D. HOOKER) OERSTED

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Triangular to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To ¾ x ¾ in (2 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Brown to reddish-brown, furrowed and scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals; males borne singly, females clustered, separate on the same tree, the males with numerous red stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia (Victoria, Tasmania)

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain forests

The Myrtle Beech, often just called the Myrtle in Tasmania, is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in late spring. It is a slow-growing but often large and long-lived tree that prefers cool, moist conditions in high rainfall areas. It can make a large tree in sheltered positions or be shrubby at high altitudes. The hard, strong, often pinkish or reddish wood is used for flooring, paneling, and furniture, while the frequent burrs and knots make it a favorite for craft work.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Silver Beech ( _Nothofagus menziesii_ ) is similar but has doubly toothed leaves with pits that are fringed with hairs in the vein axils on the underside of the leaf. The Silver Beech ( _N. menziesii_ ) and the Myrtle Beech ( _N. cunninghamii_ ) can be distinguished by the blunt teeth on the leaves.

**The leaves of the Myrtle Beech** are triangular to rounded, and up to ¾ in (2 cm) long and across. Bluntly pointed at the apex and edged with blunt teeth, they are truncate to broadly wedge-shaped at the base on a very short petiole. The young foliage emerges red to orange or pinkish maturing to glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and obscurely veined and smooth on both sides.

_NOTHOFAGUS DOMBEYI_

COIGÜE

(MIRBEL) BLUME

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 1⅜ x ⅝ in (3.5 x 1.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth when young, becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals; males borne in 3s, females clustered, separate on the same tree, the males with red stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Moist forests, lake shores, riverbanks

The Coigüe is an evergreen tree with an open, broadly columnar habit, with often layered and slightly drooping branches. It flowers in spring. It has a wide north-south distribution, and occurs from sea level to high in the mountains; however, it does not extend as far south as the Magellan Beech ( _Nothofagus betuloides_ ). It is a large and long-lived tree, occasionally growing to 165 ft (50 m) tall and reaching more than 500 years in age. The wood is widely used in construction as well as for flooring, veneers, and furniture.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Magellan Beech ( _N. betuloides_ ) is similar to the Coigüe but it has leaves that are broader and also have blunt teeth, and its male flowers are borne singly.

**The leaves of the Coigüe** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long and ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip, and rounded to broadly wedge-shaped at the base, with a sharply toothed margin, and a very short petiole. Glossy dark green above, they are paler beneath with small black glands.

_NOTHOFAGUS GUNNII_

TANGLEFOOT

(J. D. HOOKER) OERSTED

Up to 20 ft, rarely 26 ft (6 m, rarely 8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | ¾ x ¾ in (2 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Grey, smooth when young, becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals; males borne singly or in clusters of 2–3, females in clusters of 3, separate on the same tree, the males with red stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Forest margins, mountain scrub

The Tanglefoot, also known as the Deciduous Beech, is a small, deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in late spring or summer. More often, especially in exposed positions, it is a low shrub with tangled shoots, forming impenetrable thickets. It has a restricted distribution in west central Tasmania where it grows in cool moist situations in the mountains, mainly above 2,600 ft (800 m). It is the only deciduous tree in temperate regions of Australia, and can produce striking displays of yellow and red in the fall.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Lenga ( _Nothofagus pumilio_ ), from Chile and Argentina, is a much larger tree, and although it can have similar leaves, they have two teeth between each vein.

**The leaves of the Tanglefoot** are broadly ovate to nearly rounded, and up to about ¾ in (2 cm) long and across. They are rounded at the tip and have conspicuous veins that are deeply impressed on the upper surface, raised on the lower surface. There is one small tooth on the leaf margin between the ends of each vein. They are bright green above, with flattened yellow hairs beneath, and turn yellow or red in fall before they drop.

_NOTHOFAGUS MENZIESII_

SILVER BEECH

(J. D. HOOKER) OERSTED

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To ⅝ x ⅝ in (1.5 x 1.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, silvery grey

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals; males borne singly, females in clusters of 2–3, separate on the same tree, the males with red stamens

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | New Zealand

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Silver Beech is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves start to emerge. It has a wide distribution in New Zealand, occurring at sea level in parts of South Island, but only at higher altitudes and mainly in the mountains of North Island. Old trees often have buttressed bases and can reach a diameter of 7 ft (2 m). The wood is light pink to red or reddish brown when fresh, and is used to make furniture.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Myrtle Beech ( _Nothofagus cunninghamii_ ), from Australia, is similar but the leaves have single teeth and they lack the pits on the underside.

**The leaves of the Silver Beech** are broadly ovate to nearly rounded, thick and leathery, and up to ⅝ in (15 mm) long and across. They are rounded or bluntly pointed at the tip, with a doubly toothed margin and a broadly wedge-shaped base. Glossy dark green and smooth above, the leaves are paler beneath with hairs only on the veins and lining small pits in the axils of the veins near the junction with the petiole.

_NOTHOFAGUS OBLIQUA_

ROBLE

(MIRBEL) BLUME

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1½ in (8 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured and flaking with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals; males borne singly, females clustered, separate on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A 4-valved husk containing 3 small nuts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes and valleys

The Roble is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring. The common name is Spanish for oak, referring to the similar wood. Although this and other species in the genus have been regarded as members of the oak family (Fagaceae) and even as types of beech ( _Fagus_ ), they have now been placed in their own family. The tree produces a valuable and durable timber used in construction. It has also been planted on a small scale for forestry in Britain. A rare form of this, _Nothofagus obliqua_ var. _macrocarpa_ (Roble de Santiago), with larger leaves and fruits, grows at a few sites in Chile. It is sometimes regarded as a separate species, _N. macrocarpa_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Roble is most likely to be confused with the Rauli ( _N. alpina_ ), which has leaves with up to 18 pairs of veins. The Ruil ( _N. alessandrii_ ) has leaves edged with prickly teeth.

All actual size

**The leaves of the Roble** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are rounded to bluntly pointed at the apex, and wedge-shaped to rounded and oblique at the base. The margin is shallowly lobed, the lobes tipped with pointed teeth. The leaves are dark green above with impressed veins, blue-green beneath and hairy on the veins; they turn yellow in fall.

_NOTHOFAGUS PUMILIO_

LENGA

(POEPPIG & ENDLICHER) KRASSER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 1¼ x ¾ in (3 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, cracking into plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals; males borne clustered, separate on the same tree singly, females

**FRUIT** | A 2-valved husk containing a single small nut

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Lenga is a deciduous tree, sometimes with several stems and often shrubby, with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in spring. In Chile it has a wide distribution and grows at sea level in the south of its range, where it extends to Tierra del Fuego, reaching high into the mountains in the north where it is a common timberline shrub with spreading stems that can root where they touch the ground. The wood is used for building, carpentry, and roofing. It can be found growing with the Antarctic Beech ( _Nothofagus antarctica_ ); in the Andes of Argentina near the Chilean border, populations have been found that appear to be hybrids between these two species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Antarctic Beech ( _N. antarctica_ ) is similar but differs in having several irregular teeth between the ends of the leaf veins. Another small-leaved deciduous species, the Tanglefoot ( _N. gunnii_ ), has smaller leaves and is a shrub or small tree confined to Tasmania.

**The leaves of the Lenga** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across with up to 6 pairs of impressed veins. They are rounded at the apex, with a broadly wedge-shaped and oblique to rounded or slightly heart-shaped base. The margin is edged with regular, rounded, or bluntly pointed teeth, 2 between the ends of each vein. The leaves are dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy on the veins; they turn yellow, orange, or red in fall.

_DAVIDIA INVOLUCRATA_

DOVE TREE

BAILLON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracked and flaking

**FLOWERS** | A slender-stalked cluster of stamens with purple anthers surrounded by 2 unequal, drooping bracts, green at first then creamy white, the larger to 8 in (20 cm) long. Male and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical to ovoid, green to brown or purplish drupe to 1 in (2.5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests in the mountains

The Dove Tree, also known as the Handkerchief Tree and the Ghost Tree, is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves are expanding. The typical form of this species, _Davidia involucrata_ subsp. _involucrata_ has the leaves densely hairy beneath, while in subsp. _vilmoriniana_ they are smooth or almost so. The species was named after the French missionary Armand David who discovered it 1869; the first introduction to cultivation was of subsp. _vilmoriniana_ , which remains the form most commonly seen in gardens today.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The two forms are easily distinguished from most trees by their leaves. The limes ( _Tilia_ ) have leaves that are similar in shape, but this tree is instantly recognizable when in flower.

**The leaves of the Dove Tree** are broadly ovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. The tip is abruptly tapered to a point; the margin is edged with triangular teeth. The base is heart-shaped with a petiole up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long. Bright green above, they are densely hairy (subsp. _involucrata_ ) or smooth and green or blue-green (subsp. _vilmoriniana_ ) beneath.

_NYSSA AQUATICA_

WATER TUPELO

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with deep furrows and scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and green on slender stalks; the males clustered, the females borne singly, usually on separate trees

**FRUIT** | Oblong, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, blue to purple-blue

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Swamps, floodplains

The Water Tupelo, also known as the Sour Gum, is a deciduous tree with a narrow conical to columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves are expanding. It grows in areas that can be flooded for several months, mainly in the coastal plain and Mississippi valley, and is often associated with the Swamp Cypress ( _Taxodium distichum_ ). The base of the trunk is typically swollen. The wood is used to make various items, and bees produce Tupelo honey from the flowers. The wood of the roots resembles cork and has been used for bottle stoppers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Water Tupelo differs from the other American species in the long-stalked leaves and from the Chinese Tupelo ( _Nyssa sinensis_ ) in having occasional teeth on the leaves.

**The leaves of the Water Tupelo** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. The apex is tapered to a point and the margin is entire or often with 1–3 large teeth on each side. The base is very variable, from wedge-shaped to round or sometimes heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler and hairy beneath when young; they turn red in the fall.

_NYSSA SINENSIS_

CHINESE TUPELO

OLIVER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple, entire

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2½ in (20 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown becoming shallowly fissured and flaking slightly with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and green, with 4-5 sepals and petals, several borne on slender stalk in the leaf axils; males and females separate on same or different trees

**FRUIT** | Fruits develop from female flowers in clusters. They are oblong, to ½ in (1 cm) long, and ripen from green to blue, containing a single seed

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, northern Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Slopes, riverbanks, and valleys in mixed humid forests

The Chinese Tupelo is a deciduous, broadly conical to spreading tree producing its inconspicuous flowers in summer. It is the best-known Asian species of a genus that also occurs in North America, and is occasionally grown in gardens for its striking fall color. In China, parts of the tree have been used in the treatment of cancer. A few forms of this uncommon tree have been selected, including Nymans form, and 'Jim Russell', which have particularly good young foliage and/or fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Tupelo ( _Nyssa sylvatica_ ) is similar but it has glossy leaves that are blue-green beneath. The Water Tupelo ( _N. aquatica_ ) has leaves that are occasionally toothed.

**The leaves of the Chinese Tupelo** are elliptic to oblong or obovate, up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, and borne on a slightly flattened stalk to ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are tapered to the base, and end in a fine, elongated point. Rather thin in texture, they emerge bronze, turning to dark dull green above, paler green beneath. They show good colors of orange, red, and yellow before they drop in the fall.

_NYSSA SYLVATICA_

TUPELO

MARSHALL

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 3¼ in (15 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and glossy dark gray when young, developing vertical ridges and cracking into square plates with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, with 4-5 petals, several on a stalk from leaf axils; separate males and females, often on different trees, some hermaphrodites occur

**FRUIT** | In clusters, elliptic to nearly rounded, to ½ in (1 cm) long, ripening from green to blue-black with a grayish bloom, containing a single seed

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America, Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist soils in forests and valleys

The Tupelo is a deciduous tree that is conical when young, becoming columnar or flat-topped with age. The inconspicuous flowers are produced in spring or early summer as the young leaves expand. It is best known for its spectacular fall color, and is widely planted as an ornamental tree. Although the flowers are very small, they are very attractive to bees, which produce an excellent honey.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Water Tupelo ( _Nyssa aquatica_ ) has larger leaves with longer stalks. _N. biflora_ , sometimes regarded as a variety of _N. sylvatica_ , grows in wetter places, has thicker and narrower leaves, and a swollen base to the trunk.

**The leaves of the Tupelo** are very variable in size and shape, even on the same tree. They are obovate to oblong, and up to 4 or 6 in (10 or 15 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They taper at the base to a stalk up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, and end in a short point. The margin is usually untoothed but occasional leaves can have a few teeth. Glossy dark green above, they are paler and smooth or hairy beneath; they turn to brilliant orange and red in fall.

_CHIONANTHUS RETUSUS_

CHINESE FRINGE TREE

LINDLEY & PAXTON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, ridged on old trees

**FLOWERS** | White and fragrant, to 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 4 lobes, borne in large clusters at the ends of the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A blue-black, ovoid drupe to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests, scrub, riverbanks

The Chinese Fringe Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, often multistemmed or shrubby, flowering in spring to early summer. It has a wide distribution, but in Japan it is a rare tree restricted to two small localities. In China, a tea is made from the leaves. The Chinese Fringe Tree is occasionally grown in gardens for its profuse, fragrant flowers but not as frequently as the more shrubby American Fringe Tree ( _Chionanthus virginicus_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Fringe Tree is similar but is a shrub or small tree to 33 ft (10 m) tall, producing its flowers from the shoots of the previous year.

**The leaves of the Chinese Fringe Tree** are ovate to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. The tip is bluntly pointed to rounded, and sometimes indented; the margin is entire, but toothed on young plants. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, at least when young.

_FRAXINUS AMERICANA_

WHITE ASH

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite or in threes

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, becoming deeply furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, on different trees

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," with a flattened wing at one end, not extending along side of seed, pale green becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Deep, moist, and well-drained soils

The White Ash is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, with smooth shoots ending in brown-hairy buds. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. It is the most common of the ashes in eastern North America. It has a wide distribution and grows from low-lying flood plains in river valleys to over 3,300 ft (1,000 m) in the mountains. It is widely grown as a landscape plant, and forms have been selected for their habit and fall color. The Biltmore Ash ( _Fraxinus americana_ var. _biltmoreana_ ), with downy shoots and from the southeastern United States, is sometimes recognized as distinct.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Green Ash ( _F. pennsylvanica_ ) is similar but has the leaves pale green beneath, with winged leaflet stalks and the wing of the fruit extending halfway along the seed. The Common Ash ( _F. excelsior_ ) has the portion of the key at the base, which contains the seed, flattened (cylindrical in the White Ash).

**The leaves of the White Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5–9 leaflets, the lateral leaflets short-stalked and opposite. Each leaflet is elliptic to ovate, and up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across on a short stalk. They end in a pointed tip, and the margin is finely toothed or sometimes nearly entire. Dark green above, they are whitish green below, and turn to yellow, red, or purple in fall.

_FRAXINUS ANGUSTIFOLIA_

NARROW-LEAVED ASH

VAHL

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; some clusters male, some with male and female flowers

**FRUIT** | Hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a flattened wing at one end, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, north Africa, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Scrub, woods, riverbanks

The Narrow-leaved Ash is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the smooth shoots ending in brown buds, flowering in spring before the leaves emerge. It is a variable and widely distributed species, and three subspecies are recognized. The typical form, _Fraxinus angustifolia_ subsp. _angustifolia_ occurs in southwestern Europe and north Africa and has opposite leaves that are glabrous beneath; subsp. _oxycarpa_ has leaves in whorls of three, and is hairy along the midrib beneath; subsp. _syriaca_ has leaves in whorls of three, and is glabrous beneath. The Narrow-leaved Ash is important for timber, and is planted as an ornamental.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Narrow-leaved Ash is most likely to be confused with the Common Ash ( _F. excelsior_ ), which has branched rather than unbranched flower and fruit clusters, and black buds.

**The leaves of the Narrow-leaved Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are opposite, or in whorls of 3 and pinnate, with up to 13 leaflets, the lateral leaflets opposite. The leaflets are variable in shape, ranging from lanceolate to narrow lanceolate, with a taper-pointed apex and a toothed margin. They are glossy green above, paler beneath, and usually turn yellow in fall; the popular selection 'Raywood' turns red-purple.

_FRAXINUS BERLANDIERIANA_

MEXICAN ASH

A. L. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, darker and ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, on different trees

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a flattened wing at one end, extending along the side of the cylindrical seed, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northeast Mexico

**HABITAT** | Canyons, streambanks

The Mexican Ash is also known as the Arizona Ash (see also _Fraxinus velutina_ ), the Rio Grande Ash, or the Berlandier Ash. It is a small deciduous tree with a compact, rounded habit, the branches often drooping. It flowers in early spring before or as the young leaves emerge. Once considered to have been introduced to Texas from Mexico by early settlers, it is often used as a street tree. The wood is used on a small scale, mainly for fuel, and the bark is used medicinally. The foliage was thought to repel rattlesnakes, and hunters would put leaves in their boots for protection.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Arizona Ash _(F. velutina)_ has leaves that are usually hairy beneath. The Green Ash _(F. pennsylvanica)_ makes a larger tree, and it also has more leaflets.

**The leaves of the Mexican Ash** are oblong to ovate in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 3–5, sometimes more, leaflets; the lateral leaflets are short-stalked and opposite. Each leaflet is elliptic to lanceolate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. The leaflets end in a taper-pointed tip, and the margin is untoothed or with sparse teeth. Dark green above, they are paler below, and smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA_

CAROLINA ASH

MILLER

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Thin, gray, with shallow furrows

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a flattened wing extending to the base, sometimes 3-winged, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States, Cuba

**HABITAT** | Swamps, lake margins

The Carolina Ash is also known as the Water Ash or the Pop Ash. It is a small deciduous tree with a rounded habit, often with more than one trunk and buttressed at the base. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. It is a characteristic tree of wet areas and those subject to flooding, where it often grows with other species such as the Swamp Cypress ( _Taxodium distichum_ ) and the Water Tupelo ( _Nyssa aquatica_ ). The soft wood is not used commercially, and the tree is infrequently planted although it is useful for very wet areas.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Carolina Ash differs from other species in the broadly winged fruit, the wing extending to the base, and in the seed-bearing part being flat and relatively indistinct.

**The leaves of the Carolina Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with 5 or 7 (occasionally 3 or 9) leaflets, the lateral leaflets opposite. The leaflets are variable, from elliptic to ovate or obovate, with a rounded to pointed tip and a toothed margin. The base is tapered or rounded, and can be oblique. Hairy when they emerge, the leaves mature to dark green and smooth above, paler and thinly hairy beneath.

_FRAXINUS CHINENSIS_

CHINESE ASH

ROXBURGH

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth becoming ridged

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a narrow, flattened wing extending to the middle of the seed, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests on mountain slopes, riverbanks

The Chinese Ash is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, and with smooth or hairy shoots that end in brown, hairy buds. It flowers in spring on the young shoots as the young leaves expand. This species has long been grown in China as a host for a scale insect that lives on the shoots and deposits wax, which is then used for making candles. The dried bark is used medicinally in China. The Chinese Ash is a widely distributed and variable species. Forms with particularly large terminal leaflets have previously been regarded as _Fraxinus chinensis_ var. (or subsp.) _rhynchophylla_ , but this is now accepted as part of the normal variation of the species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Ash is related to the Manna Ash ( _F. ornus_ ) but differs in the flowers lacking petals and in the buds, which are brown to blackish brown rather than ash gray.

**The leaves of the Chinese Ash** are oblong to obovate in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5 or 7 (rarely 3 or 9) leaflets, the lateral leaflets opposite. The leaflets are variable in size and shape, to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, the terminal leaflet often larger. They have a pointed apex, and a rounded to wedge-shaped base with a short stalk. Dark green above, paler and smooth or hairy beneath, they can turn yellow to purple in fall.

_FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR_

COMMON ASH

LINNAEUS

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 6 in (30 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray and smooth in young trees, becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Tiny, purple, without petals, opening on the old shoots before the leaves emerge; hermaphrodite, male and female flowers are found on the same or separate trees

**FRUIT** | Hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a flattened wing at one end, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Damp woods and riverbanks

The Common or European Ash is a large deciduous tree of broadly columnar habit, the flowers opening in spring on the bare shoots. The handsome "keys" are an attractive sight in fall as they drop from the tree, spinning in the wind. The hard and elastic wood is renowned for its durability. The stout shoots end in large black buds that make it easy to recognize. Garden selections include 'Jaspidea', which has yellow winter shoots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Common Ash can normally be easily recognized by its black buds. The Narrow-leaved Ash ( _Fraxinus angustifolia_ ) has leaves arranged in threes with smaller leaflets, and brown buds.

**The leaves of the Common Ash** are oblong to obovate, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They have elliptic to lanceolate leaflets up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) wide. They are glossy dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, with some hairs along the midrib. The leaflets have a toothed margin and a pointed tip, and are arranged in opposite pairs on a grooved rachis.

_FRAXINUS LANUGINOSA_

FRAXINUS LANUGINOSA

KOIDZUMI

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth, gray

**FLOWERS** | Small, with 4 white petals, borne in panicles to 4 in (10 cm) long at the ends of the shoots; some trees male, some with both male and female flowers

**FRUIT** | A samara to 1½ in (4 cm) long, winged at the tip, green becoming red-brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Deciduous mountain forests

_Fraxinus lanuginosa_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, the stout smooth shoots ending in gray winter buds. It flowers in late spring or early summer after the young leaves emerge. The typical form ( _F. lanuginosa_ var. _lanuginosa_ ) occurs only in central and northern parts of the main island of Honshu, and has smooth inflorescence and flower stalks; var. _serrata_ is the more common form in Japan and is more widely distributed, from the Kuril Islands to Shikoku and Kyushu, and has hairy flower stalks. The felling of trees to make baseball bats has raised concerns about the effect this has on natural populations. This species is in a group known as the flowering ashes; this also includes the Manna Ash ( _F. ornus_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

_F. lanuginosa_ can be distinguished from the Manna Ash ( _F. ornus_ ) by the lateral leaflets, which are unstalked or nearly so in _F. lanuginosa_ , distinctly stalked in the Manna Ash.

**The leaves of Fraxinus lanuginosa** are oblong in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5 or 7 leaflets; the lateral ones are opposite and unstalked or with a very short stalk; the terminal leaflets are stalked. The leaflets are oblong to ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across with a taper-pointed tip, a toothed margin, and a rounded, oblique base.

_FRAXINUS LATIFOLIA_

OREGON ASH

BENTHAM

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a narrow, flattened wing at the end, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western United States (California to Washington)

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, canyons

**SYNONYM** | _Fraxinus oregona_ Nuttall

The Oregon Ash is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to broadly columnar habit. It flowers in spring on the old shoots before or as the young leaves emerge. The shoots are gray and densely hairy, ending in brown, hairy buds. Parts of the tree are said to deter snakes, and the leaves were sometimes put in shoes to repel them. It is the only species of ash in the northwestern United States and the only western species with useful wood, which is used for furniture and small items. Various parts of the tree, such as the bark and roots, have been used medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Oregon Ash is related to the Green Ash ( _F. pennsylvanica_ ) and can be confused with the Arizona Ash ( _F. velutina_ ) but both of these have stalked leaflets (unstalked in the Oregon Ash).

**The leaves of the Oregon Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5 or 7 unstalked leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are ovate to elliptic, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with a short, abrupt point at the tip and a tapered base. They are untoothed or with sparse, small teeth. Emerging gray and densely hairy on both sides, they mature to dark green and sparsely hairy above, gray and densely hairy beneath.

_FRAXINUS LONGICUSPIS_

JAPANESE ASH

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 4 in (30 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; males and females on different trees

**FRUIT** | Hanging clusters of 1 -seeded "keys", each with a flattened wing at one end, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain and hill forests

The Japanese Ash is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. The stout shoots are four-angled and hairy when young, becoming smooth, and end in winter buds that are covered in dark brown hairs. Although the flowers lack petals, this species is related to the Manna Ash ( _Fraxinus ornus_ ); as in that species, some trees bear male flowers, others bear hermaphrodite flowers. The wood is used in Japan for making small items and for fuel.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Ash is closely related to the Chinese Ash ( _F. chinensis_ ), with which it can be confused, but the Japanese Ash has larger leaves and leaflets.

**The leaves of the Japanese Ash** are oblong, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5 to 9 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are lanceolate or oblanceolate, stalked, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, with a shallowly toothed margin and a wedge-shaped base. Dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath with hairs along the veins.

_FRAXINUS NIGRA_

BLACK ASH

MARSHALL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 16 x 10 in (40 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray, rough and fissured, with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, on separate plants, some flowers hermaphrodite

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a narrow, flattened wing at the end, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist soils, swamps, riverbanks

The Black Ash is a deciduous tree with a columnar habit, the shoots ending in dark brown to black, pointed buds. It flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. It is also known as the Basket Ash or the Hoop Ash, names that derive from the use of strips of green wood for weaving into baskets or for making barrel hoops. The leaves of this tree emerge very late in spring and drop early in fall, an adaptation to the cold climates where it grows. It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree for its fall color, and hybrids have been raised with the closely related _Fraxinus mandshurica_ from northeast Asia.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Black Ash differs from most other species in the unstalked lateral leaflets. _F. mandshurica_ also has these but it has leaflets tapered to the base (often rounded at the base in the Black Ash).

**The leaves of the Black Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 16 in (40 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–11 leaflets, the lateral leaflets opposite and almost sessile. Each leaflet is ovate to lanceolate, with a taper-pointed tip, a finely toothed margin, and a broadly wedge-shaped to rounded base. They are glossy dark green above and paler beneath, with tufts of hair in the vein axils. They turn to yellow or yellow-brown in fall.

_FRAXINUS ORNUS_

MANNA ASH

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 8 in (20 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and fragrant, with 4 white petals in large clusters; male and hermaphrodite flowers on different plants

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a narrow, flattened wing at the end, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, north Africa, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Dry, rocky slopes

The Manna Ash, which is also sometimes called the Flowering Ash, is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, the shoots ending in gray buds. It flowers in mid-spring to early summer on the new shoots as the young leaves expand. It is one of a group of ashes that have flowers with petals, and it is a popular ornamental tree. The name Manna Ash derives from the sugary substance that solidifies from the sap exuded from cut trunks. Trees are cultivated for manna production in some parts of the Mediterranean, and the product is used both medicinally and as a sweetener.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is easy to recognize by its gray buds and the large clusters of white flowers. It is the best known of the few species in the genus that have flowers with petals. The Chinese Ash ( _Fraxinus chinensis_ ) is closely related but the flowers lack petals.

**The leaves of the Manna Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 5–9 leaflets, the lateral leaflets opposite and short-stalked. Each leaflet is ovate to elliptic, to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with an abruptly pointed tip, a shallowly toothed margin, and a broadly wedge-shaped to rounded, often oblique, base. The leaves are dark dull green above, and paler and slightly hairy beneath.

_FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA_

GREEN ASH

MARSHALL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, furrowed, with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of slender, 1-seeded "keys," each with a narrow, flattened wing that extends almost to the base of the seed, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern and central North America

**HABITAT** | Moist valleys, floodplains

The Green Ash is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the shoots ending in brown hairy buds. It flowers in spring on the old shoots before or as the young leaves emerge. This species has a very wide distribution and varies over its range. At one time the name Green Ash was applied to the glabrous form ( _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ var. _subintegerrima_ ) while the typical form with hairy shoots was called the Red Ash, a name also sometimes applied to the Pumpkin Ash ( _F. profunda_ ). The tree produces a useful timber, and is widely planted as an ornamental.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The White Ash ( _F. americana_ ) has unwinged leaflet stalks and fruit wings that do not extend along the seed. It also has the leaflets whitish beneath, and the leaves often turn red or purple in fall compared to the yellow of the Green Ash.

**The leaves of the Green Ash** are oblong to obovate in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–9 leaflets, the lateral leaflets with a short, winged stalk and opposite. Each leaflet is ovate to lanceolate, up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip and a base that tapers to the winged stalk. The margin can be entire, wavy, or toothed. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler and hairy or smooth beneath; they turn yellow in the fall.

_FRAXINUS PROFUNDA_

PUMPKIN ASH

(BUSH) BUSH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 18 x 12 in (45 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, furrowed, with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals; male clusters dense, females open, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1 -seeded "keys," with a narrow, flattened wing extending almost to the base of the seed, pale green becoming brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist soils, swamps, river valleys

**SYNONYM** | _Fraxinus tomentosa_ Michaux

The Pumpkin Ash, also sometimes called the Red Ash, is a large deciduous tree with a narrow columnar habit, the hairy shoots ending in brown hairy buds. It flowers in spring on the old shoots before the young leaves emerge. It has a scattered distribution occurring in the coastal plain and along river valleys inland and just extending into southeastern Canada. The common name refers to the often enlarged, buttressed, and sometimes pumpkin-like base of the tree. Like its close relative the Green Ash ( _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ ), it produces a useful timber.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Green Ash ( _F. pennsylvanica_ ) is similar but has smaller leaflets with winged stalks. The White Ash ( _F. americana_ ) has smaller leaflets that are whitish beneath.

**The leaves of the Pumpkin Ash** are oblong to obovate in outline, and up to 18 in (45 cm) long and 12 in (30 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–9 leaflets, the lateral leaflets short-stalked and opposite. Each leaflet is ovate to elliptic, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across, with a taper-pointed apex and a rounded to broadly wedge-shaped base, the margin entire or shallowly toothed. The leaves are dark yellowish green above, paler green and hairy beneath.

_FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA_

BLUE ASH

MICHAUX

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Grey brown, furrowed, with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals, in clusters; males and females on separate plants or flowers hermaphrodite

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a narrow, flattened wing, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Dry slopes to moist valleys

The Blue Ash is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit. It flowers in spring on the old shoots before the young leaves emerge. The stout shoots are characteristically four-angled and often narrowly winged, especially on vigorous shoots; they end in small, dark, reddish brown buds. The sap of this species turns blue when exposed to the air, and the inner bark was used to produce a blue dye. The wood is similar to that of the White Ash ( _Fraxinus americana_ ), and it is used for flooring and furniture.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Some species of Ash such as the Black Ash ( _F. nigra_ ) and the Green Ash ( _F. pennsylvanica_ ) can be confused with this species in foliage. The Blue Ash differs from these and other species in the very characteristic four-angled shoots.

**The leaves of the Blue Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–11 ovate to lanceolate leaflets to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, the lateral leaflets opposite and short-stalked. The leaflets end in a tapered point and have a sharply toothed margin. They are glossy blue-green above, paler beneath, and smooth or with hairs along the veins; they turn yellow in fall.

_FRAXINUS VELUTINA_

ARIZONA ASH

MICHAUX

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 8 in (20 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and without petals, in clusters; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Dense, hanging clusters of 1-seeded "keys," each with a narrow, flattened wing, pale green at first becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Dry slopes, canyons, riverbanks

The Arizona Ash is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded or spreading habit, flowering on the old shoots in spring before the leaves emerge. This is the most commonly seen ash of the southwestern United States. It is a variable species, sometimes divided into several varieties depending on the hairiness of the shoots and leaves. The shoots are often very hairy, sometimes smooth, and end in small brown buds. It is commonly used as a shade tree in its native regions, and several improved forms have been selected.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Arizona Ash is related to the Green Ash ( _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ ) but is usually a smaller tree with smaller leaves and fewer leaflets.

**The leaves of the Arizona Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with 5 or 7, sometimes 3 or 9, leaflets, the lateral leaflets opposite and short-stalked. The leaflets are variable in shape from ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, and are up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across; they have a taper-pointed tip and a bluntly toothed to nearly entire margin. They are glossy light to dark green above, pale green beneath, and densely hairy or sometimes smooth beneath.

_LIGUSTRUM LUCIDUM_

GLOSSY PRIVET

W. T. AITON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and white, fragrant, with 4 lobes, borne in large panicles at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, blue-black drupe to ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests and valleys in the mountains

The Glossy Privet is an evergreen, occasionally deciduous, tree with an upright habit when young, later spreading. It flowers in late spring to summer. It is widely planted as an ornamental tree for its foliage and flowers, and in some places has proved to be an invasive weed. Some forms with variegated leaves are also grown. As with the Chinese Ash ( _Fraxinus chinensis_ ), this species was widely grown in China for the production of wax, which is secreted by a small scale insect that lives on the shoots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Glossy Privet has been commonly confused with the Japanese Privet ( _Ligustrum japonicum_ ), which is much smaller and normally shrubby with very thick leaves. In the Japanese Privet the lobes of the corolla are shorter than the tube, while in the Glossy Privet they are longer than the tube.

**The leaves of the Glossy Privet** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, with an untoothed margin and a rounded base with a petiole about ½ in (1 cm) long. Glossy dark green above, they are paler green beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_OLEA EUROPAEA_

MEDITERRANEAN OLIVE

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1¼ in (10 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, heavily gnarled

**FLOWERS** | Small and fragrant, creamy white, corolla with 4 lobes, borne in short panicles to 2 in (5 cm) long from the leaf axils on the previous year's shoots

**FRUIT** | The well-known olive, a fleshy, elliptic drupe to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, green, ripening to black with a single seed

**DISTRIBUTION** | Mediterranean region, southwest Asia, Africa

**HABITAT** | Light, preferably calcareous soils, especially limestone slopes

The Mediterranean Olive is a slow-growing, spreading, evergreen tree flowering in late spring and summer. They can live for 1,500 years or more, and include some of the oldest trees in Europe. The Mediterranean Olive is a valuable commercial tree, and is grown for the production of oil and the edible fruits. The hard, close-grained wood responds well to being finely worked. The Mediterranean Olive is a widely distributed species with several subspecies found in the Mediterranean region, central Asia, the Himalayan region, China, and Africa. The wild form in the Mediterranean region is the shrubby _Olea europaea_ subsp. _sylvestris_ with smaller leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Elaeagnus angustifolia_ can be similar to the cultivated olive, but it is deciduous with alternate leaves. _Phyillyrea latifolia_ also has opposite, evergreen leaves but they are glossy and toothed.

**The leaves of the Mediterranean Olive** are ovate to elliptic, short-stalked, up to 4 in (10 cm) long by 1¼ in (3 cm) across, leathery in texture, dark gray-green above, and silvery with scales beneath. They are untoothed, usually ending in a pointed tip and persist for 2–3 years, the older leaves falling as the young foliage emerges.

_OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS_

DEVILWOOD

(LINNAEUS) A. GRAY

Up to 30 ft (9 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 1½ in (12 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, becoming scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, ¼ in (5 mm) across with 4 lobes and a short tube, very fragrant, borne in clusters in the leaf axils. Male and female flowers are usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A purple-blue drupe to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods and valleys

The Devilwood, also known as the Wild Olive, is an evergreen tree sometimes a large shrub, flowering in late winter or early spring. It is the only species of the genus in the United States, with _Osmanthus americanus_ var. _megacarpus_ (the Scrub Wild Olive), a more shrubby form with larger fruits, restricted to Florida, and sometimes regarded as a distinct species ( _O. megacarpus_ ). The common name Devilwood derives from the fact that the wood is very hard and difficult to split. This species is sometimes planted as an ornamental for its foliage, fragrant flowers, and persistent fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Fragrant Olive ( _Osmanthus fragrans_ ) is similar, also with fragrant flowers, but is usually a shrub with at least some of the leaves with spiny margins.

**The leaves of the Devilwood** are elliptic to oblanceolate, leathery, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They have a tip that is usually taper-pointed, sometimes rounded, and an untoothed margin that can be rolled under. They are wedge-shaped at the base, tapering to a stout petiole about ¾ in (2 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath and smooth on both sides.

_OSMANTHUS YUNNANENSIS_

OSMANTHUS YUNNANENSIS

(FRANCHET) P. S. GREEN

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate or lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2 in (20 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White and fragrant, ¼ in (5 mm) across with 4 lobes, borne in clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | An ovoid, blackish purple, bloomy drupe to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests, slopes, and ravines

_Osmanthus yunnanensis_ is small evergreen tree, often a shrub, with an upright, columnar habit when young, later spreading. It flowers in spring. Like many other species in the genus, and many hollies ( _Ilex_ ), it has spiny-toothed leaves when juvenile and untoothed leaves in the mature stage. Although this species is in cultivation, and is much hardier than the Devilwood ( _O. americanus_ ), it is rarely seen in gardens. It is a useful evergreen for its early fragrant flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_O. yunnanensis_ differs from the Devilwood ( _O. americanus_ ) in having some toothed leaves. Other species, such as _O. delavayi_ , are grown in gardens but these are shrubby and have leaves that are smaller.

**The leaves of Osmanthus yunnanensis** are elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, leathery, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. The tip is tapered to a point and the margin is toothed or entire. The leaves are broadly wedge-shaped to rounded at the base, with a petiole about ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long. Emerging bronze when young, they mature to dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_PHILLYREA LATIFOLIA_

PHILLYREA LATIFOLIA

LINNAEUS

Up to 30 ft (9 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1½ in (6 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish white, fragrant, in clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A blue-black, ovoid to nearly spherical drupe to ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Mediterranean region

**HABITAT** | Scrub and woods on dry, rocky soils

_Phillyrea latifolia_ is a small evergreen tree, often a shrub, with a broadly columnar to spreading habit. It flowers in early spring. It is a member of a small genus of evergreens closely related to _Osmanthus_. The foliage is very palatable to grazing goats; the plant is resistant to grazing in the wild and to pruning in the garden, making it useful for hedging. Long grown in gardens, it is very variable in the toothing of its leaves: some have sharply toothed leaves, some have almost untoothed leaves. Many of these variations have, in the past been regarded as distinct varieties or even different species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. latifolia_ is sometimes confused with _P. angustifolia_ , which is always a shrub, with narrow, linear, obscurely veined, and usually untoothed leaves.

**The leaves of Phillyrea latifolia** are ovate to elliptic in outline, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across with 7–11 pairs of distinct veins. They are pointed to rounded at the apex, with a wedge-shaped to rounded base. The margin is toothed, and sometimes sharply, or it can be entire or nearly so.

_SYRINGA RETICULATA_

JAPANESE TREE LILAC

(BLUME) HARA

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Glossy red-brown and cherrylike, with horizontal bands of lenticels

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, 4-lobed, about ¼ in (5 mm) across with a short tube, borne in large panicles to 12 in (30 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A small, woody, brown capsule to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests and valleys

The Japanese Tree Lilac is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring and summer. It is a variable species with the typical form ( _Syringa reticulata_ subsp. _reticulata_ ) confined to Japan while subsp. _amurensis_ is found in northeast China, northeast Russia, and Korea, and subsp. _pekinensis_ is found in China. The Japanese Tree Lilac is often planted for its ornamental bark and profuse flowers, particularly in areas with hot summers where flowering is best, and several improved forms have been selected. This tree was once thought to be a species of _Ligustrum_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Tree Lilac is distinct from other species of _Syringa_ in the peeling bark, the short tube of the flowers, and the exserted stamens. _Ligustrum_ species differ in having a fleshy fruit.

**The leaves of the Japanese Tree Lilac** are ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. The apex is tapered to a long point, and the margin is untoothed. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) in length. They are dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, and smooth or slightly hairy.

_PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA_

EMPRESS TREE

(THUNBERG) STEUDEL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 16 x 12 in (40 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth with narrow furrows

**FLOWERS** | Foxglove-like, purple-blue, to 3 in (7.5 cm) long, in large panicles at the ends of the shoots to 12 in (30 cm) long

**FRUIT** | An ovoid capsule to 2 in (5 cm) long covered with sticky hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Empress Tree, also called the Princess Tree, is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit. It flowers in spring, normally just before the young leaves emerge. The densely brown-haired flower buds form in fall, and are conspicuous on the tree through the winter. It is often planted as a timber tree, and has naturalized and even become an invasive weed in some areas, such as the eastern United States. It is commonly grown as an ornamental for its flowers, and is the best known of seven, mainly Chinese, species. Vigorous shoots from coppiced trees can produce leaves up to 3 ft (1 m) across.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Empress Tree is easy to recognize when flowers or fruit are present. With only foliage, _Catalpa_ species can be distinguished from the Empress Tree because they have leaves in whorls of three, not opposite.

**The leaves of the Empress Tree** are ovate in outline, and up to 16 in (40 cm) long and 12 in (30 cm) across, sometimes more. The apex is pointed and the base is deeply heart-shaped. The margin is untoothed but often with one or two shallow lobes on each side, making the leaf appear angled. The leaves are dark green and softly hairy above, densely covered beneath with sticky hairs.

_PITTOSPORUM BICOLOR_

CHEESEWOOD

J. D. HOOKER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Linear to narrow elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x ⅝ in (8 x 1.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, fragrant, ½ in (1 cm) long, with 5 petals reflexed at the tips, deep red outside, yellow within

**FRUIT** | A gray, spherical capsule to ⅜ in (8 mm) long, splitting to show red seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia (Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania)

**HABITAT** | Moist mountain woods

The Cheesewood, also known as the Banyalla, is a slow-growing evergreen tree or a shrub with a broadly columnar habit. It flowers in late spring to early summer. It often grows as an understory with species of _Eucalyptus_ , or in moist gullies with tree ferns on the trunks of which seedlings of Cheesewood can be found. The wood is hard, dense, and very white, and has been used to make "waddies" (traditional hunting sticks) in Australia as well as parts for guitars. The Cheesewood is thought to hybridize with other native species, such as the Sweet Pittosporum ( _Pittosporum undulatum_ ), and is occasionally grown as an ornamental for its fragrant flowers or as a hedge.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The combination of foliage and flowers is very distinctive, making the Cheesewood easy to recognize. The leaves of the Maiten ( _Maytenus boaria_ ) are similar in shape, but they are toothed, and are smooth beneath.

**The leaves of the Cheesewood** are linear to narrow elliptic, and up to 3¼ in(8 cm) long and ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with an untoothed, flat, or sometimes revolute margin, and taper from the middle to a narrow wedge-shaped base and a short petiole up to ⅛ in (3 mm) long. They are dark green above, gray with hairs beneath.

_PITTOSPORUM TENUIFOLIUM_

KOHUHU

GAERTNER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 1½ in (9 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, ½ in (1 cm) long, fragrant, deep red-purple with 5 reflexed petals; males and females usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A dark gray, spherical capsule to ½ in (1.2 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | New Zealand

**HABITAT** | Forests from the coast to lower mountains

The Kohuhu is an evergreen tree, sometimes multistemmed or shrubby, with a broadly columnar habit and dark blackish purple young shoots. It flowers in summer to early fall. This species is widely cultivated, as a specimen tree or as a hedge, and has given rise to numerous selections with purple or variegated leaves and several dwarf forms. Although the flowers are small they are strongly scented of honey, particularly in the evening. The foliage is often used in cut-flower arrangements.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The smooth, wavy-edged leaves on deep purple shoots are very distinct, making the Kohuhu easy to recognize. The closely related _Pittosporum colensoi_ is sometimes regarded as a variety of this species, but it can be distinguished by the thicker and darker leaves, which are not undulate.

**The leaves of the Kohuhu** are oblong to elliptic, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. The tip is rounded to bluntly pointed, and the margin is untoothed but distinctly wavy. They taper to the base and a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. Thinly leathery in texture, they are glossy, rather light green above, paler beneath.

_PLATANUS × HISPANICA_

LONDON PLANE

MILLER EX MÜNCHHAUSEN

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 10 in (20 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and brown, flaking, creamy white when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, in dense, spherical, pendulous clusters 1 in (2.5 cm) across; females green to red or purple, males yellow, on same tree

**FRUIT** | A dense, spherical cluster of small brown achenes, usually borne in groups of 2–4 on each stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Only known in cultivation

**HABITAT** | Planted as an ornamental tree

**SYNONYM** | _Platanus × acerifolia_ (Aiton) Willdenow

The London Plane is a large and fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to round habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. It is thought to be a hybrid between the American Sycamore ( _Platanus occidentalis_ ) and the Oriental Plane ( _P. orientalis_ ) that originated in Spain. Named for its common occurrence in London parks and streets, it is very tolerant of urban conditions and varies slightly in bark, leaf shape, and habit.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The London Plane is most likely to be confused with the American Sycamore ( _P. occidentalis_ ), which has shallowly lobed leaves and solitary fruit clusters, or with the Oriental Plane( _P. orientalis_ ), which has deeply lobed leaves and up to six fruit clusters on each stalk.

**The leaves of the London Plane** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are palmately lobed, with 3–5, sometimes 7, lobes, the central lobe about as long as wide and reaching about halfway to the base of the leaf. The lobes are taper-pointed at the tip, and may bear prominent teeth or be nearly entire. The base is heart-shaped or wedge-shaped with a petiole up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long. They are dull or glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and densely hairy on both sides when young, becoming nearly smooth.

_PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS_

AMERICAN SYCAMORE

LINNAEUS

Up to 130 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 10 in (20 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and brown, flaking, white when freshly exposed, brown and ridged at the base of old trees

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, in dense, spherical, pendulous clusters 1 in (2.5 cm) across; females green to red or purple, males yellow, on same tree

**FRUIT** | A dense, spherical cluster of small brown achenes, borne singly or rarely in pairs on each stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist soils on riverbanks and floodplains

The American Sycamore, also known as the Buttonwood, is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. It is one of the largest non-coniferous trees in North America, where it is commonly used in streets. Trees with smaller leaves and untoothed lobes have been recognized as _Platanus occidentalis_ var. _glabrata_. Many parts of the tree, particularly infusions of the bark and roots, have been used medicinally. The wood is used to make furniture or for pulp production.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Sycamore is most likely to be confused with the London Plane ( _P_. × _hispanica_ ), which has up to four fruit clusters on each stalk. It differs from this and other species in the shallowly lobed leaves and the solitary fruit clusters.

**The leaves of the American Sycamore** are broadly ovate to rounded in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are palmately lobed with 3–5, or sometimes 7, shallow lobes that are wider than long and reach less than halfway to the leaf base; they are sometimes almost unlobed. The lobes are edged with pointed teeth or are sometimes untoothed. The base is usually heart-shaped, with a petiole that is up to 4 in (10 cm) in length. The leaves are bright green above, paler and hairy beneath when young.

_PLATANUS ORIENTALIS_

ORIENTAL PLANE

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 10 in (20 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and brown, flaking, creamy white when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, in dense, spherical, pendulous clusters 1 in (2.5 cm) across; female clusters green to reddish or purple, male clusters yellow, on the same tree

**FRUIT** | A dense, spherical cluster of small brown achenes, up to 6 clusters borne on each stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, western Asia

**HABITAT** | Moist places and riverbanks in the mountains

The Oriental Plane is a large deciduous tree of broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in spring. The leaves are variable in shape and lobing, and several variants have been named. The Cyprian Plane ( _Platanus orientalis_ var. _insularis_ ) has leaves with particularly deep and narrow, toothed lobes. 'Digitata' is a garden selection with narrow, fingerlike lobes, and is sometimes considered to be a form of London Plane ( _P. × hispanica_ ). The Oriental Plane is widely planted as a street tree, particularly in western Asia, and was introduced to the Himalayan region, where it is known as the Chenar.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The deeply lobed leaves distinguish this from most species; the leaves of the Arizona Sycamore ( _P. wrightii_ ) have less conspicuously toothed lobes.

**The leaves of the Oriental Plane** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are deeply palmately lobed with usually 5–7 lobes, the central one narrower than wide and reaching more than halfway to the base of the leaf. The lobes are pointed at the tip, and edged with several teeth or untoothed. The base is heart-shaped to wedge-shaped with a petiole up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above, paler beneath; they are densely hairy on both sides when young, becoming nearly smooth with hairs on the veins beneath.

_PLATANUS RACEMOSA_

CALIFORNIA SYCAMORE

NUTTALL

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 10 in (25 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and brown, flaking, white when freshly exposed, rough and furrowed at the base

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, in dense, spherical, pendulous clusters 1 in (2.5 cm) across; females green to red or purple, males yellow, on same tree

**FRUIT** | A dense, spherical cluster of small brown achenes, up to 7 clusters borne on each stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | California, northwest Mexico (Baja California)

**HABITAT** | Moist places, streambanks, gullies

The California Sycamore, also known as the Western Sycamore, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, often dividing low down or with several trunks from the base. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. This is a common tree of Californian valleys, and is planted as an ornamental within its native area. The fruits provide a source of food for native birds such as goldfinches, and a mistletoe frequently found on the tree is a food source for larvae of the great purple hairstreak butterfly. 'Roberts' is a selection said to be resistant to the plant disease anthracnose.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Arizona Sycamore ( _Platanus wrightii_ ) is closely related but has leaves that are more deeply divided and become smooth beneath when mature.

**The leaves of the California Sycamore** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and across. They are palmately lobed with 3–5 lobes, the central lobe longer than wide and reaching halfway or slightly more to the base of the leaf. The lobes are pointed at the tip with an untoothed or sparsely toothed margin. The leaves are usually rather light green above and hairy when young becoming smooth, paler beneath, and persistently hairy.

_PLATANUS WRIGHTII_

ARIZONA SYCAMORE

S. WATSON

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 10 in (25 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and brown, flaking, white when freshly exposed, rough and furrowed at the base

**FLOWERS** | Individually inconspicuous, in dense, spherical, pendulous clusters 1 in (2.5 cm) across; females green to red or purple, males yellow, on same tree

**FRUIT** | A dense, spherical cluster of small brown achenes, up to 4 clusters borne on each stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico), northwest Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist soils, riverbanks, gullies

The Arizona Sycamore is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, typically with one or more low, wide-spreading branches. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. Although a native of dry areas, it is only successful where the water table is high, such as in canyons. Since water supply is irregular from year to year, trees also survive by producing sprouts from the base. The Arizona Sycamore is related to the California Sycamore ( _Platanus racemosa_ ), and is sometimes considered to be a variety of it; intermediates occur.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Arizona Sycamore differs from the Oriental Plane ( _P. orientalis_ ) in having less prominently toothed leaf lobes and from the California Sycamore ( _P. racemosa_ ) in the deeper lobes of the leaves that remain hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Arizona Sycamore** are rounded in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are deeply palmately lobed, with usually 3–5, sometimes 7, lobes, the central one longer than wide and reaching more than halfway to the base of the leaf. The lobes are pointed and usually untoothed, or with a few teeth. The leaves are dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides when mature.

_EMBOTHRIUM COCCINEUM_

CHILEAN FIRE-BUSH

J. R. FORSTER & G. FORSTER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong or lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 1¼ in (15 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark purple-brown, smooth at first, flaking in old trees

**FLOWERS** | Bright orange-red, tubular, to 2 in (5 cm) long, and splitting into 4 recurved lobes

**FRUIT** | A small, woody, brown capsule 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Moist open places from sea level to the mountains

The Chilean Fire-bush, known as the Notro in Chile, is an evergreen, semi-evergreen, or deciduous tree or shrub, spreading by suckers, with a columnar habit. It flowers in late spring to early summer. It has a wide north-south distribution, and leaf shape and persistence is variable over its range. Although the flowers are normally orange-red, rare forms with yellow flowers are known. The Chilean Fire-bush is often pollinated by birds that feed on the nectar. The wood is used for craftwork and good-quality furniture, and the bark has been used medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chilean Fire-Bush is a very distinct species in its narrow, untoothed, smooth leaves. It is unlikely to be confused with other trees, especially when it is in flower.

**The leaves of the Chilean Fire-bush** are elliptic to oblong or lanceolate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. The apex is rounded or pointed; the margin is untoothed, tapering from about the middle to a wedge-shaped base and a short petiole of about ¼ in (5 mm) in length. The leaves are dark, dull green above, and paler and gray-green beneath; they are smooth on both sides.

_GEVUINA AVELLANA_

CHILEAN HAZEL

MOLINA

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 14 x 4 in (35 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, to ⅜ in (8 mm) long with 4 reflexed lobes, numerous in opposite pairs on racemes to 4 in (10 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A spherical nut ¾ in (2 cm) across, ripening from green to red then black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile

**HABITAT** | In mixed forests, often with _Nothofagus_ species

The Chilean Hazel is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical habit, sometimes shrubby, flowering from late spring to early fall. The fruits take a year to mature so can often be found on the tree when it is flowering. The seeds, which taste like hazel nuts, are eaten fresh or roasted. They have a high content of oil which is used in the cosmetic industry. A delicious honey is produced by bees which pollinate and feed on nectar from the small flowers. The high-quality beechlike wood is used for furniture and musical instruments.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chilean Hazel is a very distinct tree and the only species in the genus. Even in leaf alone, it is unlikely to be confused with any other tree.

**The leaves of the Chilean Hazel** are oblong in outline, and up to 14 in (35 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across, broader if bipinnate, and are very variable. They are pinnate with from 5 to 30 or more leaflets, or occasionally partially bipinnate, with some of the pinnae further divided into 3 or more leaflets. The leaflets vary in shape, from ovate to elliptic or triangular; they have a sharply toothed margin, an oblique, heart-shaped base, and a short stalk. Densely covered in rusty hairs when young, they mature to glossy green.

_LOMATIA HIRSUTA_

LOMATIA HIRSUTA

(LAMARCK) DIELS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 x 3 in (12.5 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and white or flushed green, with 4 reflexed lobes, borne in racemes to 3 in (7.5 cm) long in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | An oblong, woody, dark gray capsule to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | South America

**HABITAT** | Mixed and evergreen forests

_Lomatia hirsuta_ is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical to columnar habit, flowering in late spring to summer. It has a very wide range, from central Chile almost to the equator in Ecuador, and can be found near sea level in the south of its range to above 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in the north. A tea made from the dried leaves is used medicinally in Chile. The attractively marbled wood is mainly used for fuel but also for good-quality furniture, paneling, and craftwork.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The related _L. dentata_ is more shrubby, with smaller leaves to 2 in (5 cm) long, with larger and fewer teeth, mainly toward the leaf apex.

**The leaves of Lomatia hirsuta** are ovate, leathery, and up to 5 in (12.5 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They are bluntly pointed or rounded at the apex, with a sharply toothed margin. The base varies from rounded to wedge-shaped or slightly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_TELOPEA TRUNCATA_

TASMANIAN WARATAH

LABILLARDIÈRE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 1½ in (12 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Red, tubular, to 1 in (2.5 cm) or more long, splitting into 4 reflexed lobes revealing the long, curved style, borne in dense clusters to 3¼ in (8 cm) across of up to 20 flowers at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A dark brown, woody, curved follicle to 3¼ in (8 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Tasmania

**HABITAT** | Moist, well-drained soils in mountain forests

The Tasmanian Waratah is a small evergreen tree with a broadly columnar habit, often a shrub, with stout, densely hairy young shoots. It flowers in spring. Like other species in the genus it has an underground lignotuber, which can produce new shoots from dormant buds if the aerial parts of the plant are damaged by bush fires. Its striking flowers, which although usually red can sometimes be pink, white, or occasionally yellow, make this a popular ornamental tree. It is often pollinated by birds, which are attracted to the copious nectar.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are four other species in the genus, all confined to mainland Australia. _Telopea oreades_ has larger leaves to 8 in (20 cm) long; _T. mongaensis_ has narrower leaves to ¾ in (2 cm) across; _T. speciosissima_ and _T. aspera_ have very large flowerheads with orange to red bracts and large, usually toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Tasmanian Waratah** are oblanceolate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. The apex is rounded or pointed, and the margin untoothed or occasionally with few lobes, especially on vigorous shoots. The leaves are dark green above, and blue-green beneath; they are smooth on both sides.

_HOVENIA DULCIS_

JAPANESE RAISIN TREE

THUNBERG

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6½ x 6 in (17 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth when young becoming shallowly ridged

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish white, about ⅜ in (8 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, black drupe ¼ in (7 mm) across on a fleshy stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests, widely cultivated

The Japanese Raisin Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in late spring and summer. It is very widely distributed, from the Himalayan region to Japan, but has been cultivated for so long that it is now difficult to say to which areas it is native; it has also become an invasive weed in some areas. As the fruit-clusters ripen, the individual stalks expand, becoming fleshy and sweet; they are commonly eaten in regions where the tree grows, and are often seen in Chinese markets. Bees make an aromatic honey from the flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Two other species are sometimes recognized but they are closely related to the Japanese Raisin Tree, and sometimes the genus is regarded as containing only one species. The Japanese Raisin Tree is easily recognized by the fleshy fruit stalks.

**The leaves of the Japanese Raisin Tree** are ovate and up to 6½ in (17 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, with a sharply toothed margin and a truncate to rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, 3-veined base and a petiole up to 1¾ in (4.5 cm) long. They are glossy dark green and smooth above, paler beneath with hairs along the veins.

_PALIURUS HEMSLEYANUS_

PALIURUS HEMSLEYANUS

REHDER EX C. SCHIRAREND & OLABI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3½ in (12 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow, about ¼ in (5 mm) across, in clusters

**FRUIT** | A conical drupe surrounded by a circular, pale green, later brown, papery wing to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Paliurus hemsleyanus_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often with more than one main stem or shrubby, flowering in spring to early summer. It is a member of a small genus of five species, the best known of which is the shrubby Christ's Thorn ( _P. spina-christi_ ). There are two small upright spines at the base of each leaf except on the flowering shoots. In China _P. hemsleyanus_ is used as an understock for grafting forms of the Chinese Date ( _Ziziphus jujuba_ ), and is sometimes referred to as the Money Tree, from the shape of the fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The spiny shoots and the three-veined leaves distinguish this species from others. The Christ's Thorn is a shrub and differs from _P. hemsleyanus_ in having one of the paired spines hooked.

**The leaves of Paliurus hemsleyanus** are broadly ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are tapered to a point at the apex, with a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped, distinctly 3-veined, and often oblique with a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above, paler beneath, and more or less smooth on both sides.

_POMADERRIS APETALA_

NEW ZEALAND HAZEL

LABILLARDIÈRE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, without petals but with 5 sepals, in large panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, brown capsule to ⅛ in (3 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Australia, New Zealand

**HABITAT** | Streams and gullies in moist forests

The New Zealand Hazel, known as the Dogwood in Australia, is an evergreen tree of spreading habit, often a shrub, the young shoots densely covered in gray, star-shaped hairs. It flowers in spring to summer. Though normally growing associated with moist forests, where it grows as an understory tree or shrub, _Pomaderris apetala_ subsp. _maritima_ is a rare shrubby form with smaller leaves to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, found in coastal scrub in southeastern Australia (Victoria and Tasmania) as well as a few localities in New Zealand.

SIMILAR SPECIES

A very similar species, _P. aspera_ , is sometimes grown as _P. apetala_ in New Zealand. It differs in its larger leaves, smooth above and less hairy beneath, and its yellow rather than greenish yellow flowers. _P. aspera_ is sometimes regarded as the correct name for _P. apetala_. The Yellow Dogwood ( _P. elliptica_ ) from Tasmania, has leaves that are smooth above and flowers with yellow petals.

**The leaves of the New Zealand Hazel** are elliptic and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, sometimes larger. They are bluntly pointed to rounded at the tip, with a shallowly toothed to wavy-edged margin. The base is rounded with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) or more long. The leaves are dark green above, with deeply impressed veins and scattered, gray, star-shaped hairs at least when young; they are whitish beneath and densely hairy.

_RHAMNUS PURSHIANA_

CASCARA BUCKTHORN

A. P. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3 in (12 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown to purple-brown, smooth, with pale lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Tiny, greenish white, with 5 petals, in small clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical, black drupe up to ½ in (1 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northwestern United States, southwestern Canada

**HABITAT** | Forests, scrub, canyons

**SYNONYM** | _Frangula purshiana_ (A. P. de Candolle) Cooper

The Cascara Buckthorn is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, often with several stems or shrubby. It flowers in late spring to early summer. The winter buds do not have scales covering the young leaves. This tree is very shade-tolerant, and it occurs mainly as an understory plant. Large quantities of the bitter bark of this species are harvested from trees in its native regions for the production of laxatives. It was also used by Native Americans, and early Spanish settlers referred to it as the Cascara Sagrada (Holy Bark). The common name derives from the use of the name Buckthorn for some of the spiny species of _Rhamnus_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The genus _Rhamnus_ is often divided into _Frangula_ and _Rhamnus_ , in which case this species would belong to _Frangula_. _Rhamnus_ species differ from _Frangula_ in having the winter buds with scales, and the flowers with parts in fours, not fives. Several other species are similar but are often evergreen or shrubby.

**The leaves of the Cascara Buckthorn** are oblong to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across with up to 15 pairs of conspicuous parallel veins. Sometimes opposite or nearly so, they are rounded to bluntly pointed at the apex; they have a finely toothed or nearly entire margin, with a rounded base, and a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. The leaves are dark, slightly glossy green above, paler beneath, and often hairy along the veins; they turn yellow or orange in the fall.

_ZIZIPHUS JUJUBA_

CHINESE DATE

MILLER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1½ in (7 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy or greenish white, about ¼ in (5 mm) across with 5 petals, borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | An oblong to ovoid, red to red-purple drupe to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long with a sweet flesh

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Dry slopes in hills and mountains, plains

The Chinese Date, also known as the Jujube, is a deciduous tree, often branching low, with a broadly conical to rounded habit; it can also be a shrub. It flowers in late spring to summer. The shoots often have two spines at the base of each leaf. It is widely cultivated in China and other regions with warm summers, for the edible fruits that are eaten fresh, cooked, dried, or used in pudding, cakes, soup, and other dishes. The fruits are also used medicinally. The tree produces a useful wood and honey from the flowers. It is a variable species with several varieties, some spiny, some without spines, and some with small, sour fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The leaves are similar to those of species of _Paliurus_ , which differ in the circular wing on the fruit. There are many other, often similar species of _Ziziphus_ but this is the most commonly seen. It has been confused with the Indian Jujube ( _Z. mauritiana_ ), which is an evergreen tree seen mainly in subtropical regions, with leaves that are densely hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Chinese Date** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, and are distinctly 3-veined at the base. They are bluntly pointed or rounded at the tip, with a finely toothed margin and a rounded, often oblique base. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath with hairs along the veins.

_AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA_

SASKATOON SERVICEBERRY

(NUTTALL) NUTTALL

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1½ in (7 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, about 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 narrow petals, borne in short racemes at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Ovoid to nearly spherical, about ½ in (1 cm) long, dark purple or almost black, sweet and edible

**DISTRIBUTION** | North America

**HABITAT** | Moist soils, riverbanks, to dry slopes

The Saskatoon Serviceberry is a deciduous tree, often with more than one stem, with a broadly columnar to rounded habit; it can also often be a thicket-forming shrub, particularly at high altitudes or in the north of its range. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. A dwarf form, _Amelanchier alnifolia_ var. _pumila_ is shrubby and less than 6½ ft (2 m) tall. The sweet juicy fruits are edible raw, or when used in desserts such as jellies, and can also be used to flavor drinks and to make wine. In addition, they are a valuable food for a wide variety of wildlife.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Utah Serviceberry ( _A. utahensis_ ) has shorter leaves that are hairy beneath when mature; the Allegheny Serviceberry ( _A. laevis_ ) has pointed leaves.

**The leaves of the Saskatoon Serviceberry** are broadly elliptic to oblong, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip and toothed above the middle, with a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base and a petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. The leaves are dark dull green and smooth above, paler and hairy beneath when young; they turn to yellow, orange, or red-purple in fall.

_AMELANCHIER ASIATICA_

ASIAN SERVICEBERRY

(SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI) WALPERS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1½ in (7 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, becoming shallowly fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | White, about 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 narrow petals, borne in racemes at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, blue-black

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests and riverbanks

The Asian Serviceberry is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often with more than one stem or shrubby. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. It is one of only two species in the genus in China. The second, _Amelanchier sinica_ , is sometimes regarded as a variety of _A. asiatica_ and is restricted to China. It is often seen as an ornamental tree in Japanese gardens and parks, and is sometimes used for bonsai. The name Serviceberry probably derives from Sarvis, an old English name for the Rowan ( _Sorbus aucuparia_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

_A. sinica_ has the leaves untoothed toward the base and only hairy along the veins beneath. The Allegheny Serviceberry ( _A. laevis_ ) has leaves that are only sparsely hairy beneath when young.

**The leaves of the Asian Serviceberry** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip and finely toothed to the base, which is rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long. Densely covered with gray-white hairs when young, they mature to dark green above, paler beneath, and turn orange and red in fall.

_AMELANCHIER LAEVIS_

ALLEGHENY SERVICEBERRY

WIEGAND

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1¾ in (6 x 4.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, about 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 narrow petals, borne in short racemes at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ½ in (1 cm) across, purple-black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Open places in woods

The Allegheny Serviceberry is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often with more than one stem from the base. It flowers in spring. It has a wide distribution and is among the most popular species in cultivation, grown for its young foliage, flowers, fruit, and fall color. Several selections have been developed, particularly for improved habit and fall color. The sweet fruits are edible and attractive to wildlife. As with other species, Native Americans dried the fruit to eat during the winter, and used bark infusions medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Allegheny Serviceberry differs from the Saskatoon Serviceberry ( _Amelanchier alnifolia_ ) and the Utah Serviceberry ( _A. utahensis_ ) in having pointed leaves.

**The leaves of the Allegheny Serviceberry** are ovate and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1¾ in (4.5 cm) across. They are tapered to a point at the tip with a finely toothed margin and a rounded base. Bronze-red as they emerge, they mature to dark green and smooth above, thinly hairy beneath at first, soon becoming smooth. They turn orange and red in fall.

_AMELANCHIER UTAHENSIS_

UTAH SERVICEBERRY

KOEHNE

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1¼ in (7 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, about 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 narrow petals, borne in very short racemes at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ½ in (1 cm) across, blue-black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western United States, northwest Mexico (Baja California)

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes, canyons, pine and oak forests

The Utah Serviceberry, also known as the Western Serviceberry, is a deciduous tree, often with several stems or a large shrub. It flowers in late spring to early summer as the young leaves expand. It has a scattered distribution in mountainous areas from Washington and Idaho to northwest Texas, California, and Baja California, Mexico, and is very tolerant of drought. It is an important source of food for wildlife including elk, deer, and porcupines and the long-persistent fruits provide food during the winter. As with other species, the edible fruits were consumed by Native Americans.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Utah Serviceberry is closely related to the Saskatoon Serviceberry ( _Amelanchier alnifolia_ ) but differs in its smaller leaves and often more shrubby habit.

**The leaves of the Utah Serviceberry** are nearly rounded to obovate, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip and sharply toothed above the middle, with a rounded base and a short petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long. When young, they are smooth and pale green or gray, with hairs above; they mature to dark green above, gray and hairy beneath.

_CRATAEGUS AZAROLUS_

AZAROLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to diamond-shaped in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking in small, irregular plates when mature

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1.2) cm across, with 5 petals and 20 conspicuous stamens with purplish anthers, borne in dense clusters to 3 in (7.5 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Orange-yellow, spherical, to 1 in (2.5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, north Africa, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, rocky slopes

The Azarole is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, sometimes spiny, with hairy young shoots. It flowers in spring. The fruit is particularly large for a member of this genus, and although usually orange or yellow, it can be red. It is edible with an apple-like flavor. It was previously widely grown in southern Europe for its edible fruits, which are eaten raw, cooked, or in preserves. Several forms have been selected for the quality and color of their fruits, and for spineless shoots. The fruits are also sometimes used medicinally.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Azarole is fairly distinct in the deeply cut leaves and large fruits but has been confused with the Oriental Hawthorn ( _Crataegus orientalis_ ) which has pointed leaf lobes and flowers with three to five styles (one to two in the Azarole).

**The leaves of the Azarole** are rounded to diamond-shaped in outline, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are pinnately lobed with 3–5 mainly untoothed and blunt-tipped lobes, some often reaching almost to the midrib. The base is narrowly to broadly wedge-shaped. Bright green to gray-green above, they are paler and hairy beneath.

_CRATAEGUS BRACHYACANTHA_

BLUEBERRY HAWTHORN

SARGENT & ENGELMANN

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray becoming ridged and scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅜ in (8 mm) across with 5 petals that age to yellow-orange, and 20 stamens with yellow anthers, borne in small clusters

**FRUIT** | Purple-blue, bloomy, becoming black, nearly spherical, ½ in (1.2 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States (Texas and Oklahoma to Georgia)

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, swamps

The Blueberry Hawthorn, also known as the Blue Haw, is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often shrubby. The shoots bear small, usually curved spines, and it flowers in spring. It is a very unusual species in the color of the fruit. The common name derives from the similar appearance, rather than the taste, of the bitter fruit to that of the blueberry. A rare form with white fruits was found only once in Louisiana. No other white-fruited hawthorn is known to exist.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Blueberry Hawthorn in fruit is not easily confused with other species. Some hawthorns from northwestern North America, such as the Douglas Hawthorn ( _Crataegus douglasii_ ), have black fruits but they have differently shaped leaves and the flowers do not turn to yellow-orange.

**The leaves of the Blueberry Hawthorn** are elliptic to broadly ovate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are unlobed or 3-lobed on vigorous shoots. They are edged with small teeth, and the base is rounded to wedge-shaped, sometimes extending along the top of the petiole and forming a small wing. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath; they turn to bright orange, red, and yellow in fall.
_CRATAEGUS CHRYSOCARPA_

FIREBERRY HAWTHORN

ASHE

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to diamond-shaped

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, slightly scaly

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals and usually 10 stamens with creamy anthers

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, about ½ in (1 cm) long, orange-red ripening to deep red, more rarely yellow

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern United States, southern Canada

**HABITAT** | Scrub, valleys, watercourses

The Fireberry Hawthorn, also known as the Round-leaved Hawthorn, is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often a shrub only 6½–10 ft (2–3 m) tall. The shoots are sparsely hairy when young, becoming smooth and bearing glossy red-brown spines to 2 in (5 cm) long. This is a variable and very widespread species, found from Oregon and British Columbia on the Pacific coast to Maine and Newfoundland on the Atlantic coast. The fruits are edible raw, and were eaten and used medicinally by Native Americans. The typical variety ( _Crataegus chrysocarpa_ var. _chrysocarpa_ ) has creamy white anthers, bright red fruits, and leaves with rather shallow lobes, smooth or nearly so beneath; var. _piperi_ , from northwestern North America differs in its more deeply lobed leaves that are hairy beneath; var. _vernonensis_ , from British Columbia, has pale pink anthers and deep claret fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_C. sheila-phippsiae_ has flowers with 20 stamens and pink anthers. It occurs only in British Columbia. The Downy Hawthorn ( _C. mollis_ ) is a larger tree with more densely hairy shoots and flowers with 20 stamens.

**The leaves of the Fireberry Hawthorn** are elliptic to diamond-shaped, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are shallowly lobed above the base, with up to 4 lobes each side, and smaller toward the leaf tip; the margin is edged with small, pointed, gland-tipped teeth. The base is usually wedge-shaped with a petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. The leaves are downy when young, usually becoming smooth and glossy dark green above, smooth beneath or hairy on the veins.

_CRATAEGUS COCCINEA_

SCARLET HAWTHORN

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3 (10 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark brown, scaly

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals and 10 pink stamens

**FRUIT** | Spherical, glossy bright red, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, dotted with lenticels

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, valleys, pastures

The Scarlet Hawthorn, also known as the Red Haw, is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, sometimes shrubby. The shoots are armed with sharp, straight spines to 1½ in (4 cm) long. It flowers in late spring to early summer. It is one of the most effective species for the garden, grown for its showy, early, but rather unpleasantly scented flowers, its bright red, edible fruits and its yellow or golden fall color. The correct name for this species was a source of confusion for many years, and plants were often called _Crataegus pedicellata_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Downy Hawthorn ( _C. mollis_ ) has hairy leaves, flower stalks, and fruits. The Pringle Hawthorn ( _C. pringlei_ ) has also been regarded as a variety or as a synonym of the Scarlet Hawthorn. It differs in its convex leaves and rather oblong fruits.

**The leaves of the Scarlet Hawthorn** are broadly ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are shallowly lobed except at the base, with 4–5 sharply toothed lobes on each side, those nearest the base the largest. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides except for some hairs on the veins; they turn yellow in fall.

_CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI_

COCKSPUR THORN

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, scaly, often spiny

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals and 10 or 20 stamens with pink or yellow anthers, borne in large clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ½ in (1.2 cm) across, dark red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Woods and thickets

The Cockspur Thorn is a deciduous tree with a spreading, often flat-topped and layered habit, sometimes shrubby and forming thickets. The shoots are smooth, and it flowers in late spring and early summer. Most trees bear profuse, very sharp spines to 3 in (7.5 cm) long but are occasionally thornless in _Crataegus crusgalli_ var. _inermis_. The Cockspur Thorn has also been known as the Pin Thorn from the use of the spines for pins. Popular as an ornamental tree or for hedging, it has good fall color and the fruits persist on the tree through the winter. It is very variable in leaf shape, and several selections have been made often with thornless shoots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Plumleaf Hawthorn ( _C. × persistens_ ) is a hybrid of this species, which is popular in gardens. It makes a more rounded tree with leaves that are hairy on the veins beneath and fruits that are not persistent.

**The leaves of the Cockspur Thorn** are obovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. The apex is rounded or ends in a short point, and the margin is unlobed and finely toothed above the middle. The base is tapered with an untoothed margin, to a short petiole that is up to ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_CRATAEGUS DOUGLASII_

DOUGLAS HAWTHORN

LINDLEY

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2 in (9 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth at first becoming scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | White, about ½ in (1.2 cm) across, with 5 petals and 10 stamens with pink anthers

**FRUIT** | Glossy black, ½ in (1 cm) across, bloomy when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern and western United States, southern Canada

**HABITAT** | Moist soils, riverbanks, valleys, scrub

The Douglas Hawthorn is a deciduous tree with a rounded head, often a thicket-forming shrub. It has smooth, glossy shoots, bearing spines up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, and it flowers in spring. It has a wide distribution and is most common in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, but can be found from northern California to Alaska and more sporadically east to the Great Lakes region. It makes an attractive ornamental tree, and is unusual for the color of its fruit, which can be eaten raw or cooked, and also provides food for wildlife.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are other species in the genus that are similar but they mostly have purple-black fruit, not pure black as in the Douglas Hawthorn.

**The leaves of the Douglas Hawthorn** are broadly elliptic to obovate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are shallowly lobed, mostly above the middle, sometimes unlobed; the lobes have pointed tips and toothed margins. The base is broadly wedge-shaped, tapering to a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are glossy dark green above, with hairs along the midrib, paler beneath; they turn orange or yellow in fall.

_CRATAEGUS LAEVIGATA_

MIDLAND HAWTHORN

(POIRET) A. P. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1½ in (6 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracking and ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, with 5 petals and 20 stamens, borne on hairy stalks in clusters

**FRUIT** | Ovoid to spherical, to ¾ in (2 cm) long, red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Woods and thickets

The Midland Hawthorn is a deciduous tree with a dense, rounded to spreading habit, the smooth shoots bearing small spines. It flowers in late spring. Although not as common in cultivation as the Hawthorn ( _Crataegus monogyna_ ), it has given rise to forms with yellow fruits and variegated leaves. Many garden selections that were believed to belong here are forms of _C. × media_ , hybrids of the Midland Hawthorn with the Hawthorn. Several of these are popular as garden or street trees, some with pink, red, or double flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Midland Hawthorn is most often confused with the Hawthorn ( _C. monogyna_ ), which has deeply lobed leaves, flowers with one style (two or three in the Midland Hawthorn), and fruits with a single nutlet (two or three in the Midland Hawthorn). Forms of the hybrid _C. × media_ are intermediate between the parents.

**The leaves of the Midland Hawthorn** are obovate and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are shallowly lobed, mainly above the middle, with 1 or 2 rounded lobes on each side. The margin is finely toothed, and tapers from above the middle to a wedge-shaped base and a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy when young, becoming smooth.

_CRATAEGUS MOLLIS_

DOWNY HAWTHORN

(TORREY & A. GRAY) SCHEELE

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4 in (10 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | White, 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 petals and 20 stamens with yellow anthers, borne in large clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ¾ in (2 cm) across, bright red and hairy

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central United States

**HABITAT** | Open woods, valleys, and hill slopes

The Downy Hawthorn, also known as the Red Haw, is a deciduous tree with a spreading head, sometimes shrubby. The downy shoots have thorns up to 2 in (5 cm) long. It flowers in spring. It is one of the larger species of hawthorn in North America, capable of reaching 50 ft (15 m) tall. A widely distributed species, the leaves vary in the depth of the lobes, from shallowly to very deeply lobed. Medicinal teas have been made from the shoots, flowers, and fruits, and the fruits are edible. The flower of the Downy Hawthorn is the State Flower of Missouri.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Fireberry Hawthorn ( _Crataegus chrysocarpa_ ) has been confused with this species. It is usually shrubby with less hairy shoots and flowers that have usually ten stamens. _C. submollis_ has a more northeastern distribution and has flowers with ten stamens.

**The leaves of the Downy Hawthorn** are broadly ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across. They have 4–7 pointed and sharply toothed lobes on each side. The base is rounded to truncate or shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. They are densely hairy on both sides when young, and often when mature, and become dark green above, paler beneath.

_CRATAEGUS MONOGYNA_

HAWTHORN

VON JACQUIN

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to broadly elliptic in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 2 in (5 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray to pinkish brown, with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals and 20 stamens with pink anthers, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, bright red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, thickets

The Hawthorn is a deciduous tree with a dense, rounded to spreading head, often shrubby, with thorny shoots. It flowers in late spring to early summer. This species is widely planted as an ornamental tree and for hedging, and is often naturalized outside of its native range. It has given rise to several variants, one of the most remarkable of which is 'Biflora', the Glastonbury Thorn. This is said to have originated when Joseph of Arimathea drove his staff into the ground and it immediately produced leaves and flowers. Now widely cultivated, the Glastonbury Thorn flowers when the weather in winter is mild and again at the normal time in spring.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Hawthorn is often confused with the Midland Hawthorn ( _Crataegus laevigata_ ), which has shallowly lobed leaves, flowers with two or three styles (one in the Hawthorn), and fruits with two or three nutlets (one in the Hawthorn). Many hybrids between the two species are cultivated, and are intermediate.

**The leaves of the Hawthorn** are ovate to broadly elliptic in outline, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and across. They have usually 2–3 lobes on each side that reach more than halfway to the midrib. The oblong to narrow triangular lobes end in pointed teeth, and the base of the leaf is broadly wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath and sparsely hairy.

_CRATAEGUS PHAENOPYRUM_

WASHINGTON THORN

LINNAEUS FILS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to triangular

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 2½ in (7 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, scaly and spiny

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals and 20 stamens with yellow anthers, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Small and nearly spherical, to ⅜ in (8 mm) across, bright glossy red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods and thickets

The Washington Thorn is a deciduous, broadly spreading tree, the smooth shoots bearing slender spines up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long. It flowers in late spring to summer. It is a very distinctive species and an attractive ornamental tree, grown for its profuse, late flowers, small fruits that last well into winter, and its fall color. As well making a good specimen tree, it can also be grown effectively as a screen or hedge. The common name probably derives from the fact that this species was first grown in Washington DC in the late eighteenth century and was planted by George Washington at Mount Vernon, Virginia, where he lived in retirement until his death.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Washington Thorn is not generally confused with other species; the maple-like leaves and the small fruits make it usually easily recognized.

**The leaves of the Washington Thorn** are broadly ovate to triangular, and almost maple-like. They are 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They have 1–2 lobes on each side of the leaf, the lobes at the base being the largest. Each lobe ends in a short point and has a sharply toothed margin. The base is usually truncate to shallowly heart-shaped. Glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides when mature, they turn to orange-red in fall.

_CRATAEGUS PINNATIFIDA_

CRATAEGUS PINNATIFIDA

BUNGE

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3¼ in (10 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, developing shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals and 20 stamens and deep pink anthers, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to pear-shaped, to 1 in (2.5 cm) across, bright red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Scrub on hill slopes

_Crataegus pinnatifida_ is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, sometimes shrubby. The shoots are spineless or have short thorns up to ¾ in (2 cm) long, and the tree flowers in late spring to early summer. Commonly grown in China and Korea, the edible fruits are eaten raw or cooked, dried, made into drinks, or used medicinally. This species is variable in the size of its fruits. Known only in cultivation, _C. pinnatifida_ var. _major_ has the largest fruits (up to 1 in/2.5 cm across compared to ⅝ in/1.5 cm in wild plants), and it probably originated by selection from native populations.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_C. hupehensis_ is also grown in China for its large, red, edible fruits; it has shallowly lobed leaves, the lobes reaching less than halfway to the midrib.

**The leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida** are broadly ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are deeply lobed with 3–5 pointed and sharply toothed lobes on each side, reaching more than halfway to the midrib. The base is truncate to broadly wedge-shaped, with a petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, with hairs along the veins on both sides.

_CRATAEGUS WATTIANA_

CRATAEGUS WATTIANA

HEMSLEY & LACE

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3¼ in (10 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking

**FLOWERS** | White, 1½ in (1.2 cm) across with 5 petals and 20 stamens with yellow anthers, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, 1½ in (1.2 cm) across, yellow to orange

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub

_Crataegus wattiana_ is a small deciduous tree with an open, spreading habit, often shrubby. It has smooth, glossy purple-brown shoots and small spines to ¾ in (2 cm) long. It flowers in late spring. It is one of a small group of allied species in central and northern Asia that have glossy purple shoots and yellow fruits that are eaten raw, cooked, or dried and is closely related to _C. altaica_ from northwestern China and Siberia, of which it has been regarded as a variety. It is occasionally cultivated for its yellow fruits, which are ripe by late summer.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_C. wattiana_ differs from _C. pinnatifida_ in the leaves that are smooth on both sides and the yellow fruits. _C. altaica_ is similar but has more deeply cut leaves, the lobes extending more than halfway to the midrib.

**The leaves of Crataegus wattiana** are broadly ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They have 3–5 pointed and sharply toothed lobes on each side, which reach about halfway or less to the midrib. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to truncate, with a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) in length. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_CYDONIA OBLONGA_

QUINCE

MILLER

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brow, peeling in irregular plates, reddish brown when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | White or pale pink, 2 in (5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne singly at the end of short shoots

**FRUIT** | Yellow and fragrant, pear-shaped or apple-shaped, to 4 in (10 cm)

**DISTRIBUTION** | Caucasus, northern Iran

**HABITAT** | Woods and rocky slopes

The Quince is a deciduous tree, sometimes a shrub, with densely hairy young shoots and a rounded habit. It flowers in late spring. It is the only species in the genus and should not be confused with the flowering quinces ( _Chaenomeles_ ), which are related but very different shrubby plants. It is widely cultivated for its edible fruit, which is cooked and used in both sweet and savory dishes, and several garden selections are available. The Quince is commonly used as a dwarfing rootstock for pears, giving early fruit production on small trees.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The shrubby flowering quinces ( _Chaenomeles_ ) have toothed leaves and white, pink, or red flowers in clusters. _Pseudocydonia sinensis_ differs in its finely toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Quince** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They end in a short abrupt point, and have an untoothed margin and a rounded base with a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Gray hairy on both sides when young, they mature to dark green and smooth above, densely gray hairy beneath.

_ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA_

LOQUAT

(THUNBERG) LINDLEY

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblanceolate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 3¼ in (30 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Yellow-gray, smooth with conspicuous leaf scars

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in conical panicles to 6 in (15 cm) long at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Orange-yellow, pear-shaped with a sunken tip, covered in loose brown hairs when young, 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub

The Loquat is an evergreen tree with a spreading habit and stout downy shoots. It flowers in summer. It is widely grown in warm regions for its fruit, which is eaten raw or cooked; it is also commonly used as a street tree in some regions and often naturalized. Although it is sometimes referred to as the Japanese Loquat, it was introduced to Japan from China. Many forms have been selected; they vary in the size and shape of the fruit, color of the skin and flesh, and flavor. In some areas where the Loquat is grown, it may flower late and not set fruit.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Loquat is easily recognized in fruit. In leaf alone it differs from _Photinia serratifolia_ in the much more rigid leaves that are hairy beneath and have very short stalks.

**The leaves of the Loquat** are oblanceolate to obovate, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They have a pointed tip, small pointed teeth on the margin, and taper to the base and a stout petiole of ½ in (1 cm) in length. The leaves are glossy dark green, deeply veined, and smooth above when mature, and gray-green and hairy beneath.

_HETEROMELES SALICIFOLIA_

CHRISTMAS BERRY

(C. PRESL) ABRAMS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, about ¼ in (5 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in broad clusters to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to slightly pear-shaped, to ⅜ in (8 mm) long, bright red

**DISTRIBUTION** | California, northwest Mexico (Baja California)

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes and canyons

**SYNONYM** | _Heteromeles arbutifolia_ (Lindley) M. Roemer, _Photinia arbutifolia_ Lindley

The Christmas Berry, also known as the Toyon (Tollon) or the California Holly, is the original holly of Hollywood. It is a small evergreen tree with a bushy, rounded habit, often a shrub, flowering in summer. The only species in the genus, cut branches are commonly used in California for Christmas decorations. Plants with yellow fruits occur sporadically with red-fruited forms and have been called _Heteromeles salicifolia_ var. _cerina_ , and plants from some of the Channel Islands of California, such as Santa Catalina, with nearly untoothed leaves and larger fruits are recognized as var. _macrocarpa_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Christmas Berry is similar to some evergreen species of _Photinia_ but it differs in having leaves that are sharply toothed almost to the base.

**The leaves of the Christmas Berry** are oblong to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip with the margin edged with sharp, black-tipped teeth, tapered at the base to a stout petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Glossy dark green above, the leaves are paler beneath, and smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS_

CATALINA IRONWOOD

A. GRAY

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple and untoothed to pinnate with toothed leaflets

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Variable

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 in (15 cm) long, variable in width

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Red-brown when young, aging to gray, peeling in vertical shreds

**FLOWERS** | The flowers are small and white, each with 5 petals, and are borne in large, flattened heads to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | The fruits are composed of 2 woody follicles, each about ¼ in (5 mm) long, which split open to release the seeds when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | California islands

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes, canyons, and scrub

The Catalina Ironwood is an evergreen tree or shrub, which produces its white flowers in summer. It is normally upright and columnar when young, spreading more with age and in exposed locations. There is a single species in the genus, which fossil evidence shows once occurred in mainland California. _Lyonothamnus floribundus_ subsp. _floribundus_ occurs on Santa Catalina island, while subsp. _asplenifolius_ occurs on Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Clemente islands. Both forms are threatened in their native habitat.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_L. floribundus_ is a very distinct tree with no close relatives that resemble it; it is easy to recognize from its foliage, bark, and flowers.

**The leaves of the Catalina Ironwood** vary depending on the form. The subp. _floribundus_ has narrow oblong to lanceolate, entire or shallowly toothed leaves to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across; subsp. _asplenifolius_ (pictured, right) has pinnate leaves with 3–7 deeply cut leaflets, and similar leaves can be found on young seedlings of subsp. _floribundus_. The leaves are glossy dark green above and paler beneath.

_MALUS BACCATA_

SIBERIAN CRAB APPLE

(LINNAEUS) BORKHAUSEN

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1½ in (8 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, cracked and flaking in scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | White, sometimes pink in bud, fragrant, to 1½ in (4 cm) across with 5 petals

**FRUIT** | Almost spherical, red, flushed yellow or yellow, to 1½ in (1 cm) across, the calyx not persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, eastern Russia, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests

The Siberian Crab Apple is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer as the young leaves expand. Originating from northern regions, this very hardy species is often used as an understock for grafting; with its close relative _Malus mandshurica_ , sometimes regarded as a variety of the Siberian Crab Apple, it has contributed to many hybrids popular in gardens. Himalayan plants that have been regarded as a variety of this species are considered to belong to _M. rockii_. Although small, the fruits are edible.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The combination of deciduous calyx, small fruits, and glabrous leaves normally distinguish this species. Its close relatives the Manchurian Crab ( _M. mandshurica_ ) and _M. rockii_ have leaves that are hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Siberian Crab Apple** are elliptic to ovate in outline, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip with a finely toothed margin, and narrow to a rounded or wedge-shaped base and a petiole that is up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Dark green above, the leaves are paler beneath, and smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_MALUS CORONARIA_

SWEET CRAB APPLE

(LINNAEUS) MILLER

Up to 30 ft (9 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Reddish brown flaking in scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Pink in bud, pink or fading to white when open, fragrant, 1½ in (4 cm) across on slender stalks, with 5 petals

**FRUIT** | Spherical green, to 1½ in (4 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Woods, wood margins, thickets

The Sweet Crab Apple is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, usually branching low down or shrubby, and forming thickets by sprouting from the base. It often has spiny shoots, and flowers in late spring to early summer. It is grown as an ornamental tree and some forms have double flowers. Variants of the Sweet Crab Apple in its native range have sometimes been regarded as separate species, such as _Malus glaucescens_ , which has leaves that are whitish beneath, and _M. lancifolia_ , with narrow, pointed leaves. The fruits can be used to make preserves and cider.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Prairie Crab Apple ( _M. ioensis_ ) has densely hairy shoots and leaves that are densely hairy beneath. The Orchard Apple ( _M. pumila_ ) has unlobed leaves.

**The leaves of the Sweet Crab Apple** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with a sharply toothed margin, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed at the base. The base is rounded to slightly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy when young but soon becoming smooth. They turn yellow in the fall.

_MALUS FLORENTINA_

HAWTHORN-LEAF CRAB APPLE

(ZUCCAGNI) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 2 in (6 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Purple-brown, flaking

**FLOWERS** | White with 5 petals, ¾ in (2 cm) across, borne on slender stalks in clusters

**FRUIT** | Ovoid, ½ in (1 cm) long, yellow then glossy red, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, Turkey, Lebanon

**HABITAT** | Woods and thickets in rocky places

The Hawthorn-leaf Crab Apple, also known as the Florentine or the Italian Crab Apple, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, sometimes a shrub. It flowers in late spring to early summer. So distinct is this species from others in the genus that it was originally described as a Hawthorn ( _Crataegus_ ), and it has also been regarded as a hybrid between the Wild Service Tree ( _Sorbus torminalis_ ) and the European Crab Apple ( _Malus sylvestris_ ). Although this tree is attractive in bark, flower, fruit, and fall color, it is only occasionally grown as an ornamental.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is more likely to confused with _Crataegus_ species than with other species of _Malus_. In _Crataegus_ the sepals are retained on the fruit while in the Hawthorn-leaf Crab Apple they are deciduous.

**The leaves of the Hawthorn-leaf Crab Apple** are broadly ovate in outline, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are conspicuously cut into several lobes on each side, deepest toward the base, with each lobe sharply toothed. The base is rounded to heart-shaped, with a downy petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, hairy beneath, and turn to orange, red, and purple in fall.

_MALUS FUSCA_

OREGON CRAB APPLE

(RAFINESQUE) C.K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2¾ in (9 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking

**FLOWERS** | White or pale pink, to 2 in (5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Oblong to ovoid, to ¾ in (2 cm) long, red or yellow, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northwestern North America (Alaska to northern California)

**HABITAT** | Forests, valleys, riverbanks, swamps

The Oregon Crab Apple, also known as the Pacific Crab Apple, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit. It is sometimes multistemmed and shrubby, forming thickets, with short, spinelike side shoots. It flowers in late spring to early summer. It is the only native apple in western North America. The small, acidic fruits were eaten by Native Americans, who used other parts of the tree, particularly the roots and bark, medicinally. The wood is used locally on a small scale, and in its native area it was often used as a rootstock on which to graft cultivated apples.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Most closely related to the Asiatic species, the Oregon Crab Apple tree can be distinguished from other species in North America by the shape of its fruit.

**The leaves of the Oregon Crab Apple** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip and unlobed to shallowly 3-lobed with a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded or wedge-shaped with a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. They are dark, rather dull green above, paler and hairy beneath at least when young; they turn orange to red in fall.

_MALUS HUPEHENSIS_

HUBEI CRAB APPLE

(PAMPANINI) REHDER

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking

**FLOWERS** | Pink to white, fragrant, from deep pink buds, 1½ in (4 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, about ½ in (1 cm) across, yellow flushed with red, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Woods, wood margins, valleys, thickets

The Hubei Crab Apple is a small deciduous tree with a spreading to vase-shaped habit, flowering in spring. It is widely distributed in China where it is used as an understock on which to graft other apples, and where the leaves have been used to make a type of tea. A popular ornamental tree of small size, it is often grown in gardens in forms with white or pink flowers; some trees sold and grown under this name are forms of the more vigorous Siberian Crab Apple ( _Malus baccata_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Hubei Crab Apple is very closely related to _M. halliana_ , which is also a popular ornamental tree of cultivated origin with an uncertain distribution in the wild. _M. halliana_ has flowers with four or five styles while those of the Hubei Crab Apple usually have three styles.

**The leaves of the Hubei Crab Apple** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip with a sharply toothed margin, tapering to a wedge-shaped base and a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. The leaves are often reddish when young; they mature to glossy bright green above, paler beneath, and smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_MALUS IOENSIS_

PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE

(ALPHONSO WOOD) BRITTON

Up to 30 ft (9 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2¾ in (10 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown, furrowed, with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Pink or white, fragrant, to 2 in (5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, yellow-green, to 1½ in (4 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central United States

**HABITAT** | Wood margins, prairies, riverbanks

The Prairie Crab Apple is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit. It has densely hairy shoots, the short side shoots often being spiny. It flowers in spring. Once a common plant of the prairies, this species is well adapted to surviving fire by sprouting from the base and forming thickets. The fruits provide a valuable source of food for a wide variety of wildlife, from birds to rodents and deer, and can be made into preserves or cider. The Prairie Crab Apple is cultivated as an ornamental tree, and there are forms with double flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is closely related to the Sweet Crab Apple ( _Malus coronaria_ ) but differs in shoots and undersides of the leaves that are persistently hairy.

**The leaves of the Prairie Crab Apple** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They have a rounded to pointed tip, and a sharply toothed or shallowly lobed margin, tapering to a rounded or broadly wedge-shaped base and a hairy petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Downy on both sides when young, the leaves mature to glossy dark green above, densely white hairy beneath.

_MALUS PRUNIFOLIA_

PLUMLEAF CRAB APPLE

(WILLDENOW) BORKHAUSEN

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2 in (9 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracked and flaking

**FLOWERS** | White, pink in bud, and fragrant, 2 in (5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Broadly ovoid, 1 in (2.5 cm) across, red or yellow, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern China

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes and plains

The Plumleaf Crab Apple is a small deciduous tree with densely hairy young shoots and a rounded to spreading habit. It flowers in spring. This species, in particular _Malus prunifolia_ var. _rinki_ ( _M. asiatica_ ), which has larger fruits to 2 in (5 cm) across, was the main apple grown for its fruits in China and Japan before the introduction of the Orchard Apple ( _M. pumila_ ) to which it is closely related. The small fruits are eaten cooked, made into preserves, or dried, while the larger fruits are eaten fresh. Both the Plumleaf Crab Apple and its variety have been considered to be hybrids.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Orchard Apple ( _M. pumila_ ) differs in having spherical or flattened spherical (apple-shaped) rather than ovoid fruits. The Siberian Crab Apple ( _M_. _baccata_ ) has much smaller fruits.

**The leaves of the Plumleaf Crab Apple** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are pointed to taper-pointed at the tip with a toothed margin, tapering to a wedge-shaped base and a petiole that is hairy when young and up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Dark green and smooth or nearly so above, they are paler and downy beneath.

_MALUS SIEBOLDII_

SIEBOLD'S CRAB APPLE

(REGEL) REHDER

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 x 1½ in (7.5 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Pink or deep pink in bud, white or pink when open, fragrant, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ⅜ in (8 mm) across, red or yellowish, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests and thickets

**SYNONYM** | _Malus toringo_ (Siebold) De Vriese

Siebold's Crab Apple is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit and arching shoots, often multistemmed or no more than a shrub. It flowers in late spring and early summer. A popular ornamental for its profuse flowers, this species is a parent of several garden crabs, such as the popular _Malus floribunda_ ; this was introduced to gardens from Japan but is known only in cultivation. Plants with a shrubby habit and larger flowers and fruit are sometimes recognized as a distinct species, _M. sargentii_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. transitoria_ is the most similar species in the genus. It can be differentiated by the leaf lobes, which are deeply cut and more narrow.

**The leaves of Siebold's Crab Apple** are elliptic to ovate, up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are often 3-lobed or sometimes 5-lobed on vigorous shoots. The leaves are pointed at the tip with a toothed margin, a rounded to wedge-shaped base, and a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Dark, dull green above and hairy when young, they are paler and hairy beneath.

_MALUS SYLVESTRIS_

EUROPEAN CRAB APPLE

(LINNAEUS) MILLER

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3 x 2 in (7.5 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | White flushed with pink outside, 1½ in (4 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | A small, yellow-green or red-flushed apple, about ¾ in (2 cm) across with a persistent calyx

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, Caucasus, northern Iran

**HABITAT** | Woodlands, thickets, hedgerows, riverbanks

The European Crab Apple is a small deciduous tree with a rounded habit, sometimes a shrub. It flowers in spring. It was once thought to be a parent of the Orchard Apple ( _Malus pumila_ ) but this is a species originating and widely cultivated in central Asia. The Orchard Apple often escapes and naturalizes, and is confused with the European Crab Apple. The fruits are very sour when raw but can be eaten cooked; they are often used to make jellies, since they have a high pectin content, or cider.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Orchard Apple ( _M. pumila_ ) is a more robust tree with usually larger fruits, hairy shoots, and persistent hairs on the undersides of the leaves and the outside of the sepals.

**The leaves of the European Crab Apple** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 3 in (7.5 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the apex with a finely toothed margin, tapering to a wedge-shaped or rounded base and a petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. They are dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, and sparsely hairy on the veins when young, becoming smooth.

_MALUS TRANSITORIA_

MALUS TRANSITORIA

(BATALIN) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1½ in (5 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured and flaking

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across, with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ⅜ in (8 mm) across, yellow or reddish, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Woods and thickets

_Malus transitoria_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, sometimes shrubby, flowering in late spring. Cultivated as an ornamental tree it is valued for its graceful habit, profuse small flowers and fruits, and its fall color. A variable species in the wild, varieties have been named differing in the shape of the fruit and the hairiness of the leaves. These include _M. transitoria_ var. _glabrescens_ , which has the leaves glabrous beneath compared to the densely hairy leaves of the typical form. The short, flowering shoots tend to have unlobed leaves while deeply lobed leaves are borne on vigorous shoots.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Siebold's Crab Apple ( _M. sieboldii_ ) has leaves that are less deeply lobed, while _M. bhutanica_ has leaves that are only occasionally lobed, as well as flowers that are larger.

**The leaves of Malus transitoria** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, and are unlobed or deeply 3–5 lobed, the lobes often reaching almost to the midrib. They are pointed at the tip with a toothed margin, a rounded to wedge-shaped base, and a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Downy on both sides when young, they become glossy dark green above, paler and remaining hairy beneath; they turn yellow in fall.

_MALUS TRILOBATA_

MALUS TRILOBATA

(LABILLARDIèRE) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4 in (10 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, cracked into small plates

**FLOWERS** | White, 1½ in (4 cm) across, with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Slightly flattened spherical, ¾ in (2 cm) across, green or flushed red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Greece, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods and thickets

_Malus trilobata_ is a deciduous tree with a conical habit, sometimes shrubby, flowering in summer. An uncommon species in the wild, it has a scattered distribution, and in some regions the fruits are eaten pickled. Like the Hawthorn-leaf Crab Apple ( _M. florentina_ ) it is a very distinct species and has at various times been regarded as belonging to the genus _Pyrus_ (as have many species of _Malus_ ), _Crataegus_ , _Sorbus_ , or, together with the related _M. florentina_ , in the genus _Eriolobus_. Its compact, narrow habit, large flowers, fall color, and bark make it a good landscape tree.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The deeply lobed, maple-like leaves make this a distinct tree not easily confused with other species. The Hawthorn-leaf Crab Apple ( _M. florentina_ ) has smaller leaves that are less deeply lobed as well as smaller fruits.

**The leaves of Malus trilobata** are broadly ovate in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across. They are deeply lobed with usually 3 main lobes, which themselves are lobed. The lobes are pointed at the tip and have finely toothed margins. The base of the leaf is heart-shaped with a slender petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are gray and hairy beneath, and turn red and purple in fall.

_MALUS TSCHONOSKII_

PILLAR APPLE

(MAXIMOWICZ) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3 in (12 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young becoming cracked with age

**FLOWERS** | White, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 petals flushed pink toward the tips, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, 1¼ in (3 cm) across, green flushed with red, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Rocky woods

The Pillar Apple is a deciduous tree with a narrow conical habit when young, broadening with age. The young shoots are densely covered with gray hairs, and it flowers in late spring. Although not conspicuous in flower or fruit, the fall color and narrow habit have made this species popular for planting in streets and other restricted spaces. It is a distinct species that has been placed in several different genera, including _Eriolobus_ and _Docyniopsis_ , the latter from the resemblance of its flowers to those of the related genus _Docynia_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Malus yunnanensis_ has smaller flowers and fruit. It has leaves of a similar size to those of the Pillar Apple and they are also hairy beneath, but they are sharply double-toothed or shallowly lobed.

**The leaves of the Pillar Apple** are broadly ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. The tip is abruptly short-pointed and the margin is toothed, tapering from below the middle to a rounded base and a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. They are gray with hairs when they open, becoming dark green and nearly smooth above, and densely covered with gray hairs beneath. The leaves turn yellow, red, and purple in the fall.

_MALUS YUNNANENSIS_

MALUS YUNNANENSIS

(FRANCHET) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ x 3½ in (14 x 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking

**FLOWERS** | White or tinged pink, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, dark red dotted with white, with a persistent calyx

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest China, northern Burma (Myanmar)

**HABITAT** | Forests and riverbanks in the mountains

_Malus yunnanensis_ is a deciduous tree with a compact, broadly conical to columnar habit, flowering in late spring. Like the Pillar Apple, it has been treated as belonging to either _Eriolobus_ or _Docyniopsis_. It is variable in the shape, hairiness, and toothing of the leaves, which can be shallowly to deeply toothed or lobed. Forms with broadly ovate, distinctly and regularly lobed leaves that are heart-shaped at the base are referred to _M. yunnanensis_ var. _veitchii_. This species makes an attractive ornamental tree, valued for its richly colored fruits and its fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The closest relative is _M. prattii_ , another Chinese species, with unlobed leaves that are smooth or nearly so beneath. The Pillar Apple ( _M. tschonoskii_ ) has unlobed leaves and larger flowers and fruit.

**The leaves of Malus yunnanensis** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are pointed at the apex with a toothed or doubly toothed to lobed margin, and a rounded to heart-shaped base. Hairy when they emerge, they are gray-green and hairy to dark dull green and smooth (in var. _veitchii_ ) above when mature, and hairy beneath. They turn to red and purple in fall.

_MESPILUS GERMANICA_

MEDLAR

LINNAEUS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, later cracking into scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | White, 2 in (5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne singly on a short stalk

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to slightly pear-shaped, russet-brown with a sunken apex and 5 conspicuous persistent calyx lobes

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub

The Medlar is a deciduous tree, with downy and often spiny shoots and a spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It has long been cultivated for its fruit, which can only be eaten after they have been "bletted" (softened by frost) or by storage. They are eaten raw or made into various preserves. Cultivated plants have been selected for their large fruits and spineless shoots, and plants in the wild tend to be more shrubby with smaller leaves and fruits and more spiny shoots. The only other species in the genus is _Mespilus canescens_ , which is from Arkansas, USA; it is believed to be a hybrid between the Medlar and a hawthorn.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Medlar is distinguished from the related hawthorns ( _Crataegus_ ) by bearing its flowers singly. The fruit is unique, and if this is present the tree is unlikely to be confused with any other.

**The leaves of the Medlar** are ovate to elliptic or oblong, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip or have a short abrupt point, and the margin is untoothed or finely toothed toward the apex, narrowing to the base and a very short petiole. They are dark green above, with conspicuous veins, and slightly hairy to smooth when mature; they are gray-green and hairy beneath, and can turn yellow or red in fall.

_PHOTINIA BEAUVERDIANA_

PHOTINIA BEAUVERDIANA

C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 3 in (16 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in compact clusters

**FRUIT** | Ovoid, bright red, to ⅜ in (8 mm) long on stalks rough with small warts

**DISTRIBUTION** | Bhutan, China, north Vietnam, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes, valleys, riverbanks

_Photinia beauverdiana_ is a deciduous tree, often with several stems from the base or shrubby, with a spreading habit. It flowers in late spring. It is a common tree in parts of China, varying in the size of its leaves. Plants with particularly large leaves and flower clusters have been called _P. beauverdiana_ var. _notabilis_. This species and other deciduous species in the genus, including _P. villosa_ , are sometimes regarded as belonging to the genus _Pourthiaea_. It is occasionally grown as an ornamental for its flowers, fruits, and fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Of the more commonly seen deciduous species in this genus _P. villosa_ has smaller leaves and its flowers are borne on hairy stalks.

**The leaves of Photinia beauverdiana** are ovate to obovate, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip with a finely toothed margin, narrowing to a wedge-shaped base and a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. Pinkish or whitish with hairs when they emerge, the leaves mature to glossy dark green above, paler and smooth beneath, or sparsely hairy along the veins; they turn orange and red in fall.

_PHOTINIA SERRATIFOLIA_

PHOTINIA SERRATIFOLIA

(DESFONTAINES) KALKMAN

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2¾ in (20 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown, flaking in thin plates

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in broad, flattened heads to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Spherical, red, 14 in (6 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Forests, thickets, slopes

**SYNONYM** | _Photinia serrulata_ Lindley

_Photinia serratifolia_ is an evergreen tree, sometimes with more than one stem. It has smooth, red young shoots and a rounded to spreading habit, and flowers in late spring. Although cultivated, it is best known as one of the parents of the widely grown Red-tip Photinia ( _P. × fraseri_ ), which is popular for its brightly colored young foliage. Leaves on young plants, or shoots from the base of mature trees, have larger teeth and are often more brightly colored.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The forms of _P. × fraseri_ are smaller trees or large shrubs. They have smaller leaves with flowers often opening throughout the year in smaller heads.

**The leaves of Photinia serratifolia** are elliptic to oblong or obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are leathery in texture. They end in a short, tapered point, and have a sharply toothed margin, narrowing to a rounded or wedge-shaped base and a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Bronze when young, or red in young plants, they mature to glossy dark green and smooth above, paler beneath with hairs along the midrib when young. Some leaves turn bright red before they fall.

_PHOTINIA VILLOSA_

ORIENTAL PHOTINIA

(THUNBERG) A. P. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1½ in (8 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, shallowly fissured

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to ovoid, bright glossy red, about ½ in (1 cm) long, borne on rough, warty stalks

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests, hill slopes, thickets, riverbanks

The Oriental Photinia is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often a shrub, flowering in spring. With a wide distribution, it is a very variable species with several varieties recognized. The typical form ( _Photinia villosa_ var. _villosa_ ) has very hairy shoots, flower stalks, and young leaves, but in var. _laevis_ and var. _sinica_ these are hairy when young, becoming almost smooth. The most distinct form is f. _maximowicziana_ , from Korea; it has almost unstalked leaves, rounded at the tip, with deeply impressed veins. 'Village Shade' is a selection of f. _maximowicziana_ that is grown as a small tree for its fall and winter fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This is the best-known of several deciduous species in the genus. _P. beauverdiana_ is a larger tree that has bigger leaves and has no hairs on the flower stalks.

**The leaves of the Oriental Photinia** are obovate to elliptic, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are usually tapered to a fine point at the apex, and have a sharply toothed margin, narrowing from above the middle to a wedge-shaped base and a short petiole. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy on both sides when young, either remaining hairy or only retaining hairs on the veins beneath. In fall, the leaves turn to yellow, orange, and red.

_PRUNUS AMERICANA_

AMERICAN PLUM

MARSHALL

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1¾ in (10 x 4.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth when young, later cracking into scaly plates with age

**FLOWERS** | White, 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 petals, with a slightly unpleasant scent, borne in small umbels

**FRUIT** | A spherical plum 1 in (2.5 cm) across, with a red skin and yellow flesh

**DISTRIBUTION** | East and central United States, southern Canada

**HABITAT** | Woods, pastures, riverbanks

The American Plum is a small deciduous, spiny tree usually branching low, with a spreading habit, often shrubby and forming extensive thickets, spreading by underground stems. It flowers in spring before or as the leaves emerge. It has a wide distribution mainly in eastern North America and is scattered in the Rocky Mountains. The fruit, although sour, is edible raw or cooked, and can be made into preserves. The American Plum is often cultivated for its flowers and edible fruits, and some improved fruiting forms have been selected.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Plum has several close relatives in North America. The Mexican Plum ( _Prunus mexicana_ ) has the undersides of the leaves downy, as well as the shoots. The Canada Plum ( _P. nigra_ ) has leaves with rounded teeth and two reddish glands at the base.

**The leaves of the American Plum** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1¾ in (4.5 cm) across. They end in a slender, tapered point, and have a sharply, often doubly, toothed margin, a rounded to wedge-shaped base, usually without glands at the base, and a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides, sometimes turning red or yellow in fall.

_PRUNUS ARMENIACA_

APRICOT

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2½ in (9 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, shallowly fissured

**FLOWERS** | White or pink, 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 petals, and borne singly on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | The familiar apricot, orange-yellow or flushed red, about 1½ in (4 cm) across with a downy skin

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China, central Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Apricot is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, and with smooth, reddish young shoots. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. It is widely grown, particularly in regions with warm summers, for its fruit, which is eaten fresh, dry, or in preserves. The seeds are also eaten. In cultivated forms the fruit is usually larger than on wild trees. _Prunus armeniaca_ var. _ansu_ differs from the typical variety in having flowers in pairs, leaves that are wedge-shaped at the base and rather dry fruits that are used in preserves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Peach ( _P. persica_ ) is more closely related to the Almond ( _P. dulcis_ ) than the Apricot from which it differs in its narrow, elliptic to lanceolate leaves. The Japanese Apricot ( _P. mume_ ) has glossy green young shoots.

**The leaves of the Apricot** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are abruptly short-pointed at the tip and edged with small, rounded teeth; they are rounded to shallowly heart-shaped at the base, with a reddish petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, with one or more nectar-producing glands that can also be found at the base of the leaf. Glossy dark green and smooth above, the leaves are paler beneath, and smooth or with tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_PRUNUS AVIUM_

GEAN

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2½ in (15 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Glossy red-brown, peeling in horizontal strips

**FLOWERS** | White, 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | A glossy red to blackish red, sometimes yellow cherry, ½–¾ in (1–2 cm) across, sweet or bitter

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods

The Gean, also known as the Mazzard or the Wild Cherry, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring before or as the young leaves emerge. This tree is widely grown for its fruits, which are the sweet cherries of commerce, and usually eaten raw. Numerous forms have been selected for the quality of their fruits. Sour cherries, including Morello and Maraschino cherries, are derived from _Prunus cerasus_ , known only in cultivation and thought to be a hybrid of the Gean and the shrubby _P. fruticosa_. Some cherries are from _P. × gondouinii_ (hybrids between the Gean and the Sour Cherry).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sour Cherry ( _P. cerasus_ ) is a smaller suckering tree or a shrub with smaller, more glossy leaves often without glands on the petiole; it has sour, not sweet or bitter, fruits.

**The leaves of the Gean** are ovate to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt point, and have a sharply toothed margin. The petiole is up to 2 in (5 cm) long, with 2 conspicuous glands close to the rounded leaf base. Bronze when young, they mature to dull dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, and hairy along the veins; they turn yellow or red in fall.

_PRUNUS CAROLINIANA_

CAROLINA LAURELCHERRY

AITON

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 1½ in (10 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth or shallowly fissured

**FLOWERS** | White, ¼ in (5 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters much shorter than the leaves, in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to ovoid, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States, Bermuda

**HABITAT** | Mixed woodlands

The Carolina Laurelcherry is an evergreen tree with a rounded to spreading habit, sometimes a large shrub forming dense thickets. It flowers in spring. This tree is widely planted in the southeastern United States, particularly as a screen or hedge, and has now become so naturalized in many areas that its native range is uncertain. Although deer will eat the fresh foliage, dying or wilting leaves are poisonous and can be fatal to browsing animals. The fruits often persist on the tree until it flowers again in spring, and are attractive to birds that disperse the seeds.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Portugal Laurel ( _Prunus lusitanica_ ) has toothed leaves and flowers in racemes longer than the leaves. The Cherry Laurel ( _P. laurocerasus_ ) has larger leaves with usually at least a few teeth.

**The leaves of the Carolina Laurelcherry** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across; they are strongly almond-scented when crushed. They are taper-pointed, sometimes abruptly, at the tip with an untoothed margin or occasionally with a few small teeth, and taper to a wedge-shaped base and a short orange to red petiole. Dark green above, the leaves are paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_PRUNUS DAVIDIANA_

DAVID'S PEACH

(CARRIÈRE) FRANCHET

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 1½ in (16 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough and cracked with age

**FLOWERS** | Pink, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 petals, borne singly on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to oblong, to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across with a thin, dry flesh, not splitting when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub on mountain slopes and valleys

David's Peach, also known in China as the Wild Peach or Mountain Peach, is a deciduous tree with glabrous shoots and upright to spreading branches. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. Although closely related to the Peach ( _Prunus persica_ ), the fruits are dry and bitter. The seeds are, however, eaten and used medicinally in China, and the tree is used as a disease-resistant and cold-tolerant rootstock for grafting peaches. It has also been used in breeding programs with the Peach to impart disease resistance. It is grown as an ornamental tree for its early flowers, which, in some forms, are white.

SIMILAR SPECIES

David's Peach is similar to the Peach ( _P. persica_ ) and the Almond ( _P. dulcis_ ). The Peach has fleshy fruits; the Almond has a dry fruit like David's Peach, but it splits when ripe.

**The leaves of David's Peach** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They have a long, taper-pointed apex with a toothed margin and a rounded to wedge-shaped base. The petiole is up to ¾ in (2 cm) long and usually has 1 or 2 glands. The leaves are dark green above, paler beneath; they are smooth on both sides.

_PRUNUS DULCIS_

ALMOND

(MILLER) D. A. WEBB

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 1½ in (12 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth at first, cracking and fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Pale pink or white, to 2 in (5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne singly or in pairs on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Ovoid to oblong, green, to 2½ in (6 cm) long with a dry flesh and a velvety skin, splitting when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest Asia, southeastern Europe, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Dry, rocky slopes

The Almond is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in early spring before the young leaves emerge. It is widely cultivated, particularly in the Mediterranean region and west Asia for its edible seeds, which are eaten raw, or used in cooking or for flavoring. There are two types of the Almond. The Sweet Almond ( _Prunus dulcis_ var. _dulcis_ ) is the one whose fruits are eaten raw and used in cooking and to make marzipan. The Bitter Almond ( _P. dulcis_ var. _amara_ ) has very bitter and poisonous seeds. They are sometimes used for flavoring but only in very small quantities; they are mainly used as non-toxic almond essence, made by distilling the seeds with water.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Peach ( _P. persica_ ) is similar, but it has larger fruits that are fleshy, while the David's Peach ( _P. davidiana_ ) has dry fruits that do not split when they are ripe.

**The leaves of the Almond** are narrow elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip with a finely toothed margin and a broadly wedge-shaped to rounded base. The petiole is up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long and bears up to 3 glands. Dark green above, the leaves are paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_PRUNUS GRAYANA_

JAPANESE BIRD CHERRY

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ x 1½ in (14 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, with slender horizontal bands of lenticels, unpleasantly scented when cut

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, ⅜ in (8 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in dense upright racemes which are leafy at the base

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, ¼ in (5 mm) across, black

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist woods on mountain slopes and in valleys

The Japanese Bird Cherry is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in late spring after the young leaves have emerged. It is a member of a group of about 20 species, mostly Chinese deciduous trees and shrubs that bear racemes of numerous flowers, and are sometimes regarded as a separate genus, _Padus_. In Japan the flowers are boiled and eaten, and the unripe fruits are eaten after boiling in salt water. Ripe fruits are used to make jam and to flavor wine, and the wood is used for engraving and for making furniture and tool handles.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bird Cherry ( _Prunus padus_ ) is often a larger tree; it has glands on the petiole rather than on the basal leaf teeth, as in the Japanese Bird Cherry.

**The leaves of the Japanese Bird Cherry** are ovate to oblong, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the apex with a finely toothed margin; the teeth at the base of the leaf are gland-tipped. The base is rounded or slightly heart-shaped, and the petiole is up to ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are dark green to gray-green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides except for hairs along the midrib beneath.

_PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA_

HOLLYLEAF CHERRY

(NUTTALL EX HOOKER & ARNOTT) D. DIETRICH

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1¼ in (5 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, becoming cracked into small plates with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ¼ in (6 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in racemes to 2½ in (6 cm) long from the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to ovoid, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, red ripening to purple-black

**DISTRIBUTION** | California, northwest Mexico (Baja California)

**HABITAT** | Woodland and scrub on dry slopes

The Hollyleaf Cherry is a small evergreen tree, often a shrub, with a dense, bushy, rounded habit, flowering in spring. The typical form ( _Prunus ilicifolia_ subsp. _ilicifolia_ ) occurs on the mainland while the Catalina Cherry (subsp. _lyonii_ or _P. lyonii_ ) occurs on the Channel Islands of California and in Baja California, Mexico. It differs in its more treelike habit, reaching 50 ft (15 m), its larger often untoothed leaves, and its longer racemes of flowers to 4¾ in (12 cm). Intermediates exist between the two forms. Native Americans ate the fruits fresh or dried, and made flour from the seeds. The Hollyleaf Cherry is often grown as an ornamental, particularly as a hedge.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Carolina Laurelcherry ( _P. caroliniana_ ) has usually untoothed leaves tapered at the base. The Portugal Laurel ( _P. lusitanica_ ) flowers later, and has bluntly toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Hollyleaf Cherry** are ovate to rounded, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across (to 4 x 2½ in/10 x 6 cm in the Catalina Cherry). They are leathery in texture and edged with spiny teeth (often entire in the Catalina Cherry); they are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_PRUNUS JAMASAKURA_

HILL CHERRY

(MAXIMOWICZ) E. H. WILSON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, with horizontal bands of lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Pale pink or white, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 petals notched at the tip, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | A small cherry about ½ in (1 cm) across, glossy red ripening to purple or nearly black

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

**SYNONYM** | _Prunus serrulata_ var. _spontanaea_

The Hill Cherry is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in spring, usually as the young leaves emerge. Originally described from Japan, where it is widely cultivated, it is thought to have been introduced there from China. It has been the main object of attention in the Japanese Cherry Blossom Festivals that have taken place for hundreds of years. Many of the popular Japanese cherries, with flowers ranging from white to pink, single and double, are suspected to derive from this species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Korean Hill Cherry ( _Prunus verecunda_ , or _P. serrulata_ var. _pubescens_ ) is similar but it has leaves that are hairy beneath and sometimes hairy above as well.

**The leaves of the Hill Cherry** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the apex, with a sharply toothed margin, the teeth often tipped with a gland. The base is rounded and the petiole bears one or more glands near the junction with the leaf blade. Emerging bronze or red in spring; the leaves mature to dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn red in fall.

_PRUNUS LAUROCERASUS_

CHERRY LAUREL

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2 in (15 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, dark gray-brown

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, ⅜ in (8 mm) across, with 5 petals, borne in dense racemes to 4¾ in (12 cm) long from the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ½ in (1.2 cm) across, red ripening to glossy black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Cherry Laurel is an evergreen tree with a rounded to spreading habit, often multistemmed or shrubby, with smooth green shoots. It flowers in spring. Widely planted for shelter, cover and screening, this species has often naturalized and become invasive. It shows a large variation in habit, leaf shape, and size, and many garden forms have been selected, often low-growing, compact, or with small leaves that are grown as ornamental shrubs. Most parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are poisonous, but it is sometimes used medicinally in small doses.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cherry Laurel is most often confused with the Portugal Laurel ( _Prunus lusitanica_ ), which flowers much later in summer; it has the racemes longer than the leaves, red-stalked leaves without glands beneath, and reddish shoots at least on the exposed side.

**The leaves of the Cherry Laurel** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, much smaller in some garden selections. They end in an abrupt, short point and the margin is usually shallowly toothed at least toward the apex; it is sometimes untoothed, particularly in many garden selections. Rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, they have a short, green, stout petiole about ½ in (1 cm) long. They are leathery in texture and glossy dark green or light green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides. The underside of the leaf bears 2 or more dark glands close to the midrib.

_PRUNUS LUSITANICA_

PORTUGAL LAUREL

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, to ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in racemes to 10 in (25 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Ovoid, pointed, to ½ in (1 cm) long, red ripening to purple then glossy black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco

**HABITAT** | Shady gullies

The Portugal Laurel is an evergreen tree with a compact, bushy, spreading habit, often with more than one stem or shrubby. The smooth young shoots are reddish at least on the exposed side. It flowers in summer. In the Azores the typical form ( _Prunus lusitanica_ subsp. _lusitanica_ ) is replaced by subsp. _azorica_ , which differs in its shorter, broader leaves and shorter racemes that are about as long as, or shorter than, the leaves. The Portugal Laurel is often grown as an ornamental tree, shrub, or hedge, and is sometimes naturalized. It is very rare in France, with a single small population in the Pyrenees. Forms of this species grown in gardens include 'Myrtifolia', with a dense, bushy, conical habit and small leaves, and 'Variegata', in which the leaves are edged with creamy white.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Portugal Laurel is similar, but differs from the Cherry Laurel ( _P. laurocerasus_ ) in its reddish shoots and petioles, and in having leaves that are without glands beneath.

**The leaves of the Portugal Laurel** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip, the margin edged with shallow, blunt teeth, and rounded at the base with a reddish petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Glossy dark green above, they are paler beneath, and without glands and smooth on both sides.

_PRUNUS MAACKII_

MANCHURIAN CHERRY

RUPRECHT

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¼ x 2 in (11 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Yellow-brown, smooth with horizontal bands of lenticels, peeling horizontally in thin strips

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant. ½ in (1 cm) across, in racemes to 2¾ in (7 cm) long from the old shoots, leafless at the base

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ¼ in (6 mm) across, glossy black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeast China, Korea, eastern Russia

**HABITAT** | Open woods and riverbanks in the mountains

The Manchurian Cherry, also known as the Amur Cherry, is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, the young shoots hairy soon becoming smooth. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. Although not striking in flower, it is popular in gardens for its attractive peeling bark. The relationships of this species have long been questioned. While the Manchurian Cherry has been regarded as allied to the Cherry Laurel ( _Prunus laurocerasus_ ) or to the Bird Cherry ( _P. padus_ ), it has also been placed close to _P. maximowiczii_ , one of the true cherries, with which it hybridizes in the wild.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The racemose flowers resemble those of the Bird Cherry ( _P. padus_ ) however the Manchurian Cherry differs from that species and most of its relatives by lacking leaves at the base of the raceme.

**The leaves of the Manchurian Cherry** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4¼ in (11 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are taper-pointed, sometimes abruptly, at the tip, with a finely and sharply toothed margin. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped and the petiole is up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long with 2 glands at the end or on the base of the leaf. Dark green above, they are paler beneath and dotted with glands; they are smooth except for hairs along the veins on both sides at least when young.

_PRUNUS MAHALEB_

SAINT LUCIE CHERRY

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 2 in (6 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, with horizontal bands of lenticels

**FLOWERS** | White, very fragrant, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in racemes to 2 in (5 cm) long from the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to ovoid, to ¼ in (6 mm) long, ripening from red to glossy black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central and southern Europe, southwest Asia, Morocco

**HABITAT** | Gullies and rocky slopes

The Saint Lucie Cherry is a deciduous tree with an open, spreading habit, often shrubby, the young shoots gray and hairy. It flowers in spring. The seeds have been used as a treatment for malaria and to produce aspirin. An aromatic extract of the seeds gives flavor to a liqueur and also to breads and pastries made for religious festivals. Often grown as an ornamental tree for its fragrant flowers, it is also used as an understock on which to graft commercial cherries particularly in dry regions.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Saint Lucie Cherry is not usually confused with other species. The rounded leaves are very distinct and usually make this tree easy to recognize.

**The leaves of the Saint Lucie Cherry** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a short and blunt abrupt point, and have a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, and the petiole is up to ⅝ in (2 cm) long usually with 2 glands near the junction with the leaf blade. They are glossy green and smooth or nearly so above, the sides often folded upward, paler beneath, and hairy on either side of the midrib.

_PRUNUS MAXIMOWICZII_

KOREAN CHERRY

RUPRECHT

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1¼ in (8 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in domed clusters to 2 in (5 cm) long from the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to ovoid, to ⅜ in (8 mm) long, red becoming glossy black

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, eastern Russia, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests in the mountains

The Korean Cherry, also known as the Miyama (mountain) Cherry is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit and hairy young shoots. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is one of the true cherries, which, together, are sometimes regarded as a separate genus, _Cerasus_. With many relatives in east Asia, particularly China, it has been considered close to the Saint Lucie Cherry ( _Prunus mahaleb_ ) and forms natural hybrids with the Manchurian Cherry ( _P. maackii_ ). It is mainly found in cool mountain areas where it colonizes gaps in the forest.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Korean Cherry can usually be recognized by the presence of very distinct leaflike, but unstalked, ovate bracts at the base of each flower stalk, which persist until fruiting.

**The leaves of the Korean Cherry** are obovate to elliptic, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They taper to a slender point at the tip with a sharply, often doubly, toothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped to rounded, with a downy petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, usually bearing 2 glands. The leaves are glossy green and smooth above, and paler beneath, with hairs along the sides of the midrib.

_PRUNUS MUME_

JAPANESE APRICOT

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to ovate or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth becoming fissured

**FLOWERS** | Pink or white, fragrant, 1¼ in (3 cm) across, borne singly or in pairs on short stalks

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, yellow or greenish, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with a downy skin, not splitting when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests, scrub, riverbanks, in the mountains

The Japanese Apricot is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, and smooth, glossy green young shoots. It flowers in late winter and spring. Although best known from Japan, it is believed to have been introduced there from China more than 2,000 years ago. It is now widely cultivated, and numerous forms have been selected with white, pink, or red, single or double flowers. Many selections have also been made for fruit production; they normally have single, white flowers. The fruits are eaten cooked or pickled, or are used to flavor drinks. Some selections are probably hybrids with the Apricot ( _Prunus armeniaca_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Apricot differs from the Peach ( _P. persica_ ) in the green young shoots and the relatively broader leaves. The Almond ( _P. dulcis_ ) has narrow leaves and dry fruits that split when they are ripe.

**The leaves of the Japanese Apricot** are rounded to ovate or obovate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip, with a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long that is downy when young. Hairy on both sides when they emerge, they mature to rather pale to gray-green and smooth above, paler beneath, with hairs along the midrib.

_PRUNUS PADUS_

BIRD CHERRY

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, ½ in (1 cm) across, borne in racemes to 6 in (15 cm) or more long, leafy at the base

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ⅜ in (8 mm) across, glossy black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, northern Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests and riverbanks

The Bird Cherry is a deciduous tree, conical when young becoming spreading with age. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. It is a tree of very wide distribution, from western Europe to Japan. It varies little except in hairiness, with _Prunus padus_ var. _pubescens_ from northern China having the leaves densely covered with brown hairs beneath. It is a popular ornamental tree with several selections, including some with pink flowers. The small fruits are very bitter but have been used to flavor drinks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Bird Cherry ( _P. grayana_ ) has glands at the base of the leaf blade and not on the petiole as in the Bird Cherry. The Black Cherry ( _P. serotina_ ) has glossy green leaves.

**The leaves of the Bird Cherry** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt point, and have a finely toothed margin. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to rounded, and the petiole is up to ¾ in (2 cm) long, usually with 2 glands. The leaves are dark dull green and smooth above, blue-green beneath and smooth on both sides or with tufts of hair in the vein axils beneath (more hairy in some east Asian forms). They turn yellow or red in fall.

_PRUNUS PENSYLVANICA_

PIN CHERRY

LINNAEUS FILS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ x 1¼ in (14 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Glossy red-brown, smooth, peeling in horizontal strips, with bands of lenticels

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, and borne in small umbels on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ⅜ in (8 mm) across, glossy red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern United States, southern Canada

**HABITAT** | Forests, clearings, heaths, thickets

The Pin Cherry is a fast-growing and relatively short-lived deciduous tree with a rounded habit, sometimes shrubby and forming thickets by sprouting from the base. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. Its seeds can remain viable in the soil for many years, and germinate rapidly to colonize open areas following disturbance; it is also called the Fire Cherry because of its ability to colonize areas after forest fires. The foliage, bark, and fruits are an important source of food for wildlife. Shrubby plants in the Rocky Mountains are referred to _Prunus pensylvanica_ var. _saximontana_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The related Bitter Cherry ( _P. emarginata_ ), from western North America, has leaves that are broadest above the middle, flowers with notched petals, and red fruits that turn black.

**The leaves of the Pin Cherry** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, the margin edged with sharp, gland-tipped teeth. The base is rounded and the petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long, usually with 2 glands near the junction with the leaf blade. The leaves are glossy bright green above, paler beneath, and smooth or almost so on both sides; they turn yellow or red in the fall.

_PRUNUS PERSICA_

PEACH

(LINNAEUS) BATSCH

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 1⅜ in (15 x 3.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth with numerous lenticels, cracking with age

**FLOWERS** | Pale pink or white, 1½ in (4 cm) across, with 5 petals, borne singly or sometimes in pairs on very short stalks from the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Ovoid to nearly spherical, greenish to orange-yellow, often flushed red, to 4 in (10 cm) or more across with a succulent flesh

**DISTRIBUTION** | Cultivated

**HABITAT** | Does not apply

The well-known Peach is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit and smooth green shoots flushed red on the exposed side. It flowers in spring. Although assumed to be a native of China and cultivated there for many thousands of years, it is now thought to no longer exist in a wild state. It was a very important tree in Chinese culture, often referred to in legends and featured in paintings. It is now cultivated worldwide both for its flowers, which can be white, pink, or red, single or double, and for its edible fruits. The Nectarine is a form of the Peach, but it has smooth-skinned fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The David's Peach ( _Prunus davidiana_ ) bears fruits that have a dry and bitter flesh. The Almond ( _P. dulcis_ ) has dry fruits that split when they are ripe.

**The leaves of the Peach** are lanceolate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across. They end in a long, tapered point and have a finely toothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped and the petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long, bearing one or more glands. Glossy dark green above, the leaves are paler beneath, and smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_PRUNUS SARGENTII_

SARGENT CHERRY

REHDER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Glossy red-brown, with horizontal bands of lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Pale pink, to 1½ in (4 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in unstalked umbels of up to 6 flowers

**FRUIT** | Ovoid to nearly spherical, ½ in (1 cm) long, glossy purple-black

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, eastern Russia (Sakhalin)

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Sargent Cherry is a deciduous tree with a wide-spreading habit and smooth red shoots. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is among the most popular and the best of flowering cherries for gardens, and it is widely grown for its attractive flowers, its red young foliage, and its fall color. It is also the parent of several hybrid cherries grown in gardens such as _Prunus_ 'Accolade' and _P_. 'Hillieri'. The name honors Charles Sargent, the first director of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts; he collected seed of this species in Japan in 1892.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Hill Cherry ( _P. jamasakura_ ) is similar to the Sargent Cherry but it is a smaller tree, bearing its flowers in corymbs not umbels.

**The leaves of the Sargent Cherry** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are abruptly tapered to a slender point at the tip, with a sharply toothed margin. The base is rounded and the petiole is up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, usually with 2 glands near the junction with the leaf blade. Red when young, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn to orange and red in fall.

_PRUNUS SEROTINA_

BLACK CHERRY

EHRHART

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 1½ in (15 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth when young, cracking into scaly plates with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in slender racemes to 6 in (15 cm) long, leafy at the base

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, ½ in (1 cm) across, red ripening to glossy black, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States, southeastern Canada, Mexico, Guatemala

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Black Cherry is also known as the Rum Cherry, as the edible fruits were used to flavor rum. It is a fast-growing, large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit and aromatic foliage and bark. It flowers in late spring or early summer after the leaves have emerged. It is the largest cherry native to North America, and produces a good-quality, strong timber that is often used for furniture, paneling, and veneers. It is a variable species over its large range, and several subspecies have been described, varying in the hairiness of the shoots and leaves. The Capulin ( _Prunus serotina_ subsp. _capuli_ ), which is from southern Mexico and Guatemala, has particularly large fruits that are eaten in its native range.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bird Cherry ( _P. padus_ ) has dull green leaves and the calyx falls before the fruit is ripe. The Chokecherry ( _P. virginiana_ ) is a much smaller tree or a shrub with sharply toothed leaves and a deciduous calyx.

**The leaves of the Black Cherry** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip, and the margin is edged with shallow, blunt teeth, tapering from about the middle to the base where there are 2 small glands. The petiole is up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above, the leaves are paler and glossy beneath usually, with brownish hairs on either side of the midrib; they turn yellow or red in fall.

_PRUNUS SERRULA_

TIBETAN CHERRY

FRANCHET

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and glossy red-brown, peeling in horizontal strips, marked with bands of lenticels

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne singly or in clusters of 2 or 3 on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Ovoid, red, about ½ in (1 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes

The Tibetan Cherry, also called the Birch Bark or the Paperbark Cherry, is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. The striking and colorful peeling bark of this species places it among the best trees for winter interest. At its most attractive when young, it becomes increasingly marked with bands of lenticels as it ages. Some plants are still called _Prunus serrula_ var. _tibetica_ , because this is what the early introductions were identified as, but this form is no longer regarded as distinct or worth recognizing. Flowering cherries can be grafted onto a stem of this species, giving a tree with attractive flowers and bark.

SIMILAR SPECIES

A Himalayan relative, _P. rufa_ , also has peeling bark but it is a much darker chocolate-brown. The Manchurian Cherry ( _P. maackii_ ), has paler, yellowish brown bark, broader leaves, and clusters of more numerous flowers.

**The leaves of the Tibetan Cherry** are elliptic to lanceolate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a long, slender, tapered point, and have a finely toothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped to rounded, with glands near the junction with the petiole, which is up to ½ in (1 cm) long. They are dark green and smooth or nearly so above, paler beneath, and smooth or slightly hairy along the veins.

_PRUNUS VIRGINIANA_

CHOKECHERRY

LINNAEUS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to broadly elliptic or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, smooth, becoming slightly scaly

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1.2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in racemes to 4 in (10 cm) long, leafy at the base

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, to ½ in (1 cm) across, dark red or black, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | United States, Canada, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist places, open woods, thickets, streambanks

The Chokecherry is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, often a thicket-forming shrub spreading by rhizomes. It flowers in late spring to early summer after the leaves have emerged. The bitter fruits, the source of the common name, can be eaten raw or used to make preserves, syrup, and wine. Native Americans used them medicinally, and mixed them with fat and buffalo meat to make a nutritious and easily portable food called pemmican. The typical form, _Prunus virginiana_ var. _virginiana_ , with red fruits, has a largely eastern distribution. Other forms include var. _demissa_ (the Western Chokecherry), which has leaves heart-shaped at the base and hairy beneath, and red fruits; it is from California and Nevada. Another form is var. _melanocarpa_ (the Black Chokeberry), which has black fruits and is widely distributed in western North America.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bird Cherry ( _P. padus_ ) is a larger tree with dull green leaves. The Black Cherry ( _P. serotina_ ) is a much larger tree, with bluntly toothed leaves and a persistent calyx on the fruit.

**The leaves of the Chokecherry** are ovate to broadly elliptic or obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt point and have a sharply toothed margin. The base is rounded and the slender petiole is up to ¾ in (2 cm) long, with 2 glands near the junction with the leaf blade. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, with hairs in the axils of the veins. They turn yellow and orange in fall.

_PSEUDOCYDONIA SINENSIS_

CHINESE QUINCE

(DUMONT DE COURSET) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2½ in (8 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, flaking in irregular patches of gray, brown, cream, white and green

**FLOWERS** | Pink, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 petals, borne singly on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | Ovoid, to 6 in (15 cm) long, aromatic, green ripening to yellow

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes

The Chinese Quince is a deciduous, or sometimes semi-evergreen, tree with a rounded habit, sometimes multistemmed or shrubby, flowering in spring. It is occasionally cultivated for its flaking bark and its large, heavy fruits, which can be eaten raw or cooked, or made into preserves. There has been considerable debate about the correct genus for this species. It was originally described as an apple ( _Malus_ ) and subsequently has been placed with the pears ( _Pyrus_ ), the quince ( _Cydonia_ ), and the flowering quinces ( _Chaenomeles_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Quince differs from the Quince ( _Cydonia oblonga_ ) in the toothed leaves and the lack of sepals on the fruit (persistent in _Cydonia_ ). It differs from the flowering quinces ( _Chaenomeles_ ) in the treelike habit, and in bearing its flowers singly. The flaking bark distinguishes it from both of these.

**The leaves of the Chinese Quince** are broadly elliptic to ovate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are bluntly pointed at the tip, and the margin is edged with fine, sharp teeth tipped with glands. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are dark green and smooth above, hairy beneath when young becoming smooth. They can turn red in fall.

_PYRUS AMYGDALIFORMIS_

ALMOND-LEAVED PEAR

VILLARS

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate to elliptic or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1¼ in (8 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, deeply cracked into square plates

**FLOWERS** | White, 1 in (2.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters of up to 12

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, to 1¼ in (3 cm) across, green to russet-brown, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes

The Almond-leaved Pear is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, often a shrub. The shoots are gray and hairy when young and sometimes tipped with sharp spines. It flowers in spring. The small fruits are occasionally eaten and the tree has been used as an understock for grafting commercial pears in dry regions. It is very variable in the size and shape of the leaves, and several varieties have been described, some of which may be hybrids with other species. Some believe the correct name for this species to be _Pyrus spinosa_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Most other species in the genus have broader, toothed leaves. The Willow-leaved Pear ( _P. salicifolia_ ) also has narrow leaves but they are pointed and remain hairy beneath when mature.

**The leaves of the Almond-leaved Pear** are lanceolate to elliptic or obovate, rarely shallowly lobed, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are rounded to abruptly pointed at the tip with an entire or shallowly toothed margin. The base is rounded to wedge-shaped, and the petiole is up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Grayish and silky hairy when young, they become glossy dark green above, and smooth or almost so on both sides.

_PYRUS BETULIFOLIA_

PYRUS BETULIFOLIA

BUNGE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1½ in (8 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracking into square plates

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne on slender, hairy stalks in clusters of up to 15 flowers

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ½ in (1 cm) across, russet-brown with pale dots, with a deciduous calyx

**DISTRIBUTION** | North China

**HABITAT** | Open slopes and plains

_Pyrus betulifolia_ is a deciduous tree, the shoots gray and hairy when young, older shoots often spine-tipped. It has a spreading habit and slightly drooping branches, and flowers in spring. This very hardy and drought-resistant species is often used as an understock for commercial pears, particularly the Chinese Pear ( _P. pyrifolia_ ), and it has been used for breeding disease-resistant rootstocks. Although the fruits are too small to be useful, it is often planted as an ornamental tree for its graceful habit, and is suitable for cold and dry regions.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species can be recognized by the hairy leaves and the small fruits that have a deciduous calyx. The Chinese Pear ( _P. pyrifolia_ ) is a larger tree with larger leaves, which are rounded at the base, and larger fruits.

**The leaves of Pyrus betulifolia** are ovate and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip with a sharply toothed margin, a usually wedge-shaped, sometimes rounded, base, and a hairy petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Gray and hairy on both sides when young, they become glossy dark green and smooth above, paler and sparsely hairy beneath.

_PYRUS CALLERYANA_

CALLERY PEAR

DECAISNE

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2½ in (8 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, fissured

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne on smooth stalks in clusters of up to 12 flowers

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ¾ in (2 cm) across, russet becoming dark brown with pale dots, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests and scrub on hill slopes

The Callery Pear is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring before or as the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are hairy at first, soon becoming smooth; older shoots are often spine-tipped. The Callery Pear is often used as an understock for grafting the Chinese Pear ( _Pyrus pyrifolia_ ) or selections. It was little known in gardens until the 1960s, when thornless, upright selections were introduced. It is now one of the most commonly planted trees in North America, but the form most often planted tends to break apart after 20 years. This form was self-incompatible (meaning it needed another clone to pollinate it) so did not produce fruit; the introduction of further selections led to profuse fruiting, and the Callery Pear has now become an invasive weed in many areas.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. pashia_ has densely hairy young leaves that are often deeply lobed on young plants or vigorous shoots. The Chinese Pear ( _P. pyrifolia_ ) has sharply toothed leaves often heart-shaped at the base. The Common Pear ( _P. communis_ ) has larger, pear-shaped fruits with a persistent calyx.

**The leaves of the Callery Pear** are broadly ovate to nearly rounded, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip, with a bluntly toothed margin. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped, and the smooth petiole is up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are paler beneath and smooth or sparsely hairy when young; they turn to orange, red, and purple in fall.

_PYRUS COMMUNIS_

COMMON PEAR

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate or nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracked into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | White, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters before the young leaves emerge

**FRUIT** | Pear-shaped to rounded, to 6 in (15 cm) long, yellow or red-flushed to russet-brown, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Mainly cultivated

The Common Pear is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit, the shoots soon becoming smooth and often spine-tipped. It flowers in spring. Widely grown for its fruits, which are eaten raw or cooked, or used to produce drinks, the origin of this tree is uncertain. It is likely to have derived by selection and hybridization of wild pears and although it can be found in the wild, these trees are often garden escapes. As well as its fruit, the tree produces a useful wood that is used to make musical instruments as well as for engraving, fuel, and charcoal. Popular selections of the Common Pear grown for their edible fruit include 'Beurré Bosc', 'Beurré d'Anjou', 'Beurré Hardy', 'Concorde', 'Conference', 'Doyenné du Comice', and 'Williams Bon Chrétien' ('Bartlett'). 'Beech Hill' is an ornamental selection with upright branches.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The other Pear grown for its fruit is the Chinese Pear ( _Pyrus pyrifolia_ ) but that species has sharply toothed leaves and fruits with a deciduous calyx.

**The leaves of the Common Pear** are elliptic to ovate or nearly rounded, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. The tip is rounded or has a short, abrupt point. The base is rounded or slightly heart-shaped, and the hairy petiole is up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. The margin is finely or bluntly toothed, or untoothed. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and glabrous when mature, on some trees turning yellow or red in fall.

_PYRUS NIVALIS_

SNOW PEAR

JACQUIN

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 1½ in (9 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, cracked into scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | White, 1½ in (4 cm) across with 5 petals on white-hairy stalks, in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to 2 in (5 cm) across, yellow-green, on a stout, short stalk

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central and southeast Europe, Turkey

**HABITAT** | Dry, sunny woods

The Snow Pear is a deciduous, usually thornless tree with stout shoots densely covered with white hairs. It flowers in spring. The fruits of this species are commonly used in Europe to produce perry. The common name derives from the fact that the fruits were eaten when snow lay on the ground. This species is sometimes considered to be a hybrid between the Common Pear ( _Pyrus communis_ ) and the often shrubby _P. elaeagnifolia_ from southeast Europe and southwest Asia, and is also thought to be involved in the parentage of at least some forms of the Common Pear.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. elaeagnifolia_ is a shrub or small tree, which has spiny shoots and leaves that are slightly smaller and more densely white haired.

**The leaves of the Snow Pear** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip, with an untoothed margin or with a few shallow teeth toward the tip. The base is wedge-shaped, and the blade continues for a short distance along the sides of the petiole, which is hairy and up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Densely covered on both sides with white hairs when young, the leaves become dark gray-green and smooth above, and paler and hairy beneath.

_PYRUS PASHIA_

HIMALAYAN PEAR

BUCHANAN-HAMILTON EX D. DON

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 2 in (8 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracked and with scaly flakes

**FLOWERS** | White or pink-tinged in bud, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in dense clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, ¾ in (2 cm) across, brown with pale dots, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, China, Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests, valleys, meadows

The Himalayan Pear is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit, often with spine-tipped shoots. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. Often a common tree in its native regions, the spiny branches are used to make fences, and the tree itself is sometimes planted as a living fence. The soft, gritty fruits are eaten fresh or dried but do not store well when mature. This species is used as an understock for commercial pears, sometimes by grafting onto existing wild trees.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Pear ( _Pyrus pyrifolia_ ) has sharply toothed leaves, which are often heart-shaped at the base. The Common Pear ( _P. communis_ ) has larger, pear-shaped fruits that have a persistent calyx.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Pear** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are pointed to tapered or sometimes blunt at the tip, and edged with shallow, blunt teeth. The base is rounded or sometimes broadly wedge-shaped with a petiole up to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) long. Usually hairy when they emerge, the leaves mature to dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.
_PYRUS PYRASTER_

EUROPEAN WILD PEAR

(LINNAEUS) BURGSDORFF

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 2 in (6 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, cracked into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | White, 1¼ in (3 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical to pear-shaped, to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub

The European Wild Pear is a deciduous tree with a conical to rounded habit and often spiny shoots, flowering in spring. There has been considerable confusion over the identity of this tree. It is sometimes regarded as a variety or subspecies of the Common Pear ( _Pyrus communis_ ) or even not distinguished from that species. Others regard it as a distinct species that possibly contributed to the ancestry of the Common Pear, and have even divided it into several minor and local variants differing in only small characteristics. As the Common Pear is often naturalized from cultivation, the two have been much confused.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. bourgaeana_ , from Spain and Portugal, is similar but has larger flowers. The Common Pear ( _P. communis_ ) differs in its larger leaves and its bigger, fleshy, pear-shaped fruits.

**The leaves of the European Wild Pear** are rounded to ovate, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip or rounded, either with a short abrupt point or sometimes slightly indented. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped or heart-shaped, and the petiole can be up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_PYRUS PYRIFOLIA_

CHINESE PEAR

(J. BURMAN) NAKAI

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2½ in (12 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, cracked and ridged

**FLOWERS** | White, to 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in clusters of up to 9 flowers

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to 1¼ in (3 cm) across (larger in cultivated selections), russet brown with white spots

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Vietnam

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The Chinese Pear, also known as the Asian Pear, the Nashi Pear, or the Sand Pear, is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit, flowering in spring. It is commonly cultivated for its edible, apple-shaped fruits, which in selected forms are much larger than those of wild trees, to 4 in (10 cm) across. The selected forms are sometimes referred to as _Pyrus pyrifolia_ var. _culta_. Some commercial pears are forms of _P. × lecontei_ , hybrids between the Chinese Pear and the Common Pear ( _P. communis_ ). These have more pear-shaped, often red-flushed fruits, and are more disease-resistant than the Common Pear.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Common Pear ( _P. communis_ ) has pear-shaped fruits with a persistent calyx, and leaves that are bluntly toothed or untoothed. The Manchurian Pear ( _P. ussuriensis_ ) also has sharply toothed leaves but its fruits have a persistent calyx.

**The leaves of the Chinese Pear** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip and are edged with pointed, bristle-tipped teeth. The base is rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 2⅝ in (6.5 cm) long. Hairy when they emerge, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn yellow, orange, and red in fall.

_PYRUS SALICIFOLIA_

WILLOW-LEAVED PEAR

PALLAS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x ¾ in (9 x 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, cracking into small square plates

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in dense clusters

**FRUIT** | Pear-shaped, to 1½ in (4 cm) long, hard and green on a short, stout stalk, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Caucasus, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, rocky slopes, scrub, sandy deserts

The Willow-leaved Pear is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, sometimes shrubby. It has densely white-haired young shoots, and the thornless branches are often pendulous. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. This species is widely grown, mainly as a single selection, 'Pendula', This is among the most popular trees for very small gardens, the main attraction being its very silvery young foliage. Grafted onto a tall stem, it makes a dense rounded head of cascading shoots, which, if left untrimmed will eventually reach the ground. It is occasionally seen clipped into a formal shape or grown as a hedge. A plant grown under the name 'Silver Frost' is very similar and may be the same.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Willow-leaved Pear has been confused with the Snow Pear ( _Pyrus nivalis_ ), but this is a larger tree with broader leaves and larger fruits. _P. elaeagnifolia_ is often shrubby, and has broader leaves and spiny shoots.

**The leaves of the Willow-leaved Pear** are narrow elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with an untoothed margin, tapering gradually from the middle or just below it to the base and a petiole about ½ in (1 cm) long. Emerging silvery-gray and densely hairy, the leaves become dark green and smooth above, paler gray-green and sparsely hairy beneath.

_PYRUS SYRIACA_

SYRIAN PEAR

BOISSIER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 1¼ in (9 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark grey-brown, cracked into small squares

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals

**FRUIT** | Spherical to pear-shaped, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, hard and green, calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Dry rocky places, scrub, woods

The Syrian Pear is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit and smooth, reddish brown, spiny shoots. It flowers in spring after the young leaves have emerged. As a very drought-resistant tree, it is often used in its native regions as an understock for grafting commercial pear selections. The small, hard fruits are sometimes sold in local markets and are eaten fresh or made into preserves. A form with narrower leaves smooth beneath, native to Iran where about 12 species of pear are thought to grow, is recognized as _Pyrus syriaca_ subsp. _glabra_ or _P. glabra_ , and natural hybrids between the two are believed to occur.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Syrian Pear can be distinguished from the European Wild Pear ( _P. pyraster_ ) by its narrower leaves.

**The leaves of the Syrian Pear** are leathery in texture, ovate to lanceolate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. Pointed at the tip, they have a shallowly toothed margin, tapering to the base and a slender petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath.

_PYRUS USSURIENSIS_

MANCHURIAN PEAR

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured and cracking into small plates

**FLOWERS** | White, 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne on downy stalks in dense clusters

**FRUIT** | Spherical, yellow-green, to 2 in (5 cm) across on a short, stout stalk, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | North China, Korea, eastern Russia, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests on hills and in valleys

The Manchurian Pear is also called the Ussurian Pear for its occurrence in the Ussuri region of the Russian Far East. It is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded or spreading habit; the shoots are smooth or sparsely hairy. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. This species is used as an understock for grafting commercial pears, and also has some selected forms that are grown for edible fruits in China. It is grown as an ornamental in gardens for its very early flowers; _Pyrus ussuriensis_ var. _ovoidea_ has longer-stalked, ovoid fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Pear ( _P. pyrifolia_ ) also has sharply toothed leaves but its fruits have a deciduous rather than persistent calyx. The Common Pear ( _P. communis_ ) has larger fruits and leaves that are bluntly toothed or untoothed.

**The leaves of the Manchurian Pear** are broadly ovate to nearly rounded, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip, and the margin is edged with sharp-pointed, bristle-tipped teeth. The base is rounded or slightly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and sometimes hairy when young, becoming smooth; they can turn to red and purple in fall.

_SORBUS ALNIFOLIA_

ALDER-LEAVED WHITEBEAM

(SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI) K. KOCH

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, about ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in dense clusters to 3¼ in (8 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical to ovoid or oblong, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, red or deep pink dotted with lenticels, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forest and thickets in the mountains

The Alder-leaved Whitebeam is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit, flowering in spring after the leaves have emerged. It is sometimes referred to as the Korean Mountain Ash but this implies it is related to the Mountain Ash ( _Sorbus aucuparia_ and its relatives) whereas it is in fact related to the whitebeams ( _S. aria_ and its relatives). An attractive ornamental tree, it is useful for small gardens and street planting, and has attractive fruits and fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Alder-leaved Whitebeam can be distinguished from most of the other whitebeams (those species that are related to the Whitebeam, _S. aria_ ) by having leaves that are green beneath.

**The leaves of the Alder-leaved Whitebeam** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They end in a tapered point, and have a sharply, sometimes doubly toothed margin, and in some forms are shallowly lobed above the middle. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to rounded, with a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above with conspicuous impressed veins, paler beneath, and smooth or slightly hairy on both sides; they turn orange, yellow, and red in fall.

_SORBUS AMERICANA_

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH

MARSHALL

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, ¼ in (6 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in dense clusters to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, to ⅜ in (8 mm) across, bright orange-red, the sepals persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, thickets, rocky slopes, riverbanks

The American Mountain Ash, also known as the Roundwood, is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit; the buds are pointed, dark brown, and sticky, with rusty brown hairs. It flowers in late spring to early summer. It has a mainly northern distribution, extending south along the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina and Georgia. A rare intergeneric hybrid, _× Sorbaronia jackii_ , between this species and the shrubby Purple Chokeberry ( _Aronia prunifolia_ ) occurs in Canada. The American Mountain Ash is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree for its fruits, which are eaten by a wide variety of wildlife and can also be used to make jelly.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Rowan ( _S. aucuparia_ ) has leaflets that are pointed but not tapered, and buds that are not sticky. The Northern Mountain Ash ( _S. decora_ ) has blackish buds and also relatively broader leaflets that end in a short, abrupt point. The Japanese Rowan ( _S. commixta_ ) usually has leaflets that are shorter and narrower.

**The leaves of the American Mountain Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 15 or 17 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are oblong to lanceolate, to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip and a sharply toothed margin. They are dark green above, paler blue-green beneath, and slightly hairy when young, becoming smooth on both sides.

_SORBUS ARIA_

WHITEBEAM

(LINNAEUS) CRANTZ

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 4 in (12 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, cracking at the base with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in dense corymbs to 3¼ in (8 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Ovoid to nearly spherical, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, bright red, dotted with lenticels, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Well-drained, usually alkaline soils

The Whitebeam is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit, sometimes shrubby, flowering in late spring to early summer. This is the commonest of the whitebeams in many parts of Europe, often growing on alkaline soil. It is commonly planted as an ornamental tree for its foliage, flowers, and fruit and is sometimes naturalized. Unlike many of the locally distributed related species, it is very variable and several garden selections have been made.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The simple, unlobed leaves distinguish the Whitebeam from most other commonly found species in the genus. Other similar species found in many parts of Europe usually have a restricted distribution and differ in small characters of leaf shape, size, and number of veins.

**The leaves of the Whitebeam** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are rounded to bluntly pointed at the tip, with a sharply, often doubly toothed margin and usually 10–14 pairs of veins. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. White with hairs on both sides when young, the leaves mature to glossy dark green above, and densely white-haired beneath.

_SORBUS AUCUPARIA_

ROWAN

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 6 in (25 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅜ in (9 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in large, flattened corymbs to 4¾ in (12 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, about ½ in (1 cm) across, bright orange-red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, northern Asia

**HABITAT** | Heaths and mountains, usually on sandy or peaty soils

The Rowan, also known as the Mountain Ash, is a deciduous tree with a conical habit, at least when young, becoming rounded to spreading, often shrubby. It flowers in late spring to early summer. A variable and widely distributed species, _Sorbus aucuparia_ subsp. _maderensis_ is a rare shrub in Madeira, with relatively broader leaflets toothed nearly to the base. The hard wood was traditionally used to make small items, such as cooking utensils. The fruits can be used to make jelly, or fermented to produce an alcoholic drink. The Rowan is often planted as an ornamental tree, and there are garden selections with an upright habit, and large or yellow fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Both the American Mountain Ash ( _S. americana_ ) and the Japanese Rowan ( _S. commixta_ ) have taper-pointed leaflets and usually sticky buds. The Service Tree ( _S. domestica_ ) has sticky buds, scaly bark, and larger fruits, as well as leaves that are densely covered in white hairs when young, remaining hairy above when mature.

**The leaves of the Rowan** are oblong in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 17 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. Each leaflet is ovate to oblong and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across with a margin that is sharply toothed except at the base. They are rounded at the base and often oblique, stalkless, or nearly so. Dark green above, the leaves are blue-green beneath, and hairy when young, becoming smooth or almost so. They sometimes turn yellow, orange, or red in the fall.

_SORBUS CASHMIRIANA_

KASHMIR ROWAN

HEDLUND

Up to 16½ ft (5 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Pale pink, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals, in broad corymbs to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, slightly longer than wide, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, pure white except for the pink-flushed, fleshy sepals

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northwest Himalayan region (Kashmir)

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Kashmir Rowan is small deciduous tree with an open, spreading habit, often multistemmed or a shrub. It has stout, reddish brown shoots and reddish brown buds, and flowers in late spring. This species, as with many in the genus, is apomictic—that is, seed is set without fertilization and gives rise to plants identical to the parent. It is often grown as an ornamental in gardens for its pendulous clusters of very distinct, soft white fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Kashmir Rowan is very distinct in bearing large white fruits. Another commonly seen species that has white fruits is _Sorbus glabriuscula_ , but this is a larger tree with fruits that are much smaller and hard.

**The leaves of the Kashmir Rowan** are oblong in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 21 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. Each leaflet is ovate to lanceolate, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across with a pointed tip and a sharply toothed margin. They are dark green above, blue-green beneath, and hairy when young, becoming smooth; they turn yellow early in fall.

_SORBUS COMMIXTA_

JAPANESE ROWAN

HEDLUND

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, to ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, in broad, flattened corymbs to 6 in (15 cm) wide

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, about ⅜ in (8 mm) across, glossy red, usually hard

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan, Korea, northeastern Russia (Kuril Islands, Sakhalin)

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Japanese Rowan is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, sometimes multistemmed or shrubby, flowering in late spring. The young shoots are smooth or slightly rusty hairy when young, with reddish, usually sticky buds. This widely distributed and variable species is commonly grown as an ornamental tree, particularly for its dense clusters of glossy red fruits and fall color, and a few forms have been selected for good fall color in gardens. On the island of Yakushima this species can grow as an epiphyte on trees of _Cryptomeria japonica_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Rowan is closely related to the American Mountain Ash ( _Sorbus americana_ ), which has leaflets that are also taper-pointed, but are usually longer and broader.

**The leaves of the Japanese Rowan** are oblong in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate, with usually 13–17 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. Each leaflet is narrow ovate, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across, with a taper-pointed apex and a sharply toothed margin. The leaflets are dark, often glossy green and smooth above, pale blue-green beneath, and smooth or rusty hairy when young. They turn orange-yellow to purple-red in fall.

_SORBUS DECORA_

NORTHERN MOUNTAIN ASH

(SARGENT) C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in large, flattened corymbs to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Spherical, bright red, to ½ in (1 cm) across, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern United States, eastern Canada

**HABITAT** | Thickets and woods on moist soils

The Northern Mountain Ash, also known as the Showy Mountain Ash, is a deciduous tree, usually branching low, often multistemmed or shrubby. The shoots end in dark, sticky buds. It flowers in late spring. Plants in Greenland known as _Sorbus groenlandica_ have been referred to this species but have smaller fruits. The Northern Mountain Ash is sometimes cultivated for its bright red fruits, which are edible; like those of the American Mountain Ash they can be used to make jelly or wine.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Mountain Ash ( _S. americana_ ), with which this species can grow, differs in its reddish buds and its taper-pointed leaflets.

**The leaves of the Northern Mountain Ash** are oblong in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 17 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. Each leaflet is elliptic to oblong or lanceolate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across, with a short, abrupt point at the tip and a margin that is sharply toothed nearly to the base. They are deep blue-green above, paler beneath, and hairy when young, becoming smooth on both sides. They turn orange-red in fall.

_SORBUS DISCOLOR_

SORBUS DISCOLOR

(MAXIMOWICZ) E. GOETZE

up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale grey, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, to ⅜ in (8 mm) across with 5 petals, in open, conical panicles to 4 in (10 cm) wide

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, about ⅜ in (8 mm) across, white or flushed with pink

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

_Sorbus discolor_ is a deciduous tree with an upright to spreading habit, sometimes multistemmed or shrubby. It flowers in late spring. Many of the related Chinese species are apomictic (that is, they produce fruits and seed without pollination, and are therefore not variable), but this is a species that is not, and it shows variation between plants in the toothing of the leaflets and the amount of pink coloration in the fruit. In addition, it is able to form hybrids with other species. _S. discolor_ is rare in gardens. _S. hupehensis_ is a synonym of this, but that name has been commonly applied to a commonly grown tree correctly called _S. glabriuscula_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The commonly grown _S. glabriuscula_ is a more robust tree with larger leaves and obovate leaflets.

**The leaves of Sorbus discolor** are oblong in outline, and up to 6 cm (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across with a petiole about 2 in (5 cm) long. They are pinnate with about zare ovate to lanceolate, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across, pointed at the tip with a sharply toothed margin. They are dark green above, bluish green beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_SORBUS DOMESTICA_

SERVICE TREE

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 in x 4¾ in (20 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured and flaking in small plates

**FLOWERS** | White, or pink-flushed, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in domed clusters to 4 in (10 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Apple- or pear-shaped, to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, yellow to green or green heavily flushed red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved woodland, usually on alkaline soils

The Service Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded or spreading habit, the shoots with green or pale brown, sticky buds. It flowers in late spring. Although widely distributed, this species is rare in many of the countries in which it grows; it occurs naturally only in a few places in Britain, where it was confirmed as a native after populations containing trees several hundred years old were found on limestone cliffs in Glamorgan, Wales, in 1983. The fruits are edible after "bletting" (that is, softening by frost) or have been fermented to make an alcoholic drink.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Although the Service Tree has most often been confused with the Rowan ( _Sorbus aucuparia_ ), it is not closely related to that species and is sometimes placed in a separate genus as _Cormus domestica_. It differs in its sticky buds, its white-haired young leaves, and its scaly, fissured bark. It is only confused in name with the Wild Service Tree ( _S. torminalis_ ), which has simple, lobed leaves, and brown fruits.

**The leaves of the Service Tree** are oblong and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 21 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. Each leaflet is elliptic to oblong, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and ½ in (1.2 cm) across, with a pointed or rounded tip and a margin that is sharply toothed (untoothed in the half closest to the base). White with hairs when they emerge, the leaves mature to dark green and thinly hairy above, paler and hairy beneath.

_SORBUS FOLGNERI_

FOLGNER'S WHITEBEAM

(C. K. SCHNEIDER) REHDER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 3 in (16 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1 cm) across with 5 petals, in corymbs to 4 in (10 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Ovoid to oblong, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, red or yellow, the calyx deciduous

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests and riverbanks

The Folgner's Whitebeam is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, the branches often slightly drooping. The young shoots are densely covered with white hairs when young, becoming smooth, and it flowers in spring after the leaves have emerged. It is an elegant tree, occasionally cultivated for its attractive foliage, which colors well in fall, and fruits. Most often seen with red fruits, forms with yellow fruits are occasionally grown, including one named 'Lemon Drop' but are less common in gardens and in the wild. 'Emiel' is a selection for good fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Folgner's Whitebeam has been confused with another Chinese species, _Sorbus zahlbruckneri_ , which has broader leaves that are less densely hairy beneath, and fruits with persistent sepals.

**The leaves of the Folgner's Whitebeam** are elliptic to lanceolate, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, sometimes abruptly, with a sharply, sometimes double-toothed margin, tapering to a broadly wedge-shaped or rounded base and a hairy petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Hairy on both sides when they open, they mature to dark green and smooth above, densely covered with white hairs beneath.

_SORBUS GLABRIUSCULA_

SORBUS GLABRIUSCULA

MCALLISTER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 11 x 4 in (28 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, ¼ in (6 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in large clusters to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | White, slightly flushed pink on the persistent, fleshy calyx, spherical, ⅜ in (8 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Sorbus glabriuscula_ is a deciduous tree, sometimes multistemmed, with a broadly columnar habit. It flowers in late spring after the leaves have emerged. Little known in the wild, this tree is a popular ornamental, grown particularly for its profuse and long-persistent, white fruits on deep pink stalks. It was, for many years, grown in gardens as _S. hupehensis_ , a name that applies to a different species. _S. glabriuscula_ is an apomictic species, with all seedlings being identical to the parent.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species can be recognized by its smooth, blue-green leaves and small, hard, white fruits. _S. pseudohupehensis_ has leaves with leaflets increasing in length toward the apex, and fruits that are distinctly flushed pink.

**The leaves of Sorbus glabriuscula** are oblong in outline, and up to 11 in (28 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnate with 11–17 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite and mostly more or less the same size. Each leaflet is obovate and up to 2¼ in (5.5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across, with a rounded to abruptly short-pointed tip and a margin that is sharply toothed above the middle but entire toward the base. The leaves are blue-green above, paler beneath, and smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_SORBUS HYBRIDA_

FINNISH WHITEBEAM

LINNAEUS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple/partially pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2½ in (10 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, becoming fissured at the base with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in dense clusters up to 4 in (10 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, deep red dotted with lenticels, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northwestern Europe (Scandinavia)

**HABITAT** | Rocky meadows, coastal woods

The Finnish Whitebeam is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical, later rounded habit, flowering in late spring or early summer after the leaves have emerged. This species shows characters of both a whitebeam and a rowan, and is apomictic, with all seedlings being identical to the parent. It is thought to have originated as a hybrid between the Rowan ( _Sorbus aucuparia_ ) and _S. rupicola_ , a shrub or small tree with unlobed leaves, and now behaves as a species. There are many similar, usually locally distributed, species of the same or similar parentage in Europe that are difficult to distinguish.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Swedish Whitebeam ( _S. intermedia_ ) is commonly planted. It has fruits that are longer than wide, and leaves that are lobed. Only very occasionally do the leaves have free leaflets at the base, and these are usually leaves in shade.

**The leaves of the Finnish Whitebeam** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip with a lobed and sharply toothed margin. The lobes are deeper toward the base of the leaf and most leaves have 1 or sometimes 2 pairs of free leaflets at the base. They are dark green above, with up to 10 pairs of veins, densely covered with white hairs beneath.

_SORBUS INTERMEDIA_

SWEDISH WHITEBEAM

(EHRHART) PERSOON

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3 in (12 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, fissured and flaking with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in large corymbs to 4¾ in (12 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Ovoid, to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, red with a few lenticels, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northwestern Europe

**HABITAT** | Broad-leaved woods, meadows

The Swedish Whitebeam is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, sometimes shrubby. It flowers in late spring to early summer after the leaves have emerged. Widely planted as an ornamental tree, it is very well adapted to urban conditions, and is particularly common in city streets and parks. It is an apomictic species, producing seedlings identical to the parent. It has a complicated parentage: it originated as a hybrid involving the Rowan ( _Sorbus aucuparia_ ), the Whitebeam ( _S. aria_ ), and the Wild Service Tree ( _S. torminalis_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Finnish Whitebeam ( _S. hybrida_ ) has rounded fruits and leaves that normally have one or two pairs of free leaflets at the base. It can be confused with some rare local species such as _S. anglica_ , which has obovate leaves and fruits that are as wide as, or wider than, long.

**The leaves of the Swedish Whitebeam** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 4½ in (12 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They are shallowly lobed, the lobes deepest toward the base of the leaf, and sharply toothed. Occasionally, particularly on leaves in shade, there may be a pair of free leaflets at the base. The leaves are rounded to pointed at the tip, with a broadly wedge-shaped to rounded base and a hairy petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above when mature, they are densely covered with grayish hairs beneath.

_SORBUS LATIFOLIA_

SERVICE TREE OF FONTAINEBLEAU

(LAMARCK) PERSOON

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 4 in (10 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, fissured and slightly scaly at the base with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in corymbs to 3¼ in (8 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Nearly spherical, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across, yellowish orange, conspicuously dotted with lenticels, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | France

**HABITAT** | Woods

The Service Tree of Fontainebleau is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in late spring after the leaves have emerged. It is known only from a small area in France, from where it gets its name. This is an apomictic species, all seedlings being identical to the parent, that probably arose as a hybrid between the Whitebeam ( _Sorbus aria_ ) and the Wild Service Tree ( _S. torminalis_ ). It is sometimes cultivated and naturalized in other countries. The name _S. latifolia_ is sometimes also used for a group of species that originated as hybrids between the Wild Service Tree and the Whitebeam or its relatives.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are several apomictic, locally distributed species in Europe derived from the same parents and differing in small characters. The non-apomictic hybrid between the Whitebeam and the Wild Service Tree, known as _S. × vagensis_ , also occurs. It differs in having slightly smaller, orange-brown fruits.

**The leaves of the Service Tree of Fontainebleau** are broadly ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across. They are slightly longer than wide, and edged with shallow, toothed, triangular lobes; these are largest toward the base of the leaf, which is broadly rounded with a petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth above when mature, with up to 9 pairs of veins, and covered with gray hairs beneath.

_SORBUS SARGENTIANA_

SARGENT'S ROWAN

KOEHNE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 8 in (25 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, to ¼ in (7 mm) across, with 5 petals, borne in broad corymbs to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Red, spherical, ⅜ in (8 mm) across, the sepals persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Sargent's Rowan is a slow-growing deciduous tree, conical when young, with a spreading habit when mature, usually branching low with a short trunk. It flowers in early summer. It has very stout shoots and conspicuous deep red, sticky buds about ¾ in (2 cm) long. A popular ornamental tree, it is often grown for its large clusters of red fruits and its handsome foliage which colors well in fall. It was discovered and introduced by plant collector Ernest "Chinese" Wilson, and was named after Charles Sargent, then Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, for whom Wilson collected.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Sorbus wilsoniana_ is similar to the Sargent's Rowan although it is less commonly seen. It has smaller leaflets that reach up to 3¾ in (8 cm) in length, compared to the Sargent's Rowan.

**The leaves of the Sargent's Rowan** are oblong in outline and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 8 in (10 cm) across. They are pinnate with 9–15 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite, very short-stalked, and oblique at the base. At the base of each leaf is a pair of semicircular, sharply toothed stipules. Each leaflet is lanceolate and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 1¾ in (4.5 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip and are sharply toothed except toward the base. Bronze when young, they mature to dark green above with impressed veins, paler beneath and sparsely hairy; they turn orange and red in fall.

_SORBUS SCALARIS_

SORBUS SCALARIS

KOEHNE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7½ x 3¼ in (19 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅜ in (8 mm) across with 5 petals, borne in broad corymbs to 6 in (15 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Bright red, spherical, ¼ in (7 mm) across, borne in large clusters

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwest China

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

_Sorbus scalaris_ is a deciduous tree with a broad, wide-spreading habit, often with arching branches. It flowers in late spring or early summer. The young shoots are densely covered in gray hairs, and the winter buds are reddish purple with white hairs. This very distinct species is occasionally grown for its ornamental foliage, the name likening the leaflets to the rungs of a ladder, and also for its fruits. It is one of many species introduced to gardens from China by the plant collector Ernest Wilson.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The narrow, closely set leaflets make _S. scalaris_ a very distinct species, and it is unlikely to be confused with others.

**The leaves of Sorbus scalaris** are oblong in outline, and up to 7½ in (19 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 33 densely set leaflets, the lateral ones opposite, unstalked and rounded at the often slightly oblique base. The leathery leaflets are narrowly oblong and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and ½ in (1 cm) across; they have a pointed apex and a margin that is sharply toothed above the middle. They are dark green and smooth above with impressed veins, densely covered with white hairs beneath, and can turn to red and purple in fall.

_SORBUS THIBETICA_

TIBETAN WHITEBEAM

(CARDOT) HANDEL-MAZZETTI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10½ x 6 in (26 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, fissured with age at the base

**FLOWERS** | White, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across with 5 petals and 2 or 3 styles, borne in corymbs to 3¼ in (8 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Apple-shaped or ovoid, to ¾ in (2 cm) long, yellowish or orange, sometimes red-flushed, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Himalayan region, western China

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Tibetan Whitebeam is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, sometimes shrubby, flowering in late spring to early summer. It has stout shoots, covered in white hairs when young, and green or reddish, pointed winter buds to ½ in (1 cm) long. This is a widely distributed species, varying in the size and shape of the leaves. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental for its bold foliage. 'John Mitchell,' often listed under this species, has very large, often rounded leaves and is probably of hybrid origin.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Himalayan Whitebeam ( _Sorbus vestita_ ) is a similar and variable species not easily distinguished by leaf alone. It has flowers with usually four or five styles. _S. hedlundii_ has leaves with rusty-colored veins beneath.

**The leaves of the Tibetan Whitebeam** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 10½ in (26 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are short-pointed at the tip with a doubly toothed margin; they have a broadly wedge-shaped to rounded base and a stout petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. White with hairs when they emerge, they mature to dark green and smooth above, with a covering of gray-white hairs beneath. They turn yellow-brown in fall.

_SORBUS TORMINALIS_

WILD SERVICE TREE

(LINNAEUS) CRANTZ

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 4 in (12 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown and smooth when young, cracking into scaly plates with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ½ in (1.2 cm) across with 5 petals, borne in open corymbs to 4 in (10 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Ovoid, ½ in (1.2 cm) long, russet-brown with pale lenticels

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods

The Wild Service Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, conical when young. The young shoots are covered with white hairs, which are soon lost. It flowers in late spring or early summer. It generally has a scattered distribution and in Britain is an indicator of ancient woodland. The fruits, known as checkers, are edible once softened by frost, and were used to flavor beer or to make wine, giving a name to many pubs. Quite distinct from other species, the Wild Service Tree is sometimes placed in a separate genus, _Torminaria_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Wild Service Tree is sometimes confused in name alone with the Service Tree ( _Sorbus domestica_ ), which has pinnate leaves. The Service Tree of Fontainebleau ( _S. latifolia_ ) has less deeply lobed leaves with more veins. There are a number of species in Europe that originated as hybrids of the Wild Service Tree and can resemble it, but they usually have the leaves persistently hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Wild Service Tree** are broadly ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are rather maple-like in appearance, and deeply cut into 7–11 triangular, pointed and toothed lobes. The largest and deepest lobes are at the base, which is wedge-shaped to truncate or shallowly heart-shaped. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides except when young; they turn yellow-brown, red, or purple in fall.

_SORBUS VESTITA_

HIMALAYAN WHITEBEAM

(G. DON) LODDIGES

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth when young, cracking in scaly plates with age

**FLOWERS** | White, ¾ in (2 cm) across with 5 petals and usually 4–5 styles, borne in corymbs to 3¼ in (8 cm) across

**FRUIT** | Spherical, to ¾ in (2 cm) across, brownish yellow dotted with lenticels, the calyx persistent

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

**SYNONYM** | _Sorbus cuspidata_ (Spach) Hedlund

The Himalayan Whitebeam is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit, flowering in late spring or early summer. The stout shoots are densely covered with white hairs when young, ending in prominent green winter buds. The Himalayan Whitebeam is a tree of high-altitude forests in its native habitats, where it commonly associates with maples, magnolias, rhododendrons, and conifers. It is occasionally seen in gardens, where it is grown for both its bold foliage and profuse fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Himalayan Whitebeam is most commonly confused with the Tibetan Whitebeam ( _Sorbus thibetica_ ). The two species can only be reliably distinguished by the number of styles in the flowers, two or three in _S. thibetica_ , and four or five in _S. vestita_.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Whitebeam** are elliptic and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with a toothed margin, tapering to a wedge-shaped base and a stout petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long. Covered in white hairs when they emerge, when mature they are glossy dark green and smooth above, densely silvery white-haired beneath, and they turn yellow-brown in fall.

_EMMENOPTERYS HENRYI_

EMMENOPTERYS HENRYI

OLIVER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray and rough, scaly when young

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, funnel-shaped, to 1¼ in (3 cm) long with 4 or 5 spreading lobes, borne in large panicles at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | An oblong, ribbed capsule to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Moist forests in valleys

_Emmenopterys henryi_ is a deciduous tree of broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in summer. An unusual and distinctive feature is that one of the calyx lobes becomes enlarged and bractlike on a few flowers in each inflorescence. This can reach as much as 3¼ in (8 cm) in length, and ages from white to cream or pink. _E. henryi_ is a member of a largely tropical and subtropical family, with woody members rare in temperate regions; it is one of only two species in the genus. It was introduced to cultivation in 1907 by the plant collector Ernest Wilson, who described it as one of the most strikingly beautiful trees of the Chinese forests.

SIMILAR SPECIES

A very distinct species, _E. henryi_ is unlikely to be confused with other trees when in flower. The Fevertree ( _Pinckneya pubens_ ), from the southeastern United States, has very similar foliage.

**The leaves of Emmenopterys henryi** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across, sometimes more. They are pointed at the tip, with an untoothed margin and a wedge-shaped base tapering to a petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Bronze when they emerge, the leaves mature to dark green and smooth or sparsely hairy above, and paler beneath, with hairs along the veins and in the vein axils.

_PHELLODENDRON AMURENSE_

AMUR CORK TREE

RUPRECHT

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, ridged, thick and corky on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Yellow-green, about ¼ in (6 mm) long, male and female flowers borne separately on different trees in open panicles to 3¼ in (8 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A spherical, black berry about ½ in (1 cm) across, borne in open clusters with slender branches

**DISTRIBUTION** | North China, Korea, eastern Russia, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Amur Cork Tree is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. The axillary buds are hidden, enclosed in the enlarged base of the petiole. Extracts of the bark are widely used in Chinese traditional medicine, and extracts of the wood and roots are used in China to dye wool and leather. The Amur Cork Tree is a variable species, with the forms from China and the Amur region of Russia showing the best development of cork; others from Korea and Japan have less corky bark.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Cork Tree ( _Phellodendron chinense_ ) differs in its very compact fruit clusters with stout branches. _Tetradium daniellii_ also has opposite, pinnate leaves but the axillary buds are exposed.

**The leaves of the Amur Cork Tree** are oblong to obovate in outline, aromatic, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with 7–13 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip, an untoothed or minutely toothed margin, and a rounded base. They are dark green and smooth above, paler green to gray-green beneath, and hairy beneath or only on the veins.

_PHELLODENDRON CHINENSE_

CHINESE CORK TREE

C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong to obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, ridged, thinly corky

**FLOWERS** | Yellow-green, about ¼ in (6 mm) long, male and female flowers borne separately on different trees in dense panicles to 3¼ in (8 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A spherical, black berry about ½ in (1 cm) across, borne in dense clusters with stout branches

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Chinese Cork Tree is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer, the axillary buds hidden in the enlarged base of the petiole. Like the Amur Cork Tree ( _Phellodendron amurense_ , the only other species in the genus), it is used in Chinese traditional medicine and for dyeing. It varies in the hairiness of the leaves, typically downy beneath; in the sometimes recognized _P. chinense_ var. _glabriusculum_ , the leaves are smooth beneath except on the veins.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Amur Cork Tree ( _P. amurense_ ) has fruits in open clusters with slender branches. The Bee-bee Tree ( _Tetradium daniellii_ ) has exposed axillary buds.

**The leaves of the Chinese Cork Tree** are oblong to obovate in outline, aromatic, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with 7–15 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are ovate to oblong or lanceolate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across with a taper-pointed tip, an untoothed or minutely toothed margin, and a usually taper-pointed base. They are dark green and smooth above, paler and hairy beneath, or only on the veins.

_TETRADIUM DANIELLII_

BEE-BEE TREE

(J. J. BENNETT) HARTLEY

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Very small and white, with 4 or 5 petals only up to ¼ in (5 mm) long, borne in broad corymbs to 6 in (15 cm) across at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, red capsule about ½ in (1 cm) long consisting of 5 follicles

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Forests and slopes from sea level to the mountains

**SYNONYM** | _Euodia daniellii_ (J. J. Bennett) Hemsley

The Bee-bee Tree is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in summer to early fall. Still sometimes known by its synonym, it was long regarded as belonging to the genus _Euodia_ , which occurs in northeastern Australia and New Guinea and has simple or trifoliolate leaves. It is sometimes cultivated; it is useful in gardens for its late flowers, which also makes it valuable as a source of food for honeybees, and its fruit clusters. In some areas where it is planted, it has become naturalized.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bee-bee Tree is closely related to the species of _Phellodendron_ ; however, the fruit is a capsule rather than a berry, and the axillary buds are exposed.

**The leaves of the Bee-bee Tree** are broadly ovate, aromatic, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across or more. They are pinnate with usually 5–9 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across or more, with a taper-pointed tip, an untoothed or shallowly scalloped margin, and wedge-shaped to rounded base. They are glossy dark green and smooth above with translucent oil glands, blue-green and hairy at least on the veins beneath when young.

_ZANTHOXYLUM AILANTHOIDES_

JAPANESE TOOTHACHE TREE

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with woody protuberances remaining from thorns

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and greenish yellow with 5 petals less than ⅛ in (2.5 mm) long, borne in clusters to 4¾ in (12 cm) across at the ends of the shoot; males and females on the same or separate plants

**FRUIT** | About ¼ in (5 mm) across, green becoming red-brown and splitting to reveal black seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Philippines

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub in hills and mountains

The Japanese Toothache Tree, also known as the Japanese Prickly Ash, is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit. It flowers in late summer to early fall. The stout, hairless shoots bear short, rigid spines. The pungently aromatic fruits are sometimes used as a substitute for pepper, and infusions of fruits, leaves, and shoots are used medicinally. Plants from Taiwan with the leaves hairy beneath have been recognized as _Zanthoxylum ailanthoides_ var. _pubescens_. The genus, which occurs mainly in east Asia, with some species in North America, was named for the yellow wood of some species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The spiny shoots and bold aromatic leaves are distinctive. Most other species encountered are shrubby. _Z. simulans_ is a tree but has small leaves with fewer leaflets.

**The leaves of the Japanese Toothache Tree** are oblong in outline, aromatic, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are pinnate with 11–27 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are lanceolate, to 6 in (15 cm) or more long and 2 in (5 cm) across, and have a slender, tapered point and a finely toothed margin, the surface dotted with oil glands. They are bright green above, blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides (hairy beneath in var. _pubescens_ ).

_ZANTHOXYLUM MOLLE_

ZANTHOXYLUM MOLLE

REHDER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 10 in (30 x 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, spiny

**FLOWERS** | Tiny and greenish yellow, with 5 petals, only 1 in (2.5) mm long, borne in clusters to 8 in (20 cm) across at the ends of the shoots; males and females usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | About ¼ in (5 mm) across, green becoming red-purple, and splitting to reveal black seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub in hills and mountains

_Zanthoxylum molle_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit. The stout, spiny shoots are hairy when young, becoming smooth and reddish purple. It flowers in summer, the large flower clusters borne on prickly stalks. It is one of about 40 species native to China that include deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, and climbers. The number of leaflets is variable on the same tree and leaves just below the flower clusters can have only three leaflets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Z. molle_ is closely related to the Japanese Toothache Tree ( _Z. ailanthoides_ ) but differs in its hairy shoots and the leaves with larger and fewer leaflets that are hairy beneath. It is seen much less frequently in cultivation than that species.

**The aromatic leaves of Zanthoxylum molle** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across, on a petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long. They are pinnate with 13–19 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite and unstalked or nearly so. The leaflets are elliptic to ovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, and the margin is untoothed or has very shallow teeth. Glossy dark green and smooth above, they are covered with gray-white hairs beneath.

_MELIOSMA MYRIANTHA_

MELIOSMA MYRIANTHA

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 x 4 in (25 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Creamy white, only about ⅛ in (3 mm) across, with 5 petals, very fragrant, in large panicles to 10 in (25 cm) long at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Spherical, red-brown, ¼ in (5 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Japan, Korea

**HABITAT** | Moist woods in hills and mountains, in valleys and by riverbanks

_Meliosma myriantha_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, sometimes shrubby, the young shoots covered in brown hairs. It flowers in summer. It is a variable and widely distributed species, differing in the toothing and hairiness of the leaves. While the typical form occurs largely at low altitudes, _M. myriantha_ var. _discolor_ and var. _pilosa_ , which have the leaves untoothed at the base, can occur at higher altitudes. The genus is the largest of the three members of the largely tropical and subtropical family and occurs in east Asia as well as Mexico and Central and South America.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_M. veitchiorum_ is sometimes seen in gardens but it has pinnate leaves. The treelike habit, bold, conspicuously veined leaves, and large clusters of tiny fragrant flowers distinguish _M. myriantha_ from other species with undivided leaves, which are often shrubby or have smaller leaves.

**The leaves of Meliosma myriantha** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They end in a short, abruptly tapered point, and have a sharply toothed margin, and up to 25 conspicuous parallel veins on each side. They are dark green above and sparsely hairy when young, becoming smooth; beneath, they are thinly to densely hairy, with hairs along the veins and in the vein axils.

_IDESIA POLYCARPA_

IDESIA POLYCARPA

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 6 in (20 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, pale gray

**FLOWERS** | Small, yellow-green, fragrant, without petals, but with 5 sepals, in pendulous panicles to 6 in (15 cm) long, from the old shoots; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A spherical, red berry ½ in (1 cm) across in pendulous clusters

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Idesia polycarpa_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the smooth or sparsely hairy shoots spreading horizontally. It flowers in spring. It is planted as an ornamental tree in Japan, where the wood has been used to make clogs. Both male and female trees need to be grown to produce fruit. The genus contains only one species, and is one of a number of genera previously assigned to the Flacourtiaceae that are now considered to be closely related to the willows ( _Salix_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is easily recognized by its bold leaves that have two prominent raised glands on the long, red petiole.

**The leaves of Idesia polycarpa** are broadly ovate and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. The red petiole is up to 6 in (15 cm) long and bears 2, sometimes more, conspicuous raised glands. The leaves have a short, taper-pointed apex, with a toothed margin and a heart-shaped base from which radiate 5, or sometimes 7, veins. Bronze when they emerge, the leaves mature to dark green and smooth above, blue-green beneath and hairy at the base, or densely hairy all over in var. _vestita_.

_POLIOTHYRSIS SINENSIS_

POLIOTHYRSIS SINENSIS

OLIVER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6× 4¾ in (15× 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, becoming furrowed with age, usually without burrs

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, fragrant, ⅜ in (8 mm) across, without petals but with usually 5 sepals; males and females separate on the same plant, in large conical panicles to 10 in (25 cm) long

**FRUIT** | An ovoid, gray-green, hairy capsule about ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests

_Poliothyrsis sinensis_ is a deciduous tree with a conical habit, the young shoots gray with hairs becoming smooth. It flowers in summer. Like its close relative _Idesia polycarpa_ , it is the only member of the genus and was previously included in the family Flacourtiaceae. This little-known tree is occasionally grown in gardens, where it is useful for its late, fragrant flowers. The fruits persist on the tree for some time during winter; they are unusual in that when ripe they split and open from both the top and bottom. Although cultivated since its introduction from China in 1908 by the plant collector Ernest Wilson, _P. sinensis_ has never been common.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Idesia polycarpa_ is similar but has larger, particularly broader, longer-stalked leaves that bear larger, more conspicuous glands, and fleshy fruits.

**The leaves of Poliothyrsis sinensis** are ovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They end in a tapered point with a toothed margin. The base is rounded to truncate or shallowly heart-shaped, and bears 3–5 radiating veins. The reddish petiole is hairy at first, becoming smooth, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long, sometimes with small glands in the half closest to the leaf base. The leaves are reddish when young and hairy on both sides; they become glossy green and smooth above, paler and smooth beneath, or with hairs along the veins.

_POPULUS ADENOPODA_

POPULUS ADENOPODA

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6× 4 in (15× 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain and hill slopes

_Populus adenopoda_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in early spring before the young leaves emerge. A common tree in parts of China where it is native, this species is closely related to the aspens, a group of species with flattened leaf stalks. Like many poplars, it forms hybrids with other species; a tree grown in China, _P. tomentosa_ , is now thought to be a hybrid between _P. adenopoda_ and the White Poplar ( _P. alba_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Aspen ( _P. tremula_ ) differs in lacking a tapered point to the leaf and in lacking glands at the base of the leaf where it joins the petiole.

**The leaves of Populus adenopoda** are ovate to rounded, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. The tip is taper-pointed, and the margin is shallowly scalloped or with small teeth. The base is truncate to shallowly heart-shaped with 2 glands where it joins the flattened, hairy petiole, which is up to 4 in (10 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above, or with hairs along the veins, they are gray-green beneath and hairy when young, becoming smooth.

_POPULUS ALBA_

WHITE POPLAR

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 3 in (10 × 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray with dark, diamond-shaped fissures, dark gray and ridged at the base on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe to central Asia and north Africa

**HABITAT** | Woods

The White Poplar, also known as the Abele, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, the young shoots densely covered with white hairs. It spreads by suckers, and flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. It usually bears two distinct types of leaf, those on vigorous shoots being markedly different those on short shoots, but it is a variable species and some forms do not show this distinction. The Gray Poplar ( _Populus × canescens_ ), its hybrid with the Aspen ( _P. tremula_ ), is more common in many areas.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The White Poplar is very often confused with the Gray Poplar ( _P. × canescens_ ) and leaves of short shoots can be similar. However, it is usually a smaller, less vigorous tree with leaves that are more persistently hairy beneath and are also deeply lobed on vigorous shoots.

**The leaves of the White Poplar** are rounded to ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. On short shoots they are small with shallow rounded teeth, while on vigorous shoots they are much larger and often deeply 5-lobed and maple-like. The base is rounded to truncate, with a flattened petiole densely covered in white hairs. When they first emerge, the leaves are thickly covered in white hairs, becoming dark green and smooth above, persistently white-haired beneath on large leaves of vigorous shoots, less so on small leaves of the short shoots.

_POPULUS ANGUSTIFOLIA_

NARROWLEAF COTTONWOOD

JAMES

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 1½ in (12 × 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and pale gray, marked with dark triangular scars and vertical fissures; dark gray and ridged at the base

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America

**HABITAT** | Moist forests and streambanks in the mountains

The Narrowleaf Cottonwood is a deciduous tree with a conical, more rarely rounded, habit, flowering in early spring before the leaves emerge. It frequently sprouts from the base of the stem or the roots, particularly after damage and as it roots easily from cuttings is often distributed by beavers or from broken shoots after storms. The strong, light wood has been used for boxes, fenceposts, fuel, and pulp. The vigorous root system makes it useful in erosion control and for stabilizing riverbanks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is very distinct in its narrow leaves and is more likely to be confused with a willow ( _Salix_ ) from which it differs in the pendulous, not upright, catkins.

**The leaves of the Narrowleaf Cottonwood** are lanceolate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They end in a long, tapered point, and have a finely toothed margin and a narrowly wedge-shaped to rounded base with a short petiole. The leaves are glossy green and smooth above, paler beneath and smooth or sparsely hairy. They turn yellow in the fall.

_POPULUS BALSAMIFERA_

BALSAM POPLAR

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 3¼ in (12 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown and smooth when young, furrowed into scaly ridges with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks, floodplains

The Balsam Poplar is a vigorous large tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring before the leaves emerge. The winter buds are up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long and are covered in a sticky, balsam-scented resin which is used medicinally. The Balsam Poplar has a wide distribution in Canada and also occurs in the northern United States, extending south into the mountains. No other broad-leaved tree grows further north in North America. The timber is commonly used for pulp and to make crates.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Black Cottonwood ( _Populus trichocarpa_ ) is similar but has leaves with petioles only up to 2 in (5 cm) long, and male catkins to 2 in (5 cm) long.

**The leaves of the Balsam Poplar** are broadly ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They have a taper-pointed tip and a toothed margin, with a rounded to shallow heart-shaped base and a petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Aromatic when young, they mature to glossy dark green and smooth above, whitish beneath, and conspicuously veined and often marked with brownish blotches of resin.

_POPULUS_ × _CANADENSIS_

HYBRID BLACK POPLAR

MOENCH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Triangular to broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 × 4 in (13 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, deeply fissured on mature trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Known only in cultivation

**HABITAT** | Does not apply

**SYNONYM** | _Populus_ × _euramericana_ Guinier

The Hybrid Black Poplar is a deciduous, very fast-growing tree with a broadly columnar habit. It flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. It is a hybrid between the Black Poplar ( _Populus nigra_ ) and the Eastern Cottonwood ( _P. deltoides_ ), with several different forms that are widely planted for shelter, screening, and wood. 'Serotina' is male and has bronze-red young leaves emerging late, 'Serotina Aurea' has bright yellow young leaves, and 'Robusta' is a very vigorous male form with bronze young leaves that open earlier than those of 'Serotina'.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The forms of this hybrid are usually closest to the Eastern Cottonwood ( _P. deltoides_ ) in having resinous winter buds, small hairs on the leaf margin at least when young, and glands at the base of the leaves; these characters are more pronounced in the Eastern Cottonwood and not present in the Black Poplar.

**The leaves of the Hybrid Black Poplar** are triangular to broadly ovate, and up to 5 in (13 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across, much more on vigorous shoots. They are tapered to a short point at the tip, with a translucent toothed margin often edged with hairs when young. The base is truncate to wedge-shaped, and there are often small glands near the junction with the petiole. The leaves are bronze or pale green when they emerge; they mature to glossy dark green and smooth above, paler and smooth beneath.

_POPULUS_ × _CANESCENS_

GRAY POPLAR

(AITON) SMITH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 3 in (10 × 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, marked with dark triangular fissures, becoming dark brown and furrowed on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Moist valleys

The Gray Poplar is a vigorous deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, spreading vigorously by suckers to form thickets. It flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. Although often treated as a species, it is a hybrid between the White Poplar ( _Populus alba_ ) and the Aspen ( _P. tremula_ ), and is closest in appearance to the former. It occurs with the parents, and also as a common escape from cultivation. The young shoots are densely covered with white hairs, eventually becoming smooth.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. × canescens_ is most likely to be confused with the White Poplar ( _P. alba_ ) but differs in its more vigorous growth, the less deeply lobed leaves, and the thinner gray, rather than white, layer of hairs on the underside of the leaves.

**The leaves of the Gray Poplar** are rounded to ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They are bluntly pointed at the tip and edged with blunt, triangular teeth, never deeply lobed even on vigorous shoots. The base is rounded to shallowly heart-shaped, with a slender, flattened, hairy petiole up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. Densely covered in white hairs when young, they become glossy dark green and smooth above, thinly gray-haired or almost smooth beneath.

_POPULUS CATHAYANA_

POPULUS CATHAYANA

REHDER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 2¾ in (10 × 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-green when young, darker and furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests in river valleys

_Populus cathayana_ is a deciduous tree with a columnar habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The smooth shoots end in conical, sticky winter buds. This species is often found at high altitudes in cold and wet places, and is important for reforestation in China. Hybrids have now been raised with other species such as the Black Poplar ( _P. nigra_ ) and the Balsam Poplar ( _P. balsamifera_ ) to produce vigorous trees suitable for a wide range of habitats. The Beijing Poplar ( _P. × beijingensis_ ), which is widely planted in northern China, is a hybrid between _P. cathayana_ and the Lombardy Poplar ( _P. nigra_ 'Italica').

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. cathayana_ is related to _P. simonii_ , which differs in its obovate or diamond-shaped leaves with distinctly impressed veins and a much shorter petiole to 1¼ in (3 cm) long.

**The leaves of Populus cathayana** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They have a taper-pointed tip and a toothed margin. The base is a rounded to broadly wedge-shaped or sometimes shallowly heart-shaped, and the smooth petiole is up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long. The leaves are bright green above and whitish beneath.

_POPULUS DAVIDIANA_

KOREAN ASPEN

DODE

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ × 2 in (6 × 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray and smooth, becoming darker and rough at the base

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, eastern Russia, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Korean Aspen is a deciduous tree with a conical to broadly columnar habit. It has downy young shoots and slightly sticky winter buds, and it flowers in spring before the young leaves open. It is closely related to the Aspen ( _Populus tremula_ ), and it has previously been treated as a variety or subspecies of it; like the Aspen, it spreads freely by suckers. This species and hybrids of it are used in China for reforestation. Two varieties are recognized in China. In the typical one, the leaves and shoots soon lose their initial hairs while in _P. davidiana_ var. _tomentella_ they remain downy.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Aspen ( _P. tremula_ ) is very similar, differing in having larger teeth on the leaf margin. The Chinese White Poplar ( _P. tomentosa_ ) and the White Poplar ( _P. alba_ ) have the leaves white with hairs beneath.

**The leaves of the Korean Aspen** are ovate to rounded, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are bluntly pointed at the tip, with a wavy-edged or shallowly toothed margin, a broadly wedge-shaped to rounded base, and a flattened, usually smooth, petiole that is about as long as the blade. Reddish as they emerge, the leaves mature to blue-green and smooth above, paler beneath and thinly hairy, at least when young.

_POPULUS DELTOIDES_

EASTERN COTTONWOOD

J. BARTRAM

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to triangular

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 × 4¾ in (18 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Yellow-gray, smooth when young becoming dark gray and deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Canada, eastern and central United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist forests, river valleys, flood plains

The Eastern Cottonwood is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit. The winter buds are sticky and scented of balsam, and the tree flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. It is a valuable timber tree, widely grown for its timber which is used for construction, fence posts, fuel, and pulp, and is also grown as shelterbelts. The Eastern Cottonwood often forms hybrids with other species, the best known of which is the Hybrid Black Poplar ( _P. × canadensis_ ), its hybrid with the Black Poplar ( _P. nigra_ ). It is the State Tree of Kansas.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Eastern Cottonwood can be difficult to distinguish from some forms of the Hybrid Black Poplar ( _P. × canadensis_ ). The Fremont Poplar ( _P. fremontii_ ) has similarly shaped, but smaller and relatively broader, leaves, and occurs in California.

**The leaves of the Eastern Cottonwood** are broadly ovate to triangular, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They end in a slender, tapered point, and have a translucent toothed margin, edged with small hairs. The base is truncate or shallowly heart-shaped, with conspicuous glands where it meets the flattened petiole. Glossy bright green and smooth above, the leaves are paler beneath and smooth or nearly so.

_POPULUS FREMONTII_

FREMONT POPLAR

S. WATSON

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly triangular to diamond-shaped

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ × 3½ in (7 × 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray when young, cracking with age and becoming deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist places, streambanks, canyons

The Fremont Poplar is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The common poplar of the southwestern United States, various parts of the tree were widely used medicinally by Native Americans. The wood is used for construction, fence posts, crates, fuel, and pulp. Several varieties previously assigned to this species are now considered to belong to the Eastern Cottonwood ( _Populus deltoides_ ). The Meseta Cottonwood ( _P. fremontii_ subsp. _mesetae_ ) occurs in Arizona, Texas, and northern Mexico.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Eastern Cottonwood ( _P. deltoides_ ) has larger, relatively narrower leaves, and a more eastern distribution. The Black Cottonwood ( _P. trichocarpa_ ) has more finely toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Fremont Poplar** are broadly triangular to diamond-shaped and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They end in a short, tapered point, and are edged with coarse, curved teeth. The base is truncate to broadly wedge-shaped or shallowly heart-shaped, with a flattened petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. Often thinly hairy when young, the leaves mature to bright glossy green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA_

BIGTOOTH ASPEN

MICHAUX

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 3¼ in (10 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray and smooth when young, developing scaly ridges with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkin; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist soils by streams and swamps mainly in upland regions

The Bigtooth Aspen is a fast-growing, but usually short-lived, deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. It can spread widely by suckers, forming large colonies of a single clone. The young shoots are hairy at first, becoming smooth, and end in sticky buds covered in gray hairs. It is one of two species of aspen in North America, and often overlaps in distribution with the Quaking Aspen ( _Populus tremuloides_ ) which extends much further west.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bigtooth Aspen can be distinguished from the Quaking Aspen ( _P. tremuloides_ ) by having young foliage that is very hairy, and leaves with larger, fewer teeth. The Aspen ( _P. tremula_ ) differs in its smooth young shoots.

**The leaves of the Bigtooth Aspen** are broadly ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are short-pointed at the tip, the margin edged with coarse, large, blunt-tipped teeth. The base is rounded with a flattened petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. Densely covered with white hairs when young, they mature to dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn yellow in fall.

_POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA_

SWAMP COTTONWOOD

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 × 6 in (18 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply fissured with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Wet soils, swamp margins, floodplains

The Swamp Cottonwood, also known as the Black Cottonwood, is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The stout shoots are white with hairs when young, becoming smooth and ending in slightly sticky winter buds. The Swamp Cottonwood has a scattered distribution concentrated in the coastal plain of the eastern United States and the Mississippi Valley, never forming large forests as many other poplars do; it often grows with other moisture-loving trees, such as the Bald Cypress ( _Taxodium distichum_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Swamp Cottonwood is distinguished from other North American species by its large leaves that have a rounded tip and a heart-shaped base.

**The leaves of the Swamp Cottonwood** are broadly ovate and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip with a finely toothed margin. The base is conspicuously heart-shaped, with a rounded petiole up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. They emerge with a dense covering of white hairs, becoming smooth and glossy green above, paler and persistently hairy beneath.

_POPULUS KOREANA_

KOREAN POPLAR

REHDER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 3¼ in (12 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray-green, becoming gray-brown and deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | North China, eastern Russia, Korea

**HABITAT** | Forests in river valleys and slopes

The Korean Poplar is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The stout, hairless young shoots are very sticky with aromatic, balsam-scented resin, as are the winter buds. The Korean Poplar only occasionally forms pure forests, and usually grows mixed with other trees such as alders ( _Alnus_ ), birches ( _Betula_ ), and pines. The wood is used for construction and for making pulp. The Korean Poplar is occasionally grown in gardens, where it is among the first tree to produce leaves in spring.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is closely related to the Japanese Poplar ( _Populus maximowiczii_ ), which has leaves opening later in spring; the leaves have a twisted tip, and the hairy shoots are not sticky.

**The leaves of the Korean Poplar** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are bluntly pointed at the tip and edged with small, gland-tipped teeth. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. They are dark green and smooth above, with conspicuously impressed veins, and often red-flushed with a red midrib; they are greenish white and smooth beneath.

_POPULUS LASIOCARPA_

CHINESE NECKLACE POPLAR

OLIVER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 × 8 in (30 × 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with orange anthers, on the same or separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Moist woods on mountain slopes and in valleys

The Chinese Necklace Poplar is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to rounded habit and stout hairy shoots. It flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. This tree is remarkable in several ways. The bold leaves are perhaps the largest of any poplar and, unlike those of other species, vary little on the tree. The catkins, at least in many cultivated plants, bear both male and female flowers, which even on isolated trees produce large white cotton-wool-like fruit clusters. Most wild trees, however, are probably either male or female.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is usually easily recognized by the stout shoots and the very large leaves. The related Chinese _Populus wilsonii_ differs in its smooth shoots and the blue-green, more rounded leaves that are whitish beneath.

**The leaves of the Chinese Necklace Poplar** are broadly ovate and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They end in a short, tapered, often slightly twisted point and are edged with blunt, gland-tipped teeth. The base is deeply heart-shaped and the red petiole is up to 4 in (10 cm) long. Hairy on both sides when young, they mature to dark green and smooth above often with red veins, paler and hairy beneath.

_POPULUS LAURIFOLIA_

LAUREL-LEAF POPLAR

LEDEBOUR

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 2¾ in (12 × 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, pale gray, darker and furrowed at the base with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hair

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Mongolia, eastern Russia

**HABITAT** | Mountain riverbanks

The Laurel-leaf Poplar is a deciduous tree with an open, spreading habit, with pendulous branches. The yellow, angled shoots end in sticky winter buds. It flowers in spring. As with many poplars, the leaves on vigorous shoots are often much larger, in this case up to 6 in (15 cm) long or more. Hybrids are known between this and several other poplars including the Balsam Poplar ( _Populus balsamifera_ ), of which the Laurel-leaved Poplar was once regarded as a variety. The Berlin Poplar ( _P. × berolinesis_ ) is a hybrid of the Laurel-leaf Poplar with the Lombardy Poplar ( _P. nigra_ 'Italica').

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Laurel-leaf Poplar is closely related to Simon's Poplar ( _P. simonii_ ), which differs in its often broader leaves that are wedge-shaped, sometimes narrowly, at the base.

**The leaves of the Laurel-leaf Poplar** are elliptic to ovate or obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They end in a short, abruptly pointed tip, and the margin bears shallow, blunt teeth and is edged with small hairs. The base is rounded or broadly wedge-shaped, with a hairy petiole to 2 in (5 cm) long. Dark green and smooth above, they are grey and thinly hairy beneath, with a conspicuous network of veins.

_POPULUS MAXIMOWICZII_

JAPANESE POPLAR

A. HENRY

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to broadly ovate or nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ × 4 in (14 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth becoming deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | North China, eastern Russia, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests in river valleys and on slopes

The Japanese Poplar is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are green flushed with red on the exposed side, and hairy at first, becoming smooth; they end in sticky, balsam-scented, bright green to red-flushed, pointed winter buds to ¾ in (2 cm) long. The soft light wood is used for construction and ship building, and for making pulp and charcoal. The hairs on the seeds have been used as a substitute for cotton in Japan. The Japanese Poplar is a vigorous large tree of which several hybrids have been raised for paper and fuel production.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Korean Poplar ( _Populus koreana_ ) is closely related but has very sticky and hairless young shoots.

**The leaves of the Japanese Poplar** are broadly elliptic to broadly ovate to nearly rounded, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt, blunt tip that is characteristically twisted downward and to one side, with a toothed margin edged with small hairs. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to rounded or slightly heart-shaped, and the midrib and petiole are often red, especially on young plants. Slightly leathery in texture, the leaves are dark green above with impressed veins, greenish white beneath with conspicuous veins; they are hairy along the veins on both sides, at least when young.

_POPULUS NIGRA_

BLACK POPLAR

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Diamond-shaped to triangular or ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply fissured on mature tree, often with large burrs

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe to central Asia

**HABITAT** | River valleys

The Black Poplar is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. It is widely distributed and very often planted, so its exact native range is uncertain. The typical form ( _Populus nigra_ subsp. _nigra_ ) has smooth shoots, while in subsp. _betulifolia_ , the shoots and leaf stalks are hairy when young. In Britain, male plants are rare and the species may owe its existence to the fact that it has been widely planted in the past. More recently, the Hybrid Black Poplar ( _P. × canadensis_ ), with which it has been often confused, has been widely planted, leading to the decline of the Black Poplar. The Lombardy Poplar ( _P. nigra_ 'Italica') is a commonly grown form that has a narrow columnar habit.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Eastern Cottonwood ( _P. deltoides_ ) and the Hybrid Black Poplar ( _P. × canadensis_ ) have burrless trunks, resinous, aromatic winter buds, and leaves edged with small hairs, with glands at the base of the blade.

**The leaves of the Black Poplar** are diamond-shaped to triangular or ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They have a taper-pointed tip with a toothed margin (except at the tip) and a truncate to broadly wedge-shaped base with a flattened petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Green or bronze when young, the leaves mature to glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides. They turn yellow in the fall.

_POPULUS SIMONII_

SIMON'S POPLAR

CARRIÈRE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Diamond-shaped to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 3¼ in (12 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray becoming deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes, valleys, and on sandy soils by rivers

Simon's Poplar is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. It is one of the balsam poplars (those species related to the Balsam Poplar, _Populus balsamifera_ and the Swamp Cottonwood, _P. trichocarpa_ ), the angled, smooth young shoots ending in slender, pointed, sticky buds. Tolerant of dry areas with cold winters and hot summers, it has been widely used for reforestation and for stabilizing sandy soils in desert areas of northern China and Mongolia. It is occasionally seen in gardens, particularly as the narrow conical selection 'Fastigiata', in which the young, aromatic leaves open very early in spring. Simon's Poplar is a variable species in the wild, and several varieties are recognized in China based on leaf shape and hairiness. _Populus simonii_ var. _latifolia_ has hairy young shoots and petioles, and leaves that are often broader than they are long.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The leaf base that tapers from about the middle distinguishes it from most other species. Simon's Poplar is related to _P. cathayana_ , which differs in having ovate to elliptic, not diamond-shaped, leaves.

**The leaves of Simon's Poplar** are diamond-shaped to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are tapered to a point at the tip with a bluntly toothed margin, and wedge-shaped, sometimes narrowly, at the base with a petiole that is up to 1½ in (4 cm) long, often less. Pale green and aromatic when young, they mature to dark green above, paler grayish-green beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_POPULUS SZECHUANICA_

SICHUAN POPLAR

C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 135 ft (40 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 × 6 in (20 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray, fissured at the base

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China, western Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Sichuan Poplar is a large and vigorous deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The smooth shoots are reddish when young, ending in red-purple, sticky buds. The typical form, _Populus szechuanica_ var. _szechuanica_ , has smooth shoots and leaves, and occurs in western China; var. _tibetica_ , extends to the western Himalayan region and has hairs on the petioles, young shoots, and the undersides of the leaves. The affinities of these species are not clear as it shows characters of the balsam poplars (that is, the relatives of _P. balsamifera_ ) and the black poplars (that is, the relatives of _P. deltoides_ and _P. nigra_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

In their large leaves some forms of this species can resemble the Chinese Necklace Poplar ( _P. lasiocarpa_ ) but that species has stouter shoots, the leaves are green beneath rather than whitish, and they have a more deeply heart-shaped base.

**The leaves of the Sichuan Poplar** are broadly ovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are very variable in size, and can be much smaller or larger. They are pointed at the tip with a bluntly toothed margin. The base is rounded to shallowly heart-shaped, and the stout, red petiole is up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. Reddish when they emerge, they mature to dark green above, often with red veins, and are whitish green beneath.

_POPULUS TOMENTOSA_

CHINESE WHITE POPLAR

CARRIÈRE

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-white, smooth, becoming dark gray and fissured at the base

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mainly cultivated

The Chinese White Poplar is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to ovoid habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are gray and hairy, soon becoming smooth. This tree is widely grown in China as an ornamental and street tree because it is fast-growing and able to grow in harsh conditions. It is also grown for its wood, which is used in construction and also for making tools and pulp. The status of this species as a wild plant has been doubtful, and it is now considered to be a hybrid between the White Poplar ( _Populus alba_ ) and _P. adenopoda_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese White Poplar most closely resembles the Gray Poplar ( _P. × canescens_ ), which is also a hybrid of the White Poplar, but differs in its larger leaves taper-pointed at the tip.

**The leaves of the Chinese White Poplar** are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across; on short shoots they are smaller and often slightly diamond-shaped. They have a taper-pointed tip, and are edged with rounded or pointed teeth. The base is shallowly heart-shaped or truncate, and the petiole is up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long, flattened at least in the half closest to the leaf blade. They are dark green above when mature, white with hairs beneath, and becoming smooth.

_POPULUS TREMULA_

ASPEN

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ × 3¼ in (8 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray with dark diamond-shaped lenticels, becoming gray-brown and shallowly ridged

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males gray with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, Asia

**HABITAT** | Moist woods and valleys

The Aspen is a deciduous tree with a conical to broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. When mature, the leaves flutter and clatter in the wind because of the flattened leaf stalk. The young shoots are smooth, and the tree spreads by suckers from the roots, which is often its main form of reproduction especially in areas where climate may limit flowering and fruiting. With a very wide distribution from western Europe to China, the Aspen was one of the first trees to colonize Britain after the Ice Age. The wood is used to make matches and also for charcoal; historically it was used to make clogs, shields, and arrows. Garden selections of this species include 'Erecta', a narrow columnar tree that has upright branches, and 'Pendula', which has weeping branches and attractive male catkins.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_Populus adenopoda_ differs in the long, tapered point to the leaf. The Korean Poplar ( _P. davidiana_ ) has leaves with smaller, more numerous teeth, and the Bigtooth Aspen ( _P. grandidentata_ ) has large teeth on the leaves and hairy young shoots.

**The leaves of the Aspen** are broadly ovate to rounded, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and across. They end in a short, abrupt point, and are edged with rounded teeth. The base is rounded to truncate and the flattened petiole is up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. Hairy on both sides and often bronze when young, they mature to dark green or gray-green and smooth above, paler and sometimes sparsely hairy beneath.

_POPULUS TREMULOIDES_

QUAKING ASPEN

MICHAUX

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ × 2¾ in (8 × 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and nearly white, becoming marked by bands of dark lenticels, eventually dark gray and furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkins; females green, males gray with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | North America

**HABITAT** | Forests on a wide variety of soils

The Quaking Aspen is a fast-growing and usually short-lived tree with a conical to broadly columnar habit. It flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. As in the Aspen ( _Populus tremula_ ), the leaves "quake" in the slightest breeze. The Quaking Aspen is the most widely distributed tree in North America, and one of the most widely distributed in the world, found at the northern tree limit in Alaska to Newfoundland, the northeastern United States, and south through the Rocky Mountains well into Mexico. The Quaking Aspen reproduces mainly by root suckers, enabling it to colonize bare ground quickly and also to form huge colonies of a single clone. Selections of this species include 'Forest Silver', a narrowly upright tree with silvery bark and red fall color, and 'NE-Arb' (Prairie Gold), with golden yellow fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Quaking Aspen is distinct from both the Aspen ( _P. tremula_ ) and the Bigtooth Aspen ( _P. grandidentata_ ) in having leaves that are very finely toothed.

**The leaves of the Quaking Aspen** are rounded and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt point and the margin is edged with numerous, very small teeth. The base is rounded or slightly heart-shaped, and the slender, flattened petiole is up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. Emerging pale green, the leaves mature to dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn bright yellow in the fall.

_POPULUS TRICHOCARPA_

BLACK COTTONWOOD

TORREY & A. GRAY

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 2½ in (10 × 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, becoming furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in pendulous catkin; females green, males with red anthers, on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that releases numerous seeds each with a tuft of white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America

**HABITAT** | Moist soils from sea level to the mountains, in canyons in drier areas

The Black Cottonwood is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit. The winter buds are sticky with resin and aromatic, and it flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. It has a wide distribution from southern Alaska to Baja California in Mexico, and is the largest American poplar and the tallest broad-leaved tree of western North America, with exceptional trees reaching 150 ft (45 m) tall. Closely related to the Balsam Poplar ( _Populus balsamifera_ ), of which it is sometimes regarded as a subspecies, the two hybridize where their ranges overlap. The wood is commonly used for pulp, to produce high-quality paper.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Balsam Poplar ( _P. balsamifera_ ) has longer leaves with the petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long. The most reliable way to distinguish between the two is by the fruits: the Balsam Poplar has ovoid fruits that split into two parts, while the Black Cottonwood has spherical fruits that split into three parts.

**The leaves of the Black Cottonwood** are broadly ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded to shallowly heart-shaped, and the petiole is up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. They are dark green above, whitish beneath with conspicuous veins and often blotched with resin, and they are smooth or nearly so on both sides. They turn yellow in fall.

_SALIX ALBA_

WHITE WILLOW

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × ⅝ in (10 × 1.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, western Asia

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, moist meadows

The White Willow is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. The supple shoots droop at the ends, and are silky with hairs at first, later smooth. This species is often seen as a pollarded tree in which the main branches are frequently cut back to induce the production of long shoots used for wicker work. Forms selected for the color of their winter shoots are often grown, such as the bright red 'Britzensis' and the yellow _Salix alba_ var. _vitellina_. 'Caerulea' has a conical habit and blue-green leaves, and the wood is traditionally used to make cricket bats. The White Willow often hybridizes with other species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Crack Willow ( _S. fragilis_ ) has smooth shoots that snap easily when bent, and larger leaves that are smooth or almost so even when young; the tree appears green from a distance, compared to the grayish color of the White Willow.

**The leaves of the White Willow** are narrow lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across. They end in a slender tapered point with a finely toothed margin; the wedge-shaped base narrows to a petiole up to ⅜ in (8 mm) long. Densely covered with silky hairs on both sides, they become green and smooth or nearly so above, blue-green and silky-haired beneath.

_SALIX AMYGDALOIDES_

PEACHLEAF WILLOW

ANDERSSON

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 1¼ in (12 × 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray to reddish-brown, furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, reddish yellow capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern and central United States, southern Canada, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Moist valleys, riverbanks, swamps

The Peachleaf Willow is a fast-growing, usually short-lived, deciduous tree with a rounded habit, often with more than one main trunk. It has slender yellow-brown, smooth shoots, and flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It has a wide distribution and is most common in the Rocky Mountains; it is a pioneer species, rapidly colonizing bare soil after disturbance such as fire until it is shaded out by other species. Since it roots easily from cuttings, the Peachleaf Willow has been used to stabilize bare soil on riverbanks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Pacific Willow ( _Salix lasiandra_ ) is similar but is a smaller tree or a shrub with blunt buds lacking free tips to the scales; the Peachleaf Willow has pointed buds, the scales with free tips.

**The leaves of the Peachleaf Willow** are lanceolate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They end in a long, slender, tapered point, and have a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded and the slender petiole, from which the leaves often droop, is up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. Smooth or downy on both sides when young, the leaves mature to pale or yellowish green above, whitish beneath, and are smooth on both sides.

_SALIX BABYLONICA_

CHINESE WEEPING WILLOW

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5 × ¾ in (12.5 × 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, widely cultivated

The Chinese Weeping Willow is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit and very pendulous yellowish shoots that are sparsely hairy only when young. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. Most cultivated plants are female. When it was first named, this species was thought to be the "willows of Babylon" mentioned in the Bible, but these are now known to be _Populus euphratica_. The Chinese Weeping Willow is widely cultivated but has been largely replaced in colder areas by hybrids with the White Willow ( _Salix alba_ ). The Peking Willow ( _S. babylonica_ var. _pekinensis_ ) is of more upright habit. 'Tortuosa' (Corkscrew Willow) has twisted shoots and leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The most commonly grown weeping willow, at least in cold areas, is _S. × sepulcralis_ 'Chrysocoma,' a hybrid between the White Willow and the Chinese Weeping Willow. It is a larger tree, often taller than it is wide, with brighter yellow shoots in winter and more hairy leaves; it bears both male and female flowers on the same tree or on the same catkin.

**The leaves of the Chinese Weeping Willow** are narrow lanceolate, and up to 5 in (12.5 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. They have a slender, taper-pointed tip and a finely toothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ¼ in (5 mm) long. Sparsely hairy when young, they mature to green above, blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides.
_SALIX CAPREA_

GOAT WILLOW

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 2 in (10 × 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray-brown becoming shallowly fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in dense upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males gray with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, thickets, hedgerows

The Goat Willow, also known as the Great Sallow, is a deciduous tree, often a shrub, with a broadly columnar to rounded habit. It flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. The stout shoots are hairy at first becoming smooth. Flowering branches of this species are known as pussy willow, and were traditionally collected to decorate churches on Palm Sunday. The bark has been used for tanning, and the wood to make charcoal. The Goat Willow is rarely cultivated in its typical form, but weeping forms, both male and female, are sometimes grown in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Goat Willow is most commonly confused with the Common Sallow ( _Salix cinerea_ ). If the bark is stripped from the previous year's shoots, those of the Common Sallow have slender ridges, which are absent from the shoots of the Goat Willow.

**The leaves of the Goat Willow** are elliptic to obovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip or abruptly short-pointed, with a wavy-edged to shallowly toothed or untoothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped to shallowly heart-shaped with a hairy petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Above, they are glossy dark green to grayish green, with impressed veins, and hairy when young; they are gray and hairy beneath.

_SALIX CINEREA_

COMMON SALLOW

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 1½ in (10 × 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in dense upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males gray with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, western Asia

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, fens

The Common Sallow is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the young shoots densely and often persistently covered in gray hairs. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. The typical form ( _Salix cinerea_ subsp. _cinerea_ ) is normally shrubby to 16½ ft (5 m) tall, while subsp. _oleifolia_ , the more common form in Britain, is more treelike, the shoots becoming smooth. As in the Goat Willow ( _S. caprea_ ), the flowering shoots are known as pussy willow, and are traditionally collected to decorate churches for Palm Sunday.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Goat Willow ( _S. caprea_ ) generally has broader leaves but also differs in lacking ridges below the bark on the previous year's shoots. The Eared Willow ( _S. aurita_ ) has conspicuous and persistent stipules.

**The leaves of the Common Sallow** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are rounded or shortly pointed, at the tip, with a wavy-edged, shallowly toothed or untoothed margin. Densely hairy on both sides when young, they mature to glossy dark green above with impressed hairs, blue-green and softly gray-haired beneath in subsp. _cinerea_ , or slightly rough and with rusty hairs in subsp. _oleifolia_.

_SALIX DAPHNOIDES_

VIOLET WILLOW

VILLARS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 1¼ in (12 × 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth, becoming fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in dense upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males gray with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | North and central Europe

**HABITAT** | Meadows, heaths, riverbanks

The Violet Willow is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in spring before the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are slightly hairy when young, becoming smooth and red-purple, and covered in a conspicuous whitish, waxy bloom. The Violet Willow is sometimes grown as a tree in gardens, but is often coppiced to promote the growth of vigorous young shoots, its main ornamental feature, and is increasingly used for coppicing or in willow sculptures. Some forms have red winter shoots without the normal bloom.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Violet Willow can be distinguished from most other species in the genus by its bloomy shoots. The Sharpleaf Willow ( _Salix acutifolia_ ) is sometimes regarded as a form of the Violet Willow. It differs in having more slender shoots and narrower leaves.

**The leaves of the Violet Willow** are lanceolate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, and edged with small, gland-tipped teeth. The base is wedge-shaped and the hairy petiole is up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Downy when young, the leaves mature to glossy dark green above, blue-green beneath with conspicuous veins; they are smooth on both sides.

_SALIX FRAGILIS_

CRACK WILLOW

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 1½ in (15 × 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, deeply fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in dense upright catkin; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, western Asia

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks, marshes

The Crack Willow is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves are emerging. The shoots are smooth or sparsely covered with hairs that are soon lost, the tree appearing green. Like the White Willow ( _Salix alba_ ), the Crack Willow is often seen pollarded to encourage the production of vigorous young shoots, traditionally used for making baskets. Both the common and scientific names derive from the fact that the shoots snap easily from where they join the previous year's growth.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The White Willow ( _S. alba_ ) has smaller, silky-haired leaves, giving the tree a grayish appearance, and shoots that are supple and that do not break easily when bent.

**The leaves of the Crack Willow** are narrow lanceolate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are tapered to a slender, often asymmetrical point at the tip with a sharply toothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped and the petiole is up to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. Thinly hairy when young, they quickly become bright glossy green above, paler or blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_SALIX KOREENSIS_

KOREAN WILLOW

N. ANDERSSON

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × ¾ in (10 × 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray and smooth becoming furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in dense upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with red anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China, eastern Russia, Korea, southern Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks, marshes

The Korean Willow is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, the slender young shoots hairy or smooth, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. A relative of the White Willow ( _Salix alba_ ) and the Chinese Weeping Willow ( _S. babylonica_ ), in Korea it occurs in some areas of protected wetland. It has been used, with other species, in restoration of flood plains and riverbanks as it is often found growing submerged in water. The shoots are sometimes used to make wicker baskets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The White Willow ( _S. alba_ ) differs in its silky hairy leaves. The Chinese Weeping Willow ( _S. babylonica_ ) differs in having a more or less smooth midrib on the underside of the leaf.

**The leaves of the Korean Willow** are lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. They end in a fine tapered point and are edged with small gland-tipped teeth. The base is wedge-shaped to nearly rounded, with a petiole up to ½ in (1.2 cm) long that is smooth or nearly so. The leaves are hairy on both sides when young, then become dark green above, blue-green beneath, and smooth or nearly so, but densely hairy on the midrib on the underside.

_SALIX LAEVIGATA_

RED WILLOW

BEBB

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Lanceolate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 1½ in (15 × 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Reddish brown, deeply furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in dense upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, Baja California (Mexico)

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, canyons, lake margins

The Red Willow, also known as the Polished Willow, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded or spreading habit, often multistemmed or shrubby. It flowers in spring as or after the young leaves emerge. Plants often appear whitish from a distance because of the color of the leaf undersides. The Red Willow often grows with the Pacific Willow ( _Salix lasiandra_ ). The flexible, reddish brown or yellowish shoots are usually smooth, and were used by Native Americans for weaving baskets. Plants from the south of the range with downy shoots and petioles have been recognized as _S. laevigata_ var. _araquipa_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

It is closely related to _S. bonplandiana_ , an often evergreen or nearly evergreen tree with a more southerly distribution mainly in Mexico, but differs in the silky hairy undersides of the young leaves (nearly smooth in _S. bonplandiana_ ). It differs from _S. lasiandra_ in having the bud scales free at the tips.

**The leaves of the Red Willow** are lanceolate to elliptic, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) wide. They are tapered to a slender point at the tip, with a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded with a smooth or hairy petiole up to ½ in (1.2 cm) long. They are glossy green or blue-green and smooth above, whitish beneath with conspicuous veins and sparsely hairy, at least when young.

_SALIX LASIANDRA_

PACIFIC WILLOW

BENTHAM

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 1¼ in (12 × 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in dense upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, lake margins, floodplains, wet meadows

The Pacific Willow is a deciduous tree with a bushy, rounded to spreading habit, often shrubby, with smooth, glossy red shoots. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. With a wide distribution from Alaska to the Rocky Mountains and California, it reaches its largest size in the south of its range. Its ability to root easily from cuttings has led to it being planted to stabilize eroded riverbanks. The brittle branches break easily, and commonly root in moist soil at the edges of rivers. The Pacific Willow is occasionally planted as a windbreak; some selections have been made for improved shoot color, for use in willow sculptures.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Peachleaf Willow ( _Salix amygdaloides_ ) is a larger tree with pointed buds, the scales with free tips (they are blunt without free scale tips in the Pacific Willow). The Shining Willow ( _S. lucida_ ) is shrubby or a small tree, and is found in eastern North America. The Bay Willow ( _S. pentandra_ ) has broader leaves, which are green beneath.

**The leaves of the Pacific Willow** are narrow lanceolate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They end in a long, slender, tapered point, and have a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded, with a stout petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long that bears glands near the junction with the blade. The leaves are glossy dark green above, bluish white beneath (or green in the Whiplash Willow, subsp. _caudata_ ), and smooth on both sides.

_SALIX MAGNIFICA_

SALIX MAGNIFICA

HEMSLEY

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 × 4 in (20 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in long, slender upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western China (Sichuan)

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks in mountain forests

_Salix magnifica_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, often a shrub, flowering in late spring to early summer after the leaves have emerged. The catkins are up to 4 in (10 cm) long, the females in fruit reach more than 8 in (20 cm) long. The stout shoots are smooth, red-purple, and bloomy when young, with prominent purple buds. This very distinct species is rare in the wild; it is confined to a few localities in Sichuan Province, China. It is occasionally cultivated for its bold, unusual foliage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is normally easily recognized. There is no other that has smooth, often untoothed, leaves of this size and color. The long, slender catkins are also very distinct.

**The leaves of Salix magnifica** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip with a short, abrupt point and a normally untoothed or irregularly toothed margin. The base is rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, with a stout, smooth, purple petiole up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. Bronze-red when young, they mature to bluish green and bloomy above, with a conspicuous purple, later cream, midrib, and bluish white beneath; they are smooth on both sides. They turn yellow in the fall.

_SALIX NIGRA_

BLACK WILLOW

MARSHALL

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrow lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × ¾ in (15 × 2 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, furrowed into scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in upright catkin; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, floodplains, lake margins, swamps, wet meadows

The Black Willow is a large deciduous tree of rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. Its reddish brown shoots snap easily at the base. The Black Willow is the largest willow in North America, and the only one that is commercially important for its timber. Widely distributed in the eastern United States, it extends into southeastern Canada and northern Mexico, and reaches up to 130 ft (40 m) or more tall in parts of the Mississippi Valley. The wood is extensively used for pulp, charcoal, boxes, and furniture. The tree is planted to stabilize eroded riverbanks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Goodding Willow ( _Salix gooddingii_ ) is a similar species from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, and is sometimes considered as the same as, or a variety of, the Black Willow. It differs in its relatively broader leaves and yellowish rather than reddish shoots. The Peachleaf Willow ( _S. amygdaloides_ ) has leaves that are blue-green beneath.

**The leaves of the Black Willow** are narrow lanceolate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. They end in a slender, tapered point that often curves to one side, and have a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded or wedge-shaped, with a short, hairy petiole up to ¼ in (6 mm) long that is dotted with glands. The leaves are glossy green above and pale green beneath; they are smooth or nearly so on both sides.

_SALIX PENTANDRA_

BAY WILLOW

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 2 in (12 × 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, shallowly fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, Asia

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, marshes, riverbanks, wet meadows

The Bay Willow, also known as the Laurel-leaf Willow, is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, often shrubby particularly in the mountains. It flowers in early summer after the leaves have emerged, unusually late compared to most willows. The shoots are very glossy, and green to greenish brown, ending in pointed, sticky buds. Widely distributed from western Europe to China, the Bay Willow is also planted elsewhere for its attractive glossy foliage and conspicuous male catkins. It is often naturalized, such as in North America.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bay Willow is normally easy to recognize by its very glossy leaves that are aromatic when young, and by its late flowers. Close relatives in North America include the normally shrubby Shining Willow ( _Salix lucida_ ) and the Pacific Willow ( _S. lasiandra_ ), both with leaves that have long, tapered points.

**The leaves of the Bay Willow** are elliptic to ovate or obovate in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are abruptly narrowed to a short, slender point at the tip, and are edged with small, glandular teeth. The base is rounded or broadly wedge-shaped, with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long with small glands near the junction with the blade. Sticky and rather aromatic when they are young, the leaves mature to very glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_SALIX SCOULERIANA_

SCOULER'S WILLOW

BARRATT EX HOOKER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 1½ in (10 × 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray to reddish brown, furrowed with broad ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in upright catkins bearing black scales; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America

**HABITAT** | Conifer forests, riverbanks, swamps, meadows

Scouler's Willow is a deciduous tree with a narrow conical to rounded habit, often a thicket-forming shrub. It flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. The yellow to red-brown shoots are hairy when young, becoming smooth, and end in red buds. It is also known as the Fire Willow because of its ability to colonize bare soil rapidly after fires. Widely distributed from Alaska through the western United States and the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, it also occurs in northern Mexico; it is one of the most common willows in many parts of its range.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sitka Willow ( _Salix sitchensis_ ) is a similar species, mainly from coastal western North America, that flowers as, or just before, the leaves emerge.

**The leaves of Scouler's Willow** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. They are rounded or with a short, abrupt point at the tip, the entire to wavy-edged or sparsely toothed margin often rolled under the leaf. The base is wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ½ in (1.2 cm) long. They are glossy dark green above and hairy at least on the midrib when mature, blue-green beneath with silky white or rusty hairs.

_SALIX TAXIFOLIA_

YEW-LEAF WILLOW

KUNTH

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Linear to narrow elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 1½ × ⅛ in (4 × 0.4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured into broad, scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in small, upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, red-brown capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Streambanks, gullies

The Yew-leaf Willow is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, usually with a crooked trunk, the lower branches often conspicuously pendulous. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge and often throughout the year. The slender young shoots are reddish or yellowish, and densely covered with silky hairs. The Yew-leaf Willow is often shrubby and frequently forms colonies by suckering from the roots. Both the common and scientific names liken the arrangement of the foliage to that of a yew ( _Taxus_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Coyote Willow ( _Salix exigua_ ) is normally shrubby with blue-green leaves to 4 in (10 cm) or more long. _S. microphylla_ , from central and southern Mexico and Guatemala, is a shrub or smaller tree with leaves to only 1 in (2.5 cm) long; they are edged with numerous small teeth or glands.

**The leaves of the Yew-leaf Willow** are linear to narrow elliptic, and up to 1½ in (4 cm) long and ⅛ in (4 mm) across. They are pointed at the tip, with the margin either entire or edged with sparse teeth or glands. The base is narrowly wedge-shaped, with a short, silky hairy petiole less than ⅟16 in (up to 1.5 mm) long. They are gray-green and hairy on both sides, and spread either side of the shoot rather like those of a yew.

_SALIX TRIANDRA_

ALMOND WILLOW

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 1¼ in (10 × 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale brown, smooth, flaking

**FLOWERS** | Small and without petals, in small, upright catkins; males and females on separate trees, the males with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | A small, green capsule that opens to release seeds with a tuft of cottony white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, Asia

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, marshes, lake margins

The Almond Willow is a deciduous tree of upright habit, or a shrub, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge and often again in summer. This species has been so frequently planted that its exact distribution in some areas is uncertain. It is frequently pollarded to encourage the growth of vigorous shoots, and it is one of the most popular willows for producing wicker baskets, with several different selections grown for this purpose and for living willow sculptures. A form of this species, _Salix triandra_ var. _nipponica_ , from east Asia is now regarded as a distinct species ( _S. nipponica_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species is normally easily recognized by the flaking bark that distinguishes it from similar species in the genus, such as the Crack Willow ( _S. fragilis_ ).

**The leaves of the Almond Willow** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are tapered to a point at the tip, and have a margin edged with fine teeth. The base is wedge-shaped or rounded, with a smooth petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, bearing small glands near the junction with the blade. Dark green and slightly glossy above, they are blue-green or pale green beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_ACER ARGUTUM_

SHARP-TOOTHED MAPLE

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately lobed

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Dark gray-green, with prominent lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small, green, male and female flowers are borne on separate trees in pendulous clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods often by streams

The Sharp-toothed Maple is a small deciduous tree, or a shrub, with upright branches. It bears its flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The shoots are green when young, becoming red in the first winter, making this tree an attractive ornamental. It is a woodland plant in its native Japan, but in cultivation it prefers a cool and moist position.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Rock Maple ( _Acer glabrum_ ) has blue-green leaves, glabrous beneath. The leaves of the often shrubby _A. barbinerve_ are hairy beneath, with tufts of hair in the vein axils, and green shoots.

**The leaves of the Sharp-toothed Maple** are rounded, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across, pale green in color, and borne on a slender pink-flushed stalk up to 4 in (10 cm) or more long. They usually have 5 taper-pointed lobes, which are sharply double-toothed on the margin, smooth above, and with hairs on the veins beneath. The network of veins is conspicuous on both sides of the leaf.

_ACER BUERGERIANUM_

TRIDENT MAPLE

MIQUEL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 2½ in (10 × 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, flaking in scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, in conical clusters at the ends of the shoots; some trees with only male flowers

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, upright wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, sometimes red when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Forests from sea level to the mountains

The Trident Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. Although it was named from Japan and is widely planted there, it was introduced from China many years ago and is frequently used for bonsai. It is a variable species, and several forms have been described based on leaf shape and fruit characteristics. _Acer buergerianum_ var. _formosanum_ occurs in Taiwan and has the wings of the fruit spreading obtusely or nearly horizontally. The Trident Maple is often seen in gardens, where it is grown for its peeling bark and attractive fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The three-lobed leaves and peeling bark make this species easy to recognize. Another Chinese species, _A. paxii_ , has similarly shaped leaves but the lateral lobes are usually smaller than the central one, and it is evergreen.

**The leaves of the Trident Maple** are ovate to elliptic or obovate in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are distinctly 3-lobed, the forward-pointing, triangular side lobes about as long as the central one. The lobes are pointed at the tip, with an untoothed or sparsely toothed margin. The leaf tapers to the base, which is prominently 3-veined, and a slender petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, bluish-green beneath, and smooth on both sides when mature; they turn red in the fall.

_ACER CAMPBELLII_

CAMPBELL MAPLE

J. D. HOOKER & THOMSON EX HIERN

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 8 in (15 × 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-green, smooth, becoming scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, borne in large panicles at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in hanging clusters

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Campbell Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in late spring after the leaves have emerged. It is a variable species, and the typical form ( _Acer campbellii_ subsp. _campbellii_ ), found in the Himalayan region and western China, has leaves deeply cut into pointed, bristle-toothed lobes. Found mainly in China, the leaves of subsp. _flabellatum_ have less deeply cut lobes, pointed but not bristle-tipped teeth, and a deeply heart-shaped base. In gardens, it is more hardy than the typical form, which can be grown outside only in mild regions.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_A. sinense_ , also sometimes treated as a subspecies of the Campbell Maple, is similar with leathery, usually five-lobed leaves. _A. elegantulum_ has slightly smaller, thin, five-lobed leaves.

**The leaves of the Campbell Maple** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are deeply cut into usually 7 lobes that end in a slender, tapered point, and have a sharply toothed margin. The base is shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. Bronze when young, they mature to glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy on the veins beneath.

_ACER CAMPESTRE_

FIELD MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ × 4 in (8 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale brown, flaking and sometimes corky

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, borne in small upright clusters as the leaves emerge

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, sometimes red when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods and hedgerows, often on alkaline soils

The Field Maple, also known as the Hedge Maple, is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the leaves are expanding. This common species is often planted as a dense hedge, and responds well to clipping. A number of ornamental selections have been made including some with yellow, purple, or variegated leaves, and some with an upright habit for street planting. The dense, often attractively veined, wood was used to make a number of items, from furniture and drinking bowls to violin cases.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Field Maple is most often confused with the Montpelier Maple ( _Acer monspessulanum_ ), which differs in its smooth, three-lobed leaves, the lobes usually without smaller lobes, and in lacking milky sap in the petiole.

**The leaves of the Field Maple** are rounded in outline and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are deeply cut into usually 5 lobes, each lobe blunt at the tip, the larger ones usually with one or more small lobes on each side. The base is heart-shaped and the hairy petiole is up to 2 in (5 cm) long. When cut, the petiole exudes a milky sap. The leaves are dark green above, paler beneath, and hairy on both sides, especially beneath. They turn yellow in fall.

_ACER CAPILLIPES_

KYUSHU MAPLE

MAXIMOWICZ EX MIQUEL

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 5½ × 4 in (14 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Greenish, with vertical white stripes

**FLOWERS** | Small and green, in slender, pendulous racemes to 4¾ in (12 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to ¾ in (2 cm) long, sometimes red when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Kyushu Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to spreading habit, often with several main stems. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. The young shoots are smooth and red without a bloom, and end in red buds. It is one of the most popular of the snakebark maples, which are known for their conspicuously streaked bark. This species is grown in gardens for its bark, attractive foliage, and fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other snakebark maples, such as the Striped Maple ( _Acer pensylvanicum_ ) and the Honshu Maple ( _A. rufinerve_ ), are similar but both of these can be distinguished by the rusty-colored hairs on the undersides of the young leaves.

**The leaves of the Kyushu Maple** are broadly ovate in outline, and up to 5½ in (14 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are shallowly 3-lobed, with a large central lobe and a smaller lobe on each side at or below the middle of the leaf. Each lobe ends in an abrupt, slender point and has a sharply double-toothed margin. The base is shallowly heart-shaped, with a usually red petiole up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. Red when young, they mature to dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides but with small "pegs" in the axils of the veins on the underside. They turn rich red-purple in fall.

_ACER CAPPADOCICUM_

CAPPADOCIAN MAPLE

GLEDITSCH

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 6 in (12 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow-green, borne in clusters at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | West Asia to China

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Cappadocian Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit when mature. It flowers in late spring as the young leaves are expanding, often producing vigorous suckers from the roots. The shoots are smooth, sometimes slightly bloomy, and remain green the second year. This is a variable and widely distributed species, the typical form, _Acer cappadocicum_ subsp. _cappadocicum_ occurring in west Asia, while subsp. _sinicum_ , with smaller leaves and longer lobes, occurs in China. Both forms are grown in gardens for their foliage and fall color. 'Rubrum' has dark red young leaves while 'Aureum' is one of the best yellow-leaved trees for gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Painted Maple ( _A. pictum_ ) and the Norway Maple ( _A. platanoides_ ) differ in having shoots that become gray-brown the second year, the latter with several tapered points on each leaf lobe.

**The leaves of the Cappadocian Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are divided into 5 or 7 untoothed lobes, each ending in a slender, abruptly tapered point. The base is shallowly heart-shaped, with an often reddish petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long, which exudes a milky sap when cut. They are bright green above, paler beneath, smooth on both sides except for tufts of hair in the axils of the veins on the underside.

_ACER CARPINIFOLIUM_

HORNBEAM MAPLE

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 2 in (15 × 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, on slender stalks, borne in drooping racmes

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing to ¾ in (2 cm) long, the two wings held at right angles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Woods in mountain valleys

The Hornbeam Maple is a deciduous tree, usually branching low, with a rounded to spreading head, and sometimes shrubby. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. The young shoots are green and smooth. This is an unusual and very distinct species with no close relatives, since most other maples have lobed leaves. Its name reflects the resemblance of the leaves to those of the hornbeams ( _Carpinus_ ). It is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree but is rare in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

At first glance the foliage of the Hornbeam Maple is more likely to be confused with that of a hornbeam than with another maple, but it is easily distinguished by the opposite leaves.

**The leaves of the Hornbeam Maple** are elliptic to oblong, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a tapered point, and have about 20 pairs of conspicuous, impressed, parallel veins ending in pointed double teeth at the margin. The base is rounded to wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long. Matt green above, the leaves are paler beneath, with silky hairs on the veins when young. They turn yellow-brown in fall.

_ACER CATALPIFOLIUM_

ACER CATALPIFOLIUM

REHDER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 × 3½ in (20 × 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, becoming shallowly furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow-green, in broad, short-stalked clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened spreading wing to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Acer catalpifolium_ is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It has been variously treated as either a distinct species or as a form of the closely related Chinese maples _A. amplum_ or _A. longipes_ , and is unusual among maples in having unlobed, untoothed leaves, more lobed on young plants, and vigorous shoots. It is listed as a rare plant in China and is occasionally grown in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Related species such as _A. amplum_ , the Cappadocian Maple ( _A. cappadocicum_ ), and _A. longipes_ differ in having leaves that are more distinctly lobed.

**The leaves of Acer catalpifolium** are ovate and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are unlobed or occasionally have 2 small lobes below the middle. The tip ends in a short tapered point, and the margin is untoothed. The base is shallowly heart-shaped with a smooth petiole up to 5½ in (14 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above and conspicuously 5-veined from the base, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides, except for tufts of hair in the vein axils on the underside. They turn yellow in fall.

_ACER CIRCINATUM_

VINE MAPLE

PURSH

Up to 20–26 ft (6–8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4¾ in (10 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth or with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small, with white petals and purple sepals, borne in clusters at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Pacific coast of western North America

**HABITAT** | Moist, shaded sites along streams and in coniferous forests

The Vine Maple is a deciduous tree, often shrubby, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is a close relative of the better-known Japanese Maple ( _Acer palmatum_ ). Often shrubby, the shoots can appear to climb like a vine in order to reach the light (hence the common name). The leaves turn to attractive shades of orange and red in fall, while the fruits, which are eaten by birds, have red wings when young.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Only Asian species are similar; no other North American maple has leaves like the Vine Maple. The Japanese Maple ( _A. palmatum_ ) has more deeply cut leaves, and the Fullmoon Maple ( _A. japonicum_ ) has leaves with more lobes.

**The leaves of the Vine Maple** are rounded, long-stalked, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are cut into 7–9 lobes, each edged with shallow, pointed teeth. A prominent vein runs from the base to each of the lobes. They are bright green above, paler and downy beneath, at least when young, and they turn orange, yellow, and red in the fall.

_ACER CISSIFOLIUM_

IVYLEAF MAPLE

(SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI) K. KOCH

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Trifoliolate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 6¼ in (12 × 16 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Yellowish gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Very small and yellow, borne in pendulous racemes to 4 in (10 cm) long; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, nearly parallel wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist forests in hills and on lower mountain slopes

The Ivyleaf Maple is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in late spring as the young leaves are expanding. The shoots are pinkish when young, and hairy becoming smooth; the buds are hidden in the base of the leaf stalk. This species is also known as the Vine-leaved Maple, not to be confused with the Vine Maple ( _Acer circinatum_ ). One of several maples with trifoliolate leaves, it is grown in gardens for its fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Boxelder ( _A. negundo_ ) has at least some leaves with more than three leaflets. Henry's Maple ( _A. henryi_ ) has untoothed leaflets (or occasionally with few small teeth) but seedlings and vigorous shoots can have sharply toothed leaves similar to those of the Ivyleaf Maple.

**The leaves of the Ivyleaf Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 6¼ in (16 cm) across. They are trifoliolate, with each leaflet ovate to obovate, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, ending in an abrupt, pointed tip. The margin is edged with prominent sharp teeth above the middle, and the base is usually wedge-shaped on the terminal leaflet, rounded and oblique on the lateral ones. Often pinkish when young, the leaves mature to matt green above, paler and slightly glossy beneath, and sparsely hairy on both sides. They turn yellow or red in fall.

_ACER DAVIDII_

DAVID'S MAPLE

FRANCHET

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 × 4 in (18 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Green with white stripes becoming gray-brown and fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, in slender, pendulous racemes; often with hermaphrodite and male flowers on the same or different trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, spreading wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

David's Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in late spring as the young leaves are expanding. The smooth young shoots are green to pink or red-purple, gradually developing white streaks. It is one of the snakebark maples, grown in gardens for the attractively marked bark. It is commonly seen in gardens, and several forms have been selected for improved bark or fall color. The name commemorates the French missionary Jean Pierre Armand David, who discovered the tree.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other snakebark maples differ in their lobed leaves. The unrelated Lime-leaved Maple ( _Acer distylum_ ) has leaves of a similar shape that, like those of a lime ( _Tilia_ ), have impressed veins; it also lacks the streaked bark and has flowers in branched clusters.

**The leaves of David's Maple** are ovate and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are unlobed or have one small lobe on each side (3–5 lobed in subsp. _grosseri_ ), and end in an abruptly tapered point. The margin is sharply toothed and the base is rounded to shallowly heart-shaped with a green or red petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. Matt or glossy dark green above, they are pale to bluish-green beneath, and smooth on both sides or with sparse rusty hairs on the underside when young. Fall color is variable, some forms with none, others turning yellow or orange-red.

_ACER DIABOLICUM_

HORNED MAPLE

BLUME EX K. KOCH

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ × 6¼ in (16 × 16 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, cracking and fissured at the base with age

**FLOWERS** | Small, pale yellow or red, borne in pendulous clusters; males and females on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of bristly samaras, with flattened, parallel wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, often reddish when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Horned Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in spring before or as the young leaves emerge. The green first-year shoots are covered in white hairs when young, becoming smooth. An unusual feature of this species, from which its scientific and common names are derived, are the persistent hornlike stigmas that remain on the fruit. Forms with reddish young foliage, turning red in fall, and with red flowers have been called _Acer diabolicum_ f. _purpurascens_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Himalayan Maple ( _A. sterculiaceum_ ), which is from west China and the Himalayan region, has larger leaves and longer flower clusters. _A. franchetii_ has more shallowly cut leaves that are usually three-lobed.

**The leaves of the Horned Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and across. They are deeply cut, almost halfway to the center into usually 5 lobes. The central lobe is the largest and is untoothed, with parallel sides at the base that have several large triangular teeth on each side, smaller toward the tip. The base is rounded to shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long. White-haired when young, the leaves mature to dark green above, paler beneath, with sparse hairs on the veins.

_ACER DISTYLUM_

LIME-LEAVED MAPLE

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 4¾ in (15 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, streaked with green and orange

**FLOWERS** | Very small and pale yellow, in upright, branched clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened wings to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, spreading at an angle of about 60˚

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Lime-leaved Maple is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often a shrub. It flowers in early summer after the leaves have emerged. Male and female flowers are borne on the same plant but usually open at different times. The shoots are green or reddish when young, and thinly hairy becoming smooth. Not closely related to other species, the Lime-leaved Maple is uncommon in the wild and in gardens, where it is occasionally grown for its fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The unlobed but toothed leaves can sometimes be confused with those of the David's Maple ( _Acer davidii_ ) but differ in the strong resemblance to those of lime ( _Tilia_ ), with a heart-shaped base and impressed veins. The flower clusters are upright and branched rather than pendulous and unbranched as in David's Maple.

**The leaves of the Lime-leaved Maple** are ovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They end in a slender, tapered point, and have an unlobed, but finely toothed, margin. The base is heart-shaped with a usually red petiole up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. Pinkish when they emerge and thinly hairy, the leaves are slightly glossy above when mature, with impressed veins, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_ACER FORRESTII_

FORREST'S MAPLE

DIELS

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 3½ in (12 × 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Green with white stripes, becoming brown at the base

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, borne in slender arching racemes

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, spreading wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern China, northern Burma (Myanmar)

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

Forrest's Maple is a deciduous tree, sometimes multistemmed, with a wide-spreading habit. It flowers in late spring as the young leaves expand, the young shoots smooth and red. It is closely related to _Acer pectinatum_ of which it is sometimes regarded as a subspecies. One of the snakebark maples, it is grown in gardens for its attractive bark, foliage, and fall color. Some garden selections have been made including 'Alice' with cream and pink summer foliage, and 'Sirene' with purple young leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Forrest's Maple is sometimes confused with the David's Maple ( _A. davidii_ ), which has the leaves unlobed or with very shallow lobes.

**The leaves of Forrest's Maple** are ovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are conspicuously 3-lobed, sometimes with 2 extra shallow lobes at the base. The central lobe is much longer than the others, ending in a slender, tapered point. The margin is edged with sharp, double teeth, and the base is rounded to heart-shaped with a slender red petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above, paler blue-green beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn yellow in fall.

_ACER FRANCHETII_

ACER FRANCHETII

PAX

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 6 in (15 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Pale yellow-green, borne in short pendulous clusters to 2 in (5 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with broad, flattened, nearly parallel wings to 2 in (5 cm) long, borne in short, drooping clusters to 2 in (5 cm) long; males and females on separate plants

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Acer franchetii_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, often branching low and sometimes shrubby. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The stout shoots are smooth and green when young, becoming purple-brown the second year. Although plants are either male or female, the latter can produce fruits even when they are grown in isolation. This species is sometimes listed as a subspecies of the Himalayan Maple ( _A. sterculiaceum_ ). It is in cultivation but is rare in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The closely related Himalayan Maple ( _A. sterculiaceum_ ) is a larger tree. It has much longer flower clusters, which are pendulous, and larger leaves that usually have five lobes.

**The leaves of Acer franchetii** are rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and across. They are 3-lobed, or occasionally 5-lobed; the central lobe is the largest, and each lobe is pointed at the tip and edged with sparse, large teeth. The base is heart-shaped, with a stout petiole reaching up to 6 in (15 cm) in length. Dark green above, with 3 prominent veins from the base, the leaves are paler beneath and smooth except for tufts of hair in the axils of the veins.

_ACER GLABRUM_

ROCKY MOUNTAIN MAPLE

TORREY

Up to 20 ft (6 m tall)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to trifoliolate

**LEAF SIZE** | Up to 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth, pale gray to brown

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow-green, borne in clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America, from Alaska to southern California

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes in the mountains

The Rocky Mountain Maple, or the Rock Maple, is a small deciduous tree, usually branching low down or sometimes growing as a shrub, and often forming dense thickets. The flowers open in spring as the young leaves emerge. It grows further north than any other maple in North America. The foliage provides browsing for a variety of grazing animals. The Rocky Mountain Maple is a very variable and widely distributed species, and several different forms have been recognized, differing mainly in leaf shape and size. Some forms have leaves with three leaflets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Mountain Maple ( _Acer spicatum_ ) can have leaves of a similar shape but they are hairy on the undersides. The Ukurundu Maple ( _A. ukurunduense_ ) has leaves that are also densely hairy beneath and they often have five lobes.

**The leaves of the Rocky Mountain Maple** are rounded in shape, variable in their lobing, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across. Forms with trifoliolate leaves can have sharply toothed leaflets. They are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and without hairs. They can turn yellow or red in fall.

_ACER GRANDIDENTATUM_

BIGTOOTH MAPLE

NUTTALL

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ × 3¼ in (8 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray when young, becoming dark brown and slightly scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow, slender-stalked in drooping clusters; males and females separate, usually on the same plant

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, curved wings to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Woods, canyons

The Bigtooth Maple is a small deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, often shrubby. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is closely related to the Sugar Maple ( _Acer saccharum_ ) of which it is sometimes regarded as a subspecies, and like its relative yields maple syrup. The wood is also used locally for fence posts and fuel. The Canyon Maple ( _A. grandidentatum_ var. _sinuosum_ ) is sometimes recognized as distinct; it has leaves with three untoothed lobes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sugar Maple ( _A. saccharum_ ) is much larger; its leaves are bigger and the lobes parallel-sided, not narrowed at the base as in the Bigtooth Maple.

**The leaves of the Bigtooth Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and across. They are palmately lobed, with 3 large lobes and usually 2 smaller lobes at the base. Each lobe is oblong, usually narrowing to the base with 1 or 2 smaller triangular lobes on each side. The base is heart-shaped, with an often reddish petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, gray-green and softly hairy beneath, and turn yellow or red in fall.

_ACER GRISEUM_

PAPERBARK MAPLE

(FRANCHET) PAX

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Trifoliolate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 6 in (10 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Red-brown, peeling in thin, horizontal flakes

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, borne in drooping clusters of usually 3 flowers

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, curved wings to 1¼ in (3 cm) long held at right angles or nearly parallel

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Paperbark Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar, later spreading, habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. It bears male and hermaphrodite flowers on the same or separate plants, but in cultivation, although fruits are regularly formed, they are usually seedless. One of the most sought-after maples in gardens, it is grown for fall color and its striking and unique peeling bark, conspicuous even on the branches, and is one of the best trees for these features.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Paperbark Maple is easily distinguished from other maples with trifoliolate leaves by the peeling bark. The Nikko Maple ( _Acer maximowiczianum_ ) has larger leaflets that have shallower teeth and are also lacking the lobe at the base of the lateral leaflets.

**The leaves of the Paperbark Maple** are broadly ovate in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are trifoliolate, with ovate to elliptic leaflets to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. The terminal leaflet is stalked, wedge-shaped at the base, with few large teeth toward the tip. The lateral leaflets are unstalked with an oblique base; they have few teeth above the middle but have a large lobe below the middle on the outer side. The leaves are dark green above, bluish white and hairy beneath, and turn red in the fall.

_ACER HELDREICHII_

GREEK MAPLE

ORPHANIDES EX BOISSIER

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 8 in (15 × 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy yellow, borne in broad corymbs

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, curved wings to 2 in (5 cm) long held at about 60° or nearly parallel

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Greek Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, flowering in late spring after the leaves have emerged. It is a close relative of the Sycamore ( _Acer pseudoplatanus_ ) with which it hybridizes in the wild and in gardens to give _A. × pseudoheldreichii_. It is a variable species in the wild, and forms that have very large leaves and fruits are sometimes referred to as _A. heldreichii_ var. _macropterum_. Other forms can have leaves half the size.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red-bud Maple ( _A. trautvetteri_ ) is closely related and sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the Greek maple. It differs in its bright red buds and fruit wings, and has less deeply divided leaves with broader lobes.

**The leaves of the Greek Maple** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across, but half that size in some forms. They are deeply 3- or 5-lobed; the lobes reach three-quarters of the way or more to the base of the leaf. The lobes are oblong to obovate, with a taper-pointed tip. They are narrowed to the base and have several large teeth toward the tip. The base of the leaf is truncate to shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole that can be more than 8 in (20 cm) long. Dark green and smooth above, the leaves are bluish white beneath with hairs along the veins.

_ACER HENRYI_

HENRY'S MAPLE

PAX

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Trifoliolate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 6 in (10 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray with persistent lenticels

**FLOWERS** | Small, yellow, in slender pendulous racemes to 8 in (20 cm) long; males and females on separate trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, green when young, becoming bright red as they mature

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central China

**HABITAT** | An understory trees in mountain woods

Henry's Maple is a small, deciduous, spreading tree, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is one of a small group of maples in which the leaves have three leaflets. It is a particularly attractive tree for small gardens, giving good fall color of both leaves and fruit, which, although seedless, can be produced on female trees in the absence of a male. The name commemorates Augustine Henry (1857–1930), an Irish doctor who collected plants in China.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Henry's Maple is distinguished from most maples by the trifoliolate leaves. It is most likely to be confused with the Ivyleaf Maple ( _Acer cissifolium_ ), which has sharply toothed leaflets and longer-stalked flowers and fruit.

**The leaves of Henry's Maple** are rounded, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They have 3 short-stalked leaflets, taper-pointed at the tip. The leaflets are up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across; the terminal one is the largest and is borne on a slender, reddish stalk. The leaflets are entire or with a few small teeth, distinguishing this species from other similar species, but can be sharply toothed in young plants. They are dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, and turn bright red in fall.

_ACER HYRCANUM_

BALKAN MAPLE

FISCHER & C. A. MEYER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, becoming cracked and scaly with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow-green, in short upright clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, nearly parallel wings to 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Europe, north Africa, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods on mountain slopes

The Balkan Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. It is very variable and widely distributed, with several subspecies recognized, many sometimes treated as separate species. The typical form ( _Acer hyrcanum_ subsp. _hyrcanum_ ) occurs in southeast Europe and west Asia, and has leaves with blunt lobes; in southwest Europe and north Africa there is var. _granatense_ , a small tree with thick leaves with rounded lobes. Other forms include subsp. _tauricola_ , with pointed-lobed leaves, and subsp. _reginae-amaliae_ , a shrub with small, three-lobed leaves edged with prickly teeth.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Balkan Maple is related to the Italian Maple ( _A. opalus_ ) but has more deeply cut, prominently toothed leaves. Some forms resemble the Field Maple ( _A. campestre_ ) but do not have milky sap in the petiole.

**The leaves of the Balkan Maple** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across in the typical form. They are 5-lobed to about the middle of the leaf, with the 3 central lobes the largest, narrowing to the base with blunt, triangular teeth toward the tip. The base is shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. They are bright green and smooth above, grayish beneath, and hairy on the veins.

_ACER JAPONICUM_

FULLMOON MAPLE

THUNBERG

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 4¾ in (12 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and red-purple, borne in pendulous clusters, the exserted stamens with yellow anthers

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, spreading wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, often flushed with red

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Woods in the mountains

The Fullmoon Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, often with several stems or shrubby, the shoots hairy when young becoming smooth. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. It is commonly grown in gardens for its foliage and fall color, particularly as selected forms. 'Aconitifolium' has leaves that are very deeply cut to the base into deeply toothed lobes, and 'Vitifolium' has very large leaves that color well in fall. In Japan, the wood of this species is used to make furniture and for engraving.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Maple ( _Acer palmatum_ ) is more common in gardens and more variable. It differs in the smooth young shoots and the leaves which have only five or seven, or sometimes nine, lobes.

**The leaves of the Fullmoon Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and across. They are edged with usually 9–11 pointed lobes that are sharply double-toothed, the lobes decreasing in size toward the base of the leaf. The base is deeply heart-shaped with a petiole that is hairy when young and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long. Often bronze when young, the leaves mature to dark matt green above, paler beneath, with white hairs on the veins; they turn to orange, yellow, red, and purple in fall.

_ACER LOBELII_

LOBEL'S MAPLE

TENORE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 6½ in (15 × 17 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray and smooth when young, becoming shallowly fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellowish green, born in upright corymbs

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, spreading wings to 1¼ in (3 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Italy

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

Lobel's Maple is a deciduous tree with a narrow columnar habit, flowering in late spring after the leaves have emerged. It is rare in the wild, found only in the southern Apennine Mountains, but is occasionally grown in gardens for its unusually narrow shape. Closely related to the Cappadocian Maple ( _Acer cappadocicum_ ) and the Norway Maple ( _A. platanoides_ ), it has been regarded as a form of both. The smooth young shoots have a distinctive glaucous bloom, which eventually wears off; the shoots remain green for several years.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Lobel's Maple differs from the Cappadocian Maple ( _A. cappadocicum_ ) in the bloomy shoots, by not suckering from the base, and in having leaves with five lobes. It differs from the Norway Maple ( _A. platanoides_ ) in the bloomy shoots, and in having leaves that lack large teeth on the lobes.

**The leaves of Lobel's Maple** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 6½ in (17 cm) across. They are 5-lobed, the wavy-edged lobes ending in a slender tapered point, and untoothed or with few small teeth. The base is nearly truncate or shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole that is up to 4 in (10 cm) long and exudes milky sap when cut. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins.

_ACER MACROPHYLLUM_

OREGON MAPLE

PURSH

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 × 12 in (25 × 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown and smooth, becoming furrowed on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Yellow, fragrant, in large, pendulous panicles to 10 in (25 cm) long; male and female flowers separate in the same cluster

**FRUIT** | Pairs of joined, bristly samaras, each with a large wing to 2 in (5 cm) long, borne in large, hanging clusters

**DISTRIBUTION** | Western North America, from British Columbia to southern California

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, moist woods, and canyons

The Oregon Maple, or the Big-leaf Maple, is a medium-sized deciduous tree, flowering in spring as the young leaves emerge. Old trees can develop a buttressed trunk. It produces a valuable timber that is useful for furniture and a variety of other items, and maple syrup can be made from the sap. It is sometimes grown as a shade tree, and a selection with a narrow habit has been named 'Seattle Sentinel'.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Oregon Maple is generally easily recognized by its very large leaves. The Himalayan Maple ( _Acer sterculiaceum_ ) and the Velvet Maple ( _A. velutinum_ ) can have leaves that are nearly as large but they lack the milky sap in the leaf stalk.

**The leaves of the Oregon Maple** are among the largest in the genus, up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 12 in (30 cm) or more across. They are deeply divided into 5 lobes, each with few large blunt teeth, and have a stalk that is up to 10 in (25 cm) long. They are dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, and turn yellow in the fall. When the leaf stalk is cut, a milky sap is released.

_ACER MAXIMOWICZIANUM_

NIKKO MAPLE

MIQUEL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Trifoliolate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 6 in (12 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow, in densely hairy drooping clusters of usually 3 flowers

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with broad, flattened, spreading wings to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Nikko Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, often branching low and sometimes shrubby. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are densely covered with white hairs. Extracts of the bark and leaves are used medicinally in Japan. A close relative of the Paperbark Maple ( _Acer griseum_ ), this species is often grown in gardens for its fall color. For many years it was known as _A. nikoense_ but unfortunately this well-known name had to change because it was based on a plant that was not even a maple.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Paperbark Maple ( _A. griseum_ ) differs in the peeling bark, the smaller leaflets with fewer, larger teeth, and a pronounced lobe on the outer margin at the base of the lateral leaflets.

**The leaves of the Nikko Maple** are broadly ovate to rounded in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are trifoliolate, the leaflets elliptic to oblong, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, the margin untoothed or with shallow, blunt teeth above the middle. The terminal leaflet is short-stalked with a rounded base, the lateral ones unstalked and oblique at the base. The petiole is densely hairy and up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Green or reddish and densely hairy when young, the leaves mature to dark green above and sparsely hairy on the veins, paler or grayish beneath and softly hairy. They turn red in fall.

_ACER MIYABEI_

MIYABE MAPLE

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 6 in (12 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale brown, flaking

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow-green, borne in small corymbs

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, spreading wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, China

**HABITAT** | Mountains forests, riverbanks

The Miyabe Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the young shoots smooth or slightly hairy. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. The typical form ( _Acer miyabei_ subsp. _miyabei_ ) is a native of Japan, while subsp. _miaotaiense_ , which is sometimes treated as a distinct species, is native to China. The Miyabe Maple has hybridized in gardens with the Cappadocian Maple ( _A. cappadocicum_ ) to give _A. × hillieri_. Similar to, but much hardier than, the Field Maple ( _A. campestre_ ), the Miyabe Maple is sometimes planted as an ornamental in areas too cold for the latter species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Miyabe Maple can be distinguished from many similar species by the milky sap in the petiole. The Field Maple ( _A. campestre_ ) also has milky sap but has smaller leaves without taper-pointed lobes.

**The leaves of the Miyabe Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are 5-lobed, the terminal lobe the largest, at least the 3 largest lobes are taper-pointed, with usually 1 or 2 rounded teeth on each side, or 3-lobed (only the terminal lobe is taper-pointed in subsp. _miaotaiense_.) The base is heart-shaped with a hairy petiole up to 6 in (15 cm) long. Hairy on both sides when young, the leaves mature to dark and slightly glossy green above with hairs along the veins, paler and downy beneath. They turn yellow in fall.

_ACER MONSPESSULANUM_

MONTPELIER MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately lobed

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded to broader than long in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ × 2¾ in (6 × 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth at first, becoming cracked with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow-green, in clusters

**FRUIT** | Pairs of joined samaras, each with a forward-pointing, flattened, green wing to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Mediterranean region and southern Europe, to west Asia

**HABITAT** | Dry rocky slopes

The Montpelier Maple is a variable and widely distributed, small-leaved, deciduous tree, sometimes a shrub, usually rounded in shape. Several different forms have been recognized over its distribution range, particularly in southwest Asia, differing in the amount of hairs on the leaves. The Montpelier Maple is very tolerant of hot, dry situations, and is an attractive tree in foliage, flower, and fruit. In some forms, the wing of the fruit can be red.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other maples with three-lobed leaves include the Trident Maple ( _Acer buergerianum_ ) which has leaves with pointed lobes. The Montpelier Maple can be confused with the Field Maple ( _A. campestre_ ) but that species has five-lobed leaves, with teeth on the larger lobes, and also has a milky sap, which can be seen when the leaf stalk is cut.

**The leaves of the Montpelier Maple** are rounded to broader than long in outline, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across, with 3 untoothed or occasionally sparsely toothed lobes that are rounded at the tip. They are glossy dark green above, paler and blue-green beneath, and rather leathery in texture. They turn yellow in fall. When cut, the leaf stalk exudes a clear sap.

_ACER NEGUNDO_

BOXELDER

LINNAEUS

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate or trifoliolate

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 × 6 in (25 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray and smooth, becoming furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small, pendulous on slender, greenish white or pink stalks, the males with pink anthers; males and females on separate trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs in pendulous racemes, each one with a flattened wing to 1½ in (4 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern Canada, United States, Mexico, Guatemala

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, moist woods, and valleys

The Boxelder, or the Ashleaf Maple, is a fast-growing, broadly columnar, deciduous tree. It flowers in early spring before the leaves appear. This is a widely distributed, variable species with several different forms recognized. They differ in the number of leaflets and the hairiness of the shoots, and include _Acer negundo_ subsp. _californicum_ , with densely hairy leaves and shoots. Several variegated forms are popular garden trees.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Boxelder is usually easy to recognize by its pinnate leaves. Forms of the Boxelder with three leaflets could be confused with other trifoliolate-leaved maple, such as the Ivyleaf Maple ( _A. cissifolium_ ) and Henry's Maple ( _A. henryi_ ), but the flowers are distinct.

**The leaves of the Boxelder** are pinnate (the only species of maple to have this feature). The leaves are up to 10 in (25 cm) long, with 3–7 or sometimes 9, ovate to elliptic leaflets; these are up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) wide, the terminal leaflet usually being the largest. They are dark green above, paler and often hairy beneath, each one taper-pointed and sparsely toothed at the margin, or shallowly 3-lobed.

_ACER OBLONGUM_

FLYING MOTH MAPLE

WALLICH EX A. P. DE CANDOLLE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 2 in (15 × 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth becoming dark gray and scaly

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, born in corymbs at the ends of leafy shoots

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, spreading wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Gullies and streambanks in moist mountain forests

The Flying Moth Maple, also known as the Himalayan Maple, is an evergreen or semi-evergreen tree with a spreading habit, the smooth, slender shoots often pinkish when young. It flowers in spring usually before the young leaves emerge. In the Himalayan region the foliage is cut for animal fodder while the wood is used in building and fuel, and for making agricultural tools. The best known of several evergreen maples from Southeast Asia, this species needs a mild climate to thrive but grows well in areas such as the Mediterranean region and is grown as a street tree in California. Although this species was originally introduced to cultivation from the Himalayan region in 1824, a later introduction provided hardier plants.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The tropical Indonesian Maple ( _Acer laurinum_ ), from Southeast Asia and the only maple extending to the southern hemisphere, is a larger tree with broader leaves to 3¾ in (8 cm) across.

**The leaves of the Flying Moth Maple** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are unlobed and untoothed, or 3-lobed at the base, on vigorous shoots. The base is rounded and often conspicuously 3-veined, with a smooth, pinkish petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above, pale green to whitish beneath, and smooth on both sides. The form in Japan (var. _itoanum_ ) has slightly smaller leaves.

_ACER OPALUS_

ITALIAN MAPLE

MILLER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4¾ in (10 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray flushed with pink, flaking in square plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and bright yellow, pendulous on slender stalks, borne in dense corymbs at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, spreading at an angle of 90° or more

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa

**HABITAT** | Woods in hills and mountains

The Italian Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit and smooth young shoots. It flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. Trees usually bear either male or hermaphrodite flowers. One of the most conspicuous and attractive of maples in flower, it is variable in its foliage. The typical form ( _Acer opalus_ subsp. _opalus_ ) has leaves with pointed lobes, while subsp. _obtusatum_ has thicker leaves with blunt, often shallow lobes, densely hairy beneath. Although the foliage can resemble that of the Sycamore ( _A. pseudoplatanus_ ), the two species are not closely related.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Sycamore ( _A. pseudoplatanus_ ) has more sharply toothed and deeply lobed leaves, and green flowers borne in long, pendulous panicles after the leaves emerge.

**The leaves of the Italian Maple** are nearly rounded and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are rather shallowly 5-lobed, with broad, irregularly toothed or nearly entire lobes, the basal ones usually small and sometimes absent. The base is heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long. Glossy dark green and smooth above with impressed veins, they are paler to grayish green and hairy beneath. They turn yellow, often mixed with pink or orange, in the fall.

_ACER PALMATUM_

JAPANESE MAPLE

THUNBERG

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded to semicircular in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small with red sepals and white petals, in spreading to pendulous, slender-stalked clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, spreading at an angle of 90° or more

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Hill and mountain woods

The Japanese Maple is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves are expanding. It is one of the most commonly grown and variable species of maple. Several naturally occurring forms are recognized. The typical form ( _Acer palmatum_ subsp. _palmatum_ ) has leaves divided to about three-quarters with five or seven lobes; subsp. _amoenum_ has shallowly lobed leaves divided less than halfway; and subsp. _matsumurae_ has leaves with seven or nine lobes, divided nearly to the base. These differences are often obscured in cultivation where numerous forms have been selected with variously cut and colored foliage. 'Dissectum' is a popular, shrubby selection with pendulous shoots and leaves cut to the base into deeply toothed lobes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Fullmoon Maple ( _A. japonicum_ ) has hairy shoots and leaves with nine to 11 shallow lobes. Both _A. sieboldianum_ and _A. pseudosieboldianum_ have leaves that often have nine or 11 lobes.

**The leaves of the Japanese Maple** are nearly rounded to semicircular in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and across, sometimes more, often less. They are palmately lobed with 5–7, or sometimes 9, lobes that are taper-pointed at the tip and edged with fine, often double, teeth, untoothed or nearly so in some garden selections. The base is usually shallowly heart-shaped, with a green or reddish smooth petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Dark green and smooth above, the leaves are paler and glossy beneath with hairs on the veins. They turn yellow, orange, red, or purple in fall.

_ACER PENSYLVANICUM_

STRIPED MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded to broadly elliptic or obovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 × 7 in (20 × 18 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Green, with white and reddish, slender, vertical stripes

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow-green, in slender pendulous racemes

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, spreading wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, usually as an understory tree

The Striped Maple, also known as the Moosewood, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, often multistemmed or shrubby. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. Male and female flowers can be borne on the same or different trees, and trees can change from year to year. The slender, smooth shoots are green when young, becoming reddish brown. The Striped Maple is the only snakebark maple native to North America; it is often grown for its attractive stems and fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Striped Maple differs from the Kyushu Maple ( _A. capillipes_ ) in the rusty hairs on the underside of the young leaves. The Honshu Maple ( _A. rufinerve_ ) has the young shoots covered with a blue-white bloom.

**The leaves of the Striped Maple** are nearly rounded to broadly elliptic or obovate in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 7 in (18 cm) across or more. They are divided at the tip into 3 broadly triangular, forward-pointing lobes that have a tapered point and a sharply toothed margin. The base is heart-shaped with 3 conspicuous veins, and the pink petiole is up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long. Rather light matt green and smooth above, they are paler beneath and nearly smooth, but with rusty hairs when young. They turn yellow in the fall.

_ACER PICTUM_

PAINTED MAPLE

THUNBERG

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 6 in (15 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray to gray-brown, becoming shallowly ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow-green, borne in corymbs at the ends of the shoots; males and females usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long spreading or nearly parallel

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, eastern Russia, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Forests from sea level to the mountains

_Acer pictum_ is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring before or as the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are smooth and green only in the first year. It is a variable and widely distributed species, and many different forms have been recognized. The typical form ( _Acer pictum_ subsp. _pictum_ ), from Japan and Korea has the leaves downy beneath and with five or seven lobes; subsp. _mono_ is smooth beneath or hairy only on the veins while subsp. _okamotoanum_ from South Korea has leaves with up to nine lobes. Other forms exist with deeply cut leaves, and there are also several garden selections that have variegated foliage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Norway Maple ( _A. platanoides_ ) and the Shantung Maple ( _A. truncatum_ ) differ in having some leaf lobes toothed. The Cappadocian Maple ( _A. cappadocicum_ ) retains the green shoots for more than one season.

**The leaves of the Painted Maple** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and across. They are usually 5- or 7-lobed, the lobes ending in tapered points and having an untoothed margin. The base is truncate or very shallowly heart-shaped, and the petiole is up to 6 in (15 cm) or more long, exuding a milky sap when cut. Often bronze when young, the leaves mature to glossy green and smooth above, paler beneath and variously hairy; they turn yellow or red in the fall.

_ACER PLATANOIDES_

NORWAY MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 8 in (15 × 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray when young, developing slender shallow ridges with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and bright yellow-green, in large corymbs

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Norway Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the young shoots green only the first season. It flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. In parts of Europe, sugar was made from the sap. This species is widely planted in streets and parks, where it gives a striking display of flowers in spring. There are garden selections including 'Crimson King' and others with deep red-purple foliage, and 'Drummondii', with the leaves broadly edged with cream. Other selections have an upright or compact habit or finely cut leaves. In central Asia, _Acer platanoides_ subsp. _turkestanicum_ has leaves with usually five or seven untoothed lobes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cappadocian Maple ( _A. cappadocicum_ ) has leaves with untoothed lobes, and shoots that remain green the second year. The Painted Maple ( _A. pictum_ ) has leaves with untoothed lobes. The Shantung Maple ( _A. truncatum_ ) has leaves that are truncate at the base and lobes with few or no teeth. The Sugar Maple ( _A. saccharum_ ) lacks the milky sap in the leaf stalk.

**The leaves of the Norway Maple** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are palmately lobed with usually 5 lobes. The pointed lobes reach about halfway to the leaf base, and at least the 3 central lobes have taper-pointed teeth toward the tip. The base is deeply heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 6 in (15 cm) or more long, which exudes a milky sap when cut. The leaves are matt green above, paler and glossy beneath, and smooth on both sides except for tufts of hair in the veins axils on the underside. They turn yellow, or sometimes red, in fall.

_ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS_

SYCAMORE

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 7 in (15 × 18 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pinkish gray, flaking in large plates

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale green, with yellow anthers, in pendulous cylindrical panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, either spreading or arranged at right angles

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, west Asia

**HABITAT** | Mountain woodlands

The Sycamore, also known as the Plane in Scotland and the Sycamore Maple in North America, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. It is a commonly planted tree that is widely naturalized outside of its native range in Europe as well as eastern North America. Many garden selections have been made such as 'Atropurpureum', with the leaves purple beneath, 'Brilliantissimum', a small tree with shrimp-pink young foliage, and 'Erythrocarpum', with bright red fruit wings. Trees are often infected with tar spot fungus, which causes large black spots on the leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Velvet Maple ( _Acer velutinum_ ) is closely related but lacks the flaking bark, has much larger leaves, and bears its flowers in upright clusters. The Italian Maple ( _A. opalus_ ) has less deeply lobed leaves with triangular lobes that are broadest at the base.

**The leaves of the Sycamore** are nearly rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 7 in (18 cm) across. They are palmately lobed with 5 lobes, the central 3 being much larger than the basal lobes, the terminal lobe parallel-sided toward the base and deeply toothed toward the tip. The base is heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 6 in (15 cm) long or more. Leathery in texture, the leaves are dark green and smooth above with impressed veins, bluish gray beneath, and hairy at least on the veins or in the veins axils.

_ACER PYCNANTHUM_

JAPANESE RED MAPLE

K. KOCH

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to ovate or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 3¼ in (10 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, shallowly fissured with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and red, in small clusters on the old shoots; males and females on separate trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Wetlands

The Japanese Red Maple is a deciduous tree of broadly columnar habit, flowering in early spring before the young leaves emerge. A close relative of the widely distributed Red Maple ( _Acer rubrum_ ), it is an endangered tree in the wild, confined to scattered localities in central Honshu, with only an estimated 1,000 trees existing. Although very small, the flowers are so showy in spring that they have been used in aerial surveys to locate new populations of this rare species, its distribution restricted by the rarity of its habitat, which is threatened by development and expanding commercial forestry. Although cultivated in Europe since the 1970s, the Japanese Red Maple is still uncommon. Variegated selections are grown in Japan.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Maple ( _A. rubrum_ ) has deeply three-lobed leaves, the lobes starting from near the middle of the leaf.

**The leaves of the Japanese Red Maple** are broadly elliptic to ovate or obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes starting from above the center of the leaf blade, with a taper-pointed tip and a sharply toothed margin. The base is rounded with a slender petiole up to 3½ in (9 cm) long. Often reddish when young, the leaves mature to dark green and smooth above, bluish white and smooth or nearly so beneath. They turn yellow to orange, red, or deep red-purple in fall.

_ACER RUBESCENS_

ACER RUBESCENS

HAYATA

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 3¼ in (10 × 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth, green with white stripes

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow, borne in slender pendulous racemes; males and females on separate trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Acer rubescens_ is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the smooth shoots red when young. It flowers in late spring after the leaves have emerged. Due to a confusion in naming, this species has often been called _A. kawakamii_ or _A. morrisonense_ , names which apply to the closely related _A. caudatifolium_ , also from Taiwan. It is one of the group known as the snakebark maples but is not as hardy as many of the more popular species because the leaves often emerge early and can be susceptible to late frosts in spring.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Kyushu Maple ( _A. capillipes_ ) has larger leaves that are not glossy beneath. _A. caudatifolium_ has narrower, almost unlobed leaves, with a long, slender, taper-pointed tip.

**The leaves of Acer rubescens** are ovate to nearly rounded, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are shallowly 5-lobed, rarely unlobed, the lobes ending in taper-pointed tips. The margin is sharply toothed and the base is heart-shaped, with a slender red petiole up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. They are glossy dark green and smooth above, paler and glossy beneath, with rusty hairs along the veins. They turn orange-red to yellow in the fall.

_ACER RUBRUM_

RED MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 4 in (12 × 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth, gray, fissured with age with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Small and red, in clusters on the old shoots; males and females separate, on the same or different trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing, red when young to ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods, riverbanks, swamp margins

The Red Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the young shoots smooth and red. It flowers in late winter or early spring before the leaves emerge. This is one of the best-known trees for fall color, and many improved forms have been selected for this purpose. The rather soft wood is used to make furniture, and maple syrup can be made from the sap. Hybrids with the closely related Silver Maple ( _Acer saccharinum_ ), known as the Freeman Maple ( _A. × freemanii_ ), occur in the wild and have been raised in gardens.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Silver Maple ( _A. saccharinum_ ) has larger, more deeply lobed leaves, with the terminal lobe narrowed at the base. The Japanese Red Maple ( _A. pycnanthum_ ) has leaves that are unlobed or three-lobed above the middle.

**The leaves of the Red Maple** are broadly ovate to nearly rounded in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are palmately 3-lobed or with 2 additional, smaller lobes at the base. The lobes are broadest at the base or parallel-sided, and edged with pointed, sometimes large teeth. The base is shallowly heart-shaped or nearly truncate with a red petiole up to 3½ in (9 cm) long. Often red when young, the leaves mature to dark green and smooth above, bluish white beneath, and hairy at least along the veins. They turn red or yellow, or a mixture, in fall.

_ACER RUFINERVE_

HONSHU MAPLE

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 6 in (15 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Green with pale green and white stripes, becoming brown and shallowly fissured at the base

**FLOWERS** | Small and yellow-green, in slender, spreading, then drooping racemes; males and females separate on the same or different trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing, red when young to ¾ in (2 cm) long, held at an angle of 90° or slightly more

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Honshu Maple is a deciduous tree of broadly columnar to spreading habit, the young shoots green with a bluish white bloom. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. Like some other species of maple, this tree is able to change sex from year to year. In particular, dying male trees change to female in order to produce seed to colonize the space that they will leave in the forest. One of the snakebark maples, the Honshu Maple is frequently grown in gardens for its ornamental bark and fall color while 'Albolimbatum' is a popular selection that has leaves edged with white.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Honshu Maple is distinguished from the Kyushu Maple ( _Acer capillipes_ ) and the Striped Maple ( _A. pensylvanicum_ ) by the bluish white bloom on young shoots.

**The leaves of the Honshu Maple** are broadly elliptic to rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and across, or slightly more. They are 3-lobed, sometimes with 2 additional, very small lobes at the base. The central lobe is much the largest, and all lobes are taper-pointed at the tip with a sharply toothed margin. The base is truncate or slightly heart-shaped with a petiole up to 2½ in (6 cm) long, hairy when young. They are dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, with rusty hairs along the veins, remaining in the leaf axils when mature. They turn red in the fall.

_ACER SACCHARINUM_

SILVER MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 6 in (15 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray when young, developing scaly ridges with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and cream to pinkish, borne in clusters on the old shoots; males and females separate, on the same or different trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist soils, riverbanks, lake margins, swamps

The Silver Maple is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, sometimes multistemmed. It flowers in late winter to early spring, before the young leaves emerge, and is normally the earliest maple to flower in North America. It is widely planted as an ornamental but its invasive root system can cause problems. There are several selections with deeply cut leaves. Like the closely related Red Maple ( _Acer rubrum_ ), maple syrup can be obtained from the sap. Hybrids with that species are called the Freeman Maple ( _A. × freemanii_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The silvery underside to the leaf is distinct. The Red Maple ( _A. rubrum_ ) has smaller leaves with the lobes broadest at the base or parallel-sided.

**The leaves of the Silver Maple** are broadly ovate to rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and across. They are deeply 5-lobed, usually to more than halfway to the leaf base. The lobes are long-pointed, and bear prominent triangular teeth on the margin. At least the central lobe bears additional toothed lobes on the margin, and is narrowed at the base. Often bronze when young, the leaves mature to rather pale green and smooth above, thinly hairy and silvery white beneath. They turn yellow in fall.

_ACER SACCHARUM_

SUGAR MAPLE

MARSHALL

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 6 in (15 × 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray and smooth when young, developing scaly ridges when old

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow-green, drooping on slender stalks in clusters; males and females separate, usually on the same tree

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing, sometimes red when young, 1 in (2.5 cm) long, held at an angle of about 90°

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods in valleys and on hills

The Sugar Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in spring as the young leaves expand. One of the best-known maples, it is the State Tree of several of the American states, and its leaf is shown on the Canadian flag. This is the tree from which most maple syrup is made, by collecting sap in winter and boiling it, a practice learned from Native Americans. It is also a valuable timber tree, and the wood is commonly used for making furniture. In some trees, the wood has an unusually patterned grain, known as birds-eye, that is sought after by woodworkers. The Sugar Maple is a variable species with several variants recognized such as the smaller Chalk Maple ( _Acer saccharum_ subsp. _leucoderme_ ), the Florida Maple (subsp. _floridanum_ ), the Black Maple (subsp. _nigrum_ ), and subsp. _skutchii_ , from Mexico and Guatemala.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Bigtooth Maple ( _A. grandidentatum_ ) is also sometimes regarded as a form of the Sugar Maple. It is a smaller tree from the southwestern United States, the smaller leaves with rounded teeth. The Norway Maple ( _A. platanoides_ ) has leaves that are glossy green beneath, and the petiole exudes milky sap when cut.

**The leaves of the Sugar Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and across, smaller in the Florida Maple and the Chalk Maple. They are palmately 5-lobed, the lobes long-pointed and with few teeth. The base is truncate to shallowly heart-shaped with a petiole up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. The Black Maple bears stipules at the base of the petiole, the only maple to do so. Dark green and smooth above, the leaves are blue-green and hairy beneath, at least in the vein axils (green or yellowish green in the Florida Maple and the Black Maple); they turn yellow, orange, and red in fall.

_ACER SEMPERVIRENS_

CRETAN MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 × 1¼ in (5 × 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow-green, in small drooping clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras with flattened, parallel or spreading wings to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, red when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern Mediterranean region

**HABITAT** | Rocky slopes

The Cretan Maple is a slow-growing semi-evergreen tree with a rounded habit, more often a shrub, retaining its leaves well into winter. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. This unusual species is a close relative of the Montpelier Maple ( _Acer monspessulanum_ ). It is very distinct in its small leaves, and in its native habitats is often heavily grazed. In Crete it can be found growing with the rare Cretan Zelkova ( _Zelkova abelicea_ ) as well as the Kermes Oak ( _Quercus coccifera_ ). It is rare in gardens but is occasionally grown for its unusual foliage.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cretan Maple differs from the Montpelier Maple ( _A. monspessulanum_ ) in its smaller, semi-evergreen leaves and in having some of the leaves unlobed. _A. obtusifolium_ is a normally evergreen species from southwest Asia; it makes a large shrub or small tree, and has larger, usually toothed leaves.

**The leaves of the Cretan Maple** are broadly ovate and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are unlobed or shallowly to deeply 3-lobed, the lobes having rounded tips. The margins are untoothed, and the base is rounded and conspicuously 3-veined with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides.

_ACER SHIRASAWANUM_

ACER SHIRASAWANUM

KOIDZUMI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4¾ in (10 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, with pale, shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small, with white petals and red sepals, borne in spreading to upright corymbs

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras with flattened wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, red when young, spreading at a wide angle

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Acer shirasawanum_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, often with several trunks from the base. It flowers in spring after the young leaves have emerged. The young shoots are smooth and green, or flushed with red. A close relative of the Fullmoon Maple ( _A. japonicum_ ), it is occasionally grown for its fall color but is most often seen in gardens as 'Aureum'; this yellow-leaved form was for many years believed to be a form of the Fullmoon Maple. The var. _tenuifolium_ is a smaller tree or a large shrub with smaller, more deeply divided leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species most closely resembles the Fullmoon Maple ( _A. japonicum_ ) but can be distinguished by the smaller leaves, the smooth shoots, leaves, and petioles, and the spreading to upright flower and fruit clusters.

**The leaves of Acer shirasawanum** are rounded in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are palmately lobed with 9–11 lobes reaching up to halfway to the base of the leaf, the basal lobes very small. The lobes are taper-pointed at the tip, with a sharply toothed margin. The base of the leaf is deeply heart-shaped, with an often red, smooth petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Matt green above and paler beneath, the leaves are smooth on both sides except for tufts of hair in the axils of the veins on the underside. They turn to yellow or red in the fall.

_ACER SPICATUM_

MOUNTAIN MAPLE

LAMARCK

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 4¾ in (12 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, becoming shallowly ridged and scaly

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale creamy yellow, in dense, slender upright panicles to 6 in (15 cm) long; male and female flowers separate on the same plant

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras with flattened wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, red when young, spreading at a wide angle

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeastern North America

**HABITAT** | Mountain woodlands, riverbanks, gullies

The Mountain Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, often multistemmed or a shrub, sometimes forming thickets. It flowers in late spring to early summer after the leaves have emerged. Mainly distributed in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, it extends south to Georgia along the Appalachian Mountains. It is also known as the Moose Maple, because the leaves and shoots are a favorite food of moose and deer. Plants often spread by layering, making this species important in controlling erosion on riverbanks. Maple syrup can be made from the sap.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Ukurundu Maple ( _Acer ukurunduense_ ) is closely related and similar. It differs in having leaves five- or rarely seven-lobed, rather than three- or rarely five-lobed in the Mountain Maple, and much more hairy beneath. The Striped Maple ( _A. pensylvanicum_ ) has pendulous flower clusters, smooth shoots, and striped bark.

**The leaves of the Mountain Maple** are broadly ovate to rounded in outline, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and across. They are shallowly 3-lobed, more rarely 5-lobed, the lobes usually reaching less than halfway to the leaf base. The lobes are pointed at the tip, with a coarsely toothed margin. The leaf base is heart-shaped, with an often red petiole. The leaves are rather light green above with impressed veins, paler and hairy beneath; they turn red or yellow in fall.

_ACER STERCULIACEUM_

HIMALAYAN MAPLE

WALLICH

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 × 10 in (25 × 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Pale yellow, in drooping clusters; males to 4 in (10 cm) long, females to 6 in (15 cm) long, on separate trees

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened wing to 2 in (5 cm) long, spreading at an acute angle

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, western China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Himalayan Maple is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, the shoots stout and smooth. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. It is one of a small group of Asian species that includes the Horned Maple ( _Acer diabolicum_ ) and _A. franchetii_ (the latter sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the Himalayan Maple). The typical form ( _A. sterculiaceum_ subsp. _sterculiaceum_ ) has toothed, usually five-lobed leaves, but subsp. _thomsonii_ , with a range from the Himalayan region to western China and Thailand, makes a larger tree with normally three-lobed, untoothed leaves and has fruits with wings to 4 in (10 cm) long.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_A. franchetii_ is similar and closely related. It is a smaller tree with smaller, normally three-lobed leaves and shorter flower clusters. The Horned Maple ( _A. diabolicum_ ) has smaller, more deeply cut leaves.

**The leaves of the Himalayan Maple** are rounded in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and across. They are normally 5-lobed, more rarely 3- or 7- lobed, the lobes reaching just less than halfway to the leaf base. The lobes are triangular, broadest at the base, and end in a short, abrupt point; the margin is edged with pointed, rather distant teeth. The base is truncate to shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 8 in (20 cm) long. Often bronze when young and gray-hairy beneath, they mature to dark green and smooth above, thinly hairy beneath.

_ACER TATARICUM_

TATARIAN MAPLE

LINNAEUS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 2½ in (10 × 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth, developing shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and white, fragrant, in conical clusters

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with parallel, flattened wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, bright red when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern Europe, Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods on dry slopes

The Tatarian Maple is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often multistemmed or shrubby. It flowers in late spring and early summer after the leaves have emerged. It is a variable species with several forms recognized. The typical _Acer tataricum_ subsp. _tataricum_ normally has unlobed or shallowly lobed leaves, while subsp. _ginnala_ (the Amur Maple) is better known and often planted, and is an invasive weed in parts of North America. It is native to China, Korea, and Japan, and has leaves with three or sometimes five lobes. The Japanese subsp. _aidzuense_ is a shrub or small tree, with deeply cut leaves that have blunt teeth. In central Asia, subsp. _semenowii_ is a shrub with deeply three-lobed leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Some forms of this species can resemble the Rocky Mountain Maple ( _A. glabrum_ ) in leaf but that species has leaves that are blue-green or whitish beneath.

**The leaves of the Tatarian Maple** are broadly ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They are unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed (in subsp. _tataricum_ ), with a pointed tip and a sharply double-toothed margin. The base is truncate to rounded or shallowly heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 2 in (5 cm) long. Matt or glossy, dark green above, they are slightly paler beneath and hairy on the veins. They turn yellow or red in fall.

_ACER TEGMENTOSUM_

MANCHU STRIPED MAPLE

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 3½ in (12 × 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Green and gray-green, with vertical white stripes

**FLOWERS** | Small, pale greenish yellow, borne in slender, pendulous racemes

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, each with a flattened, spreading wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China, eastern Russia, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Manchu Striped Maple is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, sometimes multistemmed or a shrub. It flowers in spring as the young leaves emerge. The young shoots are smooth, covered with a conspicuous, bluish white bloom, and often red in winter. This species is one of the snakebark maples, closely related to the Striped Maple ( _Acer pensylvanicum_ ), and is occasionally grown in gardens for its attractive bark and fall color. Another snakebark maple grown for its striped bark, 'White Tigress', is probably a hybrid of this species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Other Snakebark maples such as the Kyushu Maple ( _A. capillipes_ ) and the Striped Maple ( _A. pensylvanicum_ ) can be similar in leaf but only the Honshu Maple ( _A. rufinerve_ ) has the bloomy shoots. It differs from the Manchu Striped Maple in having rusty hairs on the veins on the underside of the young leaves.

**The leaves of the Manchu Striped Maple** are broadly ovate to nearly rounded, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are shallowly 5-lobed (the larger lobes are taper-pointed, and the basal lobes are small), more rarely 3-lobed or occasionally unlobed. The margin is finely toothed, and the base is heart-shaped with a smooth petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long. The leaves are dark green and smooth above, paler and blue-green beneath, and smooth except for small tufts of hair in the vein axils. They turn yellow in fall.
_ACER TRUNCATUM_

SHANTUNG MAPLE

BUNGE

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Semicircular to nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 × 4¾ in (10 × 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, rough and fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and pale yellow, borne in corymbs at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened wings to 1½ in (4 cm) long held at an angle of about 90°

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests and scrub

The Shantung Maple, also called the Purpleblow Maple because of the often bronzy young foliage, is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit. It flowers in spring just before or as the young leaves emerge. The smooth young shoots are green only in the first season, and are dotted with lenticels. This is a very hardy small tree, often cultivated, the leaves reminiscent of those of the Japanese Maple ( _Acer palmatum_ ). When grown from garden seed, it can give rise to hybrids with other species such as the Norway Maple ( _A. platanoides_ ); the offspring from this cross make larger trees and bear variable leaves, which can resemble those of either parent.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Shantung Maple can be distinguished from the Norway Maple ( _A. platanoides_ ) by the smaller leaves with often untoothed lobes. It differs from the Painted Maple ( _A. pictum_ ) in having at least some of the leaves with a single tooth on each side of the terminal lobe, as well as in the rough bark. In the Cappadocian Maple ( _A. cappadocicum_ ), the young shoots remain green for more than one season.

**The leaves of the Shantung Maple** are semicircular to nearly rounded in outline, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are 5-lobed, more rarely 7-lobed, the lobes usually reaching more than halfway to the base of the leaf. The lobes are taper-pointed, ending in a fine tip, and usually untoothed or with usually no more than a single tooth on each side of at least the terminal lobe. The base is truncate, sometimes heart-shaped, occasionally deeply heart-shaped, with a petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long that exudes a milky sap when cut. Often bronze when young, the leaves are glossy, dark green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides; they turn yellow or red in fall.

_ACER UKURUNDUENSE_

UKURUNDU MAPLE

TRAUTVETTER & C. A. MEYER

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Nearly rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ × 3½ in (12 × 9 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, shallowly fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and creamy white, borne in dense, upright, cylindrical panicles to 6 cm (15 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Joined pairs of samaras, with flattened, nearly parallel wings to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China, eastern Russia, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests, riverbanks

The Ukurundu Maple is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often multistemmed or a shrub. It flowers in spring after the leaves have emerged. The young shoots are smooth and turn red in winter. It is very tolerant of shade, and is normally found as an understory species in coniferous forests. Closely related to the Mountain Maple ( _Acer spicatum_ ), it is sometimes regarded as a subspecies of _A. caudatum_ , from the Himalayan region and western China. The name of this species refers to a region of eastern Russia (Ukur River).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Mountain Maple ( _A. spicatum_ ) has similar upright flower clusters but differs in its usually three-lobed leaves that are much less hairy beneath.

**The leaves of the Ukurundu Maple** are nearly rounded in outline and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3½ in (9 cm) across. They are usually 5-lobed, or occasionally 7-lobed, the lobes extending less than halfway to the leaf base. The lobes are taper-pointed at the tip and edged with prominent teeth. The leaf base is heart-shaped with an often red petiole up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long. The leaves are dark green and smooth above when mature, with deeply impressed veins, and pale blue-green and densely hairy beneath.

_AESCULUS CALIFORNICA_

CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE

(SPACH) NUTTALL

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 × 10 in (20 × 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Smooth and gray

**FLOWERS** | White to pink, with 4 petals to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, fragrant with exserted stamens, borne in dense, upright panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A smooth, pale brown, pear-shaped capsule to 2¾ in (7 cm) long with usually 1 large seed

**DISTRIBUTION** | California

**HABITAT** | Foothills and mountain slopes

The California Buckeye is a deciduous tree, sometimes shrubby, with many branches from the base. It flowers in late spring and early summer. The leaflets emerge early in the year, and usually fall in summer soon after the plant flowers. The glossy brown seeds are poisonous but were used by Native Americans to produce flour after leaching with water. This species is often seen in cultivation, where, given ample water, it is more likely to be treelike and to keep its leaves longer in the year.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Most other species in the genus do not have exserted stamens. The Chinese Horse Chestnut ( _Aesculus chinensis_ ) and the Indian Horse Chestnut ( _A. indica_ ) also have flowers with exserted stamens but are larger trees with bigger leaves.

**The leaves of the California Buckeye** are rounded, up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across, and held on a petiole up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long. The 5–7 oblong leaflets are smooth and dark green to bluish-green above, smooth and grayish beneath, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long by 2 in (5 cm) wide, borne on a short stalk to 1¼ in (3 cm) long. They are taper-pointed at the tip and edged with fine teeth.

_AESCULUS × CARNEA_

RED HORSE CHESTNUT

HAYNE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 × 16 in (25 × 40 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray to reddish brown, smooth, becoming cracked into scaly plates, often with burrs

**FLOWERS** | Tubular, about ½ in (1 cm) long, pale pink or briefy cream blotched with yellow inside, becoming deep pink blotched with red, borne in large, upright, conical panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Spherical, usually with sparse prickles, 1½ in (4 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Cultivated origin

**HABITAT** | Does not apply

The Red Horse Chestnut is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in late spring after the leaves have emerged. The buds at the ends of the shoots are only slightly sticky. Although it is sometimes believed to be a pink form of the Horse Chestnut ( _Aesculus hippocastanum_ ), this tree is a hybrid between that species and the Red Buckeye ( _A. pavia_ ), and both are frequently planted in streets and parks. A few selections have been made such as 'Briotii', which has deeper-colored flowers and glossier leaves, and 'Plantierensis', a larger tree closer to the Horse Chestnut with pale pink flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Horse Chestnut differs from the Horse Chestnut ( _A. hippocastanum_ ) in its pink flowers, smaller, often twisted leaflets, smaller, less sticky buds, and less spiny fruits. From the Red Buckeye ( _A. pavia_ ) it differs in its larger size, smaller leaves, non-sticky buds, and spineless fruits.

**The leaves of the Red Horse Chestnut** are rounded in outline and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 16 in (40 cm) across. They are palmately compound with 5, or sometimes 7, leaflets. The leaflets are obovate, often twisted, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across, ending in a short, abrupt point with a toothed margin and tapering at the base to a very short stalk. The petiole is up to 8 in (20 cm) or more long. The leaves are dark green and smooth above, paler and sparsely hairy beneath, sometimes turning red in fall.

_AESCULUS CHINENSIS_

CHINESE HORSE CHESTNUT

BUNGE

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 10 × 20 in (25 × 50 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White with a yellow blotch that turns red, fragrant, ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long with exserted stamens, borne in dense, upright, slender panicles to 12 in (30 cm) or more long

**FRUIT** | Yellow-brown, not spiny, pear-shaped to nearly spherical, to 2 in (5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Chinese Horse Chestnut is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the shoots ending in sticky buds. It flowers in late spring to early summer, after the leaves have emerged. Originally described from cultivated plants, trees found wild in China were thought to be a separate species and called _Aesculus wilsonii_. Differing only slightly from the typical form in their more hairy leaves and flower stalks, they are now called _A. chinensis_ var. _wilsonii_. The dried seeds and other parts of the tree are widely used in Chinese traditional medicine.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Indian Horse Chestnut ( _A. indica_ ) is closely related but differs in its larger leaves and its larger, more showy flowers, which are held in broader, more open panicles.

**The leaves of the Chinese Horse Chestnut** are rounded in outline, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 20 in (50 cm) across. They are palmately compound with usually 7, sometimes 5 or 9, leaflets. The leaflets are lanceolate to obovate, and up to 10 in (25 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across, ending in a short, tapered point with a toothed margin and tapering to a wedge-shaped base and a stalk of about 1 in (2.5 cm). The petiole is up to 6 in (15 cm) long. Often bronze or reddish when young, the leaves mature to dark matt green and smooth above, blue-gray beneath, and hairy beneath on the veins or all over, sometimes becoming smooth.

_AESCULUS FLAVA_

YELLOW BUCKEYE

SOLANDER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 × 10 in (20 × 25 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Pale gray, flaking in scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Tubular, 1¼ in (3 cm) long, yellow blotched with red, borne in conical, upright panicles to 6 in (15 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Pale brown, nearly spherical, to 3 in (7.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods on slopes, riverbanks, ravines, and valley bottoms

**SYNONYM** | _A. octandra_ Marshall

The Yellow Buckeye, also known as the Sweet Buckeye, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, the terminal buds not sticky, flowering in late spring to early summer, after the leaves have emerged. It is the largest of the genus in North America and is most common in the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. The wood is too soft to be very useful but is used for pulp. The poisonous seeds were eaten by Native Americans after roasting and leaching to remove the toxic content. It hybridizes with several other species while _Aesculus_ 'Dallimorei' is considered to be a graft hybrid with the Horse Chestnut ( _A. hippocastanum_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Yellow Buckeye is similar to the Ohio Buckeye ( _A. glabra_ ), but that species is a smaller tree with smaller, yellow-green flowers, spiny fruits, and smaller leaves.

**The leaves of the Yellow Buckeye** are rounded in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 10 in (25 cm) across. They are palmately compound with 5 or 7 leaflets. The short-stalked leaflets are elliptic to obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They end in a short, tapered point, with a finely toothed margin and narrow to a wedge-shaped base. The petiole is up to 6 in (15 cm) long. Dark green and smooth above or hairy along the veins, they are paler beneath and hairy at least when young. They turn yellow in fall.

_AESCULUS GLABRA_

OHIO BUCKEYE

WILLDENOW

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 × 8 in (18 × 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, rough, and furrowed with scaly plates

**FLOWERS** | Tubular, yellow-green, 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in upright panicles to 6 cm (15 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Pale brown, spherical, spiny, up to 2 in (5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist valleys and slopes, riverbanks

The Ohio Buckeye, also known as the Fetid Buckeye from the unpleasant scent of the crushed foliage, is the State Tree of Ohio. It is a deciduous tree with a rounded habit, flowering in spring after the leaves have emerged. The winter buds are not sticky. It can grow with the Sugar Maple ( _Acer saccharum_ ), and the wood has been used to make troughs in which to collect maple syrup. The typical form ( _Aesculus glabra_ var. _glabra_ ) has leaves with five or seven leaflets; the Texas Buckeye (var. _arguta_ ) is smaller and has leaves with nine or 11 narrower leaflets, and is found mainly from Texas to Kansas.

SIMILAR SPECIES

This species differs from the Yellow Buckeye ( _A. flava_ ) in its usually smaller size, smaller, yellow-green flowers, rougher bark, and spiny fruits.

**The leaves of the Ohio Buckeye** are rounded in outline, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are palmately compound with 5 or 7 almost stalkless leaflets. The leaflets are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They taper to a slender point at the tip, with a finely toothed margin, and are wedge-shaped at the base with a petiole up to 6 in (15 cm) long. The leaves are matt green and smooth above, paler beneath, and smooth or hairy. They turn orange or yellow in the fall.

_AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM_

HORSE CHESTNUT

LINNAEUS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 14 × 20 in (35 × 50 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown to red-brown, scaly

**FLOWERS** | About ½ in (1 cm) long, white blotched with yellow at first, later red, borne in dense, conical panicles to 12 in (30 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Spherical, spiny, to 2½ in (6 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Albania, Greece, former Yugoslavia, eastern Bulgaria

**HABITAT** | Mountain woods

The Horse Chestnut is a familiar large tree with a broadly conical habit, flowering in late spring. The stout shoots end in characteristic, large, and very sticky winter buds. One of the most attractive native European trees, this species is widely planted in streets and parks for its showy flowers. Its large glossy brown seeds are known in the UK as conkers. In recent years, a leaf miner, the larva of a small moth, has spread throughout Europe, disfiguring the foliage of many of these trees. More seriously the Horse Chestnut is also attacked by a bacterial canker, and this can kill the tree.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Horse Chestnut ( _Aesculus_ × _carnea_ ) is a smaller tree; it has smaller leaves with twisted leaflets, and pink flowers. The Japanese Horse Chestnut ( _A. turbinata_ ) has larger leaflets and smooth fruits.

**The leaves of the Horse Chestnut** are rounded in outline, and up to 14 in (35 cm) long and 20 in (50 cm) across. They are palmately compound with 5–7 unstalked leaflets. The leaflets are obovate and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They end in a short, abruptly tapered point, with a finely toothed margin, and taper to the base and a stout petiole up to 8 in (20 cm) long. The leaves are dark green and smooth above when mature, paler beneath with tufts of reddish brown hairs in the axils of the veins.

_AESCULUS INDICA_

INDIAN HORSE CHESTNUT

(WALLICH EX CAMBESSÈDES) HOOKER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 × 16 in (30 × 40 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, becoming scaly at the base and peeling in strips

**FLOWERS** | White or pale pink, 1 in (2.5 cm) long, with a yellow blotch that turns pink, stamens conspicuously exserted

**FRUIT** | Pear-shaped to nearly spherical, rough, without spines, to 2½ in (6 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northwest Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Indian Horse Chestnut is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, the winter buds only slightly sticky. It flowers in summer. Perhaps the most attractive species in the genus, this tree flowers several weeks later than the more common Horse Chestnut, and has the advantage of being resistant to both horse-chestnut leaf miner and canker. In its stalked leaflets and long exserted stamens, it is closely related to the Chinese Horse Chestnut ( _Aesculus chinensis_ ) and the California Buckeye ( _A. californica_ ).

SIMILAR SPECIES

Most other species do not have flowers with conspicuously exserted stamens. The Chinese Horse Chestnut ( _A. chinensis_ ) has smaller flowers in denser panicles, and smaller leaves.

**The leaves of the Indian Horse Chestnut** are rounded and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 16 in (40 cm) across. They are palmately compound, with 5 or 7, sometimes 9, leaflets. The leaflets are oblong to lanceolate, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They end in a tapered point, and have a finely toothed margin; they taper to a short stalk about 1 in (2.5 cm) long and a petiole 6 in (15 cm) long. Often bronze when young, the leaves mature to glossy green above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides. They can turn orange or yellow in fall.

_AESCULUS PAVIA_

RED BUCKEYE

LINNAEUS

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 × 8 in (15 × 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Tubular, bright red or yellow-flushed, 1¼ in (3 cm) long with a red calyx and usually exserted stamens, the petals edged with sticky hairs, borne in upright panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Pear-shaped, brown, without spines, to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Mixed forests, riverbanks

The Red Buckeye is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often multistemmed or shrubby. The buds are not sticky, and it flowers in late spring. It is normally an understory tree in low-lying woods of the coastal plain and river valleys. In the typical form ( _Aesculus pavia_ var. _pavia_ ), the flowers are red, but in var. _flavescens_ , which occurs in Texas, they are yellow; intermediates also occur. The Red Buckeye is one of the parents of the Red Horse Chestnut ( _A. × carnea_ ), its hybrid with the Horse Chestnut ( _A. hippocastanum_ ), and it hybridizes with other species such as the Yellow Buckeye ( _A. flava_ ). Often planted as an ornamental, the flowers are attractive to butterflies and hummingbirds. The seeds can be toxic if eaten in quantity.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Painted Buckeye ( _A. sylvatica_ ) is similar but normally has yellowish or pink flowers, lacking sticky hairs on the petals, and occurs further inland at higher elevations.

**The leaves of the Red Buckeye** are rounded in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are palmately compound, with 5 or sometimes 7 leaflets. The leaflets are narrow elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They taper to a point at the tip, with a finely toothed margin, and are narrowed to the short stalk at the base and a petiole up to 6 in (15 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, and smooth or hairy.

_AESCULUS SYLVATICA_

PAINTED BUCKEYE

J. BARTRAM

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 × 12 in (20 × 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray-brown, slightly scaly on old plants

**FLOWERS** | Tubular, to 1½ in (4 cm) long, yellow-green to pink or cream, the petals without sticky hairs on the margin, and the stamens not exserted, borne in upright panicles

**FRUIT** | Spherical, brown, to 1½ in (4 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist valley forests and riverbanks

The Painted Buckeye is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often shrubby. The buds are not sticky. It flowers in spring after the leaves have emerged. This is largely a tree of the Piedmont region compared to the Red Buckeye ( _Aesculus pavia_ ), which occurs on the coastal plain. Where the two species meet, hybrids occur but mostly among plants of the Painted Buckeye. This is because both are pollinated by hummingbirds, which are flying north at flowering time and carry pollen only in one direction.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Red Buckeye can be distinguished from other species by the usually red flowers with exserted stamens, petals that are edged with sticky hairs, and larger fruits.

**The leaves of the Painted Buckeye** are rounded in outline, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 12 in (30 cm) across. They are palmately lobed with 5 or sometimes 7 leaflets. The leaflets are elliptic to lanceolate, with a tapered tip and a finely toothed margin, tapering to a short stalk at the base and a petiole up to 6 in (15 cm) long. They are deep yellowish green and smooth above, paler and smooth or hairy beneath.

_AESCULUS TURBINATA_

JAPANESE HORSE CHESTNUT

BLUME

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Palmately compound

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Rounded in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 16 × 24 in (40 × 60 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown, deeply fissured and flaking in old trees

**FLOWERS** | Creamy white with a yellow blotch that turns deep pink, borne in large, conical, upright panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | Pear-shaped, rough but without spines, 2 in (5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks in moist mountain forests

The Japanese Horse Chestnut is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. The stout shoots end in large, sticky winter buds. In some mountainous parts of Japan, the seeds are traditionally collected to be eaten. This is a lengthy process that takes about one month since they need to be soaked in a running mountain stream for a week, then immersed in boiling water, and soaked again before mixing with rice. It is commonly grown as an ornamental tree in Japan, and occasionally elsewhere.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Horse Chestnut can be confused with the Horse Chestnut ( _Aesculus hippocastanum_ ) but differs in having larger leaves and fruit that lacks spines.

**The leaves of the Japanese Horse Chestnut** are rounded in outline, and up to 16 in (40 cm) long and 24 in (60 cm) across. They are palmately compound, with 5 or 7 unstalked leaflets on a large petiole of up to 24 in (60 cm) long. The leaflets are obovate and up to 14 in (35 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across with an abruptly pointed tip and a toothed margin, tapering to the base. Dark green and smooth above, the leaves are paler beneath, and hairy on the veins.

_DIPTERONIA SINENSIS_

DIPTERONIA SINENSIS

OLIVER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 16 × 8 in (40 × 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | Very small, greenish white, borne in large panicles to 12 in (30 cm) long

**FRUIT** | 2 small nutlets at the center of a circular wing to 1 in (2.5 cm) across, pale green or pinkish when young, becoming pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks in deciduous mountain forests

_Dipteronia sinensis_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often with several stems from the base or a shrub. It flowers in spring. It is a member of a genus of only two species that are closely related to the maples ( _Acer_ ); the second species, _D. dyeriana_ , is a very rare tree found only in Yunnan. Although the genus is restricted to China, fossil records show that other, now extinct, species, once occurred in western North America. _D. sinensis_ is occasionally grown in gardens for its unusual and often profusely borne fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

Although closely related to the maples, _D. sinensis_ is not often confused with them and the leaves have more leaflets than any of the maples with compound leaves.

**The leaves of Dipteronia sinensis** are oblong in outline, and up to 16 in (40 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with usually 7–11 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite. The leaflets are ovate or lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across with a taper-pointed tip and a sharply toothed margin. They are sessile (stalkless) or nearly so, those at the base of the leaf having short stalks. The leaves are dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, and smooth or sparsely hairy, with tufts of hair in the vein axils.

_DODONAEA VISCOSA_

HOP BUSH

JACQUIN

Up to 26 ft (8 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Linear to oblong, oblanceolate or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 1½ in (15 x 4 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown to dark gray, finely furrowed

**FLOWERS** | Very small and yellowish white, without petals, borne in clusters at the ends of the shoots and in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A small capsule to 1 in (2.5 cm) long with usually 2 or 3 wings, greenish white or often bright red when young

**DISTRIBUTION** | Widely distributed

**HABITAT** | Dry, well-drained soils

The Hop Bush is a deciduous to semi-evergreen or evergreen tree with a spreading habit, often a shrub. It flowers at various times of the year. It is one of the most widely distributed of all species, occurring in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of both hemispheres, probably originating in Australia. Although attempts have been made to divide the Hop Bush into several species or varieties, it is usually regarded as a very variable species. It has been widely used medicinally, and the hard wood can be used to make tools. Plants with dark purple foliage are often cultivated.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Hop Bush is easy to recognize by the stickiness of the leaves and their shape (usually broadest toward the tip) as well as the small flowers and winged, often red-flushed, fruits.

**The leaves of the Hop Bush** are linear to oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across. The tip is pointed to rounded, and the margin is untoothed, sometimes slightly wavy. They are usually narrowly wedge-shaped at the base with a short petiole up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. Sticky when young, they mature to yellowish green and slightly glossy above, paler beneath, and smooth on both sides or finely hairy at least on the midrib beneath.

_KOELREUTERIA BIPINNATA_

CHINESE FLAME TREE

FRANCHET

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Bipinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 28 x 20 in (70 x 50 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale brown, smooth, becoming furrowed with age

**FLOWERS** | Yellow marked red, with 4 petals about ½ in (1 cm) long, borne in large panicles at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A papery, pink, bladderlike capsule to 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern China

**HABITAT** | Open forests on hill and mountain slopes

The Chinese Flame Tree is a deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, the shoots stout and with warty lenticels. It flowers in summer. It has a more southerly distribution than the better-known Golden Rain Tree ( _Koelreuteria paniculata_ ); it is grown for its flowers and its attractive fruits, but only in warm areas such as the southern United States and California. Young seedlings can have pinnate to bipinnate leaves, with deeply toothed or lobed leaflets.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Golden Rain Tree ( _K. paniculata_ ) has pinnate, not bipinnate, leaves, though the individual leaflets are often deeply lobed. The Bead Tree ( _Melia azedarach_ ) also has large bipinnate leaves but the leaflets are sharply toothed and distinctly stalked.

**The leaves of the Chinese Flame Tree** are elliptic in outline, and up to 28 in (70 cm) long and 20 in (50 cm) across. They are bipinnate with 4 or 5 pairs of opposite pinnae, the terminal pinna often lacking or reduced to 1, or a few, leaflets. Each pinna consists of 9–17 ovate, alternate, or opposite leaflets up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across. They end in a short, tapered point with an untoothed or shallowly toothed margin; they have an oblique base and are either very shortly stalked or unstalked. Often bronze when young, the leaves mature to dark and slightlyglossy green above, paler and hairy beneath. They turn yellow in fall.

_KOELREUTERIA PANICULATA_

GOLDEN RAIN TREE

LAXMANN

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate to partially bipinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 20 x 8 in (50 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, with orange-brown fissures

**FLOWERS** | Yellow marked red, with 4 petals about ½ in (1 cm) long, borne in large panicles at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A papery, bladderlike capsule to 2 in (5 cm) long, green or sometimes pink, ripening to pale brown

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Dry valleys and riverbeds

The Golden Rain Tree, also known as the Pride of India, is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in summer. In addition to its distribution in China, there are several small populations on the coast of South Korea as well as in Japan that are of uncertain origin and may be introduced. The leaves are variable in form; plants with leaflets that are deeply lobed and almost cut into separate leaflets are sometimes recognized as _Koelreuteria paniculata_ var. _apiculata_. The Golden Rain Tree is commonly cultivated for its summer flowers and is very tolerant of extremes of heat, cold, and drought.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Flame Tree ( _K. bipinnata_ ) is similar in flower and fruit but it has bipinnate leaves with leaves that are either untoothed or only shallowly toothed.

**The leaves of the Golden Rain Tree** are elliptic in outline, and up to 20 in (50 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate to partially pinnate with 11–19 leaflets, the lateral ones opposite or nearly opposite. The leaflets are ovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, the terminal one sometimes 3-lobed or partially joined with the pair below it. They are sharply double-toothed to deeply lobed, with a pointed tip and a broadly wedge-shaped base, and are unstalked, or have a short stalk. Dark green above and sparsely hairy, the leaves are paler beneath and hairy. They turn yellow in fall.

_SAPINDUS DRUMMONDII_

WESTERN SOAPBERRY

HOOKER & ARNOTT

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 9½ x 6 in (24 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, rough, and fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with 5 petals, borne in large panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long; males and females usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | A translucent, orange-yellow, berrylike drupe ⅝ in (1.5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southwestern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Woods, riverbanks, canyons

The Western Soapberry is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit, sometimes shrubby and spreading by suckers forming thickets. It flowers in late spring and early summer. The hard, heavy wood has been used to make baskets for cotton and for fuel. The poisonous fruits were used by Native Americans to stun fish and as a source of soap. Tolerant of dry, exposed positions, this species has been used as a shelterbelt tree. It is closely related to the Soapberry ( _Sapindus saponaria_ ), and is sometimes regarded as a variety of it.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Soapberry ( _S. saponaria_ ) has leaves that often have a winged rachis and fewer leaflets. The Chinese Soapberry ( _S. mukorossi_ ) is a larger tree, more similar to the Soapberry. Hickories ( _Carya_ ) and walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) have toothed leaflets.

**The leaves of the Western Soapberry** are oblong in outline, and up to 9½ in (24 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. They are pinnate with 11–19 leaflets, the terminal leaflet often absent, the lateral leaflets opposite or alternate. The leaflets are lanceolate, usually curved, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip and untoothed margin. They are dull yellowish green above, paler and slightly hairy beneath.

_SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI_

CHINESE SOAPBERRY

GAERTNER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in, or more (30 x 20 cm, or more)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, rough, and fissured

**FLOWERS** | Small and white with 5 petals, borne in large panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long; males and females usually on separate plants

**FRUIT** | An orange-yellow, berrylike drupe to 1 in (2.5 cm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region, east and Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, often cultivated

The Chinese Soapberry is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit. It flowers in spring. It is one of four species recognized in China, where it is often seen growing in gardens and by temples. This is a very important tree in warm regions of Asia, and has many uses. The wood is used for construction and for making items such as oil presses and tools. The fruits are very rich in saponin and, since they release soap when they come into contact with water, they are commonly used for washing. They are an ingredient frequently used in the Indian system of traditional medicine known as Ayurveda.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The other species in China have flowers with four petals. The Western Soapberry ( _Sapindus drummondii_ ) has smaller leaves and fruits. The Soapberrry ( _S. saponaria_ ), a native of tropical America, has leaves with a winged rachis.

**The leaves of the Chinese Soapberry** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across, or more. They are pinnate with 11–19 leaflets, the terminal leaflets usually absent, the lateral leaflets opposite, nearly opposite, or sometimes alternate. The leaflets are elliptic to lanceolate, often falcate. They are pointed at the tip, with an untoothed margin and a wedge-shaped, slightly oblique base. They are glossy green and smooth above, paler and smooth or thinly hairy beneath.

_XANTHOCERAS SORBIFOLIUM_

YELLOW-HORN

BUNGE

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 9½ x 4¾ in (24 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, with shallow fissures and scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | White, 1¼ in (3 cm) across, the 5 petals streaked with pink, borne in panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A nearly spherical to fig-shaped, green capsule to 2 in (5 cm) across that splits into 3 to release the seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northern China

**HABITAT** | Woods and scrub

The Yellow-horn is a small deciduous tree or a shrub with stout, smooth shoots, often spreading by suckers. It has a broadly columnar habit, and flowers in late spring. It is the only species in the genus. As in species of the related _Aesculus_ , the flowers change color as they age: the petals have yellow-green marks at the base when young which turn to deep pink. Both the scientific name of the genus and the common name refer to the prominent, yellow, hornlike nectaries in the flower. The seeds have a high oil and saponin content, and are used medicinally as well as being a possible source of biofuel.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Yellow-horn is a very distinct species. Its leaves can be similar to those of some species of _Sorbus_ , but it is easily recognized when in flower.

**The leaves of the Yellow-horn** are oblong in outline, and up to 9½ in (24 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across with a petiole up to 4 in (10 cm) long. They are pinnate with usually 8–17 leaflets, the lateral ones short-stalked and opposite or nearly opposite toward the base of the leaf. The leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, with a pointed tip, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and ¾ in (2 cm) across. The margin is sharply toothed except at the slightly oblique base. The leaves are dark green and smooth above, thinly hairy beneath when young. They turn yellow in fall.

_AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA_

TREE OF HEAVEN

SWINGLE

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 24 x 12 in (60 x 30 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with slender vertical fissures

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish yellow, borne in large panicles at the ends of the shoots; males and females usually on separate trees

**FRUIT** | Clustered, twisted samaras to 1½ in (4 cm) long with a single seed in the center, red or green when young, brown when ripe

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Tree of Heaven is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, and stout shoots that are hairy when young. It flowers in spring or summer. It is tolerant of a broad range of conditions, including city streets, and is widely planted and extensively naturalized, especially in regions with warm summers, where it can be a serious weed. Spreading rapidly by seed as well as root suckers, it is difficult to eradicate. The Tree of Heaven is sometimes grown for its ash-like timber, and is widely used medicinally in China. The glands on the leaflets produce a nectar that attracts ants, which in turn protect the tree from herbivorous insects.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The leaflets have teeth only at the base, a characteristic that distinguishes this tree from other species such as hickories ( _Carya_ ) and walnuts ( _Juglans_ ) with large pinnate leaves.

**The leaves of the Tree of Heaven** are oblong in outline, up to 24 in (60 cm) long and 12 in (30 cm) across, and unpleasantly scented when crushed. They are pinnate with up to 29 or more short-stalked leaflets, the lateral ones opposite or nearly so. The leaflets are ovate, up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across or more, and have a pointed tip and 1 or 2 rounded teeth near the base on one side. The base is wedge-shaped to rounded and oblique. They are dark and slightly glossy green above, paler to gray-green and hairy beneath.

_PICRASMA QUASSIOIDES_

PICRASMA QUASSIOIDES

(D. DON) BENNETT

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Pinnate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Oblong in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 12 x 8 in (30 x 20 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray, smooth with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Very small with 4 or 5 greenish petals, borne in large clusters to 8 in (20 cm) long in the leaf axils; males and females usually on separate trees

**FRUIT** | A small, blue-black berry, greenish or reddish when unripe, about ⅜ in (8 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | East Asia (Himalayan region, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan)

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

_Picrasma quassioides_ is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often multistemmed or a shrub. The shoots and young bark are red-purple with orange lenticels, the winter buds naked, without scales. It flowers in spring. Extracts of the very bitter bark as well as the wood are widely used both medicinally and as an insecticide. The name derives from the similarity to the Surinam Quassia ( _Quassia amara_ ) from South America. Plants with the leaves smooth beneath are sometimes distinguished as _Picrasma quassioides_ var. _glabrescens_. _Picrasma quassioides_ is occasionally grown in gardens for its fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The wingnuts ( _Pterocarya_ ) also have pinnate leaves and naked buds, but they are larger trees and their flowers and fruit are very different. The only other species of _Picrasma_ in China, _P. chinensis_ , has leaves with nine or fewer leaflets.

**The leaves of Picrasma quassioides** are oblong in outline, and up to 12 in (30 cm) long and 8 in (20 cm) across. They are pinnate with up to 15 leaflets, the lateral leaflets opposite and unstalked or very short-stalked, and the terminal leaflet stalked. The leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip and a finely toothed margin. The base is wedge-shaped to rounded, and very oblique in the lateral leaflets. The leaves are glossy green above, paler beneath, and smooth or with hairs along the veins beneath. They turn yellow, orange, or red in fall.

_STAPHYLEA HOLOCARPA_

CHINESE BLADDERNUT

HEMSLEY

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Trifoliolate

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly ovate in outline

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Opposite

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White or pink, ¾ in (2 cm) long, with 5 petals and 5 petal-like sepals, borne in panicles from the previous year's shoots

**FRUIT** | A bladderlike capsule 2 in (5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests

The Chinese Bladdernut is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit, sometimes a shrub. It flowers in spring as the young leaves expand. It is a member of a small genus of usually shrubs with a wide distribution in Europe, throughout Asia, and North and Central America, several of which are grown in gardens. The typical form ( _Staphylea holocarpa_ var. _holocarpa_ ) has leaves that are smooth beneath and white flowers, while var. _rosea_ has the leaves hairy, at least on the veins beneath, and pink flowers. _S. holocarpa_ is one of six Chinese species, and is occasionally seen in gardens, particularly the forms with pink flowers.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Bladdernut resembles a cherry when in flower but is easily distinguished by the opposite, trifoliolate leaves. Other species in the genus are often shrubs or have leaves with more leaflets.

**The leaves of the Chinese Bladdernut** are broadly ovate in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They have 3 elliptic to lanceolate leaflets, up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 1½ in (4 cm) across, with a taper-pointed tip and a finely toothed margin. The terminal leaflet is stalked; the lateral ones are unstalked or nearly so, and oblique at the base. The petiole is up to 4 in (10 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above and blue-green beneath.

_HALESIA CAROLINA_

CAROLINA SILVERBELL

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, deeply furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | White, or sometimes pink, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in drooping clusters

**FRUIT** | Oblong, to 2 in (5 cm) long, with 4 wings, green ripening to brown and persisting on the tree

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woodlands

**SYNONYM** | _Halesia monticola_ (Rehder) Sargent

The Carolina Silverbell, also known as the Snowdrop Tree or the Florida Silverbell, is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, sometimes shrubby. It flowers in spring as the young leaves are expanding. It is a variable species to which several names have been applied. The forms of this species known as the Carolina Silverbell are small trees with relatively small flowers up to ⅝–¾ in (1.5–2 cm) long. In the Appalachian Mountains this species is known as the Mountain Silverbell ( _Halesia monticola_ ) and reaches its largest size with larger flowers. The wood is often used for carving, and the tree is a popular ornamental.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Two-wing Silverbell ( _H. diptera_ ) is most easily distinguished by its two-winged fruits and its more shallowly lobed corolla. It never makes a large tree.

**The leaves of the Carolina Silverbell** are ovate to obovate in outline, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They do not vary as much as the size of the flowers, and are only slightly larger in forms known as the Mountain Silverbell ( _H. monticola_ ). The leaves end in a short, tapered point and have a shallowly toothed margin. The base is rounded to wedge-shaped, with a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Densely hairy on both sides when young, they become dark green and smooth above, paler beneath, and smooth except for hairs on the veins or remaining densely hairy in some forms.

_HALESIA DIPTERA_

TWO-WING SILVERBELL

ELLIS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 3¼ in (12 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | White, bell-shaped, deeply 4-lobed, to 1¼ in (3 cm) long, borne in drooping clusters

**FRUIT** | Oblong, to 2 in (5 cm) long, with 2 wings, green ripening to brown and persisting on the tree

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Moist woods and swamps

The Two-wing Silverbell is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often multistemmed, branching low or a shrub, flowering in spring as the young leaves are expanding. While the typical form is found mainly in low-lying areas on the coastal plain and has flowers to about ¾ in (2 cm) long, plants from more upland areas with larger flowers to 1¼ in (3 cm) or more long have been recognized as var. _magniflora_. It is sometimes grown in gardens but less commonly than the Carolina Silverbell ( _Halesia carolina_ ) and particularly as var. _magniflora_ , which is more tolerant of dry soils. Although the Two-wing Silverbell is variable in size, in some areas it can make a much larger tree.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Carolina Silverbell ( _H. carolina_ ) has flowers with a shallowly lobed corolla and fruits with four wings. It is often a much larger tree and has a much wider distribution.

**The leaves of the Two-wing Silverbell** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt point and are edged with small teeth. The base is rounded to wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. They are hairy on both sides when young, becoming dark green and smooth above, paler beneath and hairy along the veins.

_PTEROSTYRAX CORYMBOSUS_

PTEROSTYRAX CORYMBOSUS

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to broadly obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, the corolla deeply 5-lobed, borne in pendulous clusters to 3¼ in (8 cm) long with conspicuous exserted stamens

**FRUIT** | A slender, dry, 5-winged drupe to ¾ in (2 cm) long, densely covered in small hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, China

**HABITAT** | Streambanks in mountain forests

_Pterostyrax corymbosus_ , which is sometimes known as the Little Epaulette Tree, is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, often branching low down. The shoots are densely covered in small star-shaped hairs when young, becoming smooth. It flowers in spring. This is the only species in the genus that grows in both China and Japan. It is occasionally grown in gardens, but has been confused with the much more popular and well-known Epaulette Tree ( _P. hispidus_ ), and some plants grown as _P. corymbosus_ are that species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. corymbosus_ is distinct from other species in its winged fruits; in other species the fruits are merely ribbed. The Epaulette Tree ( _P. hispidus_ ) has larger, relatively narrower leaves.

**The leaves of Pterostyrax corymbosus** are elliptic to broadly obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They have a short, abruptly tapered tip, and a margin that is edged with small, sparse, glandular teeth, tapering to a broadly wedge-shaped base and a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Densely hairy on both sides when young, they become dark green and smooth above, densely covered in star-shaped hairs beneath.

_PTEROSTYRAX HISPIDUS_

EPAULETTE TREE

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 4 in (20 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, fragrant, the corolla deeply 5-lobed, borne in pendulous panicles to 8 in (20 cm) long with conspicuous exserted stamens

**FRUIT** | A slender, dry, 5-ribbed drupe to ¾ in (2 cm) long, densely covered in pale brown hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan

**HABITAT** | Deciduous mountain forests

The Epaulette Tree is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. The young shoots are covered with small, star-shaped hairs, becoming smooth when they are mature. This is a member of a small genus of east Asian trees that are related to the snowbells ( _Styrax_ ) but have a five-lobed corolla. The Epaulette Tree is the best-known species in the genus, and it is valuable in gardens for its large hanging clusters of fragrant flowers. Trees in China that were once thought to be this species are now known as _Pterostyrax psilophyllus_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_P. corymbosus_ differs in having smaller, more rounded leaves and fruits with five wings, while _P. psilophyllus_ has fruits that usually have ten ribs.

**The leaves of the Epaulette Tree** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They end in a short, abrupt point and are edged with shallow, gland-tipped teeth. The base is wedge-shaped to rounded with a petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Matt green above with sparse star-shaped hairs, they are blue-green beneath and smooth or hairy, with unbranched pale hairs on the veins. They turn yellow in the fall.

_STYRAX GRANDIFOLIUS_

BIGLEAF SNOWBELL

AITON

20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, dark gray-brown

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, fragrant, white, 5-lobed, to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in pendulous clusters to 6 in (15 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A dry, nearly spherical to ellipsoid drupe to ½ in (1 cm) long, densely covered with gray, star-shaped hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Well-drained woodlands, cliffs, gullies

The Bigleaf Snowbell is a deciduous tree, often shrubby and spreading by suckers from the roots. The young shoots are sparsely to densely hairy. It flowers in late spring to early summer after the leaves have emerged. The leaves are very variable in size and shape, and on vigorous shoots they can be up to 8 in (20 cm) across. This is a very attractive plant when bearing its profuse fragrant flowers but it is uncommon in gardens. It is one of four species in the genus that are native to the United States.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Snowbell ( _Styrax americanus_ ) has a similar distribution but is normally a shrub. It has small flower clusters and much smaller leaves no more than 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across.

**The leaves of the Bigleaf Snowbell** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip, or with a short, abrupt point, and the margin is untoothed or occasionally with a few small teeth. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped, with a petiole about ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above and smooth or with sparse hairs, grayish below and softly hairy.

_STYRAX HEMSLEYANUS_

STYRAX HEMSLEYANUS

DIELS

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2¾ in (12 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray-brown

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, fragrant, white, 5-lobed, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in racemes to 6 in (15 cm) long at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A dry, spherical to ovoid drupe to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, densely covered with gray, star-shaped hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central and western China

**HABITAT** | Forests on mountain slopes and in gullies

_Styrax hemsleyanus_ is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to broadly columnar habit, the young shoots densely covered in gray, star-shaped hairs. It flowers in late spring to early summer after the leaves have emerged. While the leaves are mostly alternate, they are often opposite, or nearly so, at the base of the flowering shoots, and young seedlings have leaves with much more prominent teeth. Oil in the seeds can be used to make soap or lubricating oil, and various parts of the tree are used in Chinese herbal medicine. _S. hemsleyanus_ is occasionally seen in gardens, thriving in moist, mild climates.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_S. hemsleyanus_ is sometimes confused with the Fragrant Snowbell ( _S. obassia_ ), which differs in its larger, more rounded leaves that are gray and densely hairy beneath.

**The leaves of Styrax hemsleyanus** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are rounded at the tip, or have a short, often slightly curved, abrupt point. The margin is edged with very small teeth or is sometimes nearly untoothed, and the base is broadly wedge-shaped to rounded and usually noticeably oblique. Dark green and slightly rough to the touch above, the leaves are paler beneath and sparsely hairy.

_STYRAX JAPONICUS_

JAPANESE SNOWBELL

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray-brown, becoming ridged with orange-brown fissures

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, fragrant, white, sometimes pink, 5-lobed, to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, borne in pendulous clusters, the petals overlapping in bud

**FRUIT** | A dry, ovoid drupe to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, densely covered with gray, star-shaped hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Burma (Myanmar), China, Laos, Taiwan, Philippines, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Lowland and mountain forests

The Japanese Snowbell is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, sometimes a shrub. It flowers in late spring to early summer. It is a variable species; plants from China often make bigger trees with larger leaves and flowers. The best-known species of the genus in gardens, it is planted for its flowers; forms with a pendulous habit or pink flowers are also grown. The fruits are poisonous and are crushed and sprinkled onto the water to stun fish in a traditional method of fishing in the Far East. They are also used to make soap, and the wood is used for walking sticks.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Japanese Snowbell is distinct from other species in the genus in its slender flower stalks, which are usually longer than the flowers. _Styrax formosanus_ , which is from Taiwan, is similar, but has narrower, longer-pointed leaves and flowers with the petals not overlapping in bud.

**The leaves of the Japanese Snowbell** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. Mostly alternate, the 2 leaves at the base of the shoot can be opposite or nearly so. They are pointed to shortly taper-pointed at the tip, and the margin has sparse, small teeth above the middle or is nearly untoothed. The base is wedge-shaped to nearly rounded, with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are dark green above, and paler beneath, with sparse star-shaped hairs along the veins on both sides and in the vein axils beneath.

_STYRAX OBASSIA_

FRAGRANT SNOWBELL

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Broadly elliptic to obovate or nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6½ x 6 in (17 x 15 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth with shallow fissures

**FLOWERS** | Bell-shaped, fragrant, white, 5-lobed, to ¾ in (2 cm) long, borne in spreading racemes to 8 in (20 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A dry, ovoid drupe to ¾ in (2 cm) long, densely covered with gray, star-shaped hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Moist forests

The Fragrant Snowbell is a deciduous tree with a broadly conical to spreading habit, often with multiple trunks or branching low and sometimes shrubby. It flowers in late spring to early summer. The distribution of this species extends to Hokkaido in the north of Japan as well as northern China, making it very hardy. It is grown for its bold foliage and fragrant flowers, which can sometimes be rather hidden by the large leaves. The epithet _obassia_ derives from one of its Japanese names.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Fragrant Snowbell is a very distinct species that is normally easily recognized by its large, rounded leaves and long inflorescences. The Japanese _Styrax shiraianus_ has smaller leaves and shorter inflorescences.

**The leaves of the Fragrant Snowbell** are broadly elliptic to obovate or nearly rounded, and up to 6½ in (17 cm) long and 6 in (15 cm) across. Mostly alternate, the 2 leaves at the base of the shoot can be opposite or nearly so, the leaf at the end of the shoot being the largest. The leaves end in a short, abrupt point, and the margin is sparsely toothed above the middle of the leaf. The base is rounded with a petiole up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, which on the larger leaves is swollen at the base enclosing the bud. They are dark green above with sparse hairs on the veins, grayish beneath, and densely covered with star-shaped hairs.

_SYMPLOCOS GLAUCA_

SYMPLOCOS GLAUCA

(THUNBERG) KOIDZUMI

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF SHAPE** | Narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate

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**LEAF SIZE** | To 8 x 2 in (20 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | White, about ¼ in (5 mm) long with 5 lobes and numerous stamens, borne in small clusters in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | An ovoid, blue-black drupe to ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | South China, Taiwan, Japan, Southeast Asia

**HABITAT** | Warm-temperate and subtropical forests

_Symplocos glauca_ is an evergreen tree with a broadly conical habit, the young shoots smooth or sometimes covered in rust-colored hairs. It flowers in late spring to summer. This is a widely distributed species that is little known in cultivation. The genus consists of some 200 species of mainly evergreen trees and shrubs, which are found mainly in tropical regions of the world. _Symplocos_ is the only member of the family that is related to _Styrax_. One member is occasionally seen in gardens, the deciduous and usually shrubby _S. paniculata_ , widely distributed in east Asia and grown for its blue fruits.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The evergreen species in this genus can sometimes be confused with hollies ( _Ilex_ ) but differ in their normally hermaphrodite flowers with numerous stamens. The size and narrow shape of the leaf, which is normally broadest toward the end, distinguish _S. glauca_ from the other members of this large genus.

**The leaves of Symplocos glauca** are narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, and up to 8 in (20 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across, more rarely to 4 in (10 cm) across. They are abruptly narrowed at the tip to a short point, with sparse glandular teeth on the slightly recurved margin, especially toward the tip, or sometimes nearly untoothed. The base is wedge-shaped with a grooved petiole up to ¾ in (2 cm) long. Leathery in texture, they are dark green and smooth above, blue-green and smooth or with cobwebby hairs beneath.

_STEWARTIA OVATA_

MOUNTAIN STEWARTIA

(CAVANILLES) WEATHERBY

Up to 20 ft (6 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2¾ in (12 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, ridged, not peeling

**FLOWERS** | White, to 4 in (10 cm) across, the 5 petals joined at the base, with a central boss of stamens

**FRUIT** | An ovoid, brown capsule ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Streamsides, woods, moist ravines in the mountains

The Mountain Stewartia, also known as the Mountain Camellia or the Summer Dogwood, is a deciduous tree with a conical to spreading habit, often multistemmed or shrubby. It flowers in summer. Of wide but scattered distribution in the Appalachian Mountains this is one of only two North American species in the genus. In some of its localities it is rare and threatened by developments. Two varieties have been recognized, the typical _Stewartia ovata_ var. _ovata_ , with white filaments, and var. _grandiflora_ , which has purple filaments and often slightly larger flowers. It is grown in gardens but not as extensively as species with peeling bark, such as _S. pseudocamellia_ , with which it has hybridized in cultivation.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Mountain Stewartia is distinct in its ridged, not peeling, bark and the winged petioles which enclose the winter buds. The other North American species, the Virginia Stewartia or the Silky Camellia ( _S. malacodendron_ ), is a shrub or sometimes a small tree mainly found on the coastal plain of the southeastern United States, the white flowers with purple filaments, and very narrowly winged petioles that do not enclose the buds.

**The leaves of the Mountain Stewartia** are ovate to elliptic, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with a finely toothed margin edged with hairs, tapering to a wedge-shaped to rounded base. The petiole is up to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long and distinctly winged, the wings enclosing the bud at the base. Often red when young, the leaves mature to dark green and smooth above with impressed veins, paler and sparsely hairy beneath. They turn orange or red in the fall.

_STEWARTIA PSEUDOCAMELLIA_

JAPANESE STEWARTIA

MAXIMOWICZ

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Peeling in thin flakes, a patchwork of gray, buff, and cream

**FLOWERS** | White, to 4 in (10 cm) across, the 5 petals joined at the base with a central boss of stamens, the 2 bracts at the base of the flower much smaller than the sepals

**FRUIT** | An ovoid, hairy capsule to 1 in (2.5 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mixed woodlands

The Japanese Stewartia is a deciduous tree with flattened, zigzag shoots and a broadly columnar habit. It flowers in summer. This is the most popular species in gardens, where it is grown for its flowers, bark, and fall color, and several selections have been named. The petals are joined at the base, and after flowering they fall intact. This species is also popularly used for bonsai. Plants from Korea have been called _Stewartia pseudocamellia_ var. _koreana_ , and are more popular in gardens. They differ little from the Japanese form but often have larger flowers. Several selections of the Korean form that have proved to be particularly good garden plants have been made. These include 'Korean Splendor', Ballet', 'Harold Hillier', and 'Milk and Honey', all with combinations of large flowers, peeling bark, and good autumnal color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Stewartia ( _S. sinensis_ ) also has peeling bark but the bracts outside the sepals are as long as, or slightly longer than, the sepals. The Japanese _S. monadelpha_ has small flowers with bracts that are noticeably longer than the sepals.

**The leaves of the Japanese Stewartia** are ovate to obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a tapered point and have a finely toothed margin. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. They are dark green above with impressed veins, paler beneath with silky hairs along the veins. They turn to orange, yellow, and red in fall.

_STEWARTIA SINENSIS_

CHINESE STEWARTIA

REHDER & E. H. WILSON

Up to 33 ft (10 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown, tan, and buff, peeling in thin flakes

**FLOWERS** | White, to 2 in (5 cm) across, the 5 petals joined at the base with a central boss of stamens, the 2 bracts at the base of the flower as long as or longer than the sepals

**FRUIT** | A conical, hairy capsule to ¾ in (2 cm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Mountain forests and scrub

The Chinese Stewartia is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit, sometimes a shrub. It flowers in summer. The bark of this species is as attractive as that of the Japanese Stewartia ( _Stewartia pseudocamellia_ ) but it has smaller flowers, is much less common in gardens, and is often confused with other species. It is a variable species, and three varieties are recognized in China based on differences in the hairiness, and the shape of the sepals and bracts. Some plants under this name have proved to be another Chinese species, _S. rostrata_ , only named in 1974.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Stewartia differs from the Japanese Stewartia ( _S. pseudocamellia_ ) in its smaller flowers and larger bracts. The Japanese _S. monadelpha_ has bracts that are conspicuously longer than the sepals. _S. rostrata_ has gray, fissured, not peeling bark, and a rounded, nearly smooth capsule.

**The leaves of the Chinese Stewartia** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip with a finely toothed margin, narrowing to a wedge-shaped base and a reddish, smooth or hairy petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. Hairy on both sides when young, they become bright green and smooth above, paler beneath with silky hairs especially along the veins. They turn orange and red in fall.

_TETRACENTRON SINENSE_

SPUR-LEAF

OLIVER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4¾ in (15 x 12 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, shallowly ridged with age

**FLOWERS** | Very small and yellow-green, without petals, borne in pendulous spikes to 6 in (15 cm) long

**FRUIT** | A small, brown capsule to ¼ in (5 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Himalayan region

**HABITAT** | Streamsides and forest margins in the mountains

The Spur-leaf is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, flowering in late spring to early summer. It is the only species in the genus, and is considered to be a primitive tree since it lacks vessels and has wood more similar to that of conifers than to other flowering plants. It is sometimes placed in its own family as the only member. As well as normal shoots bearing alternate leaves, there are slow-growing, lateral spur-shoots that bear a single leaf at the tip and also produce the pendulous flower spikes. Himalayan trees have relatively large leaves, and have been called _Tetracentron sinense_ var. _himalense_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The foliage of the Spur-leaf can be confused with that of the Katsura Tree ( _Cercidiphyllum japonicum_ ) but is distinguished by bearing spur-shoots and always having alternate leaves on the main shoots, as well as by the pendulous flower spikes.

**The leaves of the Spur-leaf** are ovate and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4¾ in (12 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip and the margin is edged with small, pointed teeth. The base is heart-shaped with a petiole up to 1½ in (4 cm) long. Bronze when young, they mature to dark green above with 5–7 veins radiating from the base, paler beneath, and can turn red in fall.

_TROCHODENDRON ARALIOIDES_

WHEEL TREE

SIEBOLD & ZUCCARINI

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2¾ in (12 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, smooth

**FLOWERS** | ½ in (2 cm) across, without petals, the pale yellow stamens radiating from a green disk, borne in conical racemes at the ends of the shoots

**FRUIT** | Green ripening to pale brown, ½ in (1 cm) across, a ring of several follicles that split open to release the seeds

**DISTRIBUTION** | Japan, Korea, Taiwan

**HABITAT** | Evergreen forests

The Wheel Tree is an evergreen tree of broadly columnar habit flowering in late spring to early summer, the stout, smooth shoots ending in prominent, conical buds. It often has several main stems and can be shrubby. This close relative of the Spur-leaf ( _Tetracentron sinense_ ), the only member of its genus, is another primitive species, the wood lacking vessels and having a structure closer to that of conifers. It is sometimes placed in its own family. Forms that have relatively narrow leaves have been called _Trochodendron aralioides_ var. _longifolium_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Wheel Tree is a very distinct species that is easily recognized by its leathery, relatively long-stalked leaves, and is not easily confused with others.

**The leaves of the Wheel Tree** are ovate to elliptic or obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across and are often clustered toward the ends of the shoots. They are leathery in texture, with a taper-pointed tip, and are toothed toward the ends, untoothed below the middle. The base is wedge-shaped, tapering to a petiole up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long. Pale green or bronze when young, the leaves mature to bright green above, paler beneath, and they are smooth on both sides.

_HEMIPTELEA DAVIDII_

HEMIPTELEA DAVIDII

(HANCE) PLANCHON

Up to 40 ft (12 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1¼ in (7 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, ridged on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf axils of the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A small samara about ¼ in (6 mm) long, with a narrow wing on one side

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea

**HABITAT** | Deciduous forests

_Hemiptelea davidii_ is a small deciduous tree with a spreading habit, sometimes shrubby. It flowers in spring. The shoots are hairy when young and bear stout spines that can be up to 4 in (10 cm) long or more. This densely branched tree is often planted as a hedge in its native areas, or is used as an ornamental tree. Fiber from the bark is used to make cloth, and the young leaves are used as additives in both drinks and food. Oil is extracted from the seeds.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_H. davidii_ differs from elms ( _Ulmus_ ) and species of _Zelkova_ in the spiny shoots. The hackberries ( _Celtis_ ), which have been included in the same family, have leaves that are three-veined from the base. The Water Elm ( _Planera aquatica_ ) lacks the thorny shoots and has warty fruits.

**The leaves of Hemiptelea davidii** are elliptic to oblong in outline, and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are rounded to pointed at the tip, and are edged with triangular teeth. The base is rounded to shallowly heart-shaped, but not oblique, with a short petiole up to ¼ in (5 mm) long. The leaves are dark green and sparsely hairy above, with up to 12 pairs of veins, and marked with small, black depressions; they are paler beneath and sparsely hairy on the veins.

_PLANERA AQUATICA_

WATER ELM

(WALTER) J. F. GMELIN

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1¼ in (6 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, flaking in long plates, red-brown when freshly exposed

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, without petals, borne singly or in small clusters on the old and the young shoots

**FRUIT** | A soft, conical nut, pale brown when ripe, about ½ in (1 cm) long, edged with many warty protuberances

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Streambanks, floodplains, swamps

The Water Elm, which is also known as the Planer Tree, is a slow-growing and uncommon, deciduous tree with a spreading habit, sometimes shrubby. It flowers in spring. The slender, slightly zigzag, spineless shoots are hairy when young, becoming smooth. It is distributed mainly in the coastal plain and river valleys of the USA, where it is frequently subjected to annual flooding, often growing with trees that thrive in similar conditions such as the Water Tupelo ( _Nyssa aquatica_ ) and the Water Oak ( _Quercus nigra_ ). It is the only species in the genus and is closely related to _Hemiptelea_ and _Zelkova_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Water Elm is distinguished from both _Hemiptelea_ and _Zelkova_ by the warty fruits. Elms ( _Ulmus_ ) usually have more conspicuously oblique leaves and winged fruits. The leaves can resemble those of the River Birch ( _Betula nigra_ ) but the bark, flowers, and fruit are different.

**The leaves of the Water Elm** are ovate and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across and are arranged in 2 rows either side of the shoots. They are pointed at the tip and edged with small, gland-tipped teeth. The base is broadly wedge-shaped to rounded and equal or slightly oblique with a petiole up to ¼ in (6 mm) in length. The leaves are dark green and slightly rough above, and paler beneath.

_ULMUS ALATA_

WINGED ELM

MICHAUX

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2¾ x 1⅜ in (7 x 3.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, fissured with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, with red anthers, borne in short racemes from the old shoots

**FRUIT** | A narrowly winged samara ⅜ in (8 mm) long, edged with long white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Dry hills, fields, riverbanks

The Winged Elm, also known as the Wahoo, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded habit. It flowers in spring before the young leaves emerge. It is distributed from Virginia to Texas. The young shoots usually have characteristic, opposite, broad corky wings. The wood of this species is rather brittle, so is not used as much as others. Fiber from the inner bark was previously used for making rope to tie cotton bales. Very tolerant of poor, dry, and compacted soils, the Winged Elm is often used as a shade tree in urban sites.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Winged Elm is closely related to the Rock Elm ( _Ulmus thomasii_ ), which is a larger tree with larger, longer-stalked leaves and longer, pendulous flower clusters. Some forms of the Field Elm ( _U. minor_ ) have winged shoots but the leaves are smooth beneath. The Cedar Elm ( _U. crassifolia_ ) flowers in late summer or fall, and has small leaves that are usually less than 2 in (5 cm) long, and very rough above.

**The leaves of the Winged Elm** are elliptic to obovate and up to 2¾ in (7 cm) long and 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across. They are pointed at the tip with a doubly toothed margin. The base is rounded and slightly oblique with a short petiole less than ⅛ in (up to 2.5 mm) long. They are dark green and smooth or slightly rough above, paler and softly hairy beneath.

_ULMUS AMERICANA_

AMERICAN ELM

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 2¾ in (15 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale gray-brown, deeply fissured with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, without petals, with red anthers, borne in short, drooping clusters

**FRUIT** | A narrowly winged samara to ½ in (1 cm) long, notched at the tip, hairy at the edges

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Moist woods

The American Elm, also known as the White Elm, is a deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to spreading habit, the trunk sometimes buttressed at the base. It flowers in spring before the leaves emerge. The best known of the North American species of elm, it is widely planted as a shade tree, and is the State Tree of both Massachusetts and North Dakota. Fast-growing, hardy, and very tolerant of urban conditions, it has been widely planted as a street tree, and the hard, heavy wood is used for furniture, flooring, and construction. This species has proved very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, and many trees have died as a result of it. Some trees, however, survive, and selections such as 'New Harmony', 'Princeton', and 'Valley Forge' show resistance.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Elm is distinguished from other species by its large leaves, drooping flower clusters, and the fruits that are hairy only along the margin of the wing.

**The leaves of the American Elm** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip, with a sharply and doubly toothed margin. The base is rounded and oblique with a short petiole about ¼ in (5 mm) long. Dark green and smooth or slightly rough above, they are paler beneath, and smooth or slightly hairy with tufts of hairs in the veins axils.

_ULMUS CRASSIFOLIA_

CEDAR ELM

NUTTALL

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1 in (5 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Pale brown to reddish brown, furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, without petals, with red anthers, borne in short clusters

**FRUIT** | A narrowly winged samara to ½ in (1 cm) long, notched at the tip, hairy on both sides and at the edges

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southern United States, northern Mexico

**HABITAT** | Streambanks and hillsides, often on limestone

The Cedar Elm is a deciduous to semi-evergreen tree with a rounded habit, flowering in late summer to early fall. The slender, hairy shoots often have corky wings, and the leaves persist longer into the winter in the south of its range. The Cedar Elm is most widely distributed in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana, with a small population in Florida. The very strong wood is used for furniture and fence posts, as well as crates and barrels. The Cedar Elm is occasionally planted as a shade tree, mostly within its native range.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Rock Elm ( _Ulmus thomasii_ ) has a more northern distribution, and larger leaves. Other small-leaved elms are the Siberian Elm ( _U. pumila_ ), which flowers in spring and has the leaves smooth above, with single teeth, and usually not oblique at the base. The Lacebark Elm ( _U. parvifolia_ ) has single-toothed leaves that are smooth above and peeling bark.

**The leaves of the Cedar Elm** are ovate to elliptic, up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across, and with a thick, leathery texture. They are bluntly pointed at the tip, with a double-toothed margin. The base is rounded and usually oblique, with a petiole up to ¼ in (5 mm) long. Dark green and very rough above, they are paler and softly hairy beneath, turning yellow before they fall.

_ULMUS DAVIDIANA_

DAVID'S ELM

PLANCHON

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 3 in (10 x 7.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, without petals, with red anthers, borne in short clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | A winged samara to ¾ in (2 cm) long, notched at the tip

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Korea, eastern Russia, Japan

**HABITAT** | Streambanks, moist valleys

David's Elm is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to vase-shaped or spreading habit, the young shoots densely hairy and often developing corky wings. It flowers in spring. The typical form ( _Ulmus davidiana_ var. _davidiana_ ) has densely hairy fruits, while in the better-known var. _japonica_ (the Japanese Elm) they are smooth. As it is resistant to Dutch elm disease, the Japanese Elm has been widely used in hybridization programs to produce disease-resistant elms. It is widely planted as a shade tree in Japan, where the wood is used for construction and to make musical instruments. The Japanese Elm is often grown as a bonsai plant.

SIMILAR SPECIES

David's Elm is closely related to the Field Elm ( _U. minor_ ), which has young shoots that are glabrous or nearly so but still developing corky ridges, and leaves that are much more oblique at the base. There are other similar and closely related species in China, but their relationships are not fully understood. These include _U. wilsoniana_ , which is sometimes recognized as a distinct species or regarded as a synonym of _U. davidiana_ var. _japonica_.

**The leaves of David's Elm** are obovate and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 3 in (7.5 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip and sharply double-toothed at the margin. The base is oblique, with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. Dark green and rough to the touch above, they are hairy beneath at first, with tufts of hairs in the vein axils when mature.

_ULMUS GLABRA_

WYCH ELM

HUDSON

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6 x 4 in (15 x 10 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, furrowed on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, without petals, with red anthers, borne in dense clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | An elliptic to ovate, smooth, winged samara to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, notched and hairy at the tip

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Woods, hedgerows, in the mountains in the south of its range

The Wych Elm, also known as the Scots Elm, is a deciduous tree with a rounded head, flowering in late winter to early spring. It usually has a short, stout trunk and branches low down. The stout shoots are hairy when young and do not have corky wings. Although susceptible to Dutch elm disease, it has proved more resistant than other species such as the Field Elm ( _Ulmus minor_ ) and the English Elm ( _U. procera_ ). Several selections have been made including 'Camperdownii', a small, spreading tree with weeping branches. _U. × hollandica_ is a common and variable hybrid with the Field Elm.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Wych Elm can usually be recognized by its relatively smooth bark and large, short-stalked, very rough leaves. _U. × hollandica_ has smaller, smoother leaves and often has corky shoots. The Slippery Elm ( _U. rubra_ ) has rougher bark and fruits that are hairy in the center.

**The leaves of the Wych Elm** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 6 in (15 cm) long and 4 in (10 cm) across. They end in a short or elongated tapered point, with a coarsely toothed margin, sometimes lobed toward the tip. The base is very oblique, the lobe on one side covering the short petiole, which is up to ¼ in (5 mm) long. The leaves are dark, dull green above and very rough to the touch, paler and hairy beneath; they turn yellow in fall.

_ULMUS GLAUCESCENS_

GANSU ELM

FRANCHET

Up to 60 ft, usually less (18 m, usually less)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1¼ in (5 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown with vertical fissures, sometimes attractively mottled

**FLOWERS** | Very small and greenish, without petals, with red anthers, borne in short, drooping clusters

**FRUIT** | A broadly winged samara to 1 in (2.5 cm) long, notched at the tip, borne on leafy shoots

**DISTRIBUTION** | North China

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks in forests on mountain slopes

The Gansu Elm is a deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to spreading habit, often multistemmed or shrubby. The shoots are hairy or smooth but not corky. It flowers in spring. Two forms of this species are recognized in China. The typical form ( _Ulmus glaucescens_ var. _glaucescens_ ) has the fruits hairy only in the notch at the tip, while var. _lasiocarpa_ has fruits that are hairy all over, at least when young. It is a very hardy species, very tolerant of dry soils, and resistant to Dutch elm disease and elm leaf beetle.

SIMILAR SPECIES

There are other species in the genus that have similarly small leaves. Of these, the Lacebark Elm ( _U. parvifolia_ ) is a larger tree that flowers in fall, and the Siberian Elm ( _U. pumila_ ) is larger and bears its fruits on leafless shoots.

**The leaves of the Gansu Elm** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They have a short, taper-pointed tip, and the margin is toothed, or sometimes double-toothed, tapering to an oblique base and a short petiole up to ¾ in (8 mm) long. The leaves are dark green above and paler beneath. They are rough to the touch above, hairy or nearly smooth on both sides.

_ULMUS LACINIATA_

MANCHURIAN ELM

(TRAUTVETTER) MAYR

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 5½ in (18 x 14 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark gray-brown with fissured and scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small, reddish, without petals, with red-purple anthers, borne in dense clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | An elliptic to nearly rounded, smooth, winged samara, the seed borne close to the center

**DISTRIBUTION** | North China, Korea, eastern Russia, Japan

**HABITAT** | Temperate forests

The Manchurian Elm is a deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to spreading habit. The young shoots are hairy, becoming smooth. It has been introduced to gardens but is not a success in many areas since it needs moist and humid conditions. Several hybrids of this species have been raised in attempts to breed disease-resistant elms. The Nikko Elm ( _Ulmus laciniata_ var. _nikkoensis_ ), which is from Japan, has red young foliage and lacks the characteristic terminal leaf lobes; it may be a hybrid with _U. davidiana_ var. _japonica_.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Manchurian Elm is most similar to the Wych Elm ( _U. glabra_ ) but is easily recognized by the distinctively lobed leaf tip.

**The leaves of the Manchurian Elm** are obovate to nearly rounded, and up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 5½ in (14 cm) across. The tip of the leaf is truncate with a slender, taper-pointed terminal lobe and usually one or more similar lobes on each side. The margin is sharply double-toothed; it is edged with fine hairs and tapers from above the middle to a wedge-shaped or rounded, oblique base and a short stalk up to ¼ in (5 mm) long. They are dark green above and hairy when young, paler beneath and hairy.

_ULMUS LAEVIS_

EUROPEAN WHITE ELM

PALLAS

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2¾ in (12 x 7 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small and on slender stalks, greenish, without petals, with red anthers, borne in dense clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | An elliptic to nearly rounded, winged samara to ¾ in (2 cm) long, edged with white hairs and notched at the tip

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Moist soils in river valleys

The European White Elm, also known as the Russian Elm, is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to rounded or spreading habit. It flowers in spring. It is unusual for an elm in growing in wet, often waterlogged soil, and the trunk can develop large buttresses at the base. It is relatively resistant to Dutch elm disease; since the loss of other species it has become the most common elm in European floodplains, and is now recommended for replanting in river valleys to reduce the effects of flooding. It is occasionally seen in cultivation, and several garden forms were selected. These included trees with variously variegated foliage as well as 'Colorans', which has leaves that turn red rather than yellow in fall.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The European White Elm can be confused with the American Elm ( _Ulmus americana_ ) but differs in its sharp-pointed winter buds and in having leaves that are more markedly oblique at the base.

**The leaves of the European White Elm** are obovate and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2¾ in (7 cm) across. They are abruptly taper-pointed at the tip, and the margin is edged with pointed, curved teeth that, themselves, are toothed. The base is very oblique with a short petiole up to ¼ in (5 mm) long. The leaves are dark green and smooth or slightly rough above, and densely covered with gray hairs beneath.

_ULMUS MINOR_

FIELD ELM

MILLER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

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**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray becoming ridged on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Very small, reddish, without petals, with red-purple anthers, borne in dense clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | An elliptic to obovate, smooth, winged samara to ¾ in (2 cm) long, notched at the tip, the seed borne close to the notch

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe, north Africa, southwest Asia

**HABITAT** | Woods, hedgerows

**SYNONYM** | _Ulmus carpinifolia_ Gleditsch

The Field Elm is a deciduous tree with a broadly columnar to vase-shaped or rounded habit, flowering in late winter to early spring. The slender young shoots are smooth or almost so, and can develop corky ridges with age. This species is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, and mature plants are now uncommon. The Guernsey Elm ( _Ulmus minor_ subsp. _sarniensis_ ) has a narrow conical habit, is native to the Channel Islands of Great Britain, and was once commonly planted. The Cornish Elm (subsp. _angustifolia_ ) has a narrow columnar habit and is native to southern Britain. Both these forms have leaves that are less oblique at the base than those of the typical form.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The English Elm ( _U. procera_ ) and the Wych Elm ( _U. glabra_ ) have leaves that are rough to the touch above. Some forms of the hybrid _U. × hollandica_ have leaves that are also smooth above but they are usually larger, as are the fruits.

**The leaves of the Field Elm** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They are tapered at the tip with a short point and a sharply toothed margin. The base is very oblique (less so in the Guernsey Elm and the Cornish Elm), with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth or sometimes slightly rough above, paler beneath, and smooth except for hairs in the vein axils and along the veins.

_ULMUS PROCERA_

ENGLISH ELM

SALISBURY

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to nearly rounded

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 2½ in (9 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, fissured

**FLOWERS** | Very small, reddish, without petals, with red-purple anthers, borne in dense clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | A nearly rounded, smooth, winged samara, the seed borne close to the notch at the tip

**DISTRIBUTION** | Europe

**HABITAT** | Woods, hedgerows

The English Elm is a large deciduous tree with a broadly columnar habit and a characteristically domed top, the shoots with prominent corky ridges. It flowers in spring. The origins of this species are obscure since most trees are planted. Fertile seed is very rarely produced, and trees spread by suckering. The English Elm proved very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, and populations are now considerably reduced. Although some mature trees still remain, this species now mostly occurs as sprouts in hedgerows. Once a symbol of the English landscape, its wood was widely used for many purposes including the manufacture of drainpipes.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Field Elm ( _Ulmus minor_ ) has leaves that are smooth or nearly so on both sides. The Wych Elm ( _U. glabra_ ) has larger leaves that are very rough above.

**The leaves of the English Elm** are elliptic to nearly rounded, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across. They end in a short, abruptly tapered point and have a sharply double-toothed margin. The base is very oblique with a petiole up to ½ in (1.2 cm) long. The leaves are dark green and rough to the touch above, paler beneath, and softly hairy all over with tufts of hairs in the vein axils. They turn yellow in the fall.

_ULMUS PUMILA_

SIBERIAN ELM

LINNAEUS

Up to 80 ft (25 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3¼ x 1⅜ in (8 x 3.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown, vertically ridged

**FLOWERS** | Very small, reddish green, without petals, with red anthers, borne in dense clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | A nearly rounded, smooth, winged samara to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, notched at the tip, the seed borne close to the center

**DISTRIBUTION** | Central Asia to north China, eastern Russia, Korea

**HABITAT** | Mountain slopes, valleys, plains

The Siberian Elm is a fast-growing deciduous tree with a rounded to spreading habit, sometimes a shrub. The shoots are without corky wings, and it flowers in spring. Very tolerant of poor soils and urban conditions, this species has been widely planted in North America. However, it is not a particularly attractive tree since the foliage is frequently eaten by insects and the wood is brittle, often causing branches to be shed. It fruits profusely and has become an invasive weed in some areas. Since it is resistant to Dutch elm disease, the Siberian Elm has been used in breeding programs to produce disease-resistant elms.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Siberian Elm is frequently confused with the Lacebark Elm ( _Ulmus parvifolia_ ), but that species flowers in the fall and also has bark that is mottled and flaking.

**The leaves of the Siberian Elm** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 3¼ in (8 cm) long and 1⅜ in (3.5 cm) across. They are pointed or tapered at the tip, and are edged with single or sometimes double teeth. The base is rounded and symmetrical or slightly oblique with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth above; they are paler beneath, and hairy when young, becoming smooth or with hairs along the veins and in the vein axils.

_ULMUS RUBRA_

SLIPPERY ELM

MUHLENBERG

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Obovate to elliptic

**LEAF SIZE** | To 6¼ x 3¼ in (16 x 8 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Dark brown, furrowed, with flattened, scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small, reddish green, without petals, with red anthers, borne in dense clusters on the old shoots

**FRUIT** | A rounded, broadly winged samara to ¾ in (2 cm) long, hairy only over the seed, with a shallow notch at the tip

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Floodplains, riverbanks, hill slopes

The Slippery Elm, also known as the Red Elm, is a large deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to rounded or spreading habit. It flowers in spring. When the outer bark is removed from the shoots or trunk, a sticky and slippery, aromatic, mucilaginous inner bark is revealed that has been widely used medicinally. It is susceptible to Dutch elm disease, and hybrids with some of the Asiatic elms have been bred to produce disease-resistant trees. It is also threatened by hybridization with the Siberian Elm ( _Ulmus pumila_ ), which is naturalized in many of its habitats. The wood is considered inferior to that of the American Elm ( _U. americana_ ), and is sometimes used to make furniture.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Slippery Elm can sometimes be confused with the American Elm ( _U. americana_ ) but the slippery, sticky inner bark easily distinguishes it.

**The leaves of the Slippery Elm** are obovate to elliptic, and up to 6¼ in (16 cm) long and 3¼ in (8 cm) across. They are abruptly tapered at the tip to a slender point, and are edged with sharp-pointed double teeth. The base is usually very oblique with a petiole to ½ in (1 cm) long. Often bronze-red when young, the leaves mature to dark green above, where they are rough to the touch, and paler and hairy beneath, with tufts of white hairs in the vein axils. The leaves turn yellow in the fall.

_ULMUS SEROTINA_

SEPTEMBER ELM

SARGENT

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblong or obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4 x 2 in (10 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown or reddish brown, furrowed with scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small, green, without petals, with yellow or reddish anthers, borne in slender, drooping racemes to 2 in (5 cm) long in the leaf axils

**FRUIT** | A narrowly winged samara to ⅝ in (1.5 cm) long, deeply notched at the tips and fringed with white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Southeastern United States

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, moist woods, limestone hills

The September Elm, also known as the Red Elm, is a deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to broadly columnar habit, the young shoots developing corky wings with age. It flowers in fall. This species has a scattered distribution from Arkansas and south Illinois to north Georgia, and is most commonly found in Tennessee. It is one of only two species of North American elms that flower in fall. It is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree but has proved to be very susceptible to Dutch elm disease.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Elm ( _Ulmus americana_ ) differs in flowering in spring. The only other North American species that flowers in fall is the Cedar Elm ( _U. crassifolia_ ), which has smaller leaves and flowers in short clusters and not racemes. The Cedar Elm and the September Elm hybridize where they occur together.

**The leaves of the September Elm** are elliptic to oblong or obovate, and up to 4 in (10 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a tapered point with a coarsely double-toothed margin. The base is oblique with a petiole about ¼ in (6 mm) long. Glossy dark to yellowish green and smooth above, they are paler beneath and covered with soft yellowish hairs. They turn yellow in fall.

_ULMUS THOMASII_

ROCK ELM

SARGENT

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to obovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¾ x 2 in (12 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray-brown or red-brown, furrowed, with broad, flattened, scaly ridges

**FLOWERS** | Very small, reddish green, without petals, with reddish anthers, borne in slender, drooping racemes to 2 in (5 cm) long from the old shoots

**FRUIT** | An elliptic, broadly winged, hairy samara to ¾ in (2 cm) long, shallowly notched at the tip and fringed with short white hairs

**DISTRIBUTION** | Eastern North America

**HABITAT** | Streambanks, woods, limestone blufs

The Rock Elm, also known as the Cork Elm, is a slow-growing deciduous tree with a characteristic, narrow crown, a tall, straight trunk, and short, slightly drooping branches. It flowers in spring. The young shoots are reddish and hairy, usually developing conspicuous corky wings with age. This species is valued for its very hard and heavy timber that is difficult to split; it is used for furniture and veneer. In the past, many large trees provided timber for shipbuilding in both North America and Europe. The name commemorates David Thomas (1776–1859), the American botanist and author, who described it as _Ulmus racemosa_ , a name that had already been used for another species.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The American Elm ( _U. americana_ ) lacks the corky wings on the shoots. The Winged Elm ( _U. alata_ ) is a smaller tree with shorter, unstalked leaves and, often, corky wings on the young shoots.

**The leaves of the Rock Elm** are elliptic to obovate, and up to 4¾ in (12 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a short, tapered point and have a double-toothed margin. The base is oblique with a petiole up to about ¼ in (5 mm) long. The leaves are glossy dark green and smooth or sometimes rough to the touch above, and paler and softly hairy beneath.

_ZELKOVA ABELICEA_

CRETAN ZELKOVA

(LAMARCK) BOISSIER

Up to 50 ft (15 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to elliptic or oblong

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2 x 1 in (5 x 2.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth, cracking with age

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish, without petals; the hermaphrodite flowers borne singly in the leaf axils, male flowers in clusters at the base of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, green, hairy drupe about ¼ in (6 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Crete

**HABITAT** | Rocky places in the mountains

The Cretan Zelkova, known as the Ambelitsia in Crete, is a deciduous tree with a spreading habit, often shrubby. It flowers in spring after the leaves have emerged. Regarded as a threatened species, it is now known that this species is more common than originally believed. It is estimated that there are several hundred mature trees that can reach up to 50 ft (15 m) tall. Many others are reduced to shrubs by grazing and often form extensive, impenetrable thickets, spreading by suckers. In the wild, shrubby forms often have very small leaves only ¾ in (2 cm) long, and the largest leaves are only found on mature trees.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Caucasian Zelkova ( _Zelkova carpinifolia_ ) has larger leaves with seven to 11 teeth on each side while the Cretan Zelkova has no more than six teeth on each side of the leaf. _Z. sicula_ was discovered in Sicily in 1991; it is a shrub 7–10 ft (2–3 m) tall with leaves relatively broader than those of the Cretan Zelkova.

**The leaves of the Cretan Zelkova** are ovate to elliptic or oblong in outline, and up to 2 in (5 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) across. They end in a blunt tip and have 3–6 bluntly pointed teeth on each side. The base is rounded to truncate with a very short petiole of about ⅛ in (2 mm) long. The leaves are dark green and sparsely hairy above, paler beneath, and hairy at least along the veins.

_ZELKOVA CARPINIFOLIA_

CAUCASIAN ZELKOVA

(PALLAS) K. KOCH

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to ovate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 3½ x 1¾ in (9 x 4.5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth, gray, flaking on mature trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish, without petals; the female flowers borne in the leaf axils, male flowers in clusters at the base of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, green drupe about ¼ in (6 mm) long

**DISTRIBUTION** | Northeast Turkey, Caucasus, northern Iran

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Caucasian Zelkova, also known as the Caucasian Elm, is a slow-growing, eventually large, deciduous tree with a characteristic habit: a short trunk that divides into numerous upright branches, making a dense, oval head. It flowers in spring. The timber, although not produced in large quantities because of the short trunk, can be used to make furniture. It now has a restricted distribution, but fossil records have shown that this species was once widely distributed in Europe but became extinct in many areas, probably due to a changing climate.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Cretan Zelkova ( _Zelkova abelicea_ ) is a smaller tree with smaller leaves that have fewer teeth. The Asiatic species, the Japanese Zelkova ( _Z. serrata_ ) and the Chinese Zelkova ( _Z. sinica_ ), have taper-pointed leaves.

**The leaves of the Caucasian Zelkova** are elliptic to ovate, and up to 3½ in (9 cm) long and 1¾ in (4.5 cm) across. They end in a short, broad point and have 7–11 broad, rounded, or triangular teeth on each side that end in a short point. The base is rounded or slightly heart-shaped, with a very short petiole less than ⅛ in (about 3 mm) long. The leaves are dark green and slightly rough to the touch above, paler beneath, and hairy at least along the veins. They turn orange-brown in fall.

_ZELKOVA SERRATA_

JAPANESE ZELKOVA

(THUNBERG) MAKINO

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 4¼ x 2 in (11 x 5 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Red-brown with numerous lenticels when young, becoming gray-brown and flaking on old trees

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish, without petals; the female flowers borne singly in the leaf axils, male flowers in clusters at the base of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, green, ridged drupe about ⅛ in (4 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks, valleys, mountain forests

The Japanese Zelkova is a deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to spreading habit, flowering in spring after the leaves have emerged. This species is a valuable timber tree in Japan, where the wood is used for furniture, tools, and construction. As it is very resistant (but not immune) to Dutch elm disease, it has been planted as a replacement for elms, making a handsome ornamental tree grown for its foliage, habit, and bark. Numerous selections have now been made for improved habit, hardiness, disease resistance, and fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

The Chinese Zelkova ( _Zelkova sinica_ ) also has taper-pointed leaves but it has smaller leaves with fewer veins and larger, smooth fruits. The Caucasian Zelkova ( _Z. carpinifolia_ ) has leaves that end in a short, broad point.

**The leaves of the Japanese Zelkova** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 4¼ in (11 cm) long and 2 in (5 cm) across. They end in a slender, tapered point and are edged with slender-pointed teeth. The base is rounded to shallowly heart-shaped and slightly oblique, with a petiole up to ¼ in (6 mm) long. The leaves are dark green and slightly rough to the touch above with 9–15 veins on each side, paler beneath and sparsely hairy along the veins. They turn orange-brown to red in the fall.

_ZELKOVA SINICA_

CHINESE ZELKOVA

C. K. SCHNEIDER

Up to 100 ft (30 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Ovate to lanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 2½ x 1¼ in (6 x 3 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Smooth and gray, flaking to leave orange and brown patches

**FLOWERS** | Small and greenish, without petals; the female flowers borne singly in the leaf axils, male flowers in clusters at the base of the shoots

**FRUIT** | A small, green, smooth drupe to ¼ in (7 mm) across

**DISTRIBUTION** | China

**HABITAT** | Riverbanks in mountain valleys

The Chinese Zelkova is a deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to spreading habit, often with several stems from the base. It flowers in spring. The shoots are grayish white and hairy when young, becoming smooth. Although it has long been cultivated, this species has never been as popular as either the Caucasian Zelkova ( _Zelkova carpinifolia_ ) or the Japanese Zelkova ( _Z. serrata_ ). However, it makes a very hardy tree with attractive bark, foliage, and fall color.

SIMILAR SPECIES

In its taper-pointed leaves, the Chinese Zelkova is most similar to the Japanese Zelkova ( _Z. serrata_ ) but differs in its smaller leaves and its larger, smooth fruits.

**The leaves of the Chinese Zelkova** are ovate to lanceolate, and up to 2½ in (6 cm) long and 1¼ in (3 cm) across. They are taper-pointed at the tip, with a sharply toothed margin. The base is rounded to broadly wedge-shaped, with a petiole up to ½ in (1 cm) long. They are dark green above and rough to the touch with 7–11 pairs of veins, gray-green beneath and hairy along the veins. They can turn orange and yellow in the fall.

_DRIMYS WINTERI_

WINTER'S BARK

J. R. FORSTer & G. FORSTER

Up to 65 ft (20 m)

**LEAF TYPE** | Simple

---|---

**LEAF SHAPE** | Elliptic to oblanceolate

**LEAF SIZE** | To 7 x 2½ in (18 x 6 cm)

**ARRANGEMENT** | Alternate

**BARK** | Gray, smooth

**FLOWERS** | To 1¾ in (4 cm) across, fragrant, with up to 20 white petals, borne singly or in umbels of up to 6 flowers

**FRUIT** | A cluster of fleshy, ellipsoid follicles, each ½ in (1 cm) long, ripening from green to purple-black, often marked with white

**DISTRIBUTION** | Chile, Argentina

**HABITAT** | Forests

The Winter's Bark is an evergreen tree with a narrow conical to columnar habit, flowering in spring to early summer. This tree derives its name from Captain William Winter, who collected the spicy, aromatic bark in 1578 and used it as a treatment for scurvy. In Chile, the wood is used to make musical instruments and as fuel. The Winter's Bark is regarded as a primitive tree, having wood lacking vessels and more similar to that of conifers in structure. Two varieties are sometimes recognized: _Drimys winteri_ var. _winteri_ , which has flowers borne singly, and var. _chilensis_ , with flowers that are borne in umbels.

SIMILAR SPECIES

_D. andina_ has also been regarded as a variety of the Winter's Bark but is now treated as a distinct species. It differs in its shrubby habit to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall or less, and has smaller leaves to 4 in (10 cm) long.

**The leaves of the Winter's Bark** are elliptic to oblanceolate, leathery, up to 7 in (18 cm) long and 2½ in (6 cm) across, and aromatic when they are crushed. They are rounded or pointed at the tip, with an untoothed margin; they narrow at the base to an often red petiole that is up to 1 in (2.5 cm) long. Matt or glossy, dark to light green above, the leaves are bluish white beneath.

### APPENDICES

### GLOSSARY

Technical terms have been avoided wherever possible in this book in order to make the text accessible to the reader. However, a certain number of botanical or general scientific terms are inevitable in a work such as this. The list below provides a layperson's definition of such terms.

**×** Indicates a plant of hybrid origin.

**Achene** A dry, one-seeded fruit that does not split open when it is ripe.

**Alternate leaf** A leaf which occurs singly, at a different height and on the other side of the stem from its nearest neighbor.

**Angiosperm** A plant whose seeds are contained in an ovary, which develops as a fruit.

**Anther** The part of the flower that bears the pollen.

**Apical** At the tip.

**Apomictic** Producing seed without fertilization.

**Appressed** Lying flat, as hairs on a leaf.

**Auricle** A small earlike lobe.

**Author** The botanist who publishes the name of a particular plant.

**Axil** The angle formed between two structures, such as between the leaf and the stem, or between the veins and the midrib.

**Axillary** In the axil.

**Bipinnate** A pinnate leaf in which the divisions are pinnately divided.

**Blade** The flat part of a leaf, also called the lamina.

**Bloomy** Covered in a waxy or powdery, usually blue-white layer that rubs off easily.

**Bract** An often leaflike structure usually associated with a flower or group of flowers and that provides protection, nutrition, or the better attraction of pollinators.

**Calyx** The usually green part of the flower outside of the petals, composed of the sepals.

**Capsule** A dry fruit that splits open when ripe to release the seeds.

**Carpel** The reproductive organ of a female flower.

**Catkin** A pendulous, elongated cluster of usually single-sex, petal-less, and individually inconspicuous flowers.

**Chlorenchyma cell** A cell in the mesophyll containing chloroplasts to enable photosynthesis.

**Chlorophyll** The green pigment of plants, which harnesses solar energy for photosynthesis.

**Chloroplasts** Specialized parts of cells in plants containing chlorophyll and other pigments that carry out photosynthesis.

**Ciliate** Edged with fine hairs.

**Columnar habit** A tree that is taller than broad with a more or less parallel-sided outline, giving it the appearance of a column of roughly uniform diameter.

**Compound leaf** A leaf that is divided into separate leaflets.

**Conical habit** Growth pattern in which the spread of the branches reduces toward the top of the tree, giving it the appearance of a tapering cone.

**Corolla** The usually showy part of the flower composed of the petals.

**Corymb** A flat-topped or domed flower cluster, the individual branches of which do not all originate from the same point.

**Cultivar** A selection of a plant that is reproduced in cultivation in a way that retains its defining characteristics.

**Cuticle** A waterproof protective covering of the epidermis, which prevents unwanted moisture loss.

**Cycad** A primitive gymnosperm tree form with an unbranched stem and a crown of fernlike leaves at the top.

**Deciduous** Losing all of its leaves for part of the year, usually the winter.

**Dicotyledon** A tree whose seedlings produce two embryonic seed leaves, and whose mature leaves have a network of veins (see also Monocotyledon).

**Drupe** A fleshy fruit with a hard center usually containing a single seed.

**Ellipsoid** A three-dimensional shape broadest in the middle, narrowing to the ends.

**Elliptic** A two-dimensional shape broadest in the middle, narrowing to the ends.

**Entire** Without lobes or teeth.

**Epidermis** The outer layer of cells of a plant, protecting the interior structures.

**Epiphyte** Plant that grows on another, relying on it for support.

**Epithet** The last part of a scientific plant name, often describing some identifying characteristic or habit of it.

**Escape** A plant that grows as if native but which has "escaped" from a garden.

**Evergreen** Having leaves throughout the year.

**Exserted** Protruding.

**f.** In a plant name, an abbreviation for forma, a botanical category.

**Falcate** Curved or sickle-shaped.

**Family** A group of genera sharing certain characteristics.

**Filament** The structure on which the anther is borne.

**Flexuous** Wavy, sinuous.

**Follicles** A dry fruit formed from part of the ovary, which splits along one side to release the seeds.

**Genus** _pl_ **Genera** A group of genetically related species.

**Glabrous** Smooth, without hairs.

**Glaucous** Bluish white.

**Gymnosperm** A plant with naked or unprotected seeds, often organized in cones. Plants in this group include the conifers.

**Habit** The overall shape of a tree.

**Hardy** Able to withstand winter temperatures in a given area.

**Hybrid** A plant that originated as a cross between two species.

**Inflorescence** The arrangement of flowers on a stem.

**Intermediate** Having characteristics that are between those of two other plants.

**Lamina** The flat part of a leaf, also called the blade.

**Lanceolate** Lance-shaped, broadest below the middle and more than three times as long as wide.

**Lateral** Of the side.

**Leaflet** The ultimate division of a compound leaf.

**Lenticels** Small pores on the shoots and trunk that allow air to pass into the tree.

**Lignotuber** A woody, swollen structure found at the base of the stem, either at ground level or below it.

**Lobed** Having rounded protrusions along the edge, usually of unequal size.

**Margin** The edge.

**Mesophyll** The tissue lying between the two epidermal surfaces of a leaf; in dicotyledonous leaves it consists of two layers, the palisade parenchyma and the spongy mesophyll.

**Midrib** The central vein of a leaf.

**Monocotyledon** A tree whose seedlings produce a single embryonic seed leaf, and whose mature leaves have parallel veins (see also Dicotyledon).

**Native** Growing naturally wild in a particular area.

**Naturalized** An introduced plant that grows and reproduces as if native in an area.

**Nectary** A structure that is usually found in the flower and that produces a sugary secretion, nectar.

**Oblanceolate** Broadest toward the tip and more than three times as long as wide.

**Obovate** Broadest toward the tip and less than three times as long as wide.

**Opposite leaf** One of a pair of leaves on opposite sides of a stem.

**Orbicular** Roughly circular in shape.

**Order** A group of related families.

**Ovate** Egg-shaped, with the broader part toward the base.

**Palisade parenchyma** A dense layer of vertically elongated chlorenchyma cells below the upper surface of a leaf, nearest the light and containing most of the leaf's chlorophyll to maximize photosynthesis.

**Palmate** Divided in the fashion of a hand, with the divisions originating from the same point.

**Panicle** An elongated, branched flower cluster.

**Pealike** (of flowers) Resembling those of a pea in shape.

**Persistent** Not falling immediately; the term is used of either leaves or fruit.

**Petal** The part of a flower that an angiosperm tree may produce to attract a pollinating insect.

**Petiole** The stalk of a leaf.

**Photosynthesis** The use of energy from the Sun to create organic compounds from water and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen.

**Phyllode** A leaflike structure that is formed from an expanded leaf stalk.

**Pinna** _pl_ **Pinnae** The primary division of a bipinnate leaf.

**Pinnate** Divided in the fashion of a feather, the divisions originating from a central axis.

**Pinnule** The final division of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.

**Pioneer species** A species that rapidly colonizes bare ground such as after a fire or forest clearance.

**Pit** Small depression in the cuticle, the thickened waterproof surface of a leaf.

**Pod** A seed case of two halves that splits to shed the seed when ripe.

**Propagate** To reproduce a plant by actions such as sowing seed, taking cuttings, grafting, or layering.

**Raceme** An elongated and unbranched flower cluster that bears single, stalked flowers along an axis.

**Rachis** The extension of the petiole in a pinnate leaf that bears the leaflets.

**Recurved** Curved backward.

**Revolute** Rolled under.

**Samara** A dry, winged, usually single-seeded fruit that does not split open when ripe.

**Selection** A form of a plant chosen intentionally for the characteristics it shows.

**Sepal** An individual part of the calyx.

**Sessile leaf** One in which the blade is connected directly to the stem without a stalk.

**Shade leaves** Leaves grown in shaded conditions, usually larger than those that are grown in the light.

**Shrubby** With the appearance of a shrub.

**Simple leaf** A leaf that is not divided into leaflets.

**Sinus** The space formed between two lobes or teeth.

**Species** A distinct member of a genus having the ability or potential to reproduce in isolation from other species.

**Spongy mesophyll** The lower layer of the mesophyll, consisting of loosely arranged round cells with fewer chloroplasts than the upper layer, the palisade parenchyma.

**Spreading habit** A tree that is broader than it is tall.

**Stamen** The male part of a flower, consisting of the filament and anther.

**Stand** A group of trees growing together; called a pure stand when it is a single species.

**Stigma** A portion of the female part of the flower that receives the pollen.

**Stipule** Small, paired, sometimes leaflike structures borne where the leaf stalk joins the stem.

**Stoma** _pl_ **Stomata** Small pore that is present in large numbers on the surface of a leaf, and through which gases pass in and out of a plant.

**Subgenus** A group of species within a given genus, which have characters in common distinguishing them from another subspecies in the same genus.

**Subsp**. Abbreviation for subspecies.

**Subspecies** A form of a species that varies in some attributes, usually due to isolation from the typical form of the species.

**Sucker** A strong new stem rising on a mature specimen, usually from a root or the base of the main stem.

**Temperate** Having, or thriving in, a moderate climate without tropical and polar extremes.

**Tepal** Either of the sepals or petals where these are very similar, such as in magnolias.

**Terminal** At the tip.

**Tomentum** A dense layer of matted hairs. Structures that have this feature are said to be tomentose.

**Toothed** Having rounded or pointed projections of more or less equal size.

**Trichomes** The fine hairlike outgrowths on some leaves and other plant parts.

**Tripinnate** A pinnate leaf with three degrees of feathering; effectively a pinnate leaf in which the leaflets are themselves bipinnate.

**Umbel** A flat-topped or domed flower cluster with the branches originating from a single point.

**Undulate** Wavy.

**var**. Abbreviation for variety.

**Variety** A variant of a species of less significance botanically than a subspecies.

**Vein** Conducting tissue that delivers nutrients and water to the leaves and transports the products of photosynthesis to the rest of the tree.

**Vessels** Thin "tubes" or "pipes" that transport the water in the stem (trunk) of a woody plant.

**Weeping habit** Growth pattern in which the leaf-bearing stems are pendulous, as, for example, a weeping willow.

**Whorl** An arrangement in which three or more of the same structure originate from the same point.

### ABBREVIATIONS _in_ AUTHOR NAMES

It is common botanical practice to follow the scientific name of a plant with the name of its author and the latter is frequently abbreviated. For example many species were first described by Carl Linnaeus, the father of scientific nomenclature, whose name is usually shortened to L. In this book, we have given the surname of the author rather than the abbreviation, for ease of reference. However, some abbreviations have been used. These include:

**auct**. An abbreviation of the Latin auctorum, meaning "of authors." Implies a name has been used incorrectly by various authors.

**ex** The Latin for "from." Smith ex Jones, for example, indicates that Jones was the first to publish a name validly while recognizing that the name was first given but not published, by, an earlier author, Smith.

**fils** An abbreviation of the Latin filius, meaning "son," usually further shortened to f. Useful in cases where a father and son are both authors, as for example L. and L. f., who were both called Carl Linnaeus.

**hort**. An abbreviation of the Latin hortulanorum, meaning "of gardeners." It indicates a name that was first used in gardens. If later published, it is cited as hort. ex Author.

### RESOURCES

The following is a selection of the main publications and websites consulted in preparing this work.

**BOOKS**

**Bean, W. J.** _Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles_. 8th edition, 2nd impression, vol. 1, A-C. D.L. Clarke (ed.). London: John Murray, 1976.

**Bean, W. J.** _Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles_. 8th edition, 3rd impression, vol. 2, D-M. D.L. Clarke (ed.). London: John Murray, 1981.

**Bean, W. J.** _Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles_. 8th edition, 2nd impression, vol. 3, N-Rh. D.L. Clarke (ed.). London: John Murray, 1980.

**Bean, W. J.** _Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles_. 8th edition, vol. 4, Ri-Z. D.L. Clarke (ed.). London: John Murray, 1981.

**Clarke, D. L.** _Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles_. Supplement. London: John Murray, 1988.

**Coombes, A. J.** _Eyewitness Handbooks: Trees_. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1992.

**Dirr, M. A.** _Manual of Woody Landscape Plants_. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing, 1998.

**Elias, T. S.** _Field Guide to North American Trees_. Danbury, CT: Grolier Book Clubs Inc., 1989.

**Fernald, M. L.** _Gray's Manual of Botany_. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press, 1950, reprinted 1987.

**Godfrey, R. K.** _Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama_. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 1988.

**Grimshaw, J. & R. Bayton.** _New Trees: Recent Introductions to Cultivation_. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing, 2009.

**Hillier, J. & A. Coombes** (eds.). _The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs_. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles, 2002.

**Leopold, D. J., W. C. McComb & R. M. Muller.** _Trees of the Central Hardwood Forests of North America_. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1998.

**Little, E. L.** _The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees; Eastern Region_. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.

**Little, E. L.** _The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees; Western Region_. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.

**López Lillo, A. & J. M. Sánchez de Lorenzo Cáceres.** _Árboles en España: Manual de Identificación_. 2nd ed. Madrid: Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, 2001.

**McAllister, H.** _The Genus Sorbus_. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2005.

**Menitsky, Y. L.** _Oaks of Asia_ , translated from Russian. A. A. Federov (ed.), Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2005.

**Phipps, J. B., R. J. O'Kennon & R. Lance.** _Hawthorns and Medlars_. Portland, OR: Royal Horticultural Society/Timber Press, 2003.

**Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. Ritchie Bell.** _Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas_. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

**Rushforth, K.** _Trees of Britain and Europe_. London: HarperCollins, 1999.

**Sternberg, G. & J. Wilson.** _Native Trees for North American Landscapes_. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 2004.

**WEB SITES**

Australian Plant Name Index. <http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/apni-search-full.html>

Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from _"Atlas of United States Trees"_ by **Elbert L. Little, Jr.** <http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/little/>

_European Forest Genetic Resources Programme_ (EUFORGEN), Distribution maps. <http://www.euforgen.org/distribution_maps.html>

_Flora of China_ (online version). http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/

_Flora of North America_ (online version). <http://www.fna.org/>

_Flora of Taiwan_ (online version). <http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook.php#>

**Stevens, P. F.** (2001 onward). _Angiosperm Phylogeny Website_. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since]. <http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/>

### INDEX _by_ COMMON NAME

A

Alder-leaved Whitebeam

Alder

Algerian Oak

Allegheny Chinquapin

Allegheny Serviceberry

Almond

Almond Willow

Almond-leaved Pear

American Beech

American Elm

American Holly

American Hornbeam

American Mountain Ash

American Persimmon

American Pistachio

American Plum

American Smoketree

American Sweet Chestnut

American Sycamore

American Turkey Oak ,

Amur Cork Tree

Amur Lime

Amur Maackia

Antarctic Beech

Apricot

Arizona Alder

Arizona Ash

Arizona Madrone

Arizona Sycamore

Armenian Oak

Ash ,

Asian Serviceberry

Asian White Birch

Aspen

Australian Mountain Ash

Azarole

B

Balkan Maple

Balsam Poplar

Basswood

Bay Laurel

Bay Willow

Bead Tree

Bee-bee Tree

Beech

Bigleaf Magnolia

Bigleaf Snowbell

Bigtooth Aspen

Bigtooth Maple

Birch ,

Bird Cherry

Bitternut

Black Ash

Black Cherry

Black Cottonwood

Black Locust ,

Black Mulberry

Black Oak

Black Peppermint

Black Poplar

Black Walnut

Black Willow

Blackjack Oak

Blue Ash

Blue Oak

Blueberry Hawthorn

Boxelder

Broad-leaved Lime ,

Buckeye , , , ,

Bunge Hackberry

Bur Oak

Butternut

C

Cabbage Tree , ,

California Black Oak

California Buckeye

California Sycamore

California Laurel

Callery Pear

Campbell Maple

Camphor Tree

Canary Island Date Palm ,

Canby Oak

Canyon Live Oak

Cappadocian Maple

Carob Tree

Carolina Ash

Carolina Laurelcherry

Carolina Silverbell

Cascara Buckthorn

Castor Aralia

Catalina Ironwood

Caucasian Oak

Caucasian Wingnut

Caucasian Zelkova

Cedar Elm

Chapman Oak

Cheesewood

Cherry Birch

Cherry Laurel

Chestnut Oak

Chestnut-leaved Oak

Chian Turpentine Tree

Chilean Fire-bush

Chilean Hazel ,

Chilean Myrtle

Chinese Ash

Chinese Bladdernut

Chinese Catalpa

Chinese Chestnut

Chinese Cork Oak

Chinese Cork Tree

Chinese Date

Chinese Flame Tree

Chinese Fringe Tree

Chinese Hazel

Chinese Holly

Chinese Honey Locust

Chinese Horse Chestnut

Chinese Mahogany

Chinese Necklace Poplar

Chinese Pear

Chinese Persimmon

Chinese Pistachio

Chinese Quince

Chinese Red Birch

Chinese Redbud

Chinese Soapberry

Chinese Stewartia

Chinese Sumach

Chinese Tulip Tree

Chinese Tupelo

Chinese Walnut

Chinese Weeping Willow

Chinese White Poplar

Chinese Windmill Palm ,

Chinese Wingnut

Chinese Yellowwood

Chinese Zelkova

Chinquapin Oak

Chisos Oak

Chokecherry

Christmas Berry

Cider Gum

Clammy Locust

Coast Live Oak

Cockspur Thorn

Coigüe

Common Ash

Common Laburnum

Common Lime

Common Pear

Common Sallow

Cork Oak

Crab Apple

Crack Willow

Crape Myrtle ,

Cretan Maple

Cretan Zelkova

Cucumber Tree

D

Dahurian Birch

Daimio Oak

Date Plum

David's Elm

David's Maple

David's Peach

Devilwood

Dogwood , , ,

Douglas Hawthorn

Dove Tree ,

Downy Birch

Downy Hawthorn

Downy Oak

E

Eastern Cottonwood

Edible Fig

Elder ,

Elm

Emory Oak

Empress Tree

Engler Beech

English Elm

English Oak

Epaulette Tree

Erman's Birch

European Alder

European Beech

European Crab Apple

European Holly

European Hornbeam

European White Elm

European Wild Pear

F

Field Elm

Field Maple

Fierce Lancewood

Fig

Finnish Whitebeam

Fireberry Hawthorn

Flowering Dogwood

Flying Moth Maple

Folgner's Whitebeam

Forrest's Maple

Fragrant Snowbell

Fraser Magnolia

Fremont Poplar

Fullmoon Maple

G

Gambel Oak

Gansu Elm

Gean

Glossy Privet

Goat Willow

Golden Chestnut

Golden Oak of Cyprus

Golden Rain Tree

Gray Alder

Gray Birch

Gray Poplar

Greek Maple

Greek Strawberry Tree

Green Ash

H

Hackberry

Hardy Rubber Tree

Harlequin Glorybower

Hawthorn

Hawthorn-leaf Crab Apple

Hazel

Hazel Alder

Heartleaf Hornbeam

Heliotrope Tree

Henry Tanbark Oak

Henry's Lime

Henry's Maple

Hickory

Hill Cherry

Himalayan Alder

Himalayan Birch

Himalayan Hazel

Himalayan Holly

Himalayan Maple

Himalayan Pear

Himalayan Strawberry Tree

Himalayan Whitebeam

Holly ,

Hollyleaf Cherry

Holm Oak ,

Honey Locust

Honshu Maple

Hop Bush ,

Hop Hornbeam

Hornbeam

Hornbeam Maple

Horned Maple

Horse Chestnut ,

Houpu Magnolia

Hubei Crab Apple

Hungarian Oak

Hybrid Black Poplar

I

Indian Bean Tree

Indian Horse Chestnut

Interior Live Oak

Ironwood

Island Oak

Italian Alder

Italian Maple

Ivyleaf Maple

J

Japanese Alder

Japanese Angelica Tree

Japanese Apricot

Japanese Ash

Japanese Beech

Japanese Bigleaf Magnolia

Japanese Bird Cherry

Japanese Blue Beech

Japanese Chestnut

Japanese Chinquapin

Japanese Cornelian Cherry

Japanese Evergreen Oak

Japanese Hop Hornbeam

Japanese Hornbeam

Japanese Horse Chestnut

Japanese Lime

Japanese Maple

Japanese Mulberry

Japanese Pagoda Tree

Japanese Poplar

Japanese Raisin Tree

Japanese Red Maple

Japanese Rowan

Japanese Snowbell

Japanese Stewartia

Japanese Strawberry Tree

Japanese Toothache Tree

Japanese Tree Lilac

Japanese Walnut

Japanese Wingnut

Japanese Zelkova

Judas Tree

K

Kashmir Rowan

Katsura Tree

Kentucky Coffee Tree

Kermes Oak

Kohuhu

Korean Aspen

Korean Cherry

Korean Hackberry

Korean Poplar

Korean Willow

Kowhai

Kyushu Maple

L

Laburnum

Large-leaf Dogwood

Laurel-leaf Poplar

Leatherwood

Lebanon Oak

Lenga

Lime

Lime-leaved Maple

Live Oak

Lobel's Maple

London Plane

Loquat

Loquat Oak

Lowland Ribbonwood

M

Macedonian Oak

Madroña

Magellan Beech

Magnolia

Maiten

Manchu Striped Maple

Manchurian Cherry

Manchurian Elm

Manchurian Lime

Manchurian Pear

Manna Ash

Manna Gum

Maple , ,

Mediterranean Hackberry

Mediterranean Olive

Medlar

Messmate Stringybark

Mexican Ash

Mexican Blue Oak

Midland Hawthorn

Mimosa ,

Miyabe Maple

Mockernut

Monarch Birch

Mongolian Lime

Mongolian Oak

Montpelier Maple

Mountain Gum

Mountain Holly

Mountain Maple

Mountain Stewartia

Myrtle Beech

Myrtle Oak

N

Narrow-leaved Ash

Narrowleaf Cottonwood

Netleaf Hackberry

Netleaf Oak

New Zealand Hazel

Nikko Maple

Northern Mountain Ash

Norway Maple

Nuttall Oak

O

Oak , , ,

Ohio Buckeye

Oleaster

Olive ,

Oliver's Lime

Oregon Ash

Oregon Crab Apple

Oregon Maple

Oregon Oak

Oriental Beech

Oriental Hornbeam

Oriental Photinia

Oriental Plane

Oriental Spicebush

Oriental Sweetgum

Oriental White Oak

Osage Orange

Overcup Oak

P

Pacific Dogwood

Pacific Willow

Painted Buckeye

Painted Maple

Palo Santo

Paper Birch

Paper Mulberry

Paperbark Maple

Pawpaw

Peach

Peachleaf Willow

Pear

Pecan

Persian Ironwood

Pignut

Pillar Apple

Pin Cherry

Pin Oak

Plumleaf Crab Apple

Portugal Laurel

Portuguese Oak

Post Oak

Prairie Crab Apple

Pumpkin Ash

Pyrenean Oak

Q

Quaking Aspen

Quince

R

Rauli ,

Red Alder

Red Buckeye

Red Horse Chestnut

Red Maple

Red Oak

Red Willow

Redbay

Redbud

Ring-cup Oak

River Birch

Roble ,

Rock Elm

Rocky Mountain Maple

Rowan ,

Ruil

S

Saint Lucie Cherry

Sargent Cherry

Sargent's Rowan

Saskatoon Serviceberry

Sassafras

Sawtooth Oak

Scarlet Hawthorn

Scarlet Oak

Scotch Laburnum

Scouler's Willow

September Elm

Service Tree

Service Tree of Fontainebleau

Sessile Oak

Shagbark Hickory

Shantung Maple

Sharp-toothed Maple

Shellbark Hickory

Shingle Oak

Shumard Oak

Siberian Crab Apple

Siberian Elm

Sichuan Poplar

Siebold's Crab Apple

Silk Tree ,

Silver Beech

Silver Birch

Silver Gum

Silver Lime ,

Silver Maple

Silver Top

Silverleaf Oak

Simon's Poplar

Slippery Elm

Small-leaved Kowhai

Small-leaved Lime ,

Snow Pear

Sorrel Tree

Southern California Walnut

Southern Magnolia

Southern Red Oak

Spur-leaf

Stag's Horn Sumach

Strawberry Tree

Striped Maple

Sugar Maple

Sugarberry

Swamp Chestnut Oak

Swamp Cottonwood

Swamp Laurel Oak

Swamp White Oak

Swampbay

Swedish Whitebeam

Sweet Chestnut

Sweet Crab Apple

Sweetbay

Sweetgum

Sycamore

Syrian Pear

T

Tanglefoot

Tanoak

Tarajo

Tasmanian Blue Gum

Tasmanian Snow Gum

Tasmanian Waratah

Tasmanian Yellow Gum

Tatarian Maple

Texas Madrone

Tibetan Cherry

Tibetan Whitebeam

Tree of Heaven

Trident Maple

Tulip Tree

Tupelo

Turkey Oak

Turkish Hazel

Two-wing Silverbell

U

Ubame Oak

Ukurundu Maple

Ulmo

Umbrella Tree

Utah Serviceberry

V

Valley Oak

Valonia Oak

Varnish Tree

Vine Maple

Violet Willow

W

Walnut

Washington Thorn

Water Elm

Water Hickory

Water Oak

Water Tupelo

Wax Tree

Wedding Cake Tree

Western Catalpa

Western Hop Hornbeam

Western Soapberry

Wheel Tree

Wheel Wingnut

White Alder

White Ash

White Mulberry

White Oak

White Poplar

White Willow

Whitebeam

Wild Service Tree

Willow

Willow Oak

Willow-leaf Magnolia

Willow-leaved Pear

Winged Elm

Winter's Bark

Wych Elm

Y

Yeddo Hornbeam

Yellow Birch

Yellow Buckeye

Yellow-horn

Yellowwood

Yew-leaf Willow

Yulan

Z

Zhejiang Hop Hornbeam

### INDEX _by_ SCIENTIFIC NAME

A

Acacia

Acacia dealbata ,

Acer ,

Acer argutum

Acer buergerianum

Acer campbellii

Acer campestre

Acer capillipes

Acer cappadocicum

Acer carpinifolium

Acer catalpifolium

Acer circinatum

Acer cissifolium

Acer davidii

Acer diabolicum

Acer distylum

Acer forrestii

Acer franchetii

Acer glabrum

Acer grandidentatum

Acer griseum

Acer heldreichii

Acer henryi

Acer hyrcanum

Acer japonicum

Acer lobelii

Acer macrophyllum

Acer maximowiczianum

Acer miyabei

Acer monspessulanum

Acer negundo

Acer oblongum

Acer opalus

Acer palmatum

Acer pensylvanicum

Acer pictum

Acer platanoides

Acer pseudoplatanus

Acer pycnanthum

Acer rubescens

Acer rubrum

Acer rufinerve

Acer saccharinum

Acer saccharum

Acer sempervirens

Acer shirasawanum

Acer spicatum

Acer sterculiaceum

Acer tataricum

Acer tegmentosum

Acer truncatum

Acer ukurunduense

Aesculus

Aesculus californica

Aesculus × carnea

Aesculus chinensis

Aesculus flava

Aesculus glabra

Aesculus hippocastanum

Aesculus indica

Aesculus pavia

Aesculus sylvatica

Aesculus turbinata

Ailanthus altissima

Alangium chinense

Albizia julibrissin ,

Alnus cordata

Alnus glutinosa

Alnus incana

Alnus japonica

Alnus nepalensis

Alnus oblongifolia

Alnus rhombifolia

Alnus rubra

Alnus serrulata

Amelanchier alnifolia

Amelanchier asiatica

Amelanchier laevis

Amelanchier utahensis

Aralia elata

Arbutus andrachne

Arbutus arizonica

Arbutus menziesii

Arbutus unedo

Arbutus xalapensis

Asimina triloba

B

Betula

Betula albosinensis

Betula alleghaniensis

Betula dahurica

Betula delavayi

Betula ermanii

Betula lenta

Betula maximowicziana

Betula nigra

Betula papyrifera

Betula pendula

Betula platyphylla

Betula populifolia

Betula pubescens

Betula utilis

Broussonetia papyrifera

C

Carpinus betulus

Carpinus caroliniana

Carpinus cordata

Carpinus japonica

Carpinus orientalis

Carpinus pubescens

Carpinus tschonoskii

Carpinus turczaninowii

Carya aquatica

Carya cordiformis

Carya glabra

Carya illinoinensis

Carya laciniosa

Carya ovata

Carya tomentosa

Castanea crenata

Castanea dentata

Castanea mollissima

Castanea pumila

Castanea sativa

Castanea seguinii

Castanopsis cuspidata

Catalpa bignonioides ,

Catalpa bungei

Catalpa ovata

Catalpa speciosa

Celtis australis

Celtis bungeana

Celtis koraiensis

Celtis laevigata

Celtis occidentalis

Celtis reticulata

Ceratonia siliqua

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

Cercis canadensis

Cercis chinensis

Cercis racemosa

Cercis siliquastrum

Chionanthus retusus

Chrysolepis chrysophylla

Cinnamomum camphora

Cladrastis delavayi

Cladrastis kentukea

Clerodendrum trichotomum

Cordyline australis , ,

Cornus

Cornus alternifolia

Cornus capitata

Cornus controversa ,

Cornus florida ,

Cornus kousa ,

Cornus macrophylla

Cornus nuttallii

Cornus officinalis

Corylus chinensis

Corylus colurna

Corylus ferox

Cotinus obovatus

Crataegus azarolus

Crataegus brachyacantha

Crataegus chrysocarpa

Crataegus coccinea

Crataegus crus-galli

Crataegus douglasii

Crataegus laevigata

Crataegus mollis

Crataegus monogyna

Crataegus phaenopyrum

Crataegus pinnatifida

Crataegus wattiana

Cyclocarya paliurus

Cydonia oblonga

D

Davidia involucrata ,

Diospyros kaki

Diospyros lotus

Diospyros virginiana

Dipteronia sinensis

Dodonaea viscosa ,

Drimys winteri

E

Ehretia acuminata

Ehretia dicksonii

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Embothrium coccineum

Emmenopterys henryi

Eriobotrya japonica

Eucalyptus ,

Eucalyptus amygdalina

Eucalyptus coccifera

Eucalyptus cordata

Eucalyptus dalrympleana

Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus gunnii

Eucalyptus johnstonii

Eucalyptus nitens

Eucalyptus obliqua

Eucalyptus regnans

Eucalyptus viminalis

Eucommia ulmoides

Eucryphia cordifolia

Eucryphia glutinosa

Eucryphia lucida

Euptelea pleiosperma

F

Fagus crenata

Fagus engleriana

Fagus grandifolia

Fagus japonica

Fagus orientalis

Fagus sylvatica

Ficus carica

Fraxinus

Fraxinus americana

Fraxinus angustifolia

Fraxinus berlandieriana

Fraxinus caroliniana

Fraxinus chinensis

Fraxinus excelsior

Fraxinus lanuginosa

Fraxinus latifolia

Fraxinus longicuspis

Fraxinus nigra

Fraxinus ornus

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Fraxinus profunda

Fraxinus quadrangulata

Fraxinus velutina

G

Gevuina avellana ,

Gleditsia sinensis

Gleditsia triacanthos ,

Gymnocladus dioica

H

Halesia carolina

Halesia diptera

Hemiptelea davidii

Heteromeles salicifolia

Hovenia dulcis

I

Idesia polycarpa ,

Ilex aquifolium ,

Ilex dipyrena

Ilex latifolia

Ilex macrocarpa

Ilex montana

Ilex opaca

Ilex purpurea

J

Juglans ailantifolia

Juglans californica

Juglans cinerea

Juglans mandshurica

Juglans nigra

Juglans regia

K

Kalopanax septemlobus

Koelreuteria bipinnata

Koelreuteria paniculata

L

Laburnum alpinum

Laburnum anagyroides

Lagerstroemia indica ,

Laurus nobilis

Ligustrum lucidum

Lindera angustifolia

Lindera megaphylla

Liquidambar acalycina

Liquidambar formosana

Liquidambar orientalis

Liquidambar styraciflua

Liriodendron chinense

Liriodendron tulipifera

Lithocarpus edulis

Lithocarpus henryi

Lomatia hirsuta

Luma apiculata

Lyonothamnus floribundus

M

Maackia amurensis

Maclura pomifera

Maclura tricuspidata

Magnolia acuminata

Magnolia biondii

Magnolia campbellii

Magnolia delavayi

Magnolia denudata

Magnolia doltsopa

Magnolia fraseri

Magnolia grandiflora

Magnolia kobus

Magnolia macrophylla

Magnolia obovata

Magnolia officinalis

Magnolia salicifolia

Magnolia tripetala

Magnolia virginiana

Malus baccata

Malus coronaria

Malus florentina

Malus fusca

Malus hupehensis

Malus ioensis

Malus prunifolia

Malus sieboldii

Malus sylvestris

Malus transitoria

Malus trilobata

Malus tschonoskii

Malus yunnanensis

Maytenus boaria

Melia azedarach

Meliosma myriantha

Mespilus germanica

Metapanax davidii

Morus alba

Morus australis

Morus nigra

N

Nothofagus alessandrii

Nothofagus alpina ,

Nothofagus antarctica

Nothofagus betuloides

Nothofagus cunninghamii

Nothofagus dombeyi

Nothofagus gunnii

Nothofagus menziesii

Nothofagus obliqua ,

Nothofagus pumilio

Notholithocarpus densiflorus

Nyssa aquatica

Nyssa sinensis

Nyssa sylvatica

O

Olea europaea ,

Osmanthus americanus

Osmanthus yunnanensis

Ostrya carpinifolia

Ostrya japonica

Ostrya knowltonii

Ostrya rehderiana

Ostrya virginiana

Oxydendrum arboreum

P

Paliurus hemsleyanus

Parrotia persica

Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana

Paulownia tomentosa

Persea borbonia

Persea ichangensis

Persea palustris

Persea thunbergii

Phellodendron amurense

Phellodendron chinense

Phillyrea latifolia ,

Phoenix canariensis ,

Photinia beauverdiana

Photinia serratifolia

Photinia villosa

Picrasma quassioides

Pistacia chinensis

Pistacia mexicana

Pistacia terebinthus

Pittosporum bicolor

Pittosporum tenuifolium

Plagianthus regius

Planera aquatica

Platanus × hispanica

Platanus occidentalis

Platanus orientalis

Platanus racemosa

Platanus wrightii

Platycarya strobilacea

Poliothyrsis sinensis

Pomaderris apetala

Populus adenopoda

Populus alba

Populus angustifolia

Populus balsamifera

Populus x canadensis

Populus x canescens

Populus cathayana

Populus davidiana

Populus deltoides

Populus fremontii

Populus grandidentata

Populus heterophylla

Populus koreana

Populus lasiocarpa

Populus laurifolia

Populus maximowiczii

Populus nigra

Populus simonii

Populus szechuanica

Populus tomentosa

Populus tremula

Populus tremuloides

Populus trichocarpa

Prunus americana

Prunus armeniaca

Prunus avium

Prunus caroliniana

Prunus davidiana

Prunus dulcis

Prunus grayana

Prunus ilicifolia

Prunus jamasakura

Prunus laurocerasus

Prunus lusitanica

Prunus maackii

Prunus mahaleb

Prunus maximowiczii

Prunus mume

Prunus padus

Prunus pensylvanica

Prunus persica

Prunus sargentii

Prunus serotina

Prunus serrula

Prunus virginiana

Pseudocydonia sinensis

Pseudopanax ferox

Pterocarya fraxinifolia

Pterocarya macroptera

Pterocarya rhoifolia

Pterocarya stenoptera

Pterostyrax corymbosus

Pterostyrax hispidus

Pyrus amygdaliformis

Pyrus betulifolia

Pyrus calleryana

Pyrus communis

Pyrus nivalis

Pyrus pashia

Pyrus pyraster

Pyrus pyrifolia

Pyrus salicifolia

Pyrus syriaca

Pyrus ussuriensis

Q

Quercus , , ,

Quercus acuta

Quercus acutissima

Quercus agrifolia

Quercus alba

Quercus aliena

Quercus alnifolia

Quercus bicolor

Quercus canariensis

Quercus canbyi

Quercus castaneifolia

Quercus cerris

Quercus chapmanii

Quercus chrysolepis

Quercus coccifera

Quercus coccinea

Quercus dentata

Quercus douglasii

Quercus emoryi

Quercus engleriana

Quercus faginea

Quercus falcata

Quercus frainetto

Quercus gambelii

Quercus garryana

Quercus glauca

Quercus graciliformis

Quercus hypoleucoides

Quercus ilex ,

Quercus imbricaria

Quercus kelloggii

Quercus laevis ,

Quercus laurifolia

Quercus libani

Quercus lobata

Quercus lyrata

Quercus macranthera

Quercus macrocarpa

Quercus macrolepis

Quercus marilandica

Quercus michauxii

Quercus mongolica

Quercus montana

Quercus muehlenbergii

Quercus myrsinifolia

Quercus myrtifolia

Quercus nigra

Quercus oblongifolia

Quercus palustris

Quercus petraea

Quercus phellos

Quercus phillyreoides

Quercus pontica

Quercus pubescens

Quercus pyrenaica

Quercus rehderiana

Quercus robur

Quercus rotundifolia

Quercus rubra

Quercus rugosa

Quercus rysophylla

Quercus semecarpifolia

Quercus serrata

Quercus shumardii

Quercus stellata

Quercus suber

Quercus texana

Quercus tomentella

Quercus trojana

Quercus variabilis

Quercus velutina

Quercus virginiana

Quercus wislizeni

R

Rhamnus purshiana

Rhus chinensis

Rhus typhina

Robinia pseudoacacia ,

Robinia viscosa

S

Salix alba

Salix amygdaloides

Salix babylonica

Salix caprea

Salix cinerea

Salix daphnoides

Salix fragilis

Salix koreensis

Salix laevigata

Salix lasiandra

Salix magnifica

Salix nigra

Salix pentandra

Salix scouleriana

Salix taxifolia

Salix triandra

Sambucus nigra ,

Sapindus drummondii

Sapindus mukorossi

Sassafras albidum

Sassafras tzumu

Sophora microphylla

Sophora tetraptera

Sorbus

Sorbus alnifolia

Sorbus americana

Sorbus aria

Sorbus aucuparia

Sorbus cashmiriana

Sorbus commixta

Sorbus decora

Sorbus discolor

Sorbus domestica

Sorbus folgneri

Sorbus glabriuscula

Sorbus hybrida

Sorbus intermedia

Sorbus latifolia

Sorbus sargentiana ,

Sorbus scalaris

Sorbus thibetica

Sorbus torminalis

Sorbus vestita

Staphylea holocarpa

Stewartia ovata

Stewartia pseudocamellia

Stewartia sinensis

Styphnolobium japonicum

Styrax grandifolius

Styrax hemsleyanus

Styrax japonicus

Styrax obassia

Symplocos glauca

Syringa reticulata

T

Telopea truncata

Tetracentron sinense

Tetradium daniellii

Tilia americana

Tilia amurensis

Tilia chinensis

Tilia cordata ,

Tilia × europaea

Tilia henryana

Tilia japonica

Tilia kiusiana

Tilia mandschurica

Tilia maximowicziana

Tilia miqueliana

Tilia mongolica

Tilia nobilis

Tilia oliveri

Tilia paucicostata

Tilia platyphyllos ,

Tilia tomentosa ,

Tilia tuan

Toona sinensis ,

Toxicodendron succedaneum

Toxicodendron vernicifluum

Trachycarpus fortunei ,

Trochodendron aralioides

U

Ulmus alata

Ulmus americana

Ulmus crassifolia

Ulmus davidiana

Ulmus glabra

Ulmus glaucescens

Ulmus laciniata

Ulmus laevis

Ulmus minor

Ulmus procera

Ulmus pumila

Ulmus rubra

Ulmus serotina

Ulmus thomasii

Umbellularia californica

W

Weinmannia trichosperma

X

Xanthoceras sorbifolium

Z

Zanthoxylum ailanthoides

Zanthoxylum molle

Zelkova abelicea

Zelkova carpinifolia

Zelkova serrata

Zelkova sinica

Ziziphus jujuba

### ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ALLEN J. COOMBES

I would like to express my thanks to the editorial team at Ivy Press, particularly to Lorraine Turner and Kim Davies for their efficiency and guidance. Special thanks go to my wife Maricela for all her support and encouragement throughout this project.

ZSOLT DEBRECZY

Documenting the trees of the temperate world would be an almost impossible task without relying on the generosity of generations of collectors who built a store of knowledge and accumulated collections. Botanists of the past and the present were with Istvan and me as we worked on our dendrological documentation project and we thank them for their generosity.

Whenever we hit a rough patch—our collection was missing a leaf image or the ones we already had were inappropriate for the purpose of this book—friends stepped in to help us out. Regardless of the difficulties, the time involved, the miles logged, or the expense, they made sure the requested leaf or image made a quick trip to us. We thank for their help: James and Mark in Australia/Tasmania; Michael, Tony, and Wolfgang in England; Peter and Ulrich in Germany; Elemér, Kálmán, Géza, Kati, László, Márk, and Robi in Hungary; Cristina and Darach in Ireland; Adam and Tomasz in Poland; Martin in Scotland; Carol, Jeff, Jim, John, Kathy, Peter, Randall, and Sonia in the USA (and many others) for their generosity. And many thanks to Jill Hannum and Kathy Musial for their advice and for editing my introductory words into "proper" English.

PICTURE CREDITS

Alamy/Peter Barritt: .

Fotolia: , ; Mitch Chanet: ; Heiko Rothe: ; Alex: ; Petr Gnuskin: ; Felinda: ; Vadzim Kandratsenkau: ; Ignasi: ; Robyn Mac: ; Lizard: .

iStockphoto/Isabelle Mory: ; Ximinez: ; Sergey Borisov: ; Anthony Brown: .

Maricela Rodriguez-Coombes: , .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaBook