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Realme 2 Pro Launched in India for Rs 13,990 With Snapdragon 660, Up to 8GB RAM : Price, Specifications
By Anshul Nischal
Realme 1 is an immense success from the new Oppo's Realme sub-brand. Now, it's just five months that the Realme 1 is in existence and we've already got its real successor. Further, Realme launched the Realme 2 last month, and mind it, as it was not a true successor of Realme 1. The Realme 2 Pro is the new real successor of the Realme 1 with a larger display and a massive battery. The smartphone sports a polycarbonate resin dewdrop back cover delivering a sense of transparency, a rear fingerprint sensor, and has a horizontally stacked dual camera setup as well. The smartphone is available in three colors. You can choose from Black Sea, Blue Ocean, and Ice Lake color options.
The Oppo Realme 2 Pro is priced well in India. At INR 13,990, this is the best-looking smartphone in the market. At this price, you will get a 4GB+64GB variant. The 4GB+64GB model will cost INR 15,990, and the 8GB+128GB variant will cost you Rs. 17,990 in India. The handset will be available via both Flipkart and Realme online store from October 11, 12 am IST. Besides that, the Launch offers include up to 1.1TB of data for Reliance Jio customers with benefits up to Rs. 4,450, and No Cost EMI options.
The software on the Realme 2 Pro is not a tremendous upgrade from other Oppo smartphones. It gets the same ColorOS version 5.2 from the Realme 1. The ColorOS skin runs on the same old Android 8.1 Oreo, with no words on Android P support.
The Oppo's Sub-brand Realme 2 Pro is a dual sim smartphone. It powers a large 6.3-inch LCD display, highlighting the notch and a resolution of 1080×2340 pixels, with a 19.5:9 aspect ratio. The display has one of the highest screen-to-body ratios in the price bracket that stands for an impressive 90.8 % screen ratio. Besides that, the Realme 2 Pro supports an unnamed version of Corning Gorilla Glass to protect the handset against damage.
Under the hood, we've got a Snapdragon 660 chipset with either 4GB/6GB or 8GB of RAM. These variants come with 64GB/128GB of internal storage respectively with support for Micro-SD card expansion.
Besides all that, we have a 3,500mAh battery, to power all these things up. The battery supports AI Power Manager promising a better endurance in the power usage of this handset. The battery is slightly less powerful than Realme 2, which integrated a 4,230mAh battery. For the biometrics, we've got a fingerprint scanner and as well a facial unlock feature.
The Realme 2 Pro comes with a dual camera setup on the rear. The primary camera is a 16MP shooter with f/1.7 aperture, 1/2.8-inch Sony IMX398 sensor, 1.12-micron pixel size, and 6P lens. The new camera has a support for 4K video recording at 30fps. Further, the pairing camera sensor is a 2MP, sporting a f/2.4 aperture. The Selfie shooter on this smartphone has to offer a 16MP camera with the same f/2.0 aperture. Realme further grants AI features to boost the colors and accuracy with AI-scene detection and for Face Unlock feature. The phone also supports AR stickers on both the front and rear cameras.
For connectivity, the Realme 2 Pro includes 4G VoLTE, Bluetooth 5.0, Wi-Fi ac, a 3.5mm headphone jack, and GPS/ A- GPS integration to it. The Nokia 6.1 plus supports a Micro USB port and has dimensions of 156.7×74.0x8.5mm. The handset feels heavy as it weighs 174 grams.
So, what are you excited to buy the Realme 2 Pro? Kindly Let us know in the comments section below.
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Join Phoenix Spokes People and Downtempo Ride for a big adventure!
There's plenty more bike fun going on in Phoenix.
Phoenix Downtempo Ride, a shorter, relaxed, and social ride which meets at the park and then rides to local bars.
Loops PHX, hosted by State Bicycle Co. All bikes welcome, fixed encouraged. They make 1-3 stops and ride 10-20 miles.
BABES Ride, A group social ride for women to get together to ride bicyles, hang out, and make friends. We ride to restaurants, bars and other fun events! We always welcome new riders of all levels of experience!


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Upper School Social Sciences Teacher
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Date Posted Jan. 5, 2022
Title Upper School Social Sciences Teacher
School / District
Washington, DC, D.C., United States
Department National Cathedral School
Application Deadline Open until filled
Position Start Date Available immediately
Job Categories	 Classroom Teacher
Academic Fields	 Social Studies/History
National Cathedral School announces a search for a full-time Social Sciences teacher in its Upper School (grades 9 to 12) starting in August 2022. We seek candidates who have experience teaching history and/or geography at the secondary level, and we are particularly interested in historians who have expertise outside of American studies. Primary-source driven, our curriculum focuses on the development of students' analytical and spatial thinking, critical reading, and persuasive writing skills.
We welcome applications from educators whose strong backgrounds in historical studies are complemented by an interest in or experience with teaching or studying geography. Qualified candidates will hold at least a Bachelor's degree in history or geography; a Master's degree is preferred. The Social Science curriculum at National Cathedral includes Modern World History (9th grade), World Geography (10th grade), US History (11th grade), and several electives.
The school day runs from about 7:45 a.m. through about 4:00 pm. Outside of the classroom, all NCS teachers are asked to perform additional duties, such as advising a homeroom or club and participating on committees. Salaries are competitive, based on experience, and the position includes a benefits package.
NCS is committed to leadership in multicultural education and a culturally diverse faculty and staff. The school therefore seeks applications from candidates who will contribute to an atmosphere in which all are valued and supported.
National Cathedral School serves 588 students in grades 4 through 12. Faculty and staff are curious intellectually, flexible, and collaborative, and they view education as an engaging vocation. Our students are engaged, fun, and kind, and they love to be challenged and viewed as confident individuals. Faculty and staff maintain a lively conversation about the meaning of an excellent education, an interest in pedagogy, and innovative uses of technology. As an Episcopal school, NCS welcomes people of all backgrounds and faiths while maintaining a close identity with Washington National Cathedral's commitment to being a house of prayer for all people.
National Cathedral School requires all employees to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19, including any boosters recommended and available to the general public, absent eligibility for medical or religious exemptions.
Interested candidates should send an electronic application that includes a brief cover letter, résumé and the names and contact information of three to five references. Please submit these materials as one combined attachment in Word or PDF format with "Upper School Social Sciences Teacher" in the subject line to ncsemployment@cathedral.org.
About National Cathedral School
National Cathedral School for Girls serves 580 students in grades 4 through 12. Faculty and staff are curious intellectually, advocates of lifelong learning, flexible, collaborative, and view education as an engaging vocation. Students thrive in an intellectual environment and love to be challenged. NCS graduates are recognized as highly motivated and confident. Faculty and staff maintain a lively conversation about the meaning of all-girls education, an interest in pedagogy, and innovative uses of technology. As an Episcopal school, NCS welcomes people of all backgrounds and faiths while maintaining a close identity with Washington National Cathedral's commitment to be a house of prayer for all people. Located in Northwest Washington on 57 beautiful acres, the Cathedral Close is home to NCS, St. Albans School for Boys, and Beauvoir: The National Cathedral Elementary School. NCS is committed to leadership in multicultural education and a culturally diverse faculty and staff. The school therefore seeks applications from candidates who will contribute to an atmosphere in which all are valued and supported.
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Candles can be powerful tools for magic. They can be used on their own for simple spells, or as part of larger workings, and included on your personal altar. The act of lighting a candle with focused intention is a form of magic, but there are steps you can take to intensify the impact of your candle working.
You can hone your intentions into a short word, phrase, or design and use a pin to engrave it into the wax of the candle, or write or draw your intention on a small piece of paper and place it beneath your candle holder. When you're ready, hold your candle in your hand while focusing on the outcome you are working towards. Dress the candle with a bit of oil or water, and optionally roll the oiled candle in crushed herbs or incense. Choose oils and incense that feel right for your intentions. Then, place the candle into a level, stable holder and light it.
Pay attention to the candle as it burns, and watch any spilling wax for shapes or patterns. Flame and wax scrying is deeply intuitive and personal. Listen to what it seems the candle wants to tell you.
Let small candles burn out completely to finish a working, or gently snuff larger candles and relight them later. Never leave candles burning unattended or where children or pets can disrupt them.


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Men's Schedule
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SUMMER REWIND: Men's Swimming & Diving Concludes Campaign at NCAA D-III Championships
Editor's note: We will be highlighting a top moment for each program from the 2018-19 academic year Monday through Friday from July 8 until July 31.
Greensboro, NC --- Senior Jack Bauer (Cumberland, RI) collected his third career individual All-America honor, this time in the 200-yard backstroke, Saturday night at the NCAA Division III Swimming & Diving Championships, hosted by the ODAC and Greensboro Aquatic Center.
Bauer concluded his standout career with a third-place 1:45.48 after taking second in the 100 version of the event on Friday evening. Chicago junior Byrne Litschgi (Tampa, FL) was first in a time of 1:44.04 and Denison junior Bebe Wang (Naperville, IL) was second (1:44.93).
In all, Bauer is a seven-time All-America, including as part of the sixth place 200-yard medley relay in 2017 and a trio of honorable mention quartets.
Earlier in the day, sophomore Clayton Besch (West Sand Lake, NY) posted a 47.31 in the 100-yard freestyle before teaming with graduate student Craig Barrett (Edinburgh, Scotland), senior Jackson Perry (Cumberland, RI) and senior Jean Philippe Miralda (Tegucigalpa, Honduras) to hand in a 3:09.85 in the 400-yard freestyle relay (watch).
As a team, the Engineers tied for 17th, one spot shy of the record set by the 2017 squad, with a total of 49 points. Sixteen points were a result of the medley relays that saw all six WPI student-athletes, including junior Dave Chen (Niantic, CT), secure All-America honorable mention accolades.
100-yard Freestyle Prelims | 200-yard Backstroke Prelims | 400-Yard Freestyle Relay Prelims | 200-yard Backstroke Final


Canada played a significant role in the Congolese independence leader's demise. When Patrice Lumumba was elected to pursue a genuine de-colonization, colonial power Belgium instigated a secessionist movement in the eastern part of country. In response, the Congolese Prime Minister asked the UN for a peacekeeping force to protect the territorial integrity of the newly independent country. Washington, however, saw the UN mission as a way to undermine Lumumba.
Siding with Washington, Ottawa promoted the Opération des Nations Unies au Congo (ONUC) and UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold's controversial anti-Lumumba position. 1,900 Canadian troops participated in the UN mission between 1960 and 1964, making this country's military one of its more active members. There were almost always more Canadian officers at ONUC headquarters then those of any other nationality and the Canadians were concentrated in militarily important logistical positions, including chief operations officer and chief signals officer.
Ottawa supported Hammarskjold even as he sided with the Belgian-backed secessionists against the central government. The UN head also worked to undermine Lumumba within the central government. When President Joseph Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba as prime minister — a move of debatable legality and opposed by the vast majority of the country's parliament — Hammarskjold publicly endorsed the dismissal of a politician who a short time earlier had received the most votes in the country's election. Lumumba attempted to respond to his dismissal with a nationwide broadcast, but UN forces blocked him from accessing the main radio station.
Not long thereafter Lumumba was executed by firing squad and his body was dissolved in acid.


If you often watch movies then you will know that there are certain topics that keep popping up. Films about secret agents, love or baddies trying to take over the world are commonplace. Films about camels are rarer. If you've ever scanned the What's On pages and felt disappointed there were no plays, films or ballets about camels, it's your lucky day.
Tracks is directed by John Curran and stars Mia Wasikowska, along with a few camels and the Australian Outback. It is based on the real-life story of Robyn Davidson who walked from Alice Springs to the Indian Ocean in the 1970s. Why did she do this when cars had already been invented? Bored of life in cities, Davidson planned her trip to prove that an ordinary person is capable of anything. A noble motive, though it ignores the fact that walking from A to B, no matter how far it is has little to say about what an ordinary person is capable of. Rather it only really proves that it is possible to walk from A to B. Anyway, exploring was in her blood, her father having crossed the Kalahari on his own in his youth.
The film starts with an unusual disclaimer, aimed particularly at Aborigines, saying that it may contain the voices of deceased persons. Which I suppose translates as the undeniable fact that some of the people in the film may have died since it was made. A floating camera and effervescent music take this out of documentary territory, as do flashbacks, slow motion and hazy images shot through the heat that reduce figures to Lowry stickmen. However the subject would have been better served with a more back-to-basics technique. The journey was undertaken cheaply and Davidson is often quoted as not wanting even a photographer to travel along with her. The Hollywood style that the film has is not in keeping with her statements within it.
It is hard to build tension in a film that follows a woman walking across Australia. Her source of funding insists on the photographer following her, which leads to some drama, but basically this is a one woman road trip, albeit without a road. I am surprised that this woman proving she can achieve anything submits to the Aboriginal sexism that stops women butchering animals or walking in certain ways. (I mean certain directions, not walking with – for example – an exaggerated sashay of the hips, although they may not like that either).
I thought my journey to the cinema to watch Tracks had been tricky. Getting off the vaporetto at the wrong stop. Getting on a bus that turned left just where I hoped it would turn right. But a story of trekking 2700km across the outback put my woes in perspective. At least I didn't have to train a camel first. Although as I was in Venice I would have had to teach it to swim. Now that would be worth making a movie about.


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Sundance Closing Night: "Troop Zero"
Saturday, February 2, 2019 at 1:30PM
by Abe Fried-Tanzer
It's almost always appealing to see two recent Oscar winners work together shortly after they take home their trophies. The notion of the last two Supporting Actress victors, Viola Davis and Allison Janney, teaming up is certainly enticing. Their Oscars were for playing very different types of mothers, and in Sundance's closing night selection, they face off as competing scout leaders in a hilarious 1970s-set comedy about being who you are...
Troop Zero is best compared to Moonrise Kingdom without Wes Anderson's touch and rhythm, influenced instead by the singular style of Bert and Bertie, two very talented women from London who mark their fourth film and second feature with this winning comedy. Our hero is Christmas Flint (Mckenna Grace), a young girl whose greatest dream is to communicate with whatever may be out there in space. When an opportunity to be recorded by NASA arises, Christmas puts together an odd band of misfits to start her own Birdie Scout troop, which includes two angry bullies, an effeminate boy, and a one-eyed religious zealot. Needing a "troop mama," Christmas turns to her father's long-suffering secretary, Ms. Rayleen (Davis), who is reunited with her lifelong nemesis and the school's principal (Janney).
Appearing on stage after the Friday night premiere screening, Bert and Bertie emphasized that the theme of the film is finding your place in the universe. That's a fitting description, as it truly does champion the underdog, who might not come out on top but will at least have a good time along the way. This film does contain one of the most simultaneously hilarious and sweet scenes of any film at Sundance, helping to distinguish it from other outcast adventure stories.
Viola and McKenna at the premiereDavis and Janney are both having fun, and it's particularly enjoyable to see Davis in an atypical outright comedic role. The true stars, however, are the young actors, led by Grace, who appeared in 2017 opposite Janney as the younger version of Tonya Harding. They all nail the individuality and specific energies of their characters, not apologetic for their quirks but still not sure of how to put them to use in the world. Jim Gaffigan, who plays Christmas' father, said it best at the Q & A: "These kids are really spectacular. I would trade in my kids for these kids. I'm trusting that you won't tell my kids that." We won't, but they're sure to love the film.
previously in our Sundance coverage
Troop Zero will be released by Amazon Studios, presumably later this year.
Abe Fried-Tanzer | 7 Chatty Moviegoers | Permalink | Share This Email This
tagged Alison Janney, Jim Gaffigan, McKenna Grace, Sundance, Troop Zero, Viola Davis, child stars, comedy, film festivals
so excited to learn that we'll get VIOLA in a comedy. I was wondering if that was ever gonna happen. Nice change of pace. Happy to hear that the film works.
February 2, 2019 | NATHANIEL R
After more crying in Widows i'm more intrigued about this.
February 2, 2019 | markgordonuk
This is also written by the very imaginative Lucy Alibar - of Beasts of the Southern Wild fame!
February 2, 2019 | Bushwick
The coincidence in the timing of this write up is that I just found out how funny Davis is by watching her interviews with Jimmy Kimmel on YouTube, which of course, made me think that she should do some comedies. I'm eager to see this.
February 2, 2019 | Troy H.
I caught the Kimmel interview too and cackled. Her reaction to him asking about menopause should light a fire in any comedy writer for ideas.
February 2, 2019 | Honeybee
Does anyone else think that Janney is the spitting image of Kathleen Quinlan in that photo?
February 3, 2019 | Michael R
@Michael R
I thought it was Beatrice Straight upon first look.
February 3, 2019 | Adam Lewis


Given my recurring Picturing Science posts in this blog, I can't avoid mentioning the new exhibition that has opened at the National Maritime Museum, Visions of the Universe. (Full disclosure: I have not been involved with this exhibition at all.) It has been getting some really nice reviews and previews, and anyone with an interest in astronomy or photography should make the trip.
In this post, though, I want to highlight something else that is currently on view, within the main (free) museum. While the exhibition showcases what the space age has brought us, with extraordinary Hubble-type images and – the real hit, I think – a 13-metre long Mars Window, this other display offers the clearest possible reminder of how recently it is that any of this became possible.
In the NMM's Compass Lounge (at the rear left of the Museum's new entrance foyer), the several sheets of a 1951 map of the moon have been photographed and reproduced to show the complete 300-inch chart. It shows an extraordinary level of hand-drawn detail, achieved by its maker, H. Percy Wilkins (1896-1960), with the aid of distinctly earth-bound telescopes.
This map, versions of which he had been working on since the 1920s, was the largest-scale and most detailed of its time, combining Wilkins' personal observations with data from the drawings, photographs and measurements of other astronomers. As his Wikipedia entry says, it was "considered by some as the culmination of the art of selenography prior to the space age". Wilkins himself described it as "the World's greatest Moon Map".
The map was also, perhaps, one of the last productions of its kind. Not only was it published just on the cusp of the space age, but it was also the project of an amateur, working from his home near Bexleyheath with a 12½-inch, and later a 15½-inch, reflector. Wilkins did the work in his spare time, being employed first as a mechanical engineer and then a civil servant at the Ministry of Supply.
Wilkins nevertheless found time to make telescopes, publish several works on popular astronomy and act as director of the British Astronomical Association's Lunar Section. As well as founding the Section's periodical The Moon, he was also, late in life, the first president of the International Lunar Society.
Two of Wilkins' books were co-authored with another selenographic authority, Patrick Moore, to whom the Visions of the Universe exhibition is dedicated. I found online a reminiscence of Wilkins by an acquaintance describing him as a "proto-Patrick Moore", but he was perhaps also a direct inspiration. In an obituary of his colleague, Moore wrote of the "prodigious amount of work" that went into the mapping project but, also, that "his personal enthusiasm was inspiring". Moore felt a "deep sense of personal loss".
Wilkins did not quite become the media star that Moore did, but he made "numerous broadcasts and television appearances". You can, for example, see him (his telescope, his map, and his daughter) here in a 1953 Pathé newsreel. Somewhat more infamously, he made the news in 1954 when he announced his observation of "the most extraordinary feature known on the moon today".
This was a curved shadow, already spotted and described as bridge-like by an American astronomer, John J. O'Neill. It was reported as a 20-mile arch, which can be seen clearly in the photographs reproduced in one of the newspaper reports, viewable at the bottom of the page here. It was, however, no more than a trick of the light, rather like the Face on Mars.
The episode seems to have damaged his credibility considerable and may be one of the reasons that he is less than well-remembered today. Part of the problem was that Wilkins spoke to the press and on the radio before submitting his, rather more cautious, observations to peer scrutiny, His case was not aided by his initially appearing to hint that the structure could be evidence of life on the moon: phrases like "looks artificial" and "almost like an engineering job" led some to leap to such conclusions, even if they were simply descriptive.
The "bridge" was not included in Wilkins' map, although it did incorporate some other erroneous details. Nevertheless, NASA purchased at least one, and possibly several, copies of the reduced reproduction of his lunar chart when preparing for the Apollo moon landings. His map was also used to help match up the first photographs of the far side of the moon, produced by a Lunar 3 in 1959, with features visible from Earth.
As well as the originals of three editions of the maps themselves, the Museum also received a number of notebooks, all kindly donated by Wilkins' daughter. The notebooks include formulae, photographs, newspaper cuttings, original drawings and observational notes, from Wilkins' Kentish observatory and visits to professional observatories in France and the US. They are testament to his years of dedicated work.
When you go (as you must) to see the images, the ingenuity and the leaps that have been made in professional and amateur astronomical imaging on display in the major exhibition, do also remember to pop over to see "the World's greatest Moon Map".
Is there 'a rising tide of irrationality'?
I often come across the assumption, or assertion, that pseudoscientific views or belief in the paranormal are increasing. Yet the claim that there is a "rising tide of irrationality" seems to be backed by little evidence.
This certainly chimes with my view as an historian. Loxton also pointed me to a piece on the data collected since 1990 by Gallup that indicates "the public's persistent belief in the paranormal". While particular types of paranormal interest come in and out of fashion, overall it seems that views considered non-, anti- or pseudo-scientific have a fairly static presence.
So why the assertion that it is increasing? Perhaps today we can point to the potential for visibility and collective presence generated by the internet. There are also new ways in which unscientific views have entered the political arena, making them more visible and problematic – something recently discussed by Erik M. Conway and Naomi Oreskes inWhy Conservatives Turned Against Science.
Take astrology, for example. It was once intimately connected with astronomy. The words were more or less interchangeable in the early modern period, although for simplicity we can characterise astrology as having been one of the most significant drivers for accurate positional astronomy, alongside timekeeping, surveying and navigation. By the end of the 17th century, for elite astronomers, this connection was disintegrating and, although their data continued to be used by astrologers, the borders between legitimate and non-legitimate uses of astronomy were redefined.
The astrologers did not go away, and popular belief in the effect of heavenly bodies on the mundane world – on individuals, nations, crops, weather or health – certainly remained throughout the 18th century and beyond. A market for astrological publications and symbolism continued to exist, even if it was not until the late 19th century that there was a notable revival of interest in astrology and other things esoteric and spiritual among more fashionable and educated audiences.
One place in which we can trace this ever-present undercurrent of astrological belief is, of all places, in the archive of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich (now held at Cambridge University Library), where a quick search of the online catalogue reveals that Astronomers Royal throughout the 19th and 20th century had to deal with enquiries from the public relating to astrology. Undoubtedly there was such correspondence in the 18th century too, it simply was not kept as diligently.
Astrological enquiries of the mid 19th century – before the revivals of either late 19th-century esotericism or the 20th-century's New Age – were also referred to in a published account. This was The Midnight Sky, written by one of the Observatory's assistant astronomers, Edwin Dunkin.
Dunkin's "final example of the march of intellect in the nineteenth century" was a letter received more than 30 years before: "I have been informed that there are persons at this Observatory who will, by my inclosing a remittance and the time of my birth, give me to understand who is to be my wife. An early answer, stating all relative particulars, will greatly oblige".
Astrological questions, or ones on Mayan prophecy or UFOs, still come to places like the Royal Observatory. We can at least comfort ourselves with the knowledge that this puts us in esteemed company, and that 'twas always thus, and 'twill ever be.
Over history, changing technology has brought Mars ever closer to us, before it finally took us to it. However, what technology couldn't definitively supply, human imagination has always been ready to provide.
So long as they were Earth-bound, astronomers were limited not only by the capabilities of their instruments but also by the atmosphere through which they peered. The motion of the air makes the detail of planetary surfaces flicker and deceive the eye. Tantalisingly clear glimpses appear when the air stills, which, pre-photography, had to be committed to memory and reproduced in sketches.
Robert Hooke, working with a small-lensed refracting telescope in 1666, described the difficulties of observing Mars: "I could find nothing of satisfaction, though I often imagin'd, I saw Spots, yet the inflective veins of the Air … did make it confus'd and glaring, that I could not conclude upon any thing." Yet, at the same period, Christiaan Huygens and Gian Domenico Cassini (celebrated in the Cassini-Huygens Mission) noted the presence of distinct features, including white areas toward the poles and patches identified as bogs.
William Herschel, a pioneer of large reflecting telescopes, quickly came to the conclusion that the white areas were ice caps. In 1784 he further reported to the Royal Society that Mars "is not without considerable atmosphere", with evidence of clouds, and that "its inhabitants probably enjoy a situation in many respects similar to our own." The instinct to describe what were, necessarily, incredibly indistinct features with words with terrestrial connotations undoubtedly reinforced the sense that Mars was Earth's mirror.
By the 19th century, the magnification and light-gathering power of reflecting telescopes had increased dramatically, allowing a much greater degree of detail on the surface of Mars to be defined. Of course, more visible features gave eyes and imaginations more to play with.
This was the great age of Mars mapping, an effort that led, inevitably, to the fixing and defining of ever-more Earth-like features. Latitude, longitude and prime meridians were marked, and features were labelled. Initially, noncommittally, they were given alphabetical labels but very soon they had European names and, just as with far-flung parts of the Earth, naming and mapping implies knowledge and possession.
In 1867, the great astronomy populariser, Richard A. Proctor, published a map of Mars that gave hard, defined edges to features that had, so far, been softly rendered. Suddenly appearing as seas, islands and inlets, they carried the names of astronomical heroes. Proctor confidently wrote of "land and water, mountain and valley, clouds and sunshine, rain and ice, and snow, rivers and lakes, ocean current and wind current" that, surely, were serving the needs of Martian life.
The best known products of this Martian mapping mania, and the apex of the desire to see terrestrial and mundane forms in space, are the "canali" (channels in Italian, but quickly read in English as "canals", an artificial structure) mapped by Giovanni Schiaparelli from Milan, and run away with by Percival Lowell in Flagstaff, Arizona.
Lowell eventually "saw" and published maps of not only canals but also vastly thick lines of cultivated vegetation, oases and cities, standing out against "one vast Sahara". It was a vision of a drying, dying planet being managed by an advanced civilisation. Lowell, a traveller and orientalist, wrote of Mars as if he had actually been there.
These claims did not convince all but they proved hard to dislodge. In the early 20th century photography was not able to provide much assistance. Fascinatingly, Lowell's assistant C O Lampland was awarded the Royal Photographic Society's medal for successfully capturing an image of the canals. You can see Lampland's photographs, and a fascinating discussion of them, in this 1921 article in the journal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
The picture above marks one of a number of attempts to undermine Lowell's claims. It was published in a 1903 article by E Walter Maunder, an assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, who had already pointed out the issues surrounding the weakness and suggestibility of human perception, especially when observing at the limits of vision and making records based on memory.
Maunder described an experiment undertaken with boys of the nearbyRoyal Hospital School. The boys – who, as future naval officers, were trained in observation and draftsmanship – were placed at various distances, shown a soft, shaded interpretation of the Martian surface and asked to draw it. As the results above show, several of the boys readily made out straight lines where none appeared in the original – either because they were already familiar with Lowell's ideas or, as Maunder claimed, because the eye resolves dots and patches into lines at a distance.
The Martian canals had a surprisingly long life, and not only in the popular imagination. Assumptions that there was, or had been, intelligent life on Mars remained dominant into the 1940s and 50s. The hope of finding large organisms, at least, was still alive in the 1970s, as the probe Mariner 9 beamed back images of dried river beds.
Today, Curiosity has set wheel on the Martian surface, and demonstrates that, although hopes of finding life have faded, the interest in environments that could be cultivated by an intelligent species into a habitable world remain with us today.
to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find our the so much-desired longitude of places for the perfecting the art of navigation.
I have another post on the topic of "Astrology is rubbish, but…" thas has just appeared as a guest post on Martin Robbins' The Lay Scientist. Very many thanks to Martin for agreeing to host, and offering his readers a different view to the one he put across a few says ago in "Astrologers angered by stars". Comments are kicking off nicely – with some people evidently actually understanding what I was trying to say. Others not. Oh well – we try.
I had another thought – a pensée d'escalier – last night about the meaning of skepticism (though not, for the philosophers here, in the technical sense). It sometimes becomes confusing in such debates as to where skepticism sits and what it means. Being skeptical of astrology is good, being skeptical about climate change is bad. But let us remind ourselves that the etymology of skepticism implies enquiry and reflection, not dismissiveness. This may help sort out the real skeptics from the rubbishers!


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Amelia White
Amelia White is a proud member of Antaeus. She has appeared on the Antaeus stage in You Can't Take it With You, Tonight at 8:30 and Penny for a Song. She works in theatre all over the US. Most recently in Blithe Spirit at Northern Stage in VT and in Vanya, Sonya, Masha and Spike at the Denver Centre, CO. She appeared in Silent Sky and Misalliance at So.Coast Rep. (Costa Mesa, CA). Broadway credits include award winning shows Crazy For You in which she created the role of Patricia Fodor, and The Heiress. She won the Theatre World Award for The Accrington Pals (Hudson Guild Theatre, NY) She Trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, London and is married to Antaean Geoffrey Wade. AEA member.
Tonight at 8:30
You Can't Take It With You
Peace In Our Time


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News + Opinion » Politics
Progressive Council Candidates Fight to Defend Their Turf
by Kevin J. Kelley
Burlington Progressives aren't running a candidate for mayor this year, instead betting everything on protecting and recapturing ground in a former stronghold: the city's Old North End.
Queen City Progressives have occupied the mayor's office for 29 of the past 31 years, but opted to sit this election out. Voter anger over the Burlington Telecom scandal has caused their man in city hall — Prog Mayor Bob Kiss — to avoid a reelection fight he almost certainly would have lost.
Defeats in two Old North End city council races — in Wards 2 and 3 — on March 6 would leave Progressives with Vince Brennan (P-3) as their sole representative on a 14-member council that was once half theirs.
For 30 consecutive years, Progressives or their allies have held the other Ward 3 council seat — the one that's up for grabs on Tuesday. It's being vacated by Emma Mulvaney-Stanak, who is moving to Winooski. Rachel Siegel, 41, is running as the Progs' designated heir, describing herself as a women's rights and antiracism activist.
The open Ward 2 council seat has been occupied by Democrat Dave Berezniak for the past four years. He's not seeking another term, however, and Progressive candidate Max Tracy, a 25-year-old University of Vermont admissions counselor and union organizer, is working to unite the neighborhood's mix of student and immigrant renters and working-class homeowners behind his campaign. In 2010, Tracy came within 15 votes of winning the council race in a ward that spawned Prog patriarchs Terry Bouricius and Gene Bergman.
Elijah Bergman, Gene's son and the vice chair of the Burlington Progressive Party, says his party's decision not to field a mayoral candidate has enabled it to focus its voter turnout machine on the two Old North End contests. The Progs don't have much money, but they're running data-driven campaigns in both wards, a skill the younger Bergman says he picked up while working for Democratic U.S. Senate candidate Paul Hodes in New Hampshire two years ago.
For their part, Burlington Dems appear just as determined to sweep to victory in the Old North End. Smelling an opportunity to polish off the Progs, they've nominated a pair of articulate candidates: Sean Hurley, a 28-year-old software entrepreneur, to run against Siegel in Ward 3; and Phil Hammerslough, a 68-year-old cycling advocate and employment training specialist for visually impaired Vermonters, who's in a race against Tracy in Ward 2.
The Dems' determination fails to obscure some political disarray. Hammerslough was a late entry into the Ward 2 race after the party's original candidate had to withdraw because his job was federally funded; the Hatch Act prevents anyone in such circumstances from running for office.
In addition, state Sen. Tim Ashe, who ran unsuccessfully as a Progressive-Democrat fusion candidate for mayor, is backing the Progressive candidates in both wards. Tellingly too, Democratic mayoral candidate Miro Weinberger hasn't endorsed either of his party's candidates in the Old North End — perhaps because he doesn't want to alienate two potential Prog city councilors. Weinberger denies that's the reason for his neutrality; he notes he's steering clear of all council races to concentrate solely on his own election prospects.
Two independents viewed as longshots are also running in Ward 3: Franco Salese IV, the alpine ski coach at Burlington High School, and Ron Ruloff, who says he lives in a truck.
On the issues, the candidates aren't far apart. In both wards, the Dem and Prog hopefuls all support a school tax increase that amounts to 9.1 percent. The candidates are trying to reassure Old North End homeowners that they won't feel the financial pinch because many of them are eligible for state-financed school tax breaks.
"All of us overwhelmingly want the same things for Ward 3," Democrat Hurley says in an interview at Nunyuns Bakery & Café on North Champlain Street. "We want people to feel safe in the neighborhood and to have good schools and ample affordable housing."
Siegel sounds the same chord of harmony. "Sean and I share a lot of values," she says over coffee at Muddy Waters. "We see eye to eye on many issues."
Siegel is campaigning partly on an idea that may seem obscure yet might be the most achievable of any tossed out in the two races. She wants to change the appointment process for city commissions — the citizen panels that oversee the departments of city government. Rather than being picked by city councilors in accordance with party affiliation, Siegel says that each of the city's seven neighborhood planning assemblies should choose one member of each commission to ensure "direct accountability to neighbors."
Another shared theme for Progs and Dems in this election? A stated desire to end the political bickering that has defined their relationship for years.
At a candidates' forum earlier this month, Elijah Bergman read a statement on behalf of Tracy, who was not there, that said, "We cannot continue the highly partisan behavior that has marked the city council in recent years."
Striking a similar tone, Hurley suggested he didn't agree with all of the positions taken by outgoing Councilor Mulvaney-Stanak, but declined to offer specifics. And Salese, scion of the Junior's Pizza business, presents himself as an independent everyone can support, saying his platform is "a blend of the three major parties.'"
So how do the respective candidates try to differentiate themselves? By subtly highlighting distinctions in style and substance.
Hurley, for example, says he'll be a "tireless advocate" for Ward 3 constituents. He also depicts himself as the prospective councilor best able to represent the ward in "a period of change at city hall." Translation: The unmarried Hurley could devote himself to council duties more unstintingly than Siegel, who has two children, ages 5 and 8, and two part-time jobs. She also serves as a volunteer for several social-change groups.
Asked to respond to Hurley's implied criticisms, Siegel says her two gigs — as a dance teacher at the YMCA and as a patient-care instructor at UVM's College of Medicine — consume a combined average of 10 hours per week. In a jab at Hurley, she adds, "I'd think someone running a new company might have to work 80 hours a week" — a reference to Hearforward, the social media software firm her opponent launched in 2010. Siegel, who has lived in Burlington since age 3, also cites her "longevity in the ward" as an important asset. Hurley moved to Burlington three years ago.
In the Ward 2 race, Tracy says he'll be able to "stand up to the bullies" on the city council, while Hammerslough describes himself as a candidate who's "not dogmatic" and thus "good at working with a variety of people." Tracy translation: Some of the Dems, who may soon constitute a council majority, act arrogantly toward those with views different than their own. Decoding Hammerslough: The Progs can be insufferably politically correct; plus, a 68-year-old has more wisdom than a 25-year-old.
So far, the Ward 2 rivals have thrown more punches at each other than have their Ward 3 counterparts.
"We need to clean house. We need new leadership," Hammerslough declares during a breakfast conversation at Panadero Bakery on North Winooski Avenue. (Hammerslough does disclose, however, that he ran with Progressive backing for a state legislature seat from Essex Junction in the mid-'90s.)
Hammerslough also raises the possibility that Tracy, like previous Ward 2 councilor Jane Knodell, may have to recuse himself from votes concerning UVM that can be particularly important in a neighborhood with a high concentration of students. (Knodell, now the university's provost, was an economics professor at UVM while she served on the city council.)
Interviewed at New Moon Café on Cherry Street, Tracy calls the spectre of recusal "an unfair myth and a scare tactic put out by the Democrats." He says he's been assured by Gene Bergman, an assistant city attorney, that his work in the UVM admissions office won't require him to refrain from voting on university-related issues. Tracy further comments, "I haven't heard many specifics from Phil on affordable housing, immigrants, children's programs, and low- and moderate-income issues."
To what extent Progressives will be weighed down by the Bob Kiss albatross is still unknown. Siegel and Tracy both acknowledge hearing complaints from some voters about their membership in the mayor's party.
"The Progressives' legacy has been tarnished," Tracy acknowledges. "But it's a very strong legacy in many ways, and I'm not ashamed to be a Progressive."
Siegel adds, "The Progressives have done some amazing things for Burlington." As she knocks on Ward 3 doors, Siegel finds that "some people are outright hostile to me as a representative of Kiss. My hope, though, is that voters are sophisticated enough to know I'm not him."
If she and Tracy do win, there'll be a trio of Progs on the Burlington City Council — not enough to drive the agenda, but enough for what has been America's most successful third party to at least remain a player in the city of its birth.
Ward 3 Progressive candidate Rachel Siegel
Ward 3 Democratic candidate Sean Hurley
Ward 3 independent candidate Franco Salese IV
Ward 3 independent candidate Ron Ruloff
Ward 2 Progressive candidate Max Tracy
Ward 2 Democratic candidate Phil Hammerslough
The Cannabis Catch-Up: Support for Pot Legalization Reaches a New High
News Quirks (3/11/15)
News Quirks (3/4/15)
News Quirks (01/14/15)
Politics politics local matters local issues news


* Are we alone in the Universe?
How did the universe begin? What is the ingredient of matter? These fundamental questions arouse curiosity of not only researchers but also of all ordinary people. How was life created? Where is the origin of life? These profound questions also stimulate our imagination. Are we alone in the universe? Do we have our counterparts on another planet? Scientists are now searching for the answers.
The ancient people had believed that living matter arose spontaneously from non-living matter. However, such spontaneous life generation was opposed by a French scientist Louis Pasteur in the 19th century and since then the origin of life became the subject of attention. Meanwhile, A. Oparin, a biochemist of the former Soviet Union published a hypothesis maintaining that a substance called "coacervate", which is generated from organic colloids in the primordial ocean, may have a linkage to the first life. In the 1950s, Urey and Miller successfully generated an organic substance containing amino acid from an inorganic substance by electric discharge. This prompted vigorous discussions about the link between the universe and life. Although there were a discovery of interstellar matter in 1960s and several astronomical attempts to probe amino acid in space since the late 1970s, we have yet to find any life-related substance in the universe.
Past observational/theoretical studies show that large-size organic molecules exist in a very compact star-forming region. These molecules are thought to have been formed from the surface reaction of interstellar dust and vaporized by radiation from a protostar at the center of the region. Also, there is a possibility that we may find not only these organic molecules but also precursor life-related substance such as large organic molecules containing base, sugar or their precursor substances composing amino acids or nuclei acids (see Figure 1). Since there is little evaporation in a region farther away from the central star where a cometary nucleus (a small object mainly made of ice) is formed, it is assumed that precursor life-related substances may be found in a comet with their formation record.
A recent study revealed that glycine, which has the simplest composition of amino acids, was detected in particles taken from Comet Wild 2 by the Stardust Project (Elsila et al. 2009). This fact indicates the possibility that precursor life-related substances may have been contained in a protoplanetary disk. Based on this assumption, we can make two hypotheses: the first is that any life-related substance generated from interstellar gas would have reached the primordial earth or a primordial planet; and the second is that any life-related substance would have fallen on the primordial earth or a primordial planet in a form of a comet, meteorite, or interplanetary dust after planets were formed, and it became a seed of life on the earth or on a planet.
Life consists of a wide variety of materials, and a number of different biochemical reactions are taking place inside the cell. The evolution of life is greatly related to the past global environment as evidenced by fossil records of extinct plants and animals. For further understanding of life, close and wide scientific collaboration beyond disciplinary boundaries is necessary. With the advancement of close research cooperation among related fields of study, NASA proposed to establish a new academic discipline called "astrobiology" in the 1990s aiming to study the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. In the United States and Europe, several organizations committed to astrobiology were formed in the years straddling the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and International Astronomical Union (IAU) established Commission 51 (Bioastronomy). In January 2009, Japan Astrobiology Network (http://www.ls.toyaku.ac.jp/astrobiology-japan/) was established to create collaboration among astronomy, chemistry, geophysics, and biology. Against this background, the detection of life-related precursor substances in the universe was chosen as one of the major scientific goals of ALMA.
How much possibility is there that ALMA will detect any life-related precursor substances? It is assumed that life-related precursor substances (contained in ice around interstellar dust) are evaporated (sublimated) by the emission from the central star and scattered around interstellar space. Since the sublimation temperature of water is higher than 90 K, the estimated excitation temperature of life-related precursor substances would be around 100 K. This kind of sublimation may also occur when a comet that would have a primordial substance of the solar system appears and enters the inside of the Snow Line. In this case, strongest spectral lines are found in a range from 200 GHz to 300 GHz as shown in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 3, the spectral sensitivity graph of ALMA indicates that sensitivity of several milli-K can be achieved with 10-hour integration using Band 5/6. This means ALMA can detect glycine with column density of 1011cm-2 which is 1000 times smaller than the upper detection limit achieved by existing radio telescopes.
If ALMA successfully detects life-related precursor substances in various planet forming regions, we will be able to understand more deeply about the evolution process of organic molecules containing life-related precursor substances in the universe, as well as the relation of their distribution, evolution process to the types of central stars and the distance from the central star, etc. It is expected that all of these will provide us with new insights leading to the recognition of universal presence of living organisms throughout the universe.
Figure 1: Examples of life-related precursor substances which will be observed with ALMA: glycine (upper left); alanine (upper right); and pyrimidine (middle).
Figure 2: An example of estimated intensity distribution of the emission line of glycine with a column density of 1014cm-2 and at an excitation temperature of 100 K.


General information about mastitis - what is it, what causes it, what does it cost?
How does the milking process influence the risk of mastitis?
What factors influence the risk of mastitis around calving?
How does the dry-off process influence the risk of mastitis in the dry period and at calving?
How can you minimise the effect of the environment?
When to cull, who to cull, how to choose?


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← Teaching the scientific method, with magic
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Map and Territory: Navigating Language
March 22, 2011 by Jesse Galef 11 Comments
Three philosophy grad students were stranded on an abandoned island. They started wandering around exploring, making a map of the territory. To make it easier to talk about, they labeled the northern part of the island "Section A" and the southern part "Section B", writing it in big letters on the top and bottom of the map.
After exploring a bit, Chris called out excitedly. "I found a radio in Section A! Check it out, we're saved!" His friends came running.
"This is in Section B, not Section A," said Bruce. "It's south of the tree line, which is the obvious division between north and south."
"Of course it's Section A," replied Alice. "This is north of the river, which is the way to divide the island."
Chris shrugged. "I guess we never decided exactly what the border was; I just assumed we were using the river. It's not like the radio moves based on what section we call this. We agree that it's north of the river and south of the trees. It's Section A if we use the river, Section B if we use the forest. Let's just decide to use one or the other. Neither way is 'right' or 'wrong'; we're making them up."
Alice and Bruce weren't buying it.
"What do you mean, we're just making it up? The forest is real and the river is real. One of them makes the real boundary between Section A and Section B!"
Chris sat down to use the radio to call for help, leaving his two friends to their bickering.
Alice and Bruce were experiencing the "map and territory" confusion. A map is a mind-made categorization of real things in the territory. It doesn't make sense to say that the decision to divide the territory in one way or another is "right" or "wrong", only more or less useful in different contexts.
This comes up all too often in language. Like sections on a map, words are societal tools we use to categorize and communicate the real things we experience. Our society has some well-defined words like 'hydrogen' – we have a good shared understanding of exactly which conditions must be met to determine whether or not we should call something 'hydrogen'.
But the boundaries around other words are hazier. People argue over whether to call something 'love', whether to call it 'art', and (one of the most contentious) whether to call it 'moral'. By some definitions, a urinal on a pedestal qualifies as art, by other definitions it doesn't. Society hasn't agreed upon clear-cut boundaries for which feelings, objects, or actions fit into those categories. But the arguments are not about reality itself – they're over the labels, the language map.
In many philosophical discussions, the distinction is muddied or lost. When the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy gives an Analysis of Knowledge and examines whether or not a person "knows" something, they're really at the 'map' level, discussing which facts, principles, and phenomena we choose to group under the label 'knowledge'.
One such argument is over whether a person can know something without believing it to be true. Philosopher Colin Radford said yes, giving the example of a hypothetical student named Albert who thought he was guessing on a test but actually remembered correctly. Other philosophers such as "Evidentialists" have disagreed, and claimed that it wasn't knowledge after all because it lacked proper justification. But their argument is like the grad students arguing over whether the radio is in Section A. Nothing about Albert's confidence level, correctness, or justification for his guess changes based on whether or not it's labeled "knowledge".
The best way I've found to clear up the confusion is to change the sentence's subject. Instead of "What is moral?" ask "What things do people call moral?" Instead of "What is it to be a law of nature?" ask "What things do people call laws of nature?" Or, if you want to be meticulous, phrase your question "What conditions must be met for us to call a thing moral?" The new wording highlights the distinction between the label and the things themselves.
It's important to have words that categorize the world well so we can talk about a concept accurately and clearly. But an argument over the map isn't an argument about the underlying reality.
Filed under Language, Philosophy Tagged with Map and Territory
11 Responses to Map and Territory: Navigating Language
Edward Clint says:
Is this what people call a blog post?
Seriously.. yeah problems of pure semantics over a term can only be answered by reference to another term that happens not to be contested. We may disagree that an object is art but we'd like agree that art is something that necessarily includes "an artifact or display produced with the intent of conveying or eliciting a feeling or idea".
gb boy says:
The distinction between the label and the thing being labelled is relevant does exist.
What is mind-blowing is that we use a common language, English or whatever, as if it was really commonly grounded into each of our minds. But of course what everybody can commonly agree is not "the things being labelled" , but the labels (i.e. words)
The reason being we don't have the technical means to open the brain and see which node each label point to.
This problem does not exist within computers where every instruction and language token has an absolutely non-ambiguous mean embedded into their core.
By hacking the code-source of the brain (Church Turing hypothesis), we ll shatter language ambiguity and begin our merge with machines.
Interesting to look at is the lojban language, an attempt to create an ambiguous natural language that can be parsable by machines.( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban)
This is how I feel about words like "ironic." I've seen so many people correct others on bad usage of that word, despite the fact that their use of the word correctly conveyed how they felt on the subject. So if you understand the meaning, why does the definition matter?
Jesse R says:
It's curious because your first example of hydrogen has a very different kind of delineation in regard to what is map and what is territory than your latter example of, say, morality does. The shift is not just one of agreed boundaries of what defines the object, but also that the very ambiguity of what is art or morality as object means that there is a much less clear separation between map and territory. That is to say that if the map changes, so does the territory – which is a very divergent idea to the example of the radio.
Edward Clint:
Is this what people call a blog comment? Srsly, you appear to have missed the point quite ironically – the semantics are map, the territory is understanding that the words being used are representative of a real territory (not just another 'agreed upon' term).
Wesley says:
Just to point out the obvious: the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy doesn't give an analysis of knowledge. It hosts a brief literature review on the topic, written by Matthias Steup. Attributing views or accounts or analyses to the SEP is incorrect and misleading, and perhaps an indication of misunderstanding on the part of the attributer as to what the SEP is.
On another note, philosophers and linguists have been hip to the distinction you've stumbled upon here for a long, long time. Pleading for folks to be sensitive to the distinction between labels and the labelled is just pleading for them to be sensitive to the use/mention distinction and (one some conceptions) the distinction between semantics and metaphysics. These distinctions are already present in these discussions, whether or not you yourself have missed them. When questions are about the terrain, we consider the terrain; when about the map, we consider the map, and when about the relation between the two (which, despite the impressively crude picture you've presented here, is an incredibly complicated issue), we talk about that relation. Careful and charitable reading of contemporary work would make that obvious. If a reader doesn't pick up on it, that says something about the reader.
But I guess that asking someone to put in the time to actually learn something about a field before launching criticisms at it is asking a bit too much? Then again, remaining willfully ignorant of publicly available information so that one may continue to strawman their opponent is a pretty powerful strategy. Look where it's gotten the anti-evolution folks. Great company to be in, eh?
Julia Galef says:
Hi Wesley.
The philosophers I've talked to have told me that the question 'what is knowledge' is an investigation into the nature of the world, not just a semantic decision about how we would like to define the word knowledge. That's what I perceive to be the map-territory fallacy, or as you rightly pointed out, the use-mention fallacy. But I'd be very interested to read any materials you could recommend to me in which epistemologists acknowledge that the question 'what is knowledge' a semantic one; so far I haven't found any. If it is true that they see this question as semantic, I am surprised that it has attracted so much time and effort.
MolecularFossils says:
I think some of the above commenters have missed the distinction between an interesting little blog post about an area of communications commonly misused in everyday discussion, and a scholarly philosophical critique. There is no need to criticize Jesse simply for bringing up a topic that may have been discussed elsewhere.
One of the useful aspects of blogs is their ability to communicate simplified forms of complex ideas to non-specialists.
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Mr Fossils,
I would normally agree with you. However, given additional contextual information (i.e. personal conversations with the author), I am extremely confident that this was not intended as a discussion of a common mistake in everyday discussion, but, indeed, as a scholarly critique. This claim is further corroborated by much of the post itself.
I never meant to claim that endeavors into the nature of knowledge are entirely semantic. Questions about what knowledge is are, indeed, metaphysical questions. Semantics plays are very useful purpose, however, insofar as we can gather some insight by studying the semantics of epistemic discourse, such as felicitous uses of, say, the predicate 'knows' within the context of attributions that are accepted as true or inferences that are accepted as valid by competent speakers. By studying the semantic behavior of such a predicate, we can come to learn what sort of property it denotes, and further, what that property must be like in order to make as much sense as possible out of the discourse. A common story is that 'knows' denotes some polyadic relation, on some accounts between an agent and a bit of information (typically conceived of as a proposition), and on others among an agent, a bit of information, and something like an epistemic standard or something along those lines. Another is that, given the semantic behavior of 'knows' (and its relatives and cognates), the only way to make sense of epistemic discourse is to claim that the predicate denotes different relations across contexts. By clearing up the semantic issues, we can help settle the metaphysical questions, such as how many relations are in play and what it takes in order to stand in them. I said 'help settle', though. Not 'settle'.
In short: the semantics of epistemic terms *informs* the study of epistemic concepts, properties, and relations. This is why, in the contemporary landscape, it's hard to do much by way of interesting epistemology without at least some working knowledge of basic linguistics, or without a data set for what folks take to be felicitous and true (or otherwise) epistemic claims. Semantics informs, but does not in any way exhaust, the inquiry.
Jesse Galef says:
Actually Wes, after our conversations (but before I posted this) I looked over my draft to make sure I *wasn't* making any sweeping generalizations about the entire field of epistemology or philosophy as a whole. I even made a couple wording changes to try to make that clearer for when this post went up.
In fact, it's a pretty weak claim that "many philosophical discussions" muddy the distinction. I might make stronger claims later (especially when the metaphysical topics come up), but surely even you would agree with such a weak claim?
If your claim is merely that some philosophers are sloppy, unclear, or just bad at what they do, and that this unfortunate fact occasionally causes them to commit the philosophical cardinal sins of talking past each other or confusing the topic, then I can agree wholeheartedly.


Sir John de Medina came from a Spanish family settled in the Low Countries. He had arrived in London in 1686, where he adopted a style comparable to that of the reigning master Sir Godfrey Kneller. Perhaps on account of the difficulties of obtaining sufficient patronage in a capital already filled with portrait painters (at this date he would at various times have been in competition not only with Kneller, but with Michael Dahl, John Closterman and John Riley to name but the four most prominent) he travelled to Scotland where he settled in Edinburgh c.1693/4. There his agreeable version of the prevailing London manner guaranteed him a steady patronage by Scottish clients, and almost all of the principal Scottish nobility sat to him. He is accused of a formulaic approach to portraiture – most frequently encapsulated in the fact that his three-quarter length portraits were sometimes created by applying ad vivum heads onto pre-painted 'postures' – but works such as The Painter's Children (ex-Historical Portraits, London) and his self-portrait (Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh) show that he was a painter of considerable powers. His series of portraits in the Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh is a remarkable series that stands comparison with Kneller's Kit-Cat series, whilst being a remarkable survival of 'club' portraiture that is so often broken up and divided over time. In recognition of his work as Scotland's leading portrait painter he was knighted in 1707, becoming, by chance, the last Knight of the Kingdom of Scotland before the Act of Union.
This painterly oval canvas is typical of Medina's work at its most rapid and fluent, and the warm brushwork and engaging sense of the sitter's personality are trademark signs of the artist's autograph performances. As a lawyer Thomas Rigge is typical of the Edinburgh professional classes who provided much of Medina's staple patronage.


A wonderful 3 Bedroom Detached Bungalow with off road parking and a garage in a highly sought after area of Haverfordwest. Just off the Cardigan Road, this property is in a great location and just 1 mile out of the town centre where all facilities and amenities can be found. The property is also on a bus route making access into the town even easier.
Obscured front door to side aspect, radiator, loft hatch, storage cupboard with gas combination boiler, carpet flooring.
Double glazed window to front aspect, radiator, carpet flooring.
Double glazed window to front and side aspect, a range of base and wall units, 1.0 bowl sink, plumbing for washing machine, gas hob, built-in electric fan oven, radiator, vinyl flooring.
Two obscured double glazed windows to side aspect, low level WC, wash hand basin, walk-in electric shower, tiled walls, non- slip flooring.
Double glazed French doors to rear aspect, radiator, carpet flooring.
Double glazed window to side aspect, radiator, carpet flooring.
The fore is mainly laid to lawn with off road parking and GARAGE to side. To the rear is an enclosed rear garden mainly laid to patio.
We are advised that mains gas, electricity, water and drainage are connected to the property.


Ever since I saw this pin I have loved the colour combination of marigold and pink. I think a complete kitchen reno is a little far into the future for us so I had to make do with these drawers we got for the girls room. We were living in our house for about a week before our stuff arrived and I was itching to turn our hose into a home so this is one of the things I did in the evenings after the girls went to school.
I got two sample tubs of Taubmans paint from Bunnings and it was way more than I needed for the project.
There are six drawer fronts for the two units. I ummed and ahhed about how to arrange the drawers and knew that Lu would definitely want lots of pink so settled on a 121 and 212 arrangement.
Apparentely Lu's favourite colour is pink and Smalls' is orange. Who knew? I'm not sure what came first, the favourite colour or the chest of drawers.
I did two coats on each drawer front and it really needed the second one. I didn't worry about priming or sanding and the paint has been fine so far. (Five months on) It didn't take long to paint them and we had plenty of free floor space to let them dry.
The colours in real life are a little less Malibu Barbie then they look here. We've also put in new curtains, new carpet and a new rod to hold the dresses. ALL THE DRESSES.
It's really nice having all the little dresses on display like that. It means Lu usually has a few wardrobe changes in the day and is seldom without one of her beauties on but it is another little bit of colour in the room. We also put the shoes lined up (ha ha) under the dresses. This provides great amusement for Smalls and lots of fun when it's time to put our shoes on and head out the door.
Do you have Malm dressers? Have you painted them or done something special? I'd love to see. How do you store beautiful little dresses?
Stay tuned for what the girls room looks like now. Once I've done the laundry and tidied the place I'll take some snaps.


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Octavia Spencer and Aaron Paul Track Down a Murderer in Apple TV+'s Truth Be Told
What Is Apple TV+'s Truth Be Told TV Show About?
October 15, 2019 by Quinn Keaney
What is Apple TV+'s Truth Be Told about? Well, upon watching the trailer for the upcoming crime drama, I can tell you it's about murder. And wrongful convictions. And rich people doing rich people things. And Octavia Spencer agreeing to play a true-crime podcaster and journalist named Poppy Parnell. (Poppy Parnell!) So, in other words, it's about a lot of things that I will happily be slamming play on when the show arrives on the new streaming network in December.
In the first trailer for the dark, twisted show, we're introduced to Poppy, whose series of investigative articles helped put teenage killer Warren Cave behind bars 18 years earlier. But now, older, wiser, and with a hit podcast, Poppy is starting to wonder if she put an innocent man in prison, and if so, how she can help get him out. The adult Warren, played by El Camino's Aaron Paul (with a voice way more gravelly than usual), isn't too keen on forgiving her. With his help, though, Poppy just might be able to sift through family secrets and a tangled web of lies to figure out who really committed the grisly murder almost 20 years ago.
Truth Be Told premieres on Dec. 6 and also stars Lizzy Caplan, Mekhi Phifer, Tracie Thoms, and Ron Cephas Jones.
Octavia SpencerTVApple TV
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