When we speak of tea, it is commonly assumed to be black tea with milk and sugar. However, the word 'Tea' means any herb. This means even hot Tulsi water is Tulsi tea or hot mint water is Mint tea. Herbs that can be converted into tea are jasmine tea, lemon tea, lemon grass tea, masala tea, sounf tea etc.
When the decoction of the leaves and the water is reduced to 50% on boiling, it is called Kadha. Black tea without milk and sugar is much healthier than black tea with milk and sugar. Classical tea without sugar and milk has an astringent taste. But according to Ayurveda, this is good for health as it reduces Kapha imbalance. When sugar and milk is added, both of which have sweet taste, they neutralize the weight reducing and kapha-relieving properties of the black tea. Therefore, milk or sugar should not be added to tea. For the purpose of taste, one can add Gur or jaggery or artificial plant sweetener Stevia.
In Ayurveda, there are different teas for different personalities. Therefore, you can get Vata-pacifying tea, pitta-pacifying tea and kapha-pacifying tea.
Pregnancies diagnosed with preeclampsia in the preterm period have a very high relative risk for fetal death, according to findings of a population-based cohort study published online February 4 and in the March issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
Exposure to acute flares of rheumatoid arthritis significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, according to findings from a population-based cohort study conducted by Dr. Elena Myasoedova and her associates and published in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.
Prednisone may speed the time to clinical stability among patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a new trial has found. Time to stability dropped from 4.4 days in a placebo group to 3 days in patients given the drug, according to findings published online January 18 in The Lancet.
Optimal use of modern contraceptives could avert an estimated 15 of 16.7 million unwanted pregnancies each year in 35 low- and middle-income countries, according to a demographic health survey. Saverio Bellizzi, MSc, from the World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office, Manila, Philippines, and coauthors report their findings online February 3 in Human Reproduction.
Results from a new randomized controlled trial presented at the American Society of Nephrology 35th Annual Dialysis Conference suggest that increasing the hours of hemodialysis each week does not affect quality of life, but it does have a positive influence on other parameters, including blood pressure.
Traditionally, people believe that Nastik are people who do not go to temples or related places of worship. They also do not believe in God.
Arya Samaj followers do not do idol worship and believe in non–dualism and treat God and self as one.
The word Nastik means someone who does not believe in God at all, therefore, he or she also does not believe in self as God is nothing but self. In medical sciences, these are the people who have no insight and will usually be suffering from depression and loss of self–esteem.
Waiting until a patient's systolic blood pressure exceeds 150 mm Hg before intensifying antihypertensive medication is associated with an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events and death, according to the results of a large analysis published in the BMJ.
About one in three adults would risk losing time off the end of their lives to avoid taking a daily pill to prevent cardiovascular disease, suggests a survey of individuals professionally recruited for such a study. The sample included a mix of people, more than half of them women, some of whom were taking daily medications already, while others were not. Moreover, about one in five respondents said they would pay at least $1000 if it meant not taking a daily pill for the rest of their lives, in the analysis published February 3, 2015 in Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes.
In children with comorbid conditions, invasive pneumococcal disease causes higher morbidity and mortality, according to a surveillance study published online February 2 in Pediatrics. Furthermore, many cases are caused by serotypes not included in current conjugate vaccines.
If a headache is a kid's only symptom after minor blunt head trauma, it poses little risk of a clinically important brain injury, according to a new post-hoc analysis published online February 2 in Pediatrics. According to Dr Peter Dayan, the lead author, "This strongly suggests that CTs are not indicated in most children with headaches and no other signs or symptoms of (traumatic brain injury) after blunt head trauma, and a period of observation may be warranted before CT decision-making."
Is it medicolegally correct for a pathologist to give an opinion on a laboratory report to the patient or discuss/explain the report if the patient so requests?
Can a pathologist, when consulted by the patient, directly advise further pathology investigations on the basis of other pathological reports so as to reduce the time for proper diagnosis/treatment in the interest of the patient (such as advising urine culture on finding pus cells in urine)?
In response to the first question, we should not be unnecessarily tagged to the word "medico–legal". Your question is simply this "Is it against law for a pathologist to give opinion on a pathological report at the request of the patient?" The answer is obvious. It is not against any law.
In response to the second question also the same principle applies. The answer is "the pathologist can advise".
Please note that the patient may potentially allege later that the above opinion/advice resulted in damage to him and may claim damages from the pathologist. At that time the pathologist cannot repudiate the claim by saying that no fee was charged for rendering such opinion/advice.
It is better for the pathologist to tell the patient that he should discuss the issue with his treating physician or should ask the treating physician to discuss the issue with the pathologist.
If any opinion or advice is rendered by the pathologist, he should feel free to charge fee for the same. This would decrease the tendency to seek/give free advice. The system of charging fee would, to some extent, compensate for any compensation for which the pathologist may be held liable later.
Dr. Bad: You should opt for a Rs. 1000/- room.
Two days went by and the construction workers couldn't stand it anymore; they had to know who they had found. They called the police and said, "We are the two guys who found the skeleton in the closet and we want to know if it was Jimmy Hoffa or somebody important."
The American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association have issued a joint scientific statement giving a cautious recommendation to the use of nonnutritive sweeteners to help people maintain a healthy body weight and for diabetics to aid glucose control.
These products should be considered like a nicotine patch. They are appreciably better than the real product (sugar), but not part of an optimal diet.
The statement, published in both Circulation and Diabetes Care on July 9, 2012, warns that sweeteners are helpful only as long as people don't eat additional calories later as compensation.
The term nonnutritive sweeteners cover six sweeteners including aspartame, acesulfame K, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, and plant–derived stevia. These nonnutritive substances have zero calories.
2.Psychological, where the individual thinks they are allowed to eat more sugar-rich food because they had a diet soda instead of a full–sugar soda.
When people use sweeteners there is compensation. The key is how much? Partial compensation is ok but people often completely compensate or even overcompensate, so these sweeteners have to be used smartly to be successful. Compensation seems less of a problem when these sweeteners are consumed in beverages as opposed to food.
People don't really notice the lack of calories in a diet soda and so don't tend to eat more, whereas if they consume a low–calorie foodstuff, they do tend to eat more as compensation.
Its better when sweeteners are used in beverages and not sweets or other foods.
One is not completely sure about the safety of these products, because their long–term use in humans has not been studied fully.
However, the artificial sweeteners on the market are almost certainly safer than consuming large amounts of sugar, which has definite harm when consumed in large amounts.
This harm, particularly when consumed in beverage form such as soda, includes increases in risks of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and gout.
A concern, though, is that just replacing sugar with artificial sweeteners leaves a person, especially children, conditioned to high levels of sweetness, which is likely to influence their food choices adversely.
Answer for yesterday's Mind Teaser: 4. Ethylene oxide gas.
Medical research is confirming that, even in heart disease, men and women share a lot of risk factors, said Padma Shri, Dr. B C Roy National Awardee & DST National Science Communication Awardee, Dr. K Aggarwal, President Heart Care Foundation of India and Honorary Secretary General IMA. However, there are some important differences as reported in Harvard News Letter.
The National IMA Health Scheme was passed in the central council by a resolution dated 28th December 2012.
Commencement of the Scheme:- The Scheme will start function from 07 February 2015.
Heart Disease:- Angioplasty, Bypass Surgery and Valve replacement Surgery.
Benefits of the scheme shall be available only to the member and his / her spouse , child(ren) and parent(s), if the member has paid the membership subscription of his and his/ her spouse child(ren) and Parent(s).
Financial Assistance Contribution (FAC) Every Member / beneficiary member / Child (ren) shall pay the following amount.
When a member / Spouse / Child(ren) / Parents first join the scheme they should pay the Admission fee, Annual membership fee and Advance financial assistance contribution at the rate mentioned above. Prescribed application form along with the admission fee, Annual membership subscription and Advance Financial Assistance Contribution drawn in favour of the scheme "IMA National Health Scheme" by A/C .Payee draft payable at the secretary's office has to be sending to the Hony. Secretary's office. No cash or money order will be accepted. Admission fee is onetime payment, Annual membership subscription and advance financial assistance contribution shall be paid every year.
If a member /beneficiary member fails to pay the Financial Assistance Contribution within 30 days of the demand notice sent by the office, he/she shall be treated as a defaulter and he/she shall pay fine of Rs 50/- per month or part thereof. If the default continues beyond the period of 60 days, then a notice by registered post with acknowledgement shall be issued to such a member at his/her expense and if such member does not pay the dues within 30 days of the receipt of such a notice, membership shall be terminated forthwith.
(a). This scheme is entitled to be helpful to the members /beneficiary members to meet the heavy expenses for the management of coronary heart disease and surgical management of valvular heart diseases, management of renal failure, management of cancer, brain tumours involving surgical treatment and joint replacement surgery for hip and knee joints, spinal surgery, Trauma and diseases requiring admission causing expenditure above Rs. 5000.00.
1, Coronary Heart Disease;- Bypass surgery and angioplasty required for the treatment of coronary heart disease and valvular heart disease surgery will be covered under this scheme .Upper limit will be Rs. 2 Lakhs/year.
2. Renal Failure:- Regular haemodialysis or renal transplantation required in the management of chronic irreversible failure of both the kidneys will be covered under the scheme .Upper limit is Rs 2 lakhs/year.
3. Cancer:-, Surgery, Radiotherapy and chemotherapy required for the treatment of all cancers will be covered under the scheme. Upper limit will be 2 Lakhs/year.
4. Management of Brain Tumour:- Surgery, Radiotherapy and chemotherapy required for the treatment of brain tumours will be covered under the scheme. Upper limit will be Rs. 2 Lakhs/year.
5. Major Surgeries:-Surgery for knee and hip joints, spinal stenosis and disc surgery, or other major surgeries will be covered by the scheme with an upper limit of Rs one lakhs/year.
6. Other diseases:-Any serious diseases requiring hospitalization will be covered with an upper limit of Rs 50,000/- per year.
It has the power of discretion to fix the upper limit of reimbursements for various medical conditions/ surgical/diagnostic procedures after considering the existing expenses of treatment in side India.
It is mandatory that member have to submit original papers as well as attested Photo copies of treatment certificate, Discharge summery breakup of bills – Professional charges, cost of medicine and investigations etc and any other documents upon which a claim is based within 60 days of discharge from hospital. The member shall also give additional information and assistance as the scheme may require in dealing with any claim. If a claim in any manner fraudulent or supported by any fraudulent means of device (whether by a member or any other person acting on his/her behalf), the scheme shall not be liable to make any payment and may lead to termination of membership if the scrutinizing committee feels it is purposefully done for monetary gains from the scheme. Original bills and papers will be given back to the member after verification.
Permissible reimbursement will be reimbursed within 90 days from the submission of the original bills, papers and other documents upon which the claim is based. After verifying all the facts as prescribed by the managing committee, all payment shall be made by A/c Payee cheque. Managing committee will have the discretion to pass / reject payment of bill in cases where they are not satisfied about the genuineness of the bills.
Members will be given reimbursement of 75% of total amount of the bill not exceeding the sum limited to each diseases.
A member will get a maximum of benefit of Rs.2 Lakhs in one year.
Private hospitals have to apply for being included in the list of a recognized institution.
The managing committee is empowered to add or alter or delete the name of the list of institutions for treatment.
However, cost of treatment of members /beneficiary members shall be reimbursed regardless of whether they are recognized or not, provided the managing committee have not debarred them under any circumstances for any fraudulent action s made in record / s given to members / beneficiary members.
Managing committee of the schemes hall be empowered to decide about the claims on the above diseases. Central working of National IMA shall be the appellate body. No disputes can be challenged in any court of law.
Members of the scheme, who joins before the age of 55 years will get benefit only after completion of one year of joining the scheme.
Members who join after completion of 55 years of age will get benefit only after completion of 2 years of joining the scheme.
Charges of engaging a special nurse or attendant will not be reimbursed.
Treatment in other systems other than Modern Medicine will not be allowed.
The following bills of charges will not be reimbursed: cost of cosmetic treatment including dental procedures, cost of external appliances like spectacle, hearing aids etc.
Scrutinizing committee shall be nominated by the National President. The members of the committee shall be from different specialties including an anesthetist to a maximum of 7 members. The chairman, Secretary, and treasurer shall also be the member of scrutinizing committee. The secretary shall be the convener of the committee. The scrutinizing committee shall scrutinize the claim as per the bye law and decide on the amount of reimbursement. In case of doubt / difference of opinion the matter shall be referred to the managing committee.
Managing Committee:- It shall meet at least meet thrice a year. The quorum of Managing committee shall not be less than four. If quorum is not sufficient then reconvene the meeting after 15minutes.
The managing committee shall run the day to day functioning of the scheme. It shall receive the minutes, reports and accounts of the scheme and pass it. The Managing Committee shall receive the reports of the scrutinizing committee, empanelment committee and all other committees appointed. Management committee can decide regarding the policy of disbursement and /or investment of the funds and all other matters subject to ratification by the CWC and Central council.
Duties of the chairman:- The chairman shall conduct all the meetings of the managing committee. In the absence of chairman, the vice chairman shall conduct the meeting.
The secretary shall carry out the day to day function of the scheme and shall implement the decision taken by the managing committee. He/ she shall be in overall charge of the membership enrollment, collection and routine administration and besides other duties and function specified by the managing committee. Joint secretary shall help the secretary in all routine works and perform the duties of the secretary in his absence.
Duties of Treasurer:- The Treasurer shall maintain day to day accounts of the scheme, submit the accounts for the approval of the managing committee. He shall submit a statement of audited account to the managing committee of the scheme, the Central Working committee and Central Council of IMA. He shall prepare a budget for the next year.
State coordinators shall assist the secretary in membership enrollment, dues collection and claim disbursement in their respective States.
Duties of Vigilance officer:- Before each Managing Committee the vigilance officer shall audit the accounts and submit the reports to the managing committee.
25 The audited account of the scheme shall be presented to the Managing Committee, National Finance Committee, Central Working Committee and the Central council.
A separate Bank account shall be opened in any nationalized / Scheduled Bank in the name of the Scheme and shall be operated jointly by Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.
The Managing Committee shall approve account submitted by the office bearers duly audited by the chartered accountant of the scheme.
In any eventuality there should not be any liability to IMA.
If it becomes impossible to carryout the objectives of the scheme, the scheme can be dissolved by a decision of the CWC and Central council.
NABH Safe certification program enables health care organizations in upgrading their infection control practices thereby ensuring quality care for their patients.
Strength training exercises should not cause pain while you are doing them. If you experience significant pain, stop doing it! When performing an exercise, stick with a range of motion that feels comfortable. Over time, try to gradually extend that range.
According to the most recent CDC report, the prevalence of obesity in 2011-2012 was about 35%, a rate that has remained relatively unchanged since 2003. The 2013 JAMA Internal Medicine study of lifestyle behaviors in healthcare workers showed little differences in rates of overweight or obesity between the healthcare professionals studied and their patients. Physicians who reported their body mass index (BMI) in the Medscape survey do better than the general public, but a significant number are overweight or obese. Among the burned-out group, 55% confessed to being overweight to obese (40% and 15%, respectively) compared with 45% of those who were not burned out (36% overweight, 8% obese). These numbers have not budged since the 2013 report.
As the trend toward networking and connectivity of medical devices grows, so does the increase in the vulnerability of these devices to malware and malicious attacks. ECRI Institute is not aware of any patient harm resulting from a device being hacked. Still, there have been some worrisome incidents: Devices that became infected with malware caused a hospital to temporarily shut down its catheterization lab. Many healthcare organizations have had to inform patients that protected health information had been released inappropriately or even stolen.
Dr Navin C Nanda honored with the award of an honorary degree of Doctor of Science D.Sc (Med) from the Rajasthan University of Health Sciences at their Convocation on February 2, 2015 in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. The Award, given for the first time to a foreigner, was bestowed by Hon'ble Kalyan Singh, the Governor of Rajasthan and the Chancellor of the University. Later by the Hon'ble Smt. Vasundhara Raje, the Chief Minister of Rajasthan. Dr Nanda received a similar honorary degree of D.Sc from Turkey in July last year.
In a national office bearers and all state presidents and secretaries meeting chaired by Dr A Marthanda Pillai IMA National President it was decided that all IMA members in the country will be requested to give 10% discount to all citizens above the age of 65.
It was also agreed that similar discounts will be offer to all girl child born in the country.
Giving the details Dr K K Aggarwal honorary secretary general IMA said that IMA has a special program welcome the girl child. Similarly the elderly needs to be taken care off as they need special attention.
The two days meeting held in Delhi was attended by over 100 IMA leaders from cross the country.


text:
» Department of Chemical Engineering (Fredericton)
Investigations of corrosion-product behaviour under a variety of nuclear reactor coolant conditions
McLaughlin, M. (2016). Investigations of corrosion-product behaviour under a variety of nuclear reactor coolant conditions.
A non-stoichiometric nickel ferrite (Ni0:6Fe2:4O4) and two types of magnetite (Fe3O4) have been investigated under coolant conditions similar to those found in three different nuclear reactor designs. An impinging jet test section was placed within a recirculating water loop to measure dissolution of these corrosion-products, while a packed bed test section was used in separate experiments to assess changes in chemical composition and phase without the high mass transfer and flow patterns of an impinging jet. Findings in this work can be used to limit radioactive fields in nuclear generating stations by minimizing the release of metal species into bulk coolant that may transport those species through a reactor's core. The synthesis of magnetite from steels of varying chemical composition can lead to work that may improve corrosion mitigation in nuclear environments by developing an understanding of how minor alterations in chemical composition may improve the structural integrity of corrosion-products.
Derek H. Lister
William Cook
Laura Romero-Zeron
Gilles Villemure
© Mark McLaughlin, 2016
xv, 121 pages

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
OSA Publishing > JOSA A > Volume 36 > Issue 12 > Page D31
Iterative phase retrieval for digital holography: tutorial
Tatiana Latychevskaia
Tatiana Latychevskaia1,2
1Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
2Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland (tatiana@physik.uzh.ch)
Tatiana Latychevskaia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-8681
T Latychevskaia
pp. D31-D40
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.36.000D31
Tatiana Latychevskaia, "Iterative phase retrieval for digital holography: tutorial," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36, D31-D40 (2019)
Digital holographic imaging
Phase measurement
Phase retrieval
Original Manuscript: July 16, 2019
Applied Optics Joint Feature Issue in Applied Optics and Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Digital Holography and 3D Imaging 2019 (2019) JOSA A Joint Feature Issue in Applied Optics and Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Digital Holography and 3D Imaging 2019 (2019)
This paper provides a tutorial of iterative phase retrieval algorithms based on the Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm applied in digital holography. In addition, a novel GS-based algorithm that allows reconstruction of 3D samples is demonstrated. The GS-based algorithms recover a complex-valued wavefront using wavefront back-and-forth propagation between two planes with constraints superimposed in these two planes. Iterative phase retrieval allows quantitatively correct and twin-image-free reconstructions of object amplitude and phase distributions from its in-line hologram. The present work derives the quantitative criteria on how many holograms are required to reconstruct a complex-valued object distribution, be it a 2D or 3D sample. It is shown that for a sample that can be approximated as a 2D sample, a single-shot in-line hologram is sufficient to reconstruct the absorption and phase distributions of the sample. Previously, the GS-based algorithms have been successfully employed to reconstruct samples that are limited to a 2D plane. However, realistic physical objects always have some finite thickness and therefore are 3D rather than 2D objects. This study demonstrates that 3D samples, including 3D phase objects, can be reconstructed from two or more holograms. It is shown that in principle, two holograms are sufficient to recover the entire wavefront diffracted by a 3D sample distribution. In this method, the reconstruction is performed by applying iterative phase retrieval between the planes where intensity was measured. The recovered complex-valued wavefront is then propagated back to the sample planes, thus reconstructing the 3D distribution of the sample. This method can be applied for 3D samples such as 3D distribution of particles, thick biological samples, and other 3D phase objects. Examples of reconstructions of 3D objects, including phase objects, are provided. Resolution enhancement obtained by iterative extrapolation of holograms is also discussed.
Tatiana Latychevskaia, "Iterative phase retrieval for digital holography: tutorial: publisher's note," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 37, 45-45 (2020)
http://proxy.osapublishing.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?uri=josaa-37-1-45
22 November 2019: A correction was made to the title. Typographical corrections were made in the abstract and in Section 4.A.
Iterative phase-retrieval-assisted off-axis terahertz digital holography
Yuchen Zhao, Jean-François Vandenrijt, Murielle Kirkove, and Marc Georges
From Fienup's phase retrieval techniques to regularized inversion for in-line holography: tutorial
Fabien Momey, Loïc Denis, Thomas Olivier, and Corinne Fournier
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36(12) D62-D80 (2019)
Iterative algorithm of phase determination in digital holography for real-time recording of real objects
Tatsunori Nakamura, Kouichi Nitta, and Osamu Matoba
Three-dimensional display system using near on-axis, phase-only digital holography
Samsheerali P. T., Kedar Khare, and Joby Joseph
Appl. Opt. 54(3) 451-457 (2015)
Research on object-plane constraints and hologram expansion in phase retrieval algorithms for continuous-wave terahertz inline digital holography reconstruction
Jiaqi Hu, Qi Li, and Shanshan Cui
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Allen, L. J.
Almoro, P.
Arfire, C.
Balbekin, N. S.
Belashov, A. V.
Bergoend, I.
Chapman, H. N.
Charalambous, P.
Chen, C.
Cohen, O.
Depeursinge, C.
Duker, H.
Eldar, Y. C.
Fienup, J. R.
Fink, H.-W.
Formanek, P.
Gabor, D.
Gehri, F.
Gerchberg, R. W.
Goodman, J. W.
Gorodetsky, A.
Guo, C.
Haine, M. E.
Huang, H.
Joyeux, D.
Jueptner, W.
Kan, X. C.
Kirkland, E. J.
Kirz, J.
Koch, C. T.
Koren, G.
Kulya, M. S.
Latychevskaia, T.
Lawrence, R. W.
Leith, E. N.
Li, G. B.
Li, J. C.
Li, L.
Li, Q.
Li, Z.
Li, Z. Y.
Liu, G.
Liu, S. T.
Liu, Z. J.
Lubk, A.
McBride, W.
Miao, J.
Miao, J. W.
Mollenstedt, G.
Mulvey, T.
O'Leary, N. L.
Osten, W.
Oxley, M. P.
Pavillon, N.
Pedrini, G.
Petrov, N. V.
Picart, P.
Polack, F.
Qin, Y.
Ratcliffe, J. A.
Rong, L.
Saxton, W. O.
Sayre, D.
Scherzer, O.
Schiske, P.
Schnars, U.
Scott, P. D.
Segev, M.
Shechtman, Y.
Shen, C.
Tan, J. B.
Tiziani, H. J.
Upatnieks, J.
Wang, D.
Yu, Z.
Zhang, Y.
Zhou, X.
Zhou, Z.
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IEEE Signal Process. Mag. (1)
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Fig. 1. Position of the object and its twin image during recording and reconstruction with (a), (b) spherical waves and (c), (d) plane waves.
Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of Gerchberg–Saxton iterative phase retrieval algorithm from two intensity measurements, adapted from [10]. Measured intensities: $ |{u_0}|^2 $ is the intensity in the object plane, and $ |{U_0}|^2 $ is the intensity in the diffraction plane. From these two measured intensities, the algorithm recovers the complex-valued distributions in the object plane ($ {u_0}\exp (i{\varphi _0}) $) and in the diffraction plane ($ {U_0}\exp (i{\Phi _0}) $). (a) The algorithm starts in the object plane, where the initial complex-valued distribution is created by combining the measured amplitude distribution with the random phase distribution. (b) The Fourier transform of the object distribution gives the complex-valued distribution in the diffraction plane (c). The amplitude distribution in the diffraction plane is replaced with the measured amplitude distribution, creating an updated distribution of the complex-valued wavefront in the diffraction plane (d). (e) An inverse Fourier transform gives the complex-valued distribution in the object plane (f). The amplitude distribution in the object plane is replaced with the measured amplitude distribution, creating an updated object distribution for the next iteration starting at (a).
Fig. 3. General scheme of iterative phase retrieval from a single-shot intensity measurement (hologram), adapted from [11]. (a) The algorithm starts in the hologram plane, where the initial complex-valued distribution is created by combining the measured amplitude distribution with the phase of the reference wave. (b) The wavefront propagates from the hologram plane to the sample plane, where it gives the distribution complex-valued transmission function $ t(x,y) $. (c) Constraints in the sample plane are applied, and the updated transmission function $ t^\prime (x,y) $ is obtained (d). (e) The wavefront is propagated from the sample plane to the detector plane (f). The amplitude of the wavefront distribution in the hologram plane is replaced with the measured amplitude. The complex-valued wavefront distribution in the detector plane is updated for the next iteration starting at (a).
Fig. 4. 200 keV in-line hologram of latex sphere and its reconstruction. (a) In-line hologram of the sphere recorded at the defocus 180 µm. The blue lines mark the area outside which the transmission was set to 1 during the iterative reconstruction. (b) Retrieved amplitude distribution of the object wave. (c) Retrieved phase distribution of the object wave. Adapted from [27].
Fig. 5. Object with absorbing and phase-shifting properties. (a) Distributions of transmittance (top) and phase (bottom) of the object. (b) Simulated hologram (top) and phase distributions at the detector plane (bottom). (c) Reconstructed amplitude (top) and phase (bottom) distributions of the transmission function. (d) Iteratively reconstructed amplitude (top) and phase (bottom) distributions in the object plane. The blue curves are the line scans through the centers of the corresponding images. Adapted from [12].
Fig. 6. Reconstruction of 3D objects from two or more intensity measurements. (a) Experimental arrangement. The 3D sample is represented by a set of planes at different $ z $ positions. Here, the sample is sampled with four planes. Two holograms are acquired at different distances from the sample, $ {H_1} $ and $ {H_2} $. (b) Reconstructed amplitude distributions at the four planes within the sample distribution. Parameters of the simulations: wavelength is 532 nm, sample size is $ 1000 \;{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}} \times 1000\;{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}} $, sampled with $ 1000 \times 1000 $ pixels, distances between the planes within the sample are $ 50\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m} $, and $ {H_1} $ and $ {H_2} $ are acquired at distances 200 µm and 300 µm from the sample, respectively. In (b), only the central parts of the reconstructed distributions, $ 150\;{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}} \times 150\;{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}} $, sampled with $ 150 \times 150 $ pixels, are shown.
Fig. 7. Reconstruction of 3D phase objects from two or more intensity measurements. (a) Experimental arrangement. The 3D sample is represented by a set of planes at different $z$ positions. Here, the sample is sampled with four planes. Two holograms are acquired at different distances from the sample, H1 and H2. (b) Reconstructed amplitude distributions at the four planes within the sample distribution. Parameters of the simulations are the same as in Fig. 6; the diameter of the spherical objects is 10 µm.
Fig. 8. Resolution enhancement in digital holography by self-extrapolation of hologram. (a) Scanning electron microscope image of the sample. (b) $ 1000 \times 1000 $ pixels experimental optical hologram of the sample and its reconstruction (bottom). (c) Self-extrapolation of a piece of the hologram. The selected $ 500 \times 500 $ pixels part of the hologram is padded with zeros up to $ 1000 \times 1000 $ pixels and the corresponding reconstruction (bottom). (d) $ 1000 \times 1000 $ pixels self-extrapolated hologram from (c) after 300 iterations and its reconstruction (bottom). The details of the experiment and reconstruction procedure are available in Ref. [38].
(1) H ( X , Y ) = | R ( X , Y ) + O ( X , Y ) | 2 = | R ( X , Y ) | 2 + | O ( X , Y ) | 2 + R ∗ ( X , Y ) O ( X , Y ) | + R ( X , Y ) O ( X , Y ) ∗ .
(2) R ( X , Y ) H ( X , Y ) ∝ | R ( X , Y ) | 2 O ( X , Y ) | + R 2 ( X , Y ) O ( X , Y ) ∗ .
(3) t ( x , y ) = exp  [ − a ( x , y ) ] exp  [ i φ ( x , y ) ] ,
(4) u ( x , y ) = u 0 ( x , y ) t ( x , y ) .
(5) t ( x , y ) = 1 + o ( x , y ) ,
(6) A u 0 ( x , y ) t ( x , y ) = A u 0 ( x , y ) [ 1 + o ( x , y ) ] → A [ R ( X , Y ) + O ( X , Y ) ] .
(7) H ( X , Y ) = | A | 2 | R ( X , Y ) + O ( X , Y ) | 2 .
(8) u z 2 = F T − 1 { F T ( u z 1 ) exp  ( 2 π i Δ z λ 1 − α 2 − β 2 ) } ,
(9) F T ( u ) = ∬ u ( x , y ) exp  [ − 2 π i z ( α λ x + β λ y ) ] d x d y .


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The 2018–19 Croatian First Football League (officially Hrvatski telekom Prva liga for sponsorship reasons) is the 28th season of the Croatian First Football League, the national championship for men's association football teams in Croatia, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 27 July 2018 and is expected to end on 25 May 2019.
The league is contested by 10 teams.
On 23 April 2018, Croatian Football Federation announced that the first stage of licensing procedure for 2018–19 season was complete. For the 2018–19 Prva HNL, only eight clubs were issued a top level license: Dinamo Zagreb, Gorica, Hajduk Split, Inter Zaprešić, Lokomotiva, Osijek, Rijeka and Slaven Belupo. All of these clubs except Gorica were also issued a license for participating in UEFA competitions. In the second stage of licensing, clubs that were not licensed in the first stage can appeal on the decision.
1 Lokomotiva and Rudeš host their home matches at Stadion Kranjčevićeva as their own ground failed to get license for top level football. The stadium is originally the home ground of third-level side NK Zagreb.
Each team plays home-and-away against every other team in the league twice, for a total of 36 matches each played.
^ "Središnji postupak licenciranja za natjecateljsku 2018/19. godinu za UEFA klupska natjecanja, Prvu HNL i u Drugu HNL završen u prvom stupnju" (PDF). hns-cff.hr (in Croatian). 23 April 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ a b "Stadion Maksimir". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Stadion Poljud". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Stadion ŠRC Zaprešić". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Stadion Aldo Drosina". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ a b "Stadion Kranjčevićeva". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Stadion Gradski vrt". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Stadion HNK Rijeka". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Stadion Ivan Kušek-Apaš". prvahnl.hr. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ "Propozicije natjecanja za prvenstvo Hrvatski Telekom Prve lige za natjecateljsku godinu 2018/2019" (PDF). hns-cff.hr (in Croatian). 18 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.


text:
Previous Board of Directors
Past Staff
Resources on Architecture and Urbanism
Resources on Landscape Design
Resources on Environmental Issues
Resources on Islamic Architecture
Commemoration of the late Jordanian architect Jafar Tukan (1938 – 2014)
Exploring the Edge
Favorite Book Lists on Architecture
Material on Graywater Use
Material on Green and Resource-Efficient Building
Physical Mobility in the City
The CSBE | Zaha Foundation Cycling Project
Urban Crossroads
CSBE Print Publications
Participatory Design: Users Manual
Architectural Competitions
Community Development through Interactive Design
CSBE Photography Competitions
E-Publishing Program
Exploring Public Space through Users' Behaviour
Graywater Reuse Project
Diwan al-Mimar
The Omrania | CSBE Student Award for Architectural Design
Water Conserving Landscapes
CSBE Films
Films Produced by CSBE
Films Featuring CSBE
Half a Century in the Study of Islamic Art
High-Tech Architecture + Other Issues
Development of Thinking and Theory in Architecture
The Future of the Design Studio
Stone as Wallpaper
Riyadh Architecture in One Hundred Years
al-Hussein Youth City
The Amman Citadel
The King Hussein Park
The Royal Court Compound
Tales from Two Cities: Tunis and Cairo
Urban Crossroads #114
Egyptians congregating in Tahrir Square, Cairo. (AP photo by Tara Todras-Whitehill.)
Over the past few weeks, we all have been glued to media outlets following up on how the people in countries in the Arab World broke the barrier of fear and rose up, demanding their freedom and dignity, and calling for democracy.
Much has been said about those unfolding historic events, and much more still will be said. As someone interested in the making of the city, my remarks will deal with the relation between these popular uprisings and the city, particularly Tunis and Cairo. Anyone watching the footage of events in them couldn't but notice the intimate connection between these uprisings and specific spaces and places of the city.
In Tunis, a main location of the people's revolution has been Habib Bourqiba Avenue, the wide, tree-lined thoroughfare dating back to the French Colonial period. It is a monumental space with wide sidewalks that extends about 1.6 kilometers in length. Its western end is where modern Tunis meets the traditional Medina.
In Cairo, few scenes are as memorable as that of the hundreds of thousands of Egyptians congregating in Tahrir (Liberation) Square, transforming it into a nucleus for a new Egypt in the making. The square was created when Cairo was remade along the model of Paris during the 1860s and 1870s under the orders of Egypt's ruler Khedive Ismail.
Other places at which Cairenes have gathered during their revolution include Tal'at Harb Square, named after the famed early-20th-century Egyptian industrialist and nationalist. Another location is the Egyptian Radio and Television building, also known as Maspero, after the French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero. The landmark modernist highrise building, which was completed in 1960, is prominently located in Cairo along the Nile. And of course, there is the Presidential Palace in the Cairene suburb of Heliopolis. The complex used to be the luxurious Heliopolis Palace Hotel. When completed in 1910, it was the world's largest hotel. All these spaces and landmarks cannot be separated from the momentous events that took place in these two cities.
Cities need spaces and places where people can come together to express opinions and exchange ideas. Repressive regimes prohibit such a use of spaces and places, as was the case in Tunisia and Egypt. They do not allow people to congregate en masse in public spaces, except to take part in government-controlled events. They also do not allow the free expression of opinions in other locations where people come together such as universities and lecture halls. Moreover, what is presented in local radio and television is controlled by the state, and these therefore cannot function as free forums for presenting and debating ideas. This is why protesters in Cairo demonstrated in front of the Radio and Television building; it was a primary symbol of state repression.
The one urban place the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia could not completely control as a place of congregation is the mosque. The mosque is the main architectural representative of Islam, and forms a main and integral component of the identity of the countries of the Arab World. The mosque is accessible to all and is open at all times. It is difficult for the modern state to control an institution that has been a part of society's fabric for centuries.
The state nonetheless has tried to do so in Egypt, Tunisia, and elsewhere. It often has succeeded in controlling what takes place in the mosque. This control, however, has never been complete, and the mosque emerged as the main location where a degree of independence from the domination of the state could exist. Accordingly, people have come to expect much of the mosque as a place for political activism. It has become the place where most political dissent has concentrated. These developments also have meant that the mosque has emerged as a place where the political has come to be emphasized more than the spiritual. In many cases, it also has become a radicalized place.
The political discourse in cities such as Cairo and Tunis therefore ended up being dominated by two competing forces: an oppressive regime and radical religious movements. Some supported one side over the other; some accepted the control of one side rather than the other. Most simply surrendered to this difficult polarized reality, retreating into apathy and alienation. This was reflected in their interaction with the city, and was most clearly evident in Cairo. Cairo had been the uncontested cosmopolitan center of the modern Arab World until the middle of the twentieth century. Since then, however, it has sadly succumbed to fatigue, suffering from mismanagement and a crumbling, dysfunctional infrastructure.
As this state of despair suffocated the city and its people, a fascinating development that has transformed what was a hopeless situation began to quietly take place. For over a decade, virtual spaces have been evolving on the Internet. These virtual spaces have been filling the gap left by the absence of physical communal spaces and places in the city where a free expression and exchange of ideas should have taken place. The growth of these virtual spaces was made possible by email, web sites, and, later on, by social networking sites such as Facebook. Users of these services could easily connect to large numbers of people who shared their interests, hopes, and concerns.
Many of these users have consisted of the young. Most are not bound by any political ideologies. The virtual spaces they created were too new, too diverse, and too widespread to be effectively monitored or controlled by the state. Moreover, the Internet has connected those younger users to the outside world. It connected them to global political, cultural, and social developments that are far more diverse than what they have directly experienced in their physical surroundings. The Internet and the virtual spaces these users created have also provided them with a sense of freedom not available in their physical surroundings. Once they tasted that freedom, they would not give it up. Through this freedom, they were exposed to alternatives to the prevailing political landscape dominated by a repressive regime, with the only serious challenge to it coming from radical religious movements.
Eventually, the users of those virtual communities felt the need to go beyond inhabiting a virtual world. They decided to move into the physical world of cities. They did so by peacefully congregating into the major spaces of the city, taking them over and transforming them into places where city residents can freely congregate and interact. They also showed a sense of ownership of these spaces and took responsibility for them. In the case of Cairo, the demonstrators showed that the alienation and hopelessness that had characterized the relationship with the city could be reversed. In the urban microcosm they created in Tahrir Square, they themselves cleaned the area, recycled the garbage, and established a clinic, a pharmacy, and a kindergarten. After the main protests were over, they even cleaned the graffiti they had painted in the square. Alienation was replaced by a sense of belonging and by pride.
Every city needs spaces and places where people may congregate and where they may freely and peacefully express and exchange ideas. The regimes in Tunisia and Egypt essentially had taken these spaces away from the people by suppressing any form of civic life from emerging in them. In 2011, the people of Cairo and Tunis took back the city and its spaces.
Mohammad al-Asad
COPYRIGHT © 2012 CSBE


So you think you've found your dream fireplace? You've put in the time price checking, learning about different fuels, different appliance efficiency, possible installation hangups, and day-to-day ease of use. You've weighed the pros and cons and you have picked the fireplace that's right for you. Now what?
It's a common misconception that any homeowner can install his or her own fireplace. While it may be possible, it isn't recommended for many reasons.
There is an entire industry surrounding fire safety. For this reason chimney professionals are seeking credentials from the Chimney Safety Institute of America, now an industry standard. It's CSIA's mission to put the safety and warmth of homeowners above all else, and to do this by providing expert services based on training and experience, as well as educating homeowners on fire safety.
CSIA certified chimney sweeps are the best in the industry. They adhere to a stringent code of ethics designed to protect homeowners from scams, and to offer them the best services available. It's because of this code of ethics that The Cozy Flame recommends and sells appliances and products that are the best in the industry because we want all of our customers to be safe and warm, to experience a positive shopping experience, find their dream fireplace, and for it to operate according to their needs for comfort and efficiency. For these reasons we also recommend only professional installations. Only a CSIA certified chimney sweep can properly install your new fireplace or insert according to manufacturer's guidelines every time, make professional recommendations about location, refractory walls, and chimney maintenance.
The Cozy Flame recommends Total Chimney Care for all of your chimney needs. The level of professionalism and expertise you will receive from a Total Chimney Care appointment will have you calling them for not just installations, but also chimney sweeps, inspections, repairs, and more.
You wouldn't hire just anyone to replace your car's transmission, so don't hire an amateur to install valuable components in an intricate system like your chimney and fireplace. Hire the professionals that will put your safety and comfort first every time. Hire a local, Veteran-owned business that has been in operation and has been serving in Milford, Connecticut and surrounding areas for over twenty years!
During a standard product installation you can expect a technician to meet with you every step of the way in order to provide you with your dream fireplace. Your Total Chimney Care technician is abreast in building codes in Milford as well as surrounding neighborhoods and always follows the safety standards of the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 211. Check with your homeowners insurance provider. They may require your appliance is installed by a certified chimney sweep. This is a common requirement because professional installation lowers risk of fire, raises efficiency, and means a longer life for your fireplace and chimney system.
Don't attempt to install your own fireplace or insert. Hire a professional today by contacting Total Chimney Care.


text:
Features Health and Safety Technical
Kingston bakery wins bronze in SBLA awards
By Bakers Journal
Now, in its second year, WSIB's Small Business Health and Safety Leadership Awards recognized outstanding health and safety programs in small businesses with fewer than 50 employees.
The bronze was awarded to family-operated Kingston bakery, Bread and Butter owned by Wendy Whitall.
Nominated businesses were judged on their performance in safety culture and leadership, hazard identification and control and workplace mental health, among other criteria.
The panel of judges included representatives from Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Ontario Chamber of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Development and Growth, Ministry of Labour and WSIB. The winning businesses were awarded cash prizes – $5,000 for gold, $3,000 for silver and $2,000 for bronze.
The winners are encouraged to reinvest the financial awards in their health and safety management system.
Nominated businesses were judged on their performance in the following categories:
Safety culture and leadership
Inspections process and documentation
Hazard identification and control
Employee health and safety engagement
Return-to-work programs
Workplace violence, harassment and discrimination
Small businesses registered with the WSIB were eligible to apply or could be nominated by individuals or local associations that support small businesses. The award nomination period was open between April 7 and June 22, 2018.
The panel of judges included representatives from Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Ontario Chamber of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Development and Growth, Ministry of Labour and the WSIB.
Congratulations to Bread and Butter, the winners of the bronze 2018 Small Business Health and Safety Leadership Awards.
Unifiller nominated in B.C. Export Awards
Canadians win gold, bronze at chocolate awards
Wild Sweets wins bronze at competition
Stone Hearth Bakery wins national award
SBLA
Small business health and leadership awards
Wendy Whitall
WSIB
ENJAY CONVERTERS LTD.
Mooresville, NC
Give yourself a "Permission Slip" to succeed
Big changes for La Petite Bretonne


I walked on the bluffs above the sea.
Orange poppies bloom in the dunes.
smooth stones spell the path.
shadowed by ancient moss-draped trees.
N ight owl though I am, I love the sun.
The night was tranquil and held no fear.
Until came a sound ascended from Hell.
An angel of silence holds back her tears.
Egret, Heron along with the ducks and geese, to see.


PORTLAND — Two popular city festivals return this weekend.
The 43rd annual Old Port Festival starts at 11 a.m. Sunday, June 12, with a parade down Exchange Street. The festival runs through 5 p.m., with live music on several stages, children's games and activities and locally made crafts and food on sale.
It's part of Summer Kickoff weekend, sponsored by Portland Downtown, which includes a "Walk the Working Waterfront" tour Saturday, June 11, from 11 a.m.-3 p.m. on Commercial Street, from Becky's Diner to the Maine State Pier.
Details can be found at portlandmaine.com.
On Friday, June 10, the week-long Pride Portland events begin, celebrating the "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, ally/asexual community," according to organizers.
Pride Portland is capped with a parade and festival Saturday, June 18, noon-5 p.m., from Monument Square to Deering Oaks Park.
The full schedule of Pride events is at prideportland.org.


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Despite team's poor June, Angel is MLS Player of the Month
July 5, 2007 (Official Press Release)
New York Red Bulls forward Juan Pablo Angel was named MLS Player of the Month for June after scoring six goals in five matches. This is the second consecutive Player of the Month award for Angel, who scored in four of the Red Bulls five matches in June. Earlier today, he was named to the MLS All-Star team and earned the most votes in the League.
"It's extraordinary," Angel said. "I have to give a lot of credit to my teammates because they have helped and welcomed me since Day 1. That's vital for everything you do and without their help, I would not have been able to earn this honor."
During his torrid goal-scoring run, the Colombian striker set a club record by scoring in six consecutive matches dating back to May. He has helped lead the Red Bulls within two points of the Eastern Conference lead.
Angel wasted little time opening his account for the month, scoring with a sliding volley in the 4th minute of a 3-2 loss to the Kansas City Wizards on June 2. Four days later, Angel had arguably his best game to date as he struck twice in a 90-second span to give the Red Bulls a 2-1 comeback victory in front of a raucous crowd of more than 20,000 at BMO Field.
On June 10, Angel scored a late consolation goal against D.C. United in a 4-2 loss, and just six days later he had his second multi-goal game of the month, bagging two in an exciting 3-3 tie with Kansas City. He struck early against the Wizards rising above Jimmy Conrad to power home an off-balance header in the 6th minute. The goal earned Sierra Mist Goal of the Week honors in Week 11. Late in the game, trailing 3-2, Angel calmly tucked away a stoppage-time penalty to give the Red Bulls a hard-fought tie.
In just his first MLS season, Angel has nine goals and two assists in eight games. He arrived in New York as a Designated Player following a transfer from English Premiership club Aston Villa where he scored 65 goals in 205 games. Angel won the MLS Player of the Week award in Week 7 and was today named to the MLS All-Star First XI.
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Latest Channel List of DD Freedish , DD Direct Plus updated as on 4 December 2014 from 93 east , ku band.
Please find below DD Freedish / DD Direct Plus Latest Channel List with 6 frequencies. This Latest DD Direct Plus / Freedish channel list includes all new channels of DD Freedish/ DD Directplus. This DD freedish/ dd directplus list includes some Test channels which might be replaced with new channels which will add on dd freedish dd direct plus after next eauction on 28 november which is completed. 5 Frequencies can be received with any mpeg 2 receiver and one frequency is dvb s2 which needs some dvb s2 receiver.
When chl Green tv is coming?


text:
← Phone It In
"There is a simple rule here, a rule of legislation, a rule of business, a rule of life: beyond a certain point, complexity is fraud." P.J. O'Rourke
I've missed many bandwagons in my life. I missed buying in early with Enron. I missed investments with Bernie Madoff that could have made me rich. I completely missed the wave to be rich because I wasn't born yet when Charles Ponzi schemed, won, then lost. (shown in his mug shot picture here).
I could have jumped on FTT[i] or Bitcoin and made a fortune. Didn't though. FTT is the designation of the utility token of FTX[ii], a 2019 trading market innovation in the cryptocurrency arena.
Could have won the last big Powerball at $1.9 billion if only I had bought a ticket.
I think my timidity limits my potential to be a billionaire. Maybe it has to do with my atavistic fears of the concept of anything that starts with "crypto" like cryptocurrency. Crypto derives from the Latin and before that the Greek "krypto" meaning hidden or secret like crypto-fascist or crypto-communist or crypto-trumpster. "Krypto" is also the root of "crypt" where we all wind up unless we get creative with ashes and wind.
Depending upon your hardware, expertise, and software, it takes between ten minutes and thirty days to "mine" (or concoct ex nihilo) one Bitcoin, the most recognized cryptocurrency. Mining for Bitcoins by constructing blockchains is energy intensive; each Bitcoin fabrication eats enough kilowatt hours to power the average American household for 11 to 12 years. Ninety million of them so far[iii]. Not a 'green' process. I have tried to understand the safeguards, the protection from fraud and counterfeiting that is provided by transparency and complexity for cryptocurrency. Of how exactly the blockchains create and hold value, I am ignorant, and I will probably remain in the dark until I rest in my crypt.
Of course, for most of us it's a lot easier to just buy some gold or fractions of Bitcoins rather than getting out the gold sifting pan or firing up our antiquated desktop to whirl away fabricating blockchains. If I had looked for an inflation hedge and in November of last year had sunk the farm into gold, the farm would have lost less than 2 % of its value. If I had gone with Bitcoin, I'd be about 75% down[iv]. If I had climbed aboard FTTs (and I have no idea how I could have done that), the farm would have disappeared into the river like a block of ice thrown in by mischievous boys. I don't have the mind or stomach for that kind of volatility.
Gold has an unfair advantage as an inflation hedge and refuge from the storm since it has been used as such for five or six millennia, and you can hold it in your hands. Heavy stuff. Gold also has intrinsic value as it is used in many industries for many purposes and can be formed into lustrous beautiful designs[v]. Cryptocurrencies on the other hand were invented thirteen years ago or so and were promoted as the clever modern way to escape from the tyranny of the global monetary system or petrodollars or whatever. When folks realized after their original enthusiasm that crypto is a commodity without a reality portfolio except what the sentiment of the market says it's worth and has no supporting cash flow from profits of any kind, the story changed, and it is marketed as a value option and hedge against inflation – a value option without a scintilla of intrinsic worth or usefulness, but a value option, nonetheless.
"Cause if you lie like a rug
And you don't give a damn
You're never gonna be
As happy as a clam.."[vi] John Prine, "It's a Big Old Goofy World"
JFK. MLK. LBJ. GWB. BHO. FDR. OBL. Many others exist in the lexicon, each conjuring up many images, both loved and hated. In the last couple of years, we've added a new set of well recognized three letter name initials: SBF. Sam Bankman-Fried.[vii] This brings back the topic of FTX, a good explanation of which is in the article "What You Need to Know about the Colossal Mess of FTX." The fabrication of an MIT physics grad genius, Bankman-Fried parlayed his innovative Alameda Research crypto trading company. Alameda used code to take advantage of changing prices and big differences for crypto currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum in different countries. SBF would buy one place and sell another in seconds, gleaning billions a few bucks at a time. He next started his own crypto currency trade exchange to allow others to do their own trading. In August Fortune Magazine called him the next Warren Buffet. He was favorably compared to other tech mega billionaires like Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg. FTX was valued at over $32 billion, starting from vapor three years earlier.[viii] Gates, Buffet, and Zuck will probably not wind up in prison, although hope never fades.
The problem when an unregulated immature genius owns both a trading company and the exchange on which it trades is the mixing of money and the lack of controls. Be like an out-of-control Bill Gates owning Microsoft and NASDAQ, but with less oversight. In August, SBF was the wunderkind who last year cashed out $300 million burying it into his own maze of tax haven Bahamian bank accounts. He allegedly took and mixed investor's money who traded on FTX with his corporation's and used it to prop up Alameda, which had started to hemorrhage.
Now FTX has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and its value dropped to somewhere near vapor (or worse) overnight. The CEO brought in by the court to untangle the mess is the same person brought in to untangle the Enron wreck: John Jay Ray III. When he took over Enron, he found accounting irregularities and fraud. Last week when he took over FTX, he found chaos, no human resources department or even a good list of employees, no real accounting department, a balance sheet on an Excel spreadsheet and no controls worth mentioning. After Toto pulled the curtain back and the little guy pulling the levers and cranking up the smoke was revealed, FTX has been said to resemble Animal House more than a business enterprise.
Sam lived with ten or 12 sort of employees in a luxury condo commune in the Bahamas, one of whom was his ex-part time-girlfriend, Caroline Ellison, another late twenties nerd/entrepreneur, a math major grad from Stanford and CEO of Alameda Research. Part of the SBF legend is how little sleep he needed. Apparently, Caroline had the same gift. She Tweeted in 2021, ""Nothing like regular amphetamine use to make you appreciate how dumb a lot of normal, non-medicated human experience is." Sam was a little more subdued. He suggested, "In general, probably half of all people or more should be taking meds of some kind, because they just make your life a lot better."
Before the fall this month, FTX bought the naming rights for the Miami Heat's arena, and SBF was second only to George Soros in donating to Democrats in the 2022 election cycle – around $37 million, $10 million went in one form or another to Joe Biden's campaign through various channels. There will be a hole in Democrat financing next time around. Cynics might suggest that massive political donors like Mr. Banker-Fried get a wide berth with Federal regulators, but a liquidity crisis at Alameda brought it all down like a Jenga tower waiting for someone to pull out the wrong block. A sloppily stacked Jenga tower. But far be it from me to suggest chicanery among politicians and the very rich.
In Mr. Ray's first statement after he looked at the books, he said, ""I have over 40 years of legal and restructuring experience. I have been the Chief Restructuring Officer or Chief Executive Officer in several of the largest corporate failures in history. I have supervised situations involving allegations of criminal activity and malfeasance (Enron). Nearly every situation in which I have been involved has been characterized by defects of some sort in internal controls, regulatory compliance, human resources, and systems integrity. Never in my career have I seen such a complete failure of corporate controls and such a complete absence of trustworthy financial information as occurred here."
From multibillionaire playing in his self-created paradise in the Bahamas to pauper probably headed to prison in less than a month. SBF has some new images associated with his initials.
"To forgive is to set a prisoner free and discover that the prisoner was you." Lewis Smedes
The guilty temptation is to gloat, to indulge in a bit of titillating schadenfreude, to tsk, tsk in smug delight at the folly of young egoists who have fallen far. But I discover that my primary emotion is sadness over SBF's plight. He was a kid playing at a high level with toys perhaps he didn't fully understand could hurt real people. His conscience, such as it was functioning, was informed by the utilitarianism of our age, especially out there at Almeda and in Silicon Valley. If it works, especially if it works and sucks up huge profits in a hurry, and I have the genius to come up with the idea first and write the code all through the night to make it happen, well, that's got to be a good thing, right? Another mark of our times is the 'freedom' to be all that we can be. SBF is a prime exemplar of where a malformed conscience can lead us, any of us.
Sam made choices, some of which made him very wealthy very quickly, and some of which now have him looking for a new country to live in that doesn't have an extradition treaty to his homeland. Somalia, Russia, Iran, and Russia come to mind. Somalia has beaches I understand. Or he might have benefitted from the advice given last century by the Venerable Bishop Fulton Sheen: "Freedom does not mean to do whatever we please but rather to do as we ought."
I will pray for Sam Bankman-Fried and that he learns, repents, grows, and is changed by this, transformed, healed, made whole. And I will pray for the culture of "I'm OK, You're OK" and self-actualization that created, formed, and nurtured SBF. That seems like the right thing to do.
"One of the criminals who were hanged there was hurling abuse at Him, saying, "Are You not the Christ? Save Yourself and us!" [ix]But the other responded, and rebuking him, said, "Do you not even fear God, since you are under the same sentence of condemnation? And we indeed are suffering justly, for we are receiving what we deserve for our crimes; but this man has done nothing wrong." And he was saying, "Jesus, remember me when You come into Your kingdom!" And He said to him, "Truly I say to you, today you will be with Me in Paradise." Luke 23: 39-43
[i] Contrary to what you may think, FTT in this context does not refer to "Failure To Thrive," although that interpretation might be appropriate. FTT is the 'utility token' of the FTX trading system and holding them gives one access to the "FTX ecosystem." Got it?
[ii] https://linen.app/articles/what-is-ftx-token-ftt-explained-in-plain-english/
[iii] Quick calculation is that there about 123 million households in the United States, so the energy consumed to produce 90 million Bitcoins would power every one of them for about 8 years. Seems reasonable to me as we wring our hands about reducing fossil fuel power generation.
[iv] Bitcoin dropped from about $68,000 each last November to about $16,000 at last look. That's considerably better than the fraction of a cent they could bring in 2010.
[v] The Most Useful Metal (from geology.com)
[vi][vi] I have never been able to determine how happy a clam is. I have often watched clams exposed at low tide carried to great heights by herring gulls and dropped onto jetty rocks to prepare a meal. I suspect those clams are not happy.
[vii] It would be unkind to draw attention to a switch in the position of Mr. Bankman-Fried's name to 'fried bankman," which apparently, he is.
[viii] SBF image from open source with Creative Commons license: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsmhjNtlT_Y Interview with him at Bitcoin 2021 conference.
[ix] "FTX lawyer says 'substantial amount' of assets are either stolen or missing."
Filed under Culture views
Tagged as Bitcoin, cryptocurrency, Sam Bankman-Fried, SBF


In some cases, rehabilitation of the factories and firms required only reactivation of idle capacity; other assets, however, including both agricultural and industrial machinery, had frequently deteriorated beyond repair. In some cases, assets had been deliberately destroyed or sold. Much of the Nicaraguan private sector remained on the sidelines in 1990, waiting for the government to lure it with promises of security for its investments and of repair of private property at public expense. The Nicaraguan industrial sector showed only a mild 3 percent recovery by the end of 1990, mostly as the result of renewed access to overseas markets (see fig. 10). Threats of urban labor unrest, renewed hostilities in the countryside, poor infrastructure, political tensions, and delays in passage of property laws returning private property to previous owners continued to discourage most investment. A leery and still belligerent private sector stood ready to turn its political struggle against the new Chamorro government and to do battle with labor unions and other groups identified with the Sandinista revolution.
State-owned enterprises contributed about 40 percent of the gross national product (GNP--see Glossary) in 1991. Most state- owned enterprises were former Somoza properties, although some had been confiscated under agrarian reform from absentee owners or from the Contras (short for contrarevolucionario--see Glossary). The government also agreed to give back 50,000 hectares of fifty-six rural properties provided that owners pay for improvements made during the revolution. Another 70,000 hectares went to workers, former army officers, and demobilized Contras.
NOTE: The information regarding Nicaragua on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Nicaragua Privatization and the Private Sector information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Nicaragua Privatization and the Private Sector should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA.


Additional steps you can take to secure you home.
Have you noticed a continuous stream of news about earthquakes from around the world lately? I certainly have and it reminds me that we are overdue for one. There are a number common sense things that don't cost a lot of of money that one can do to prepare for the time when we are subjected to another big tremor. You can always start with evaluating the building or the house that you live in. But if this out of your budget or if your house is already retrofitted, see below.
These steps are paraphrasing and adding to another New Yorker's article by Kathryn Shultz "How to Stay Safe When the Big One Comes" as it relates to SF Bay Area. See the previous post that talks about bolting your home to foundations.
Strap down your water heater. A water heater is basically a bomb in your basement: big heavy object, open flame, gas line. If it topples over during an earthquake, it can break that line and start a fire. Or it can smash the water line and cause a flood. Or it can do both. You can hire a contractor to secure your heater, or do so yourself with a water-heater-strap kit, available at any home-improvement store for around twenty dollars. (And while you're down in your basement, make sure you know how to turn off your gas and water main. You'll want to shut off both after the quake—not a good moment to be figuring out how to do so for the first time.). You can also install an EQ gas line shut off valve that will off your gas line automatically in the event of a moderate or large earthquake. The cost of this valve is on the order of $250 and should be installed by a licensed plumber.
Hold your stuff down. Computers, , vases, houseplants, your TV and all your family's chachkaswill become projectiles during the earthquake. Your job is to prevent that, and you can do so in a couple of hours and at essentially no cost. Attach bookshelves and tall furniture to the wall. Use metal brackets with wood screws and wing nuts to attach it to the wall finish or studs. Move heavy objects from higher shelves to lower ones. Don't hang pictures, mirrors, shelves, or anything else sharp-edged or heavy above a bed. Install latches on your cabinets. Don't store heavy bottles above waist level. Attach you favorite vases and other knickknacks to the shelves with museum putty.
Get to know your neighbors. In most disasters, neighbors become the de-facto first responders, since they are already on the scene when calamity strikes. That will be especially true in the large earthquake, where widespread damage to the infrastructure will make travel difficult for heavy vehicles like fire trucks and ambulances. Find out which of your neighbors has an elderly relative on a ventilator, which one has a generator, which one has a past as a paramedic. Knowing facts like these about each other can save lives: theirs, or yours. City of Oakland offers free CORE (Community of Oakland Respond to Emergencies) training. If you can gather 15-20 neighbors and volunteer your living room, they will even send somebody to train you at your home. Many other cities in the Bay Area offer similar programs.
If you have a gas BBQ, get a spare gas tank and keep it filled.
Never leave your car below half a tank empty.
Food and water. Three-day supply of each on hand (figure a gallon of water per person per day, for drinking as well as washing) is a must, but in the large earthquake event that won't be nearly enough. The more realistic target is a week supply, but that's a daunting amount for those with limited means or limited storage space. My own theory about earthquake preparedness is that the perfect is the enemy of the good: don't choose to stock nothing because you can't stock everything. Got money and space to spare? Great: fill a shelf with water and nonperishable foods. Throw in duct tape and a tool kit. Throw in a hand-cranked radio, a water purifier, iodine. Don't have much money or space? Make a small kit with whatever you can fit and afford. Everything you have, you'll use; everything you can do for yourself frees up emergency resources for those in even greater need. The food in your fridge can last for a few days in the summer heat, but you can get some additional supplies at your local REI. Also EQ kits are sold online. Google it.
Demand better seismic safety. Many of the worst problems facing the region will require major public-works projects to fix them, and others will require private companies commit to solutions, but the general public can play an important role in bringing about that kind of change. In California, most of the hospitals, public schools and junior colleges are retrofitted and are in relatively good shape. However, most of the private schools, day care centers and some universities are not. A lot of the older office buildings where the parents of the kids who will likely survive the earthquake in schools aren't retrofitted. If you work in one of those buildings, ask your employer or landlord if it is retrofitted and demand action or consider looking for another place to work. If you live in the apartment building, ask your landlord if the building is on the list of so called Soft Story buildings. Those are the buildings that have large garage or storefront openings or tuck under parking garages that were built before 1980's building codes and are of wood construction. According to the studies these building are the most likely to collapse in the earthquake creating hundreds of victims and thousands of displaced citizens. If you live in one of those buildings, find out if there is a plan to retrofit it. San Francisco and Berkeley have mandatory ordinances to fix these building up. There are deadlines to submit retrofit designs for permit and to complete the construction. The city of Oakland is in the process of adopting a similar ordinance. If you live in these cities ask you landlord if they intend to comply. If not, consider moving. There are tens of thousands of this type of buildings around other California communities. Talk to your local representatives and press them to act.


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Start the day smarter ☀ USA TODAY podcasts 🎧 Take our news quiz 📝 2023 lineups 🎶
Jerry Seinfeld says comedians avoid college gigs, students are 'so PC'
Michael Schramm
In a recent interview on ESPN Radio with Colin Cowherd, Jerry Seinfeld discussed the growing trend of comedians avoiding college campuses for fear of backlash over political correctness.
"[The younger generation] just want to use these words," Seinfeld said. "'That's racist, that's sexist, that's prejudice.' They don't even know what they're talking about."
The topic came up when Cowherd mentioned to Seinfeld that Conan O'Brien made a Caitlyn Jenner joke two days before her interview with Diane Sawyer. Cowherd believes that, had Conan done the joke two days later, he would have been labeled a "bigot."
This led Cowherd to ask Seinfeld whether the climate is concerning, particularly on college campuses.
"I hear that all the time," Seinfeld said. "I don't play colleges, but I hear a lot of people tell me don't go near colleges — they're so PC (politically correct)."
Seinfeld proceeded to give an example.
"My wife says to [my 14-year-old daughter], 'Well, you know, in the next couple of years, I think maybe you're going to want to be hanging around the city more on the weekends, so you can see boys.' And you know what my daughter says? She says, 'That's sexist.'"
Seinfeld isn't the only comedian to point out potential issues with performing at college campuses. Cowherd also mentions that he's spoken to Chris Rock and Larry the Cable Guy about their fears at performing at college campuses. Chris Rock gave an interview for New York where he discussed the topic.
"I stopped playing colleges, and the reason is because they're way too conservative," Rock said in the interview. "Not in their political views — not like they're voting Republican — but in their social views and their willingness not to offend anybody. Kids raised on a culture of 'We're not going to keep score in the game because we don't want anybody to lose.' Or just ignoring race to a fault. You can't say 'the black kid over there.' No, it's 'the guy with the red shoes.' You can't even be offensive on your way to being inoffensive."
What do you think? Are college students too sensitive or are these comedians missing the mark with their current routines? Let us know in the comments.
Michael Schramm is a summer 2015 Collegiate Correspondent and a University of Michigan junior majoring in economics and English. Interested in a writing career, he produces a biweekly column for 'The Michigan Daily' and writes for his college's economic newsletter. You can follow him on twitter at @MTSchramm
This story originally appeared on the USA TODAY College blog, a news source produced for college students by student journalists. The blog closed in September of 2017.


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Technogy
Coercivity Theory of Permanent Magnet Material NdFeB
Kronmuller et al. proposed the theory of demagnetization nucleation in the soft magnetic defect region of grain boundaries. The mathematical model expressions they use are
1. Nucleation theory
Kronmuller et al. proposed the theory of demagnetization nucleation in the soft magnetic defect region of grain boundaries. The mathematical model expressions they use are:
K1(Z ) = K1-△K/ch2(Z/r0)
In the formula, K1(Z) and K1 represent the anisotropic constants in the defect region and the grain, respectively, ΔK represents a decrease in the anisotropy constant of the defect region, r0 is the thickness of the defect region, and Ζ represents the depth of the surface layer.
The formula determines the defect model with continuous variation of univariate. According to this formula, the nucleation field is determined by applying the principle of total free energy minimum, and the nucleation field is determined to determine the coercive force:
Hc = Hn = 2K1(Z)/Js-2πMs +2K1δB/Msπr0
Where δB is the domain wall thickness in the grain, and Js and Ms represent the magnetic polarization and the saturation magnetization, respectively.
According to the theory, the coercive force of NdFeB magnets is determined by the demagnetization nucleation field of the grain boundary soft magnetic defect region. When the nucleation field is high, the coercive force of the magnet is high, and conversely, the coercive force of the magnet is low.
2. Thermal activation theory
Givord et al. proposed the theory of thermal activation of demagnetization, which advocates the formation and expansion of the magnetization nucleus at the grain boundary activation volume to control the coercivity. The difference from the nucleation theory is that the anisotropy constant at the activation volume is not significantly smaller than the corresponding value inside the hard magnetic grains, and the formation of the magnetization nucleus is due to the influence of the thermal fluctuation. The energy E0 forming the demagnetization field can be expressed as:
E0 = μ0VMSHC +μ0VNeffMS2 +25KT
Where V is the activation volume, Neff is the effective demagnetization factor, K is the anisotropy constant, and T is the temperature. The first term is the external magnetic field energy, the second term is the dipole interaction energy, and the third term is the energy barrier of the thermal fluctuation. E0 should also be equal to the interaction energy between the remagnetized core and other parts of the grain:
E0 = αγV2/3
Where γ is the density of the grain domain wall energy and α is the proportional coefficient. Comparing the above two formulas, the coercive force is:
HC = Hn = αγ/NeffMSV1/3-NeffMs-25KT/μ0MSV
Givord pointed out that the influence of thermal fluctuations leads to the formation of a magnetized nucleus, which is controlled by the formation and expansion of the magnetization nucleus at the grain boundary activation volume.
3, pinning theory
According to the observation of the magnetic domain structure and the measurement of macroscopic magnetic properties, Li D et al. proposed a pinning theory for controlling the coercive force of NdFeB magnets, and believed that the grain boundaries have a strong pinning effect on the domain walls. Hadjipanayis proposed that the thin Nd-rich phase layer at the grain boundary has the function of attracting domain walls, which becomes the pinning site of domain wall motion. Zhou Shouzeng et al. systematically studied that the defects of metal such as grain boundaries, vacancies, and dislocations are strong pinning centers of domain walls, and their existence will limit the displacement of domain walls, thereby increasing the coercive force of magnets.
4, launch field theory
Gao Weiwei and others systematically studied the theory of the launching field of NdFeB magnets in combination with experimental facts. According to this theory, the volume of the magnetized nucleus is small, only has the order of magnitude of the domain wall, and it is necessary to grow the domain and reversibly deform the entire grain from the grain surface to the internal irreversible domain wall. During the growth of the magnetization nucleus, it is necessary to overcome the resistance caused by the change of the density of the domain wall energy, and also provide the energy required for the increase of the volume and surface area of the core. The corresponding critical field H0 and the expansion field Hε are:
H 0 =γ/2Jsr0, Hε=πγ/4J S r0
Where γ is the domain wall energy density inside the grain. The starting field Hs required for the growth (expansion) of the demagnetization nucleus should be equal to the sum of H0 and Hε. Considering the effect of the effective demagnetizing field, the launching field can be expressed as:
Hs = γ/2Js r0(1+2/π)-Neff MS
The coercive force required to completely remagnetize the grains should be determined by the larger of the nucleation field and the launch field. After comparison, the launch field is larger than the nucleation field, so the coercive force of the magnet should be determined by the launch field.
NdFeB Waste Utilization Process Summary
Sintered NdFeB Magnets are anisotropic


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package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources

import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.CatalogStatistics
import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions._
import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.planning.PhysicalOperation
import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical.{Filter, LogicalPlan, Project}
import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.rules.Rule

private[sql] object PruneFileSourcePartitions extends Rule[LogicalPlan] {
  override def apply(plan: LogicalPlan): LogicalPlan = plan transformDown {
    case op @ PhysicalOperation(projects, filters,
        logicalRelation @
          LogicalRelation(fsRelation @
            HadoopFsRelation(
              catalogFileIndex: CatalogFileIndex,
              partitionSchema,
              _,
              _,
              _,
              _),
            _,
            _,
            _))
        if filters.nonEmpty && fsRelation.partitionSchemaOption.isDefined =>
      // The attribute name of predicate could be different than the one in schema in case of
      // case insensitive, we should change them to match the one in schema, so we donot need to
      // worry about case sensitivity anymore.
      val normalizedFilters = filters.map { e =>
        e transform {
          case a: AttributeReference =>
            a.withName(logicalRelation.output.find(_.semanticEquals(a)).get.name)
        }
      }

      val sparkSession = fsRelation.sparkSession
      val partitionColumns =
        logicalRelation.resolve(
          partitionSchema, sparkSession.sessionState.analyzer.resolver)
      val partitionSet = AttributeSet(partitionColumns)
      val partitionKeyFilters =
        ExpressionSet(normalizedFilters
          .filterNot(SubqueryExpression.hasSubquery(_))
          .filter(_.references.subsetOf(partitionSet)))

      if (partitionKeyFilters.nonEmpty) {
        val prunedFileIndex = catalogFileIndex.filterPartitions(partitionKeyFilters.toSeq)
        val prunedFsRelation =
          fsRelation.copy(location = prunedFileIndex)(sparkSession)
        // Change table stats based on the sizeInBytes of pruned files
        val withStats = logicalRelation.catalogTable.map(_.copy(
          stats = Some(CatalogStatistics(sizeInBytes = BigInt(prunedFileIndex.sizeInBytes)))))
        val prunedLogicalRelation = logicalRelation.copy(
          relation = prunedFsRelation, catalogTable = withStats)
        // Keep partition-pruning predicates so that they are visible in physical planning
        val filterExpression = filters.reduceLeft(And)
        val filter = Filter(filterExpression, prunedLogicalRelation)
        Project(projects, filter)
      } else {
        op
      }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub