text:
/* Main Homepage Code */
/** COPYRIGHT DANIEL TIMKO 2014 **/

//current highlight the user is viewing (There are 6 highlights that can be cycled through
var activeHighlight = 0;
var linkNames = ["hlLink1", "hlLink2", "hlLink3", "hlLink4", "hlLink5", "hlLink6"];

//track whether or not the sidebar currently holds focus (Focus can be acquired by rolling over the top-left hamburger button with the mouse pointer)
var sidebarFocus = false;

//when the page is loaded
$(document).ready(function() {
	//call the resize function to calculate the correct sizes for elements on the page
	resize();
	//On page load, set the first highlight to the active highlight
	setHighlight(0);
	//call the parallax reset function to prepare currently loaded parallaxing elements
	resetParallax(0);
	//place parallaxing content well below the viewframe
	parallaxTo(-10, false);
	//enable pointer events for the sidebar
	$('#navbar').css('pointer-events', 'all');

	//Below is the code that handles animation in the sidebar
	//on the mouseenter event for all sidebar links...
	$(".hlLink").mouseenter(function() {
		//all the links have two states: Active or inactive.  If we pretend a link is both, the correct properties will change
		//animate all of this link's settings if it isn't active
		$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('opacity', '1.0');
		$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('left', '32px');
		$(this).children(".hlLinkLine").css('width', '144px');
		$(this).children(".hlLinkLine").css('background-color', '#FAFAFA');
		$(this).children(".hlLinkCircle").css('background-color', 'rgba(250, 250, 250, 1)');
		//animate all of this link's settings if it IS active
		$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('opacity', '1.0');
		$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('left', '36px');
		$(this).children(".hlLinkLineActive").css('width', '144px');
	//on the mouseleave event for all sidebar links...
	}).mouseleave(function() {
		//check the sidebar's focus status.  If it is in focus, animate differently
		if (sidebarFocus) {
			//animate all of this link's settings if it isn't active
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('opacity', '0.8');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('left', '32px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLine").css('width', '50px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkCircle").css('background-color', 'rgba(250, 250, 250, 0)');
			//animate all of this link's settings if it IS active
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('opacity', '1.0');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('left', '36px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLineActive").css('width', '122px');
		//if it isn't in focus
		} else {
			//animate all of this link's settings if it isn't active
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('opacity', '0.0');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('left', '24px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLine").css('width', '8px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLine").css('background-color', '#B2B2B2');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkCircle").css('background-color', 'rgba(250, 250, 250, 0)');
			//animate all of this link's settings if it IS active
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('opacity', '0.8');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('left', '32px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLineActive").css('width', '100px');
		}
	//when a sidebar link is clicked
	}).click(function() {
		//call the setHighlight method for the clicked highlight (this will set it as the active highlight, as well as perform animations)
		var thisID = $(this).attr('id');
		var number = linkNames.indexOf(thisID);
		//if parallaxing is on, and the active highlight wasn't the link that was clicked
		if (scrollLock && number != activeHighlight) {
			//get the main content pane for the clicked highlight
			var parentElement = $("#hl" + number).children(".hlContent");
			//exit parallax
			exitParallax(parentElement);
			//on a delay (wait for animation to finish), set the active highlight to the clicked highlight
			setTimeout(function() {
				setHighlight(number);
			}, 610);
		//if parallaxing is off, and the active highlight wasn't the link that was clicked
		} else if (number != activeHighlight) {
			//set the active highlight to the clicked highlight
			setHighlight(number);
		}
	});

	//when a view button is clicked
	$('.hlViewButton').click(function() {
		//get the content box for this element's title section
		var parent = $(this).parent();
		//if parallaxing is off
		if (!scrollLock) {
			viewClick(parent);
		}
	});

	//Check the URL to determine whether or not to scroll to a specific area
	var onLoadHighlight = onLoadScroll('highlight');
	//if the url variable says to scroll to highlight 1
	if (onLoadHighlight == "hl1" || onLoadHighlight == "ProjectC") {
		//turn off normal view button functionality
		viewButtonNormalBehavior = false;
		//set the proper highlight
		setHighlight(0);
		//on a slight delay
		setTimeout(function() {
			//simulate a view button click for highlight one
			var thisParent = $("#view1").parent();
			viewClick(thisParent);
		}, 300);
	} else if (onLoadHighlight == "hl2" || onLoadHighlight == "ProjectBigData") {
		//turn off normal view button functionality
		viewButtonNormalBehavior = false;
		//set the proper highlight
		setHighlight(1);
		//on a slight delay
		setTimeout(function() {
			//simulate a view button click for highlight one
			var thisParent = $("#view2").parent();
			viewClick(thisParent);
		}, 300);
	} else if (onLoadHighlight == "hl3" || onLoadHighlight == "ShapeClicker") {
		//turn off normal view button functionality
		viewButtonNormalBehavior = false;
		//set the proper highlight
		setHighlight(2);
		//on a slight delay
		setTimeout(function() {
			//simulate a view button click for highlight one
			var thisParent = $("#view3").parent();
			viewClick(thisParent);
		}, 300);
	} else if (onLoadHighlight == "hl4" || onLoadHighlight == "SOS2014") {
		//turn off normal view button functionality
		viewButtonNormalBehavior = false;
		//set the proper highlight
		setHighlight(3);
		//on a slight delay
		setTimeout(function() {
			//simulate a view button click for highlight one
			var thisParent = $("#view4").parent();
			viewClick(thisParent);
		}, 300);
	}
	if (onLoadHighlight == "hl5") {
		viewButtonNormalBehavior = false;
		setHighlight(4);
		setTimeout(function() {
			var thisParent = $("#view5").parent();
			viewClick(thisParent);
		}, 300);
	}
	if (onLoadHighlight == "hl6") {
		viewButtonNormalBehavior = false;
		setHighlight(5);
		setTimeout(function() {
			var thisParent = $("#view6").parent();
			viewClick(thisParent);
		}, 300);
	}

	//When the mouse pointer enters the hamburger button
	$(".hamburgerButton").mouseenter(function() {
		//set the sidebar's focus status to true
		sidebarFocus = true;
		//animate in the sidebar's background (again, the css contains the animation parameters, so .animate() isn't needed)
		$("#navbarBackground").css('left', '0px');
		//if parallaxing is on, animate the links into frame
		if (scrollLock) {
			$(".headerTitle, .highlightLinks").css('left', '0px');
			//enable pointer events for the sidebar
			$('#navbar').css('pointer-events', 'all');
		}
		//loop through each highlight link.  By animating for both inactive and active states on all links, everything will animate correctly
		$(".hlLink").each(function() {
			//animate this link's properties if it is inactive
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('opacity', '0.8');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('left', '32px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLine").css('width', '50px');
			//animate this link's properties if it is active
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('opacity', '1.0');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('left', '36px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLineActive").css('width', '122px');

		});
	});

	//When the back button is clicked
	$(".backButton").click(function() {
		//the back button only works during parallax, so if parallax is active
		if (scrollLock) {
			//get the title content box for the active highlight
			var parentElement = $("#hl" + (activeHighlight+1)).children(".hlContent");
			//exit parallax, and return to the active highlight
			exitParallax(parentElement);
		}
	});

	//when the mouse pointer leaves the sidebar
	$("#navbar").mouseleave(function() {
		//set the sidebar's focus status to false
		sidebarFocus = false;
		//animate the sidebar's background to out of frame
		$("#navbarBackground").css('left', '-300px');
		//if parallaxing is on, animate the whole sidebar to out of frame
		if (scrollLock) {
			$(".headerTitle, .highlightLinks").css('left', '-300px');
			//disable pointer events for the sidebar
			$('#navbar').css('pointer-events', 'none');
		}
		//loop through each highlight link
		$(".hlLink").each(function() {
			//animate this link back to default state if it is inactive
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('opacity', '0.0');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkText").css('left', '24px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLine").css('width', '8px');
			//animate this link back to default state if it is active
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('opacity', '0.8');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkTextActive").css('left', '32px');
			$(this).children(".hlLinkLineActive").css('width', '100px');
		});
	});

	//when the mousewheel moves, check the event delta (scroll direction), and pass the direction to the scroll() function
	$(window).mousewheel(function(event, delta) {
		//if the direction of the delta is down
		if (delta < 0) {
			//call the scroll function with the down boolean (false)
			scroll(false);
		//else, the direction of the delta is up
		} else {
			//call the scroll function with the up boolean (true)
			scroll(true);
		}
		//don't do any normal mouse scroll actions
		return false;

	//when a key is pressed
	}).keydown(function(e) {
		//use a switch statement to determine which key was pressed (using the keycode)
		switch (e.keyCode) {
			//up directional button was pressed
			case 38:
				//if parallaxing is off
				if (!scrollLock) {
					//if the current highlight is not the first highlight
					if (activeHighlight > 0) {
						//call the setHightlight method, passing it the highlight directly above the current active highlight
						setHighlight(activeHighlight-1);
						//animate the scrollbar (bar's ability to move divided by five, because the bar is taking up one space, and there are 6 possible positions)
						var scrollBarTop = ($(window).height() - $('#scrollBar').height()) / 5;
						//stop scrollbar animation, and set it's top value to the correct position
						$('#scrollBar').stop().animate({top: scrollBarTop * activeHighlight}, 100);
					}
				//else, parallaxing is on
				} else {
					//call the scroll function with the up boolean (true)
					scroll(true);
				}
				break;
			//down directional button was pressed
			case 40:
				//if parallaxing is off
				if (!scrollLock) {
					//if the current highlight is not the last highlight
					if (activeHighlight < 5) {
						//call the setHightlight method, passing it the highlight directly below the current active highlight
						setHighlight(activeHighlight+1);
						//animate the scrollbar
						var scrollBarTop = ($(window).height() - $('#scrollBar').height()) / 5;
						//stop scrollbar animation, and set it's top value to the correct position
						$('#scrollBar').stop().animate({top: scrollBarTop * activeHighlight}, 100);
					}
				//else, parallaxing is on
				} else {
					//call the scroll function with the down boolean (false)
					scroll(false);
				}
				break;
			//spacebar button was pressed
			case 32:
				//if parallaxing is off
				if (!scrollLock) {
					//if the current highlight is not the last highlight
					if (activeHighlight < 5) {
						//call the setHightlight method, passing it the highlight directly below the current active highlight
						setHighlight(activeHighlight+1);
						//animate the scrollbar
						var scrollBarTop = ($(window).height() - $('#scrollBar').height()) / 5;
						//stop scrollbar animation, and set it's top value to the correct position
						$('#scrollBar').stop().animate({top: scrollBarTop * activeHighlight}, 100);
					}
				//else, parallaxing is on
				} else {
					//call the scroll function with the down boolean (false)
					scroll(false);
				}
				break;
			//backspace button was pressed
			case 8:
				//if parallaxing is on
				if (scrollLock) {
					e.preventDefault();
					//get the title content box for the active highlight
					var parentElement = $("#hl" + (activeHighlight+1)).children(".hlContent");
					//exit parallax
					exitParallax(parentElement);
					return false;
				}
				break;
			//any other key was pressed
			default:
				//do nothing
				break;
		}
	});
});

//when the window is resized
$(window).resize(function() {
	//call the resize function
	resize();
});

//resize function.  Handles variable sizing while the page is loaded (people resize the page, because they are just mean like that)
function resize() {
	//pass long-winded references to easy-to-use variables
	//get the window height/width
	var width = $(window).width();
	var height = $(window).height();
	//get all highlight background images
	var image = $(".highlightBackgroundImage");
	//get the highlights wrapper (div that contains all the highlights)
	var hlWrapper = $("#highlightsWrapper");
	//get all the highlights themselves
	var highlight = $(".highlight");

	//set height and width of the highlight wrapper (and all the highlights it contains) to whatever the page's height and width are
	hlWrapper.css('width', width + 'px').css('height', height + 'px');
	highlight.css('width', width + 'px').css('height', height + 'px');

	//set the sidebar's height to the height of the page
	$("#navbar").css('height', height + 'px');
	//set the navbar's background to the height of the page
	$("#navbarBackground").css('height', height + 'px');

	//Based on ratios, resize the background image to fill the entire screen.  All images are 1920x1200 pixels
	//if the image is too tall...
	if (width / height > 1.6) {
		//keep the width
		image.css('width', width + 'px');
		//set the height to the correct value based on the width
		image.css('height', width/1.6 + 'px');
	//or, if the image is too wide...
	} else if (width / height < 1.6) {
		//set the width to the correct value based on the height
		image.css('width', height*1.6 + 'px');
		//keep the height
		image.css('height', height + 'px');
	//or, if the image is good as-is
	} else {
		//keep both the width
		image.css('width', width + 'px');
		//and the height
		image.css('height', height + 'px');
	}

	//if the window is too short for the sidebar, change the height dimensions of the sidebar to fit on the page
	//height of the sidebar links
	var scaledDown = 592;
	//if the page height is smaller than 700px
	if (height < 700) {
		//change the total height of the sidebar links to 542
		scaledDown = 542;
		//set the height of the highlight links to 60px
		$(".hlLink").css('height', '60px');
	//else, the page height is >= 700px
	} else {
		//change the total height of the sidebar links to 542
		scaledDown = 692;
		//set the height of the highlight links to 85px
		$(".hlLink").css('height', '85px');
	}

	//I calculated a bunch of things that I don't actually have the original sketches for.  Basically, this code creates equal space between the hamburger button, the title,
	//the highlight links, and the bottom of the page (the space between each is equal).  Don't ask me how though, cause I have no idea XD.  There is some obscure algebra
	//goin on here.  All I know is that it works, so thats good enough for me
	var h1 = (height - scaledDown)/2.3;
	var h2 = 0.7 * h1;
	if (height > 584) {
		$(".highlightLinks").css('margin-top', h1-50 + 'px');
		$(".headerTitle").css('margin-top', h2 + 'px');
	}

	//Move the scrollbar to the right edge of the page (the scrollbar is 10 pixels wide)
	$("#scrollBarWrapper").css('height', height).css('left', width-10);
	//set the dimensions of the scrollbar (should be 1/6th the height of the page)
	$('#scrollBar').css('height', height/6);
	//if parallaxing is off
	if (!scrollLock) {
		//animate the scrollbar
		//get the proper scrollbar position.  Out of six possible locations on the height of the page, with it already taking up one, divide the remainder by 5
		var scrollBarTop = ($(window).height() - $('#scrollBar').height()) / 5;
		//stop scrollbar animation, and set it's top value to the correct position based on the current active highlight
		$('#scrollBar').stop().css('top', scrollBarTop * activeHighlight);
	}
	//center all title content boxes for highlights
	//the content box is 412px tall.  Get the proper 'top' value
	h1 = (height-412) / 2;
	//set the top value
	$(".hlContent").css("top", h1);

	//Update parallax
	//Determine the percentage distance down the page
	var downPage = utils.clamp(scrollStep, minScrollStep, maxScrollStep);
	//if parallax is on
	if (scrollLock) {
		//parallax to the current position
		resetParallax(downPage);
	//else, parallax is off
	} else {
		//keep the main content pane below the window
		parallaxTo(-10, false);
	}

	//center the top and bottom lines
	//calculate the center-top line's left value (line is 1 wide.  Divide width by two and subtract width).  Also calculate the height of the center-top line (10% of page height).
	$(".hlMidLineTop").stop().css('left', width/2 - 1 + 'px').css('height', 0.1*$(window).height());
	//calculate the center-bottom line's left value
	$(".hlMidLineBot").stop().css('left', width/2 - 1 + 'px');
	//set the top and height values for the center-bottom line.  Line during parallax is 40% of the page height tall
	$(".hlMidLineBot").stop().css('height', 0.4*$(window).height()).css('top', height-(0.4*$(window).height()) + 'px');
	//if parallaxing is off
	if (!scrollLock) {
		//set the top and height values for the center-bottom line to 10% of page height
		$(".hlMidLineBot").stop().css('height', 0.1*$(window).height()).css('top', height-(0.1*$(window).height()) + 'px');
	}

	//make sure that the highlight wrappers are all positioned correctly (would use the setHighlight(), but it doesn't have a flag for no animations, and it would not be practical to add one)
	switch (activeHighlight) {
		case 0:
			$('#hl1').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*0) + 'px');
			$('#hl2').css('top', 0 + 'px');
			$('#hl3').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl4').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl5').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl6').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			break;
		case 1:
			$('#hl1').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl2').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl3').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl4').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl5').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl6').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			break;
		case 2:
			$('#hl1').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl2').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl3').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl4').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl5').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl6').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			break;
		case 3:
			$('#hl1').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl2').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl3').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl4').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl5').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl6').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			break;
		case 4:
			$('#hl1').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl2').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl3').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl4').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			$('#hl5').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			$('#hl6').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			break;
		case 5:
			$('#hl1').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*1) + 'px');
			$('#hl2').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*2) + 'px');
			$('#hl3').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*3) + 'px');
			$('#hl4').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*4) + 'px');
			$('#hl5').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*5) + 'px');
			$('#hl6').css('top', 0-($(window).height()*5) + 'px');
			break;
		default:
			break;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to apply conservation of energy to active noise-cancelling headphones? Active noise-cancelling headphones add the opposite waveforms of the ambient sound in order to cancel out this ambient sound by destructive interference. I do not understand why adding more power in this way does not increase the total power of the played-back sound en thus its intensity (dB). I understand that if you have constructive and destructive interference at the same time, conservation of energy means a spatial redistribution of energy. But how to apply this to this application?

A: Active noise cancellation works by playing an inverted mirror image of the sound to erase the noise from existence and achieve complete silence (via physics of destructive interference).
This can be represented with following formula.
x - x = 0
If you notice, the waveform (x) and the inverted waveform (-x) both sum to zero,
so the total amount of energy destroyed is exactly zero.
Therefore, no energy was destroyed.
You can think of the function sin(x) as "do" and -sin(x) as "undo" (e.g. inverse functions).
The destruction of -sin(x) will undo the destruction of sin(x).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Porsche Carrera GT And Lexus LFA Go Head To Head In A Drag Race That You Want To Hear To Imagine
By linda Last updated Oct 7, 2022
It's uncommon to search out an exhaust word that's so emotionally evocative that most individuals will maintain it in excessive esteem. Vehicles that sound that good don't come alongside fairly often. A number of of the exceptions, the Porsche Carrera GT, the Lexus LFA, and the Audi RS3, lately obtained collectively to movie what is maybe one of many greatest-sounding drag races ever. Jason Cammisa explains why that's and the way a brand new Audi sedan can sustain with one of many world's best-sounding supercars.
To kick issues off he races the RS3 with its 401 hp (299 kW) towards its four-cylinder 306 hp (228 kW) sibling, the S4. Unsurprisingly, the additional cylinder and the additional energy lead to a transparent win for the RS3. It's not till one other Audi, a extremely modified 1991 200 Quattro 20V, exhibits up that the RS3 is put out to pasture.
In actual fact, the tuned 200 does the quarter mile in simply 10.5 seconds. A lot nearer is the battle between the RS3 and the Lexus LFA which lined up at the beginning as effectively. Each automobiles managed to hit the end line 11.8 seconds after they started. They only do it very in a different way.
Learn Extra: Audi Celebrates 40 Years Underneath 5-Cylinder Energy
The Audi rockets off of the road and takes a commanding lead, however the Lexus reels it in from 60-100 mph (96-160 km/h) after which finally ends up seven mph (11.2 km/h) sooner because the race finishes. From the beginning they each have one factor in frequent, although: a surprising exhaust word. Nonetheless, the duet is trumped when the LFA traces up towards the Porsche Carrera GT.
The outcomes are considerably predictable once more and the lighter and extra highly effective Porsche runs away with a transparent victory. Why is it that every one of those automobiles sound so good to our ears?
Underneath the hood of the RS3 is a five-cylinder engine, maybe the final of its form in a manufacturing automobile. Regardless of turbocharging, the RS3 manages to sound incredible and feral. It does that partially as a result of like all five-cylinder engines, the precise sound it produces is an ideal fifth, one of the crucial necessary harmonies in music.
As Cammisa explains, double the cylinders and also you get an ideal tenth. Mix that with excessive RPMs and also you get the high-pitched scream that we love a lot from the LFA and the Carrera GT.
Kate Beckinsale Reacts To Pete Davidson, Gisele Bundchen Relationship Meme – Hollywood Life
Schumer says U.S. ought to have a look at 'NOPEC' invoice, different choices after OPEC transfer
The particular Search For The Right Used Automobile Dealer Starts Here
JAC T9: One other Chinese language ute right here in 2023, each diesel and EV…
Mercedes-AMG S63 E Efficiency V8 plug-in hybrid revealed
Traditional Mercedes-Benz Motorhome As soon as Carried A Swiss Hockey Staff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Civilian and Military Power (Ottoman Empire)
By Nazan Maksudyan
The First World War required the most comprehensive mobilization of men and resources in the history of the empire. It transformed the Ottoman state into a more centralized, authoritarian, and nationalist entity. This article explores the impact of total mobilization on civilian-military relations in the Ottoman Empire during the course of the war. Specifically, it discusses the self-empowerment of women as a result of mobilization; forms of cooperation between the government, the public, and wartime philanthropy to aid soldiers and their families; the overall militarization of society; and the appearance of anti-war resistance as a social phenomenon.
2 Mobilization
3 Civilian Efforts to Sustain the War
4 Militarization of Society
5 Anti-War Sentiments in Ottoman Society
The First World War lasted nearly four years for Ottoman society, from October 1914 to November 1918, and it required the most comprehensive mobilization of men and resources in the history of the empire. The ways in which the state functioned and intervened changed dramatically. A new relationship between the state and its people was established. For millions of men, this relationship took the form of conscription and long-term military service. For women, it primarily entailed the removal of men from their households and the increasing intrusion of the state into their daily lives.[1]
From the outbreak of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) onwards, men were recruited into the military in larger numbers. In order to provide for the ever-increasing demands of the army, such as uniforms, shoes, and linen, women's labor was channeled towards military needs. The government's extreme powers of requisition placed agricultural products and animals at the disposal of the Ministry of War. As a result, almost all of the Ottoman society's resources were channeled into the military effort. Moreover, civilian activities were allowed mostly when they involved fund-raising for military activities or assistance for military families.[2] Social values themselves became militarized. Yet, the war also expanded the space of action for social actors in their encounters with the state.[3]
Mobilization↑
As underlined by Mehmet Beşikçi and Yiğit Akın, mobilization for the First World War was declared as early as possible and a significant portion of the male Ottoman population was conscripted. The government was careful not to be caught undermanned and underprepared, as it had been during the Balkan Wars. The new Law of Military Obligation (1914) marked a critical milestone in the universalization of military service. The new structure of the army required a large number of additional troops and an efficient conscription system. Observers noted that no one remained outside the reach of conscription except for invalids and the elderly. The impact of mobilization was visible in Ottoman villages and towns as it disrupted society and the economy. A lack of mechanization, labor shortages, and the requisitioning of animals caused a sharp decrease in agricultural production. By 1916, food shortages had turned into famine in parts of the empire.
Recruitment to the Ottoman military was different for Muslims and non-Muslims and Turks and Arabs.[4] The universality of conscription was accepted in principle with the Reform Decree of 1856 (Islahat Fermanı), but payment of an exemption fee (bedel-i nakdi) became the norm for non-Muslims and they avoided military service in practice until 1909. The 1908 Revolution brought about the rethinking of constitutional rights and obligations, including conscription on a wider basis. The exemption fee practice was abolished in 1909. Expanding the obligation of military service also meant integrating the Arab population into the military. The law of 1914 minimized exemptions and extended military service obligations. However, mobilization was not geographically uniform. Universal military service was mostly achieved in western and central Anatolia but not in eastern Anatolia and the Arab provinces. Units in Yemen and Hejaz were never mobilized and units in Mamuretülaziz, Mosul, and Baghdad mostly remained undermanned due to draft evasion and desertion.
In order to make up for the losses in the civilian population, the Law of Military Obligation introduced the practice of direct financial aid to soldiers' families in the form of a monthly 'separation allowance,' when their (male) breadwinners were drafted into the army.[5] The distribution of aid was riddled with injustices and the corruption of governmental employees at various levels. However, the law gave Ottoman women the right to demand support from the state in the absence of their sons, husbands, brothers, and fathers. Akın's research of hundreds of petitions underline women's self-empowerment during the war. Referring to themselves as soldier's wives and mothers, Ottoman women complained bitterly about pervasive poverty and hunger, state requisitioning and confiscation, and harsh wartime taxation policies. Women often reminded the authorities that their male breadwinners had left them under the protection of the state to perform their military service. Their petitions and telegrams were a new mode of interaction between women and state authorities based on a perceived understanding of mutual obligations and expectations.
Civilian Efforts to Sustain the War↑
Philanthropic involvement in the public sphere had been tied to military engagements throughout the extended period of wars after 1908. The Young Turk regime exerted strict control over associational life and civil society and attempted to shape voluntary initiatives. When the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) seized power in 1913, it tried to control existing organizations by forcing them to cooperate and coordinate their activities with semi-public organizations such as the Fleet Society (Donanma Cemiyeti), the National Defense League (Müdâfaa-i Milliye Cemiyeti) and the Ottoman Red Crescent Society (Osmanlı Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti). Indeed, these semi-official civil society associations that organized aid to improve the living standards of soldiers and their unsupported families characterized the public sphere. Given the limits of state welfare, the Ottoman government relied on the efforts of civil society organizations to support soldiers' families. In that respect, philanthropic organizations helped the continuation of the war, not only by organizing relief for civilians on the home front, but also by collecting aid, producing materials, and boosting morale for soldiers on the front lines.
The Women's Society for Helping Soldiers' Families (Asker Ailelerine Yardımcı Hanımlar Cemiyeti), founded in January 1915 on the initiative of the wives and daughters of high-ranking Ottoman and German military officers and officials, was quite vocal and active among these associations.[6] The Society organized fund-raisers and collected donations. The money obtained was used to purchase food for the organization's target group, the families of soldiers, especially those without a breadwinner (muînsiz).[7] The Society distributed food products from their several branches to soldier's wives who applied and could prove their right to assistance. Despite enormous publicity in the press, their activities were limited to Istanbul and were discontinued in November 1916 due to difficulties in the procurement of food. Still, the number of persons registered to receive aid totaled 65,491 (between 24 January 1915 and 28 November 1916).[8] Most importantly, through this association, the state incorporated the wives of its military and civil elite into its welfare organizations and channeled their officially supported activities into the war effort.
The National Defense League (NDL, Müdafaa-i Milliye Cemiyeti) was also very active, especially in propagating nationalistic ideals and enthusiasm for the war effort. The semi-official character of the NDL was obvious and its organic ties with the government were quite visible. The NDL circulated the idea that the home front was essential in supporting the war effort. It underlined the significance of supporting the civilian population and the families left behind.[9] In addition to assuming governmental and municipal welfare activities such as running soup kitchens or opening workshops for the employment of women, the NDL organized important fund-raising campaigns to support the military.[10]
Several other organizations, such as Women's Section of the Red Crescent Society (Osmanlı Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti Kadınlar Heyet-i Merkeziyesi), the Society for Aid to Needy Soldiers' Families (Muhtaç Asker Ailelerine Muavenet Cemiyeti), and the Ottoman Women's Committee for National Defense (Müdafaa-i Milliye Osmanlı Hanımlar Heyeti) sought to mobilize patriotic and religious sentiments among the female population and raise support for soldiers' families.[11] The Islamic Society for the Employment of Women (Kadınları Çalıştırma Cemiyet-i İslamiyesi) was especially important in encouraging the recruitment of women and children in the urban manufacturing sector, which produced entirely for the military.[12] The Society secured jobs for approximately sixty thousand women in its three workshops, producing cloth, uniforms, woolen undergarments, shoes, water bottles, and underwear for the army.[13] These workshops not only secured new employment opportunities for women, but also channeled women's labor into the war effort.
In order to sustain enthusiasm for mobilization and 'total war' at the societal level, the CUP government and its semi-official voluntary organizations made extensive use of welfare measures. Collaboration between government and the public sphere became manifest in the field of philanthropy. These activities played a crucial role in the mobilization of civilian population for the war effort and as a form of propaganda.
Militarization of Society↑
1913 was a decisive year in the transformation of the politics of the post-1908 era into a single-party authoritarian regime after the CUP coup. The humiliating defeat during the Balkan Wars led Ottoman authorities to initiate radical military reforms in order to establish the military as the ruling political group. Men with a military background filled the government and many state positions. Moreover, the CUP portrayed the new law of conscription (requiring each and every able-bodied Ottoman man to serve in the military) as essential to the survival of the empire. A militarist ideological disposition, inspired by Marshal Colmar von der Goltz's (1843-1916) idea of the creation of the 'nation in arms' (millet-i müsellaha), was very strong within elite circles and the CUP. The NDL aimed to popularize this militarist ideology through public demonstrations. Figures such as Black (Kara) Fatmas or legends such as the 120 children spread the idea of the sacredness of military sacrifice for non-belligerent segments of the Ottoman society, especially women and children.[14]
Youth were not exempt from the sweeping militarization of daily life. The CUP government aimed to increase its capacity for social control and penetrate further into society through the establishment of paramilitary youth organizations. Their chief aim was to spread ideas of heroism and patriotism among boys and their training program envisioned military exercise and drill for pre-military age students.[15] In 1916, the scouting organizations were united under the name Genç Dernekleri (Youth League) and became part of the War Ministry's military hierarchy.[16] The League would not only make the mobilization effort permanent, but also serve as a readily visible propaganda medium to arouse support on the home front.
Atrocity propaganda and boycotts played the defining role of military engagement in civil relations.[17] Propaganda aimed at mobilizing the home front contributed to the militarization and nationalization of the masses. Çetinkaya has suggested contextualizing Ottoman atrocity propaganda within the framework of 'total war' and as a battlefield in its own right. It played a vital role in the demonization of enemies (both within and without) and, thus, in legitimizing the elimination of non-Muslim communities.[18]
The divide between the actual fighting and the home front blurred for many during the war. Although Ottoman Anatolia appeared geographically distant from the front lines, except during the Gallipoli campaign, if one includes the rebellions, occupations, deportation, massacres, and lawlessness reigning throughout the empire, the war took place mostly on the home front. Significant portions of Anatolia were occupied between 1914-1917, much of Iraq was occupied by 1915, the Hejaz was in a state of rebellion as of 1915, there were anti-deportation rebellions in Van in 1915, and war raged through Palestine from 1917 onwards. The deportation and massacres of non-Muslims, especially the Ottoman Armenians, brought another dimension to the home front experience. As the state waged a war against its own citizens, (Muslim) civilian populations became perpetrators and took part in both violence and looting. Enmity and fighting was transferred from the war front to the home front.
Anti-War Sentiments in Ottoman Society↑
Heavy governmental restrictions on freedom of speech and the dominance of semi-official civil society organizations closed possible channels for raising anti-war public opinion in Ottoman society. A very strong anti-war sentiment existed nonetheless in all segments of society, even if it did not turn into an organized and associational pacifist movement.[19] Anti-war stances were in most of the cases implicit, verbal, and individual. They took the form of 'war fatigue' and desertion for soldiers; deprivation, exhaustion, and longing for peace for the society at large. In rare occasions, there were open and public demonstrations against the war. Women from different cities of the empire organized resistance against the war mostly in the form of food riots. In the very first months of the war, women in Erzurum organized an anti-war demonstration, which observers described as 'extraordinary'. Women waited in front of the governor's house for hours, throwing stones at the building, to request that the governor send a telegram to Istanbul defying the war.[20] There were other riots in 1915, followed by one in March 1916 which was quite impressive.[21] A group of women broke into railway yards whence troop trains were about to leave, shouting protests against sending the men 'to go to their death'. They threw themselves on the rails in front of the trains. The authorities refrained from using force to remove them, fearing a mutiny among the soldiers.
In addition to anti-war protests that were mainly organized by women, the Ottoman press had a visible pro-peace attitude. Especially towards the end of the war, columnists discussed nothing but peace and they no longer regarded the continuation of the war as legitimate.[22] Moreover, notable Ottoman intellectuals assumed an anti-war stance. Though a pacifist rejection of the war was very rare in late Ottoman society, the writings of Abdullah Cevdet (1869-1932) and Tevfik Fikret (1867-1915) were exceptional expressions of an anti-war public opinion. In a poem written in 1915, Tevfik Fikret criticizes the war, the Ottoman Empire's participation, and the CUP. He describes the pain, misery, and deprivation caused by the war in his verses on soldiers dying for nothing, bloody corpses decomposed on the front, groaning wounded soldiers left behind, destroyed villages, orphans crying and begging, etc. After recounting these wretched scenes, he openly curses an officially declared 'holy war'.
Damn you 'holy war'
You are the one soiling heavens and earth
Damn you, damn you tragedy of war
You are a blow to humanity, the burden of war.[23]
Abdullah Cevdet also wrote 'Black Sun', an openly pacifist poem, in July 1915 with the "inspiration of the Çanakkale Killing (kıtal)". The terminology he used for the publicly renowned glory of the Ottoman army made his pacifist stance towards the war clear and he invites the humanity to be ashamed of killing and sick of dying (öldürmeden utan, ölmeden usan).[24] 'Black Sun' was only published in December 1918 due to censorship.
From ordinary women to public intellectuals, from deserting soldiers to officers fatigued by the war, there were masses of 'individual objectors' in Ottoman society during the First World War. Although they could not put up a collective pacifist resistance against an armed and militarized government, anti-war expressions in late Ottoman society deserve further research.
The most significant consequence of the First World War in shaping civilian-military relations was the militarization of all facets of Ottoman life, especially politics, the economy, and society. Militarization meant, among other things, the precedence of military authority over the civilian in state affairs; allocation of all the country's resources to military engagements; the embrace of military values not only by men-in-arms, but by the entire civilian population; and the redefinition of educational policy along military lines. For civil society initiatives, militarization forced fund-raising and philanthropic activities to be linked to the armed struggle. For petitioning wives and mothers, it transformed women's self-definition with reference to their male relatives-in-arms. In this new societal configuration, the army occupied a central position and continued to do so in several post-Ottoman nation-states.
Nazan Maksudyan, Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient
Section Editors: Elizabeth Thompson; Mustafa Aksakal
↑ See Akın, Yiğit: War, Women, and the State: The Politics of Sacrifice in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, in: Journal of Women's History 26/3 (2014), pp. 12-35.
↑ From the 1908 Revolution onwards, Ottoman civil society flourished. The philanthropic activities of private schools and foundations (such as those run by foreigners), non-Muslim organizations, churches and synagogues, and, to some extent, nationalist organizations retained some element of independence until the First World War.
↑ See Beşikçi, Mehmet: Ottoman Mobilization of Manpower in the First World War: Between Voluntarism and Resistance, Leiden 2012.
↑ See Beşikçi, Ottoman Mobilization 2012, pp. 96-103, 130-133.
↑ See van Os, Nicole A.N.M.: Taking Care of Soldiers' Families: The Ottoman State and the 'Muinsiz Aile Maaşı', in: Zürcher, Erik J. (ed.): Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925, London 1999, pp. 95-110.
↑ They included the wife of the director of public security, Nuriye Canbolat, the wife of the director of the Printing Office, the wife of Weber Pasha, and the wife of general director of the police, İrfan Bedri. Asker Ailelerine elimizden gelen her türlü yardım en büyük vazifemiz [It is our greatest duty to provide any kind of help to soldiers' families], in: Tanin, no. 2176, 11 Kanunusani 1330 (24 January 1915).
↑ Asker Âilelerine Yardımcı Hanımlar Heyeti [Women's Committee to Aid Soldiers' Families], in: Servet-i Fünûn, 1234, 15 Kânûn-ı sânî 1330 (28 January 1915), p. 179; For a detailed account of the activities of the society, see van Os, Nicole A.N.M.: Aiding the Poor Soldiers' Families: The Asker Ailelerine Yardımcı Hanımlar Cemiyeti, in: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türkiyat Mecmuası 21/2 (2011), pp. 255-89.
↑ Based on a report sent to the General Secretariat of the Red Crescent (Hilâl-i Ahmer) in 1919, Türk Kızılayı Arşivi, 988/4, 22 Haziran 1335 (22 June 1919).
↑ See Beşikçi, Ottoman Mobilization 2012, p. 75.
↑ Polat, Nazım H.: Müdafaa-i Milliye Cemiyeti [National Defense League], Ankara 1991, pp. 71, 85, 213.
↑ Toprak, Zafer: The Family, Feminism, and the State during the Young Turk Period, 1908-1918, in: Eldem, Edhem (ed.): Première rencontre internationale sur l'Empire ottoman et la Turquie moderne, Istanbul 1991, pp. 441-452, 447.
↑ See van Os, Nicole A.N.M.: Nurturing Soldiers and Girls: Osmanlı Kadınları Cemiyet-i Hayriyesi, in: Abacı, Nurcan (ed.): Papers of VIIIth International Congress on the Economic and Social History of Turkey, Morrisville 2006, pp. 213-218.
↑ Göçek, Fatma Müge: From Empire to Nation: Images of Women and War in Ottoman Political Cartoons, 1908-1923, in Melman, Billie (ed.): Borderlines: Genders and Identities in War and Peace, 1870-1930, New York 1998, pp. 47-72, 51; Karakışla, Yavuz Selim: Women, War and Work in the Ottoman Empire: Society for the Employment of Ottoman Muslim Women, 1916-1923, Istanbul 2005.
↑ For further information on Black (Kara) Fatmas see Kutluata, Zeynep: Geç Osmanlı ve Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Savaş: Kara Fatma(lar) [Gender and War in the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Era: Black Fatma(s)], in: Kültür ve Siyasette Feminist Yaklaşımlar [Feminist Perspectives in Culture and Politics], 2 (2007). http://www.feministyaklasimlar.org/ozet/?postid=476. For further information on the legend of 120 children, see Altınkaynak, Erdoğan: Sarıkamış Harekatı ve Çevresinde Oluşan Destanlar, Hatıralar [Sarıkamış Campaign and Legends and Memories that Emerged Around It], in: Gürsoy-Naskali, Emine / Koç, Aylin (eds.): Savaş Çocukları: Öksüzler ve Yetimler [War Children: Orphans], Istanbul 2003.
↑ Toprak, Zafer: II. Meşrutiyet Döneminde Paramiliter Gençlik Örgütleri [Paramilitary Youth Organizations in the Second Constitutional Era], in: Tanzimattan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi [Encyclopedia of Turkey from the Tanzimat to the Republic], Istanbul 1985, pp. 531-536; Beşikçi, Ottoman Mobilization 2012, pp. 226-232.
↑ Köroğlu, Erol: Ottoman Propaganda and Turkish Identity: Literature in Turkey During World War I, London 2007, pp. 59-61.
↑ See Çetinkaya, Y. Doğan: Atrocity Propaganda and The Nationalization of the Masses in the Ottoman Empire During the Balkan Wars (1912-13), in: International Journal of Middle East Studies 46 (2014), pp. 759-778.
↑ See Çetinkaya Y. Doğan: Illustrated Atrocity: The Stigmatisation of Non-Muslims Through Images in the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars, in: Journal of Modern European History 12 (2014), pp. 460-478.
↑ Maksudyan, Nazan: 'Öldürmeden utan, ölmeden usan!': Geç Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Savaş Karşıtı Hissiyatın Açık ve Örtük Dışavurumları ['Be ashamed to kill, get tired of dying': Manifest and Latent Expressions of Anti-War Sentiments in the Late Ottoman Empire], in: Toplumsal Tarih [Social History] 180 (December 2008), pp. 34-41.
↑ Turkish Women Revolt, in: New York Times, 14 December 1914.
↑ Riots Reported in Turkey, in: New York Times, 6 March 1916.
↑ Koloğlu, Orhan: Aydınlarımızın Bunalım Yılı 1918 [1918: Our Intellectuals' Year of Depression], Istanbul 2000, pp. 37-8.
↑ 'Lanet sana! Ey 'harb-ı mukaddes', / Sensin bütün ekvânı eden böyle mülevves / Lanet sana, lanet sana ey haile-i harb, / İnsanlığa bir darbesin, ey gaile-i harb!' See Fikret, Tevfik: Bütün Şiirleri III (Collected Poems III), Istanbul 1984, pp. 247-287.
↑ Cevdet, Abdullah: Kara Güneş, in: İçtihad, 133/5 Kanunievvel 1918, pp. 2739-2840.
Akin, Yiğit: War, women, and the state. The politics of sacrifice in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, in: Journal of Women's History 26/3, 2014, pp. 12-35.
Altınkaynak, Erdoğan: Sarıkamış Harekatı ve Çevresinde Oluşan Destanlar, Hatıralar (Sarıkamış campaign and legends and memories that emerged around it), in: Gürsoy-Naskali, Emine / Koç, Aylin (eds.): Savaş çocukları. Öksüzler ve yetimler (War children. Orphans), Istanbul 2003: Marmara Üniversitesi.
Beşikçi, Mehmet: The Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War. Between voluntarism and resistance, Leiden 2012: Brill.
Çetinkaya, Y. Doğan: Atrocity propaganda and the nationalization of the masses in the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13), in: International Journal of Middle East Studies 46/4, 2014, pp. 759-778.
Çetinkaya, Y. Doğan: Illustrated atrocity. The stigmatisation of non-Muslims through images in the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars, in: Journal of Modern European History 12/4, 2014, pp. 460-478.
Göçek, Fatma Müge: From empire to nation. Images of women and war in Ottoman political cartoons, 1908-1923, in: Melman, Billie (ed.): Borderlines. Genders and identities in war and peace, 1870-1930, New York 1998: Routledge, pp. 47-72.
Karakışla, Yavuz Selim: Women, war and work in the Ottoman Empire. Society for the employment of Ottoman Muslim women, 1916-1923, Istanbul 2005: Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi.
Köroǧlu, Erol: Ottoman propaganda and Turkish identity. Literature in Turkey during World War I, London 2007: I. B. Tauris.
Kutluata, Zeynep: Genç Osmanlı ve Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Savaş. Kara Fatma(lar) (Gender and war in the late Ottoman and early Republican era. Black Fatma(s)), in: Kültür ve Siyasette Feminist Yaklaşımlar (Feminist perspectives in culture and politics) 2, 2007.
Maksudyan, Nazan: 'Öldürmeden utan, ölmeden usan!'. Geç Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Savaş Karşıtı Hissiyatın Açık ve Örtük Dışavurumları ('Be ashamed to kill, get tired of dying!' Manifest and latent expressions of anti-war sentiments in the late Ottoman Empire), in: Toplumsal Tarih (Social History) 180, 2008, pp. 60-67.
Polat, Nâzım H.: Müdâfaa-i Milliye Cemiyeti (National Defense League), Ankara 1991: Kültür Bakanlığı.
Toprak, Zafer: The family, feminism and the state during the Young Turk period, in: Eldem, Edhem (ed.): Première Rencontre internationale sur l'Empire ottoman et la Turquie moderne, Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, 18-22 janvier 1985, Istanbul 1991: Editions ISIS, pp. 441-452.
Toprak, Zafer: II. Meşrutiyet Döneminde Paramiliter Gençlik Örgütleri (Paramilitary youth organizations in the second constitutional era), in: Çakmak, Vedat / Belge, Murat / Aral, Fahri (eds.): Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye ansiklopedisi, volume 2, Istanbul 1985: İletişim Yayınları, pp. 531-536.
van Os, Nicole A. N. M.: Nurturing soldiers and girls. Osmanlı Kadınları Cemiyet-i Hayriyesi, in: Abacı, Nurcan (ed.): Papers submitted to the VIIIth International Congress on the Economic and Social History of Turkey, June 18-21, 1998, Bursa-Turkey, Morrisville 2006: Lulu Press, pp. 213-218.
van Os, Nicole A. N. M.: Aiding the poor soldiers' families. The Asker Ailelerine Yardımcı Hanımlar Cemiyeti, in: Türkiyat Mecmuası 21/2, 2011, pp. 255-290, doi:10.18345/tm.71511.
van Os, Nicole A. N. M.: Taking care of soldiers' families. The Ottoman state and the 'Muinsiz Aile Maaşı', in: Zürcher, Erik-Jan (ed.): Arming the state. Military conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925, London; New York 1999: I. B. Tauris; St. Martin's Press, pp. 95-110.
Maksudyan, Nazan: Civilian and Military Power (Ottoman Empire) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2017-02-01. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11037.
Culture > Literature and poetry
Politics, law > Domestic policy > Domestic mobilisation
Politics, law > Institutions > Governments
Society > Women and men > Femininity
Society > Family, generation > Children and youth
Warfare and the military > Military planning and recruitment > Mobilisation, military
Warfare and the military > Soldiers, experiences and attitudes > War fatigue
Warfare and the military > Disobedience > Desertion
Warfare and the military > Crimes, atrocities > Genocide
Ottoman Empire; mobilization; militarization; philanthropy; petitioning
Osmanisches Reich ; Weltkrieg [1914-1918] ; Militär ; Politik
World War, 1914-1918--Turkey ; Turkey--Politics and government--1909-1918
Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) ; Empire ottoman -- Politique et gouvernement -- 1909-1918
Abdullah Cevdet (1869-1932); Colmar von der Goltz's (1843-1916); Tevfik Fikret (1867-1915)
Baghdad; Constantinople (Istanbul); Mosul
Maksudyan, Nazan
Anniversary of the conquest of Constantinople
Istanbul, 1917
Horns in Istanbul
Turkish troops in Damascus
Young Turks Defence Corps band
Ottoman entry into war
Ottoman Cavalry with Lances and Flags
Marching Ottoman Soldiers


An Italian heirloom that is one of the best tasting zucchinis around. A great nutty flavour with a firm flesh and texture whether cooked or raw. Can also be picked young with the flowers still attached for the gourmet meal. The skins are prominently ribbed and green with pale green flecks. 15 seeds.


When deciding on a new career it is important to fully understand what you will be doing in your new job. Equally as important (and probably forgotten the majority of the time) is to research the future outlook of your new career. What is the demand, how hard will it be to get a job after training, are there any growth opportunities. It would be a waste of time, effort and money to go through schooling for a career in a shrinking job market. It is also pointless if you end up not enjoying your work because you didn''t understand what exactly the new career entailed. So do your research beforehand! An excellent place to start is right here at PharmTechTraining.net. Other great resources include the US Department of Labor Occupational Outlook Handbook and the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB).
Job Description for more details on what pharmacy technicians do on a day-to-day basis.
Salary for more details on the salary range for pharmacy technicians.
Job Outlook for more details on the growth and demand for pharmacy technicians.
Qualifications for more details on the qualifications needed to become a pharmacy technician.


text:
'Zombie' bee infestation arrives in Vermont
It's the first report in the eastern U.S. of a parasitic fly linked to neurological damage that results in erratic movements and night activity among bees.
By Beth GarbitelliThe Associated Press
ESSEX JUNCTION, Vt. — Vermont beekeepers face mite infestations, extreme temperature swings and the possibility of colony collapse. Last fall, a new threat emerged: zombie bees.
Beekeeper Anthony Cantrell of Burlington discovered zombie bees in his hive in October, the first time they'd been found in the eastern United States.
John Hafernik, a professor from San Francisco State University, discovered the first zombie bees in 2008. A fly called Apocephalus borealis attaches itself to the bee and injects its eggs, which grow inside the bee, Hafernik said. Scientists believe it causes neurological damage resulting in erratic, jerky movement and night activity, "like a zombie," Hafernik said by phone Tuesday.
These aren't undead bees doomed to roam for eternity. They often die only a few hours after showing symptoms, Hafernik said.
Hafernik and his team of colleagues and students have been tracking the zombie bee spread across the United States. California, Washington, Oregon and South Dakota all have confirmed zombie bees while this is the first time the bee has been found this far east, said Hafernik. The fly previously attached to bumblebees as hosts, not honeybees, according to Hafernik.
"Right now, we don't know if it's an isolated thing," Stephen Parise, Vermont agricultural production specialist, said Tuesday at the state's annual farm show.
The Vermont Agency of Agriculture hopes to use trapping to investigate the threat. Parise also told the Vermont Beekeeper Association that he expected more bee deaths this year due to wild temperature swings.
Chas Mraz, of Champlain Valley Apiary, said mites, viruses and pesticides are bigger health issues for honeybees. A lack of nectar and pollen in a changing agricultural ecosystem focused more on corn and soybeans could affect bee immune systems, he said.
"There's tremendous pressure on bees," Mraz said. Champlain Valley Apiary has been operating since 1931 and houses about 1,200 bee colonies. At peak population in good weather, that means over 60 million bees.
University of Illinois entomologist May Berenbaum, a top bee expert, agreed.
"It is seemingly kind of Biblical here," she said. "We're getting every conceivable kind of plague."
Given the way bee populations have become so homogenized and how they are shipped cross country to aid in pollenating, the first Eastern infection of the zombie fly makes sense, Berenbaum said.
"It's not surprising; it's certainly not good news," Berenbaum said. "There are so many pathogens and parasites that we're aware of that are afflicting bees."
Just a few weeks ago, new research by the U.S. Department of Agriculture showed that a plant virus — tobacco ringspot virus — is now infecting commercial honeybees, Berenbaum said.
Leif Richardson, a doctoral student at Dartmouth College studies the interactions between plants, pollinators and parasites. Richardson said the fly involved in zombie bees could, besides using honeybees as hosts, potentially transmit viruses and pathogens.
Beekeepers "should definitely be concerned about it," Richardson said.
Hafernik said it would be a "game changer" if these flies could hatch from dead bees and complete their life cycle inside the hive, something that most worries Cantrell.
"I think it would be another nail in the coffin for honeybees in the northern hemisphere," Cantrell said.
AP Science Writer Seth Borenstein in Washington contributed to this report.


My intention is to produce a 'newsletter' with some regularity to keep you up-to-date with what has been added to the site and what immediate plans there are for new material. Occasionally there may be discussion of some mathematical news or links to interesting sites or material as well.
If you wish to receive my newsletter, please provide your e-mail address using the form on this page. You can remove your e-mail address from my mailing list at any time by completing the unsubscribe form on this page or by clicking the 'Unsubscribe' link at the bottom of one of my e-mails.


text:
Empowering Individuals (518) 308-8339
Accidents Involving Impaired Drivers
New York Hit and Run Accidents
Saratoga Springs Accident Lawyers
Animal Attacks & Dog Bites
Child Injury Information Center
My child was hurt in an accident and I don't know what to do first/next.
How will I take care of a child after an accident?
What do I do if a child was hurt by a piece of equipment?
How long does a lawsuit for an injured child take in New York?
Albany and Saratoga Medical Malpractice
Podiatry Malpractice
The New York Guide to seeing a Podiatrist
"We're just going to scrape some bone" and other podiatry problems
Failure to diagnose sepsis
Local Personal Injury Info
Albany Accident Lawyers
The Complete Guide to Saratoga County Accidents
Sex or Gender Discrimination
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination
New York Podiatry Malpractice Video Library
New York Personal Injury Video Library
New York Employment Law Video Library
How to find and hire a New York lawyer
A Modern Epidemic
Age Discrimination FAQ
Animal Attacks FAQ
Employment Law FAQ
Gender Discrimination FAQ
Hospital & Facility Negligence FAQ
5 Things That Happen When You Decide to "Sue" in New York
What to expect when you contact our office
Estate Planning Consultation
New York Failure To Diagnose Cancer Attorneys
Albany and Saratoga Springs Missed or Delayed Cancer Diagnosis Lawyers
Nearly everyone has been impacted in one way or another by a cancer diagnosis. Whether it's you, a family member, friend or loved one, cancer has prevailed as a word that we all fear.
Receiving a diagnosis of cancer is horrific, and it brings all sorts of doubts, questions and uncertainty. But often there's hope. Medical research has led to an increase in early detection, and many times cancer that is discovered early is able to be effectively treated.
But sometimes an early diagnosis does not happen. Sometimes doctors miss something. Synovial sarcomas, for example.
And this is not because they are malicious, it is because they are human, and they make mistakes. But the law protects victims when those mistakes happen.
Sometimes Doctors Miss Something
Doctors and hospitals carry medical malpractice insurance because mistakes happen. In cases involving a delayed cancer diagnosis these mistakes often take the form of the simple failure to pay attention to a patient complaint.
We've all been at the doctors office, waiting for what seems like forever, only to have a doctor or nurse rush in and, half paying attention, ask us about what's wrong. And many of us have seen what happens when we make suggestions that the doctor had not considered – they are very often dismissive.
Cancer diagnoses are missed when doctors fail to see something that is in front of them, whether because they don't know or because they simply had something else in mind. What a doctor thinks is a cyst in the knee could be a malignant sarcoma, but unless the doctor performs the appropriate tests this cannot be confirmed. If the doctor is simply convinced that the growth is a cyst, he or she might not perform a fine needle biopsy which could confirm whether the mass was cancerous.
We have seen these types of misdiagnoses in action. We know the pain of sitting across from someone who has just been told that the lump that they had been asking the doctor about for two years is in fact cancer, and has spread to the lungs.
Nothing can unring the bell of a missed cancer diagnosis. At that point the patient has to take care of herself and get the best available treatment. But the civil legal system does provide some recourse in the case of a missed cancer diagnosis. It allows for the victim or her family to recover damages from the doctor's insurance company.
What damages are available for a missed cancer diagnosis?
When a cancer diagnosis is missed it often results in the need to extensive medical treatment, and can unfortunately result in death. When a victim or family member ultimately brings a suit for a missed diagnosis the damages include:
Emotional distress suffered by the victim;
Pain and suffering from the date of the missed diagnosis;
Damages for any economic loss sustained by the victim or her family as a result of the missed diagnosis;
Damages for loss of household services and parental guidance by the victim's family.
A delayed or missed cancer diagnosis can be devastating on a family. If this has happened to you give us a call. We know and appreciate the sensitive nature of this type of situation, and we know the steps that must be taken to ensure that the victim or the victim's family is protected.
Join our list and receive weekly updates about the law (we promise it won't be boring, and we don't share your information with anyone).
125 High Rock Avenue
The information contained on this site is not legal advice and does not constitute the formation of an attorney-client relationship. Prior results do not guarantee future outcomes. Attorney Advertising.
Copyright © 2020 D'Orazio Peterson LLP


I have been using my Fitbit Alta for about a year and a half and I noticed my RHR seems to oscillate with a period of about 3-4 months when it aggregates the data by month. Not sure if this is a hormonal thing or an artefact of the way Fitbit averages the data.
I think you'd be better off just noting your heart rate every morning after sitting still for ten minutes or so.


2 beds | 2 baths | 1,259 sqft | $627 per sq. ft.
EX: I found this listing on PMZ.com. Please send me more information about 800 S Abel St Unit 220, Milpitas, CA 95035. Thank you.
Listing Office: Grobecker Holland International Inc.


Andrew and Steven return for the weekly addition, this time bringing along Ladies Night Lady Host, Trina, and the three of them welcome Andrea Parrish to the studio.
Andrea is the brilliant mind behind A Thousand Things To Talk About, and you should certainly check her out.
athousandthingstotalkabout.com or search A Thousand Things To Talk About on your favorite podcastching app.


JAMMU, Dec 30: Authorities have withdrawn their decision to take back weapons from the Village Defence Committee (VDC) members, who had turned 60, which had resulted into widespread resentment among the minorities especially in Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts, where the militancy had shown some signs of revival especially after the killing of BJP leader Anil Parihar and his brother Ajit Parihar.
Governor Satya Pal Malik is reported to have directed the authorities to stop withdrawal of weapons excepting from those, who were incapacitated or have criminal record.
Official sources said the authorities have revised their direction for withdrawal of weapons from all those VDC members, who had turned 60, and directed that the weapons should be taken back from only those members, who were incapacitated or have criminal record and not from all.
"All VDC members of 60 years or above, who have good record and can fight the militancy, would continue to hold the weapons," sources said.
Union Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO), Dr Jitendra Singh said the Governor told him that weapons would be withdrawn only from the incapacitated members and rest of the VDCs members, irrespective of their age, would continue to hold guns to fight militancy.
Instead, he added, the Government has decided to further strengthen the VDCs.
Director General of Police (DGP) Dilbag Singh told the Excelsior that the weapons are being withdrawn only from the VDC members, who were sick or have criminal record.
Excelsior had exclusively reported the decision to withdraw weapons from the VDC members, who had turned 60, leading to panic among the minorities in Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts, where the people had braved militancy for nearly three decades with help of the VDCs and didn't migrate.
Though local police authorities had assured that weapons would be given to family members or immediate family members of the elderly citizens, this didn't satisfy the people and number of representatives of different organizations had reached Jammu, demanding status quo.
"The Government has agreed to the status quo. Now, the weapons will remain with the VDC members barring exceptional cases where the gun holders have criminal record or have turned incapacitated and can't fight the militants, sources pointed out.
Instead, they said, the Government has decided to strengthen the VDCs by holding regular training sessions with them, checking their weapons whether they were in working conditions or not, replace the weapons which have been rendered useless and provide all other possible assistance to them.
This is in recognition to the role rendered by the VDC members during nearly three decades of militancy in Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts during which they not only protected the habitations of minorities but also eliminated militants during the encounters or passed on specific information about movement of the militants to the security forces.
In November, militants had gunned down senior BJP leader Anil Parihar and his brother Ajit Parihar in the heart of Kishtwar town. All main accused involved in the killings haven't been arrested so far. About half a dozen militants and their Over Ground Workers besides a top agent of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan have recently been arrested by Kishtwar police.
In Doda district also, there have been reports of radicalization of youth.
The VDCs were also set up in the nineties in Rajouri and Poonch districts besides border districts of Samba and Kathua but their number was very less as compared to the VDCs working in Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts.
Sources expressed confidence that the Government's latest directive will cool down the tempers, which were running high among the minorities, who were worried that withdrawal of guns from some of the VDC members might give the militants a chance to strike in their villages.


An ecological disaster can happen in Donbas because of terrorists - Life in Ukraine. Live, @ first hand.
There's a critical situation in Avdeevka Coke Chemical plant due to damaged power lines.
This is reported on Facebook by group 'Peaceful Donbas'.
'The plants gets power supply from 1 power lines of 4. The other three are damaged as the result of battles', – they inform in the group.
They also mention that it is necessary to stop battles close to the plant and provide corridor for repair works.
The representatives of the group 'Peaceful Donbas' know from their own sources that 'Ukrainian soldiers are ready to stop firing from their side and give possibility to connect broken lines. It is unknown whether the militants are ready to stop shooting'.
'Ukrainian sappers are ready to do it if snipers and 'Grad' systems of DNR stop firing from their side'.
They also claim in the group that if 'power supply of the plan is not restored soon and the last power line is damaged it can lead to terrible technological and environmental disaster. As a result not only civilians and participants of the hostilities might suffer, but everyone who lives close to the place.
The plant is located close to Donetsk itself. In case of complete de-energize harmful and toxic substances like ammonia, phenols, thiocyanate and the others might penetrate into atmosphere and water. The cloud of coke gas might fly in any direction killing every living thing in its path'.
'Peaceful Donbas' claims that power engineering specialists and metallurgists hope and expect that all leaders and commanders of terrorists have enough common sense and self-preservation instincts and they'll be able to stop battles close to the plant in order to prevent their own 'Chernobyl' in Donetsk region. There's almost no time to save plant and people'.
Share the post "An ecological disaster can happen in Donbas because of terrorists"


Happy New Year everyone, and welcome back! As anticipated, this week will still show general market inconstancies due to the holiday season, for instance, sales reported a mere 53 on the week which is actually 15 more than last year if you can believe it. Speaking of last year, the stats continue to narrow, and we are actually kicking off the year on a positive note. For the first time in a long time, we are within double digits of overall and single family home inventory levels, and condo inventory continues to report lower and lower. Values are a bit out of whack the week, but the low number of sales has caused some fluctuation across the board. I would focus on the median home prices to get an idea of whats selling, to me, it seems like entry level products are the holiday flavour. Exciting start to the new year, and I know there are more than a few people with fingers crossed that 2016 will usher in a rebound for the Halifax real estate market, you'll have to stay tuned to find out!
Be sure to stop by for the 2015 year end wrap up, which will be posted soon!
Merlin is a sweet boy looking for an active home! He is around 11 months old and weighs 51 pounds. Merlin is super friendly with everyone he meets! He enjoys playing with his toys and receiving affection. Merlin would like to go to obedience classes upon adoption so he can learn basic manners and some new tricks! Merlin would like a home with no cats, and will need some more socialization before he is comfortable being around other dogs. He is a very smart boy who likes to work and will learn quick!


text:
Computer Vision Toolbox
Feature Detection and Extraction
Recognition, Object Detection, and Semantic Segmentation
Camera Calibration
Structure from Motion and Visual SLAM
Stereo Vision
Structure from Motion
Coordinate Systems
Pixel Indices
Spatial Coordinates
3-D Coordinate Systems
Camera-Based Coordinate System
Calibration Pattern-Based Coordinate System
You can specify locations in images using various coordinate systems. Coordinate systems are used to place elements in relation to each other. Coordinates in pixel and spatial coordinate systems relate to locations in an image. Coordinates in 3-D coordinate systems describe the 3-D positioning and origin of the system.
Pixel coordinates enable you to specify locations in images. In the pixel coordinate system, the image is treated as a grid of discrete elements, ordered from top to bottom and left to right.
For pixel coordinates, the number of rows, r, downward, while the number of columns, c, increase to the right. Pixel coordinates are integer values and range from 1 to the length of the row or column. The pixel coordinates used in Computer Vision Toolbox™ software are one-based, consistent with the pixel coordinates used by Image Processing Toolbox™ and MATLAB®. For more information on the pixel coordinate system, see Pixel Indices.
Spatial coordinates enable you to specify a location in an image with greater granularity than pixel coordinates. Such as, in the pixel coordinate system, a pixel is treated as a discrete unit, uniquely identified by an integer row and column pair, such as (3,4). In the spatial coordinate system, locations in an image are represented in terms of partial pixels, such as (3.3, 4.7).
For more information on the spatial coordinate system, see Spatial Coordinates.
When you reconstruct a 3-D scene, you can define the resulting 3-D points in one of two coordinate systems. In a camera-based coordinate system, the points are defined relative to the center of the camera. In a calibration pattern-based coordinate system, the points are defined relative to a point in the scene.
The Computer Vision Toolbox functions use the right-handed world coordinate system. In this system, the x-axis points to the right, the y-axis points down, and the z-axis points away from the camera. To display 3-D points, use pcshow.
Points represented in a camera-based coordinate system are described with the origin located at the optical center of the camera.
In a stereo system, the origin is located at the optical center of Camera 1.
When you reconstruct a 3-D scene using a calibrated stereo camera, the reconstructScene and triangulate functions return 3-D points with the origin at the optical center of Camera 1. When you use Kinect® images, the pcfromkinect function returns 3-D points with the origin at the center of the RGB camera.
Points represented in a calibration pattern-based coordinate system are described with the origin located at the (0,0) location of the calibration pattern.
When you reconstruct a 3-D scene from multiple views containing a calibration pattern, the resulting 3-D points are defined in the pattern-based coordinate system. The Structure From Motion From Two Views example shows how to reconstruct a 3-D scene from a pair of 2-D images containing a checkerboard pattern.
Measuring Planar Objects with a Calibrated Camera
Structure From Motion From Two Views
Structure From Motion From Multiple Views
Depth Estimation From Stereo Video


Come check out the Atlantic City Comedy Club's NEW LOCATION. We are NOW located in the Kiss Kiss Night Club on the 3rd fl of the Quarter inside the Tropicana Casino. Now Featuring All Professional Comics EVERY Thursday Night.


text:
First Friday lights up downtown Greensboro shops, restaurants
Posted by Lauren Ramsdell ⋅ February 11, 2012 ⋅ Leave a comment
Filed Under arts, downtown, entertainment, First Fridays, food, Greensboro, music, North Carolina
Downtown Greensboro's Elm Street is a popular place on Friday nights. Natty Greene's Pub and Brewing Company, the Green Bean Coffeehouse and the nearby Carolina Theatre are hoppin' nighttime destinations. But what about those who don't want a beer, a coffee or to see a show?
Downtown Greensboro, Inc. and the United Arts Council of Greater Greensboro joined forces in 2008 to bring evenings of live music, art and food to the downtown community. Each participating store decides what event to host: a poetry reading, a metal band or an art exhibition. Every month is a different experience.
Gil Fray is the music director of the F-Art Ensemble, a loose group of artists who come together each First Friday to play at a local women's clothing boutique, Mack and Mack.
"As a collective, it can be anybody and everybody who shows up," Fray said.
The F-Art Ensemble was active from 1980 to 1990, but was revived around three years ago to play First Friday events.
"For May, I'm hoping to have a Mayday parade," Fray said. "We used to have guerilla theatre events like that, so that's a fun thing to do."
Around the corner from Mack and Mack is Loaf, a brand-new bakery in a clean alley off the main street sidewalk. It has been open for just six weeks and has only seen the last couple of First Fridays.
Angela Gregory, one of the co-owners, said the first time Loaf was open for a First Friday, business was slower because it came post-holiday. The one on Feb. 3 was their first real event, she said.
"Tonight we're showcasing a local metal artist, his name is Jay Jones," Gregory said.
Jones' sculptural and nature-inspired mobiles hung over the dining portion of the bakery.
Gregory said she was unsure about First Friday's ability to bring in a lot of new business, but that it was only their second foray into the event.
"We've had a really good day and had a really good evening," she said. "I do feel that it will (bring in business)."
Other stores were offering discounts on certain items or had performances by other musical guests. First Fridays have been going strong for more than three years, and Greensboro's budding downtown may reap the benefits.
« Secondhand strut: Greensboro shows off Goodwill fashion
Local food movement puts spotlight on area farmers »