text:
Diese Liste enthält die päpstlichen Enzykliken seit 1740 sowie eine Übersicht besonderer Formen von Enzykliken.

Päpstliche Enzykliken

Benedikt XIV.

Clemens XIII.

Clemens XIV.

Pius VII.

Leo XII.

Pius VIII.

Gregor XVI.

Pius IX.

Leo XIII.

Pius X.

Benedikt XV.
Schon das erste Apostolische Schreiben des Papstes Ubi primum vom 8. September 1914 war ein Friedensaufruf angesichts des Krieges. Während desselben übte er Zurückhaltung betreffend weiterer Enzykliken. Der berühmteste Text dieses Papstes war das Apostolische Schreiben an die Häupter der kriegführenden Staaten Dès le début vom 1. August 1917, seine mutigste Friedensinitiative. Von bleibender Bedeutung ist auch das Apostolische Schreiben Maximum illud über die katholischen Missionen (1919).

Pius XI.
Pius XI. beauftragte 1938 den Jesuiten John La Farge, zusammen mit Gustav Gundlach, eine weitere Enzyklika mit dem Namen Humani generis unitas "über die Einheit des Menschengeschlechts und gegen den Rassismus" zu verfassen. Einige ihrer Grundgedanken gelangten in die Antrittsenzyklika des Nachfolgers, wesentliche Aussagen des Entwurfs sind erst später zum Allgemeingut der kirchlichen Lehre geworden (vgl. Nostra aetate).

Pius XII.

Johannes XXIII.

Paul VI.
Die fünf größeren Enzykliken stehen allesamt thematisch im Zusammenhang mit dem Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzil. Die Enzykliken zum Zölibat und zur Geburtenregelung ergingen zu Themen, die der Papst dem Konzil entzogen hatte.

Unter den zehn größeren Apostolischen Schreiben (neben ca. zwanzig weiteren) Pauls VI. sind insbesondere zu nennen:

Johannes Paul I.
Johannes Paul I. hat in seinem 33-tägigen Pontifikat 1978 keine Enzyklika verfasst. Seine vier Katechesen zur Generalaudienz sind jedoch in Buchform veröffentlicht worden.

Johannes Paul II.

Benedikt XVI.

Franziskus

Antrittsenzykliken
Mit der ersten Enzyklika Qui pluribus (1846) des seligen Papstes Pius IX. begann eine neue Form von Enzykliken, die über die Führung des Pontifikats Aussagen machten, fortan nannte man die erste Enzyklika eines Papstes auch Antrittsenzyklika. Es folgten dann weitere:

Marianische Enzykliken

Als marianische Enzykliken werden solche bezeichnet, die als Schwerpunkt der Marienverehrung gewidmet sind. Die Erneuerung der Marienverehrung wurde durch Papst Pius IX. angestoßen, der mit der päpstlichen Bulle Ineffabilis Deus das Dogma über die Conceptio Immaculata, also die Unbefleckte Empfängnis am 8. Dezember 1854 verkündigte. Papst Pius XII. verkündete am 1. November 1950 das Dogma über die Aufnahme Mariens in den Himmel. Von den Päpsten des 20. Jahrhunderts, die sich als eifrige Marienverehrer erwiesen, stammen programmatische Enzykliken zu marianischen Themen:

Apostolische Schreiben von Paul VI. : Signum magnum (1967), Recurrens mensis october (1969) und Marialis cultus (1974)

Missionsenzykliken
Im kirchlichen Sprachgebrauch wird mit dem Wort Mission sowohl die Mission der Völker als auch des Einzelnen bezeichnet. Zum Missionsauftrag haben die Päpste viele Enzykliken, apostolische Schreiben und Dekrete veröffentlicht.

Enzykliken
 In der Enzyklika Probe nostis vom 18. September 1840 schrieb Papst Gregor XVI. über die Verbreitung des Glaubens
 Die Missionsenzyklika Sancta Dei civitas ("Gottes heilige Stadt") von Papst Leo XIII. wurde am 3. Dezember 1880 veröffentlicht und trägt den Untertitel: "über die Missionsarbeit".
 Papst Leo XIII. wandte sich am 20. November 1890 mit der Missionsenzyklika Catholicae ecclesiae an die Missionare in Afrika und verdammte die Sklaverei.
 In der Enzyklika Christi nomen ("der Name Christi") vom 24. Dezember 1894 schreibt Papst Leo XIII., über die Verbreitung des Glaubens und die Ostkirchen.
 Die Missionsenzyklika Pius XI. Rerum ecclesiae trägt den Untertitel: "über die Pflicht und Art der Förderung der heiligen Mission" und wurde am 28. Februar 1926 veröffentlicht.
 Mit der Enzyklika Saeculo exeunte octavo vom 2. Juni 1940 würdigt Papst Pius XII. die 800. Wiederkehr des Tages der Unabhängigkeit Portugals. In diesem apostolischen Rundschreiben wendet er sich an die portugiesischen Bischöfe und betont die Wichtigkeit der Missionsarbeit.
 Eine weitere Missionsenzyklika ist Evangelii praecones ("Herolde des Evangeliums"). Diese veröffentlichte Papst Pius XII. am 2. Juni 1951. Er schreibt darin über die Förderung der katholischen Mission.
 Mit der Enzyklika Fidei donum ("Geschenk des Glaubens") vom 21. April 1957 rief Papst Pius XII. Priester nach Afrika, Asien und Südamerika zu entsenden, um den dortigen Priestermangel zu beheben.
 Die Enzyklika Princeps pastorum ("Der oberste Hirte") Papst Johannes' XXIII. vom 28. November 1959 führt die Bedeutung der Missionsarbeit, die Wichtigkeit des einheimischen Klerus und der Beteiligung der Laien an der Missionsarbeit aus.
 Mit seiner achten Enzyklika Redemptoris missio (Die Sendung des Erlösers) vom 7. Dezember 1990 schreibt Papst Johannes Paul II. über die fortlaufende Gültigkeit des missionarischen Auftrages.

Apostolische Schreiben
Mit folgenden apostolischen Schreiben werden die Aussagen der Missionsenzykliken nochmals unterstrichen und ausgeführt:

 Maximum illud von Papst Benedikt XV. (30. November 1919)
 Evangelii nuntiandi von Papst Paul VI. (8. Dezember 1975)
Ubicumque et semper von Papst Benedikt XVI. (21. September 2010)

Nachsynodale apostolische Schreiben
Papst Johannes Paul II. verfasste mehrere nachsynodale apostolische Rundschreiben über das geweihte Leben und die Evangelisierung der Völker

 Ecclesia in Africa (14. September 1995)
 Vita consecrata (25. März 1996)
 Ecclesia in Libanon (10. Mai 1997)
 Ecclesia in America (22. Januar 1999)
 Ecclesia in Asia (6. November 1999)
 Ecclesia in Oceania (23. November 2001)
 Ecclesia in Europa (28. Juni 2003)

Dekrete
Das Zweite Vatikanische Konzil erließ über die Missionstätigkeit und das Apostolat der Laien zwei Dekrete: Ad gentes (über die Mission) und Apostolicam actuositatem (über das Laienapostolat).

Rosenkranzenzykliken
Der Brauch, den Monat Oktober als Rosenkranzmonat zu begehen, entwickelte sich zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Papst Leo XIII. förderte die Hingabe an die Gottesmutter, indem er den beständigen Gebrauch des Rosenkranzes anregte. Leo XIII. und seine Nachfolger veröffentlichten dazu mehrere Enzykliken ("Rosenkranzezykliken") und apostolische Schreiben.

Papst Leo XIII.
 Supremi apostolatus officio (1. September 1883)
 Superiore anno (30. August 1884)
 Vi è ben noto an die italienischen Bischöfe, (20. September 1887)
 Octobri mense (22. September 1891)
 Magnae Dei matris (8. September 1892)
 Laetitiae sanctae (8. September 1893)
 Iucunda semper expectatione (8. September 1894)
 Adiutricem populi (5. September 1895)
 Fidentem piumque animum (20. September 1896)
 Augustissimae Virginis Mariae (12. September 1897)
 Diuturni temporis (5. September 1898)

Apostolische Schreiben
 Salutaris ille (24. Dezember 1883) und
 Parta humano generi (8. September 1901)

Nachfolgende Päpste
 Papst Pius XI. Enzyklika Ingravescentibus malis (29. September 1937)
 Papst Pius XII. Enzyklika Ingruentium malorum (15. September 1951)
 Papst Johannes XXIII. Enzyklika Grata recordatio (26. September 1959) und das apostolische Schreiben Il religioso convegno (29. September 1961)
 Papst Paul VI. Enzyklika Christi matri rosarii (15. September 1966) und das apostolische Schreiben Recurrens mensis october (7. Oktober 1969)
 Papst Johannes Paul II. verfasste das apostolische Schreiben Rosarium Virginis Mariae 16. Oktober 2002

Sozialenzykliken
Das Zusammenwachsen von Kirche und Gesellschaft begründete neue Betätigungsfelder der katholischen Kirche, die Folge war die Entwicklung einer eigenständigen Soziallehre und das Hervorheben der sozialen Verantwortung aller und des Einzelnen. Nicht alle herausgegebenen Enzykliken haben einen ausgesprochenen sozialpolitischen Charakter und so hat sich deren Bezeichnung auch als "Sozialenzyklika" etabliert. Darüber hinaus wurden zwei apostolische Schreiben veröffentlicht, deren Inhalt der Charakter einer Sozialenzyklika zugesprochen werden kann.

Die bedeutendsten Sozialenzykliken und apostolischen Schreiben
 Papst Leo XIII. verfasste die epochale und als "Mutter aller Sozialenzykliken" bezeichnete Enzyklika Rerum Novarum. Sie wurde am 15. Mai 1891 veröffentlicht.
 Quadragesimo anno ("Im vierzigsten Jahr") heißt die am 15. Mai 1931 von Papst Pius XI. veröffentlichte Enzyklika. Sie wurde unter dem Eindruck der damaligen Wirtschaftskrise verfasst. Ihr Name leitet sich aus den Anfangsworten ab und bezieht sich auf den vierzigsten Jahrestag der Veröffentlichung der Enzyklika Rerum novarum.
 Die Enzyklika Non abbiamo bisogno wurde am 29. Juni 1931 von Papst Pius XI. in italienischer Sprache herausgegeben. Sie befasst sich mit der katholischen Aktion, dem Faschismus in Italien und dem Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland.
 Die Enzyklika Mit brennender Sorge wurde von Papst Pius XI. am 14. März 1937 unterzeichnet. Die Enzyklika behandelt die bedrängte Lage der römisch-katholischen Kirche im damaligen Deutschen Reich und verurteilt Politik und Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus.
 Die Enzyklika Divini redemptoris über den atheistischen Kommunismus wurde von Papst Pius XI. verfasst und am 19. März 1937 veröffentlicht.
 Die Enzyklika Mater et magistra über die Kirche als Mutter und Lehrmeisterin von Papst Johannes XXIII. wurde zum 70. Jubiläum der Enzyklika Rerum novarum am 15. Mai 1961 veröffentlicht.
 Pacem in terris ("Friede auf Erden") ist der Titel der von Papst Johannes XXIII. am 11. April 1963 veröffentlichten Enzyklika "über den Frieden unter allen Völkern in Wahrheit, Gerechtigkeit, Liebe und Freiheit".
 Populorum progressio ("Der Fortschritt der Völker") ist der Titel der Enzyklika des Papstes Paul VI. vom 26. März 1967.
 In seiner Sozialenzyklika Laborem exercens über den Wert der menschlichen Arbeit vom 14. September 1981 schreibt Papst Johannes Paul II. die Ethik der Arbeit.
 Sollicitudo rei socialis ("Die Sorge über die sozialen Anliegen") ist eine Enzyklika vom 30. Dezember 1987, in der Papst Johannes Paul II. die katholische Soziallehre weiterentwickelt und sich dabei auf die Problemstellungen des Nord-Süd-Konfliktes konzentriert.
 Die Enzyklika Centesimus annus ("Im hundertsten Jahr") ist ein am 1. Mai 1991 veröffentlichtes apostolisches Rundschreiben Papst Johannes Pauls II., das 100 Jahre nach der Enzyklika Rerum novarum und über den Niedergang der kommunistischen Staaten in Europa geschrieben wurde.

Einzelnachweise

!
Enzykliken


text:
Search results for: Health Care for America Now
Too many results? View "Health Care for America Now" filtered by Grants, Grantees, Resources, or News in our Library.
Health Care for America Now: A New Campaign to Win Quality, Affordable Health Coverage for All in the U.S.
Source: Gara LaMarche
July 17, 2008 | South Africa, United States, Viet Nam
The public relations spin doctors for the U.S. health insurance industry, who are probably busy at work concocting the script for a TV commercial or Internet ad to sink comprehensive health care reform in 2009, ought to think again. You may remember the fictitious couple,…
Coalition Launches New Campaign for Quality, Affordable Health Care for All
Source: Health Care for America Now!
August 7, 2008 | United States
Washington, DC- July 8, 2008Today in Washington, DC and 52 cities across the country, including 38 state capitals, a new national campaign is bringing together millions of Americans to demand quality, affordable health care for all. Health Care for America Now (HCAN) is being launched…
Obama backs Health Care for America Now
Source: HCAN
October 6, 2008 | United States
Sen. Barack Obama (D-Ill.) has signed on to the progressive Health Care for America Now campaign's principles - a move that bolsters the clout of the nascent organization and could provide him with artillery support as he starts to pound the health-care issue on the…
Health Care Coverage for All, But at What Cost?
Source: NJBIZ
July 14, 2008 | United States
Business trade group opposes plan Original Source By Thomas Gaudio An advocacy group last week launched a nationwide campaign in 53 cities, including Trenton, that is pushing for everyone in the country to have health care coverage through federal legislation. Health Care for America Now-a…
Reform of Health Care Has New Ally; National Coalition to Put $40 Million; Behind Advocacy
Source: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
July 9, 2008 | United States
By GUY BOULTON An array of unions and liberal activist groups in Wisconsin have joined a national coalition that plans to spend $40 million to push for health care reform, particularly universal coverage, in the coming election. The Health Care for America Now coalition, a…
Affordable Health Care for All Is Within Grasp Now – If We All Rise to the Moment
September 11, 2009 | South Africa, United States, Viet Nam
President Obama's speech to a joint session of Congress Wednesday night was a critical turning point in the fight to achieve quality, affordable health care for all Americans. Reform is within reach if we stay involved, work together and make our voices heard over the…
The fight for universal health care
Source: Politico
March 3, 2009 | United States
Original Source Richard Kirsch, national campaign manager for Health Care for America Now, takes nothing for granted. On the very day last week that President Barack Obama released his budget proposal, which includes a $634 billion reserve fund to overhaul the nation's health care system, Kirsch…
The State of Adolescent Health Services: How the System Fails Young People
December 9, 2008 | United States
In the United States, we are about to engage in a potentially historic debate about long-overdue reform of our inadequate health care system, and big change may be on the way. That is exactly what we need because our current system is failing the very…
What We Learned From Health Care
Source: The Huffington Post
By Gara LaMarche. In March, I was honored to watch President Obama's bill signing for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act with a group of labor leaders and reform activists. Around me were advocates who had worked for months -- in some cases decades…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
WHO WE ARE | MKB History
On These Shoulders We All Stand . . .
Rev. Thomas H. Smith
(1946-unknown)
Fred Lilly
Brick Mason
Arthur Washington
First Black Kalamazoo City Commissioner
Amerriel Overton
Licensed Psychiatric Nurse
Duane L. Roberts
(1965-1966 & 1973-1976)
Clemuel Dobbins
Public School Educator
Albert Hearn
Community Activist
Joseph W. Whitten
Dr. Otha Gilyard
Dr. Romeo Phillips
Rev. Asa Dawson
Dr. Tilman C. Cothran
Malcolm Earhart
Viola Gains McMillon
Honorable Alexander Lipsey
Rev. Jerry McNeely
Lola Clark Atkinson
Dr. Zawdie Abiade
Michael O. Wilson
Civil Rights Activist
Dr. Charles C. Warfield
Civil Rights Activist, Educator, Philanthropist
Dr. Carla Campbell-Jackson
Dr. Strick Strickland
(2018-Present)
Since the inception of the Metropolitan Kalamazoo Branch in 1946, the Branch has been at the forefront of the fight against discrimination in the workplace, education and housing while laying the foundation for building a congenial relationship between the police and the Black community.
Over the years, the leadership of the Branch heeded the call and rallied the community in the fight for justice in Kalamazoo as the fight for justice on the national scene grew. In June 1963, the first woman to lead the Branch, Amerrial Overton (1966-67), organized the city's first protest for equal employment and picketed Van Avery's Drug Store in response to its unfair hiring practices of Blacks. And as a result of the protest, the Branch was able to work with the store to create a plan that would include giving Black residents a chance at mainstream jobs in Kalamazoo.
Although many more opportunities were available to Blacks in Kalamazoo after the civil rights era, the struggle for adequate housing and access to equitable education was still a major concern for Branch leaders. In response, Joseph Whitten (1970-72) led the Branch and supported the plaintiff in the case that would desegregate the city's public schools. Subsequently, the Board of Education rescinded the desegregation plan. As a result, the Branch reorganized in1971 and worked with the community for the next two years to finalize a desegregation plan that would give all children an opportunity at the same education.
In the years to come, the Branch would increase its focus on poor people and the homeless in Kalamazoo. Reverend Dr. Otha Gilyard (1977-79) galvanized the membership around these very important issues and spearheaded the creation of many programs that tackled the issue of homelessness in Kalamazoo alongside other social issues, including teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, and drug addiction. Many of the programs like the Safe House still exist and continue to impact people's lives today.
Strengthening the organization and its impact on the community became the Branch's focus over the next couple of decades. The Branch ensured the execution of the public school desegregation order (Dr. Tilman Cothran – 1989-90), reestablished the youth chapter (Malcolm Earhart – 1990-92), established a Jobs and Training and Business Plan (Viola Gains McMillian – 1993-97) and strengthened the legal redress and inter- community cooperation (Honorable Alexander Lipsey – 1998-2001).
As a lifelong educator and the State's Education Coordinator, Dr. Charles C. Warfield (2008-2016) charged our delegation to be more actively engaged in the education and encouragement of our children and youth. Dr. Warfield was quite active in the community and continued to infuse his commitment to education with similar organizations in the greater Kalamazoo area. This strategy was essential to ensuring that children of color in Michigan were challenged to be the best and the brightest!
As advocates for underrepresented people in the greater Kalamazoo area, the men and women of the Metropolitan Kalamazoo Branch continue to support equality, civil rights, voter mobilization and monitor equal opportunities for all people in the public and private sector in the greater Kalamazoo area.
We serve to honor those who came before, those struggling through life today and for the future generations we will never meet.


text:
/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */
/*
 * This code was generated by https://github.com/googleapis/google-api-java-client-services/
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package com.google.api.services.contentwarehouse.v1.model;

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A friendship in your life you cherish and your reasons for doing so?
How he helped me in my hour of need?
Why I value his friendship?
Conclusion: The most invaluable relationship.
'True friends are like diamonds, precious and rare. Fake friends are like autumn leaves, found everywhere,' said Ari Joseph. This aptly sums up the value of true friends. Socially we interact with different people, some of whom we associate as friends. This friend circle makes life lively and refreshing. But are all the people with whom we associate really our friends? One never knows. It is only when the chips are down, and one needs support and help, that one can identify a true friend, from the multitudes of people who we think are friends= It is this friendship of a true friend which one must appreciate and cherish.
I know Rohan from the time he joined my school in class eight. A jovial boy with amiable manners, he adjusted very well in our group comprising six boys. We would have lunch together and play during the recess and soon he became my closest friend.
A year later, the cruel hands of destiny snatched my father and I suffered acute depression and pain. In childish innocence, I took solace in some medicinal tablets, offered to me by one of my friend. Soon to my horror, I found that I just could not do without it. I was alarmed. My final exams were just a few months away and I could not concentrate and my studies. Seeing my pathetic state, some of my friends started avoiding me. This made me feel frustrated .and dejected. It was at this juncture, Rohan like an angel came to my rescue. He began to spend more time with me, at school and also at home. Seeing my predicament, he took me to a de-addiction clinic, as I was ashamed to tell my mother about my ailment.
The road to recovery was long and tedious. At times I felt hopelessly sick and even contemplated suicide. Rohan rekindled the love for life in me. Like a guide and philosopher, I strengthened my resolve to fight the ailment. Soon I was back on my feet. However my illness had adversely affected my studies and I contemplated dropping out of the exams, Rohan urged me not to do so. He helped me by sharing his notes and with his help and guidance, I was able to pass the exams.
I was fortunate in finding a true friend in Rohan. In course of time our friendship grew stronger and stronger. I could confide in him, my worst fears and deepest emotional feelings and could expect a rational and sound advice in return. He was also my greatest critic, but I knew his criticism was well intentioned and meaningful. We had our usual tiffs, but they were very short-lived.


Steve and Renee are joined by Tracy and Barbara from the New Orleans Bourbon Festival to discuss what's new with the 2018 NO Bourbon Festival and remind everyone advance ticket sales end Tuesday, October 31. Please check out Flaviar, our newest sponsor. Flaviar (flaviar.com) is a club where you can enjoy many great benefits and sample some incredible whiskey, rum and gin offerings on a quarterly basis with their unique tasting boxes. Bourbon Daily intro music (Welcome to the Show) and outro music (That's A Wrap) are both by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com).


text:
JAMES R. BARRY
Accompanist
James R. Barry has been the accompanist for the Hartford Chorale since 1995, serving under three conductors and numerous guest conductors, and accompanying the Chorale on five international tours. He is Minister of Music at St. James' Church, Glastonbury, and staff accompanist for several area school systems. In addition to earning degrees from the Rhode Island School of Design, The Hartt School, and Yale University, Mr. Barry studied organ with Edward Clark and Thomas Murray, conducting with Marguerite Brooks, and organ improvisation at Salisbury Cathedral. He is a 2013 graduate of the UConn Nonprofit Leadership Program, Encore!Hartford.
He was Director of Artistic Operations at the Hartford Symphony Orchestra, and Coordinator of the Jackie McLean International Festival of the Arts. For fourteen years, he was Canon Precentor at Christ Church Cathedral, Hartford, overseeing an active music program of choirs and concert events.
Mr. Barry was organ soloist for the Hartford Symphony Orchestra's Aaron Copland Classical Conversations concert, and has played organ recitals at St. Thomas Church and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City, as well as Washington National Cathedral. Choirs and soloists under his direction have collaborated on programs with the Hartford Symphony Orchestra, Connecticut Opera, Hartford Chorale, Hartford Stage Company, South Church Music Series, Trinity College Concert Choir, and Manchester Chorale. He served as American Guild of Organists Region I Councillor and three terms as Dean of the Greater Hartford Chapter. He was chair of the CONCORA Friends of Bach Committee, Director-at-Large of the Association of Anglican Musicians, and trustee of The Julius Hartt Musical Foundation.


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Milliman 1-Year Buffered S&P 500 & MSCI EAFE with Stacker Cap Outcome Fund - Jan
Current outcome periodJan 10, 2022 - Jan 10, 2023
The Milliman 1-Year Buffered S&P 500 & MSCI EAFE with Stacker Cap Outcome Fund seeks to participate in the return of the S&P 500 Index to a cap, plus the gains of either the MSCI EAFE, to a cap, while buffering against the first 10% of losses on the S&P 500 Index, over a 1-year outcome period. The Fund participates 1:1 in the gains of the S&P 500 Index and the MSCI EAFE, up to the declared cap (the "Stacker Cap"). The Fund can be held indefinitely, resetting at the end of each outcome period (approximately annually).
Reset Month Jan
Outcome Period Start Date Jan 10, 2023
Outcome Period Reset Date Jan 10, 2024
MSCI EAFE
Inception Date Jan 10, 2022
MSCI EAFE Index
2.74%As of 01/27/2023
This hypothetical example is for illustrative purposes only to show how an investment in the fund might perform in various market conditions relative to the reference assets (S&P 500, MSCI EAFE).


In comparison with the year before the variable dropped sharply by 34.21 percent, according to adjusted numbers published by United Nations Statistical Office. The indicator strongly diminished by 632 199.63 US Dollar, as it follows the tendency of the previous year when it decreased by 5.85%. The overall changes for the prior 30 years reached a growth of 590.94%. Though, it has attained a negative average annual growth rate of 0.07% over the last five years with a marginal overall rise since the start of observations. It averaged 387 163.45 US Dollar from 1988 to 2017 and it attained its all-time high of 1 962 623 US Dollar in 2015 and record low of 19 769 US Dollar in 1993.


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Submisssion Guidelines
Student Editors
IS FACEBOOK NO LONGER AN INTERMEDIARY?
Leave a Comment	/ Archives / By admin mnlu
Gaurav Pathak*
The Supreme Court has delivered an important verdict[1]on the power of the Delhi Legislative Assembly's Peace and Harmony Committee to summon Facebook over its involvement in the Delhi riots. While examining the constitutional norms of legislative privilege and functions of the Assembly, the Supreme Court has also extensively discussed the role of social media platforms, which claim themselves to be "intermediaries". The concept of "intermediary" is an important part of Information Technology Law in India as it is directly related to liability. Non-recognition as an intermediary threatens the very business model of social media. This article aims to discern if Facebook is no longer an intermediary from the observations of the Supreme Court.
GROWING INFLUENCE OF FACEBOOK AND THE ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF AN INTERMEDIARY
Facebook, with more than 2.65 monthly active users, is the biggest social media platform in the world.[2] It has always claimed that Facebook is simply a platform where messages are transferred from one person to the other. When Facebook challenged the summons issued by Peace and Harmony Committee, it compared itself to messaging services like WhatsApp, Signal, Telegram and claimed that like them, Facebook was also not liable for third-party information hosted on it. Facebook also claimed that Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000[3] directed only due diligence by intermediaries, and as Facebook did not initiate or control any transmission, it cannot be held liable for any third-party content. However, this simple definition does not cover everything that Facebook does. Facebook might have started as a platform to share posts and images, but has grown on to become a digital behemoth. It donned the role of a broadcaster when it decided to live-stream La-Liga, the Spanish Football League[4]. Facebook has taken editorial decisions on numerous occasions, be it widespread removal of posts[5], or first deleting, then re-instating the photo of the Napalm Girl[6]. Its decision to suspend the account of President Donald Trump[7], and several other politicians[8] and government pages, is said to be censorship of the highest order like in North Korea[9]. Also, in the present case, the Supreme Court compared Facebook to a mass-circulation media platform that has concerns over editorial responsibility[10]. The Court noted that Facebook admitted to having removed over 22.5 million pieces of content in the last quarter of 2020, and hence it surely has an editorial responsibility like other traditional media platforms.
It is clear that the Supreme Court did not identify Facebook as a mere platform, but what about its status as an intermediary? Section 2(w) of the Act[11] defines an intermediary as a person who acts on behalf of other persons in relation to the transmission of the message. From the provision, it is clear that "intermediary" status is provided under the law on a case-to-case basis, or rather based on the "electronic record" in question. Thus, no platform can claim "intermediary" status in general. At the same time, the definition provided under the Act gives us a broad idea that pure messaging platforms, whose role is limited to transmitting messages, can most likely be considered as intermediaries in their function. Therefore, it can be understood that Facebook in general is not an intermediary, but can claim to be an intermediary for its operations that are covered within Section 2(w) of the Act. As a consequence, the exemption from liability under Section 79 is also on a case-to-case basis.
FACEBOOK'S USE OF ALGORITHMS AND CHANGING ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES
While it is true that Facebook generally does not initiate any transmission, its claim of not having any control is false. The Supreme Court has said, "In this modern technological age, it would be too simplistic for [Facebook] to contend that they are merely a platform for exchange of ideas without performing any significant role themselves – especially given their manner of functioning and business model." The Supreme Court also noted that Facebook's "algorithms select the content based on several factors including social connections, location, and past online activity of the user. These algorithms are often far from objective with biases capable of getting replicated and reinforced."[12] Therefore, it cannot be said that Facebook has no control over the dissemination of information. Accordingly, the Supreme Court concluded, "the role played by Facebook is, thus, more active and not as innocuous as is often presented when dealing with third party content". These observations of the Supreme Court, although do not affect any statutory law but are vital for intermediary related jurisprudence. The finding over "control" by the highest court of the land is perhaps the biggest jolt to Facebook's claim of being an intermediary, and could shape future legislative actions. Secondly, Facebook's mutually contradictory claim of being a "publisher" in the United States to claim First Amendment Rights, and of being an "intermediary" in India also did not find favour with the Supreme Court. This shows that social media platforms functioning in different countries cannot have a legal strategy that operates in silos but need to have a comprehensive outlook in mind, which affects their global business.
LEGITIMACY OF THE COMMITTEE SUMMONING FACEBOOK
The Information Technology Act, 2000 was enacted using Entry 31 of Union List (List 1) of the 7th Schedule to the Constitution. Facebook contended that a Committee of Legislative Assembly of Delhi could not summon an entity that was regulated by a law whose legislative competence was solely with Parliament. In Delhi's case, it was emphasized that "public order" and "police" was outside the mandate of Delhi Legislative Assembly due to the special scheme of constitutional provisions in this regard. The Supreme Court noted Facebook's argument that "special entry of "communication" overrides the general entries of "inquiries" and "criminal law" (List III), which the Delhi Assembly had attempted to rely on"[13]. The Union Government also contended on similar lines and stated that the Peace and Harmony Committee was a colourable exercise of power, and could not be sustained because of the bar on legislative competence. On the other hand, the Committee relied on concepts of ragbag legislation, which suggest that "legislative and executive powers need not be traced to only one entry, but may instead be traced to multiple entries in the relevant list in the 7th Schedule."[14] The Committee also contended that Information Technology Act, 2000 was an example of "cooperative federalism" and the statute itself recognized the role of State Governments. However, the Supreme Court while accepting the contentions raised by Facebook and the Union Government, held that the Peace and Harmony Committee can trace its legitimacy to "several Entries in List II and List III without encroaching upon the excluded fields of public order or police."[15] Finally, the Supreme Court held "in any eventuality, as speculative as it may be, if the Committee seeks to traverse the path relating to the excluded Entries, i.e. law and order and police, any representative of Facebook who would appear before the Committee would be well within their right to refuse to answer the query and such an approach cannot be taken amiss with possibility of inviting privilege proceedings."[16]
The contentions and the judgment show that the Supreme Court restricted itself to the task at hand, i.e. examining whether the Peace and Harmony Committee had the power to summon Facebook. While it did uphold this power, the manner in which, and the reasons that were given in this aspect will perhaps spur more litigation. The situation might become a lot like cross-examination in Trial Courts, where one side is often objecting to the questions of the other. Any Committee of the Legislature is not empowered to initiate suo-motu action, but can only make recommendations through reports. It would have been better if the Committee was allowed untrammeled powers to examine, and only the administrative action, taken in pursuance of the report of the Committee be subjected to judicial review, if required. This approach would have been in furtherance of the doctrine of separation of powers, and would also have kept a necessary check on the real and effective steps that a Government might take.
The judgment of the Supreme Court directing Facebook to appear before the Peace and Harmony Committee of Delhi Legislative Assembly is a marked change[17] in Indian jurisprudence on ascertaining liability of social media platforms. Courts until now, have consistently held the view that social media platforms cannot be held liable for the content that is present on them. Facebook, eventually, may or may not be finally held liable for the use of its platform in the Delhi riots in 2020, but the observations of the Supreme Court, which of course remain obiter dicta, cannot be left unseen. The material observations on summoning power of the Peace and Harmony Committee are a hugely important step, as companies like Facebook may now face scrutiny before myriad Committees in different States. Contradictory responses before different forums will have a worldwide bearing, and could well seriously threaten their claims of being an intermediary.
*Gaurav Pathak is a Delhi-based technology lawyer who has been associated with several landmark litigations of cyber-jurisprudence.
[1] Ajit Mohan & Ors. v. Legislative Assembly National Capital Territory of Delhi & Ors., 2021 SCC OnLine SC 456 (India).
[2] 21 Top Social Media Sites to Consider for Your Brand –, Buffer Library, https://buffer.com/library/social-media-sites/ (last visited Aug. 5, 2021).
[3] The Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21 of 2000, INDIA CODE (2000) § 79
[4] La Liga Returns to Traditional TV in India as Facebook Deal Ends, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/la-liga-returns-traditional-tv-india-facebook-deal-ends-2021-07-05/ (last visited Jul. 10, 2021).
[5] Facebook Removes Seven Million Posts for Sharing False Information on Coronavirus, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-removes-seven-million-posts-sharing-false-information-coronav-rcna77 (last visited Jul. 10, 2021).
[6] Facebook Backs down from "napalm Girl" Censorship and Reinstates Photo, the Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/09/facebook-reinstates-napalm-girl-photo (last visited Jul. 10, 2021).
[7] Reuters, Facebook Suspends Former U.S. President Donald Trump's Account until 2023, The Hindu (Jun. 4, 2021), https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/facebook-suspends-former-us-president-trumps-account-until-2023/article34731201.ece.
[8] Reuters Staff, Facebook Bans Indian Ruling Party Politician for Policy Violation, Reuters (Sep. 3, 2020), https://www.reuters.com/article/facebook-india-int-idUSKBN25U1CL.
[9] Reuters Staff, Reaction to Facebook Blocking Australian News, Reuters (Feb. 18, 2021), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-facebook-quotes-idUSKBN2AI072.
[10] Para 150
[11] The Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21 of 2000, INDIA CODE (2000) § 2(w)
[12] Ajit Mohan and Ors. v. Legislative Assembly National Capital Territory of Delhi and Ors, 2021 SCC OnLine SC 456 (India).
[17] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1 (India). Facebook Inc. v Surinder Malik & Ors, 2019 SCC OnLine Del 9887 (India). Swami Ramdev and Another v. Facebook, Inc. and Others, 2019 SCC OnLine Del 10701 (India).
Maharashtra National Law University Mumbai©2020 All rights reserved. The material published on CICTL Journal or Blog cannot be duplicated or reproduced without the express and written permission of the concerned authors and the editors. It may be referred to, provided due credit is given to CICTL in the form of a correct reference to the original content.


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Station Villeroux is een voormalige halte langs spoorlijn 163 (Libramont – Bastenaken – Gouvy) in het Belgisch-Luxemburgse gehucht Villeroux (Vaux-sur-Sûre).

Het station werd geopend op 1 mei 1892, zonder nummer. Het ligt tussen de stations Bastogne-Sud (4,4 km) en Sibret (2 km). Vanuit Sibret vond ook het beheer plaats. De conducteurs verkochten de plaatsbewijzen.

Het station werd gesloten op 28 mei 1978.

Vaux-sur-Sûre
Villeroux

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The assessment of mitral valve disease: a guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography
Shaun Robinson, Liam Ring, Daniel X Augustine, Sushma Rekhraj, David Oxborough, Allan Harkness, Patrizio Lancellotti, and Bushra Rana
Mitral valve disease is common. Mitral regurgitation is the second most frequent indication for valve surgery in Europe and despite the decline of rheumatic fever in Western societies, mitral stenosis of any aetiology is a regular finding in all echo departments. Mitral valve disease is, therefore, one of the most common pathologies encountered by echocardiographers, as both a primary indication for echocardiography and a secondary finding when investigating other cardiovascular disease processes. Transthoracic, transoesophageal and exercise stress echocardiography play a crucial role in the assessment of mitral valve disease and are essential to identifying the aetiology, mechanism and severity of disease, and for helping to determine the appropriate timing and method of intervention. This guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) describes the assessment of mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis, and replaces previous BSE guidelines that describe the echocardiographic assessment of mitral anatomy prior to mitral valve repair surgery and percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. It provides a comprehensive description of the imaging techniques (and their limitations) employed in the assessment of mitral valve disease. It describes a step-wise approach to identifying: aetiology and mechanism, disease severity, reparability and secondary effects on chamber geometry, function and pressures. Advanced echocardiographic techniques are described for both transthoracic and transoesophageal modalities, including TOE and exercise testing.
The role of the Tei index in assessing for cardiotoxicity from anthracycline chemotherapy: a systematic review
Sadie Bennett, Arzu Cubukcu, Chun Wai Wong, Timothy Griffith, Cheryl Oxley, Diane Barker, Simon Duckett, Duwarakan Satchithananda, Ashish Patwala, Grant Heatlie, and Chun Shing Kwok
Anthracycline agents are known to be effective in treating tumors and hematological malignancies. Although these agents improve survival, their use is associated with cardiotoxic effects, which most commonly manifests as left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). As such, guidelines recommend the periodic assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, as diastolic dysfunction likely proceeds systolic impairment in this setting, the role of Tei index may offer additional benefit in detecting subclinical LVSD.
We conducted a systematic review to investigate the evidence for the use of Tei index in assessing subclinical cardiotoxicity in patients receiving anticancer agents. A search of Medline and EMBASE was performed and relevant studies were reviewed and narratively synthesized.
A total of 13 studies were included with a total of 800 patients (mean age range 46–62 years, percentage of male participants ranged from 0–86.9%). An increase in Tei index was observed in 11 studies, which suggested a decline in cardiac function following chemotherapy. Out of these, six studies indicated that the Tei index is a useful parameter in predicting cardiotoxic LVSD. Furthermore, five studies indicated Tei index to be superior to LVEF in detecting subclinical cardiotoxicity.
Though there are some studies that suggest that Tei index may be a useful indicator in assessing subclinical anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity, the findings are inconsistent and so more studies are needed before the evaluation of Tei index is performed routinely in patients receiving chemotherapy.
Transthoracic echocardiography of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adults: a practical guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography
Lauren Turvey, Daniel X Augustine, Shaun Robinson, David Oxborough, Martin Stout, Nicola Smith, Allan Harkness, Lynne Williams, Richard P Steeds, and William Bradlow
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is common, inherited and characterised by unexplained thickening of the myocardium. The British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) has recently published a minimum dataset for transthoracic echocardiography detailing the core views needed for a standard echocardiogram. For patients with confirmed or suspected HCM, additional views and measurements are necessary. This guideline, therefore, supplements the minimum dataset and describes a tailored, stepwise approach to the echocardiographic examination, and echocardiography's position in the diagnostic pathway, before advising on the imaging of disease complications and invasive treatments.
British Society for Echocardiography and British Cardio-Oncology Society guideline for transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of adult cancer patients receiving anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab
Rebecca Dobson, Arjun K Ghosh, Bonnie Ky, Tom Marwick, Martin Stout, Allan Harkness, Rick Steeds, Shaun Robinson, David Oxborough, David Adlam, Susannah Stanway, Bushra Rana, Thomas Ingram, Liam Ring, Stuart Rosen, Chris Plummer, Charlotte Manisty, Mark Harbinson, Vishal Sharma, Keith Pearce, Alexander R Lyon, Daniel X Augustine, and the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) and the British Society of Cardio-Oncology (BCOS)
The subspecialty of cardio-oncology aims to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer or following cancer treatment. Cancer therapy can lead to a variety of cardiovascular complications, including left ventricular systolic dysfunction, pericardial disease, and valvular heart disease. Echocardiography is a key diagnostic imaging tool in the diagnosis and surveillance for many of these complications. The baseline assessment and subsequent surveillance of patients undergoing treatment with anthracyclines and/or human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (HER) 2-positive targeted treatment (e.g. trastuzumab and pertuzumab) form a significant proportion of cardio-oncology patients undergoing echocardiography. This guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography and British Cardio-Oncology Society outlines a protocol for baseline and surveillance echocardiography of patients undergoing treatment with anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab. The methodology for acquisition of images and the advantages and disadvantages of techniques are discussed. Echocardiographic definitions for considering cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction are also presented.
Echocardiographic assessment of aortic stenosis: a practical guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography
Liam Ring, Benoy N Shah, Sanjeev Bhattacharyya, Allan Harkness, Mark Belham, David Oxborough, Keith Pearce, Bushra S Rana, Daniel X Augustine, Shaun Robinson, and Christophe Tribouilloy
The guideline provides a practical step-by-step guide in order to facilitate high-quality echocardiographic studies of patients with aortic stenosis. In addition, it addresses commonly encountered yet challenging clinical scenarios and covers the use of advanced echocardiographic techniques, including TOE and Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the assessment of aortic stenosis.
Impact of COVID-19 on UK stress echocardiography practice: insights from the EVAREST sites
Cameron Dockerill, William Woodward, Annabelle McCourt, Cristiana Monteiro, Elena Benedetto, Maria Paton, David Oxborough, Shaun Robinson, Keith Pearce, Mark J Monaghan, Daniel X Augustine, and Paul Leeson
Healthcare delivery is being transformed by COVID-19 to reduce transmission risk but continued delivery of routine clinical tests is essential. Stress echocardiography is one of the most widely used cardiac tests in the NHS. We assessed the impact of the first (W1) and second (W2) waves of the pandemic on the ability to deliver stress echocardiography.
Clinical echocardiography teams in 31 NHS hospitals participating in the EVAREST study were asked to complete a survey on the structure and delivery of stress echocardiography as well as its impact on patients and staff in July and November 2020. Results were compared to stress echocardiography activity in the same centre during January 2020.
24 completed the survey in July, and 19 NHS hospitals completed the survey in November. A 55% reduction in the number of studies performed was reported in W1, recovering to exceed pre-COVID rates in W2. The major change was in the mode of stress delivery. 70% of sites stopped their exercise stress service in W1, compared to 19% in W2. In those still using exercise during W1, 50% were wearing FFP3/N95 masks, falling to 38% in W2. There was also significant variability in patient screening practices with 7 different pre-screening questionnaires used in W1 and 6 in W2.
Stress echocardiography delivery restarted effectively after COVID-19 with adaptations to reduce transmission that means activity has been able to continue, and exceed, pre-COVID-19 levels during the second wave. Further standardization of protocols for patient screening and PPE may help further improve consistency of practice within the United Kingdom.
Cor triatriatrum or divided left atrium presenting as mitral stenosis in an adult patient
Alfonso Pecoraro, Jacques Janson, and Jacob Daniel Cilliers
Abbas Zaidi, David Oxborough, Daniel X Augustine, Radwa Bedair, Allan Harkness, Bushra Rana, Shaun Robinson, and Luigi P Badano
Echocardiographic RV-E/e′ for predicting right atrial pressure: a review
A J Fletcher, S Robinson, and B S Rana
Right atrial pressure (RAP) is a key cardiac parameter of diagnostic and prognostic significance, yet current two-dimensional echocardiographic methods are inadequate for the accurate estimation of this haemodynamic marker. Right-heart trans-tricuspid Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiographic techniques can be combined to calculate the right ventricular (RV) E/e′ ratio – a reflection of RV filling pressure which is a surrogate of RAP. A systematic search was undertaken which found seventeen articles that compared invasively measured RAP with RV-E/e′ estimated RAP. Results commonly concerned pulmonary hypertension or advanced heart failure/transplantation populations. Reported receiver operating characteristic analyses showed reasonable diagnostic ability of RV-E/e′ for estimating RAP in patients with coronary artery disease and RV systolic dysfunction. The diagnostic ability of RV-E/e′ was generally poor in studies of paediatrics, heart failure and mitral stenosis, whilst results were equivocal in other diseases. Bland–Altman analyses showed good accuracy but poor precision of RV-E/e′ for estimating RAP, but were limited by only being reported in seven out of seventeen articles. This suggests that RV-E/e′ may be useful at a population level but not at an individual level for clinical decision making. Very little evidence was found about how atrial fibrillation may affect the estimation of RAP from RV-E/e′, nor about the independent prognostic ability of RV-E/e′ . Recommended areas for future research concerning RV-E/e′ include; non-sinus rhythm, valvular heart disease, short and long term prognostic ability, and validation over a wide range of RAP.
A practical guideline for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiogram in adults: the British Society of Echocardiography minimum dataset
Shaun Robinson, Bushra Rana, David Oxborough, Rick Steeds, Mark Monaghan, Martin Stout, Keith Pearce, Allan Harkness, Liam Ring, Maria Paton, Waheed Akhtar, Radwa Bedair, Sanjeev Bhattacharyya, Katherine Collins, Cheryl Oxley, Julie Sandoval, Rebecca Schofield MBChB, Anjana Siva, Karen Parker, James Willis, and Daniel X Augustine
Since cardiac ultrasound was introduced into medical practice around the middle twentieth century, transthoracic echocardiography has developed to become a highly sophisticated and widely performed cardiac imaging modality in the diagnosis of heart disease. This evolution from an emerging technique with limited application, into a complex modality capable of detailed cardiac assessment has been driven by technological innovations that have both refined 'standard' 2D and Doppler imaging and led to the development of new diagnostic techniques. Accordingly, the adult transthoracic echocardiogram has evolved to become a comprehensive assessment of complex cardiac anatomy, function and haemodynamics. This guideline protocol from the British Society of Echocardiography aims to outline the minimum dataset required to confirm normal cardiac structure and function when performing a comprehensive standard adult echocardiogram and is structured according to the recommended sequence of acquisition. It is recommended that this structured approach to image acquisition and measurement protocol forms the basis of every standard adult transthoracic echocardiogram. However, when pathology is detected and further analysis becomes necessary, views and measurements in addition to the minimum dataset are required and should be taken with reference to the appropriate British Society of Echocardiography imaging protocol. It is anticipated that the recommendations made within this guideline will help standardise the local, regional and national practice of echocardiography, in addition to minimising the inter and intra-observer variation associated with echocardiographic measurement and interpretation.