text:
\section{Introduction}
Correlated solid-state materials are challenging to describe theoretically,
with a full understanding
requiring an accounting of the interplay between electronic degrees of freedom, complex crystal
structures, phonons and disorder.
 Cold atomic gases have emerged as a simpler analogue of
 solid state systems, exhibiting tunable
dimensionality, interaction stength and spin
polarization~\cite{Bloch08,Giorgini08}.
Here we focus on atomic fermions
confined to two dimensions (2D), a subject of much recent
experimental and theoretical interest, with Ref.~\cite{LevinsenReview15} providing a review.
Some experimental highlights include early work that detected the 2D regime for atomic fermions~\cite{Modugno03},
the measurement of pairing correlations~\cite{Feld11,Sommer12} and polaronic correlations~\cite{Zhang12},
and the study of collective modes~\cite{Vogt12} of interacting 2D (and quasi-2D) Fermi gases.
Subsequent experiments observed the crossover between fermionic and bosonic correlations for
quasi-2D gases~\cite{Makhalov2014}, evidence of pair  condensation~\cite{Ries15} and
the Beresinzkii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT)~\cite{Berezinskii72,Kosterlitz73} superfluid
transition~\cite{Murthy15}.
 Experiments also observed  beyond mean-field effects in radio-frequency spectra of 2D gases~\cite{Cheng2016}, and
probed the imbalanced regime, in which a global magnetization or population imbalance is imposed~\cite{Mitra2016}.
More recent experiments have explored a quantum anomaly in collective modes of 2D trapped gases~\cite{Holten2018,Peppler2018},
and the development of uniform box potentials for cold atoms~\cite{Gaunt,Mukherjee17} has led to the study of quasi-2D uniform
gases~\cite{Hueck18}.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
     \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=85mm]{Fig1.pdf}
    \end{center}\vspace{-.5cm}
    \caption{
        (Color Online) Density
(normalized to the noninteracting density $n_0$) of a 2D Fermi gas
vs. chemical potential (normalized to $k_{\rm B} T = \beta^{-1}$), for
dimensionless
coupling values $\beta E_b$ that,
from top to bottom, are $0.84, 0.76, 0.62,0.47,0.35,0.26,0.20$, showing a peak
in the normalized density for intermediate values of $\beta \mu$ that is reminiscent of
recent experiments~\cite{Fenech16,Boettcher16}.
These curves are computed using Eq.~(\ref{eq:finalmuvsn}) with the effective coupling approximately
interpolating between $\lambda_{\rm eff}~\sim 1/\ln T$ in the left part of
the figure and $\lambda_{\rm eff}~\sim 1/\ln n$ in the right part of the figure, as
argued in Sec.~\ref{eq:SEC:rg}.
For comparison, the dashed line shows the mean-field
transition temperature (given in Eq.~(\ref{eq:mftc}) below) to the superfluid phase, suggesting a connection between the peak in $n/n_0$
and the onset of pairing correlations.
     }
\vspace{-.25cm}
   \label{fig:one}
\end{figure}

Theoretically, the study of interacting 2D Fermi gases has been active for decades, motivated by the application to condensed
matter systems.  Randeria and collaborators provided important early work on pairing and superfluidity in 2D Fermi gases~\cite{Randeria89,Randeria90}, with
Petrov and collaborators addressing this system in the cold-atom context~\cite{Petrov03}.  Further work on the BEC-BCS crossover of the superfluid
state has investigated the importance of transverse levels of the confining potential of these quasi-2D gases~\cite{Fischer13}.

In this paper our main interest is in recent experiments~\cite{Fenech16,Boettcher16}
 in the {\em nonsuperfluid\/} phase of 2D Fermi gases that reveal
the importance of interactions in the measured density equation of state, despite the lack of any long-range order.
Both groups observed a bump in the density $n$ (normalized to the noninteracting density $n_0$) as a function of
the chemical potential $\mu$ (normalized to $\beta^{-1} = k_{\rm B} T$, with  $k_{\rm B}$  the Boltzmann's constant and $T$ the temperature).
Our theoretical results (depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:one}), are based on a renormalization group (RG) approach.  This approach
shows that short-ranged interactions are marginal in this system, implying logarithmic corrections relative to the noninteracting
case (as also found in other systems with marginal interactions, like graphene~\cite{Sheehy2007}).  We find that the
bump can be traced to
a crossover between a density-dependent logarithmic correction to the noninteracting equation of state
at large $\beta \mu$ to a temperature-dependent logarithmic correction at small $\beta \mu$.

This paper is organized as follows.  In Sec.~\ref{sec:hamiltonian}, we introduce a Hamiltonian
for fermions in two spatial dimensions with short-range attractive interactions.
In Sec.~\ref{eq:SEC:rg}, we introduce our RG approach, which involves combining a renormalization
group equation for the effective coupling with scaling equations for observables as well
as a choice for when to terminate the RG flow.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:IRG}, we improve our RG calculation by numerically integrating the RG
equation.  We then compare our results for the density vs. chemical potential to
the experimental results of Refs.~\cite{Fenech16,Boettcher16}.
In Sec.~\ref{OTQ}, we extend our results to other thermodynamic observables such as the
system pressure and compressibility, and in
 Sec.~\ref{sec:CR} we provide some concluding remarks.

\section{Hamiltonian}
\label{sec:hamiltonian}
Our starting point is the following Hamiltonian for a balanced gas of 2D fermions of mass $m$ with
short-ranged, attractive interactions with coupling constant $\lambda$:
\label{Eq:hamiltonian}
\begin{eqnarray}
&& H =\int d^2 r \, \psi_\sigma^\dagger({\bf r}) \big[ \frac{\hat{p}^2}{2m} -\mu \big] \psi_\sigma^{\phantom{\dagger}}({\bf r})
\\
&& + \lambda \int d^2 r \, \psi_\uparrow^\dagger({\bf r}) \psi_\downarrow^\dagger({\bf r})
\psi_\downarrow^{\phantom{\dagger}}({\bf r}) \psi_\uparrow^{\phantom{\dagger}}({\bf r}), \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\hat{p}=-i\nabla$ is the momentum
operator.   (Here and below we take Planck's constant $\hbar = 1$, and
below we also take the Boltzmann constant $k_{\rm B} = 1$.).
The field operators $\psi_\sigma({\bf r})$ annhilate a fermion of spin $\sigma=(\uparrow,\downarrow)$ at spatial position ${\bf r}$ and
satisfy the anticommutation relations $\{\psi_\sigma({\bf r}),\psi_{\sigma'}^\dagger({\bf r}')\} = \delta_{\sigma,\sigma'}\delta^{(2)}({\bf r}-{\bf r}')$.  This Hamiltonian must be regularized in
the ultraviolet (UV) to avoid divergences, which in the Fourier series representation implies that momenta are
restricted to $|{\bf p}|<\Lambda$.  The cutoff scale $\Lambda$ and interaction parameter
are related to the two-body binding energy $\varepsilon_b = \frac{1}{ma_s^2}$ (with $a_s$ the two-body scattering
length) via:
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq:renormalization}
\frac{1}{\lambda}=-  \sum_{\bf k} \frac{1}{2\epsilon_k + \varepsilon_b},
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_k=\frac{k^2}{2m}$ is the kinetic energy.

\section{Renormalization Group}
\label{eq:SEC:rg}
Our aim is to investigate how interactions impact observables of a 2D interacting Fermi gas in the nonsuperfluid
phase, for $T>{T_{\rm c}}$.  To do this, we use the Renormalization Group (RG) framework which allows us to relate
efficiently determine the effect of high-momentum degrees of freedom on the low-energy theory.
We first introduce the finite-$T$ action $S = S_0 + S_1$ corresponding to the functional integral
representation of the partition function associated with the Hamiltonian $H$.  Here, $S_0$ is the
noninteracting part of the action:
\begin{eqnarray}
S_0=\frac{1}{\beta} \int_{{\bf k}<\Lambda} \frac{d^2k}{(2\pi)^2}
\sum_{{\bf k},\omega} \psi_{\sigma}^\dagger ({\bf k},\omega) \big[-i\omega+\xi_{\bf k} \big] \psi_\sigma ({\bf k},\omega),
\end{eqnarray}
where we converted the momentum sum to an integration, with the system area $A$ set to unity.  Here,
 $\psi_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)$ is the Fourier-transformed Grassmann field with
 ${\bf k}$ momentum
and  $\omega = \frac{\pi}{\beta}(2n+1)$ is a fermionic Matsubara frequency and
 $\xi_{\bf k}=\frac{k^2}{2m}-\mu$.  The  interaction part of the action, $S_1$, is:
\begin{equation}
S_1 = \sum_{P,K,Q}\lambda
\psi_\uparrow^\dagger(P_+) \psi_\downarrow^\dagger(-P_-) \psi_\downarrow(K_+) \psi_\uparrow(-K_-) ,
\label{eq:sonee}
\end{equation}
with $P=({\bf p},i\omega)$ a three-vector including Matsubara frequency, $\sum_P = T\sum_\omega  \int_{{\bf p}<\Lambda}\frac{d^2 p}{(2\pi)^2}$,
and $P_{\pm} = P\pm \frac{1}{2}Q$ (and similarly for $K_\pm$).

The RG approach involves performing a partial trace over high-momentum degrees of freedom.
To implement the RG, we  define
a new cutoff
\begin{equation}
\Lambda' = \Lambda/b,
\end{equation}
with renormalization constant $b$ such that $b>1$,
write the fermion fields as
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq:splitpsi}
\psi_\sigma({\bf k},\omega) = \psi^<_\sigma({\bf k},\omega) \Theta(\Lambda'-k) +  \psi^>_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)  \Theta(k-\Lambda'),
\end{equation}
and then trace (perturbatively in $\lambda$) over the high-momentum fields $\psi^>_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)$ with
  wavevectors between $\Lambda'$ and $\Lambda$, yielding an action for the low-momentum
fields $\psi_\sigma^<({\bf k},\omega)$.
 We then
define new wavevectors ${\bf k}'$ and new frequencies $\omega'$  via:
\begin{subequations}
\label{Eq:rescalingsub}
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf k} = b^{-1} {\bf k}',
\\
\omega = Z_T \omega',
\end{eqnarray}
\end{subequations}
and define renormalized fermion fields $\psi_\sigma$ via
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq:psirescaling}
\psi_\sigma^<(b^{-1} {\bf k}',Z_T \omega') = Z_\psi \psi_\sigma({\bf k}',\omega').
\end{equation}
with $Z_T$  and $Z_\psi$ determined by demanding that $S_0$ have its original form.
  Indeed, it is easy to see that the noninteracting action is invariant under this RG tranformation if we take $Z_T = b^{-2}$ and $Z_\psi = b^3$,
and renormalize other energy scales analogously to
$\omega$, with $\mu =  Z_T \mu'$ and $T = Z_T T'$.

 To zeroth order in the coupling $\lambda$,
which is the tree-level RG, $S_1$ is also invariant under the RG transformation, reflecting the marginal nature of the interactions.
 To
quadratic order in the coupling, however, we find that the action is modified, with  the  change in the effective coupling for
the low-momentum fields given by
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq:deltalambda}
\delta \lambda \equiv  - \lambda^2 T \sum_\Omega \int_> \frac{d^2 q}{(2\pi)^2} G({\bf q},\Omega) G(-{\bf q},-\Omega) ,
\end{equation}
with $G({\bf q},\Omega) = \frac{1}{i\Omega -(\epsilon_q -\mu)}$ the noninteracting Green's function and the ${\bf q}$ integration over
momenta $\Lambda/b<|{\bf q}|<\Lambda$.  In the simplest approximation, in which we set external momenta and frequencies to zero and let $T \rightarrow 0$, $\mu \simeq 0$ (assumptions that we shall relax below), this results in the following RG equation:
\begin{equation}
\label{RGatZeroTemp}
\frac{d\lambda(b)}{d\ln b}=-\frac{m}{2\pi}\lambda(b)^2.
\end{equation}
Since the bare coupling constant $\lambda <0$, for attractive interactions,
this equation describes the progressive increase in the magnitude of the interactions under the RG transformation, as seen by the solution
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lambaRGresult}
\lambda(b) = \frac{\lambda}{1+ \frac{m}{2\pi } \lambda \ln b}.
\end{equation}
showing  a slow growth of $|\lambda(b)|$ with increasing $b$, as the RG procedure is iterated.  Although $\lambda(b)$ given in Eq.~(\ref{eq:lambaRGresult})
{\em diverges\/} for sufficiently large $b$, in practice we will terminate the RG flow before this occurs.

The next step is to derive scaling relations for physical observables.  Of particular interest is the connection between the atom density $n$ and
the system chemical potential $\mu$, measured in experiments on trapped 2D gases
when the local density approximation (LDA) is invoked.  Using the definition $n = \sum_\sigma\psi^\dagger({\bf r})\psi({\bf r})$ for the density, it is straightforward
to find that the renormalized density satisfies $n(b) = b^2 n$, which is expected since the RG transformation corresponds to a coarse graining in real space.
The preceding considerations imply the following relation:
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq:murelation}
\mu(T,n,\lambda) = b^{-2} \mu\big(T(b),n(b), \lambda(b)\big),
\end{equation}
between the physical chemical potential (on the left side, as a function of the physical temperature, density and coupling) and the chemical potential in the
renormalized system (on the right side).  A more compact version of this equation is $\mu =  b^{-2}\mu_R$.
 We proceed by combining a perturbative calculation of the system chemical
potential in the renormalized system with a choice for the renormalization parameter $b$ (the renormalization condition at which we terminate the RG flow).
  The justification for
this is that, since $T(b)$ and $n(b)$ grow quadratically under the RG transformation, the renormalized system is in a high
temperature and high density regime, justifying a perturbative analysis based on the Hartree-Fock approximation, with the result:
\begin{equation}
\mu(T,n,\lambda) = T \ln \Big[ {\rm e}^{\frac{\pi  n}{mT}} -1\Big] + \frac{1}{2}\lambda n.
\end{equation}
We thus use this formula for the right side of Eq.~(\ref{Eq:murelation}), by plugging in $T(b)$, $n(b)$, and $\lambda(b)$.
Our renormalization condition, or choice for $b$, is dictated by the fact that our approach breaks down when $T(b)$ or
$n(b)$ become too large, reaching the  UV scale
(determined by $\Lambda$) such that
the approximations leading to Eq.~(\ref{RGatZeroTemp}) no longer hold.
Since $T(b)$ and $n(b)$ scale identically under the RG transformation, the dimensionless ratio
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:nbar}
\bar{n} \equiv \frac{\pi n}{mT}
\end{equation}
 is
independent of the RG
transformation, and we have different behavior depending on whether $\bar{n}>1$ or $\bar{n}<1$.

 We start with the regime of $\bar{n}\gg 1$, which we call the density-dominated regime.   In this regime, we take the renormalization
condition $n(b^*) = \Lambda^2/(2\pi)$ by when the renormalized density reaches
the density scale controlled by the cutoff (note that, since we took $\hbar\to 1$, the cutoff
$\Lambda$ has units of inverse length).
  This yields an effective coupling in the renormalized system  given by
  $\lambda_{\rm eff} \equiv \lambda(b^*) = - \frac{2\pi}{m} \frac{1}{\ln \sqrt{2\pi n a_s^2}}$.   With this renormalization condition,
  our result for the chemical potential is:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:muvsn}
\mu &=& T \ln \Big[ {\rm e}^{\frac{\pi n}{mT}} -1\Big] + \frac{1}{2}\lambda_{\rm eff} n,
\\
&=& T \ln \Big[ {\rm e}^{\frac{\pi  n}{mT}} -1\Big] - \frac{\pi n}{m} \frac{1}{\ln \sqrt{2\pi n a_s^2}} ,
\label{eq:muvsn2}
\end{eqnarray}
where in the second line we plugged in the our result for the effective renormalized coupling that holds in the regime $\bar{n} \gg 1$.
Thus, we find that $\mu$ in the high-density regime is given, approximately, by its noninteracting value
(the first term on the right side of Eq.~(\ref{eq:muvsn2})) with a correction going as $\sim 1/\ln n$, consistent
with the results of Bloom~\cite{Bloom74}, who analyzed the zero-temperature 2D Fermi gas within a diagrammatic approach.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
     \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=85mm]{Fig2.pdf}
    \end{center}\vspace{-.3cm}
    \caption{
        (Color Online) Density (normalized to the noninteracting density) vs. chemical potential (normalized to  $k_{\rm B} T = \beta^{-1}$)
 within the simplified RG scheme in Eq.~(\ref{eqnaiveRGresult}) (dashed)  and
via integration of the RG equation in Eq.~(\ref{eq:finalmuvsn}) (solid).  The coupling values for each are $\beta E_b = 0.47$ (top, red)
$\beta E_b = 0.26$ (middle, blue), and $\beta E_b = 0.06$ (bottom, green).  While the two sets of curves agree qualitatively, exhibiting a ``bump''
as a function of normalized chemical potential, they are quantitatively different.
     }
\vspace{-.25cm}
   \label{fig:two}
\end{figure}

In the preceding, the fact that the logarithmic term in Eq.~(\ref{eq:muvsn2}) depended on density was traced to the fact
that we assumed $\bar{n}\gg 1$, so that $n(b)$ reaches the UV scale first, defining the renormalization condition.
In the opposite regime of $\bar{n}\ll 1$, the temperature-dominated regime, we instead choose
$T(b^*)= \frac{\Lambda^2}{2m}$, defined by when the renormalized temperature reaches the typical kinetic energy scale determined by
the cutoff.  This gives, for the renormalized coupling, $\lambda_{\rm eff} = - \frac{2\pi}{m} \frac{1}{\ln \sqrt{2m T a_s^2}}$.
   Once again, we combine this with the perturbative result for the chemical
potential, so that Eq.~(\ref{eq:muvsn}) holds but with the interaction correction $\sim 1/\ln T$:
\begin{equation}
\mu  \simeq T \ln \Big[ {\rm e}^{\frac{\pi  n}{mT}} -1\Big]  - \frac{\pi n}{m} \frac{1}{\ln \sqrt{2m T a_s^2}},
\end{equation}
with the only difference being the argument of the logarithmic correction.
 These RG results suggest that the bump in the normalized density vs. chemical potential observed in ~\cite{Fenech16,Boettcher16}
 comprises a crossover between the density-dominated and temperature-dominated regimes, resulting in a crossover
 between
 a density dependent logarithmic correction at $\bar{n}\gg 1$ to a temperature-dependent
logarithmic correction at $\bar{n}\ll 1$.  To illustrate this, in the dashed lines of Fig.~\ref{fig:two} we plot the density
$n$ normalized to the noninteracting density $n_0$, obtained by numerically solving Eq.~(\ref{eq:muvsn}) with effective coupling
 $\lambda_{\rm eff} = -\frac{2\pi}{m}\frac{1}{\ln \sqrt{2m Ta^2f(\bar{n})}}$
where $f(\bar{n})  = \sqrt{\bar{n}^2+1}$ an approximate function that
interpolates between these two limiting cases.  This leads to (recall $\bar{n}$ is defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:nbar})):
\begin{equation}
\label{eqnaiveRGresult}
\beta \mu = \ln \big[ {\rm e}^{\bar{n}} - 1\big] - \frac{\bar{n}}{ \ln \sqrt{2m Ta^2f(\bar{n})}} ,
\end{equation}
which we plot as dashed lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:two} for various values of the coupling strength.  Remarkably, this simple
formula indeed qualitatively reproduces the ``bump'' behavior seen in experiments.

 Since our chosen interpolation function appears in the argument of the logarithm in Eq.~(\ref{eqnaiveRGresult}),
its precise form is expected to be relatively unimportant as long as it correctly matches to these limits.
Nonetheless, our interpolation between these limits is ad-hoc, and in the next section we seek a more rigorous
way to compute interaction effects in 2D Fermi gases using the RG approach.

\section{Integrating the RG equation}
\label{sec:IRG}
Our scheme to terminate the RG flow is only valid in the regimes of $\bar{n}\gg 1$ or $\bar{n}\ll 1$ where there is a
well defined procedure to define the renormalization condition.  Although our ad-hoc interpolation between these
regimes is qualitatively valid, correctly yielding the bump in the equation of state, it is not accurate enough to
attempt a direct comparison
with experimental data.   Our next task is to improve our scheme by integrating the full RG equation with the aim of comparing to experiments.

To do this, we need to relax the assumptions leading to the approximate RG relation Eq.~(\ref{RGatZeroTemp}).
We begin by generalizing our effective action to allow for a frequency and momentum dependence to the coupling $\lambda$,
which amounts to replacing $\lambda\to \lambda(q,\Omega) = \lambda(Q)$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:sonee}):
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:soneeNEW}
S_1 = \sum_{P,K,Q}\lambda(Q)
\psi_\uparrow^\dagger(P_+) \psi_\downarrow^\dagger(-P_-) \psi_\downarrow(K_+) \psi_\uparrow(-K_-) .
\end{equation}
The reason for doing this is as follows:
Although the bare coupling is $Q$-independent, we shall see that such a dependence is generated by the RG flow.  Here, we have assumed
that the coupling only depends on the magnitude (not the direction) of the momentum ($q$).

To derive the RG equation, we start with the tree-level case.  In this case,
the rescaling steps in Eq.~(\ref{Eq:rescalingsub}) imply that the new coupling is
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{newcouplingtree}
\lambda_{\rm new}(q,\Omega) &=& \lambda(b^{-1} q,b^{-2}\Omega)
\\
&=&
 \lambda(q,\Omega) - q \frac{\partial\lambda}{\partial q} d\ln b -2\Omega \frac{\partial \lambda}{\partial \Omega} d\ln b.
\end{eqnarray}
with the second line applying in the case of an infinitesimal RG transformation, obtained by taking $b^{-1} \simeq 1-d\ln b$ and Taylor expanding to leading order.
Next, we include the quadratic order perturbative RG correction, that is analogous to Eq.~(\ref{Eq:deltalambda}) but with the momentum and frequency-dependent coupling.
This leads to a differential equation for the running effective coupling:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:RGPW}
&&\hspace{-.2cm}\frac{d\lambda(q ,\Omega , b)}{d\ln b}
=  - q \frac{\partial\lambda}{\partial q} -2\Omega \frac{\partial \lambda}{\partial \Omega}
- f(q,\Omega) \lambda^2, \\
&&\hspace{-.2cm}f(q,\Omega) \equiv   g \epsilon_\Lambda \int \frac{d\theta}{2\pi} \frac{1}{2(\epsilon_\Lambda - \mu_R + \frac{q^2}{8m})-
i\Omega}
\label{eq:functionf}
\\
&&\times
 \sum_{\alpha = \pm 1} \tanh \Big[\frac{\epsilon_\Lambda - \mu_R + \frac{q^2}{8m} + \alpha \frac{1}{\sqrt{2m}}q\sqrt{\epsilon_\Lambda}\cos\theta}
{2T_R}\Big].\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $g =\frac{m}{2\pi} $ is the density of states, $\epsilon_\Lambda = \Lambda^2/2m$ is a cutoff-dependent energy scale, and $\mu_R=\mu b^2$ and $T_R = Tb^2$ are the running
(renormalized) chemical potential and temperature.  Note that on the right side
of Eq.~(\ref{eq:RGPW})
we suppressed the arguments of the coupling, which are the same as
on the left side.  To solve this equation for the scale-dependent coupling $\lambda(q,\Omega,b)$,
 we note that, at tree-level, the RG procedure amounts to a rescaling of momenta and frequencies, as
seen in Eq.~(\ref{newcouplingtree}).  This motivates the ansatz $\lambda(q,\Omega,b) = \lambda_0(b^{-1}q,b^{-2}\Omega,b)$.  Plugging this into
Eq.~(\ref{eq:RGPW}), we find that
$\lambda_0(q,\Omega,b)$ satisfies the simpler differential equation
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lambdaN}
\frac{\partial \lambda_0(q,\Omega,b)}{\partial \ln b} = - f(bq,b^2\Omega) \big(\lambda_0(q,\Omega,b)\big)^2,
\end{equation}
which we need to solve, subject to the initial condition $\lambda_0(q,\Omega,1) = \lambda$ (the momentum independent bare coupling).
The latter satisfies:
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq:renormalizationN}
\frac{1}{\lambda} = -g\int_0^{\epsilon_\Lambda} dx \frac{1}{2x+\varepsilon_b} ,
\end{equation}
which is equivalent to Eq.~(\ref{Eq:renormalization}).
  The solution to Eq.~(\ref{eq:lambdaN})  is:
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\lambda_0(q ,\Omega , b)} - \frac{1}{\lambda} = \int_1^{b}\frac{db_1}{b_1}  f(b_1 q,b_1^2\Omega).
\end{equation}
Upon changing variables in the integration to $x = \epsilon_\Lambda/b_1^2$, plugging in Eq.~(\ref{Eq:renormalizationN})  and approximating $b\to \infty$ in the
final expression, we obtain (after also setting the frequency $\Omega \to 0$):
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:lambdanought}
&&\frac{1}{\lambda_0(q ,0)}
\\
&&
=\int_0^{2\pi} \frac{d\theta}{2\pi} \int_0^\infty d\epsilon \Big[ \frac{1-\eta_f(\chi_+)-\eta_f(\chi_-)}{\chi_+ +\chi_-}-\frac{1}{2\epsilon+\epsilon_b}\Big]
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\chi_\pm=\epsilon+1/8 q^2-\mu \pm q \sqrt{\frac{\epsilon}{2}} \text{cos} \theta$ and $\eta_f (x)=1/(1+e^{x/T})$ is the Fermi distribution function.
Here, we defined $\lambda_0(q ,0) \equiv \lim_{b\to \infty} \lambda_0(q ,0,b)$.

 The next step is to compute the single-particle Green's function $G_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)$
for our system (for spin $\sigma$), given by the average
$-\langle \psi_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)\psi_\sigma^\dagger({\bf k}',\omega')\rangle
= \delta^{(2)}({\bf k}-{\bf k}') \beta \delta_{\omega,\omega'} G_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)$.  To do this, we use
the scaling relation (following from Eq.~(\ref{Eq:psirescaling})):
\begin{equation}
\label{greenscaling}
G_\sigma({\bf k},\omega) =  b^2G_{\sigma,R}(b{\bf k},b^2\omega),
\end{equation}
where the Green's function of the renormalized system on the right side of this formula should be computed using the momentum and frequency dependent effective coupling $\lambda(q,\Omega,b) = \lambda_0(b^{-1}q ,b^{-2}\Omega , b)$ with
$\lambda_0(q,\Omega,b)$ given (at large $b$) in Eq.~(\ref{eq:lambdanought}).  Within standard perturbation theory, the Green's function of the renormalized system
satisfies
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:greenself}
G_{\sigma,R}({\bf k},\omega) = \frac{1}{i\omega - \xi_{\bf k} - \Sigma_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)},
\end{equation}
with the self energy
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{Eq:selfenergyPre}
\Sigma_\sigma({\bf k},\omega)\!\! &=&\!\!
T\sum_{\omega'} \int \frac{d^2 k'}{(2\pi)^2} \lambda(|{\bf k}+{\bf k}'|,\omega+\omega',b)G_{\bar{\sigma}R}({\bf k}',\omega'),
\nonumber
\\
&\simeq& \lambda(k,0,b) n_{R,\bar{\sigma}},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\bar{\sigma}$ is the opposite spin to $\sigma$.   In the second line we neglected the frequency dependence of the renormalized coupling and approximated
$\lambda(|{\bf k}+{\bf k}'|,0,b) \simeq \lambda(k,0,b) $, which holds if the coupling is only weakly momentum dependent.
Within these approximations, the frequency and momentum sum
in Eq.~(\ref{Eq:selfenergyPre})  simply give the density of spin-$\bar{\sigma}$ fermions (equal to one-half the total
fermion density).  Now, combining this with Eqs.~(\ref{eq:greenself}) and
Eq.~(\ref{greenscaling}),
we finally arrive at:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:finalgreen}
G_\sigma({\bf k},\omega) = \frac{1}{i\omega - \xi_{\bf k} - \frac{1}{2}n \lambda_0(k,0)},
\end{equation}
 This single-particle Green's function describes interacting
fermions with an effective momentum-dependent chemical potential given by $\mu - \frac{1}{2}n\lambda_0(k,0)$ with
the Fermi surface located at momentum $k_{\rm F}$ satisfying
\begin{equation}
0=\frac{k_{\rm F}^2}{2m} -\mu + \frac{1}{2} n\lambda_0(k_{\rm F},0).
\end{equation}
According to Luttinger's theorem~\cite{Luttinger}, the fermion density at low temperatures is governed by the volume in
momentum space of this Fermi surface via $n = \frac{k_{\rm F}^2}{2\pi}$ (as in the noninteracting case).  We therefore argue
that it is approximately valid  to replace $\lambda_0(k,0) \to \lambda_0(k_{\rm F},0)$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:finalgreen}) for
the purposes of calculating the total density, which leads to:
\begin{equation}
n = \frac{mT}{\pi} \ln \Big[ {\rm e}^{(\mu+ \frac{1}{2}n \lambda_{\rm eff})/T} +1\Big] ,
\end{equation}
or, equivalently,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:finalmuvsn}
\beta \mu  = \ln \Big[ {\rm e}^{\pi n/(mT)} -1\Big] - \frac{1}{2} n\lambda_{\rm eff},
\end{equation}
 where we defined the effective coupling at the Fermi level $\lambda_{\rm eff} \equiv \lambda_0(k_{\rm F},0)$.

To obtain the density vs. chemical potential within this theory, we numerically
evaluate the wavevector dependent coupling Eq.~(\ref{eq:lambdanought})
(that also depends on the fermion density via $k_{\rm F}$) and then numerically solve
Eq.~(\ref{eq:finalmuvsn}).  In Fig.~\ref{fig:one} we plot the resulting
density, normalized to the noninteracting density, as a function of
$\beta \mu$ for various interaction strengths.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:two},
we compare these results (shown as solid curves) with the results of our
ad-hoc interpolation scheme from Sec.~\ref{eq:SEC:rg}  (shown as dashed curves). We argue
that the qualitative agreement between the two sets of curves implies the overall
validity of the basic picture of the bump as a crossover between temperature-dependent
log correction in the temperature-dominated regime and a density-dependent log correction in
the density-dominated regime.

At sufficiently low temperatures (at fixed density), or at sufficiently high density (at fixed temperature)
 a 2D attractive Fermi gas is expected to enter a paired superfluid (i.e., superconducting) state, albeit
with only quasi long-range order within the Beresinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) picture~\cite{Berezinskii72,Kosterlitz73}.
 In Fig.~\ref{fig:one} we also included,
as a dashed line, the mean-field transition temperature ({\em not\/} the BKT transition temperature) on the same plot,
which satisfies
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:mftc}
 0 = \int_0^\infty d\epsilon \Big( \frac{\tanh \frac{1}{2}\beta (\epsilon - \mu)}{2(\epsilon-\mu)}
 - \frac{1}{2\epsilon + \epsilon_b} \Big) .
\end{equation}
Within mean-field theory, pairing correlations are expected to become strong to the right of this curve, and it is interesting
to note that the peak  in $n/n_0$ for the various curves approximately coincides with the mean-field transition.  Physically, this
indicates that interaction effects are strongest for temperatures just above the mean-field transition temperature, although we must
again note that the true BKT transition temperature at which superfluidity is formed would occur at even lower temperatures, further
to the right in Fig.~\ref{fig:one}.

We conclude this section by comparing our theory to the experiments of Refs.~\cite{Fenech16,Boettcher16}, each of which extracted the density
vs. chemical potential for a uniform 2D gas using the LDA on a trapped 2D Fermi gas.  The top panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:three}
  shows our comparison to the Vale group
data~\cite{Fenech16} for coupling values  $\beta E_b = 0.47$ (top, red)
$\beta E_b = 0.26$ (middle, blue), and $\beta E_b = 0.06$ (bottom, green).   The theory agrees reasonably well with this data, with
the main difference being that the
theory curves seem be shifted (along the $\beta \mu$ axis) relative to the experimental data.  In the bottom panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:three},
we compare to the results of the Jochim group~\cite{Boettcher16}, whose experiments are, typically, at larger values of the dimensionless
coupling.  While some agreement holds for the bottom curves at $\beta E_b = 0.5$,  the upper curves,
at the stronger coupling value of $\beta E_b = 1.2$, do not show agreement.  This indicates that the validity of our theory is restricted to smaller
values of the dimensionless coupling, which is sensible since it is based on a perturbative RG calculation.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
     \begin{center}
        \subfigure{
            \label{fig:3a}
            \includegraphics[width=85mm]{Fig3a.pdf}}
        \\ \vspace{-.5cm}
        \subfigure{
            \label{fig:3b}
            \includegraphics[width=85mm]{Fig3b.pdf}}
    \end{center}\vspace{-.5cm}
    \caption{
      (Color Online) The top panel shows the comparison of  Eq.~(\ref{eq:finalmuvsn})
      (solid curves) with the data of Fenech et al~\cite{Fenech16}
(points) for coupling values the same as in Fig.~\ref{fig:two}.  The bottom panel compares
Eq.~(\ref{eq:finalmuvsn}) (solid curves) with
the data of Boettcher et al~\cite{Boettcher16}, with the top (orange) plots being $\beta E_b = 1.2$ and the bottom (purple)
plots being $\beta E_b = 0.5$.}
\vspace{-.5cm}
   \label{fig:three}
\end{figure}

\section{Other observables}
\label{OTQ}
Having presented our theoretical results for the density vs. chemical
potential for a balanced 2D gas in the normal phase, in this section
we turn to other thermodynamic observables.  As discussed in Ref.~\cite{Fenech16},
these can be extracted using the Gibbs-Duhem relation $Nd\mu = -SdT + AdP$
with $S$ the entropy, $A$ the system  area, $P$ the pressure,
and $N$ the total particle number.  Applying these relations at
constant $T$ allows us to relate
 the density $n=N/A$ to observables like $p$ and the
isothermal compressibility $\kappa = - \frac{\partial n^{-1}}{\partial \mu}$:
\begin{eqnarray}
P\lambda_T^4&=&2\pi \int_{-\infty}^{\beta\mu} n(\beta\mu^\prime) \lambda_T^2 d(\beta\mu^\prime),
\\
\kappa&=& \frac{\lambda_T^4}{2\pi}
\frac{1}{(n(\beta\mu)\lambda_T^2)^2} \frac{d(n(\beta\mu)\lambda_T^2)}{d(\beta\mu)},
\end{eqnarray}
where we introduced $\lambda_T=\sqrt{2\pi/(m  T)}$, the thermal de Broglie wavelength,
to write all quantities
in dimensionless forms.  In Fig.~\ref{fig:four}, we plot our results for the
compressibility vs. pressure for
three values of the dimensionless interaction, each normalized to their non-interacting counterparts,
an observable that is expected to show signatures of the phase transition into the superfluid
state~\cite{Ku2012}
\begin{eqnarray}
\kappa_0&=&\frac{1}{\lambda_T^2} \frac{e^{\beta\mu}}{e^{\beta\mu}+1}, \\
P_0&=& -\frac{2}{\beta \lambda_T^2} {\rm Li}_2 (-e^{\beta\mu}+1),
\end{eqnarray}
with ${\rm Li}_n(z)$ being the polylogarithm function.  Although we have not attempted a detailed comparison,
the behavior of Fig~\ref{fig:four} is qualitatively consistent with the data of Ref.~\cite{Fenech16}.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
     \begin{center}
\label{fig:4}
            \includegraphics[width=85mm]{Fig4.pdf}
        \end{center}\vspace{-.5cm}
    \caption{ (Color Online) Normalized isothermal compressibility is
plotted as a function of normalized pressure for interaction strengths
characterized by $\beta\epsilon_b=0.06, 0.26, 0.47$ from bottom to top starting from the left
 (green, blue and
red dashed lines, respectively).  } \vspace{-.5cm}
   \label{fig:four}
\end{figure}

\section{Concluding Remarks}
\label{sec:CR}
In this paper we have used a renormalization group (RG) approach to understand
recent experiments that measured the density equation of state for
interacting fermionic atomic gases, observing a bump in the normalized
density $n/n_0$ as a function of chemical potential, with $n_0$ the
noninteracting density~\cite{Fenech16, Boettcher16}.  We presented a simplified
RG calculation based on terminating the coupling constant
RG equation at a density or temperature
dependent scale, which qualitatively reproduces the observed bump.   A more
detailed analysis based on integrating the full RG equation yielded
a result with a momentum-dependent effective coupling in the equation of
state.  This analysis showed reasonably good agreement with experimental
data.  Our resulting picture is that the bump represents a logarithmic correction to the noninteracting
equation of state (expected for a system with a marginal coupling), with
the effective renormalized coupling crossing over from $\lambda_{\rm eff}~\sim 1/\ln T$
at $\frac{\pi n}{mT}\ll 1$ in the temperature-dominated regime to $\lambda_{\rm eff}~\sim 1/\ln n$
at $\frac{\pi n}{mT} \gg 1$ in the density-dominated regime.

We note that other theoretical approaches have obtained the
observed bump~\cite{Fenech16, Boettcher16}, including Ref.~\cite{Bauer14}
using a self-consistent $t$ matrix approach and Ref.~\cite{Anderson15} using lattice Monte Carlo.
Our approach has the advantage of being simpler than these heavily numerical
approaches while also providing reasonable agreement with experiments.  Future
possible research directions include extending this approach to the superfluid
phase and to the imbalanced regime of 2D Fermi gass.

We gratefully acknowledge useful discussions and correspondence with
the research groups of C. Vale and S. Jochim who generously provided
data.  We also acknowledge useful discussions with J. Schmalian.
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No.
DMR-1151717.  Part of  this work was performed at the Aspen Center for
Physics, which is supported by National Science Foundation grant
PHY-1607611.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


When developing a mobile app you often want to use the capabilities of the mobile device, such as the GPS or notifications. You can achieve this in OutSystems using plugins. A plugin is a module that acts as a wrapper for an Apache Cordova plugin and enables you to use native mobile features.
You can find ready-to-use plugins in Forge, which contains both officially supported plugins and plugins created by the OutSystems Community. If you want to create your own plugins for use in mobile apps, do it by wrapping an Apache Cordova plugin into a module.
Install the plugin in the environment as any other component. Use the client actions of the plugin module to call the native capabilities of the device within your application. The plugin must support the mobile platforms (iOS, Android) for which you are creating an app or the app generation will fail.
You must include the plugin license in your app to respect the license agreements of that plugin. Usually, these license agreements are placed in the About page of the app that uses them.
Mobile apps generated by OutSystems have a native shell with the following plugins which OutSystems uses internally. You may see the names of these plugins in the native mobile shell logs.
OS Cordova Loader Loads the Cordova engine on your app.
OS Security Provides the required APIs for the security layer.
OS Manifest Provides a parser for the app manifest.
OS Pre-Bundle Handles the content of pre-bundled resources on your app.
OS Cache Allows your application to run offline or with bad network conditions.
OS Deeplinks Allows opening hyperlinks to specific screens of your app.
OS DB Upgrader Manages the local storage of your app.
NetworkStatus Allows your application to know when the device is online, offline and the type of network available (Wifi, 3G, 4G...).
Create your own mobile plugin by wrapping an Apache Cordova plugin into an OutSystems module. Reference the plugin from the nmp registry or git repository, or write it from zero.


text:
<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class GeneroModel extends Model
{

	public $timestamps = false; //usa campos timestamp create_at, updated_at, deleted_at

	protected $table = 'genero'; //nombre de la tabla
	protected $primaryKey = 'idgenero'; //llave primaria

	protected $fillable = [
			'nombre',
	];

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Villarino est un partido de la province de Buenos Aires fondé le , et dont le chef-lieu est la ville de Médanos.

Il occupe  et a une densité de .

Population
 Population  : 27.812 habitants
 1991 : 24.427
 2001 : 26.517

Villarino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Police Seek Future's Help Following The Murder Of His Bodyguard
Future knows nothing. Sources say, although the rapper is deeply saddened by his former bodyguard's death, he is unable to give any information because they haven't worked together since 2012.
According to TMZ, while he knows nothing, Future refuses to tell the police that. He just … doesn't know. Street code of ethics?
Monday, we reported the sad news that Atlanta rapper Future's bodyguard was gunned down in his home. According to reports, Michael Tanner Phillips was shot and killed inside of his Jonesboro, Georgia home around 1:30PM. The gunman, who fled the scene in a vehicle still remains unidentified and police are now turning to Phillips close family and friends to try and get clues on who the suspect could be.
At this point authorities say that neighbors heard "some arguing and some gunshots." Georgia police, who do not have any suspects, but do have several leads have requested to talk with Future along with other close with Phillips.
Future paid his respect to Phillips in a tweet saying, "Rest in Paradise Big Mike Lafamilia forever lil bro #FBG."
Click the gallery for more.
ARiiE:Twitter | Instagram
{via}
Atlanta bodyguard future investigation Michael Phillips Murder police
Speak Up Cancel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"There are only two certain things in life: death and taxes," as they saying goes. For small business owners in Australia, this is also true as taxes are an inevitable part or running a small business. Fortunately, recent changes in the tax laws have moderately lowered the small business tax rates in the country. Below, we offer a complete rundown on these tax rate changes, as well as looking at how this compares to other countries such as the United States and the U.K.
The Australian Taxation Office reports that the full company tax rate currently stands at 30 percent while the lower company tax rate is slightly lower at 27.5 percent. Every company that cannot claim status as either a base rate entity or a small business must pay the higher rate.
A base rate entity is a company can show a total aggregated turnover that is less than $25 million for the 2017–18 income year. A small business entity any business that can prove an aggregated turnover of less than $10 million dollars.
The 27.5 percent tax rate for small businesses and base rate entities is slightly lower than the 2015-2016 income year when the lower company tax rate was slightly higher at 28.5 percent. Furthermore the threshold for determining a small business has also been drastically raised as the aggregated turnover limit for small businesses used to be less than $2 million.
Thus, not only has the small business tax rate been lowered in recent years, but the limit on aggregated turnover has also risen fivefold. Furthermore, and perhaps more importantly, by next tax season the aggregated turnover threshold will increase to $50 million and by the 2026-2027 tax year, the small business tax rate will decrease to 25 percent while the 30 percent tax rate will remain steady for all larger businesses.
Furthermore, small businesses also stand to benefit from the small business income tax offset. This benefit is available to businesses registered as sole traders or those business owners who own a share of small business income from a partnership or trust.
Starting in the 2016–17 income year, this tax offset for small businesses increased to 8 percent and has a limit of $1,000 each year. It will gradually increase to 16 percent by 2026-2027, and is applicable to small businesses with a turnover over less than $5 million.
While small business tax rates will continue to decrease at least for the next 7-8 years, in countries such as the United States and the U.K., small business tax rates can be either higher or lower, depending on the type of business. In the U.S. for example, the complicated IRS tax code offers small business tax rates that range from 15 percent to 39 percent, depending on the income, size of the business, and other variables. In the U.K., however, the small business tax rate is much lower at only 19 percent for taxable income below £300,000.


President Barack Obama, facing waning confidence among Americans in his economic stewardship, plans some $300 billion in tax cuts and government spending as part of a job-creating package, U.S. media reported on Tuesday.
The price tag of the proposed package, to be announced by Obama in a nationally televised speech to Congress on Thursday, would be offset by other cuts that the president would outline, CNN reported, citing Democratic sources.
Bloomberg News said the plan would inject more than $300 billion into theeconomy next year through tax cuts, spending on infrastructure, and aid to state and local governments.
Obama would offset those short-term costs by calling on Congress to raise tax revenues in a deficit-cutting proposal he will lay out next week, the news agency reported, without citing sources.
The White House declined to comment on the reports.
Obama's aides have refused to go public with the estimated cost of Obama's package or provide many specifics in advance, except to say that the proposals will have a "quick and positive" impact on boosting jobs at a time of stubbornly high U.S. unemployment.
"We need to do things that will have a direct impact in the short-term to grow the economy and create jobs, and the president will put forward proposals that will do just that," White House spokesman Jay Carney said.
Republicans criticized Obama for not including them in discussions on the package before his big speech and indicated any jobs bills could face tough passage through Congress, where they control the House of Representatives.
"I have no doubt the president will propose many things on Thursday that, when looked at individually, sound pretty good, or that he'll call them all bipartisan. I'm equally certain that, taken as whole, they'll represent more of the same failed approach," said the top Senate Republican, Mitch McConnell.
Republican House leaders separately wrote to Obama urging him to repeal "excessive, job-destroying regulations" and laying out possible areas of common ground, including reforms to the unemployment system and free-trade agreements.
Confidence in Obama's management of the economy has been hit by months of bad economic news, and several polls on Tuesday showed fresh declines in his job approval ratings.
Obama hopes to start reversing this trend with his address to a joint session of Congress on Thursday, in which he will try to convince voters that he has a better economic recovery plan than his Republican opponents.
Bloomberg News said nearly half the stimulus in Obama's plan would come from tax cuts, including an extension of a payroll tax cut paid by workers and a new decrease in the amount paid by employers. Vice President Joe Biden told reporters last month a payroll tax cut for employers was being considered.
Direct aid to local governments will focus on stopping layoffs of teachers and first responders, Bloomberg said.
Obama fought Republicans for much of the summer to lift the U.S. debt ceiling in a bitter debate that saw rating agency Standard & Poor's cut the U.S. AAA credit rating, and he must now get lawmakers to back additional spending that many oppose.
However, the president is seeking congressional support at a time when his own prospects of re-election have worsened.
An NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll showed Obama's job approval rating at a low of 44 percent, while an ABC News/ Washington Post poll found that six in 10 Americans now rate the president's job on the economy and jobs negatively.
A third survey by Politico and George Washington University found that 72 percent of voters believe the country is either strongly or somewhat headed in the wrong direction, a jump of 12 percent since last May.
Obama must get unemployment down from levels currently above 9 percent to improve his chances of winning a second White House term in the November 2012 election.
The president has already touched on a various steps Congress could take to lift growth and hiring, including infrastructure spending, business tax breaks, and extending the payroll tax cut and aid for the long-term unemployed.


I'M currently researching on SS Gruppenführer Hans Kammler. I came across a court interrogation of Albert Speer (right) by a Prof. Kaul. Would you have, or know where I could get, that testimony in some computer-readable format (as a file)?
Who was Kaul? This was it seems a trial about [the Nordhausen Concentration camp] Dora.
PROFESSOR Kaul was a notorious German lawyer in the 1960s and 1970s based in East Berlin (i.e., Pankow, the Soviet sector), who acted as a go-between from east to west and also got involved in other matters like obtaining the release of Germans from East Germany to the west, and from political prison in East Germany. Ah, the Germans! You should be able to find more about him now on Google.
Speer did visit Dora and the Nordhausen tunnel factory, the "Mittelwerk GmbH", to which the camp provided slave labour, as I discovered from his unedited 1943 official Chronik when writing The Mare's Nest. I believe that his plant manager Alban Sawatzki was hanged afterwards, but I may be wrong on that.


text:
Young Thug brings listeners on the run in new EP
Kiara Bell
Three days before announcing the release of his EP, "On the Rvn," rapper Young Thug was charged with eight felonies rooting from an arrest in his home state of Georgia last September. Seven of these charges were drug related, and Young Thug was most recently arrested for firearm possession at his album release party at a Dave & Busters in Los Angeles.
Thugger's six track project kicks off with "On the Run," a solid song with a feature by Offset, whose verse was added in on Oct. 6, nearly two weeks after the EP's release. In the song, Thug may be alluding to evading his drug charges down south. He raps, "If the opp come, I get to squeezin' on the mop / I'm on the run, bitch, I just took off on the cops."
On "Icey," Young Thug keeps the focus on his diamonds and jewelry. It resembles songs such as "Audemar" and "Chanel (Go Get It)" off his album "Slime Language," which was released this past August and was chock full of features from his Young Stoner Life Records crew. Although the track holds up as a party trap song, it doesn't do much justice to Thug's unique voice.
Atlanta-artist 6LACK teams up with Young Thug on "Climax," a love song about betrayal. 6LACK's ability to write and perform these kinds of angsty songs balances with Thug's ability to energize a track while keeping it real.
In the song's hook, the two sing about a girl who chooses a man who can please her better and provide her with luxury. "You said no interest, said you found a better climax/ You said he's swagged out, you leave/ It's like a shot to the back through the nose of a barrel/ For you don't want to go, but leave, like it's nothing."
On "Sin," YT collabs with Jaden Smith. The two rappers recently appeared together on J. Cole's KOD Tour. The song's purpose serves more as a filler, as both artists loosely touch subjects of money, sex, fashion, and power.
The most interesting song on Young Thug's EP, "High," is saved for last. The track is a beautiful remix of Elton John's 1972 hit, "Rocket Man." Thugger surprises listeners with his dynamic singing voice, hitting plenty of high notes as well as completely reimagining the classic rock song.
John seems to be a big fan of Young Thug. During his Beats1 radio show, he said, "This is so cool and so good. These things are the great surprises in what I do. Sometimes you hear something that you never knew was going to happen or never thought was going to happen in a million years."
Young Thug's "On the Rvn" puts a couple more hits under the rapper's belt. He is due to appear in court on October 9, where fans will find out if Thug may need to be on the run — for good.
San Cisco's bright pop glitters at the Black Cat
San Cisco is the epitome of indie pop, bursting with down-to-earth charisma
Philadelphia's Walnut Street Theatre presents "Legally Blonde: The Musi
The Retriever sent two of its resident theatre critics to see William Finn
Local Natives bring energy and new album to the 9:30 Club stage
Local Natives' new album, "Violet Street," is nothing short o
It is no secret that children learn by watching the world around them. They
On behalf of UMBC, Attorney General seeks dismissal of claims against Police Chief Paul Dillon
Campus-wide water outage affects students, residents


PPC advertising gives you the opportunity to pay for top positions on search engines and appear on relevant partner websites. Pay-per-click marketing delivers instant traffic and offers many ways to compliment existing SEO strategies by testing keywords, business models, and marketplace verticals, and it allows you to develop your overall Internet marketing strategy, and any SEO plans armed with facts, not assumptions.
Blutium offers complete PPC program development (or overhaul of an existing pay-per-click campaign) as well as ongoing optimization and management services. Whether you need month-to-month management, a new set of eyes on a campaign, or a complete rebuild for your internal team to manage, we can help.
We can accomplish custom web development services as our core competency and we already have time-honored approach for startup to complex enterprise web application. We deliver customizable and high quality robust website development in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
Perception System provides a wide range of web portal development services spanning the complete chain of business verticals using our versatile and age-old portal development experience. We have successfully executed top of the line portals that incorporate the latest technology and most interactive options to attract users to your website.
We assist our customers for highly functional E-commerce Solution to provide intellectual resolution for your business as we offer a complete portfolio of ecommerce platform. This includes online b2b – b2c web shop, multi vendor marketplaces, mobile commerce and electronic payment methods.


Heading North on the 400 earlier today on our way to Puck's Farm in Schomberg, the conversation turned to music. 54-40's "I Go Blind" was playing on CFNY Edge 102 and that got us thinking about 54-40 and Hootie and the Blowfish, who covered the song for the show "Friends".
I was noting how different the two bands' careers were. Hootie and the Blowfish blew up big with their debut and became one of the most popular bands in the world for a short period of time before disappearing completely while 54-40 never attained such success but had a steady, consistent and respectable career for over two decades. The question I posed to Taryn was simple. If you were a band, which career would you rather have? Hootie and the Blowfish's or 54-40's?
It was at precisely that moment that I turned to my side to catch the response, only to witness Taryn taking a large swig from the tupperware thermos containing Michelle's formula. You see, there were two such containers in the bag, one full of formula and the other full of cool, refreshing water. Taryn had inadvertently grabbed the wrong one and instantly regretted it. As she spit it out the window along the 400, trying to wash out the terrible taste with water and rice cakes and anything else she could find in the car, she mentioned it was perhaps the worst thing she had ever tasted.
She also managed to answer my question. She said she'd rather have 54-40's career, which of course, is the right answer.


Historic Downtown Liberty Farmers Market runs every Saturday, May through September 7 a.m.-noon and October, 8 a.m.-noon. Vendors carry a variety of produce, flowers, meat, eggs, baked goods, prepared foods and some craft items. Historic Downtown Liberty Farmers Market accepts credit and debit cards along with SNAP benefits, and also participates in the Beans & Greens program.
Find us on the Liberty Square this season while the roads and sidewalks are replaced around the square! We're open each Saturday starting May 4!
Interested in selling at the 2019 Historic Downtown Liberty Farmers' Market?
Complete your vendor application and return it to HDLI.
*This list will be updated at the beginning of the 2018 season.


text:
Commentary :: Labor
The Tasks of the Immigrant Workers' Movement: For a working class program!
by Written by Jose Bedia	 13 Mar 2007
As we approach the first anniversary of the immigrant worker mega-marches, the struggle for our rights continues. We defeated the Sensenbrenner bill, and yet the attacks on the families of undocumented workers have intensified. Dozens of raids, the limitation of habeas corpus, the militarization of the border, "no-match" letters, and other attacks on our class must be met with a decisive response!
We need a clear program of struggle that can lead us to victory – to full amnesty and equal rights for all immigrant workers and their families.
In 2006, millions of workers achieved what seemed impossible: we imposed our will on the powers that be through mass mobilizations on the streets. For decades, the traditional immigrant rights organizations fomented illusions in the legal and economic system of this country. They spent millions of dollars on lobbying, trying to win the tiniest of crumbs from the ruling class. What was the result of all these efforts? The Sensenbrenner bill – an absurd and grotesque piece of legislation, a clear provocation intended to appease the most racist and ignorant sectors of U.S. society. The bill included penalties including imprisonment for family members, trade unionists, clergy, and social workers who dared try and help undocumented workers improve their conditions of life. This was a smokescreen intended to make it look as though Congress was "doing something" to address the problems faced by all workers living in the U.S., whose conditions get worse every day.
It's no wonder that millions of immigrant workers saw mass mobilizations as the most decisive way to struggle for our rights. For the first time since the 1960s, the immigrant working class was able to demonstrate the enormous potential of struggling on the streets. Paralyzing the country from coast to coast, mobilizing tens and hundreds of thousands in every major urban center of the country, we acted as a united force in the struggle against the exploitation, racism, greed, and injustice of this system. Less than 2 months passed between the March 10 mega march in Chicago and the national actions of May 1 – in that brief period we inflicted the greatest defeat yet suffered by this government.
Neither the betrayal of many "Latino" media outlets, nor the change of heart of many religious leaders, and not even the timid appeals for calm by the traditional "representatives of the immigrant community" could stop the national boycott on May 1st of last year. May Day was an independent movement which clearly demonstrated the resolve and determination of millions of workers who want real change and solutions, and not mere promises, cosmetic reforms, and illusions in a system that sows destruction and exploitation throughout the planet.
Immigration to the U.S. is not a "personal choice". Most undocumented immigrants in this country are economic exiles, victims of the imperialist economic and foreign policy of the U.S. and Europe. This process has been accelerated due to recent "free trade" agreements. The effects of the greed and rapaciousness of the capitalist class can only be described as a one-sided war against the poor peoples of the world. This is the price humanity must pay for the capitalists to accumulate ever more wealth.
The crisis of our peoples, the crisis of humanity, is the crisis of world capitalism. Capitalism can only advance by destroying the living conditions of billions of people around the world – it is truly "horror without end".
The system is in crisis and its leaders can only maintain their power through lies and violence. They hypocritically defend "their" national borders, while in practice they do not respect any geographic, legal, or economic frontiers. They invade countries, blackmail them economically, and intervene in their internal affairs. For the imperialists there are no borders when it comes to amassing fortunes and destroying entire countries.
These very same capitalists are destroying workers' quality of life here in the U.S. – destroying jobs and sending them to other countries where low wages and intolerable conditions of total exploitation are the norm - all in the pursuit of higher profits. These days, quality health care and education are luxuries reserved for the rich, while the public's money is used to finance wars and to line the pockets of the multi-national corporations. Despite this, their propaganda machine never ceases to blame the system's problems on immigration - never mind that the system could not continue for a single day without exploiting the labor of millions of undocumented workers. They will stop at nothing to divide the working class into the artificial categories of "documented" and "undocumented" – they know that the unity of all working people is the greatest danger to their system and their rule.
It's no accident that soon after last year's mega marches, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) intensified its raids. Since July of last year, they have launched a systematic offensive. They have passed new laws that allow the police to detain undocumented workers for no reason, they have sent thousands of troops to the border, and have launched a campaign of persecution around "no match" Social Security numbers. The message is clear – to use any methods necessary to put a halt to the movement. But in reality, these attacks are a sign of weakness, not of strength. The fact that they have to resort to terrorizing us shows that they are deeply worried. It is our duty to respond to each and every one of these attacks in a unified manner!
Many capitalists support "guest worker programs" which would allow a certain number of workers to get temporary work papers. They present this as a suitable "compromise". But the end result is the same – the capitalists benefit from a vast pool of cheap and unorganized labor with less than second-class status. This is not what we mobilized for last spring!
What we need is a program of struggle based on class independence and an orientation to our natural allies – the rest of the U.S. working class and in particular the unions. We need to organize action committees in every factory, neighborhood, and school, with democratically-elected delegates to local, state, and national conferences. This is the only way to effectively organize a national boycott, marches, and demonstrations on May Day 2007. We can rely only on our own class and our own organizations to do this – we cannot rely on the media, the traditional organizations, or the political parties of the bosses. In unity there is strength! Join El Militante Sin Fronteras and the WIL to fight for this program!
http://www.socialistappeal.org


text:
Sydney Mail (NSW : 1860 - 1871)
Sat 25 Jul 1868 - Sydney Mail (NSW : 1860 - 1871)
Page 2 - Family Notices
BIRTHS.
BEZER—July 20th, at Undercliff, Balmain, Caroline Sarah,
the wife of Mr. H. D. Bozer, of a daughter, still-born.
BRADE—July 14th, at Bishopthorpe-terrace, Glebe Road, Mrs.
William Brade, of a daughter.
BRODIE—July 12th, at her residence, Wilshire-terrace, Liver-
pool-street, Mrs. David Brodie, of a daughter.
BUNTING—July 19th, at her residence, Woolloomooloo-street,
the wife of John Lawson Bunting, of a son.
COATH—July 13th, at her residence. 76, Forbes-street, Wool-
loomooloo, the wife of Mr. John William Coath, of a son.
GEORGE—July 17th, at No. 76, Crown-street, the wife of the
Rev. William H. George, of a son.
GRIBBEN—July 3rd, at her residence, Elizabeth-street North,
Mrs. John Gribben, of a daughter.
HARRISON—July 21st, at her residence, Presbyterian School,
Campbell town, the wife of Mr. David Wright Harrison, of a
daughter.
LEHANE—July 1 1th at Reedy Creek, the wife of J. Lehane,
Esq., of a daughter.
MACNAMARA—July 19th, at her residence, Petersham, Mrs.
Henry Macnamara, of a daughter.
POWEL—July 11th, at her residence, 68, Stanley-street, the
wife of Mr. J. R. Powell, of a daughter.
ROGERS–July 16th, at her residence, 97, Argyle-street, the wife
of J. Rogers, of a son.
SAYER—July 20th, at her residence, Kent-street North, the
wife of Mr. W. F. Sayer, of a son.
SUTTOR–July 16th, at Brucedale, Mrs. W. H. Sutter, jun.,
of a daughter.
TODHUNTER—July 18th, at the A. J. S. Bank, Mudgee, Mrs.
H. M. Todhunter, of a daughter.
WALLACE—July 17th, at Coolringdon, Cooma, Mrs. William
Wallace, of a daughter.
MARRIAGES.
BENNETT—BARNS—July 8th, at St. Andrew's Church, by
the Rev. T. O'Reilly, Edward Bennett, widower, of Liverpool-
street, to Frances Elizabeth, widow of the late William Barns,
of Sussex-street, Sydney.
CHABOT—MEAD—February 20th, by the Rev. W. F. X. Bailey,
LL.D., of the Free Church of England, Mr. Francis Chabot, of
161, William-street, to Annie, daughter of the late Mr. Philip
Mead, of Francis-street, Woolloomooloo.
DUNGAN—FAIRBAIRN—July 15th, by special license, at St.
Andrew's Manse, Sydney, by the Rev. John Dougall, Thomas
Dungan, London, to liszie Ann Fairbairn, Waverley, N.S.W.
INNES—HAIK—July 14th, at All Saints' Church, Parramatta,
by the Rev. Thomas Smith, assisted by the Rev. John Fletcher,
B.D., the Rev. G. A. C. Innes, B. A., to Emily Cornelia, the
daughter of Mr. J. Haik, of Parramatta.
LLOYD—HAYES—April 25th, by the Rev. W. Leishman,
Thomas Lloyd, eldest son of the late Mr. Thomas Lloyd,
Leamington, Warwickshire, to Caroline, youngest daughter
of the late Mr. Thomas Hayes, Devonshire, England,
McDONALD—CARTER—July 7th, by the Rev. Dr. Bailey, of the
Free Church of England, Mr. Daniel Thomas McDonald, of
Heart-street, Chippendale, to Mary, daughter of the late Mr.
Stephen Carter, of Greek-street, Glebe.
McGOWAN—HAGGERTY—June 30th, by the Rev. Dr. Bailey,
of the Free Church of England, Mr. Bryan McGowan,
formerly of Ballinrobe, county of Galway, Ireland, to
Bridget widow of the late Mr. Patrick Haggerty, formerly of
Slligo, county of Sligo, Ireland, both of Dlxon-street.
PEATE—DEAN—July 16th, at St. Matthias's Church, Padding-
ton, by the Rev. G. F. Macarthur, Thomas Lewis, eldest son of
Thomas Peate, Esq., of Tivoli, Paddington, to Lucy, eldest
surviving daughter of the late W. Dean, Esq., of Flinton,
Glenmore Road.No cards.
POLLARD–LUTHERBORROW–July 9th, by the Rev. Dr.
Bailey, of the Free Church of England, Mr. William Pollard,
of South Colah, Hornsby, to Jane, daughter of Mr. William
Lutherborrow, of Pennant Hills, New South Wales. No cards.
POPLE—RADFORD—July 16th, at St. Barnabas' Church, by the
Very Rev. Dean Cowper, Edward John, eldest son of E. W.
Pople, of Waterloo Estate, to Ann, second and youngest
surviving daughter of Mr. John Radford, of Newtown Road.
Both natives of Bristol, England.
QUINQUINET—NORRIS—July 7th, by special license, at St.
Mary's Cathedral, by the Rev. J. F. Sheridan, John Antony
Marie Quinquinet, native of France, to Elizabeth Norris,
eldest daughter of Edward Norris, of Sydney.
ROYLE–SIMMONS–July 9th, at the residence of the bride's
parents, 504, Bourke-street, Surry Hills, by the Rev. John
Graham, John Alfred, third son of the late John Royle, Esq.,
and grandson of Thomas Wright, Esq., P.P, of Manchester,
England, to Eliza Ann, eldest daughter of Charles Simmons,
Esq., of this city, and granddaughter of the late Charles
Simmons. Esq., of Nottingham, England.
SHERIDAN—RICHARDS—July 16th, at St. Andrew's Church,
by the Rev. T. O'Reilly, Edmund Sheridan, to Charlotte Mary
Jane, youngest daughter of the late Captain R. W. Richards,
of London. Both of this city.
STANFORD—SATCHELL—July 18th, by the Rev. Dr Bailey,
John Stanford, late of Tonbridge-street, St. Pancras, London,
to Maria, widow of the late H. T. Satchell, Sydney.
WALKER—BOND—July 14th, at Dubbo, by the Rev. William
Coombes, Henry Walker, manager ofthe Commercial Bank,
Bourke, and eldest son of the late Captain J. H. Walker, of
London, to Susan, eldest daughter of William Bond, Esq , of
Sydney.
WEALES—COTTER—July 15th, at St. Charles Church, Waver-
ley, by the Rev. H. N. Woolfrey, William Wilson Weales, of
Bongi, Waverley, to Anne Cotter, Bourke-street, Surry Hills.
WILLIAM—PRICE—July 7th, by the Rev. Dr. Bailey, LL.D., of
the Free Church of England, Brisbane-street, Mr John
Williams, of Elizabeth-street, Paddington, to Emma, daughter
of the late Mr. Thomas Price, of Darling-street. Balmain.
ALDERSON—At his residence, Swanscombe House, Mackay,
Pioneer River. Queensland, Richard Davies Alderson, late of
Swanscombe, Kent, England, aged 47 years.
BENNETT—July 19th, at Cliff Lodge, Victoria-street, Francis
Bennett, Esq., aged 51.
BEEHAG—July 19th, at her parents' residence, Newtown,
Florence Jeesie, infant daughter of William and Elizabeth
Beechag, aged 10 weeks and 5 days.
BEZER—July 20th, at the residence of her parents, Balmain,
Caroline Sarah, the eldest and beloved daughter of Captain
Thomas Birkinshaw, and the affectionate and fond wife of Mr
Henry D. Bezer, aged 24 years.
BLACKIE—June 30th, at his residence, Campbell-street, Surry
Hills, William the beloved husband of Eliza Blackie, leaving
a wife and two children to lament their loss, in the thirty
third year of his age.
BLAND—July 21st, at his residence, College-street, Hyde Park,
Dr. Bland, aged 78 years.
BUCKNELL—July 18th, at Avondale, Cook's River, Percy Went-
worth, infant son of W. W. Bucknell, Esq.
DALE—July 18th, Henry, only son of George and Mary Ann
Dale, French's buildings, South Head Road, aged 19 years.
FLAVELLE—July 19th, of croup, Robert John, infant son of
John and Catherine Flavelle, aged 14 months.
HALLORAN—July 21st, at Kingston, Percival Edward, only
child of the late Herbert Charles Halloran, aged 4 years and
a half.
HINEY—February 28th, at Boatman's Creek, Inanghua, West
Coast, New Zealand, John Joseph, second beloved son of John
and Ellen Hiney, of Campbelltown. May he rest in peace.
HENSCHKEL—June 25th, at his residence, 35, Parramatta-
street, Sydney, John Christoff Henschkel, of Saxony, Germany,
HORNING—July 20th, at her parents' residence, Norwood, of
croup, Emma Sophia, the beloved and only daughter of
William and Margaret Horning, aged 8 years and 11 months.
JUDE—July 20th, of croup, at Emu, Hannah Jane, daughter of
Mr. Fage Jude aged 4 years.
LANGLEY—July 20th, at her parents' residence, Towns's
Wharf, Miller's Point, after a long and painful illness,
Margaret Catherine Langley, in the twentieth year of her
LOCKWOOD—July 21st, at No. 4, Clontarf-terrace, Upper Fort-
street, after a short and painful illness, Frances, the beloved
wife of Mr. William Lockwood, aged 52 years.
MANNING—July 16th, at her parents' residence, Swan of Erin
Hotel, Woolloomooloo-street, Alice Louisa Manning, youngest
daughter of Joseph and Mary Anne Manning, aged 3 months.
MATTHEWS—July 18th, at his parents' residence, Macquarie-
street North, Richard Matthews, eldest son of William and
Maria Matthews, aged 24 years and 3 months.
MILLER—July 21st, at his late residence, 49, New Pitt-street,
Mr. Henry Miller, after a long and painful Illness, in his sixty
PONDER—June 29th, at the residence of his parents, Stanmore,
Gustave Joseph Anderson, the youngest son of Mr. Isaac Ponder,
ROBERTSON—July 10th, at his father's residence, Brisbane-
street, Launceston, Tasmania, Hugh Robertson, eldest surviving
son of James Robertson, Esq., aged 30 years.
TAYLOR—July 21st, of convulsions, Mary Jane, infant daughter
of the Rev. B. Taylor, of Newtown.
TERRY—July 21st, at his residence, No. 16, Union-street,
Pyrmont, Sydney, Edward Simpson Terry, late of the Paterson
Mills, aged 50 years.
WARREN—July 18th, at his residence, 49, Botany-street, Surry
Hills, Sydney, Mr. Alexander Warren, in the 46th year of his
WEEDON—July 21st, at her residence, Elizabeth Cottage,
Woollahra, Mary, the wife ol Mr, Thomas Weedon, sen., aged
WOODHOUSE—July 18th instant, at Mount Gilead, of congestion
of the lungs, after three days' illness, Mary Sheuldham, the
beloved child and second daughter of Edmund Hume and
Gertrude Clara Woodhouse, aged 11 weeks.
YORK—July 19th, at her parents' residence, Pyrmont Bridge
Road, of croup, Lynda Arabella, infant daughter of James
and Eliza York, aged 11 months and 3 weeks.
Family Notices (1868, July 25). Sydney Mail (NSW : 1860 - 1871), p. 2. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166802326
"Family Notices" Sydney Mail (NSW : 1860 - 1871) 25 July 1868: 2. Web. 22 Jan 2020 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166802326>.
1868 'Family Notices', Sydney Mail (NSW : 1860 - 1871), 25 July, p. 2. , viewed 22 Jan 2020, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166802326
{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166802326 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[Sydney Mail]] |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=25 July 1868 |access-date=22 January 2020 |page=2 |via=Trove }}
State Library of NSW Digital Excellence Program
Sydney Mail (NSW : 1860 - 1871), Sat 25 Jul 1868, Page 2 - Family Notices


Outflow the factory air intake system in your 2004.5-2005 GM 6.6L Duramax LLY with the S&B Filters 75-5102 Cold Air Intake Kit with Cleanable Filter. S&B Air Intake systems are engineered to give you an increase in airflow, providing you with a boost in horsepower, torque, and engine efficiency.
The S&B one piece air box design features an integrated box seal that keeps out unwanted engine heat. The cooler the air, the greater the density, resulting in better performance.
Premium silicone seals won't tear or crack and can handle temperatures as high as 400.
Designed to fit better than the stock intake. You'll be breathing easy in 45 minutes.


text:
US Military Uses IMF and World Bank to Launder 85% of Its Black Budget
US-UK Chemical Weapons Plot in Syria Exposed
Battlefield America: The Ongoing War on the American People
How To Get Rid Of Paranoid Conspiracy Theorists
During the last decade, global financial elites have configured an elaborate system that makes most of the military budget unauditable.
Jake Anderson | Contributing Author
Though transparency was a cause he championed when campaigning for the presidency, President Obama has largely avoided making certain defense costs known to the public. However, when it comes to military appropriations for government spy agencies, we know from Freedom of Information Act requests that the so-called "black budget" is an increasingly massive expenditure subsidized by American taxpayers. The CIA and and NSA alone garnered $52.6 billion in funding in 2013 while the Department of Defense black ops budget for secret military projects exceeds this number. It is estimated to be $58.7 billion for the fiscal year 2015.
What is the black budget? Officially, it is the military's appropriations for "spy satellites, stealth bombers, next-missile-spotting radars, next-gen drones, and ultra-powerful eavesdropping gear."
However, of greater interest to some may be the clandestine nature and full scope of the black budget, which, according to analyst Catherine Austin Fitts, goes far beyond classified appropriations. Based on her research, some of which can be found in her piece "What's Up With the Black Budget?," Fitts concludes that during the last decade, global financial elites have configured an elaborate system that makes most of the military budget unauditable. This is because the real black budget includes money acquired by intelligence groups via narcotics trafficking, predatory lending, and various kinds of other financial fraud.
The result of this vast, geopolitically-sanctioned money laundering scheme is that Housing and Urban Devopment and other agencies are used for drug trafficking and securities fraud. According to Fitts, the scheme allows for at least 85 percent of the U.S. federal budget to remain unaudited.
Fitts has been researching this issue since 2001, when she began to believe that a financial coup d'etat was underway. Specifically, she suspected that the banks, corporations, and investors acting in each global region were part of a "global heist," whereby capital was being sucked out of each country. She was right.
As Fitts asserts,
"[She] served as Assistant Secretary of Housing at the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the United States where I oversaw billions of government investment in US communities…..I later found out that the government contractor leading the War on Drugs strategy for U.S. aid to Peru, Colombia and Bolivia was the same contractor in charge of knowledge management for HUD enforcement. This Washington-Wall Street game was a global game. The peasant women of Latin America were up against the same financial pirates and business model as the people in South Central Los Angeles, West Philadelphia, Baltimore and the South Bronx."
This is part of an even larger financial scheme. It is fairly well-established by now that international financial institutions like the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund operate primarily as instruments of corporate power and nation-controlling infrastructure investment mechanisms. For example, the primary purpose of the World Bank is to bully developing countries into borrowing money for infrastructure investments that will fleece trillions of dollars while permanently indebting these "debtor" nations to West. But how exactly does the World Bank go about doing this?
John Perkins wrote about this paradigm in his book, Confessions of an Economic Hitman. During the 1970s, Perkins worked for the international engineering consulting firm, Chas T. Main, as an "economic hitman." He says the operations of the World Bank are nothing less than "pure economic colonization on behalf of powerful corporations and banks that use the United States government as their tool."
In his book, Perkins discusses Joseph Stiglitz, the Chief Economist for the World Bank from 1997-2000, at length. Stiglitz described the four-step plan for bamboozling developing countries into becoming debtor nations:
Step One, according to Stiglitz, is to convince a nation to privatize its state industries. Step Two utilizes "capital market liberalization," which refers to the sudden influx of speculative investment money that depletes national reserves and property values while triggering a large interest bump by the IMF. Step Three, Stiglitz says, is "Market-Based Pricing," which means raising the prices on food, water and cooking gas. This leads to "Step Three and a Half: The IMF Riot." Examples of this can be seen in Indonesia, Bolivia, Ecuador and many other countries where the IMF's actions have caused financial turmoil and social strife.
Step 4, of course, is "free trade," where all barriers to the exploitation of local produce are eliminated.
There is a connection between the U.S. black budget and the trillion dollar international investment fraud scheme. Our government and the banking cartels and corporatocracy running it have configured a complex screen to block our ability to audit their budget and the funds they use for various black op projects. However, they can not block our ability to uncover their actions and raise awareness.
Contributed by Jake Anderson of The Anti Media.
Related Topics:black ops, black-budget, CIA, DOD, IMF, military industrial complex, NSA, police state, special ops, top secret, World Bank
More in Conspiracy Fact and Theory
Vaccines Now Being Used To Harvest Biometric Identities of Everyone; Big Brother Merges With Big Pharma
By NaturalNews Network October 27, 2019
It's all happening, just as we predicted. Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair...
George Soros Is Lobbying Lawmakers To Take Your Guns Away
By Mac Slavo September 6, 2019
There is no other way to say it: politicians and the elitists are coming for your...
CLINTON CAMPAIGN FINANCE SCANDAL EXPOSES MEDIA DOUBLE STANDARD
By The Daily Caller August 30, 2018
Know what else is extraordinary? Hillary Clinton's well-documented $84 million campaign finance scandal, which the liberal media...
Large Study Concludes There Is NO Healthy Amount Of Alcohol
By The Daily Sheeple August 28, 2018
A newly released and large study focusing on 195 different countries has contradicted what others have...
America's Crisis: Starving Obese People
While Americans' waistlines continue to expand, those who are gaining the most weight are also starving. They...


text:
Q: Google Drive - service account storage limitation I'm planning to use Google Drive service account because my application will be using it to store Realtime API documents. These will be shortcut files.  On help page it says:

Because it is not possible to access the Google Drive web user interface of a service account, it is not possible to purchase additional Google Drive storage for this type of accounts. For that reason you may prefer using a regular account instead of a service account.

I seen 5GB figure floating around. Should I be worried about it if I'm only creating shortcut files? Is this limitation imposed purposefully? If so, why?

A: Shortcut files take zero quota, so you should be fine.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Fly for a White Guy
By Rob Copeland | 12/06/2006
Mike Posner sits in his Randolph dorm room laying down hip-hop beats at 3 a.m. He has performed on live radio and was almost signed to a rap label. He has Ron Artest's number in his cell phone.
White, Jewish and passionate about hip-hop.
Yes, Mike Posner is serious about this.
And yes, he's damn good at it, too.
He's so serious, in fact, that instead of sending the requisite Mrs. Field's cookie cake or love-worn Duke hat with his college application, he sent a CD of his latest beats.
Having lived his whole life on 12 Mile Road-four miles from where a certain other white artist has his roots-Posner is quick to address the race issue. At 5'10" and 155 pounds, he can't exactly claim to embody the mainstream hip-hop ideal.
"When you're a rapper and white, so much baggage comes with that-they assume you're stupid and racist," Posner says. "People say you're trying to be a thug, but if you listen to my music there's nothing remotely thug about it."
He has a point. Posner's music is as much a dichotomy as the man himself.
Jay Z's "99 Problems" laid over Gavin DeGraw's "Chariot." Tracks with heavy beats and lightening-fast rapping, but pop hooks that would fit in a Nick Lachey album. And it all seems to have a hint of electronica.
On the walls of his Randolph dorm room, a Kurt Cobain poster shares space with Talib Kweli and Dilated Peoples.
"There's a scene for me, but I don't think there's a community here at Duke," Posner says, sitting amidst thousands of dollars of recording equipment. He presses play and one of his favorite high school tracks, "Grey Sweat Pants," fills the room:
I'm something else, new-wave, original
F- a punchline, everything I say is literal
As he listens to his music, he blasts the volume and then becomes very still, bobbing his head slightly, not blinking, locking into the beat.
His father is an attorney; his mother, a pharmacist, and both have been supportive, even if they don't necessarily understand their son's interest.
"At first it was real weird-I was embarrassed," he says. "I think the words go too fast for my Dad.. I don't think that they would listen to it in the car for enjoyment."
Longtime friend Jacob Smith says Posner has stood out for as long as he can remember. "It's always kind of been known that he was the little white kid who could rap," Smith says with a laugh. "But he's really singing original music.. Every year there was somebody who came out with a CD, but nobody as seriously as Mike."
Posner's first album, Reflections of a Lost Teen, was a hit at his high school, but he knew he was a stronger producer than performer. And scoring an internship at legendary Detroit hip-hop station HOT 102.7 put Posner on the fast track to success.
The day Artest came to the studio, he was so impressed with Posner that he gave the 18-year-old his phone number with an eye toward signing him for a record deal.
"Me and my buddies were like, 'This is outrageous, if he comes over and asks for a beer, we better hand it to him carefully,'" Posner recalls.
Plans to meet fell through, but Posner says he spoke to Artest a few weeks ago and the basketball player said he still wanted to get together. "In the music industry, don't get your hopes up; people make promises and they fall through," Posner says, shrugging. But still, there are constantly opportunities knocking. He says Kanye West heard a song he produced and said, "That's what's up."
For a while, Posner considered putting off college, or at least going to a school closer to rap world. "Maybe Atlanta or Detroit," he says, pronouncing the latter 'DEE-troit.'
Taking some time off wouldn't have been a bad decision, says B. Wright, a rapper who has worked with Posner in the past.
"He may have to sacrifice one or the other down the line," Wright says. "People might doubt him at first, but once they hear his stuff they won't be disappointed."
But until then, Posner is stuck in Durham. When he first arrived in August, he says he had some concerns-and not only that his roommate would be a country music fan.
To his surprise, reactions to his music have been overwhelmingly positive in his hall. Freshman Paul Jones, who lives two doors down, admits he was suspicious at first.
"My first impression-honestly-was that this kid's just 'out-there' weird," Jones says. "I thought he was the biggest ditz ever."
Now, Jones says he is a huge fan of Posner's music, although he appreciates the thick walls when his neighbor is cutting beats late at night.
And Posner continues to produce in between his full course load.
Recently, Posner participated in a five-day Red Bull Music Lab in Raleigh, where he produced a new track called "Eyes on the Pavement," which may appear on a Red Bull CD at the end of the year.
"If you want it, it's not so far fetched," he says. "If you go for it, there's a place in the industry for you."
Serving Abroad
Student, conscript: Duke careers interrupted by international military service
History of the Duke Lemur Center
Home to the most diverse collection of lemurs outside of Madagascar, the Duke Lemur Center has evolved from a somewhat unplanned lemur colony to a world-class ...
Backcourt Brotherhood
Trading in their jerseys for a clipboard, former Duke guards are leaving their marks on sidelines throughout the college basketball world.


text:
Classic Computing Discussion
Computer books that excited you!
By Keatah, February 2, 2020 in Classic Computing Discussion
Keatah
Keatah 13,595
Missile Commander
We all have a certain nostalgia for our fav vintage hardware, and software too. But what about documentation? Yes documentation. Literature is just as important as the software. It sets the tone, it builds the world around your activities. It teaches you. It entertains you. Literature in almost all forms is the forgotten piece that makes your setup complete.
Having said that and not wanting to ramble, what's your favorite books and manuals? Which ones do you most fondly remember? Which ones were standout examples of excellence?
I learned tons of computer concepts and practical ways of doing things from these 4 books, they were included with my Apple II back in the day. An 800 page treasure trove of information. To a kid it felt like a college course, but I was determined to read them all cover-to-cover. Gotta love the "Atari-style" art on "The Applesoft Tutorial"! Bought them to school, and church, and every restaurant we ever went to.
I learned a ton of BASIC from this one. It was as kid-friendly a book as I could find in my limited area.
Spent many an hour in my blanket fortress typing in programs from here.
And I polished my BASIC skills with this.
Early on I was overly ADD-like obsessed with circuit boards and the pretty patterns, this book was like medication with all the pics of single-board S-100 systems. We always discussed how "smart" any one given computer was - determined by the amount of chips and their sizes. It had photos of rigs we could only dream of. Borderline Sci-Fi to us kids.
I also liked reading "compilation" and introductory books. It was like seeing all my wants condensed into one manual.
As my knowledge and tastes "matured" I got into telecommunications. Learned everything I knew about modems by calling BBSes and such. These two items got me going and seemed like endless fun to read. I never knew there could be so many options to one program!
Toward the mid and late eighties a new terminal program came out called PROTERM. It had MouseText support and Zmodem support, along with a mini word processor. Started my personal journal and writing with that. And still continue it till today.
Finally it was this book, "Celestial Basic" the helped me make the connection between computers and astronomy and such. It really fired off my imagination about spaceflight and wonders of the Cosmos. I always thought if I typed in the programs and worked hard I would learn to build an interstellar space-a-ship. Never mind the subject matter didn't match. It was inspiring!
There's more but it's getting quite late.
ClausB
ClausB 1,730
I got a good education from BYTE magazine, but you're asking about books, so I'll say Best of BYTE, Vol. 1. While I was building my collection of back issues, it substituted for those earliest issues I was missing.
Favorite manual? Atari 400/800 Hardware Manual. I befriended the salesman at the local dealer and he let me photocopy their early edition, which was full of typos and hand drawings and blurry schematics. Learned a ton about Atari's wonderful custom chips and about computer design in general.
Also Lance Leventhal's 6502 Programming uncovered the mysteries of machine / assembly coding.
Osborne's Introduction to Microcomputers Vol. 2. A friend gave me his thick loose-leaf copy when he got the final bound version. A collection of technical details of many early microprocessors, it was updated several times while in loose leaf form. I still look at this often.
Apple II Red Book. I worked on Apples at PDI and they gave me this manual, an early compendium of the best of Woz. He signed it in 2011.
Edited February 3, 2020 by ClausB
Knimrod
Knimrod 37
After I got my original ZX80 and started programming it, I bought a copy of "The 8080a Bugbook" by Peter R. Rony. A lot of mysteries about microcomputer design and programming were revealed to me... Excellent, comprehensive book.
+OLD CS1
OLD CS1 7,297
>OLD CS1█
Technology Mercenary
Location:Tallahassee, FL
In fourth grade I was starting to learn electronics by way of an Radio Shack solar electronics lab kit, and a 200-in-one electronics lab. As my curiosity of the innards of my TI-99/4A was well known, a friend of the family gave me a book of Intel chips and specifications. From it I learned about several Intel CPUs and MPUs, as well as RAM, ROM, and TTL-electronics like LS-series chips. I am pretty certain I still have that around here somewhere. It was a great reference for me for a long time.
Starting in seventh grade, the MiniMemory manual for my TI-99/4A was the absolute dog's nuts for me. I started learning TMS-9900 with that, and a girl who had a crush on me loaned me her dad's Editor/Assembler book and I spent a week copying important pages by hand.
Around the same time I was doing some programming work for one of my teachers. I got hold of an Apple programming book. Cannot recall the title, but I have seen it again -- had a green cover with the Apple logo on it. Somebody stole it from me in 11th grade.
In eighth grade I was making my switch from TI to Commodore and at a Florida Pottery store I found a Commodore 64 Programmer's Reference Guide with a real spine, not one of the spiral-bound ones. Asked my grandmother to get it for me and she said, "I don't know... that's $20. Are you really going to use this book?" I promised I would and I can tell you that book wound up being even more worn out than the MiniMemory manual. I still have it.
Later on, neither documentation nor manual, but I was very much enthralled with Soul of a New Machine and Hackers. I learned to dislike Kevin Mitnick; the book's subtitle is "Heroes of the Computer Revolution," but I found him to be nothing like a hero. In fact, I found him to be everything I never wanted to be. But that is a whole other chapter of my life.
From about 1983 to 1987, my magazine of choice was COMPUTE! Magazine and I waited with bated breath every month for it to land in my mailbox. It started as a one-year subscription as a birthday gift (I think it was bought out of one of those magazine subscription drives you do for school,) then afterward I picked it up out of my allowance and earnings from odd-jobs. 1990-ish I had moved on to COMPUTE!'s Gazzette and that was my simple pleasure until around 1994, for which I submitted a program for the user submissions column and got it published.
I think I also had (and still do) that Solar Lab kit, it had a bright yellow sun as the main theme and it had 2 solar cells at the top. Loved it! Modified the cat circuit to extend the sound to over 20 seconds and made it screw up toward the end, like a horror movie. Those RS kits taught me everything I knew about electronics.
I also have all my data books starting with a TTL Logic one from TI in the late 80's. I've since then gone up and down the date scale acquiring a few more. And MANY MANY more via PDF for reference.
One of my so-called buddies did steal my Assembler/Editor cartridge for Atari 800. And he eventually returned it after I called him out. I bet he thought I was like stupid enough to not notice it was missing, because I was so into Apple programming at the time. If he didn't return it I would have likely kicked the shit out of him. We never hung around afterwards. I consulted with a witch and had a spell placed. Whether anything happened I didn't bother finding out.
Jim Pez
Jim Pez 51
I would say Basic computer games. It was my first introduction to programming.
Edited February 4, 2020 by Jim Pez
jhd
jhd 869
Location:Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
I no longer remember the title, but it was the first third-party book that I ever saw for the Coco.
I purchased a Coco in about June 1983, and I promptly set out to learn BASIC from the surprisingly good included manuals. I very quickly exhausted the small handful of simple game program listings in the manuals, and my skills were not up to creating my own. (The local public library had perhaps a half-shelf of books with BASIC listings, but all were very generic.)
For my birthday that year (in November) my Parents bought me a book. It was full of game listings (and maybe programming techniques; I do not remember). This qualifies as the very first Coco-related item that I ever saw outside of the local Radio Shack. I was not previously aware that there was a larger "ecosystem". (A month or two later I discovered Hot Coco magazine and my world suddenly became very much larger.)
Omega-TI
Omega-TI 14,589
Not exactly documentation or programming, but I was in 7th grade when I first read the now out-ot-print book titled The Adolescence of P-1 a book about a sentient computer program looking for it's creator when it's survival is at stake. As a kid I loved it so much I read it in one sitting, and then a second time the next day.
** EDIT **
Oh yeah, take notice of that computer script on the cover of the book, you'll see that it inspired me to create my own version of it for the TI-99/4A back in the day.
The Adolesence of P-1.pdf
Edited February 11, 2020 by --- Ω ---
Added a piece of relevant nostalgia


Cartridges can be plugged in, which allows various cartridges to be utilised.
To eliminate reverberating sound, we do not use springs. (Springs create an echo).
We have blocked out reverberating sound with a powerful vibration absorbing structure inside the arm pipe and other structures.
Various parts are connected across the surface, not just at points. The four fulcrums that support the sound quality are supported by four large bearings. In particular, the lower bearing in the direction of the vertical axis utilises high precision thrust bearings; it has a strut structure that allows heavy arms to move with high sensitivity.
The headshell structure is integrated with the plug section, enabling the sound to rise well, resulting in crisp sound quality.
There are several layers of vibration absorbing structure around the weight, delivering a clear, deep sound quality with little lingering sound.


text:
BBC responds to lockdown with biggest education offer
As the UK braces itself to deal with a third national Covid-19 national lockdown since March 2020 with schools and educational establishments closed for the foreseeable future, the BBC is to deliver what it says is the biggest educational service in its history across more of its platforms.
In April 2020, with UK schooling currently badly disrupted by the Covid-19 outbreak and the need for social distancing, the BBC introduced a programme, the BBC Bitesize Daily, designed to ensure that every child in the UK had the opportunity to continue to follow the appropriate core parts of their school curriculum. The programme was designed to act as a standalone resource or to complement what schools are providing remotely, aimed at minimising disruption to children's education and providing rhythm and routines.
In the latest move, the BBC will now bring together BBC Two, CBBC, BBC Red Button, BBC iPlayer and online to deliver a new education offer to children, teachers and parents. Most importantly, the new offer is designed to ensure all children can access curriculum-based learning even if they don't have access to the internet, a key issue in the UK where high speed broadband availability and high quality mobile coverage are nowhere near guaranteed across the country.
Educational content for all four nations in the UK will be available. From Monday 11 January, each week day on CBBC will see a three-hour block of primary school programming from 9am, including BBC Live Lessons and BBC Bitesize Daily, as well as other educational programming such as Our School and Celebrity Supply Teacher and much loved titles such as Horrible Histories, Art Ninja and Operation Ouch. Bitesize Daily primary and secondary will also air every day on BBC Red Button as well as episodes being available on demand on BBC iPlayer.
BBC Two will cater for secondary students with programming to support the GCSE curriculum, with a least two hours of content each weekday. Content will be built around Bitesize Daily secondary shows, complemented by Shakespeare and classic drama adaptations alongside science, history and factual titles from the BBC's award-winning factual programming units.
Commenting on the corporation's response to the new crisis, Tim Davie, BBC Director General, said: "Ensuring children across the UK have the opportunity to continue to follow the appropriate core parts of their nation's school curriculum has been a key priority for the BBC throughout this past year. Education is absolutely vital - the BBC is here to play its part and I'm delighted that we have been able to bring this to audiences so swiftly."
The TV offer sits alongside associated online content. For primary students , BBC Bitesize online will offer an expanded offer of structured lessons in Maths and English for all year groups - these can be used at home or in the classroom. 'This Term's Topics' also covers other curriculum subjects and curates learning content that works for the Spring curriculum. This content can be easily incorporated into a learning plan or used to explore different topics at home.
Most recent in VOD
Disney+ lands in Singapore with StarHub
HBO Max set to overtake Hulu as VOD streaming surges in Q4
discovery+ launches in the US with new distribution
HBO Max furthers platform reach with Roku


Known as the "eyes of Lord Shiva" this mala helps increase mental clarity & awareness, bringing harmony, balance and grounding to Mother Earth.
Lava Stone - is a grounding stone that strengthens ones connection to Mother Earth. It gives us an inner strength and courage allowing us stability through times of change.