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Home Wing Beat Bird Paper Two
Bird Paper Two
A few months ago (10 December 2018), I wrote about the first paper ever published about birds (here)—a description of a hummingbird from Barbados, published by the botanist Nehemiah Grew in May 1693. This publication was in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions, and did not appear until 28 years after scientific publishing began, in 1665. Ornithology did not really become a 'science' in England until Ray's The Ornithology of Francis Willughby was published in English in 1678 [1] but it still took another 15 years before a scientific paper on birds appeared.
Grew also published the second-ever paper about birds when he followed up on his first publication in the July/August 1693 issue of Philosophical Transactions. That second paper is short enough that I can reproduce it here in its entirety:
In that second paper he reports that the observations that he reported on earlier that year were actually made by a Mr Hamersly, and he wonders if the birds really do subsist on nectar, or are actually eating insects on the bottoms of corollas. He must have known that none of the English birds that he would have been familiar with subsisted on nectar alone so it would have seemed anomalous to him that any bird could. He wisely suggests opening up a hummingbird to see if they have different sorts of guts from other birds.
That was a great suggestion—and would have been a revelation—as the stomach of a hummingbird is a specialized structure. At least in the few species whose stomachs have been studied, food enters the hummingbird's proventriculus (stomach) very close to and on the same plane as where it exits into the duodenum from the ventriculus. Thus the liquid nectar takes a shortcut to the small intestine without passing into the ventriculus. The ventriculus is used to crush insects that the bird eats but really has nothing to offer the nectar. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine so the hummingbird digestive systems gets digested nectar to the site of absorption as quickly as possible.
Digestive system of the chicken
Female Broad-tailed Hummingbird at nest
When I was analyzing data for my PhD thesis (on hummingbirds), I lived for a month in a VW camper in the mountains north of Tucson, Arizona. A female Broad-tailed Hummingbird came into our camper regularly to inspect the red plastic plates by the sink. This surprised me because I saw no obvious hummingbird flowers during my frequent walks in the woods. One day, I followed the female back to her nest and often saw her foraging on insects.
We surveyed the woods for 500 m in each of the eight cardinal directions from the nest and found no flowers whatsoever. We also watched the bird during 19 foraging bouts away from the nest and only saw her catching aerial insects and taking prey from spiders' webs. As far as we were aware at the time (and still), this was the first evidence that hummingbirds could subsist solely on arthropods for a while, and it makes sense, from a nutritional point of view, that they would have to feed animal protein to their nestlings, as otherwise they could not grow.
Hummingbirds continue to be a fascinating group to study but Grew was not the first to publish something about them. That honour goes to the French explorer Jean de Léry who spent 10 months on the coast of Brazil in 1557. de Léry published about his adventures in 1578, with a chapter on the birds he saw, including "une singuliere merveille, et chef-d'oeuvre de petitesse, il n'en faut pas omettre un que les sauvages nomment Gonambuch, de plumage blanchastre et luisant, lequel combien qu'il n'ait pas le corps plus gros qu'un frelon, ou qu'un cerf-volant, triomphe neantmoins de chanter" [2], in other words, a hummingbird.
de Léry's description could hardly be called 'scientific', so the first description of a hummingbird—in fact of 9 species—that is both accurate and scientifically interesting was not published until almost a century later, in 1648. These descriptions appear in Georg Marcgrave's section of Historia naturalis Brasiliae. Marcgrave's original text is in Latin, and was later translated into French and English [3]. I will post a full account of Macgrave's findings later this year. In the meantime, here is a picture (from Marcgrave) of one of the species he describes:
Guainumbi (hummingbird) in Marcgrave (1648)
Grew N (1693a) The description of the American tomineius, or hummingbird. Philosophical Transactions 17: 760-761
Grew N (1693b) A query put by Dr. N. Grew, concerning the food of the Humming Bird; occasioned by the description of it in the transactions. Numb. 200. Philosophical Transactions 17: 815
Klasing K (1998). Comparative Avian Nutrition. New York: CAB International.
de Léry J (1578) Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique. Contenant la navigation, et choses remarquables, veuës sur mer par l'aucteur. Le comportement de Villegagnon en ce pays la. Les mœurs et façons de vivre estranges des Sauvages Ameriquains : avec un colloque de leur langage. Ensemble la description de plusieurs Animaux, Arbres, Herbes, et autres choses singulieres, et du tout inconnues pardeçà: dont on verra les sommaires des chapitres au commencement du livre. Le tout recueilli sur les lieux par Jean de Lery, natif de la Margelle, terre de sainct Sene, au Duché de Bourgongne. La Rochelle ou Genève: Antoine Chuppin. [1611 edition available here]
de Léry J (1990) History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil. Translation and introduction by Janet Whatley. Berkeley: University of California Press
López-Calleja MV, Fernández MJ, Bozinovic F (2003) The integration of energy and nitrogen balance in the hummingbird Sephanoides sephaniodes. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:3349–3359.
Marcgrave G (1648) Historiae Naturalis Brasiliae, Liber Quintus, Qui agit de Avibus. in Piso et al. (1648)
Montgomerie RD, Redsell CA (1980) A nesting hummingbird feeding solely on arthropods. Condor 82:463–464.
Piso W, Hackius F, Laet JD, Marggraf G, Lud. E (1648) Historia naturalis Brasiliaeauspicio et beneficio illustriss. I. Mauriti Com. Nassau illius provinciae et maris summi praefecti adornata: in qua non tantum plantae et animalia, sed et indigenarum morbi, ingenia et mores describuntur et iconibus supra quingentas illustrantur. Leiden: Lugdnum Batavorum, Apud Franciscum Hackium, et Amstelodami apud L. Elzevirium. [available here]
Ray J (1678) The Ornithology of Francis Willughby. London: John Martyn.
published in English in 1678: it was first published in Latin in 1676
quotation from de Léry: (1578) which I translate as "But for a singular marvel, and masterpiece of smallness, I must not omit one that the savages call Gonambuch, with whitish and shiny plumage, which has a body no bigger than a hornet, or a beetle, nevertheless triumphs to sing". Whatley's (1990) translation of this passage is slightly different but the details are the same.
translated into French and English: while I studied both French and latin for 5 years at school, my Latin is rustier from lack of use (!). I have not located the French and English translations in a library or on the web.
IMAGES: chicken digestive system from Wikipedia; Grew paper from Biodiversity heritage Library; Broad-tailed hummingbird photo by Bill Ratcliff from Wikimedia Commons
Bird Paper One
What's in a (Bird's) Name?
Bird Names Then and Now
Tags: bird artists, expeditions
bewilderbeast says:
Fascinating info on the hummingbird digestive tract! I'm going to have to go and check up on our African sunbirds now. I'm going to ". . open up a (sun)bird to see if they have different sorts of guts from other birds" – !! In print, though, no sunbirds will be harmed by this amateur!
Bob Montgomerie says:
I have read that all nectarivores have similar stomachs but I cannot find any papers that explicitly look at this, nor can I find anything in the primary literature on hummingbird stomachs. The structure that I mentioned is described in a couple of other papers and in the textbook by Klasing (though I have not seen that myself). When I gdt some free time I will look into this in more depth.
Stanisława Pałętka says:
-/~~~~/*.
wt., 7 maj 2019 18:45: History of Ornithology napisał(a): > > Bob Montgomerie commented: "I have read that all nectarivores have similar stomachs but I cannot find any papers that explicitly look at this, nor can I find anything in the primary literature on hummingbird stomachs. The structure that I mentioned is described in a couple of other " >
Really interesting stuff. Have you found a translation of Macgrave's findings?
No, I am afraid not. In the new year (2020) I will be doing some archive work at the McGill Library in Montraal where they do have a copy of the original Marcgrave book, in Latin,. I will make a stab at translating the relevant pages then.


...I've heard this before, but people seem to use religion to divide people. It doesn't make much sense.
I hope the event will be well attended...and supported in the community. It's right after the big Christian holy day, and the Jewish passover. I don't know if there's also a spring season holy celebration in Islam.
Any effort to encourage people to try and understand each other and get together as a community seems like a good idea to me.
A nice community event to get people talking and understanding each other.
If it helps different ways of thought interact, so much the better.
An interesting post Linda, and I applaud their efforts to bring people together.
I think this is a good idea for unity also!!


What are the Prerequisites for a Master's in Social Work?
If you have ever considered attaining a graduate level education in order to pursue a career in social work, you'll need to first make sure you've satisfied the required prerequisites for a Master's in Social Work. By reading the information found below, you can obtain an answer to this question and several learn about what is required to enter into a graduate program in social work, and other information that pertain to the world of social work.
Social work is a field dedicated to improving the human ability to solve complex social issues for the purpose of creating a more just, humane society. One of the primary purposes and/or strategies of social work is to emphasize the strengths of individuals, families and communities (as opposed to the weaknesses) so that they can play a role in devising creative solutions for social problems.
If you are attempting to determine what the prerequisites for a master's in social work will be, you should note that each educational institution will have its own requirements. In broad terms, every accredited higher learning institution should require program candidates to attain a bachelor's degree in order to apply. However, some universities will have very specific, distinct requirements beyond this. For example, Fordham University requires applicants to have obtained a bachelor's degree from a college or university that has obtained regional accreditation, and students must also have acquired at least 18 undergraduate credits pertaining to liberal arts subject matter.
Yet another learning institution with specific requirements for the master's in social work program is Sacramento State University. This institution requires that students obtain a bachelor's degree and have a minimum of a 2.80 GPA within the last 60 semester units. Students must also have passed a human biology course with a grade of "C" or higher. The content for this course must include the examination of reproduction and heredity, metabolism, evolution, ecology, energy, as well as other subjects. The student must also obtain a score of "C" or higher in a statistics course emphasizing sampling, introduction to research methods, descriptive and inferential statistics, and probability distribution.
The GRE is an exam that helps evaluate a student's preparedness to handle graduate level work by examining factors such as verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing. Because the GRE is required by many graduate level institutions, it is important that you familiarize yourself with the form and content of the GRE exam so you can earn a competitive score.
Once you obtain the master's in social work, there will be a plethora of career options available to you. One such career is that of a social and community service manager. These individuals are responsible for the coordination and supervision of community organizations and social service programs. To accomplish these objectives, they lead and direct staff members who offer social services to the general public. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, social and community service managers can expect to earn about $59,970 annually.
If you have given consideration to attaining a master's degree in social work, you should know that each educational institution will have its own set of unique requirements. Since this is the case, it will be your responsibility to research the specific requirements of the learning institution you plan to attend. Now that you have an answer to the question, "What are the prerequisites for a master's in social work?," you can determine whether pursuing this educational path would be appropriate and advantageous for you.


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Walter Taraila
Keller Williams Realty of Delmarva
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Goex is usually considered to need compression, Swiss is considered not to need compression. Your rifle will let you know what works for it.
Compression does not hurt Swiss either. A lot of the shooters are using 74 gr's in the 45-70. It all depends on your gun and boolit.
You are wasting time, lead and powder at 50 yd's because you will learn nothing at that close of a range. 200 is the minimum and 500 is better.
Well, I did learn the rounds I made are with in 14 FPS of eachother over my chrono..at 1120 FPS, ....I can hear the powder crunch pretty good at 65 grains of Goex 2F, using a Lee 500 grain bullet, no wad card yet, have to get some...I dont know about 70 grains...unless you guys are doing some serious crunching and compression....THat 1120 probly needs to come up too huh ? to around 1250-1350 ??
any recommendations on wads ? Poly or Veggie ? .060 ?..going to order a compression die and wads tonite..
If you're really serious about black powder cartridge loading and shooting, you ougth to consider a subscription to Black Powder Cartridge News put out by Steve Gerbe with articles written by top shooters in the sport. For instance, in the latest issue there's the third installment of a three part article about compression and whether to or not. Too much information to capsulize here. This issue also has a good article by another shooter that talks to dulplexing with black on black but it also deals some with compression for a baseline to compare the duplexed loads to. Like 44man says, it's highly variable with good results attained from all sorts of combinations. I'm shooting 71 gr of Swiss 1 1/2 with .240" compression in my 45-70 with good results right now, so I'd be one of those who can say it doesn't hurt to compress Swiss.
Thanks, I got a free copy coming for evaluation...still waiting on it.
Go to this url and then to the bottom of the page and download Chuck's guide at the bottom. It is a good introduction.
Oops! I forgot to mention choose "Guns and Ammo" from the bar on the left and then go to the bottom of the page.
Going to the plastic .060 wads made a dramatic improvement in accuracy in my Browning BPCR .45-70 load. YMMV.
I asked a friend that has had a lot of time in BPCR and got a lot of cryptic answers that didn't tell me anything. So I asked the guy that is building me a custom Flintlock ( Thank You RedFoxy, My Lovely Wife). He's in his 80's and don't have time to **.
He told me , where legal he used a duplex charge of pistol powder under his Holy Black and reduced the charge of black,too.
Following his lead I used 5.5 gr of Bullseye under 55 gr of 3 F (My gun seems to like it better than 2F) I too am using the Lee 500 gr bullet. I lube and size it in a 450 sizer, that has had ALL of the alox lube removed first !!!!! Sized to .457.
I loaded 40 of these when I went to a shoot the wife and I host in Tx. I knew my 100 meter zero was good. So with some help from a Marine DI (Mortar Man)and a retired Border Patrol agent we got good zeros for 300 and 500 meters. Using some cheaters math I got my rear sight setting for 1000 meters. First shot was low (Forgot to return the rear sight stick to vert.) next 2 hit the creedmore Buff at 1000 meters solidly.
I have read all the old stuff from the buff hunters, and they would cast their bullets at the fire, lube them with tallow and hammer as much BP as they could get into their cases and still get the bullet down in there. I have also read about Pope et al that shot some of the finast BR groups ever with BP guns and other than good equipment and parts we dont have, they didn't go to the Black Magic extremes that new BPCR shooters do.
I still feel that it is a percision sport, but I shoot long range rifle and have since the 50's and the tolerances that some folks go to for this one leave me cold. If the lee bullet is that bad how come it shoot so good? Let your gun tell you what it likes.
Yes, you do need to shoot out further that 50 to tell anything.
My set up: Uberti Hi Wall 45-70, Lead loads only. Lee 500,350 molds Plain base.
55 gr of GOEX 3F ( use expansion plug set to compress only enough to seet bullet with out pressure) a card wad ( cut from old school paper tablet backing) a felt wad soaked in melted SPG, over that. Seat boolit to clear rifling and shoot.
Since these are target boolits and rifle is a single shot I do not crimp.
BTW: I cast HOT and seperate all bullets +-2 gr ( 2 gr out of 500 is better % error that the +-.2 I use in my 172 gr match bullets).
I hate to see a guy get all frustrated over a mold. The best thing for you to do would be to ship it to me and let me handle all the stress. It's a tough job but someone's got to do it.
Sorry to hear of your frustration with the LEE mold, these things can and do happen. It may have been one which slipped past the QC.
From what I have read in your posts you seem to be going along OK, I would just like to suggest that once you achieve a load which will shoot to a reasonable standard, use it as a comparison against which you compare all changes made to your loads. But only make one change at a time that way if it is worse then your standard you can back up a little and try something else.
Compression:- I must agree with what the others have said here, it can be good for you or it can be bad and how much. These are all variables, IMO when you have the projectile in the correct position for your rifle, it is what you do with the space behind the projectile that will make all the difference on target.
Do not be disappointed by the velocities your are recording as IMO no two rifles will achieve the data published in the manuals (Exactly as printed). I have trouble fitting 70 grs of powder into my cases; to do so means a lot of compression (and I can hear the granules crunching).
In the sport which you have chosen to pursue; you have just taken the first steps on what is a long and possibly tedious road which has it's own excitment and rewards. There will be set backs and elation along the way BUT remember always keep looking forward.
Possibly, you may find it interesting to look into obtain some of the books written on the subject by Mike Venturino and Paul Matthews or others I am not aware of who have been where you are now and written about it.
I know the books by Paul Matthews and he covers alot of what worked for hom and others aswell as what did not.
Best of luck and see you somewhere further down the trail.
Thanks John...I have been reloading smokeless, but this sure is different.I have a couple books..( Ned Roberts is one) ..One thing I been wondering about..When the powder is compressed say .350 do they mean from the point before tube dropping ?...I notice a big difference in height from tube dropping, dont seem like ya could compress it too much after that, especially near a third inch more..All I read, I still havent seen this clarified yet, it all just says tube drop and compress so much, but never found where anyone said compress from which starting point...maybe dont matter though, I will compress to the point where my bullet ends up just touching the lands..with the Lee 500 , I am getting about 62-65 grains with out a wad, I tried 70 without a wad and it bulged the case so much, it wouldnt chamber all the way...seems like when my wads come, I may only get 59-60 grains in with the Lee 500...I am new to this, but that just dont seem like much....I am determining my grains AFTER I over fill my measure and tap 12 times, and fills to the 65 mark ...any comments ?....going to reread my books too, these are for sure the kind that need to be read more than once to retain anything usefull.
I have droptubed and seated; compressed and seated; droptubed, compressed and seated, all produced some change in the result on target (some good most bad). You can drop tube then compresss; some will tell why do both when one should be sufficient.
The theory about the process of the drop tube, is the granules sort them selves in some sort of and order while falling through the air and as a result occupy a reduced but ordered volume of space in the cases. One thought line on what happens says that the powder sorts itself by grain size; I have a little problem with this as every time I drop tube powder, a portion is still in the measure at the top of the tube while the first of them are landing in the case.
Compression is basically forcing the powder in what ever order it lays in the case to occupy a reduced space in the case. There is an amount of air space within a powder charge and all you are doing is forcing the powder to occupy this space, this process may result in the breaking up of some granules which in itself is a change in powder burning rates IMO.
I can not speak for what your rifle will like best but would not rule out trying as many options as possible to find the best loading method for your rifle. All firearms seem to me atleast, to be individuals just like us humans; we agree and like certain things and dislike other things.
My suggetion would be to try various charge weights under as many different load conditions as possible; droptube and seat; compress and seat; droptube, compress and seat.
IMO when you have the projectile in the correct position for your rifle, it is what you do with the space behind the projectile that will make all the difference on target.
How much powder you fit into that space will depend on the methods you use to put it there, the projectile/wad combination you use and the method you use to MAKE it all fit together.
On another note: Wads, I purchased a 1/2" wad cutter from the hardware store and punch mine from the "wax" cardboard milk cartons (Flavoured Milk style). These are approximatel 1.2mm (less than 1/16") thick and I seat them with the compression tool or a brass seater rod. For me, These have done the job without problems since I started reloading BPCR, they seal very well.
There are so many things that are just a waste of time or a labor of love depending on how you feel. For instance, aligning the boolits in the case, the case in the sizer and chamber, etc. Not worth the effort! Weighing 540 gr boolits to within 1/2 gr. Now that is stupid! You will remelt 3/4 of your boolits. I don't bother weighing anymore at all and can't see a difference. I depend on my casting technique for good boolits. Drop tubing or right from a measure or vibrating, doesn't make a difference if every case has the powder at the same heigth before compressing. How much a powder has to be compressed, again it doesn't mean much. What is more important is what boolit velocity is the most accurate for the choice of boolit and what the rifle likes. The choice of wads, they are not magic nor will they change anything except the amount of compression needed which might go against the velocity the gun likes. Saying a .060" wad shoots better then paper or a .030" wad means the amount of powder and compression has changed, changing the velocity.
The most accurate load I ever shot was some loads my friend gave me to try. His Postell was too small in diameter for my barrel and I never got them to shoot before. I put 5 in one ragged hole at 100 meters (about 1/2") and he used wasp nest paper for a wad. I didn't have much so I tried .005" manila paper and they shot the same.
He sometimes has to hurry to load for a shoot and just dumps powder right from the measure and uses no wad. The next time he uses the drop tube and a paper wad. He doesn't see good but he shoots good and I have seen him time and again put 5 shots into one hole in the dirt backstop at 500 meters. He is deadly on turkeys but can't hit the pigs. For every change he has made loading, I never, ever see him shoot different.
The most important things are that the boolit fits, is the right length for the twist, is shot at the velocity it and the barrel likes, ignition is good with the proper primer for the powder and a good lube is used.
The lube is one thing that can make or break any load. I have been doing a lot of testing and found that just a lube change can turn a tack driver into a shotgun real fast. It doesn't matter if you blow tube or wipe either.
I spent years doing all the little nitpicking stuff I read that has to be done and I never gained one single target from all of the work. More important is the ability to read and adjust for conditions. This just takes a whole lot of shooting, much more money and time then I can afford.
The same as the guys that hit 8 chickens all the time. They shoot 200 shots at them on practice day and dry fire for hours at a time. There is no secret load that hits the chickens! (or any of the steel) It is the greatness behind the gun!
So when I read a powder has to be compressed .250" or .340" or .500", I snicker. Every gun, powder and boolit is different. Why bother even measuring the compression? Dump the powder, put in a wad (or none), compress (or not) and seat the boolit to touch the powder. See if it shoots! If it doesn't, change ONE thing at a time until it shoots better, then change ONE more thing at a time.
The only thing I can say about wads is that if you change them, you have to work the entire powder charge for each change in wad, any of them work with the proper load.
I agree with 44man. Here's my take on it. If you need a little compression to reach the velocity that your gun likes, then compress. Simple isn't it?
I take my cue on what not to do from trapshooting. Within the ranks of trapshooters are some of the most superstious guys on the planet. Some are real shooters and can hit clays with dirt clods if need be. However, the sport is riddled with sour-pussed, fat-a$$#d, wannabes who have more money than time to practice. These guys can be real A-holes. In stead of shooting a lot, they gab alot, buy the latest gizmo and mine excuses for missed birds. Every time one of these idiots spouts off, I just think back on the old timers I've seen bang away with box-stock model 12s, shooting perfect 100s time and time again. Or, I recall the kid with an 870 full choke I watched smack 200 straight one afternoon, chewing gum, listening to rap and joking around. His secret, he practices a lot.
So, should you compress? try it. If it works, do it. If not, don't. I wouldn't spend a lot of money chasing it. It ain't the Holy Grail of accuracy. Cast good bullets and disgard or set aside for plinking, the obvious dogs. Use good powder, GOEX, Swiss. Be a clean freak, it might not make a better cartridge but it will permit you to be more uniform. Use the same technique for powder charging each time. Which technique you use is up to you. Do what works. Find a good BP lube and stick with it. Try the established comercial lubes first. See what the winners are using and then use that too. Then, after you have a known good load, fiddle with the lube if you like. Do not get sucked into the idea that you need something else or your gun won't shoot. That's like boating, a hole into which you toss money.
good posts gents,...I learned alot about lube with my muzzle loader, and took that to the cartridge lube...not the same lube, just useing the things I learned..I already returned my lee mold to midway and ordered the other stuff I need, including the lyman postel 535..thinking about trying the soy wax too..I been reading where it works as good as bees wax for a base in the lube...you guys try it yet ?
Might take a look here too, if you have'nt already.
All I can say is that it is the hardest shooting sport but also the most fun.
Dang it, my last post here didn't register. You boys are giving Harpman the unvarnished truth. BTW Harpman, I'm in Georgia too. There is so much mumbo jumbo ** about shooting black powder that I see people all frustrated about it to the point they just quit shooting it. It need not be that way as all of you have said.
I started down that road of weighing my bullets, orienting my cases and bullets and yada, yada. Then I said enough of this ****! This is supposed to be fun and I am NOT going to make work out of it. I began getting bullets from all my buddies that shoot 45 caliber bullets and loading them to find the magic bullet. I shot about 10 different bullets. They all printed about 1 1/2 to two inches. I was looking for the load that would make my rifle shoot into one inch.
Now if I had been shooting smokeless powder and had that same result with a rifle, I would say the rifle was only capable of 1 1/2 to two inch groups. Wal DUH!! Why not the same thing with a black powder cartridge rifle? So I take my same loads and go to a shoot that Two Trees and I go to and shoot my loads in other rifles. Walla!! Some rifles I shot that coveted one inch group and some shot my loads into three or four inches.
It isn't my bullets or loads and it isn't that I cast my bullets out of various alloys and it isn't that I use or don't use a drop tube. Dang it it is my rifle shooting bullets as good as it is capable of shooting and I am going to have to either live with it or get another rifle. Since I only have 700 dollars in this Taylor (ARMI SPORT) '74 Sharps replica, I am happy with the way it shoots and am not going to spend another thousand bucks to get bullets to go into a half inch or inch less group. That is just a LITTLE expensive real estate if you ask me.
So as 44 Man has so eloquently stated, take a lot of the hosus pocus stuff with a grain of salt. And as Two Trees said, the buffalo hunters used moulds made of soap stone and remelted lead they dug out of a dead buffalo that day. They didn't have sizing dies. They didn't have powder measures or drop tubes and they made their living shooting what they loaded. Some days they lived or died according to their accuracy in shooting indians. It was pretty dam important that they shoot good on any given day and they did it without all of the **** that we hear about that we must do to shoot well today.
Most of it is baloney so shoot your rifle and have fun doing it. It shouldn't be an aggravating process and it is supposed to be fun. If it isn't, lie down and rest. You may be tired. I'm so happy that I'm above ground and able to shoot anything that this **** does not bother me much. If I can make noise and smoke on the firing line and keep the other shooters awake, then I'm doing just fine.
You boys play nice and have a great 4 th of July holiday.
I'm with Black Prince. Most try to make it much harder than necessary. I've had five sharps, three Trapdoors, and a couple Martini Henrys. All shot well, with no special fussing. Proper size bullet, decent lube, card wad, slightly compressed loads work.
twotrees is rite let your riffle tell you what it likes i like twotrees size my lee 500r at .457 and i get realy good groups.
When I began loading for BPCR I bought some Lee moulds. In very short order I switched to Lyman (for stock) and Paul Jones (for custom). All my Lee moulds are for sale right now on AA for $5. They are not worth anything for more than the 50 yards you spoke of. Hand dip a good steel mould and you will never go back. Also, IMO never buy a BB mould. They ain't worth a **** either. The more square the base is the more accuracy you will attain. Good luck with our wonderful sport.
I am currently manufacturing and marketing a new BPCR lube in it's testing trials. If anyone would like a sample for testing and reporting on it's performance please e-mail me. All I ask is for a few $ to cover shipping costs.


If you want to design highly interactive web apps or need to use jQuery widget library for your web development project, without having to write plenty of code, then the jQuery UI is worth a try. Essentially, this is an ideal tool for creating great user interfaces (UI's) that work across many different platforms and browsers.
It goes without saying that Facebook is arguably the most popular site in the social media landscape. And one great feature of this social media network that is widely used by people around the world is the chat application. If you want to create a Facebook inspired chat application, then Converse.js tool is exactly what you need. This tool help in creating a chat application that can be connected to the XMPP/Jabber server. Furthermore, the chat application come loaded with a rich feature-set, including both single and multi-user chatrooms support and many more.
Reveal.js help make the task of creating presentations more impressive. A HTML5 framework, Reveal.js help create interactive powerpoint slide containing swipe gesture, transition styles (like fade, zoom, etc.) and so on. Want to create a website that presents information in the form of a story? Well, then Reveal.js will prove a viable tool for you, as it will help you present your message in style.


text:
Invasion on Chestnut Ridge
The incredible story of one of the more bizarre places in America, and the unusual activity that has taken place there for decades.
Genre: Documentary, Horror
Director: Seth Breedlove
Actors: Dwayne Pintoff, Stan Gordon
Keywords:Invasion on Chestnut Ridge
Doped: The Dirty Side of Sports
Examines the implementation and ineffectiveness of anti-doping policies in sports.
This is a David and Goliath story of one veterinarian's battle to protect her patients (tigers, lions and even house cats) from big corporations, with their big corporate money, that…
An elixir to our current state, "Dear Santa" takes us on the fanciful and poignant journey of a little known program called Operation Santa. For more than 100 years, human…
Genre: Documentary, Family
There's Something in the Water
Ellen Page brings attention to the injustices and injuries caused by environmental racism in her home province, in this urgent documentary on Indigenous and African Nova Scotian women fighting to…
Rebuilding Paradise
On November 8, 2018, a spark flew in the Sierra Nevada foothills, igniting the most destructive wildfire in California history and decimating the town of Paradise. Unfolding during the year…
The God Plant
This documentary seeks to be the ultimate Odyssey of exploration into Cannabis and its uses starting from the formation of the Endocannabinoid system in the simple sea squirt, through to…
Survivors Guide to Prison
Today, you're more likely to go to prison in the United States than anywhere else in the world. So in the unfortunate case it should happen to you – this…
Seven Up!
A group of British children aged 7 from widely ranging backgrounds are interviewed about a range of subjects. Director Michael Apted plans to re-interview them at 7 year interviews to…
Louis Theroux: Gambling in Las Vegas
Louis heads to Las Vegas, to reveal the world behind the myths of casino culture. Among the people he meets are two of the casino's 'high-rollers' and an employee who…
L'Envers du sport: Une boxeuse en enfer
Christy Martin broke boundaries and noses as she rose in the boxing world, but her public persona belied personal demons, abuse and a threat on her life.
Genre: Documentary, Sport
The mysterious appearance of massive golden bracelets in int'l antiquarian circles uncovers an inside story of the looting of a 2000 yr-old Transylvanian golden-hoard. Police investigations…
Own the Room
Follows five young star students on their journey to win one of the world's most prestigious competitions for student entrepreneurs.
Trailer: Invasion on Chestnut Ridge


Experience 4 days in the five-star eco-paradise, Grootbos Private Nature Reserve Garden Lodge, and enjoy the incredible flora and marine life of the southern tip of Africa.
Whale Coast: A part of South Africa's Atlantic Ocean coastline, the Whale Coast has spectacular scenery and charming seaside villages. During the right season, whales can be seen breaching and splashing in the waters.
Bee & Honey Breakfast Experience – Get an early-morning buzz as you kit up in protective beekeeping gear and visit the beehives dotted around the reserve accompanied by the resident beekeeper. Learn how to harvest, filter and bottle this incredibly rare fynbos honey. Enjoy a unique honey-themed breakfast at the farm under the ancient Milkwood Trees.
Arrive at Cape Town International Airport and get your transfer to Grootbos Nature Reserve. Grootbos Nature Reserve is situated only 2 hours from Cape Town and 30 min from Hermanus. This five-star eco-paradise showcases the incredible flora and marine life of the southern tip of Africa.
Spend the next 2 days exploring and experiencing the eco-adventures on offer at Grootbos Nature Reserve while enjoying the luxurious accommodation and beautiful surroundings. Activities included range from guided walks, horse riding, and a boma dinner experience. To top it off enjoy the unique bee honey breakfast experience where you get kitted up in beekeeping gear and visit the beehives dotted around the reserve with the resident beekeeper. On return, enjoy a honey-themed breakfast, where you can sample the fruits of their labour in the dappled shade of ancient Milkwood trees. Explore the area further with a selection of optional activities such as the Grootbos wine experience, a boat trip to Dyer Island including seasonal whale watching, or beach horse riding.
After breakfast, you will be transferred back to Cape Town International Airport.
Please note there is a conservation fee which is payable as a separate fee.


It is believed that the economy of United States of America is the most productive. The country has enjoyed this status even though there has been a drop in the manufacturing activities and despite the fact that the country has been subject to trade deficit once in a while. In spite of a highly productive economy, the country feels the need for monetary reform in US.
The reason can be attributed to the vast difference between revenue earned and the gross domestic product or the GDP. Studies reveal that the country has a difference of approximately USD$3.77 trillion between revenues and GDP. Records state that between the period 2005 to 2006, debt of United States of America increased at a pace faster than the growth of GDP.
It was approximately five times more. Records of the Federal Reserve reports also state that currently the debt of United States of America is 460% as compared to 186% in the year 1957. In the year 2004, debt from credit cards was approximately USD$9,300 for every household.
It has been observed from time to time that monetary reform in US aimed at treating the indications. However, economic stability would have been prolonged had the government aimed at treating the causative agents instead. Another very important role, which monetary reform in US ought to play is incorporate monetary reform , bringing about a restructuring not only beneficial to the powerful but would also look into the needs of the less privileged.
For instance if interest payment to the banking institutions are decreased by means of monetary reform in US, this would decrease inflation too thereby eliminating its policy, which makes an effort to bring about stability in prices at the cost of the service class people. It has been suggested by some that the monetary policy, which the Federal Reserve has adopted known as "monetarism" or "monetary targeting", is regarded as a "battle of the classes". The class war benefits the rich ultimately.
There are many spheres in the economy of the United States of America, which need to be addressed and in several ways.
Monetary reform in US could make an effort to boost consistent growth in the economy, by means of inflationary bubbles. A monetary reform in US could also include the implementation of a foreign policy on the basis of monetary dominance as well as trade. There are many reformers who feel that had governments around the world utilized the various resources prevailing in their country in a more appropriate manner, things would have been different.
Any program related to monetary reform in US could attend to issues related to socio economic stability simultaneously benefiting the other sectors of economy .


text:
Caille ist der Name

 der französischen Gemeinde Caille im Département Alpes-Maritimes

von Personen:
 Adolphe und Arthur Caille, Erfinder des ersten Spielautomaten
 Alain Caillé (* 1944), französischer Soziologe
 Fouques de Caille (1240–1273), Bischof
 Victor Caillé (1882–1958), Unternehmer und Kommunalpolitiker in Königsberg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: how to open modal in another page using JQuery So I encountered the problem at very beginning of my work. so here is what I want to achieve and according to what I learnt (still learning) I can't find any way around to this problem.
So I have a index.php
<?php
    include("core/head_load.php");
?>
<?php
    include("core/login.php");
?>

So this file links the login.php and overall head tags together...
now In login.php I have a button
<button class="login_btn" onclick="openLoginModal();">Login</button>

now this button, when clicked supposed to change the style of the modal from display none to display block....
Now the modal is in a file located in the sub directory

core/modals/login_modal.php

            ×

Modal Header

Some TExt

            Footer

now my loginModal Js Function :
openLoginModal = function(){
    var loginModal = document.getElementById("loginModal");
    $("#loginModal").addClass("show");
    loginModal.style.display = "block";
}
enter code here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Permanent tooth loss at any age greatly affects long-term oral health. But because their jaw and facial structures are still developing, it's particularly consequential for adolescents. Add to that any planned orthodontic treatment, and a little extra care is warranted when a teenager loses a tooth.
The biggest concern is potential bone loss caused by the missing tooth. Because the mouth structures are still developing, bone loss can be especially problematic for any future restorations of missing teeth. One of the best ways to slow or stop bone loss is to surgically insert bone-grafting material at the time of an extraction. Bone grafts act as scaffolds that the body builds natural bone upon; eventually the natural bone completely replaces the graft material.
When it comes to the matter of orthodontics, the treatment plan will be to either close the space so that future tooth replacement isn't necessary or maintain the space for future tooth replacement. If the choice is the latter, the orthodontist will maintain enough space during installation of the braces for future replacement. In the meantime, the orthodontist can install temporary, color-matched tooth replacements within the braces to cover the gap. After the braces have been removed, artificial crowns may also be incorporated into the retainers for a more natural appearance until receiving a permanent replacement.
The best choice for that permanent replacement is a dental implant, a "stand-alone" system that encourages bone maintenance and doesn't interfere or impact adjacent teeth. The only real question for adolescents is when to install the implants.
The mouth's structural development doesn't conclude until early adulthood: in males around ages 20, and in females typically a year or so earlier. Your dentist will evaluate your adolescent's growth and development to determine if he or she is ahead or behind the growth curve. Natural teeth grow and develop along with the corresponding bone growth, but implants are artificial devices that don't "grow" with the natural bone. It's important, therefore, to postpone an implant installation until the jaw structure has fully developed — if done too early, the implant crown's length won't appear to be proportionally right (especially in relation to natural teeth) as the jaw continues to grow.