text:
1Appearance and personality
2Early life
3Engagements and marriage
3.1First engagement
3.2Second engagement and marriage
4Tsarevna
5Empress of Russia
6Empress Dowager
6.1World War I
7Revolution and exile
8Death and burial
9Issue
10Legacy
11Honours
12Paintings by Maria Feodorovna
13Ancestry
14.1Citations
14.2Bibliography
14.2.1Primary sources
Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
Wife of Alexander III of Russia
Maria Feodorovna
Maria Feodorovna in 1881
Empress consort of Russia
13 March 1881 – 1 November 1894
Princess Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
(1847-11-26)26 November 1847
Yellow Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark
13 October 1928(1928-10-13) (aged 80)
Hvidøre, Klampenborg, Denmark
Roskilde Cathedral, Roskilde (1928–2006)
Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Petersburg (from 2006)
Alexander III of Russia
(m. 1866; died 1894)
Nicholas II of Russia
Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich
Grand Duke George Alexandrovich
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich
Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna
Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar
Christian IX of Denmark
Louise of Hesse-Kassel
Russian Orthodox
prev. Lutheranism
Maria Feodorovna (Russian: Мария Фёдоровна, romanized: Mariya Fyodorovna; 26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), known before her marriage as Princess Dagmar of Denmark, was Empress of Russia from 1881 to 1894 as the wife of Emperor Alexander III. She was the second daughter of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Maria's eldest son became the last Russian monarch, Emperor Nicholas II. Maria lived for 10 years after Bolshevik functionaries executed Nicholas and his immediate family in 1918.
Appearance and personality[edit]
Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna of Russia, 1870s
Dagmar was known for her beauty. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge said that Dagmar was "sweetly pretty" and commented favorably on her "splendid dark eyes."[1] Her fiancee Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich was enthusiastic about her beauty. He wrote to his mother that "she is even prettier in real life than in the portraits that we had seen so far. Her eyes speak for her: they are so kind, intelligent, animated."[1] When she was tsarevna, Thomas W. Knox met her at Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia's wedding and wrote favorably about her beauty compared to that of the bride, Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He wrote that Dagmar was "less inclined to stoutness than the bride, she does not display such a plumpness of shoulder, and her neck rises more swan-like and gives fuller play to her finely formed head, with its curly hair and Grecian outline of face." He also commented favorably on "her keen, clear, and flashing eyes."[2]
Dagmar was intelligent. When considering Dagmar for her second son Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Queen Victoria judged that "Dagmar is cleverer [than her older sister, Alexandra]... she is a very nice girl."[3] When she married, she didn't know how to speak any Russian. However, within a few years, she mastered the language and was so proficient that her husband wrote to her in Russian.[4] She told an American minister to Russia that "the Russian language is full of power and beauty, it equals the Italian in music, the English in vigorous power and copiousness."[4] She claimed that "for compactness of expression," Russian rivaled "Latin, and for the making of new words is equal to the Greek."[4]
Dagmar was very fashionable. John Logan, a visitor to Russia, described her as "the best dressed woman in Europe." He claimed that Empress Elisabeth of Austria "excelled her in beauty" but that "no one touched" her "in frocks."[5] Charles Frederick Worth, a Parisian couturier, greatly admired her style. He said, "Bring to me any woman in Europe-- queen, artiste, or bourgeoise-- who can inspire me as does Madame Her Majesty, and I will make her confections while I live and charge her nothing."[5]
Dagmar was very charming and likable. After meeting her, Thomas W. Knox wrote, "No wonder the emperor likes her, and no wonder the Russians like her. I like her, and I am neither emperor nor any other Russian, and never exchanged a thousand words with her in my life."[2] Maria von Bock, the daughter of Pyotr Stolypin, wrote, "kind, amiable, simple in her discourse, Maria Fedorovna was an Empress from head to toe, combining an inborn majesty with such goodness that she was idolized by all who knew her."[6] Meriel Buchanan wrote that she possessed a "gracious and delightful charm of manner."[6] Andrew Dickson White, the U.S. minister to Russia, said that she was "graceful, with a most kindly face and manner" and that she was "in every way cordial and kindly."[6] Nadine Wonar-Larsky, her lady-in-waiting, noted that "her smile cheered everyone and her gracious manner always suggested a touch of personal feeling which went straight to the hearts of her subjects. She also possessed that priceless royal gift of never forgetting a face or name."[7]
Early life[edit]
Princess Dagmar's birthplace and childhood home, the Yellow Mansion in Copenhagen.
Princess Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar was born on 26 November 1847 at her parents' residence in the Yellow Mansion, an 18th-century town house at 18 Amaliegade, which is located immediately adjacent to the Amalienborg Palace complex, the principal residence of the Danish royal family in the district of Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen.[8] She was the fourth child and second daughter of the then Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a member of a princely cadet line, and his wife Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel.[9] She was baptised as a Lutheran in the Yellow Palace with Queen Caroline Amalie of Denmark as her Godmother,[10] and named after her kinswoman Marie Sophie Frederikke of Hesse-Kassel, Queen Dowager of Denmark, as well as the popular medieval Danish queen, Dagmar of Bohemia, in accordance with the national romantic fashion of the time. Growing up, she was known by the name Dagmar. Most of her adult life, however, she was known as Maria Feodorovna, the name which she took when she converted to Orthodoxy immediately before her 1866 marriage to the future Emperor Alexander III.[11] Within her family, she was known as "Minnie" throughout her life.[12]
Princess Dagmar, Prince Vilhelm, Christian IX of Denmark and Princess Alexandra in 1861.
In 1852 Dagmar's father became heir-presumptive to the throne of Denmark, largely due to the succession rights of his wife Louise as niece of King Christian VIII. In 1853, he was given the title Prince of Denmark and he and his family were given an official summer residence, Bernstorff Palace, north of Copenhagen. It quickly became Princess Louise's favorite residence, and the family often stayed there. The children grew up within a close-knit family, in what is described as a humble but happy environment. During the children's childhood, the father only had his officer salary to live on, and the family lived a relatively simple life according to royal norms. Their household only had six employees, and Dagmar and her siblings were allowed to walk around the streets of Copenhagen during their childhood and do such things as go to the market and visit cafes. Only very rarely did they take part in ceremonial functions and then immediately had to take off their fine clothes again so as not to risk getting them dirty. Dagmar's parents emphasized giving the children a simple civic upbringing that placed great emphasis on royal duties. Later, all the children became known for their effortless ability to interact with people, their sense of duty and ability to represent.
Princesses Alexandra and Dagmar. Portrait by Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann (1856).
Dagmar was closest to her eldest sister, Alexandra, and they maintained a strong connection to each other all their lives. The two princesses shared a room in the Yellow Mansion and were raised together. The sisters received the same education deemed appropriate for upper-class girls: they were taught housekeeping by their mother, and learned to dance, play music, paint and draw, and speak French, English, and German by tutors. However, the father also insisted that they learn gymnastics and sports, which was more unusual for girls. During their upbringing, Dagmar and Alexandra were given swimming lessons by the Swedish pioneer of swimming for women, Nancy Edberg;[13] she would later welcome Edberg to Russia, where she came on royal scholarship to hold swimming lessons for women. Dagmar is described as lively and intelligent, sweet but less beautiful than Alexandra, and better at painting and drawing than her sisters, who, on the other hand, were more talented in music.
Upon the death of King Frederick VII in 1863, Dagmar's father became King of Denmark, as she turned 16 years old.[10] Due to the brilliant marital alliances of his children, he became known as the "Father-in-law of Europe." Dagmar's eldest brother would succeed his father as King Frederick VIII of Denmark (one of whose sons would be elected as King of Norway). Her elder, and favourite, sister, Alexandra married Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) in March 1863. Alexandra, along with being queen consort of King Edward VII, was also mother of George V of the United Kingdom, which helps to explain the striking resemblance between their sons Nicholas II and George V. Within months of Alexandra's marriage, Dagmar's second older brother, Wilhelm, was elected as King George I of the Hellenes. Her younger sister was Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland. She also had another younger brother, Valdemar.
Engagements and marriage[edit]
First engagement[edit]
Portrait of a young Princess Dagmar with her dog in the 1860s by Andreas Herman Hunæus.
At the end of 1863, as the daughter and sister of the kings of Denmark and Greece and sister-in-law of the Prince of Wales, Dagmar was now considered one of Europe's most coveted princesses. She received a proposal from Crown Prince Umberto of Italy, but was reluctant to marry him because she found him unattractive. Her mother was also reluctant to support such a marriage as she saw a greater status in the prospect of Dagmar marrying into the Russian imperial family.[14] Due to the rise of Slavophile ideology in the Russian Empire, Alexander II of Russia searched for a bride for the heir apparent, Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich, in countries other than the German states that had traditionally provided consorts for the tsars. Princess Dagmar was one of the candidates, and as early as 1860 the emperor had made his first inquiries about a possible engagement. There were also already family ties between the two families, as Dagmar's uncle had been married to the emperor's sister.
Princess Dagmar and her first fiancé Tsarevich Nicholas, 1864.
In 1864, the Russian empress Maria Alexandrovna announced that her son would visit Denmark, and during the summer Nicholas, or "Nixa" as he was known in his family, arrived at Fredensborg Castle, where the Danish royal family was staying. Nicholas had never met Dagmar, but had for a number of years collected photographs of her, and both families wanted the marriage. When they met, Dagmar and Nicholas were mutually attracted, and Nicholas wrote to his mother:
I came here as if in a fever (...) I can not describe to you what came over me, when we approached Fredenborg and I finally saw the sweet Dagmar. How can I describe it? She is so beautiful, direct, intelligent, experienced, and yet shy at the same time. She is even more beautiful in reality than in the pictures we have seen so far.
After returning to Russia to obtain his father's permission, Nicholas proposed to Dagmar on 28 September 1864 in the Bernstorff Palace Gardens and received a yes.[15] The engagement was announced at Bernstorff Palace later the same day.[10] Her future mother-in-law Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse) gave her a six-strand pearl necklace and Nicholas gave her a diamond bracelet.[1] In total, the betrothal gifts Dagmar received from her future in-laws cost 1.5 million rubles.[16]
The engagement was popular in both countries and at the same time ensured the Danish royal family even better connections. The engagement took place right during the Second Schleswig War between Denmark on one side and Prussia and Austria on the other, and during the peace negotiations after the war in October 1864, Dagmar unsuccessfully asked her future father-in-law to help Denmark against Prussia over the disputed territory of Schleswig-Holstein. In a letter, she asked Alexander II of Russia: "Use your power to mitigate the terrible conditions which the Germans have brutally forced Papa to accept... the sad plight of my fatherland, which makes my heart heavy, has inspired me to turn to you."[1] It is believed that she did it with the consent of her parents, but it is not known if it was at their request. Her appeal was in vain, but from that moment on she became known for her anti-Prussian views.
Deathbed of Tsarevich Nicholas.
As Nicholas continued on his journey to Florence, Dagmar and Nicholas exchanged daily love letters for months. When he grew ill, Nicholas sent fewer letters and Dagmar teasingly asked him if he had fallen in love with "a dark-eyed Italian."[17] In April, Nicholas grew gravely ill with cerebrospinal meningitis. Alexander II of Russia sent a telegram to Dagmar: "Nicholas has received the Last Rites. Pray for us and come if you can."[17] On 22 April 1865, Nicholas died in the presence of his parents, brothers, and Dagmar. His last wish was that Dagmar would marry his younger brother, the future Alexander III.
Dagmar was devastated by Nicholas' death. Nicholas' parents struggled to "pull Princess Dagmar away from the corpse and carry her out."[18] She was so heartbroken when she returned to her homeland that her relatives were seriously worried about her health. She had already become emotionally attached to Russia and often thought of the huge, remote country that was to have been her home. Many were sympathetic towards Dagmar. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge wrote of "poor dear Minny's sorrow and the blight which has fallen upon her young life."[18] Queen Victoria wrote "how terrible for poor Dagmar... the poor parents and bride are most deeply to be pitied."[18]
Second engagement and marriage[edit]
Princess Dagmar and her second fiancé, Tsarevich Alexander.
Alexander II of Russia and Maria Alexandrovna had grown fond of Dagmar, and they wanted her to marry their new heir, Tsarevich Alexander. In an affectionate letter, Alexander II told Dagmar that he hoped she would still consider herself a member of their family.[19] Maria Alexandrovna tried to convince Louise of Hesse-Kassel to send Dagmar to Russia immediately, but Louise insisted that Dagmar must "strengthen her nerves... [and] avoid emotional upsets."[20] Dagmar, who sincerely mourned Nicholas, and Alexander, who was in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting Mariya Meshcherskaya and attempted to renounce his place as heir to the throne in order to marry her, were both initially reluctant. However, under pressure from his parents, Alexander decided to go to Denmark.[21]
In June 1866, Tsarevich Alexander arrived in Copenhagen with his brothers Grand Duke Vladimir and Grand Duke Alexei. While looking over photographs of Nicholas,[22] Alexander asked Dagmar if "she could love him after having loved Nixa, to whom they were both devoted."[16] She answered that she could love no one but him, because he had been so close to his brother. Alexander recalled that "we both burst into tears... [and] I told her that my dear Nixa helped us much in this situation and that now of course he prays about our happiness."[16] On 17 June, he proposed to her during a picnic to the beach at Hellebæk by the coast of the Øresund strait near Elsinore and received a yes.[23] The engagement was announced on 23 June at Fredensborg Palace.[10] Both Dagmar and Alexander quickly embraced the prospect of marrying each other, and were soon described as genuinely enthusiastic.
Wedding delegation in the Danish harbour, 1866
In the time leading up to Dagmar's departure to Russia, many festive events took place in Copenhagen, On 22 September 1866, Dagmar left Copenhagen on board the Danish royal yacht Slesvig escorted by the armoured frigate HDMS Peder Skram, and accompanied by her brother, Crown Prince Frederick. Hans Christian Andersen, who had occasionally been invited to tell stories to Dagmar and her siblings when they were children, was among the crowd which flocked to the quay in order to see her off.[24] The writer remarked in his diary, "Yesterday, at the quay, while passing me by, she stopped and took me by the hand. My eyes were full of tears. What a poor child! Oh Lord, be kind and merciful to her! They say that there is a brilliant court in Saint Petersburg and the tsar's family is nice; still, she heads for an unfamiliar country, where people are different and religion is different and where she will have none of her former acquaintances by her side."
The armoured frigate HDMS Peder Skram which escorted Princess Dagmar to Russia shown here at Kronstadt in September 1866.
Dagmar was warmly welcomed in Kronstadt by the emperor's brother Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia and escorted to St. Petersburg, where she was greeted by her future mother-in-law and sister-in-law on 24 September. The weather on this September day was almost summery with temperatures of more than 20 degrees, which was noted by the poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev in the welcome poem dedicated to the arrival of the princess: The sky is light blue...[25] On the 29th, she made her formal entry in to the Russian capital dressed in a Russian national costume in blue and gold and traveled with the Empress to the Winter Palace where she was introduced to the Russian public on a balcony. Catherine Radziwill described the occasion: "rarely has a foreign princess been greeted with such enthusiasm… from the moment she set foot on Russian soil, succeeded in winning to herself all hearts. Her smile, the delightful way she had of bowing to the crowds…, laid immediately the foundation of …popularity"[26]
Wedding of Alexander and Maria Feodorovna in 1866, by Mihály Zichy (1867).
In the following weeks, Dagmar was educated in Russian court etiquette. She converted to Orthodoxy on 24 October [O.S. 12 October] 1866 and became Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia the following day. However, at the Russian court, where French was practically the first language, she was often called "Marie". The lavish wedding took place on 9 November [O.S. 28 October] 1866 in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. Financial constraints had prevented her parents from attending the wedding, and in their stead, they sent her brother, Crown Prince Frederick. Her brother-in-law, the Prince of Wales, had also travelled to Saint Petersburg for the ceremony; pregnancy had prevented the Princess of Wales from attending.[27] After the wedding night, Alexander wrote in his diary, "I took off my slippers and my silver embroidered robe and felt the body of my beloved next to mine... How I felt then, I do not wish to describe here. Afterwards we talked for a long time."[28]
The Anichkov Palace in 1862
After the many wedding parties were over the newlyweds moved into the Anichkov Palace in Saint Petersburg where they were to live for the next 15 years, when they were not taking extended holidays at their summer villa Livadia in the Crimean Peninsula. Despite the fact that their relationship began under such strange circumstances, Maria and Alexander had an exceptionally happy marriage, and during almost thirty years of marriage, the spouses maintained a sincere devotion to each other. She was widely recognized as "the only person on the face of the earth in whom the Autocrat of all the Russias puts any real trust. In his gentle consort, he has unlimited confidence."[29] Despite her anti-Russian sentiments, Queen Victoria wrote favorably about Maria and Alexander's marriage. She wrote that "[Maria] seems quite happy and contented with her fat, good-natured husband who seems far more attentive and kind to her than one would have thought....I think they are very domestic and happy and attached to each other; he makes a very good husband."[30]
Tsarevna[edit]
Maria Feodorovna was beloved by the Russian public. Early on, she made it a priority to learn the Russian language and to try to understand the Russian people. Baroness Rahden wrote that "the Czarevna is forming a real, warm sympathy for that country which is receiving her with so much enthusiasm."[31] In 1876, she and her husband visited Helsinki and were greeted by cheers, most of which were "directed to the wife of the heir apparent."[31]
Maria rarely interfered with politics, preferring to devote her time and energies to her family, charities, and the more social side of her position. She had also seen the student protests of Kiev and St. Petersburg in the 1860s, and when police were beating students, the students cheered on Maria Feodorovna to which she replied, "They were quite loyal, they cheered me. Why do you allow the police to treat them so brutally?"[32] Her one exception to official politics was her militant anti-German sentiment because of the annexation of Danish territories by Prussia in 1864, a sentiment also expressed by her sister, Alexandra. Prince Gorchakov remarked about that policy that 'it is our belief, that Germany will not forget that both in Russia and in England [sic] a Danish Princess has her foot on the steps of the throne".[26]
Maria arranged the marriage between her brother George I of Greece and her cousin-in-law Olga Constantinovna of Russia.[33] When George visited St. Petersburg in 1867, she contrived to have George spend time with Olga. She convinced Olga's parents of her brother's suitability. In a letter, her father Christian IX of Denmark praised her for her shrewd arranging of the marriage: "Where in the world have you, little rogue, ever learned to intrigue so well, since you have worked hard on your uncle and aunt, who were previously decidedly against a match of this kind."[34]
On 18 May 1868, Maria gave birth to her eldest son, Nicholas. Her next son, Alexander Alexandrovich, born in 1869, died from meningitis in infancy. She would bear Alexander four more children who reached adulthood: George (b. 1871), Xenia (b. 1875), Michael (b. 1878), and Olga (b. 1882). As a mother, she doted on and was quite possessive of her sons. She had a more distant relationship with her daughters. Her favorite child was George, and Olga and Michael were closer to their father.[35] She was lenient towards George, and she could never bear to punish him for his pranks. Her daughter Olga remembered that "mother had a great weakness for him."[35]
Maria's relationship with her father-in-law, Alexander II of Russia, deteriorated because she did not accept his second marriage to Catherine Dolgorukov. She refused to allow her children to visit their grandfather's second wife and his legitimized bastards, which caused Alexander's anger. She confided in Sophia Tolstaya that "there were grave scenes between me and the Sovereign, caused by my refusal to let my children to him."[36] At a Winter Palace reception in February 1881, she refused to kiss Catherine and only gave Catherine her hand to kiss.[37] Alexander II was furious and chastised his daughter-in-law: "Sasha is a good son, but you – you have no heart".[38]
In 1873, Maria, Alexander, and their two eldest sons made a journey to the United Kingdom. The imperial couple and their children were entertained at Marlborough House by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The royal sisters Maria and Alexandra delighted London society by dressing alike at social gatherings.[39] The following year, Maria and Alexander welcomed the Prince and Princess of Wales to St. Petersburg; they had come for the wedding of the Prince's younger brother, Alfred, to Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, daughter of Tsar Alexander II and the sister of the tsarevich.[40]
Empress of Russia[edit]
The Empress consort of All the Russias, 1880s
On the morning of 13 March 1881, Maria's father-in-law Alexander II of Russia was killed by a bomb on the way back to the Winter Palace from a military parade. In her diary, she described how the wounded, still living Emperor was taken to the palace: "His legs were crushed terribly and ripped open to the knee; a bleeding mass, with half a boot on the right foot, and only the sole of the foot remaining on the left."[41] Alexander II died a few hours later. After her father-in-law's gruesome death, she was worried about her husband's safety. In her diary, she wrote, "Our happiest and serenest times are now over. My peace and calm are gone, for now I will only ever be able to worry about Sasha."[42] Her favorite sister, the Princess of Wales, and brother-in-law Prince of Wales, stayed in Russia for several weeks after the funeral.
Silver-gilt plate, celebrating the coronation of Emperor Alexander Alexandrovich and Empress Maria Feodorovna, from the Khalili Collection of Enamels of the World
Alexander and Maria were crowned at the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin in Moscow on 27 May 1883. Just before the coronation, a major conspiracy had been uncovered, which cast a pall over the celebration. Nevertheless, over 8000 guests attended the splendid ceremony. Because of the many threats against Maria and Alexander III, the head of the security police, General Cherevin, shortly after the coronation urged the Tsar and his family to relocate to Gatchina Palace, a more secure location 50 kilometres outside St. Petersburg. The huge palace had 900 rooms and was built by Catherine the Great. The Romanovs heeded the advice. Maria and Alexander III lived at Gatchina for 13 years, and it was here that their five surviving children grew up. Under heavy guard, Alexander III and Maria made periodic trips from Gatchina to the capital to take part in official events.
Maria was a universally beloved Empress. Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin wrote that Maria's "bearing, her distinguished and forceful personality, and the intelligence which shone in her face, made her the perfect figure of a queen... She was extraordinarily well-loved in Russia, and everyone had confidence in her... and [was] a real mother to her people."[43]
Maria was active in philanthropic work. Her husband called her "the Guardian Angel of Russia."[29] As Empress, she assumed patronage of the Marie Institutions that her mother-in-law had run: It encompassed 450 charitable establishments.[29] In 1882, she founded many establishments called Marie schools to give young girls an elementary education.[29] She was the patroness of the Russian Red Cross.[29] During a cholera epidemic in the late 1870s, she visited the sick in hospitals.[35]
Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, circa 1885
Maria was the head of the social scene. She loved to dance at the balls of high society, and she became a popular socialite and hostess of the Imperial balls at Gatchina. Her daughter Olga commented, "Court life had to run in splendor, and there my mother played her part without a single false step".[26] A contemporary remarked on her success: "of the long gallery of Tsarinas who have sat in state in the Kremlin or paced in the Winter Palace, Marie Feodorovna was perhaps the most brilliant".[26] Alexander used to enjoy joining in with the musicians, although he would end up sending them off one by one. When that happened, Maria knew the party was over.[44]
As tsarevna, and then as tsarina, Maria Feodorovna had something of a social rivalry with the popular Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna, wife of her Russian brother-in-law, Grand Duke Vladimir. This rivalry had echoed the one shared by their husbands, and served to exacerbate the rift within the family.[45] While she knew better than to publicly criticise both the Grand Duke and Duchess in public,[45] Maria Feodorovna referred to Marie Pavlovna with the caustic epithet of "Empress Vladimir."[46]
Empress Maria Feodorovna and her husband Emperor Alexander III in Denmark in 1893
Nearly each summer, Maria, Alexander and their children would make an annual trip to Denmark, where her parents, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, hosted family reunions. Maria's brother, King George I, and his wife, Queen Olga, would come up from Athens with their children, and the Princess of Wales, often without her husband, would come with some of her children from the United Kingdom. In contrast to the tight security observed in Russia, the tsar, tsarina and their children relished the relative freedom that they could enjoy at Bernstorff and Fredensborg. The annual family meetings of monarchs in Denmark was regarded as suspicious in Europe, where many assumed they secretly discussed state affairs. Bismarck nicknamed Fredensborg "Europe's Whispering Gallery"[26] and accused Queen Louise of plotting against him with her children. Maria also had a good relationship with the majority of her in-laws, and was often asked to act as a mediator between them and the tsar. In the words of her daughter Olga: "She proved herself extremely tactful with her in-laws, which was no easy task".[26]
During Alexander III's reign, the monarchy's opponents quickly disappeared underground. A group of students had been planning to assassinate Alexander III on the sixth anniversary of his father's death at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The plotters had stuffed hollowed-out books with dynamite, which they intended to throw at the Tsar when he arrived at the cathedral. However, the Russian secret police uncovered the plot before it could be carried out. Five students were hanged in 1887; amongst them was Aleksandr Ulyanov, older brother of Vladimir Lenin.
The Imperial family the year before Alexander III's death. From left to right: Tsarevich Nicholas, Grand Duke George, Empress Maria Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Olga, Grand Duchess Xenia, Grand Duke Michael, Emperor Alexander III, Livadia 1893
The biggest threat to the lives of the tsar and his family, however, came not from terrorists, but from a derailment of the imperial train in the fall of 1888. Maria and her family had been at lunch in the dining car when the train jumped the tracks and slid down an embankment, causing the roof of the dining car to nearly cave in on them.
When Maria's eldest sister Alexandra visited Gatchina in July 1894, she was surprised to see how weak her brother-in-law Alexander III had become. At the time Maria had long known that he was ill and did not have long left. She now turned her attention to her eldest son, the future Nicholas II, for it was on him that both her personal future and the future of the dynasty now depended.
Nicholas had long had his heart set on marrying Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, a favourite grandchild of Queen Victoria. Despite the fact that she was their godchild, neither Alexander III nor Maria approved of the match. Nicholas summed up the situation as follows: "I wish to move in one direction, and it is clear that Mama wishes me to move in another – my dream is to one day marry Alix."[47] Maria and Alexander found Alix shy and somewhat peculiar. They were also concerned that the young Princess was not possessed of the right character to be Empress of Russia. Nicholas's parents had known Alix as a child and formed the impression that she was hysterical and unbalanced, which may have been due to the loss of her mother and youngest sister, Marie, to diphtheria when she was just six.[47] It was only when Alexander III's health was beginning to fail that they reluctantly gave permission for Nicholas to propose.
Empress Dowager[edit]
Emperor Nicholas II and his mother Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna in 1896.
On 1 November 1894, Alexander III died aged just 49 at Livadia. In her diary Maria wrote, "I am utterly heartbroken and despondent, but when I saw the blissful smile and the peace in his face that came after, it gave me strength."[48] Two days later, the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived at Livadia from London. While the Prince of Wales took it upon himself to involve himself in the preparations for the funeral, the Princess of Wales spent her time comforting grieving Maria, including praying with her and sleeping at her bedside.[49] Maria Feodorovna's birthday was a week after the funeral, and as it was a day in which court mourning could be somewhat relaxed, Nicholas used the day to marry Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna.[50]
As Empress Dowager, Maria was much more popular than either Nicholas or Alexandra. During her son's coronation, she, Nicholas, and Alexandra arrived in separate carriages. She was greeted with "almost deafening" applause.[51] A visiting writer Kate Kool noted that she "provoked more cheering from the people than did her son. The people have had thirteen years in which to know this woman and they have learned to love her very much."[51] Richard Harding Davis, an American journalist, was surprised that she "was more loudly greeted than either the Emperor or the Czarina."[51] Once the death of Alexander III had receded, Maria again took a brighter view of the future. "Everything will be all right", as she said. Maria continued to live in the Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg and at Gatchina Palace. In May 1896, she travelled to Moscow for the coronation of Nicholas and Alexandra.
As a new Imperial Train was constructed for Nicholas II in time for his coronation, Alexander III's "Temporary Imperial Train" (composed of the cars that had survived the Borki disaster and a few converted standard passenger cars) was transferred to the Empress Dowager's personal use.[52]
During the first years of her son's reign, Maria often acted as the political adviser to the Tsar. Uncertain of his own ability and aware of her connections and knowledge, Tsar Nicholas II often told the ministers that he would ask her advice before making decisions, and the ministers sometimes suggested this themselves. It was reportedly on her advice that Nicholas initially kept his father's ministers.[26] Maria herself estimated that her son was of a weak character and that it was better that he was influenced by her than someone worse. Her daughter Olga remarked upon her influence: "she had never before taken the least interest … now she felt it was her duty. Her personality was magnetic and her zest of activity was incredible. She had her finger on every educational pulse in the empire. She would work her secretaries to shreds, but she did not spare herself. Even when bored in committee she never looked bored. Her manner and, above all, her tact conquered everybody".[26] After the death of her spouse, Maria came to be convinced that Russia needed reforms to avoid a revolution.[26] According to courtier Paul Benckendorff there was a scene when Maria asked her son not to appoint the conservative Wahl as minister for internal affairs: "during which one [the empress dowager] almost threw herself at his [the tsar's] knees' begging him not to make this appointment and to choose someone who could make concessions. She said that if Nicholas did not agree, she would 'leave for Denmark, and then without me here let them twist your head around'".[26] Nicholas did appoint her favored candidate, and she reportedly told her favoured candidate the liberal reformist Peter Sviatopolk-Mirsky to accept by saying: "You must fulfil my son's wish; If you do, I will give you a kiss".[26] After the birth of a son to the tsar the same year, however, Nicholas II replaced his mother as his political confidant and adviser with his wife, Empress Alexandra.[26]
Maria Feodorovna's grandson-in-law, Prince Felix Yusupov, noted that she had great influence in the Romanov family. Sergei Witte praised her tact and diplomatic skill. Nevertheless, despite her social tact, she did not get along well with her daughter-in-law, Tsarina Alexandra, holding her responsible for many of the woes that beset her son Nicholas and the Russian Empire in general. She was appalled with Alexandra's inability to win favour with the public, and also that she did not give birth to an heir until almost ten years after her marriage, after bearing four daughters. The fact that Russian court custom dictated that an empress dowager took precedence over an empress consort, combined with the possessiveness that Maria had of her sons, and her jealousy of Empress Alexandra only served to exacerbate tensions between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.[53] Sophie Buxhoeveden remarked of this conflict: "Without actually clashing they seemed fundamentally unable … to understand one another",[26] and her daughter Olga commented: "they had tried to understand each other and failed. They were utterly different in character, habits and outlook".[26] Maria was sociable and a good dancer, with an ability to ingratiate herself with people, while Alexandra, though intelligent and beautiful, was very shy and closed herself off from the Russian people.
Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna in the family circle on the porch of their home at Langinkoski in Kotka, Finland
By the turn of the twentieth century, Maria was spending increasing time abroad. In 1906, following the death of their father, King Christian IX, she and her sister, Alexandra, who had become queen-consort of the United Kingdom in 1901, purchased the villa of Hvidøre. The following year, a change in political circumstances allowed Maria Feodorovna to be welcomed to England by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, Maria's first visit to England since 1873.[54] Following a visit in early 1908, Maria Feodorovna was present at her brother-in-law and sister's visit to Russia that summer. A little under two years later, Maria Feodorovna travelled to England yet again, this time for the funeral of her brother-in-law, King Edward VII, in May 1910. During her nearly three-month visit to England in 1910, Maria Feodorovna attempted, unsuccessfully, to get her sister, now Queen Dowager Alexandra, to claim a position of precedence over her daughter-in-law, Queen Mary.[55]
Maria Feodorovna (left) with her sister Alexandra (center) with their niece Maria of Greece, (right) circa 1893
Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna (right), with her elder sister, Queen Alexandra (centre) and her niece, Princess Victoria (left), London, 1903
Empress Maria Feodorovna, the mistress of Langinkoski retreat, was also otherwise a known friend of Finland. During the first russification period, she tried to have her son halt the constraining of the grand principality's autonomy and to recall the unpopular Governor-General Bobrikov from Finland to some other position in Russia itself. During the second russification period, at the start of the First World War, the Empress Dowager, travelling by her special train through Finland to Saint Petersburg, expressed her continued disapprobation for the russification of Finland by having an orchestra of a welcoming committee play the March of the Pori Regiment and the Finnish national anthem "Maamme", which at the time were under the explicit ban from Franz Albert Seyn, the Governor-General of Finland.
In 1899, Maria's second son, George, died of tuberculosis in the Caucasus. During the funeral, she kept her composure, but at the end of the service, she ran from the church clutching her son's top hat that been atop the coffin and collapsed in her carriage sobbing.[56]
In 1892, Maria arranged Olga's disastrous marriage to Peter, Duke of Oldenburg.[57] For years Nicholas refused to grant his unhappy sister a divorce, only relenting in 1916 in the midst of the War. When Olga attempted to contract a morganatic marriage with Nikolai Kulikovsky, Maria Feodorovna and the tsar tried to dissuade her, yet, they did not protest too vehemently.[58] Indeed, Maria Feodorovna was one of the few people who attended the wedding in November 1916.[58]
In 1912, Maria faced trouble with her youngest son, when he secretly married his mistress, much to the outrage and scandal of both Maria Feodorovna and Nicholas.[59]
Maria Feodorovna disliked Rasputin and unsuccessfully tried to convince Nicholas and Alexandra to send him away. She considered Rasputin a dangerous charlatan and despaired of Alexandra's obsession with "crazy, dirty, religious fanatics.[60] She was concerned that Rasputin's activities damaged the prestige of the Imperial family and asked Nicholas and Alexandra to send him away. Nicholas remained silent and Alexandra refused. Maria recognized the empress was the true regent and that she also lacked the capability for such a position: "My poor daughter-in-law does not perceive that she is ruining the dynasty and herself. She sincerely believes in the holiness of an adventurer, and we are powerless to ward off the misfortune, which is sure to come."[26] When the Tsar dismissed minister Vladimir Kokovtsov in February 1914 on the advice of Alexandra, Maria again reproached her son, who answered in such a way that she became even more convinced that Alexandra was the real ruler of Russia, and she called upon Kokovtsov and said to him: "My daughter-in-law does not like me; she thinks that I am jealous of her power. She does not perceive that my one aspiration is to see my son happy. Yet I see we are nearing some kind of catastrophe and the Tsar listens to no one but flatterers… Why do you not tell the Tsar everything that you think and know… if it is not already too late".[26]
World War I[edit]
In May 1914 Maria Feodorovna travelled to England to visit her sister.[61] While she was in London, World War I broke out (July 1914), forcing her to hurry home to Russia. In Berlin the German authorities prevented her train from continuing toward the Russian border. Instead she had to return to Russia by way of (neutral) Denmark and Finland. Upon her return in August, she took up residence at Yelagin Palace, which was closer to St. Petersburg (renamed Petrograd in August 1914[62]) than Gatchina.[61] During the war she served as president of Russia's Red Cross.[63] As she had done a decade earlier in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, she also financed a sanitary train.[61]
During the war, there was great concern within the imperial house about the influence Empress Alexandra had upon state affairs through the Tsar, and the influence Grigori Rasputin was believed to have upon her, as it was considered to provoke the public and endanger the safety of the imperial throne and the survival of the monarchy.[64] On behalf of the imperial relatives of the Tsar, both the Empress's sister Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and her cousin Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna had been selected to mediate and ask Empress Alexandra to banish Rasputin from court to protect her and the throne's reputation, but without success. In parallel, several of the Grand Dukes had tried to intervene with the Tsar, but with no more success.
During this conflict of 1916–1917, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna reportedly planned a coup d'état to depose the Tsar with the help of four regiments of the imperial guard which were to invade the Alexander Palace, force the Tsar to abdicate and replace him with his underage son under the regency of her son Grand Duke Kirill.[65]
There are documents that support the fact that in this critical situation, Maria Feodorovna was involved in a planned coup d'état to depose her son from the throne in order to save the monarchy.[64] The plan was reportedly for Maria to make a final ultimatum to the Tsar to banish Rasputin unless he wished for her to leave the capital, which would be the signal to unleash the coup.[64] Exactly how she planned to replace her son is unconfirmed, but two versions are available: first, that Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia would take power in Maria's name, and that she herself would thereafter become sole empress of Russia (like Catherine the Great did over 100 years prior); the other version further claims that Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia would replace the Tsar with his son, the heir to the throne, Maria's grandson Alexei, upon which Maria and Paul Alexandrovich would share power as regents during his minority.[64] Maria was asked to make her appeal to the Tsar after Empress Alexandra had asked the Tsar to dismiss minister Polianov. Initially, she refused to make the appeal, and her sister-in-law Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna stated to the French Ambassador: "It's not want of courage or inclination that keeps her back. It's better that she don't. She's too outspoken and imperious. The moment she starts to lecture her son, her feelings run away with her; she sometimes says the exact opposite of what she should; she annoys and humiliates him. Then he stands on his dignity and reminds his mother he is the emperor. They leave each other in a rage".[26] Eventually, she was however convinced to make the appeal. Reportedly, Empress Alexandra was informed about the planned coup, and when Maria Feodorovna made the ultimatum to the Tsar, the empress convinced him to order his mother to leave the capital.[64] Consequently, the Empress Dowager left Petrograd to live in the Mariinskyi Palace in Kiev the same year. She never again returned to Russia's capital. Empress Alexandra commented about her departure: "it's much better Motherdear stays … at Kiev, where the climate is better and she can live as she wishes and hears less gossip".[26]
In Kiev, Maria engaged in the Red Cross and hospital work,[66] and in September, the 50th anniversary of her arrival in Russia was celebrated with great festivities, during which she was visited by her son, Nicholas II, who came without his wife.[26] Empress Alexandra wrote to the Tsar: "When you see Motherdear, you must rather sharply tell her how pained you are, that she listens to slander and does not stop it, as it makes mischief and others would be delighted, I am sure, to put her against me…"[26] Maria did ask Nicholas II to remove both Rasputin and Alexandra from all political influence, but shortly after, Nicholas and Alexandra broke all contact with the Tsar's family.[26]
When Rasputin was murdered, part of the Imperial relatives asked Maria to return to the capital and use the moment to replace Alexandra as the Tsar's political adviser. Maria refused, but she did admit that Alexandra should be removed from influence over state affairs: "Alexandra Feodorovna must be banished. Don't know how but it must be done. Otherwise she might go completely mad. Let her enter a convent or just disappear".[26]
Revolution and exile[edit]
Revolution came to Russia in 1917, first with the February Revolution, then with Nicholas II's abdication on 15 March. After travelling from Kiev to meet with her deposed son, Nicholas II, in Mogilev, Maria returned to the city, where she quickly realised how Kiev had changed and that her presence was no longer wanted. She was persuaded by her family there to travel to the Crimea by train with a group of other refugee Romanovs.
After a time living in one of the imperial residences in the Crimea, she received reports that her sons, her daughter-in-law and her grandchildren had been murdered. However, she publicly rejected the report as a rumour. On the day after the murder of the Tsar's family, Maria received a messenger from Nicky, "a touching man" who told of how difficult life was for her son's family in Yekaterinburg. "And nobody can help or liberate them – only God! My Lord save my poor, unlucky Nicky, help him in his hard ordeals!"[67] In her diary she comforted herself: "I am sure they all got out of Russia and now the Bolsheviks are trying to hide the truth."[68] She firmly held on to this conviction until her death. The truth was too painful for her to admit publicly. Her letters to her son and his family have since almost all been lost; but in one that survives, she wrote to Nicholas: "You know that my thoughts and prayers never leave you. I think of you day and night and sometimes feel so sick at heart that I believe I cannot bear it any longer. But God is merciful. He will give us strength for this terrible ordeal." Maria's daughter Olga Alexandrovna commented further on the matter, "Yet I am sure that deep in her heart my mother had steeled herself to accept the truth some years before her death."[69]
Empress Maria and Grand Duke Nicholas on board the HMS Marlborough leaving Russia forever with Yalta in the distance.
Despite the overthrow of the monarchy in 1917, the former Empress Dowager Maria at first refused to leave Russia. Only in 1919, at the urging of her sister, Queen Dowager Alexandra, did she begrudgingly depart, fleeing Crimea over the Black Sea to London. King George V sent the battleship HMS Marlborough to retrieve his aunt. The party of 17 Romanovs included her daughter the Grand Duchess Xenia and five of Xenia's sons plus six dogs and a canary.[70][71]
After a brief stay in the British base in Malta, they travelled to England on the British battleship HMS Lord Nelson, and she stayed with her sister, Alexandra. Although Queen Alexandra never treated her sister badly and they spent time together at Marlborough House in London and at Sandringham House in Norfolk, Maria, as a deposed empress dowager, felt that she was now "number two," in contrast to her sister, a popular queen dowager, and she eventually returned to her native Denmark. After living briefly with her nephew, King Christian X, in a wing of the Amalienborg Palace, she chose her holiday villa Hvidøre near Copenhagen as her new permanent home.
There were many Russian émigrées in Copenhagen who continued to regard her as the Empress and often asked her for help. The All-Russian Monarchical Assembly held in 1921 offered her the locum tenens of the Russian throne but she declined with the evasive answer "Nobody saw Nicky killed" and therefore there was a chance her son was still alive. She provided financial support to Nikolai Sokolov, who studied the circumstances of the death of the Tsar's family, but they never met. The Grand Duchess Olga sent a telegram to Paris cancelling an appointment because it would have been too difficult for the old and sick woman to hear the terrible story of her son and his family.[72]
Death and burial[edit]
In November 1925, Maria's favourite sister, Queen Alexandra, died. That was the last loss that she could bear. "She was ready to meet her Creator," wrote her son-in-law, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, about Dowager Empress Maria's last years. On 13 October 1928 at Hvidøre near Copenhagen, in a house she had once shared with her sister Queen Alexandra, Dowager Empress Maria died at the age of 80, having outlived four of her six children.[72] Following services in Copenhagen's Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Church, the Empress was interred at Roskilde Cathedral.
In 2005, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and President Vladimir Putin of Russia and their respective governments agreed that the Empress's remains should be returned to St. Petersburg in accordance with her wish to be interred next to her husband. A number of ceremonies took place from 23 to 28 September 2006. The funeral service, attended by high dignitaries, including the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Denmark and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, did not pass without some turbulence. The crowd around the coffin was so great that a young Danish diplomat fell into the grave before the coffin was interred.[73] On 26 September 2006, a statue of Maria Feodorovna was unveiled near her favourite Cottage Palace in Peterhof. Following a service at Saint Isaac's Cathedral, she was interred next to her husband Alexander III in the Peter and Paul Cathedral on 28 September 2006, 140 years after her first arrival in Russia and almost 78 years after her death.
Issue[edit]
Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna and their five children
Emperor Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna had four sons and two daughters:
Nicholas II of Russia 18 May 1868 17 July 1918 married 1894, Princess Alix of Hesse; had issue
Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia 7 June 1869 2 May 1870 died of meningitis at age 10 months and 26 days
Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia 9 May 1871 9 August 1899 died of tuberculosis; had no issue
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia 6 April 1875 20 April 1960 married 1894, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia; had issue
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia 4 December 1878 13 June 1918 married 1912, Natalia Brasova; had issue
Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia 13 June 1882 24 November 1960 married 1901, Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg; no issue, 1916, Nikolai Kulikovsky; had issue
Legacy[edit]
The Dagmarinkatu street in Töölö, Helsinki, and the Maria Hospital, which also previously operated in Helsinki, are named after Empress Maria Feodorovna.[74]
In the 1997 American animated film Anastasia, directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman, Maria Feodorovna is voiced by Angela Lansbury.[75]
Honours[edit]
Russian Empire:
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine, 1864
Dame of the Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called, 1883[76]
Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Saint Charles, 10 April 1865[77]
Kingdom of Portugal: Dame 1st Class of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel, 25 May 1881[78]
Kingdom of Prussia: Dame 1st Class of the Order of Louise[79]
Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 6 January 1887[80]
Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown, 23 January 1889[81]
Paintings by Maria Feodorovna[edit]
Still-life. 1868
Miser. 1890
Ancestry[edit]
Ancestors of Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
8. Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
4. Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
9. Countess Friederike von Schlieben
2. Christian IX of Denmark
10. Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel
5. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel
11. Princess Louise of Denmark
1. Princess Dagmar of Denmark
12. Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel
6. Prince William of Hesse-Kassel
13. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Usingen
3. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel
14. Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark
7. Princess Charlotte of Denmark
15. Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
^ a b c d Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 24
^ a b Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 49
^ Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 23
^ a b c Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 81
^ a b Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 129
^ a b c Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 150
^ Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 170
^ McNaughton, Arnold (1973). The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy. Vol. 1. London, U.K.: Garnstone Press. p. 299.
^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. 1. Londron: Burke's Peerage. pp. 69–70. ISBN 0-220-66222-3.
^ a b c d Hiort-Lorenzen 1890, p. 135.
^ See Feodorovna as a Romanov patronymic
^ Hall 2001.
^ "Idun (1890): Nr 15 (121) (Swedish)" (PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Bramsen 1992, p. 314.
^ a b Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 403
^ Korneva & Cheboksarova (2006), p. 55
^ Bokhanov, A. N. (2001). Imperator Aleksandr III. Russkoe slovo. Moskva. ISBN 5-8253-0153-4. OCLC 49850407.
^ Lerche & Mandal (2003), pp. 171–172
^ Nørregaard Frandsen, Johannes (2019). Sohl Jessen, Mads; Balina, Marina; Hellman, Ben; Nørregaard Frandsen, Johannes (eds.). "A Time of Fairy Tales: Hans Christian Andersen, a Danish Princess, and the Telegraph Business". Hans Christian Andersen in Russia. Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
^ Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (17 September 1866). "Небо бледно-голубое". Литературная библиотека (in Russian). 1: 1–2.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Hall, Coryne, Little Mother of Russia: A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna, ISBN 978-0-8419-1421-6
^ Van der Kiste (2004), pp. 62, 63
^ Lerche & Mandal (2003), p. 173
^ a b c d e Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 110
^ Peter Kropotkin (1901). "The Present Crisis in Russia". The North American Review.
^ Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445
^ Battiscombe (1969), pp. 127, 128
^ Battiscombe (1969), p. 128
^ a b Van der Kiste (2004), p. 141
^ King (2006), p. 63
^ a b Lerche & Mandal (2003), p. 184
^ King (2006), p. 331
^ Malevinsky (1900)
^ a b King (2006), p. 56
^ John Curtis Perry. "The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 212
^ a b c "Empress Maria Fyodorovna". RusArtNet. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ Volkov, Solomon (2010). "5". St Petersburg: A Cultural History. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 337. ISBN 9781451603156. Retrieved 15 September 2016. When St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd in August 1914 by Nicholas II, it was intended to 'Slavicize' the capital of the empire at war with Germany.
^ Iconomow, Marthe (August 1962). "The Empress Maria Feodorovna Fund" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 2 (17): 351–361. doi:10.1017/S0020860400086903.
^ a b c d e King, Greg, The Last Empress, Citadel Press Book, 1994. ISBN 0-8065-1761-1. pp. 299–300
^ King, Greg, The Last Empress, Citadel Press Book, 1994. ISBN 0-8065-1761-1. pp. 319–26-300
^ Isaeva, K. (2 October 2016). "Romanovs and charity: Helping the Russian army in the First World war". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
^ The Diaries of Empress Marie Feodorovna, p. 239[full citation needed]
^ Vorres (1985), p. 171
^ Welch 2018, p. 246.
^ Rappaport 2018, p. 269.
^ a b Barkovets & Tenikhina (2006), p. 142
^ Af mier, pmol (28 September 2006). "Mand faldt ned i Dagmars grav" (in Danish). Nyhederne.tv2.dk. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Elina Lappalainen: Helsingin historialliseen sairaalaan on suunnitteilla valtava startup-keskus – "Katto on korkealla, koska aikoinaan uskottiin bakteerien asuvan katon rajassa", Talouselämä. (in Finnish)
^ Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna – Anastasia (Movie) – Behind The Voice Actors
^ Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699-1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714-1917). Moscow. p. 25.
^ "Soberanas y princesas condecoradas con la Gran Cruz de San Carlos el 10 de Abril de 1865" (PDF), Diario del Imperio (in Spanish), National Digital Newspaper Library of Mexico: 347, retrieved 14 November 2020
^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017). "Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia" [Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 16: 10–11. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
^ "Luisen-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 1056
^ "Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1928. p. 239. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 157.
Barkovets, A. I.; Tenikhina, V. M. (2006). Empress Maria Fiodorovna. St. Petersburg: Abris Publishers.
Battiscombe, Georgina (1969). Queen Alexandra. Constable & Company. ISBN 9780094565609.
Bramsen, Bo (1992). Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt [The House of Glücksburg. The Father-in-law of Europe and his descendants] (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Forlaget Forum. ISBN 87-553-1843-6.
Gelardi, Julia P. (2011). From Splendor to Revolution : the Romanov Women, 1847–1928. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37115-9.
Hall, Coryne (2001). Little Mother of Russia: a Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 978-0-8419-1421-6.
Hiort-Lorenzen, Hans Rudolf (1890). "Dagmar, Kejserinde af Rusland". Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 (in Danish) (1st ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendals forlag. 4: 135.
King, Greg (2006). The Court of the Last Tsar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-72763-7.
Korneva, Galina; Cheboksarova, Tatiana (2006). Empress Maria Feodorovna's Favourite Residences in Russia and Denmark. St. Petersburg: Liki Rossi.
Lerche, Anna; Mandal, Marcus (2003). A Royal Family – The Story of Christian IX and his European descendants. Aschehoug. ISBN 87-15-10957-7.
Malevinsky, P. (1900). Императорский ширококолейный поезд для путешествий по России постройки 1896 - 1897 гг. Составлено под руководством Временного Строительного Комитета по постройке Императорских поездов инженером П. Малевинским [Imperial broad-gauge train for travel in Russia, constructed in 1896–1897] (PDF) (in Russian). МПС России (Russia's Ministry of the Means of Transportation). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Rappaport, Helen (2018). The Race to save the Romanoffs. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-15121-6.
Retsbo, Ole (2006). Dagmars sidste rejse: En dansk kejserindes dramatiske historie [Dagmar's last journey: The dramatic story of a Danish empress] (in Danish). Søborg: DR. ISBN 8776801993.
Van der Kiste, John (2004). The Romanovs: 1818–1959. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 075093459X.
Vorres, Ian (1985). The Last Grand Duchess. London: Finedawn Publishers.
Welch, Frances (2018). The Imperial Tea Party: Family, Politics and Betrayal; The Ill-fated British and Russian Royal Alliance. London: Short Books. ISBN 978-1-78072-306-8.
Primary sources[edit]
Ulstrup, Preben, ed. (2005), Kejserinde Dagmars fangenskab på Krim : dagbøger og breve 1917-19 [Empress Dagmar's captivity in Crimea - Diaries and letters 1917-19] (in Danish), Copenhagen: Gyldendal, ISBN 8702027615
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maria Fyodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark).
(in Russian, Danish, and English) Website of the Danish Cultural Society Dagmaria
Newspaper clippings about Maria Feodorovna in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 26 November 1847 Died: 13 October 1928
Russian royalty
Maria Alexandrovna
(Marie of Hesse) Empress consort of Russia
1881–1894 Vacant
Alexandra Feodorovna
(Alix of Hesse)
Danish princesses
Generations are numbered from the implementation of hereditary monarchy by Frederick III in 1660.
1st generation
Anna Sophie, Electress of Saxony1
Frederica Amalia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp1
Wilhelmine Ernestine, Electress Palatine1
Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden1
Princess Sophia1
Princess Charlotte Amalie1
Louise, Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen1
Sophia Magdalena, Queen of Sweden1
Wilhelmina Caroline, Electress of Hesse1
Louise, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel1
Princess Louise, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg1
Juliana, Landgravine of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld1
Hereditary Princess Caroline of Denmark1
Vilhelmine, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg1
Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India4
(Dagmar) Empress Maria Feodorovna of All the Russias4
Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover and Duchess of Cumberland
Princess Louise of Schaumburg-Lippe
Princess Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland
Princess Thyra
Princess Dagmar, Mrs. Castenskiold
Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia2
Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia2
Princess Margaret of Bourbon-Parma
Princess Feodora of Schaumburg-Lippe
Hereditary Princess Caroline-Mathilde of Denmark
Princess Alexandrine, Countess of Castell-Castell
Helen, Queen Mother of Romania2
Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta2
Lady Katherine Brandram2
Princess Eugénie, Duchess of Castel Duino2
Princess Olga of Yugoslavia2
Princess Elizabeth, Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach2
Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent2
Margarita, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg2
Theodora, Margravine of Baden2
Cecilie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine2
Princess Sophie of Hanover2
Queen Margrethe II3
Benedikte, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg3
Anne-Marie, Queen of the Hellenes
Princess Elisabeth3
Alexándra, Queen of Yugoslavia2
Sofía, Queen of Spain2
Princess Eiríni2
Princess Alexía, Mrs. Morales2
Princess Theodora2
Princess Isabella
Princess Josephine
Princess Athena
Princess Olympía2
1 Also princess of Norway
2 Also princess of Greece
3 Also princess of Iceland
4 Not Danish princess by birth, but created princess of Denmark
Princesses that lost their title are shown in italics
Princesses of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
The generations indicate descent from Duke Philip of the Elder Glücksburg Line; generations beyond 6 starts anew with Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of the Junior Glücksburg Line, a 6th generation descendant of Princess Augusta.
Augusta, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
Dorothea, Electress of Brandenburg
Friederike, Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg^
Louise, Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont
Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom**
Dagmar, Empress of Russia**
Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland and Teviotdale**
Victoria Adelaide, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha*
Alexandra Victoria, Princess August Wilhelm of Prussia*
Helena Adelaide, Princess Harald of Denmark*
Adelaide, Princess of Solms-Baruth*
Karoline Mathilde, Countess Hans of Solms-Baruth*
Princess Marie Alexandra, Mrs. Douglas Barton-Miller*
^ also a princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck until 1825
* also a princess of Schleswig-Holstein
** also a princess of Denmark
Grand Duchesses of Russia by marriage
Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg*
Catherine Alexeievna (Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst)
Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt)
Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)
Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)
Anna Feodorovna (Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld)
Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
Elena Pavlovna (Charlotte of Württemberg)
Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)
Alexandra Iosifovna (Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg)
Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg
Olga Feodorovna (Cäcilie of Baden)
Maria Pavlovna (Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
Elizabeth Feodorovna (Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine)
Alexandra Georgievna (Alexandra of Greece and Denmark)
Elizaveta Mavrikievna (Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg)
Anastasia Nikolaevna (Anastasia of Montenegro)
Militza Nikolaevna of Montenegro (Milica of Montenegro)
Maria Georgievna (Maria of Greece and Denmark)
Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia**
Viktoria Feodorovna (Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani***
* never converted to Orthodoxy
** also a Grand Duchess of Russia by birth
*** title granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
Art research institutes
Photographers' Identities
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)&oldid=1133867038"
19th-century people from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian people
19th-century women from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian women
Russian empresses consorts
Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
House of Glücksburg (Denmark)
Russian grand duchesses by marriage
Russian people of Danish descent
Russian people of German descent
Royal reburials
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Daughters of kings
Children of Christian IX of Denmark
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
All articles with incomplete citations
Articles with incomplete citations from November 2015
Use dmy dates from January 2021
Articles containing Russian-language text
CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)
Articles with ICCU identifiers
Articles with KANTO identifiers
Articles with LNB identifiers
Articles with PIC identifiers
Articles with DTBIO identifiers


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Vol 7 No 1 (2019): Glocal Conversations: Four Snapshots of Business as Mission /
Business as Mission and Its History in 19th Century Hawaii
Paul Miller University of the Nations
This paper addresses "Business as Mission" (BAM) as played out in 19th century Hawaii. History teaches us important lessons applicable to today's world. This paper, Part One, addresses the history of business as mission in Hawaii. Part Two addresses the interpretation of this history. Part One focuses both on business as mission's positive contributions and its negative drawbacks; it then addresses how the missionaries attempted to correct the drawbacks; finally, it sketches the three steps, from 1887 to 1898, in Hawaii's political downfall (both its monarch and independence lost)—a downfall largely caused by "business as mission" gone awry. Business, and difficulties with its fit within wider Hawaiian society, was a chief cause of Hawaii's political downfall. This downfall was a tragedy as it was completely contrary to the wishes of all the early (1820s on) actors—both native and foreign—who had originally embraced "business as mission" as a way to upbuild Hawaii among the nations. The mistakes made contributing to Hawaii's loss of independence—mistakes made on both sides, both native Hawaiian and foreign-descended Hawaiian—are briefly touched upon in Part One. Part Two will explore lessons to be learned from these mistakes for Business as Mission today.
MILLER, Paul. Business as Mission and Its History in 19th Century Hawaii. Glocal Conversations, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 25-48, dec. 2019. ISSN 2296-7176. Available at: <https://gc.uofn.edu/index.php/gc/article/view/98>. Date accessed: 17 jan. 2021.
Vol 7 No 1 (2019): Glocal Conversations: Four Snapshots of Business as Mission
Paul Miller, Cavanaugh's Aversion to the Modern State, a Response , Glocal Conversations: Vol 1 No 1 (2013)
Paul Miller, Saving Salvation , Glocal Conversations: Vol 2 No 1 (2014)
Paul Miller, Saving Salvation, Responding to the Responses , Glocal Conversations: Vol 2 No 1 (2014)
Paul Miller, Business as Mission & Lessons Drawn from 19th Century Hawaii , Glocal Conversations: Vol 7 No 1 (2019): Glocal Conversations: Four Snapshots of Business as Mission

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Brazil's Boa Vista Forest Carbon Offset Project Earns Verification from SCS
Original Publication: PR Newswire
EMERYVILLE, Calif. , Aug 28, 2012
SCS Global Services has verified the Brazilian Boa Vista Afforestation/Reforestation carbon offset project under the American Carbon Registry (ACR) Standard. The project sequesters greenhouse gases (GHG) by planting and managing fast-growing Acacia mangium Willd. trees in plantations over more than 23,000 hectares of previously degraded pastureland in the northern Brazilian state of Roraima.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120827/MM63583LOGO)
Over forty years the project will sequester an estimated 3.7 million metric tonnes of GHGs, measured in carbon dioxide "equivalents," while providing important social and environmental benefits. The timber plantations create local employment opportunities, reinforce the rights of indigenous people to collect non-timber materials from the forests, and provide a renewable source of timber. In addition, the project improves local water and soil quality over time. The plantations are operated in compliance with the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification standard for responsible forestry.
"The Boa Vista forest carbon offset project is a great example of the linkage between responsible forestry practices and efforts to combat climate change," said Dr. Robert J. Hrubes, Executive Vice President of SCS. "Moreover, by providing a source of income for the local community, this project represents a win-win."
The project proponent is F.I.T. Timber Ltd. and the developer is TREES Forest Carbon Consulting LLC. Project verification by SCS opens the door to the generation of tradable carbon credits, which can be sold to finance community services and investment in the plantations.
SCS Global Services (SCS) has been a global leader in third-party environmental and sustainability certification, auditing, testing and standards development for nearly three decades. SCS programs span a wide cross-section of sectors, recognizing exemplary performance in natural resource management, green building, product manufacturing, food and agriculture, retailing and more. SCS is a Certified B Corporation™, reflecting its commitment to socially and environmentally responsible business practices.
FIT Timber Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of FIT Timber Growth Fund Ltd which is a private mutual fund licensed in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, that offers qualified investors an opportunity to make a fully ecological investment into renewable natural resources, in particular into sustainable timber plantations and management of natural forests. For information on sale of certificates visit the "Acacia Brazil" project at www.greenwood-trading.com or call +41 44 787 0120.
TREES Forest Carbon Consulting LLC is an advisory company focusing on world-wide forestry projects that reduce greenhouse gases. TREES combines years of expertise for both forestry and greenhouse gas emissions reduction projects, including forestry operations, technical and methodological services for greenhouse gas reduction projects, as well as management services.
SOURCE SCS Global Services


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Rising Medicaid Rolls: COVID-19's Impact on Medicaid Enrollment and State Budgets
May 22, 2020	| Policy Cheat Sheet
By Lauren Moran
The COVID-19 pandemic has put a massive dent in the US economy. Since early March, more than 36 million Americans have filed for unemployment — that's over 17 percent of the working age population and the worst unemployment rate since the Great Depression. Even as some states begin to reopen, nearly 27 million people risk losing employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) and becoming uninsured. Some of these people may have access to alternative coverage through a partner or spouse, and an estimated three-quarters are eligible for subsidized coverage through the Affordable Care Act marketplaces or Medicaid. Rising unemployment and loss of ESI could mean many Americans turning to Medicaid for health coverage, with recent estimates suggesting that Medicaid enrollment might increase by 5-18 million in the coming months.
Why is Medicaid enrollment an important economic indicator? Medicaid enrollment and the strength of the economy are countercyclical: when the economy is not as strong, Medicaid enrollment tends to increase. In some ways, Medicaid enrollment is like a barometer for economic health.
Is Medicaid enrollment increasing? Both expansion and non-expansion states are starting to report Medicaid enrollment increases. For example, New Mexico reported that 40 percent of the state's population is now covered by Medicaid after enrollment increased by two percent (20,000 people) since February. Similarly, states are starting to project how much enrollment could increase. Florida and Ohio, for example, are estimating enrollment surges in the hundreds of thousands.
Why is Medicaid enrollment increasing? In addition to unemployment increases and/or loss of ESI, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act increased states' Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) by 6.2 percentage points to quickly infuse more federal funds into states' budgets. In order to receive the increased FMAP, states must meet maintenance of effort (MOE) conditions, including one stipulating that states must "provide continuous eligibility through the month the public health emergency ends." States must suspend eligibility redeterminations, cannot limit eligibility, or change beneficiary cost-sharing policies while the public health emergency is in effect. In other words, new people are enrolling and fewer people are disenrolling.
What does this mean for state budgets? States are facing significant budget shortfalls due to the pandemic's impact on the economy (business closures, reduced tax revenue, delays in tax receipts, etc.) and a looming economic recession. To meet balanced-budget requirements, some states may look to reduce Medicaid spending — given that Medicaid accounts for a substantial portion of state budgets. However, common policies that states typically use to reduce Medicaid spending, such as eliminating optional benefits or restricting eligibility, are currently limited by the MOE criteria linked to the temporary FMAP increase in the Families First Act. Additionally, since Medicaid is jointly financed by states and the federal government, Medicaid budget cuts could adversely affect federal funds to states. Every $1 of state spending cut from the Medicaid budget also means at least a $1 reduction in federal dollars in the budget (if not more, depending on the state).
What other options do states have? States could explore other Medicaid policy levers to alleviate the drain on state budgets, such as reducing allowable profit margins for managed care organizations, projecting savings from decreased utilization in fee-for-service programs, instituting provider taxes, and/or reducing provider and MCO rates. However, many Medicaid providers are financially strained, which may impact states' decisions to implement provider taxes or reduce rates. Given this challenge, organizations like the National Governor's Association have called on the federal government to provide an additional FMAP increase to offer more financial support to states and alleviate budget pressures.
What's the bottom line? Unemployment is continuing to rise and the economy is declining more sharply compared to the Great Recession of 2008. Over the coming months, Medicaid will be at the center of state policy strategies to lessen the impact of the pandemic on individuals' health coverage, keep safety net providers afloat, and balance state budgets. These factors, coupled with the MOE requirements means that there will likely be unprecedented demand for Medicaid coverage and states will have few options available to substantially reduce Medicaid spending. Medicaid programs will be challenged to simultaneously provide coverage to more people, support safety net provider financial viability, and manage an unpredictable health care budget, while also contributing to budget reduction efforts at the state level.
What Else is Worth Watching?
State Budget Basics: Interested in understanding the state budgeting process? The National Association of State Budget Officers recently published a helpful overview of state budgeting during an economic downturn.
Looking to the Horizon: Telemedicine and Addiction Services: The COVID-19 pandemic is prompting tremendous advances in telemedicine and impacting services that historically have been delivered in-person, including addiction treatment services. Addiction stakeholders are now questioning whether these changes will continue once the public emergency subsides or continue in some other fashion.
Health Disparities in the Wake of a Pandemic: COVID-19 has both amplified and exacerbated disparities in health outcomes in communities across the nation. Kaiser Family Foundation recently published a report examining this issue.
Want to receive email updates on COVID-19-related policies impacting Medicaid? Subscribe here!
Policy Cheat Sheet: Translating COVID-19's Impact on Medicaid Policy
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Medicaid policies are adapting at a rapid pace. To help translate emerging policies, CHCS' Policy Cheat Sheet series provides a clear, digestible, and informal way to clarify COVID-19's impact on select Medicaid policies.
Sign up for updates »


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Imprint: Penguin Classics
Dimensions: 198mm x 8mm x 129mm
A gripping tale of adventure that has enthralled readers since it was first published, John Buchan's The Thirty-Nine Steps is edited with an introduction and notes by Sir John Keegan in Penguin Classics.
Adventurer Richard Hannay has just returned from South Africa and is thoroughly bored with his London life - until a spy is murdered in his flat, just days after having warned Hannay of an assassination plot that could plunge Britain into a war with Germany. An obvious suspect for the police and an easy target for the killers, Hannay picks up the trail left by the assassins, fleeing to Scotland, where he must use all his wits to stay one step ahead of the game - and warn the government before it is too late. One of the most popular adventure stories ever written, The Thirty-Nine Steps established John Buchan as the original thriller writer and inspired many other novelists and filmmakers including Alfred Hitchcock.
In his introduction to this edition, historian Sir John Keegan compares Buchan's life - his experiences in South Africa, his love of Scotland and his moral integrity - with his fictional hero. This edition also includes notes, a chronology and further reading.
John Buchan (1875-1940) was born in Perth, and first began writing at Oxford University, producing two volumes of essays, four novels and two collections of stories and poems before the age of twenty-five. During the First World War he worked both as a journalist and at Britain's War Propaganda Bureau, eventually becoming Director of Information. He published his most popular novel, The Thirty-Nine Steps, in 1915 - and it has never since been out of print.
If you enjoyed The Thirty-Nine Steps, you might like G.K. Chesterton's The Man Who Was Thursday, also available in Penguin Classics.
'Richard Hannay is ... a modern knight-errant'
'Once you've started, you can't put the book down'
The 39 Steps and Other Richard Hannay Adventures
The Strange Adventures of Mr Andrew Hawthorn & Other Stories
Thirty-Nine Steps, The (Classic Drama)
The Complete Richard Hannay
John Buchan (1875-1940) was born in Perth, Scotland and educated at Oxford where he published five books and won several awards, including one for poetry. He went on to be a barrister, a member of parliament, a soldier, a publisher, a historical biographer, and - in 1935 - he became the Govenor-General of Canada. Today he is best remembered as the author of his perennially popular adventure novels.


The first rule of Hoard Club is we don't talk about Hoard Club.
As excited as I am to see Paxton, I'm baffled at A&E's choice to make a whopping four episodes for a full season. Are we running out of hoarders to film or something?
Watching this episode made my skin crawl and my blood boil. Animal cruelty's a crime; she's a repeat offender. Why aren't they tossing this nasty, demented, gaslighting abuser in the klink for that, at least? And how much are they paying the 800JUNK guys? I can't imagine it's enough.


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Historic/Old Homes
Click to return to the Arch House Home Page
A gallery of current and old pictures of the Arch House are below
One of the best known landmarks in the village of Waterford
1938 photo of the Arch House
Click here to see more old photos of the Arch House
Walk through the Arch to the 'secret' gardens.....
The gardens have been featured on many garden tours of Waterford and several publications over the years. It is commonly known as the 'secret' gardens.
Click to see pictures of the 'secret' gardens
Click to read article published about the gardens in Early American Homes
...... or you may enter the main level Parlor
1979 photo - the Arch House - holiday season
Step back into history when you enter the main level
Original working brick surround fireplace, random width white oak floors
Imagine it being a watchmakers shop, woodworking shop, brass shop, a school, art studio..... what next....
Wide panel white pine wood walls
1980 picture of The Arch House
Upper level Parlor - living quarters
Brick surround fireplace with original built-in bookshelves
Built-in custom matching cabinets with reclaimed wood, floor to ceiling wired for TV, stereo...
While touring through the property you will soon come to realize that the current owner and the previous stewards have preserved and created a one of a kind masterpiece.
Aerial photo of the village of Waterford
Updated kitchen filled with built-in cabinets
The kitchen cabinets were custom built with reclaimed wood from a barn in Winchester and the exposed beams are from a barn in Fredrick, Maryland
Built in wall cabinets - floor to ceiling for storage
Granite counter-tops and Stainless Steel appliances
The original beams were left undisturbed as they are hand hewed and about 10 inches square
Eat-in kitchen with plenty of natural light
Curved staircases have curved detail on the stairwell ceiling
Click Here to read the Virginia Cavalcade article about Waterford
Remember the Arch, it will lead to the service entrance...
and the ca 1735 well and Well Room - enclosed in the 1960's
Also serves as a great Mud Room
A side entrance to the home's 2nd level and main Parlor
Side 2nd level entry from the Well Room
Second level half bath with deep storage closet
Second level deep coat closet, bathroom and landing area
Off the landing back to the main Parlor
The exterior, as all homes on Main Street in Waterford, have a historical easement to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources which was done in the 1970's to preserve it's historical appearance, the interior of the properties are not eased.
Waterford:
Waterford was founded about 1733 by Amos Janney, a Pennsylvania Quaker. Soon after other Quakers followed him here. Mills were built along Catoctin Creek. The village continued to grow until it was the second largest town in Loudoun County before the Civil War.
This thriving original Quaker settlement is situated on Catoctin Creek in the northern part of Loudoun County, 6 miles south of Taylorstown, 7 miles northwest of Leesburg, 47 miles west from Washington and 159 miles north of Richmond. It was named after the town of Waterford in Ireland where some of its founders had formerly resided. The first house within the town limits was built by one Asa Moore and remains standing today. In common with the other towns and villages of the famous Loudoun Valley, Waterford is noted for its numerous and inexhaustible wells of the purest and best water, bracing air and low mortality rate. It has 383 inhabitants, 44 of whom are merchants and mechanics. The town is preserved through the Waterford Foundation.
The Waterford Fair:
The Waterford Fair is the oldest crafts fair in Virginia. Four-time winner of the county's "Best Event of the Year," the historic village of Waterford welcomes fairgoers from around the world each October for three days of living history, food, handicrafts, and live entertainment.
Friends and families, adults and children all delight in lively performances of traditional music and dance; reenactments by Colonial and Civil War-era militia and cavalry; art and photography exhibits, hands-on demonstrations of traditional American crafts by 155 renowned artisans (many nationally known) plus the ever-popular tour of private historic homes. It is a wonderful time for the whole family to enjoy the traditions of the past.
Click to watch a YouTube video about the Waterford Foundation and the village
Click for more old pictures of the Arch House Click for old pictures of Waterford
For more information or for a private showing call:
Ian Moffett, Broker, Rokeby Realty, Ltd. - 703-431-7159
To see any home for sale in Waterford, homes for sale in Loudoun County, Historic Homes for sale, Farms for Sale, or properties for sale, call me anytime.
The Latest Vintage Waterford Properties For Sale
15481 Second Street, Waterford $434,999 ▼
Historic Waterford VA - Circa 1880 Tastefully renovated, spacious three-bedroom/two bath gem. Unique features include: Original heart pine floors throughout, kitchen with...
VALO385782 MLS
40171 Main Street, Waterford $549,000 ▼
Charming & meticulously renovated for today while maintaining the charm of yesterday, the Graham House is available for sale in the historic village of Waterford, VA -a N...
40174 Main Street, Waterford $1,699,000
The ~Pink House~ is a Waterford landmark that has been completely transformed into an architectural masterpiece inspired by the grand country homes of Europe. Having vari...
40041 Hedgeland Lane, Waterford $3,500,000
Hedgeland Manor is that rare combination of lovingly restored circa 1800 Federal Manor home and modern entertaining space provided by the addition of the 2 million dollar...
Lots/Land for sale


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363 more cases of Covid-19 confirmed, one additional death
Of today's confirmed Covid-19 cases, 154 are in Dublin, 40 in Cork and 23 in Donegal
There have been 363 new confirmed cases of Covid-19, bringing the overall number of cases in Ireland to 35,740.
One more person has died from Covid-19, bringing the overall death toll to 1,803.
Of today's cases, 154 are in Dublin, 40 are in Cork and 23 are in Donegal.
The remaining breakdown of cases is: 16 in Wexford, 15 in Roscommon, 14 in Galway, 14 in Monaghan, 11 in Kildare, 11 in Meath, 11 in Wicklow, nine in Limerick, six in Clare, five in Mayo, five in Tipperary, with the other 29 cases in nine counties.
Of the cases notified today, 172 are men and 191 are women and 64% are under 45 years of age.
Meanwhile, the latest figures from the Health Protection Surveillance Centre show there are 117 people with Covid-19 in hospital this evening, while the number of people in intensive care has increased to 18.
Acting Chief Medical Officer Dr Ronan Glynn said: "Public buy-in and willingness to adhere to public health guidance remains the frontline of our defence against the spread of Covid-19.
"The vast majority of people continue to take the necessary steps in their everyday activities to protect themselves and others.
"If you start to experience symptoms, stay at home and contact your GP to assess your need for a Covid-19 test as soon as possible."
Dr Glynn and the Minister for Health Stephen Donnelly will appear before the Oireachtas Special Committee on Covid-19 Response tomorrow.
Two other members of the National Public Health Emergency Team, Dr Cillian De Gascun and Professor Philip Nolan will also attend the meeting.
There has been a new record figure for daily coronavirus cases in Northern Ireland, with 320 positive tests during the past 24 hours.
It brings the total number of Covid-19 infections to 11,269, including 1,702 notified within the last seven days.
There were no further deaths recorded, leaving the number of deaths at 578.
Earlier today, Minister for Health Stephen Donnelly had said the Government would not be discussing further restrictions or extending Level 3 to other counties at today's Cabinet meeting.
He said National Public Health Emergency Team (NPHET) will meet later this week and the Government will consider its advice when it comes.
Survivor's Covid warning after six months out of work
Britain records 7,143 cases, the highest daily figure to date
Ireland will be dealing with Covid-19 for a long time - Reid
Dr Michael Power, a member of NPHET and a Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine at Beaumount Hospital in Dublin, said Covid-19 was unpredictable, unforgiving and unrelenting.
It can target all ages and should not be underestimated, he said.
Speaking on RTÉ's Morning Ireland, Dr Power said it was understandable that students and young adults would congregate and mix, but that this was a culture medium for the virus and gives it an opportunity to spread.
Dr Power reiterated that public health guidelines must be followed, adding that "just being in the open air is not protective".
He said although the average age for Covid-19 admissions is 59, it is an indiscriminate virus "in its selection of a patient to affect in a very severe way".
Dr Power said he does not believe there is any decision across the board to stop scheduled care.
He said it was important that this scheduled care continues because it has an impact on patients in terms of their outcomes and quality of life.
Dr Power added that the two capacities, dealing with Covid-19 and keeping scheduled care on track, must be developed and strengthened side by side.
Economic hit from Covid less than expected but Brexit to impact next year - Finance


Jumpstreet has partnered with the Fivestars loyalty program to bring you rewards and discounts for visiting us! To get started, simply text the code JUMP13 to 578-277! Once signed up, give your number to a customer service representative or enter it into a kiosk at check-in to earn points!
Click Here for more info and reward details!
At jumpstreet® your safety is our Number One Priority! Through years of research we have developed our patented trampoline system for your enjoyment. We are one of the lead indoor trampoline park companies involved in putting the ASTM safety standards into place and we are a founding member and on the board of directors for the International Association of Indoor Trampoline Parks. Please see below for our very important rules that will assist in keeping you safe and having FUN!
All waivers must be filled out completely. All information is REQUIRED, only exception is email address. If the waiver is not filled out correctly or completely, the participant is considered to not have a waiver and will not be allowed entrance.
NO rough-housing, wrestling, racing, tackling, shoving, playing tag, etc.
Jumpstreet uses electronic waivers at our locations in Georgia. Please choose your waiver below.
If you are attending a jumpstreet birthday party or group event, be sure to use the according waiver link and enter all of the requested information about your party or group event accurately. Check with your group leader if you are unsure, as this will expedite the check-in process.
All general admission guests without a reservation for a special event will use the general admission waiver.
Be sure to list all minors of whom you are the legal guardian of on the same waiver to avoid having to fill out any additional waivers. All waivers will be accepted for admission to Jumpstreet for up to one year from the date signed. Guests who appear to be under the age of 25 will be asked to provide photo identification upon check in.
Text JUMP13 to 578-277 to join or click the Fivestars logo below to sign up!
Earn reward points every time you visit and use your points for discounts and freebies!
Jumpstreet in Lawrenceville, GA will be closed for Easter day on Sunday, April 21, 2019. We will be open the following day at our normal operating hours.


We feel that supporting insurers plays to our strengths. It demands engineering expertise, the most efficient logistics and a comprehensive flow of information; all of which we at Centric Solutions are confident that we can deliver. They are qualities that our customers demand and we continually strive to deliver and maintain.


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Rational Software Architect: Design and Development in One Tool : Page 4
A software architect explains what makes IBM Rational Software Architect a powerful IDE for his challenging job.
by Tareq Shaheen
Architectural Discovery and Code Review: See What Is Going Wrong
As an architect, you oversee how your team implements your models. Also, you have to make sure the application architecture does not have any detectable problems. Reviewing the code manually is tedious and requires long hours. RSA automates these tasks through two features in the Java Perspective: Code Review for Java and Architectural Discovery for Java.
Code Review for Java is a set of rules that automate the process of analyzing code for errors, optimize code according to best practices, and ensure that implementation code satisfies the design specification for the application. These rules are organized into categories so that you can select which rules you want to check (see Figure 9). You can define your own rules as well.
Figure 9. Code Review for Java Rule Sets
My favorite review is the performance rules, which catch many of the Java performance pitfalls (see Figure 10).
Figure 10. Some of the Performance Rules in the Code Review for Java
Architectural Discovery for Java allows you to see how your team is implementing the architecture. It includes listing packages that make up the project, inheritance trees, and design patterns used in building the application. Its structural review feature also displays antipatterns in the application (see Figure 11). An antipattern is a frequently used but usually ineffective solution to a problem.
Figure 11. AntiPatterns That Can Be Detected by Architectural Discovery
Publishing Models: Sharing Your Model
Not everyone on the development team will use RSA, so you need to publish your model to share it with other team members. RSA provides a publish model utility that enables you to publish your models as HTML pages. The pages contain your model's diagrams and artifacts and have a style similar to Javadoc.
However, RSA does not provide an easy way to customize the HTML pages you publish. To do so, you have to work directly with XSL files. I believe IBM should enhance the RSA publish model utility in future releases so that you can easily customize published content through a simple wizard interface.
Publishing a model in HTML is not always practical either. Project documentation is usually kept in other formats such as MS Word templates. To produce documentation in these other formats in RSA, you need to use another tool called IBM Rational SoDA. To become a more comprehensive tool, I think future RSA releases should include this capability and eliminate the need for an external tool.
All-in-One Design and Development Tool
RSA is a comprehensive tool for designing and building applications, thus giving you better control over your projects. As an architect, it helps you create robust designs and models for your applications. It then simplifies overseeing the implementation of the application to ensure that it occurs as you intended. With just a couple of improvements to its model-publishing features, it can become the one tool an architect needs.
You can download a trial version of RSA from the product page.
Tareq Shaheen is an architect and senior consultant with Ejada, an IT solutions and services company.
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The President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee opened the annual 'Udyanotsav' of the Rashtrapati Bhavan today (February 04, 2017).
The Mughal Gardens will remain open for general public from tomorrow to March 12, 2017 (except on Mondays which are maintenance days) between 0930 hrs to 1600 hrs. Members of the public will also be able to visit the Spiritual Garden, Herbal Garden, Bonsai Garden and Musical Garden. During this period, there will be no online booking for visiting the Gardens.
Entry and exit for the general public will be from Gate No. 35 of the President's Estate, close to where North Avenue meets Rashtrapati Bhavan. Visitors are requested not to bring any water bottles, briefcases, handbags/ladies purses, cameras, radios/transistors, boxes, umbrellas, eatables etc. Such articles, if any, will have to be deposited at the entry point. However, arrangements of drinking water, toilets, first aid / medical facility; rest rooms for senior citizens, women and children will be provided for public visiting the Gardens.
The Mughal Gardens will be open exclusively on March 10, 2017 to special category of visitors viz farmers, differently abled persons, defence/para-military forces and Delhi Police personnel from 0930 hrs. to 1600 hrs. Entry and exit will be through Gate No. 35.
The Tactile Garden will be open for visually impaired people on March 10, 2017 from 1100 hrs. to 1600 hrs. Entry and exit will be from Gate No. 12, situated on Church Road (next to the North Avenue).