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Edward Curtis devoted 30 years of his life to creating one of the masterpieces of 20th-century publishing, The North American Indian.
The publication has been called "the most gigantic undertaking since the making of the King James Edition of the Bible" and "the most exquisite book art of our time". Each set contains more than 2,200 photos taken by Curtis and nearly 5,000 pages of text.
Today, most sets of The North American Indian are in museums, libraries, and private collections.
Twenty volumes
Fewer than 300 sets printed
Published from 1907 to 1930
A complete set of The North American Indian is comprised of twenty individually bound books, each with an average of 250 pages and 75 photogravure images, and twenty accompanying portfolios, each with an average of 36 large image plates housed in a folding case.
Curtis first developed the idea of a multi-volume set of books about Native Peoples around 1903, but it was not until he secured substantial funding from financier J. P. Morgan in 1906 that his the project began in earnest. He originally proposed that it would take five years to complete the publication, but due to a continuing series of complications it was 24 years until the last volume was completed. Volume I was printed in late 1907, and volume XX finally appeared in 1930.
The sets were available by subscription only. The standard edition, with photogravures printed on Van Gelder paper or Japanese vellum, was initially priced at $3,000 for the complete set. A deluxe edition, with photogravures printed on Japanese tissue, cost $3,750. Equivalent prices in today's dollars would be $77,500 and $97,500, respectively.
Curtis began The North American Indian with a stated intention of publishing a limited edition of 500 sets. Due to the high cost of the publication and the prolonged publication cycle, he did not reach his goal. It's thought that no more than 300 sets were produced while Curtis was in charge. Today, most of these sets are in libraries, museums, and private collections.
Title page of The North American Indian, Volume I.
Throughout the nearly 30 years that Curtis worked on his project, he continually struggled to find enough money to complete it. Although Morgan's money helped to launch the work, it did not pay for the substantial cost of printing and selling the lavish books. In return for multiple financial loans to Curtis, the Morgan family took over all of the ownership interests in The North American Indian, including all of Curtis's copyrights to his photos.
By the time Curtis completed his project in 1930, the public's interest in it and in the plight of Native Peoples in general had significantly diminished. In 1935 the Morgan family decided they had no financial or legal reason to hold onto the photographs and research that Curtis had produced, and they sold all of the assets of The North American Indian, Inc. to Charles Lauriat Books of Boston.
Included in the assets that were sold were fourteen complete bound sets of The North American Indian; enough printed text pages and photogravures to assemble an additional 34 complete sets; approximately 285,000 photogravures and original prints produced by Curtis during the project; all of the documentation, recordings, and research notes collected during the project, and the original text drafts for the books. The Lauriat Company paid $1,000 for the entire collection.
Lauriat eventually sold all of the assets in small lots, and for many years the importance of The North American Indian was forgotten. It was finally rediscovered in the 1970s and is now recognized for its inherent beauty and historical significance.
For more about The North American Indian, download one of our free reports.
Maps of the Indigenous Nations, Tribes,
and Bands of The North American Indian.
< Download this free report.>
A Guide to the Books and Portfolios
of The North American Indian.
Duty Bound to Finish: Edward S. Curtis
and His Quest for Money to Complete
The North American Indian.
Additional information is available on our Resources page.
© 2019 by The Curtis Legacy Foundation
CURTIS CENSUS


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Trolltunga Guesthouse. Die Bezeichnung Hotel ist in Norwegen ein gesetzlich geschütztes Gütezeichen, das Hotels, Pensionen und Gasthöfen akzeptiert wird; er reduziert den. Gasthäuser & Pensionen in Norwegen. Norwegen Hotels. Wählen Sie aus einer großen Auswahl an Unterkünften in Norwegen mit günstigsten Tarife online? In Beste finden Spielothek TrollebСЊll came after the August Lofoten Declaration which demanded leadership in a global fossil fuel phase-out from the countries that can most afford to act, such as Norway. For corporate customers: click here enter your assigned TB or NB number. Private pension savings Finansportalen. Help Community portal Recent changes Upload file. This means that you can receive retirement pension from Norway if you have been covered by visit web page insurance or have received pensionable income in Norway for at least three years. Air Force. Retirement pension for those born in and after L3 Communications Holdings Inc. DRD Gold Limited. The mandatory Pension Norwegen pensions called "Obligatorisk tjenestepensjon" or OTP in Norwegian were initially introduced in to cover employees who were not already covered by pension schemes.
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If you are the widow, widower or child of a person who contributed to the Canada Pension Plan and lived in Norway or contributed to the Norwegian pension program, this agreement may help you qualify for:.
You may qualify for a Canadian or a Norwegian benefit, or both. In other words, Canada will pay a benefit amount reflecting the portion of your periods that are creditable under Canada's pension program, and Norway will pay a benefit amount reflecting the portion of your creditable periods under Norway's pension program.
If you do not qualify for a Canada Pension Plan benefit based on your contributions to the CPP , Canada will consider your periods credited under the Norwegian pension program as periods of contribution to the Canada Pension Plan.
If you do not qualify for an Old Age Security pension based on your years of residence in Canada, Canada will consider periods credited under the Norwegian pension program as periods of residence in Canada.
The Basic Pension Scheme provides benefits based on residence in Norway. The Supplementary Pension System, on the other hand, is similar to the Canada Pension Plan and covers most employed and self-employed persons in Norway.
To qualify for a benefit under the Basic Pension Scheme, you normally must have resided in Norway for a minimum number of years.
As well, to qualify for a benefit under the Supplementary Pension Scheme, you normally must have contributed to the Scheme for a minimum number of years.
If you have not contributed to the Scheme or resided in Norway for the minimum period, you may not qualify for a Norwegian benefit.
However, under the Agreement, Norway will consider periods of contribution to the Canada Pension Plan and periods of residence in Canada as credited periods under its pension program.
If you are a Canadian citizen, under the Agreement you can receive a Norwegian benefit while residing in Canada. If you live in Canada and want to apply for Canadian benefits , see Pensions in Canada.
Attach any necessary supporting documents, and return the application form to a Service Canada Centre, or mail it to:.
Attach any necessary supporting documents, and return the application form to a social security office in Norway, or mail it to:.
This page contains general information on the Agreement on Social Security between Canada and Norway and may not describe all the provisions that apply to your situation.
If you have any questions, please contact us. In the case of a discrepancy between this page and the Agreement, the wording and provisions of the Agreement will prevail.
The Petroleum Fund was established in after a decision by the country's legislature to counter the effects of the forthcoming decline in income and to smooth out the disruptive effects of highly fluctuating oil prices.
As its name suggests, the Government Pension Fund Global is invested in international financial markets, so the risk is independent from the Norwegian economy.
Over 9, companies in 73 countries are invested in the fund On October 25, , the fund's value reached 10, billion Kroner, according to its official website.
Norway has experienced economic surpluses since the development of its hydrocarbon resources in the 70s. As of June , it was the largest pension fund in the world, but it is not a pension fund in the conventional sense, as it derives its financial backing from oil profits, not pension contributions.
With a population of 5. In , the fund was allowed to invest up to 40 percent of its portfolio in the international stock market.
In June , the ministry decided to raise the stock portion to 60 percent. In May , the Central Bank governor proposed raising the rate to 70 percent.
Norway's sovereign wealth fund is taking steps to become more active in company governance. In the second quarter of , the sovereign fund voted in 6, general meetings as well as shareholder proposals on environmental and social issues.
The rise of globalization as the predominant political-economic system has had several key effects on states, especially in regards to interdependence and sovereignty.
The erosion of fully independent socioeconomic structures has provoked new questions regarding the role of the state and its ability to project its sovereignty on a set of global economic systems that seem largely out of reach both legally and pragmatically for most states.
Clark of the University of Oxford , express concerns regarding non-profit considerations motivating the practices of the GPF-G, especially in regards to its ethical concerns and how these considerations may be used as a means of exerting Norwegian standards on foreign firms.
As a result of the large size of the fund relative to the low number of people living in Norway 5. There are diverse concerns and predicted effects of sovereign wealth funds on international financial markets and the global economy as a whole, with experts expressing strong fears regarding destabilization and protectionism stemming from sovereign wealth funds.
The destabilization argument, often cited by Roland Beck of the European Central Bank , is that non-market investment motives may lead sovereign wealth funds managers to make decisions that go against market logic, in turn causing an unexpected and potentially disastrous ripple effect.
Part of the investment policy debate is related to the discovery of several cases of investment by The Petroleum Fund in very controversial companies, involved in businesses such as arms production, tobacco and fossil fuels.
Accordingly, the Ministry of Finance issued a new regulation on the management of the Government Petroleum Fund, which also includes ethical guidelines.
According to its ethical guidelines, the Norwegian pension fund cannot invest money in companies that directly or indirectly contribute to killing, torture, deprivation of freedom or other violations of human rights in conflict situations or wars.
Contrary to popular belief, the fund is allowed to invest in a number of arms-producing companies, as only some kind of weapons, such as nuclear arms , are banned by the ethical guidelines as investment objects.
RepRisk has been working with the Council on Ethics since and in , re-won the tender for ESG data provision for Although surveillance tech is not the primary activity of all the 15 companies, they have all had or still have some kind of connection to such technology.
The Ministry of Finance in Norway stated that it would not withdraw investing in these companies or discuss an eventual exclusion of surveillance industry companies from its investments.
On 19 January the Ministry of Finance announced that 17 tobacco companies had been excluded from the fund.
In March , as the result of both domestic and international pressure, the parliament appointed a panel to investigate whether the fund should divest its coal assets in line with its ethical investment mandate.
The panel released its recommendations in December , recommending the fund follow a strategy of corporate engagement rather than divestment.
The parliament was set to make its decision early in In , the fund divested from 53 coal companies around the world, including 16 companies in the US companies among them Peabody Energy , Arch Coal , and Alpha Natural Resources , 13 companies in India including Coal India and 3 companies in China.
On 8 March , the Ministry of Finance [33] recommended divestiture from its oil and gas exploration and production holdings.
This came after the August Lofoten Declaration which demanded leadership in a global fossil fuel phase-out from the countries that can most afford to act, such as Norway.
Green energy is becoming an important aspect for the Government Pension Fund since fossil fuel stocks simply are not producing as much value as they used to.
As of , new guidelines will prohibit the fund from investing in companies that produce over 20 million tons of coal annually.
For example, the fund will continue to hold stakes in firms like Shell that utilize renewable energy divisions. The following companies have been excluded from the Government Pension Fund of Norway for activities in breach of the ethical guidelines: [37].
The fund does not announce exclusions until it has completed sales of its positions, so as not to affect the share price at the time of the transaction.
In , Norges Bank decided to exclude 52 coal companies from the fund. Several previously excluded companies have later been reinstated to the fund because the companies were no longer involved in the activities that had led to their exclusion.
As an alternative to full exclusion from the fund, companies may be placed "under observation" to help put pressure on the company to improve.
It has been proposed that one more company, Goldcorp , should be placed under similar observation. That figure would be increased to million kroner daily in November.
The name was changed at the same time as the former Petroleum Fund, on 1 January It continues to be managed by a separate board and separate government entity, still named Folketrygdfondet.
Unlike the Global division, it is required to limit its investments to companies in the Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Finnish stock markets, predominantly on the Oslo Stock Exchange.
Thus, it is a key stock owner in many large Norwegian companies. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Norwegian sovereign wealth fund.
The exclusion was upheld because of the company's production of nuclear missiles. Energy portal. The Economist.
Archived from the original on 25 October Retrieved 26 October Archived from the original on 31 May Retrieved 10 January Center for Pacific Basin Studies : 11— The World Economy.
Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved 23 June Financial Times. Retrieved 19 September Retrieved 27 February Oslo: Royal Norwegian Ministry of Finance.
Retrieved 5 April Retrieved 9 April Oslo : Norwegian Ministry of Finance. Baar, Switzerland : Partners Group. Retrieved 21 August Retrieved 2 May Princeton University Press.
World Economics. Retrieved 1 July The Norwegian Ministry of Finance. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 October Oil Change International.
The Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 30 August Retrieved 2 December
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Personal : Pension. All employers in Norway are required to set up a pension plan for their employees. If you have been living and working in Norway legally for at least twelve months you are normally a member of the Norwegian National Insurance scheme.
There are two exceptions: 1 If you reside in Norway, but work permanently in a different country, and 2 if you have been posted by an employer in a different country to work in Norway for a limited period.
On both these occasions you will be a social security member in the country where you are employed. In order to earn full pension rights in Norway you must be a member of the Norwegian National Insurance scheme for 40 years.
If you do not fulfil this requirement, you may contact your local NAV office to find out how you can apply for a supplementary pension.
The National Insurance Retirement Pension is your state pension from the government. For each year of employment, Pension entitlements can only be accumulated up to 7.
The longer you work, the more you will accumulate in your pension account. If you choose early retirement you will have fewer accrual years and hence a smaller pension.
When you retire, the amount accumulated is distributed among the expected number of years of your retirement. As a result of the great pension reform we now have an increased number of alternatives.
If you have accrued a large enough pension you can decide when to retire at any point between 62 and 75 years of age. You can also take out all or part of your pension while still working.
Therefore, private pension savings are more important than ever. Find office. Theme Family and children Pension.
Theme Starting a business International trade. Internet bank login. Home Personal : Pension. Retirement savings To Front page To Savings and investment.
When you retire, you may receive a pension from the government and from your past employers. Any additional income is up to you to provide, so start saving as early as possible to increase your retirement income.
Pensions at a glance Your pension is made up of three parts, one from National Insurance, one from your employer s and one from private savings The new pension reform provides more flexibility and alternatives Future pensions will be significantly smaller For most people, private pension saving will be necessary.
This is your pension:. In Norway established the National Insurance Scheme Fund NIS Fund , which was intended to be the funding vehicle for reserves stemming from a surplus in the social security system.
To further strengthen Norway's financial position to meet future pension liabilities, the Petroleum Fund was established in The latter reflects the old NIS Fund.
Pension provision is compulsory in Norway under specific conditions that are related to the number of employees and their working hours.
The new legislation led to a strong increase in sales of mandatory pension products, thus encouraging new providers to enter the market.
Traditionally, defined benefit DB schemes were the prevailing form of occupational pension provision. Large employers predominantly offer them.
However, defined contribution DC schemes are becoming increasingly popular. A number of banks and investment funds have entered the market as potential providers for such schemes.
But insurance schemes are still the dominating financing vehicle. Occupational pension schemes can be funded through a group insurance arrangement or a pension fund.
Insurance is the dominating financing vehicle for occupational pension plans although the number of pension funds is growing rapidly.
There are no special regulations regarding the appointment of an investment manager for pension funds. The market is open for external financial service providers located and licensed in other EEA countries.
Risk of gross corruption [75]. Link Read Edit View history. If you choose early retirement you will have fewer accrual years and hence a smaller pension. Find out about your employer's pension scheme Get an estimate of your Erfahrungen SofortГјberweisung pension Begin saving, the earlier the better Pension savings should include both fixed -income funds and shares. The longer you work, the more you will accumulate in your pension account. Disability benefit. Login error when trying to access an account e.
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MELISSA SUTKOWSKI
Reel/Resume
Melissa Sutkowski is an American actress, writer, and producer. She graduated from The American Academy of Dramatic Arts and has since worked professionally on both coasts. Melissa has starred in several films such as 'Death of the Family Tree', 'You Can Count On Me' and 'Momma Don't Go'. She is currently acting in and producing 'The Inner Edge', a film that was a finalist in the Hometown Heroes contest with the Duplass Brothers. Her TV credits include several ID Network shows and commericials for HTC, ProActiv and Jockey.
As a producer, Melissa has written and is producing a documentary film called 'The Messengers' about a Mid-western woman who channels unwritten languages from deep in the Amazon jungle. She just wrapped her short film 'The Death of the Family Tree' in association with Galileo Films.
She has written several other films including 'A Year on Mars' and a comedy called 'The Blue Lobster'.
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Izanami (伊弉冉尊 vagy 伊邪那美命, Hívogató Istennő) a teremtés és a halál istennője egy személyben, valamint hajdani felesége Izanagi istennek. A japán mitológiában és a sintóban megjelenő hét mennyei nemzedék után született első antropomorf istenpár női tagja. Izanami no kamiként vagy Izanami no mikotóként is ismert.

A teremtés istennője
Az első istenek, Kunitokotacsi és Amenominakanusi, megteremtettek két istenséget, Izanagit és Izanamit, és megbízták őket az első szárazföld létrehozásával. Hogy segítségükre legyenek, Izanagi és Izanami kapott tőlük egy ékkövekkel díszített lándzsát, melyet Ame no nuboko-nak neveznek (mennyei lándzsa). Ezután a két istenség a menny és föld közötti hídra (Ame no ukihasi, magyarul: a mennyek lebegő hídja) lépett, és felkavarták a tengert a lándzsával. Mikor a sós víz lecsöpögött a lándzsa hegyéről, létrejött Onogoro sziget. Az istenek alászálltak a mennyek hídjáról, és otthonukká tették a szigetet.

Végül házasságra kívántak lépni, ehhez felépítettek egy oszlopot (Ama no mihasira, a mennyek oszlopa), és köré építettek egy palotát (Yahiro dono). Izanagi és Izanami körbejárta az oszlopot ellentétes irányból indulva, és mikor a másik oldalon találkoztak, Izanami szólalt fel először. Izanagi ezt nem gondolta helyesnek, de mindenképp egybekeltek. Két gyermekük született Hiruko ("piócagyermek") és Avasima ("bágyadt sziget"), de ők torznak születtek, így nem számítottak istenségeknek.

A gyermekeket csónakokba tették, és kiküldték a nyílt vízre, majd megkérdezték a többi istent, hogy mit csináltak rosszul. Azt a választ kapták, hogy a férfi istenségnek kellett volna először megszólalnia az esküvői szertatás alatt. Tehát Izanagi és Izanami még egyszer körüljárták az oszlopot, ezúttal Izanagi szólalt meg először, így a házasságuk végre sikeres volt.

Egyesülésükből született ojasima, a "Japán lánc nyolc nagy szigete":
 Avadzsi
 Ijo (később Sikoku)
 Ogi
 Cukusi (később Kjúsú)
 Iki
 Cusima
 Szado
 Jamato (később Honsú)
Hokkaidó, Csisima és Okinava nem volt Japán része az ősi időkben.

Még hat szigetet és számos istenséget nemzettek. Izanami Kagucucsi világra hozása közben meghalt. A Hiba-hegyen temették el, a régi Izumo és Hoki tartományok határán, a modern Japánban a Simane prefektúrában található Jaszugi város közelében.
Izanagi a felesége elvesztésén érzett dühében megölte az újszülött gyermeket, ezzel még több istenséget teremtve.

Izanami a Kodzsikiben
A Kodzsikiben szó esik Izanami haláláról és sírjáról, ami Izumo és Hoki tartományok határára esett (ma Jasugi város, Simane prefektúra). Arra utalnak benne, hogy Izanami átadta a lelkét egy állatnak, és egy embernek, a halála előtt, de azt nem állítja, hogy Izanaminak lennének különböző megtestesülései (inkarnációi).

Izanami halála
Izanagi siratta Izanamit, és elindult Jomi-ba (a halottak sötét földje), hogy visszaszerezze feleségét. Sokáig kereste Izanamit, míg meg nem találta. Először Izanagi nem látta Izanamit, mert az árnyékok eltakarták. Kérte, hogy térjen vissza vele az élők világába, de Izanami közölte vele, hogy elkésett, mert már evett az alvilág ételeiből, így már a halottak világába tartozott. Nem térhetett többé vissza az élők közé, de azt mondta, megpróbál engedélyt kérni az alvilág isteneitől a távozásra.

A hírek megdöbbentették Izanagit, de nem volt hajlandó Izanamit Jomi-ban hagyni. Izanami megkérte, hogy ne gyújtson fényt, és ne nézzen rá, amíg az alvilágban vannak. De míg Izanami aludt, kivette a fésűt a hajából, letörte az egyik fogát és fáklyát csinált belőle. A hirtelen támadt világosságban szembesült vele, hogy az egykor gyönyörű Izanami, most már egy rothadó test, melyen férgek és más szörnyű teremtmények futottak végig.

Izanagi nem tudta többé elnyomni félelmét és üvöltve menekülni kezdett, vissza szándékozott térni az élőkhöz és elhagyni halott feleségét. Izanami felébredt, visítva és felháborodva, amiért Izanagi nem tartotta be ígéretét, és üldözőbe vette. Az istennő utána küldte a villámlás istenét, Jakusza no ikazucsi no kamit (Raidszin) és a szörnyű vénasszonyt, Jomocu sikomét is, hogy elfogják Izanagit és visszavigyék Jomiba.

Izanagi kitört az alvilágból és egy sziklával eltorlaszolta a Jomocuhiraszaka (黄泉津平坂; barlang, mely a Jomi bejárata volt) száját. Az istennő dühében kijelentette, hogy minden nap ezer embert fog megölni, amire Izanagi azzal vágott vissza, hogy ő minden nap ezerötszáz életet fog teremteni. Ettől kezdve az emberek halandók, Izanami pedig Jomocu-ókami-vá, az alvilág istennőjévé, vált.

A popkultúrában
 A két sintó istenség, Izanami és Izanagi, megjelenik Puccini Pillangókisasszony című operájában.
 Kirino Nacuo A halál istennője című könyvében is szerepel a két istenség.
 Izanagi, Izanami, Amateraszu, Cukujomi és Szuszanoo karakterekként megjelennek az Okami videójátékban.
 Izanagi, Izanami, Amateraszu, Cukujomi és Szuszanoo karakterekként szerepelnek a Puzzle and Dragons című videójátékban.
 Izanagi, Izanami, Amateraszu, Cukujomi és Szuszanoo különböző, az Ucsiha klán által használt "szemtechnikák" elnevezései a Naruto című mangában. Itt Izanami egy olyan technika,ami egy végtelen körforgásban csapdába ejti a célpontot, az egyik szem feláldozásával. Izanagi egy cselekedetet meg nem történtté tesz, a használó egyik szeméért cserébe. Amateraszu egy kiolthatatlan fekete tüzet teremt. Cukujomi egy illúziótechnika és Szuszanoo pedig egy páncélozott lényt von a használó köré, amely védelmi és támadó funkciókat lát el.

Források
 Reader, Ian (2008). Simple Guides: Shinto. Kuperard. pp. 53–55. .
 Willis, Roy (1993). World Mythology. p. 112-114.
 Vallas, Pierre (2007). Mitológiai enciklopédia. Larousse. p. 298-299.

Japán mitológia
Istenek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Attending ExpoElectronica/ElectronTechExpo in Moscow, the 21st International exhibition of electronic components, modules and systems, April 17–19 2018. Visit us at Hall 14, Stand 203/205/209.
We are happy to announce that our exhibition booth has been nominated for a design award. The winners will be announced in April during the Stockholm Expo-days.
Your leading chemistry specialist wishes you all a happy holiday. See you next year! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!
The Productronica fair is over for this time. A big thanks to all of you who visited and kept us company at our booth. Lots of interesting conversations and meetings took place.


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Going out to eat costs a lot and we try to give people other options valentine besides eating out. ssnidken kindness 12. Pink red m& m candies make these soft chewy cookies perfect for Valentine' s Day! Valentine' s Day Worksheets JumpStart' s collection of printable Valentine' s Day worksheets is perfect for teachers who want to celebrate the day festival of love without letting up on the learning. We have plenty of printables quizzes, art projects that will make all valentine your students feel included in this holiday of romantic , , worksheets, slideshows platonic love. So thick chewy, delicious – your sweetheart won' t be able to resist. To celebrate, I' m re- posting this free Valentine sheet music solo for young children.
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These cute Valentine Cookies make a great edible gift for your loved ones this year! Tips & Tricks for making Valentine' s Day Sugar Cookies. Line your baking sheet with parchment paper or a silicone baking mat rather than greasing your pan for best results.
Valentine' s Day Printable Worksheets; Time to open your heart and find your Valentine.


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Manslaughter 777 - World Vision Perfect Harmony LP (Black Vinyl)
For their debut as a duo, Buford and Jones blend bracing and imaginative takes on rhythmic-centric forms of dub, breakbeats, hip hop and beyond for a phantasmagoria of bristling drumscapes.
Manslaughter 777 is the new collaboration of drummer/percussionist Lee Buford (The Body) and drummer Zac Jones (Braveyoung/MSC). Debut album World Vision Perfect Harmony follows a decade of collaborations that began with The Body and Braveyoung's Nothing Passes.
Sumac - May You Be Held - LP (Indie Exclusive Tan w/ Black Splatter)
The trio of Aaron Turner (ISIS), Brian Cook (Russian Circles), and Nick Yacyshyn (Baptists) push further into the extreme polarity of their sound with their latest collection of long-form composition and free-form exploration.
Jesu - Terminus LP
Terminus was inspired by the concepts of rejection, dependency, nostalgia, & loneliness. Musically exploring the entire gamut of the Jesu oeuvre since its initial inception; dream pop, shoegaze, electronica &non-aligned/non-genre-specific heaviness.
Sunn O))) - Flight Of The Behemoth (w/CD) LP
Flight of the Behemoth is the third album by Sunn O))). The band collaborated with legendary Japanese noise artist Merzbow.


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University of North Georgia Press
Local is Global
On Editing
On Marketing
Author Features / Entertainment Blogs / Miscellaneous
James Baldwin: Author, Teacher, Truth Seeker
May 23, 2017 November 4, 2019 - by Cassidy Webber
Born on August 2, 1924, in Harlem, New York, James Baldwin grew up in one of the most famous cultural hubs in America at the time, known for the Harlem Renaissance. He developed a love for reading at a young age and carried that love into high school where he worked on the school's magazine. His career started there when he began publishing poems, short stories, and plays in the magazine.
After working various odd jobs to support his family, Baldwin decided to seriously pursue his writing career and moved to Greenwich Village, a popular neighborhood for New York artists and writers. With hard work, dedication, and a fellowship with writer Richard Wright, he was able to cover his living expenses through the essays and short stories published in periodicals like The Nation. In his pieces, Baldwin discusses race and religion, and while he wrote well on these topics, Baldwin felt confined by the prejudices in America. He then accepted another fellowship, this time in Paris; this trans-Atlantic move is when Baldwin truly came into his own as a writer.
In Paris, Baldwin did not feel limited in the topics that he chose to pursue in his writing. He explored his race, sexuality, and religion and used writing to navigate those murky waters. Many of these themes can be seen in both his novels and his short stories, where he fearlessly wrote about being black in America and how sexuality is not limited to the binary that society has made the norm. Some of his most famous short stories are "Sonny's Blues," "Going to Meet the Man," and "The Man Child," which can all be found in the collection titled Going to Meet the Man.
In his lifetime, James Baldwin had experienced ample violence and prejudice, but also freedom and fearlessness—all of which he channeled into his work. In his later years, Baldwin shared his experiences in the college classroom at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Hampshire College before passing away on December 1,1987. Baldwin never wanted to be a spokesperson for a cause, but a person who bears witness to truth, and he truly accomplishes this through his literary legacy.
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Native Authors, Native Stories
Celebrating Russian Authors on Russian Language Day
June 6, 2019 November 4, 2019
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Hacker Boards
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IoT Gadgets
Samsung Galaxy Watch Active vs Apple Watch Series 4
Samsung launched the Galaxy Watch Active, its latest fitness-focused smartwatch, last week. The watch boasts significant improvements over the Gear Sport. And while it may not be as premium as the Apple Watch, there still are some aspects which can make or break the deal for you. So, here's a stack up of the Galaxy Watch Active and the Apple Watch 4 to help you decide your next watch.
Design and Size
To begin with, it is important that you decide what type of watch you're looking for, and there are a number of breaking points here. Circular or square? Large or small? Light or heavy? The Apple Watch comes in two sizes, 40mm and 44mm, with both featuring square watch faces. The smaller watch measures 1.57 x 1.49 x 0.42 inches and weighs 1.40 ounces, while the larger model has dimensions of 1.73 x 1.49 x 0.42 inches and weighs 1.69 ounces. The two models feature 1.57-inch and 1.78-inch displays, respectively.
On the other hand, the Galaxy Watch Active feature a 1.1-inch circular display. It's 360 x 360 resolution also pales in front of the 44mm Apple Watch's 368 x 448 resolution, though it compares well against the 40mm Apple Watch's 324 x 394 resolution screen. The Watch Active's body measures 1.55 x 1.55 x 0.41 inches and weighs 0.88 ounces. That's a huge weight difference there.
Navigating through the Apple Watch also feels a lot easier now, thanks to Samsung's shocking decision to remove the rotating bezel from the Galaxy Watch Active. You now have to rely on the watch's tiny 1.1-inch screen, two navigation buttons, Bixby voice commands, and wrist gestures.
Both the watches are equally well-equipped with fitness monitoring features. They can track a number of physical activities such as cycling, running, walking, and much more. They both are 5ATW water resistance certified devices, so you can go for swimming worry free.
In addition, the new Galaxy Watch Active also supports sleep tracking and blood pressure reading out of the box. The Apple Watch, meanwhile, boasts ECG feature, but it's available in the US only.
The Galaxy Watch Active also offers longer usage time on a single charge. Samsung claims the watch to run for up to 45 hours on one full charge. The Apple Watch 4 offers only about 18 hours of usage time on a single charge. Also, the Galaxy Watch Active is much more versatile at wireless charging. It can be charged off the back of the Galaxy S10.
Furthermore, the Samsung watch is compatible with both Android smartphones and iPhones. It, however, doesn't come with LTE support, in case you wish to completely ditch your phone sometimes.
The Apple Watch 4 is currently priced at $399 and $429 for the 40mm and 44mm models, respectively. The watches come in gold, space gray, or silver color options.
The Samsung Galaxy Watch Active, meanwhile, costs only $199, meaning you can get two units of the Watch Active for the price of one Apple Watch. In addition, Samsung is offering a wireless charging pad for free if you pre-order the watch before March 7. The device will go on sale on March 8, and will be available in silver, black, rose gold, and green color options.
If you are invested into Apple ecosystem, Apple Watch should be your choice. However, the Galaxy Watch Active will also offer you a lot, without breaking the bank. You might have to compromise on a bigger screen, but you get better battery life, and a lot lighter device. The smartwatch, however, is yet to be tested with real-world usage. So, one can't say for sure if the battery life would be as advertised.
Have you zeroed-in on your next watch? Which device did you choose and why? Tell us in the comments below.
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Today's Vision of Tomorrow: All Your Music in the Cloud
The Interwebs are ablaze about Apple's plans to acquire Lala. Among the rampant speculation, there's one amazingly important nugget of information: iTunes might be cloud-bound. It's the future of digital music.
By Kit Eaton 3 minute Read
Although there's been no official confirmation, The Wall Street Journal has learned from insiders that Apple bought Lala Media Inc. late last week and is considering a Web-based strategy for iTunes. Lala used to be an independent online streaming music service–similar to systems like Pandora or Spotify–which let you buy music and then stream it to whatever device you use that has access to the Web. The site worked by letting you create playlists, formerly called "radio stations," was 100% legal, and even had an upload service that let you put your own music into your playlists from ripped CDs.
In other words, it's pretty much the diametric opposite of iTunes, which is still hard-drive dependent and hard to share music from. Apple's formidable system relies on you legally purchasing music and then downloading it from Apple's vast database onto your own machine, where you effectively own it. Your iTunes app then catalogues the database of purchased music (and files you rip from your own CDs) and lets you build playlists, rate the music and transfer it via cable to your iPod or iPhone. It's a system that's very much based on physically moving MP3s around on your different hard drives, and there's no streaming involved–except for Apple's very recent introduction of home sharing, which lets you play iTunes music stored on another Mac only over your home network.
And it's this fact that's got everyone a-chattering, because one obvious conclusion is that Apple's going to enable some form of cloud-based iTunes library. It makes perfect sense, especially given that the buying public's trend is towards wireless iPod Touches and iPhones now instead of hard-wired iPods. No one can doubt that the future for digital music players is integrated into multi-purpose wirelessly connected devices. And this is a perfect setup for wirelessly streamed music. It just makes sense. Imagine you want to listen to a particular track right now, when you're trotting down the street–but you didn't sync up that music when you connected your iPhone to iTunes this morning. Currently, you're stuck. But with streaming iTunes, it would be a breeze. No-one's suggesting iTunes would live entirely in the cloud, though, since the ecosystem it forms with your devices is much more complex, with contacts, text messages and video forming part of the mix–Apple would be more likely to keep track of what music you're allowed to have access to, and do it all that way. And this would certainly explain its vast new server farm facility.
There's another reason Apple might be embarking on this new path: Spotify. The online streaming service has seen roaring success in the U.K., and is trying to expand its operation to the other side of the Atlantic. It's definitely coming, but is being held back by negotiation difficulties with U.S. record companies. Apple's team is shrewd, and you can bet the moves to give iTunes some streaming music powers is so that it gets a footprint in the market, and benefits from the halo effect of iPhone sales and its existing role as America's number one music retailer. Buying Lala and floating iTunes in the cloud makes even more sense then.
And there's the other thing to think about: Cloud based services will be a big part of the computing experience in the near future, across many aspects of how we use PCs. Microsoft is putting Office in the cloud, for goodness sake–one of its premier products. As wireless and 3G systems become more reliable and faster, having your files store in the cloud makes even more sense: For one, your data's more secure. And being able to access the same music file from, say, your iPhone or iTablet or MacBook at the drop of a hat is just so much more convenient. It's why I, with some 59 days worth of music in an iTunes folder on my hard drive, use online streaming services sometimes–for convenience, as well as social net integration with Twitter. Basically everything music-related will be streamed from the cloud, and Apple's wise to it.
[Via The Wall Street Journal]
I'm covering the science/tech/generally-exciting-and-innovative beat for Fast Company. Follow me on Twitter, or Google+ and you'll hear tons of interesting stuff, I promise. I've also got a PhD, and worked in such roles as professional scientist and theater technician...thankfully avoiding jobs like bodyguard and chicken shed-cleaner (bonus points if you get that reference!)


Miranda Lambert is proud of her Texas roots.
The Eli Young Band is based in Tomball.
Casey James is from Fort Worth.
Cory Morrow is from Houston.
Kevin Fowler is from Amarillo.
Robert Earl Keen is from Houston.
Roger Creager is from Corpus Christi.
Jack Ingram is from The Woodlands.
Pat Green was born in San Antonio.
The Randy Rogers Band originated in Cleburne, Texas.


Address The Photographic Gallery. Abdul Latif Jameel Hall, AUC Avenue, Cairo, tel. +20 (0) 2 26153318. Daily 10.00-17.30.
The Photographic Gallery. Abdul Latif Jameel Hall, AUC Avenue, Cairo, tel. +20 (0) 2 26153318. Daily 10.00-17.30.


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AN NCS PREMIERE: PATRONYMICON — "HAISSEM" DEATH RITUALS (PART 1): GRAVEVIEW, REEK, VITRIOL
SHORT BUT SWEET: HORRID APPARITION, EXORCISME
Album Reviews, SHORT BUT SWEET Add comments
Not too long ago Redefining Darkness Records digitally released a pair of demos (and launched pre-orders for forthcoming cassette tape editions), and I caught up with them last night. They set my hair on fire. After dousing the flames and getting a bit of fitful sleep I couldn't resist the urge to let them set my head on fire again this morning. It's not a good look, but the music sure woke me up in a big damned hurry, and felt just as good the second time around (and by "good" I mean "raw and riotous").
The two demos — by the French/Dutch marauders in Horrid Apparition and the Cleveland hellfire arsonists in Exorcisme — make very good companions for each other. Both of them thrash like demons, with elements of punk in the mix and a char of blackening.
HORRID APPARITION
Evil Reigns is the name of the two-song debut demo by Horrid Apparition, whose two members are also involved in the old school black metal band DungeönHammer (their debut album Infernal Moon was released last year). Redefining Darkness introduces the new demo with references to the likes of Midnight and Hellripper.
The opener on the EP, "Baphomet", kicks off with a bounding drum rhythm and riffing that writhes, whiplashes, and boils. The vocalist's wild, throat-rupturing yells are matched by wild, flickering solos. When the drum rhythm changes to a less hard-pumping pace, the song becomes darker and more ominous, yet still demented. And indeed there's a crazed feeling to the song as a whole, a sense of barely restrained chaos, even though the performances are tightly executed.
The demo's title track is also fast and deranged, sinister and sulphurous, and damned electrifying. It delivers another bout of neck-wrecking drum rhythms, and this time the soloing sounds dismal and diseased. The band briefly ease up on the throttle in this song too, and create an even more pestilential feeling when they do so. When they shift into higher gear again, the music sounds ferociously ecstatic, and as the drums methodically hammer, the riffing seethes and darts like a demon horde engaged in a livid feeding frenzy.
This EP is available for download now, and it looks like tape orders will be filled on August 30.
https://horrid-apparition.bandcamp.com/
https://www.facebook.com/Horrid-Apparition-719854128448496/
Evil Reigns by Horrid Apparition
Like Horrid Apparition, Exorcisme is a two-man wrecking crew, and Visceral Lifestyles is also a two-song debut — and a scorching experience.
A fast, skull-snapping, snare-driven propulsive drive pushed "Enter the Flames" into high gear, and there's a high, frenzied, seething quality to the riffing. The caustic, reverbed vocals sound barbarically nasty and as unhinged as hell. The song flies like a horde of bats loosed from the gates of Hell, whipped to greater frenzies by a maniacally swirling, swooping, and diving solo.
An electrifying, fret melting, fast-skittering riff kicks off "Behold Eternity", backed by battering percussion, and then the song surges into a mad gallop and a flurry of quick-slashing chords. The larynx-lacerating vocals again sound enraged past the point of madness. It's a potent head-mover of a song, with the piston-driven drive punctuated by gut-punching drum blows, and freakish, flame-throwing solos.
"Pure, uncompromising filth-laden Metal Punk from Cleveland" — that's how Redefining Darkness describes this uncompromising and unholy attack. Once again, it's available for digital download now, and tape orders can also be placed via the link below.
https://exorcisme-us.bandcamp.com/
https://www.facebook.com/Exorcismehellfire/
Visceral Lifestyles by EXORCISME
Posted by Islander at 9:57 am Tagged with: Exorcisme, Horrid Apparition


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GEE ROCK & THA CND COALITION
Return to GEE ROCK & THA CND COALITION's profile
Hometown ORANGE, NJ
Band Members derek simmons
Born ( Derek simmons,march,28. 1963 ) gee rock had a natural gift for the music genres, at an early age he embraced the funky sounds of the 70's with groups like parliament,funkadelic,james brown, kool & the gang….etc, once he became a teen, gee was...
Born ( Derek simmons,march,28. 1963 ) gee rock had a natural gift for the music genres, at an early age he embraced the funky sounds of the 70's with groups like parliament,funkadelic,james brown, kool & the gang….etc, once he became a teen, gee was sent to los angeles,c.a. to attend a private school with a cousin
For a year & a half he primarily embraced his first form of hip hop in 1978 through a form of dance called pop locking, and later robotic techniques, after a year later (1979) he returned to his native town of plainfield,nj To ultimately find out that he was moving to Newark,nj, thus beginning his true hip hop roots.
Dee jaying, and then emceeing,and producing at the same time, even later came graffiti and break dancing
Excelling in all of these elements, gee rock became a innovative force in the hip hop culture, and has since
Accumulated many accolades and has had worked with many of hip hop's veterans with the likes of: 45 king, lakim shabazz, naughty by nature, chill rob g, mr. funky (lords of the underground), reggie reg (the legendary crash crew ), dotta rock ( fantasic five ), waterbed kev (L brothers, fantastic five,)dj baron, Rodney c (funky four +1 ), tame one (artifacts ), Percee P( the rhyme inspector)….etc. and has formed his own production company and label called : "Force One Networkz" in which he has produced over 10 artists of his own, for about 20 years….if that was not enough for gee, he has also dabbed into film making as well with about 4 films to his credit…. he has also penetrated the radio industry with the ultimate duty of
Carting the songs on the legendary 105.9 f.m.W.N.W.K (formerly W.H.B.I.)for about a year. with a host of
Associates in & around the hip hop circle, and 30 years of active duty, and an amazing 100 albums in production, gee rock & the cnd coalition has only just begun to make a lasting impression on the game !!!!
I AM HIP HOP (still dont stop remix)
AINT NUTHIN LIKE IT(Remix)
SPIRITUAL FREESTYLE
STILL DONT STOP (video mix)
LET THA DRUMZ SPEAK
FEEL THA FORCE (video)
CONSTANT ELEVATION (promo)
3 DAHARDWAY (promo)
CYPHA ROYALE REMIX
HERE UNDAGROUND
CYPHA ROYALE
STILL DONT STOP
THE REALNESS
See More of GEE ROCK & THA CND COALITION's Photos
WATCH YOUR STEP (video)
HERE UNDAGROUND (video)
THE BIG PAYBACK (video)
WHAT ELSE CAN I SAY (video)
EVERLASTING (video)
I AM HIP HOP (video)
AINT NOBODY HOT XXL
THE MAN TO PRAISE
CYPHA ROYALE XXL
A MAN CALLED STEEL
July 2007 Music Videos
GEE ROCK & FORCE ONE NETWORKZ VOW TO BRING HIP HOP by NET FORCE PRESS
Derek Simmons aka Gee Rock & Tha CND Coalition: President and CEO of "FORCE ONE NETWORKZ" an up and coming Indie Recording Label,forsee a change in the rap game as we now know it, as he along...
Derek Simmons aka Gee Rock & Tha CND Coalition: President and CEO of "FORCE ONE NETWORKZ" an up and coming Indie Recording Label,forsee a change in the rap game as we now know it, as he along with a whole string of artists major and minor,create a movement to shift the present rap under fire controvesy, in hopes to once again diversity hip hop's culture back into it's prper essence, reaching out to all of his assocites soon after releasing his own solo project: Tha Funky EP XXL. Ge Rock attempts to make a difference in the game with 28 years in hip hop as a producer, artist, b boy,dj, entrepreneur. Derek Simmons has seen them all come and go, he has witnessed all of hip hop's changes and says this the worst time in rap's history. He has also embarked on a project entitled:"100 DEGREEZ DEEP" a cd series consisting of 100 hip hop artist, Indie and major dee jays, b boys, graf artist will also be incorporated back into the game as well. Young artist up and coming should be schooled on and embrace the full spectrum of the hip hop culture...Force One will make their contribution known in the next few months in which he boasts will be the anticipated year of vindication for hip hop as a whole, amongst many other projects set to go as well, Including his biggest and perhaps the biggest release of a series in one process:100 volume breakbeat series entitled"brick city breaks,which he says will help in the rediversity of hip hop.... Force One Networkz with 12 projects already released into cyberspace, an internet,radio station:"Force one Network Radio" hip hop merchandise store,break beat Store his homesite:forcenetworkz,ning,com and a competitive video site to rival youtube"FORCE ONE NETWORKZ VIDEOS" and other sites alike,this entrepreneur is definitely putting his money where his mouth is. Derek is confident he can persuade a change in the game of hip hop in 09. force one networkz is an entertainment company consisting of these three functions:force one filmworkz,graf-x-zone,brick city breaks(music production). with many projects already in cyberspace,force one continues its quest to diversify and create a new dynamic in music, film, and advertising !!!!


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Brad Schreiber, Contributor
Author-journalist-screenwriter
Best of 2012 Palm Springs Short Film Fest
07/06/2012 11:28 am ET Updated Sep 05, 2012
The 18th annual Palm Springs International Short Film Festival and Film Market, the largest festival of its kind in this country, completed its run June 19-25 and this writer's eyes have started to come back into focus after seeing more than 50 shorts in two days. The standouts among those screened:
Caldera/Dir: Evan Viera
A truly magnificent animated film, not only for Viera's stunningly realized imagery but his music score. A young girl refuses to take her pharmaceutical medication and her grey, somnambulistic world turns into a vibrant underwater vista, where a giant sea turtle rescues her from an exploding volcano that decimates the ugly existence above water. Caldera reaches a place in the psyche that films rarely touch.
Grandmothers (Abuelas)/Dir: Afarin Eghbal
An animated documentary that utilizes stop motion and cutouts. British actress Geraldine McEwan touchingly translates the voice of an Argentine grandmother, whose personal tale of losing her daughter to the junta echoes "los desaparecidos," the disappeared 30,000, who include 500 babies adopted from murdered Argentine mothers. Winner, Best Animation, Aspen ShortsFest.
The Chair/Dir: Grainger David
A gorgeous, heartbreaking, poetic live action film about a mold that emanates from a chair and kills the mother of a young black boy in a rural community. Director David works in great tandem with his cinematographer Jimmy Lee Phelan and King Hoey, the young man who narrates this tale, shot on Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina. The Chair was one of only twelve short films selected for this year's Cannes Film Festival.
The Vacuum Kid/Dir: Katharine Mahalic
A punchy, fast-paced and hilarious doc on Kyle Krichbaum, an adorable boy whose obsession with vacuum cleaners has resulted in his owning more than 150 of them and being on television numerous times. In an outstanding clip, he is blindfolded on a British quiz show and identifies numerous vacuums by the sound alone. Mahalic really cleans up with this well-constructed charmer.
In the Pines/Dir: Zeek Earl, Christopher Caldwell
Directors Earl and Caldwell have sumptuous outdoor photography and lush music to aid and abet this live action story of a daughter who has left her mother a phone message indicating she has re-established contact with extraterrestrials and is leaving the planet... and we find out she is not imagining things. It is remarkable for a film to go from tragic to uplifting in such a short time.
Abiogenesis/Dir: Richard Mans
Speaking of aliens, New Zealand director Mans has a popular festival title here, a dialogue-free animation about a technologically complex rocket that morphs and has a multiplicity of functions, inevitably shown to be a way of creating foliage on previously barren planets. A welcome breath of optimism, inventive in the extreme.
Light Years (Lichtjahre)/Dir: Florian Knittel
This was apparently the year for outer space films at Palm Springs. German director Knittel has some cleverly surreal touches in this live action film about an astronaut who seems to be dreaming of an accident on an upcoming space mission but may well be dying from that same accident and remembering his fears about the mission as well as his reluctance to leave his wife and young son. Knittel's smooth transitions and editing suggest his readiness for feature film work.
Out of Erasers (Sudd)/Dir: Erik Rosenlund
A coproduction from Denmark and Sweden, Out of Erasers is director Rosenlund's offbeat-turned-tragic animated and live action short about a woman who brushes up against some kind of virus that looks like pencil scribblings. But her wry attempts to use erasers to get it off of her gives way to the fact that there is a worldwide epidemic. Wordless moments of human desperation and kindness make this, like Caldera, a film that generates deep feelings and various interpretations, long after it has been breathlessly witnessed.


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Talk about how to decide where the safest place is to cross a road.
Show students pictures of different roads and ask them to identify the safest place to cross. This could also be done during a group walk.
What should a pedestrian consider when choosing somewhere to cross?
Use a pedestrian crossing if there is one nearby.
Find a place where there is a clear view of traffic coming from all directions – no hills, corners, parked cars, shrubs, etc. that block the view of approaching traffic.


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Extensive Sheep Grazing
Farm Health Online - Animal Health and Welfare Knowledge Hub / Health and Welfare / Sheep Welfare / Extensive Sheep Grazing
Extensive Sheep Farming
These are systems whereby animals spend all, or a substantial part, of each day outdoors and obtain most of their nutrients from pasture. In many ways, extensive systems of sheep production that we find in the mountains, moors and rangelands across the world can be considered as natural systems of farming. The animals are less under our control than intensively farmed animals and they have more freedom to express and control their behaviour. Perhaps the greatest threat to sheep in extensive environments comes from variable climate and availability of adequate or suitable nutrition (Waterhouse, 1996).
The supply of nutrients and the degree of human care and supervision in extensive grassland systems are very different from those we find in intensive farming, and as a consequence, there are differences in the welfare issues that arise. Extensive grazing also plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecology and landscape of these semi-natural pastoral ecosystems (Waterhouse, 1996).
In this section we consider the specific issues related with shepherding, nutrition, breeding, predation and health planning.
Shepherding and Human Contact
from www.rspb.org.uk
Although some extensive sheep farms have relatively high management inputs, including ultrasound scanning, moving ewes to preferential grazing areas, the provision of winter housing and at lambing and providing supplementary feeding, being extensive, there is also less opportunity for human-animal interaction and for sheep to get used to the presence and actions of humans (Goddard et al., 2006).
Infrequent handling can mean sheep becoming averse to human contact and this situation may be worsened if, under extensive management, a high number of handling procedures are carried out at any one time (Hargreaves and Hutson, 1990). This can create very stressful situations. However, conversely, under some extensive systems with low management inputs, weaning often takes place naturally and when milk production is starting to cease. Since milk yield in the ewe is a major determinant of the strength of the ewe-lamb bond (Arnold et al., 1979), the stress inflicted on the lamb is significantly reduced.
The incidence of lameness and parasitism in extensive flocks may be indicative of chronic stress worsened when there is infrequent and sporadic care-taking and shepherding. Neonatal mortality of lambs may also be associated with under-nutrition (Dwyer, 2003) and predation, again potentially exacerbated by the lack of human supervision (Goddard et al., 1996). The speed newborn lambs stand and suck is critical to their survival under extensive conditions. In some situations, ultrasound scanning technology to identify the additional nutritional needs of twin carrying ewes has enabled improvements in lamb mortality by targeting feed supplementation (Waterhouse, 1996).
Visit the Shepherding and Lambing sections for more on reducing lamb mortality.
Grazing and Nutrition
In extensive situations sheep are often foragers, seeking their nutrition mainly from pastures with multiple plant species. The decisions as to what to eat and for how long to eat it will probably be influenced by a range of considerations, including the relative nutritional qualities of what is available, how much of it is available, including the time it takes to search for and consume it, how easily it can be digested and whether it contains poisonous compounds or not.
Supplementation during times of feed shortage, especially during pregnancy and lactation, may be necessary in many systems to maintain production and to ensure the welfare of the sheep is not compromised (Frutos et al., 1998). Body condition scoring can be an effective monitoring tool to aid in nutritional management of extensively managed flocks (Morgan-Davies et al., 2008).
Selection and Breeding
Sheep populations that have undergone rigorous selection for ease of lambing and minimal shepherding in extensive environments will have well- physical and behavioural characteristics that predispose them to improved lamb survival. Under such conditions, human intervention at lambing can be potentially harmful and may result in delaying or extending the birth as well as disrupting the ewe-lamb bonding (Fisher and Mellor, 2002; Connington et al., 2010).
'Self-sufficient' Breeds
'Self-sufficient' breeds of sheep, sometimes referred to as easy care, have a higher survival rate, lower lamb mortality and are able to successfully lamb and rear at least one lamb without human assistance in difficult environments (Fisher, 2003). Keeping these breeds under these conditions at least in part meets the requirement of enabling farm animals to exhibit their natural behaviours. They have been bred partly to deal with the impracticality of supervising lambing in difficult terrain but also to enable savings in the cost of skilled shepherds. This should not be viewed as a "hands-off" approach to management as high levels of knowledge and skills are needed to predict the likelihood of problems, to properly planning interventions that safeguard welfare and to manage and plan the long-term animal breeding policy to maintain these self-sufficiency characteristics (Goddard et al., 2006).
Adoption of Easy-care is not necessarily an easy option for every farmer to adopt in a short timescale. It may require a change to a suitable breed or extensive selection within breeds (Goddard et al., 2006). The process may involve not selecting ewes for breeding that have experienced lambing difficulties, and using home bred rams specifically selected for their ability to do well in the farm environment.
Genetic improvement in harsh environments is likely to be of greater benefit on those farms that have fewer constraints to improvements in production, such as better-quality grazing land. The rate of genetic improvement is likely to be less in harsher environments (Connington et al., 2004). More on Sheep Breeding.
Selection for Physical Adaptation
Sheep breeds should be used that show genetic resistance to the harsh conditions often found on sheep extension farms (Dwyer and Bornett, 2004). The coat or fleece of the animal is a primary adaptation to harsh environments and therefore an important characteristic in selection. For example, the length and denseness of body hair is important in enabling sheep to remain insulated in cold conditions, and there is evidence of within breed as well as considerable differences between breeds e.g. between British hill and lowland breeds (Simms et al., 1996).
The ability to adapt to nutritional conditions, including the ability to metabolise stored body fat and resist periods of deprivation of energy and key nutrients are traits that enable some sheep to survive longer than others during periods of nutritional deprivation and as such could be used in breeding programmes (Simms et al., 1996). For example, Woolliams et al. (1986) showed that lambs from two genetic lines selected for low or high copper status differed substantially in mortality and resistance to infection. Generally, multiple-bearing ewes (and their lambs) will be at greater risk from nutritional deprivation and mortality of single-born lambs tends to be lower.
Selection for Behavioural Adaptation
Under extensive conditions, the cohesion between ewe and lamb is a major element of the welfare of the lamb in that inadequate maternal care can lead to early death (Nowak, 1996). There tends to be significant between breed variations in key behaviours that can impact on adaptation to extensive conditions, including mothering ability, such as the speed and strength of maternal bonding, and the ability of lambs to survive under harsh conditions. Hill breeds tend to have stronger maternal behaviours than lowland breeds (Whately et al., 1974; Alexander et al., 1983). There are also relevant breed variations with regard to length of time spent grazing and propensity to walk long distances daily when grazing is limited (Hunter, 1960; Arnold and Dudzinski, 1978).
Is Extensive the Same as Wild?
Although extensively farmed animals are less under our control than intensively farmed animals, and they have freedom to express their behaviour, they are not wild. Compared with wild animals, they will have different population and group structures, social companions, potentially more restricted movements, less predation and disease, less reliance on natural feeds, differences in mating patterns and aggression, access to shelter and a degree of care-taking by humans (Deag, 1996).
Predation
In grazing systems where sheep are left unattended and may be distributed over large areas, predation can be a significant issue. Experience with lynx in France has shown that removal of predators does not provide a long term solution, and protection is best achieved through improved shepherding, and depending on the risk, possibly supplemented with the use of guard dogs and providing shelter (Stahl et al., 2002).
Predation by carnivores tends to be higher in rough and brushy areas or in remote parts of the farms (Nass et al., 2004) and when the availability or diversity of wild prey is low (Mech et al., 1988;Meriggi and Lovari, 1996). Studies on coyotes showed that they do not necessarily have a preference for sheep over wild prey (Sacks and Neal, 2002) and there is evidence that generally only a small proportion of potential carnivore predators actually kill domestic livestock. For example males with wide-ranging movements are more likely to encounter livestock, breeding predators may be seeking to provide food for their young, or animals that are sick or injured may be unable to hunt wild prey (Stahl et al., 2002). Lambs from ewes breeding for the first time may be more at risk than those from older ewes due to poorer maternal care (Hewson, 1984).
Predator Friendly® practices include:
Using guardian animals such as llamas, donkeys and dogs to keep livestock safe
Scheduling pasture use when predation pressure is low
Grazing cattle with smaller livestock to protect sheep, goats and calves
Timing calving and lambing to avoid predation risk
Lambing in sheds, secure fenced lots or protected pastures
Making frequent and unpredictable patrols in pastures
Protecting vulnerable animals by fencing out predators
Learning the ecology and habits of area wildlife
For more information on living in harmony with predators and other issues concerned with conservation and biodiversity, visit www.predatorfriendly.org and http://wildlifefriendly.org/.
Flock Health Plan for Extensive Systems
A flock health plan, tailored to the needs of extensive farms, should include:
Determination of trace element and mineral status and potential deficiencies, including an appropriate supplementation programme
A programme to control of external parasites
A programme to determine (and control if required) internal parasites;
Prevention methods to prevent the introduction and spread of contagious diseases, such as sore mouth/scab, caseous lymphadenitis, footrot, epididymitis/brucellosis, and Johnes disease;
Improving lamb mortality through enhanced breeding, shepherding and ewe and ram nutrition
More on Health Planning
Extensive Grazing References
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Q: Characterization of differentiability via Lie derivatives Yesterday I asked this question in MathOverflow but did not receive an answer yet. I want to try my chance here too, since I am in kind of a hurry. Answers will be much appreciated.
I intend to propose as a project the proof of the statement below, but I want to make sure that it is not already proved somewhere else before.
Let $G$ be a Lie group, and $f$ a real-valued function on $G$. The expression $f \in \mathcal{C}^k(G)$ makes sense, and this would be the case even if $G$ were merely a smooth manifold. On the other hand, the Lie group structure on $G$ enables one to speak of directional derivatives of $f$. Indeed, the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ of $G$ is canonically isomorphic to the space of left-invariant derivations of $\mathcal{C}^\infty(G)$; under this isomorphism, each $X \in \mathfrak{g}$ is associated with the (left) Lie derivative operator $\mathcal{L}_X$ given by
$$(\mathcal{L}_X f)(y) := \left.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d} t}\right|_{t=0} f(y e^{tX})$$
where $f \in \mathcal{C}^\infty(G)$ and $y \in G$. It is natural to call $\mathcal{L}_X f$ as the (left) directional derivative of $f$ along $X$. Taking the above equality as a definition, one may expect as in elementary analysis that being in $\mathcal{C}^k$ is equivalent to having continuous directional derivatives of order $k$. This is what our statement says:
Statement. Let $G$ be a Lie group, and $f$ a real-valued function on $G$. For each $k \in \mathbb{N}$, $f \in \mathcal{C}^k(G)$ if and only if $(\mathcal{L}_{X_1} \cdots \mathcal{L}_{X_k})f$ exists and is continuous for all $X_1,\ldots,X_k \in \mathfrak{g}$.
I searched quite a while for this statement in the literature but could not find anything. (The proof is not so trivial as you might think at a first glance. Please have a look at this question and p. 15 of this essay also.) Have you ever seen it somewhere? If so, could you please give a reference?

A: Let us consider what happens on $\mathbb{R}^n$. We denote by $X_1,\dots,X_n$ the standard vector fields. Then it is well known that $f$ is $C^k$ iff for any $i_1,\dots,i_k$, the directional derivatives $X_{i_1}.(X_{i_2}(\dots.(X_{i_k}.f)\dots)$ exist and are continuous.
Now take any other vector fields $Y_1,\dots,Y_n$ giving a basis of $T_x \mathbb{R}^n$ for $x$ in a neighborhood of $x_0$. Then you can write $Y_i = \lambda_i^j X_j$, with smooth $\lambda_i^j$. This shows that if $f$ is $C^k$ in a neighborhood of $x_0$ then the directional derivatives $Y_{i_1}.(Y_{i_2}(\dots.(Y_{i_k}.f)\dots)$ exist and are continuous. Reversing the argument, this shows that in order to show that a map is $C^k$, you can compute directional derivatives for any vector fields giving a basis of the tangent space.
Now, for your Lie group, $L_X f$ is just the directional derivative of $f$ in the direction of the left-invariant vector field associated to $X$. I think this proves what you want. Or am I missing something ?

A: If you could show that $(\mathcal{L}_{X_1} \cdots \mathcal{L}_{X_m})f$ exists and is continuous for all $X_1,\ldots,X_m \in \mathfrak{g}$, for all $m \le k$, then perhaps you could show by induction that $f \in C^m$ for all $m \le k$.  Start with the case $m=0$ (which is trivial), and then notice that on any coordinate patch containing $g \in G$, that the highest order term in $(\mathcal{L}_{X_1} \cdots \mathcal{L}_{X_m})f$ is simply $\partial^m f/(\partial x_1 \cdots \partial x_m)$, where $x_i$ is a coordinate in the direction of $X_i$ at the point $p$ mapped to the coordinate patch.  And the lower order terms are smooth functions times lower order derivatives, so they are automatically continuous (by the inductive hypothesis).
So how to get the smoothness $(\mathcal{L}_{X_1} \cdots \mathcal{L}_{X_m})f$ from the smoothness of $(\mathcal{L}_{X_1} \cdots \mathcal{L}_{X_m})f$?  Well you can create the operation "integration along $X_i$", and this is a bounded map from $C^n$ to $C^n$ for any $n \ge 0$, at least of you stay within a compact subset of $G$.  So apply these operations, and it should work out.

A: Around every point $p \in G$ here exists a local chart $(U,h)$ such that $Dh(\{X_1, \ldots, X_n\}) = \{e_1, \ldots, e_n\}$ the standard basis of $\mathbb{R}^n$. It follows that if $\gamma_i$ is an integral curve of $X_i$ in $U$, then $h \circ \gamma_i$ is just a straight line in the $x_i$ direction. Hence if $f \colon G \to \mathbb{R}$ has a continuous Lie derivative with respect to $X_i$, then $f \circ h^{-1} \colon h(U) \to \mathbb{R}$ has a continuous partial derivative with respect to $x_i$.
We therefore conclude that if $f$ has continuous Lie derivatives with respect to each $X_i$, then $f \circ h^{-1}$ has continuous partial derivatives, and hence is of class $C^1$. But if $f \circ h^{-1}$ is of class $C^1$, then so is $f$. It is now clear how to generalise to $C^k$ for any $k$.

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