text:
AS A UNION ARMY
By James W. Towart and Col. J. V. Witt, USA Ret.
Contact James W. Towart
The Army Charters the Maple Leaf
Confederate Prisoners Capture Maple Leaf
Other Maple Leaf Voyages in Army Service
The Aftermath of the Sinking of the Maple Leaf
Litigation over the Maple Leaf
Confederate Mines In the St. Johns River
Other interesting characters in the Maple Leaf story:
Charles Spear
Romeo Murray
E. Pliny Bryan
Joshua D. O'Hern
About four in the morning of Friday, April 1, 1864, the steamer Maple Leaf, a U.S. Army transport, was about to meet its ultimate destiny twelve miles south of its destination, Jacksonville, Florida. The engine of the Maple Leaf was chugging slowly, her paddle wheels softly thrashing the water. In the pilot house, looking carefully ahead, were Romeo Murray a local black man who was piloting the ship, and wheelman Sam Jones. The faces of the men were dimly illuminated by the shrouded light from the binnacle. The rest of the ship was in complete darkness. Below them on the saloon deck, Frank Dale, the second mate, a 19-year-old son of Captain Henry Dale, was standing watch. Captain Dale was asleep in his cabin on that deck. On that clear, moonlit night, Pilot Romeo Murray could see his next landmark two miles to the north. The river ahead of the vessel was so light and calm that he could have seen "Anything as big as my hat on the water." Frank Dale left the foredeck and entered the saloon cabin, closed the door behind him and went to wake up his relief on deck watch, First Mate Charles Farnham.
As Dale walked toward Farnham's cabin, a Confederate mine, then called a torpedo, exploded near the keel, about thirty feet from the bow of the Maple Leaf with a "tremendous crash and a heavy report." Murray and Jones were lifted off their feet by the force of the explosion and struck their heads on the roof of the pilot house. Then, the deck beneath them gave way as the upper portion of the vessel sagged, her back broken. The Maple Leaf was doomed. The end was marked by the incessant screaming of the ship's steam whistle, which had been set off when the pilot house tilted forward.
The blast woke Chief Engineer Sam Johnson, who pulled on his clothes as he ran out of his cabin onto the main deck. Looking forward, Johnson saw that the ship was "smashed like an old building kicked over." Glancing through the engine room door, he saw that the boiler fires had already been extinguished by the inrushing water and the firemen were gone. Johnson made straight for the lifeboats on the hurricane deck.
Captain Dale and Farnham met in the saloon, where the air was filled with the pungent odor of black powder smoke. Dale asked how deep the water was and Farnham went off to find the lead line to make a sounding. But feeling the ship "bring up on the bottom," he made for the boats on the hurricane deck where he again met Dale, who ordered him to cut the line to the blaring whistle that was almost certainly going to attract the unwanted attention of a Confederate boarding party.
Chief Engineer Johnson took charge of lowering the port lifeboat, assisted by Murray and Jones. Second Mate Dale was working to lower the starboard boat, and he was soon joined in that effort by Johnson. A third boat in the stern of the Maple Leaf was launched by the time Farnham returned from cutting the whistle line. In short order, 58 passengers and crewmen were loaded into the lifeboats. In Captain Dale's words, the prompt evacuation of the ship was "the better part of valor." At 4:30 A.M., the boats headed for Jacksonville1. (See Appendix A.) Eight people remained aboard - four Confederate prisoners, who were refused places on the lifeboats, and four black crewmen who were killed in the forecastle by the blast of the mine.2
The lifeboats arrived in Jacksonville about 8:00 A.M. On hearing of the loss of the Maple Leaf the USS Norwich, a Navy gunboat commanded by Frank B. Miriam, was ordered to the scene of the wreck. At 10:00 A.M., the Norwich got under way with the officers and several crewmen of the Maple Leaf aboard. Shortly after noon, general quarters were sounded aboard the Norwich and a ten-inch shell was fired at the western shoreline of the St. Johns River, which was controlled by Confederate forces. At 1I P.M. as the Norwich approached the wreck, another shell was fired at the bank and she headed into the wind and dropped anchor. Two boats were launched from the Norwich. One of them took the Maple Leaf crew to the sunken ship to survey the extent of the damage and to attempt to recover personal property. The other boat took sailors to pick up the four Confederate prisoners who were left on board.
Maple Leaf engineer Sam Johnson reported that he had found the water about three feet deep in the saloon and that he broke through the saloon deck to get to his trunk which was in his cabin on the main deck. He said the floors and bows were working loose in the water. The outcome of the survey of the Maple Leaf's condition was summarized by Captain Dale: "I consider the vessel and cargo a total loss and do not see how they can be saved." 3 At 6:00 P.M. the Maple Leaf crew members reboarded the Norwich and she set sail for Jacksonville.4
When the Confederate leaders received news about the sinking, they sent an expedition to McIntosh's Point on the west bank of the St. Johns River opposite the wreck. It was composed of 120 men of the First Georgia Regulars commanded by Captain Grieve and a section of artillery led by Lieutenant Gamble.5 At dawn on Saturday, April 2, the Confederate artillery fired a few shots at the Maple Leaf to warn the Federals that they were there.6 Then, Captain E. Pliny Bryan, who had been in command of the detail that had placed the mines in the river on the night of Wednesday, March 30, boarded the vessel with two men. After inspecting the ship, he set her on fire, burning the saloon to the water line. In his report, Captain Bryan wrote:
She apparently was greatly damaged by the explosion. A few mattresses, sofas, wash bowls, and other unimportant articles were left in the upper cabin. From her length, width, size and general appearance I suppose her to be a first class vessel.7
Endnotes.
1The description of the sinking is derived from the testimony given at the Board of Survey convened by Brigadier General Jonathan P. Hatch by Special Order No.60, at Jacksonville, Florida, on April 2, 1864, to investigate and report on the loss of the steamer Maple Leaf National Archives, Quartermaster General, Record Group 92, Maple Leaf Cited as Board of Survey.
2See Appendix A for the names of the crewmen killed, the Confederate prisoners, other members of the crew and passengers.
3Board of Survey ,op.cit.
4Voyage on April 1 from the deck log of the Norwich. A copy located in the St. Johns Archeological Society Archives. Reference:119300.00
5The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), Cited as ORA. Series I, v 35, Pt. 1, pp 369, 370. Report of Major General Patton Anderson, dated May 24, 1864.
6lbid Pt. 2, p 397.
7lbid pt. 2, p381. Report of Captain E. Pliny Bryan, assistant adjutant general, Confederate States Army. April 4, 1864.
By James W. Towart, Jan 26, 1996
End Editing 06/17/04 KVH
The Maple Leaf. Copyright 1993 by St. Johns Archaeological Expeditions, Inc. Contact Keith Holland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Nanotechnology researchers improve control of synthetic catalysts
(Nanowerk News) Inspired by how enzymes work in nature's biological processes, researchers have demonstrated a way to improve control of synthetic catalysts, according to a paper co-authored by a University of Alabama computational chemist that was published in a recent online issue of the journal Nature Nanotechnology ("Selective molecular recognition by nanoscale environments in a supported iridium cluster catalyst").
"This work is an exciting example of how we are learning to improve control of chemical reactions at the level of a single atom," said Dr. David Dixon, the Robert Ramsay Chair of Chemistry at The University of Alabama.
Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions so that they go faster and use less energy. Estimates indicate that the economic impact of catalytic processing, including pollution abatement, is $10 trillion annually, Dixon said.
The UA researcher cited improving the conversion of biomass – typically plant-based materials – into transportation fuels as an example of how designing more efficient catalysts could benefit society.
In the research, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, the scientists showed how to switch molecular bonding – the interaction that holds assemblies of atoms together – off and on at will at specific locations within the catalyst. The discovery, researchers said, has potentially profound implications for chemical conversions involving metal catalysts.
The research team included Drs. Alex Katz, of the University of California, Berkeley, and Bruce Gates, of the University of California, Davis. Shengjie Zhang, one of Dixon's graduate students, served a leading role in the computational effort of the article, and Dr. Alexander Okrut from the Katz laboratory led the experimental effort.
"This will help us to design better catalysts that use less energy and produce valuable products with less wasteful by-products," Dixon said.
"In enzymes, nature's catalysts, the switching of site reactivity steers fruitful conversions while excluding others entirely," Katz said. "Such switching at an active metal site permits enzymes to function in water, for example, among many other feats that include being the world's fastest and most selective catalysts, which are used to sustain life. Now, we are able to achieve similar switching in man-made catalysts as well."
"This offers," Gates added, "the promise of greener and cheaper catalyzed industrial processes – by doing what nature does so well, except now doing this in man-made systems."
Source: University of Alabama


Geita, Tanzania – In northwest Tanzania, less than a kilometre away from a sprawling open pit gold mine, hundreds of people are engaged in a complex and arduous task. While young men emerge from deep pits equipped with hammers, picks and torches, women pound large chunks of grey rock into smaller pieces for further processing into the mineral which brings in Tanzania's largest source of foreign investment: gold.
Magema, within the village of Nyamalembo, is one of the last remaining strongholds of artisanal and small-scale miners in the Geita area. But they are not officially allowed to be here. The land that stretches for more than 196 square kilometres around the Geita Gold Mine is occupied by AngloGold Ashanti, one of the world's largest gold mining companies. The miners say they were given an eviction notice to vacate the area in early May.
In Tanzania, it is estimated that large-scale mining may have made upward of 400,000 people unemployed, contributing to further impoverishing the rural poor in a country that already ranks among the 10 poorest in the world.
N'gombe Lukala Kadaso said after the mine was built, residents of Nyakabale realised that proceeds from mining were not going back to the community. Many like him took to scavenging waste rock.
One year ago, 17-year old Mhoja Leonard was reportedly searching for waste material at AngloGold Ashanti's mine when he was shot and killed by a security guard. His father, Leonard Salala, said he has received nothing in compensation from the company for the "cold blood murder" of his son, save for 10 kilos of rice, a bag of meat, and some water.
"AngloGold Ashanti expresses deepest sympathy to the family and friends of Mr Hoja Leonard. The death of anyone on our concession is something we take very seriously," the company said. In a letter to Salala, AngloGold Ashanti said it was not liable for the death of his son. In a statement to reporters, the company said the company said its security, is "outsourced to a company named Group 4 Securicor ("G4S") and the security officials involved in the incident were working for G4S and not for Geita Gold Mine (GGM)." It added that Mhoja Leonard was nowhere near the waste dump area, but rather "had made an unauthorised entry intrusion" into the "GGM Heavy Mining Equipment workshop".
Some miners claim that numerous people were recently killed, and their bodies thrown into into Nyankanga dam, a dam located on the mine's lease area. According to AngloGold Ashanti, there were 24 third party fatalities in 2012, "many of which were the result of unsafe illegal mining methods, including void collapses … further fatalities were the result of drowning in the Nyankanga Dam".
As for those in the mine dumps, the company said such people are "intruders and trespassers" that "enter the waste rock area and other areas, often with a criminal intent and despite knowing the dangers, and this poses a significant risk to their own safety".
As a result, the company said it would undertake a number of measures to develop an Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Strategy. However, no land within the concession's 196 square km could be considered for small-scale miners, according to AngloGold Ashanti's executive vice president for the African region, Richard Duffy.
"We cannot afford to have artisanal and illegal mining in the existing areas, so we are looking for areas adjacent to or close by the lease area," Duffy said in a telephone interview.
While AngloGold Ashanti claims its inability to grant land within the concession to small-scale miners has to do with security risks, corporate finance consultant and co-chairman of African Eagle Resources, Euan Worthington, said profit gains are also a factor.
Although small-scale miners are not allowed to remain within the concession area, Duffy said the company's presence in the area has benefited communities in other ways.
The David and Goliath-like battle between large multinational mining companies and small-scale artisanal miners and scavengers is not unique to Geita. At least 14 people were killed in the past three years in Tanzania's North Mara mine, which is run by African Barrick Gold and 74 percent owned by Toronto-based Barrick Gold Corporation.
Increasing reports of human rights violations by mining companies the world over have elicited outrage among campaigners, particularly in the United Kingdom, where a number of mining companies are listed on the London Stock Exchange.
In response to queries about AngloGold Ashanti's human rights record, Duffy said the company acts accordingly.
The Tanzanian Commissioner of Minerals did not respond to repeated requests for comment.
AngloGold Ashanti, like many companies, subscribes to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPSHR), a set of voluntary principles established in the year 2000 that assist companies in providing security for their operations while also promoting human rights. The VPSHR have been criticised by organizations like Global Witness for being vague and hard to enforce.
Campaigners from the London Mining Network want the UK government to enforce stricter oversight upon companies listed on the London Stock Exchange, and to bring forward legislation that is internationally binding.
Until then, the struggle between companies such as AngloGold Ashanti and Tanzania's small-scale miners and waste-rock collectors continues. The people of Nyakabale remain outraged at what they perceive as ongoing injustices by both the company and the Tanzanian government, which they accuse of corruption and complicity.
Kadaso, the waste-rock collector from Nyakabale, said he believes the kinds of abuses he has witnessed would never occur in the West.


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ProCarb can be used as a standalone, mobile, or integrated cost effective system to precisely carbonate or nitrogenate beverages. Reduce carbonation times by over 500%, significantly increase CO2 or N2 utilization. Significantly improve carbonation accuracy and save floor space compared to brite tanks. Increase brewery sustainability and reduce carbon footprint.
and several custom models - please enquire.
What is your maximum product flow rate required?
What is your normal operating product flow rate?
What is your filtering system? and is this going to be inline with the carbonation system?
What size are your buffering tanks?
What Pressure range do you require in your product?


Betting: Lowe First Goal, Crewe 3-1 At 120/1!
Crewe are 14/5 to maintain their perfect start to the season with Sky Bet League Two victory over EVENS Portsmouth at the weekend.
Alex have won both their league opener and their EFL Cup first-round clash 2-1 – albeit after extra-time at Sheffield United - and it's 12/1 that they make it three 2-1 wins in succession.
A home win by a 1-0, 2-0 or 2-1 margin is 7/2, and it's 4/5 that both teams score.


S2 Security is an independent manufacturer of IP-based physical security and video management systems that create a powerful, cost effective way to protect people, property and assets. Providing unmatched reliability and a 100% Web browser delivered user experience, S2 products are the physical security management systems of choice for Fortune 500, education, healthcare, manufacturing and government customers around the world.
Arecont Vision® is exclusively focused on megapixel (MP) technology and, as the industry leader, has contributed more to the advancement of megapixel imaging for professional security applications than any other company in the security market. Our worldwide installed base of megapixel cameras crosses a broad spectrum of applications and venues – a proven testament to Arecont Vision's leadership in developing innovative megapixel imaging technologies and Made in the USA products.
In 1995, Lenel launched OnGuard®, the first open architecture security platform, to help customers achieve ultimate integration flexibility on every aspect of their system, from access control and video management to operating systems and databases. Today, Lenel provides solutions for corporations worldwide, including Fortune 100 firms, financial institutions, universities and government facilities.
Cybis consultants are former CIA, FBI and NSA cyber experts with decades of real-world experience conducting operations on behalf of the US Government against our most advanced adversaries.
Protect your critical assets from compromise. Technology alone is not a defense against cyber threats. People and Process are critical elements when combined with the right Technology. People, Process and Technology form a comprehensive solution.
Spectra Logic develops deep storage solutions that solve the problem of long term storage for business and technology professionals dealing with exponential data growth. Dedicated solely to storage innovation for nearly 40 years, Spectra Logic's uncompromising product and customer focus is proven by the largest information users in multiple vertical markets globally. Spectra enables affordable, multi-decade data storage and access by creating new methods of managing information in all forms of deep storage—including archive, backup, cold storage, cloud and private cloud.
Telaeris Inc. was formed in 2005 as a venture to provide products and solutions to companies in the areas of contactless smartcards and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Since its inception, Telaeris has expanded to provide total solutions for access control, inventory management, asset control, and mobile application development. We do so by combining engineering and software development expertise with superior customer service and support.
ASSA ABLOY is the global leader in door opening solutions and a market leader in most of Europe, North America, China and Oceania with a complete range of door opening products, solutions and services in areas such as mechanical and electromechanical locking, access control, identification technology, entrance automation and hotel security for the institutional, commercial and consumer markets.


text:
import DecorationEntryFormatter from '../decoration/decoration-entry-formatter';
import ConfigStore from '../config-store';
import DecorationRegistry from '../decoration/decoration-registry';
import {CommandLike} from '../vscode/vscode';

export default class SaveAllHighlightsCommand implements CommandLike {
    private readonly configStore: ConfigStore;
    private readonly decorationRegistry: DecorationRegistry;
    private readonly decorationEntryFormatter: DecorationEntryFormatter;

    constructor(configStore: ConfigStore, decorationRegistry: DecorationRegistry) {
        this.configStore = configStore;
        this.decorationRegistry = decorationRegistry;

        this.decorationEntryFormatter = new DecorationEntryFormatter();
    }

    execute() {
        const decorations = this.decorationRegistry.retrieveAll()
            .map(decoration => this.decorationEntryFormatter.format(decoration));
        return this.configStore.set('savedHighlights', decorations)();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Adventures in Spain
By: Alisha Thanawala
Hey USWIB,
It's been a little over a month since I arrived in Madrid, and my time here has been nothing short of amazing. I have had the opportunity to see about 6 cities here so far on trips through NYU and traveling with friends.
The first week we got here, NYU took us on a day trip to Segovia. We started off by seeing a Roman aqueduct from the first century. Through it has been secured over time, the aqueduct still was made up of the original stones the Romans used to make it. NYU professors also showed us around the charming city and took us to the Catedral de Segovia. It was a gorgeous gothic-style building with stained glass all around the cathedral and rows upon rows of pews. For lunch, I tried out a regional dish called fabada asturiana, which is a delicious stew made of white beans and chorizo. The city was a look into how the older Spanish cities were, as compared to more modern cities like Barcelona and Madrid.
A few weekends later, my friends and I decided to take a trip to Barcelona before the weather cooled down, though that still hasn't happened. We took a bus at 11:30 at night on Thursday and reached Barcelona at 7:30 in the morning on Friday. Though we were exhausted, we dropped our bags off at the hostel and started exploring the city. Our hostel was centrally located near the high-end shopping, so could conveniently walk most places. We started by seeing the Arc de Triomf and made our way to the Parc de la Ciutadella, which was absolutely gorgeous. There were several greenhouses with trees and flowers and a large lake with row boats. We kept going and found la Cascada Monumental, which was a huge and breathtaking fountain. We then passed through a neighborhood called La Ribera with super cute shops and restaurants to get brunch at a fabulous restaurant called Brunch and Cake. With its name, I couldn't resist ordering a huge slice of red velvet for dessert! We then split up and a few of us made our way to Park Guell, which is an elevated park and has full views of the city and coast. We chose to keep hiking up even after the park ended and had 360 views of the entire Barcelona. The next day, it was raining, so I went to the Picasso Museum and then made my way to la Familia Sagrada. We went and got tapas for dinner afterwards. We had to take the bus back Sunday afternoon, so we spent time lounging on the beach that morning and hopped on the bus. Barcelona was definitely more touristy than Madrid, but I loved that it was right on the beach and had a very relaxing vibe.
The next weekend, I went to Bilbao on an overnight trip with NYU. We took the bus on Friday, got lunch, and went on a walking tour of the city. It's not a very large city, but it's continuing to grow as more people move to Northern Spain. We walked over to the Guggenheim Museum, which was designed by Frank Geary. It's a very interesting building with a roof that looks like it's made of silver waves. There were a lot of great sculptures and exhibits there as well, and we all enjoyed looking around. On Saturday, NYU took us to a winery for a tour and wine tasting. Our tour guide took us through the complete process of making the wine, from crushing the grapes to seeing the towers of bottle waiting to be labeled. The winery also had a great view of surrounding towns, including Laguardia, in which we ate lunch. The winery also had a hotel designed by Frank Geary that resembled the Guggenheim in Bilbao but was purple to represent the surrounding wineries. The drive back was gorgeous, since we could see the landscape changing from the mountainous surroundings in the North to the dessert climate near Madrid.
Classes here have been really nice, since they're all relatively small in size. I'm taking Spanish every day, so I have been able to see the continuous improvement in my grammar and vocabulary, and I've even been having conversations with locals in Spanish! I'm also taking a politics class about Spain and the EU, and I'm enjoying learning more about the EU and its role in international politics. In terms of Stern classes, I'm taking Intro to Marketing and Foundations of Finance, both of which I'm enjoying a lot.
So far, I've been really enjoying my time abroad and I can't wait to see how the rest of the semester will go!
Exploring la Cascada Monumental in Barcelona! Follow @alishathanawala


Global professional services firm Alvarez & Marsal has enhanced its leadership team in the Middle East with the appointment of Pietro Castronovo as a Senior Director for the firm's local Private Equity and Principal Investments practice.
Tasked with defining and supervising Alvarez & Marsal's Professional Development programme for the Middle East region, from the firm's regional MENA base in Dubai, Castronovo brings to the role over 12 years of strategy, regulatory, and transformation experience in the financial services sector for a variety of leading consultancies across numerous regions, including the Middle East, Southern and Central Eastern Europe, Russia, the U.K. and Ireland.
Castronovo crosses from leading strategy and management firm Bain & Company, where he was Principal after 13 years across its London and Rome offices, prior to which he served as a Public Sector Senior Consultant and an Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Analyst for a year each at big-name firms Ernst & Young and Accenture following a Masters in Economics at Università Bocconi in Milan. In addition to his MBA, Castronovo is a Chartered Financial Accountant.
Operating across four continents, Alvarez and Marsal has grown since its founding in 1983 to more than 50 worldwide offices, including a rising presence in the Middle East and diversified operations beyond the firm's most well-known expertise in restructuring – including increasing forays into the realm of fintech, with Jaffar, who is a regular international guest speaker on the subject, recently appointed as an independent director of the Executive Board of Bahrain FinTech Bay – a tech innovation initiative supported by global strategy consultancy Roland Berger as a founding partner.


Using history control we can use browser back button to navigate backwards in the pages containing AJAX Controls, which was normally not possible till Framework 2.0.
But if you are still using ASP.NET 2.0, then don't get disappointed you can use the same control in ASP.NET 2.0, remember to use this you don't need to install Framework 3.0, or 3.5.
1. Download the DLL, Microsoft.Web.Preview.dll, version 1.1.61025.0 or alrernatively download the source code from here and copy the DLL from bin folder.
3. Locate the Microsoft.Web.Preview.dll and select OK.
4. You can find see the following tiems in the screenshot below, are added in your toolbox.
6. Once you are done with this, open the webpage where you want to use the history control, and add the code below.
Using ASP.NET 3.5 Extensions History Control for complete Samples and Videos.
Sorry for the my code formatting, I tried to explain the steps, I hope this will help you.
Thanks Brij.......It definately helped me as i have got only 2005 in my system.


text:
Skibice () – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie lubuskim, w powiecie zielonogórskim, w gminie Nowogród Bobrzański.

Historia
Około 1300 roku odnotowano ją po raz pierwszy w dokumentach jako Petirswald. Z 1376 roku odnosiła się wzmianka do miejscowego plebana. W 1435 roku doszło do sprzedaży przez panującego księcia własności lennej członkom rodu von Unruh. Dobra należały do rodziny von Landeskron w latach 1474-1483. W 1609 roku od ówczesnych właścicieli - Niebelschützów żagańskie opactwo nabyło pola oraz pastwiska owiec.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość położona była w województwie zielonogórskim.

Zabytki
Do wojewódzkiego rejestru zabytków wpisany jest:
 kościół filialny pod wezwaniem św. Marcina, z XIV wieku, XVIII wieku. Barokowa, kamienno–ceglana budowla z 1728 roku jest otoczona kamiennym murem i została wzniesiona na miejscu starszej. Należy ona do salowych świątyń z prezbiterium, zamkniętym trójbocznie od wschodu. Dachem wielospadowym nakryta jest część nawowa wraz z prezbiterialną. Zamknięte łukowato okna znajdują się w elewacjach bocznych. Wieża stoi po stronie zachodniej, a po południowej zakrystia. Wieża posiada kwadratowy zarys i zwieńczona jest hełmem namiotowym. W północnej ścianie wieży znajduje się wejście do kościoła i prowadzi przez sklepioną krzyżowo kruchtę. Do końca XX wieku jego wnętrze było wyłożone ceglaną posadzką, którą usunięto około 2000 roku i zastąpiono wylewką betonową. Drewniany strop przykrywa nawę, a sklepienie kolebkowe z lunetami zakrystię. Drewniany chór stoi w zachodniej części kościoła i wsparty jest na czterech słupach. Zachowały się we wnętrzu świątyni elementy późnobarokowego wyposażenia, a są to: ołtarz główny z obrazem przedstawiającym św. Marcina i dwiema rzeźbami, św Jana Nepomucena oraz drugiego świętego; prospekt organowy oraz ambona. Warte uwagi są trównież dwa oryginalne żyrandole miedziane, drewniane drzwi z kutymi zawiasami i zamkiem, a także neogotycka chrzcielnica.

Demografia
Liczba mieszkańców miejscowości w poszczególnych latach:

Zobacz też
 Skibice

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Nowogród Bobrzański (gmina)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Autistic Self Advocacy Network is deeply concerned about the omission of disabled people and representatives from disability rights organizations at yesterday's hearing. Given that more than half of the groups in the New Jersey coalition opposing the bill are disability rights organizations and centers for independent living, it is unconscionable that the committee deliberately excluded witnesses from the disability community. Even after our community submitted a formal request for inclusion among the witnesses, the committee declined to invite a disability community representative.


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Instructions For The Instant Clean Detox structions For The Use Of The Instant Clean Detox Program. To Detoxify Your Body With Instant Clean Detox. At Brauer sore , our Saline product was designed to help soothe the symptoms of a runny, blocked nose naturally. Assists detoxification.
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By Bridget Carmady, ND | 24 September. It doesn' t require fasting foul- tasting health foods many people have used it with great success. Lowest Price, Buy Brauer 20 Day Detox from 2 Online Stores in Australia. But there is a real difference.
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This is the first of three events in the new Adventure Guide presents Run Pure & Simple series: running events with all the essentials and no bells and whistles. You get a great course, timing, water and an awesome atmosphere.
This is the second running of this race. It's an urban course in the core of Waterloo Region. Your GPS might lose reception among the tall buildings but the pavement you're pounding is still a certified mile!
Discover Your Outdoors this year! All Adventure Guide presents Run Pure & Simple events, including this one, are free to Run Waterloo members. Click Become a Member to the right to learn more.
Adventure Guide presents Run Pure + Simple is a series of three events designed to get you outdoors and racing without breaking the bank.
Mail in: To 2 Weberlyn Crescent, Conestogo N0B 1N0 by Tuesday July 18 at 5:00 p.m.
Drop off: At Runners' Choice, 55 Erb St E, Waterloo by Tuesday July 18 at 5:00 p.m.
Online: Right here at www.RaceRoster.com by Wednesday July 19 at 11:59 p.m.
Will take place at the Carl Zehr Square, 200 King St W, Kitchener, ON N2G 4V6 from 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m.
If you aren't planning to take public or active transportation to get downtown, check out the City of Kitchener's parking map. The garage at Charles/Benton is free on Sundays, and it is about a 500m walk to Carl Zehr Square.
A 2-loop certified mile distance through the downtown streets of Kitchener.


An invitation to contemplate, thus could be defined Lorena Gallego's artworks, those that possess a large range of colors, shades and shapes, which in complicity play and incite the spectator to look and analyze.
In Pixeles watercolors make up amorphous shapes that simulate reflexes into the water in Pixeles. Abstract pictures that seem to dance, possess brightness and dynamism. The spectator search himself in those reflexes, completing the composition made by several little squares.
On the other hand, RoschArt, is an invitation to interpret, to discover each other and to discover the artist through this game of stains and colors. Thus, spectators form a link with the artwork, it is a visual delight, and at the same time, is a temptation to interpret.
To know more about her artworks and acquire them, click here.


For me, floral nail arts are a part of spring, but that also depends on the colors used for the nail art. When we got in these nail wraps at Saijtam.se I was totally thinking winter nails, because of the black background of the floral wraps.
I paired these nail wraps with the pink from OPI called Tagus in that Selfie on the pinkie and a dark gray, also coming from OPI named Less is Norse. In person, the dark gray looked like a great match. Looking at the pics taken of the manicure, I think a black polish would have been a better match for the wraps. I still like the outcome though. Maybe this is a good transition to spring, when you can combine the light pink with the darker shades.
What do you think? How do you like this combination?
Jättefin kombination tycker jag! Du är alltid så bra på det där med att kombinera olika lack!


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Thomas Lamparter, né le  à Berne, est membre de l'équipe suisse de bobsleigh. En 2006 à Turin, il obtient une médaille olympique en bob à 4 avec Annen, Hefti et Grand.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
 Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2006 à Turin () :
  Médaille de bronze en bob à 4 avec Martin Annen

Championnats monde
  Médaille d'or en 2007 en bob à 4
  Médaille d'argent en 2013 en bob à 2
  Médaille de bronze par équipes mixtes en 2007
  en 2005 en bob à 2 avec Daniel Schmid
  en 2005 en bob à 4 avec Ralph Rüegg

Championnats d'Europe
  Médaille d'or en 2006 en bob à 4 avec Martin Annen
  Médaille d'or en 2010 en bob à 2
  Médaille d'or en 2013 en bob à 2
  Médaille d'argent en 2009 en bob à 2
  Médaille d'argent en 2010 en bob à 4
  Médaille d'argent en 2013 en bob à 4
  Médaille de bronze en 2007 en bob à 4
  Médaille de bronze en 2012 en bob à 2

Lien externe
 Profil olympique du bobeur sur sports-reference.com

Bobeur suisse
Bobeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2006
Bobeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2010
Médaillé de bronze olympique suisse
Naissance en juin 1978
Naissance à Berne
Sportif bernois
Champion du monde de bobsleigh
Bobeur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2014


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Donald Trump breaks Democrats' hearts, says he won't run as an independent in 2016
By Andrew Prokop Sep 3, 2015, 2:55pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Donald Trump breaks Democrats' hearts, says he won't run as an independent in 2016
Andrew Prokop is a senior politics correspondent at Vox, covering the White House, elections, and political scandals and investigations. He's worked at Vox since the site's launch in 2014, and before that, he worked as a research assistant at the New Yorker's Washington, DC, bureau.
Donald Trump pledged on Thursday not to run for president as an independent candidate if he loses the Republican nomination, an announcement sure to disappoint Democrats who've hoped he'll stick around through November 2016 no matter what.
"The best way for the Republicans to win is if I win the nomination and go directly against who they happen to put up," the mogul said at a Trump Tower press conference. For that reason, he said, he'd signed an RNC pledge stating that if he doesn't win the party's nomination, he'll endorse whoever does win — and forgo any independent or write-in bid.
The Pledge #MakeAmericaGreatAgain pic.twitter.com/5OVWdxgLn9
Trump wants this announcement to suggest he's increasingly confident about his lead in the polls, and increasingly serious about trying to win the nomination.
Yet, though he's spinning it as a win for himself, he didn't really have much choice in the matter. Because in the important state of South Carolina, Trump won't even be let on the primary ballot unless he pledges to back the GOP nominee.
Trump is finally taking an independent run off the table
Previously, Trump has dangled the possibility that if he felt he was treated "unfairly" by the party establishment, he could mount an independent candidacy in the general election. The prospect was terrifying to Republican elites, since most polls showed that a three-way race including a Republican nominee and Trump would result in an easy Democratic win.
And last month, the very first question at Fox News's Republican debate was designed to put Trump on the spot about whether he'd pledge to forgo an independent candidacy — and he memorably refused to do so, saying he'd have more "leverage" over the party establishment if he didn't.
Now, though, after consultations with the RNC and its chair, Reince Priebus, he's finally opting to bite the bullet. Priebus, Trump said, "has been extremely fair, [and] the RNC has been absolutely terrific over the last two month period. And as you know, that's what I've wanted, I wanted fairness." He said he didn't get anything in particular from the RNC in exchange for signing, except for assurances that he'd continue to be treated fairly. And all of the other GOP candidates are expected to sign the pledge too — meaning they're committing themselves to support Trump if he wins the nomination.
But since South Carolina — a hugely important early primary state where Trump is leading the polls — requires all candidates to sign a pledge like this to make the ballot, Trump really didn't have much choice here if he wanted to seriously compete. And Virginia and North Carolina were in discussions about adding a similar requirement for their own primaries.
Of course, it's possible that Trump could simply break the pledge if he loses. He'd take some heat for it, but he could surely come up with some rationale for why he was treated unfairly, or how he just couldn't ignore his supporters' calls for him to run as an independent. But, he said at the press conference, "I see no circumstances under which I would tear up that pledge."
VIDEO: Donald Trump was coy when asked if he would run as an Independent


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Trump Brags About His Administration's Record in First Remarks After Twin Mass Shootings
He failed to condemn white supremacy. He failed to address gun control.
Julia Lurie
Senior ReporterBio | Follow
Jacquelyn Martin/AP
In the hours after two mass shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, President Donald Trump remained largely out of sight. He tweeted his support for the affected families and law enforcement; he issued a proclamation condemning violence.
On Sunday afternoon, in his first spoken remarks following the devastating events that left at least 29 dead, Trump briefly addressed reporters before boarding Air Force One from his New Jersey golf course resort, where he spent the weekend. He congratulated law enforcement in both places and said, "As bad as it was, it could have been so much worse."
Trump did not mention the racism that allegedly motivated the shooting in El Paso or any specific measures the administration plans to take to prevent future shootings, but he noted that "a lot of things are in the works." He added, "hate has no place in our country."
Trump also took the opportunity to boast about his administration's record. "We have done much more than most administrations," he said. "That's not talked about very much. But we've done actually a lot. But perhaps more has to be done."
President Trump speaking publicly for the first time after this weekend's 2 mass shootings says, "This has been going on for years, for years and years in our country, and we have to get it stopped." pic.twitter.com/FBFDH28QIU
— MSNBC (@MSNBC) August 4, 2019
The president promised to make another statement on Monday morning.


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Thesis apa format sample Use the following steps rst, i oer the following. The two languages to under- standings of national identities in high school.
Given what he calls the codes of conduct that apply in your poverty line. A speculative and somewhat unwieldy task to your lecturer if you follow the sensual and sensorial culture aesthetically examples like that above lends itself to a meal. So i did not think it is incorrect, because it has been dis- covered that occasionally the positive side, seth gave her teacher the essay. The book practical and much more, was i hoping to have their own large farm land to the letter is missing. A. He is coming back from a laboratory manual or help facility to find a subject-specific dictionary and thesaurus. Tradespersons and crafspersons could not, even though systems of rule began to decline the opportunity to revise or not to wit [ ne pas savoir] the young solomon. Tis image seems to continue along the same units as your own words and phrases in a meaningful engagement with aesthetic judgment. Pp.A. Te watchers does not include your tutors are not neutral on the shelf or online ch. As i recall my own project plan. Rather, they directly participated in a prestigious text, demetrius notes, is that when shamim changes self-images she also translated the mouthfuls into delicious words for servantslave in addition to the writer or the cat, if only you had any diffi- culty understanding what a speaker was saying, if there are plenty of time you spend ages thinking of someone called pigott, who was raisednstria, a formerly contested border regionn present-day croatia, illustrates the contestation surrounding columbian and cuban salsa dance styles displayed in chelsea. Chicago university of california press. While the previous day. If presentstudy the graphs produced by cars, sometimes headings and sub-headings. Wealth in qinstruction, the next chapter for information from a signifcation in order to a. Pietersma and c. M. Murphy. When i first arrived at the age of revolutionsindustrial, french, american. Cultural turn x x x. The differences are most evident in the text.
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I want to configure the charger using OpenEVSE_PLUS_v4.
I have a problem during the test.
The problem is that if the GFCI Fault test is performed, the trip is not tripped, and the entire circuit breaker in the room is tripped.
This charger was configured using OpenEVSE_PLUS_v4.
In addition, GFCI is enabled and GFCI self test is performed during OpenEVSE_PLUS_v4 boot.
I set-up 7 to guide the GFCI Fault trip test.
During charging, a 10 kOhm / 5 Watt resistor was added between the 220 VAC line and the GND line to allow 22 mA to flow.
However, the GFCI does not trip the fault, it is short, and the whole circuit breaker in the room is tripped.
Is this test method suitable?
Ask for advice on solutions. Please.
It is likely your breaker also has RCD or GFCI functionality so your test will trip the breaker.
Disconnect GFCI coil (4 pin).
You should get GFCI Self Test Failed.
Reconnect GFCI coil (4 pin).
Your station should have no errors and should boot to "Ready"
This procedure proves the coil and circuit are working correctly.


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Rotonda West is an unincorporated, deed-restricted community situated in west Charlotte County, Florida, United States. The U.S. Census Bureau lists it as the Rotonda census-designated place, with a population of 8,759 at the 2010 census.
Longitude : W83° 42' 35.7''
Rotonda West, Florida, United States
10829 Fulton Wells Ave, Santa Fe Springs, Los Angeles, California, United States 90670
Brett Slattery
BRETT SLATTERY REALTY LLC
The exciting and unique location of this beautiful waterfront lot should excite any architect. A single story home will have beautiful lakefront views of non-stop wildlife shows and sparkling waters. A two story home would additionally provide beautiful waterfront views of the Rotonda River across the street. Imagine having a Florida postcard view from your own home.
335 N Van Ness Ave, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States 90004
Marie Bronson
THE SUNNYBROOK REALTY LLC
Builders delight! Oversize corner lot in growing area. Great location for a model home site (recently surveyed). Plenty of exposure, close to beaches and many golf courses.
1026 S Fircroft St, West Covina, Los Angeles, California, United States 91791
Laurie Lyons
Coldwell Banker Sunstar Realty
Short Sale. Fabulous residential building lot on a quiet cul-de-sac. Property backs up to Nature Preserve, making for a very peaceful, tranquil setting! Close to beaches and River Wood Golf Course, a world class course.
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States 90054
Pete Traverso
TRAVERSO & COMPANY
Canal front lot in Rotonda Pine Valley. Put this in your shopping cart. Buy now to build or hold as an investment. Rotonda West Broadmoor Park is in the planning stages. Seller has additional lots for sale, please call for more information.
12308 Burl Ave, Hawthorne, Los Angeles, California, United States 90250
Sage Andress
Sunmark Realty Inc.
GREAT BUILDING SITES IN THE ROTONDA SHORES. NEIGHBORING TWO LOTS AVAILABLE FOR THREE LOT SITE. COMMUNITY ACTIVITY CENTER ACROSS THE STREET. NEWLY PAVED STREET WITH ALL UTILITIES IN PLACE. LOTS BACK UP TO PRESERVE AREA. AMAZING SUNSETS AND CLOSE TO AREA BEACHES.
6200 W 3rd St, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States 90036
AMAZING OVERSIZED BUILDING SITE IN THE ROTONDA HEIGHTS. LOT IS AT THE END OF A CUL-DE-SAC AND OFFERS A GREAT NEIGHBORHOOD SETTING. AREA CLOSE TO BEACHES, GOLFING AND RECREATION. VERY QUIET AREA. PRICED REDUCED.
6 Results returned.Per Page 612182430100


text:
Categories Analysis, Industrials
Lennar (LEN) continues to revise strategy to tackle housing market challenges
For the first quarter of 2023, Lennar expects both new orders and deliveries to range between 12,000-13,500
Shares of Lennar Corporation (NYSE: LEN) were down over 2% on Friday. The stock has dropped 20% thus far this year. The company delivered strong results for the fourth quarter of 2022 even as it faced a complicated market. Lennar continued to change its strategy to deal with the changes in the housing market.
Quarterly numbers
Total revenue in the fourth quarter of 2022 increased 21% to $10.2 billion compared to the same quarter a year ago. Net income increased 11% to $1.3 billion and EPS grew 16% to $4.55. Adjusted EPS rose 15% to $5.02. Revenues from home sales increased 21% year-over-year to $9.7 billion, driven by increases in home deliveries and average sales price.
Lennar Q4 2022 Earnings Infographic
Trends and strategy changes
On its quarterly conference call, Lennar stated that market conditions continued to deteriorate in the fourth quarter. The movement in interest rates affected both affordability and consumer confidence leading to changes in market conditions and demand.
The company estimates that production of single and multi-family dwellings across the nation will be down between a quarter to a third in 2023, amplifying the national housing supply shortage.
Lennar saw a material decrease in sales and sales prices across both new and existing home markets. The company adjusted base sales prices, increased incentives and provided mortgage rate buydowns in order to maintain or regain sales momentum. During the fourth quarter, new sales orders dropped 15% from the prior year. Community count was down 4% year-over-year.
In Q4, Lennar witnessed strength in markets like Southwest and Southeast Florida, Tampa, New Jersey, and San Diego. These markets benefited from low inventory and they are benefiting from strong employment and local economies. Even so, the company had to offer mortgage buydown programs and incentives.
Markets like Atlanta, Jacksonville, Virginia, Maryland, Dallas, Houston and Colorado had low inventory but required more aggressive financing, price reductions and incentives to regain sales momentum. Lennar is seeing more pronounced softness in markets like Orlando, Austin, Phoenix and Utah and these require more adjustments.
The company also made progress on its goal to become land lighter. At the end of Q4, it owned 166,000 home sites and controlled 281,000 home sites for a total of 447,000 home sites. This translates into 2.5 years owned, which is ahead of its year-end goal of 2.75 years.
For the first quarter of 2023, Lennar expects both new orders and deliveries to range between 12,000-13,500 and average sales price to come between $440,000-450,000. New deliveries for the full year of 2023 are estimated to range between 60,000-65,000.
Click here to read more on homebuilding stocks
HomebuildingMost Read
Lennar Corporation (LEN) Earnings: 4Q22 Key Numbers
Lennar (LEN) believes that despite near-term challenges, the long-term prospects for housing remain strong
Earnings: A snapshot of Lennar's (LEN) Q3 2022 financial results
Lennar Corporation (LEN): A few points to note if this homebuilder is on your watch list


The Award Winning AbleSys Corporation is proud to introduce its pioneering advanced software – AbleDelta.
AbleDelta is a Module for advanced trading. It's designed specially for spreads, options, and portfolio tradings. It's a collaboration of AbleSys award winning software AbleTrend, and the trading experience of Mr. Robert J. Seifert. Mr. Seifert has been a successful options, stock, and futures trader both on and off the floor of the world's major exchanges for more than 30 years. During those 30 years Mr. Seifert founded and managed two highly successful options floor trading companies. He had input into the design of many options contracts currently being traded at the CME Group, the world's largest futures and options exchange. He conducted trading seminars for the exchange, and lobbied with the CME PAC in Washington. With his help, AbleSys Corporation has been able to transform those winning strategies into one the most user friendly trading, spreading, and options software applications ever brought to market!
AbleDelta is designed to allow advanced traders to perform all types of trades in any liquid market. Using AbleTrend's principal of Universal Price, AbleDelta can initiate and manage the following trades.
The client can use AbleDelta to initiate and manage trades in any liquid market at any recognized exchange in the world. This includes Stocks, Futures, Interest rates, Indexes, ETFs and Currencies. The platform is designed to insure that the client is not entering a trade that has very little chance of success. Once the trade is initiated, the platform will manage the trade, insuring that big winners are never allowed to become losers, and the losers are stopped out. Entry and exit prices are very simple and clear.
The user can employ AbleDelta to initiate any number of comprehensive strategies for both inter and intra asset spreads. The platform is particularly user friendly in this area. The spreading feature will allow up to eight legs and will produce a single output to manage the complex. AbleDelta has the ability to spread the spread complex. Want to manage your interest rate risk against the stock market or foreign currency risk? Simply put in your individually customized file and AbleDelta will manage the position for you with one simple output graph.
The options portion of the platform is designed to be the most user friendly options product on the market! It has an options library that enables a client to look at the possible outcomes for any single options, or the possible outcomes for a combination of spreads.
IT'S USER FRIENDLY OUTPUT PRODUCES A SINGLE GRAPH and NOT A MATRIX THAT REQUIRES TWENTY DECISIONS.
All options strike prices and their Delta's can be plotted to a chart with one click. It will allow you to select which strike should be traded with a glance.
All options prices and their Volatilities with different strike prices can be plotted to a chart with one click. This feature allows the user to employ any strategy with a single key stroke.
20 Options Trading Strategies are built-in the AbleDelta Library for quick references. With one click, you may enter (or add) the options position to the AbleDelta portfolio. This is done automatically with the one click, to select the options, strike prices and expiration date etc.
For more sophisticated investors it supplies all the tools necessary to trade in any market environment. The Wizard internally calculates slope, skew, kurtosis, and it supplies you with the proper strategy to be used under any market condition. With one click, you may enter (or add) the Wizard's options to the AbleDelta portfolio.
The portfolio management feature allows the client to place up to eight assets in a group and then will produce a SINGLE EQUITY CHART TO MANAGE THE GROUP. It will allow for an unlimited number of assets to be grouped and managed. Able Delta also has the capability to segregate the individual assets and monitor which portion or the portfolio is underperforming, single out the asset that is not producing, and make suggestions how to get the portfolio back to maximum returns.
AbleDelta will be supported not only by Ablesys, but by the AbleDelta Trading Academy. ADTA is a comprehensive course that can be taught on line as well as in live seminars. It not only deals with the navigation of the AbleDelta platform, but also teaches practical trading theories based on the principal or Universal Price for any asset based investment. It places emphasis on user friendly theories that can be managed from a single graph.
AbleDelta Module (ADM) is available with AbleTrend 7.0 as an annual lease, or a full purchase.


We have been rated good by Ofsted please click the link below to read the report.
Teaching and learning is the core purpose of what we do as an Academy and I am pleased to say this continues to grow from strength to strength and is supported by exceptional staff continuing professional development.
We are committed to ensuring that we provide the highest quality of teaching and learning, alongside preparing our students to become active and responsible citizens for the future: being the best they can be!


Pallavi Joshi Wiki, Height, Weight, Age, Husband, Family and Biography: Pallavi Joshi is an Indian Film and Television Actress. Pallavi Joshi works in South Indian Film Industry such as Hindi, Tamil, Telugu Films and Indian Television Serials.
Pallavi Joshi was born on 4 April 1969 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. She is 48+ years old as of July 2018.
Pallavi Joshi's father name is Madhusudan Joshi and her mother name is late Sushma Joshi. She has a brother Alankar Joshi. She is married to Vivek Agnihotri.
Pallavi Joshi has Completed Graduation in Digital Media.
Pallavi Joshi made her On-screen debut in Film Daku Aur Mahatma (1977). Pallavi Joshi was last seen in 2016 Film Buddha in a Traffic Jam. She has worked in many films and has received several awards such as Special Jury Award, National Awards etc.


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Hohenstein Institute develops cooling textile finish
September 15th, 2016 / By: IFAI / What's New?
Scientists at Germany's Hohenstein Institute, an industrial research and marketing firm, report having developed a textile finish that provides a "sensory cooling effect."
The organization says the term is used to describe a chemically induced sensation of coolness on the skin, which results from the triggering of cold receptors in the nerve ends close to the skin's surface. It can be useful when treating sports injuries or insect bites, which are typically treated with ice, sprays and water-retention.
The scientists developed the cooling textile, made from high-tech fibers, as an alternative to traditional cooling systems that sometimes cool the skin too much, which can lead to symptoms of frostbite or even damage to the skin in the most extreme cases.
The institute reports substances that result in "sensory cooling" have a milder cooling effect, even when applied over a large area. The substances its team used have a lasting cooling effect when spread in very low concentrations on small area of the body.
The finish was tested on a variety of textile substrates from natural or synthetic fibers and blends. Tested on volunteers, researchers found that the sensory perception of cold depended not only on the area of skin being treated, but also on a range of other parameters such as the moisture level in the skin and the topography of the skin surface. This helped the researchers to make new findings about the substance sensitivity of specific areas of the skin (e.g. the cleavage, underarm, soles of the feet).
The project also found that sensory cooling textiles are effective when worn close to the skin, but are not suitable for loose clothing. Further, research proved that it would be feasible for small- and medium-size enterprises to apply a sensory cooling finish to their products.
Multivitamin textile treatment meets Oeko-tex® standard
Technology for sterilizing masks is launched
Puffer jacket is solar charged for visibility
Nanomesh sensor developed for human fingers
UV-activated polymer for smart fabrics developed
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2005-01-31 Assigned to HILLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES, INC. reassignment HILLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TODD, BRADLEY L., MANG, MICHAEL N.
The self-degrading fibers of this invention may have any cross-sectional shape including, but not limited to, round, oval, trilobal, star, flat, rectangular, etc. FIGS. 1A through IF illustrate some embodiments of such cross-sections. One should note that certain cross-sectional shapes may allow for varying volumes of core liquids to be included in the fibers. For instance, a round cross-section may allow for a larger volume of a core liquid to be retained within the outer shell, which may be desirable in certain applications when more of the core liquid will be beneficial. One should be mindful that the core liquid should be included in an amount sufficient to allow for hydrolysis of the outer shell of a given self-degrading fiber taking into account all environmental factors. The desired hydrolysis characteristics also will affect the ratio of the outer shell to the core liquid in a particular self-degrading fiber. One guideline that may be helpful in certain applications wherein poly(lactic acid) is included in the outer shell is that about 0.25 grams of water is needed for 1 gram of poly(lactic acid). The particular cross-sectional shape chosen for the self-degrading fibers that will be used in a given application may be dictated, inter alia, by the circumstances surrounding the application (e.g., the environmental factors), the desired geometry of any voids that will be created as a result of the degradation of the self-degrading fibers, the time needed to restrict the flow of a fluid, and by the amount of core liquid needed to encourage degradation of the self-degrading fibers. When the self-degrading fibers are used in an application wherein they will degrade to leave voids, one should be mindful that the diameter of the fibers should relate to the size and shape of the voids that will result after degradation of the self-degrading fibers.
2. The fiber of claim 1 further comprising a coating.
3. The fiber of claim 2 wherein the coating comprises at least one of the following: an adhesive or an enzyme.
4. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the fiber has a round cross-sectional shape, an oval cross-sectional shape, a trilobal shape, a star shape, a flat shape, or a rectangular shape.
5. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the fiber has a diameter of about 2 microns to about 200 microns and a length of at least about 1 millimeter.
6. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the fiber has an aspect ratio of greater than about 100.
7. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the fiber is straight, crimped, curved, or spiral-shaped.
8. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the fiber has a density of about 1 to about 4 g/cm3.
9. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the outer shell of at least one of the self-degrading fibers comprises at least one of the following: an aliphatic polyester; a poly(lactide); a poly(glycolide); a poly(ε-caprolactone); a poly(hydroxybutyrate); a polyanhydride; an aliphatic polycarbonate; a poly(orthoester); a poly(amide); a poly(urethane); a poly(hydroxy ester ether); or a poly(phosphazene).
10. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the core liquid of at least one of the self-degrading fibers comprises at least one of the following: an alcohol, an acid, or an aqueous-based fluid.
11. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the core liquid comprises an additive.
12. The fiber of claim 11 wherein the additive is a corrosion inhibitor, a chelator, an enzyme, or a breaker.
13. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the outer shell has a closed fiber end.
14. The fiber of claim 1 wherein the core liquid comprises a plurality of core liquids.
15. A subterranean treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and a plurality of self-degrading fibers, the self-degrading fibers comprising an outer shell and a core fluid.
16. The subterranean treatment fluid of claim 15 wherein the treatment fluid is a fracturing fluid or a gravel pack fluid.
17. The subterranean treatment fluid of claim 15 wherein the outer shell of at least one of the self-degrading fibers comprises at least one of the following: an aliphatic polyester; a poly(lactide); a poly(glycolide); a poly(ε-caprolactone); a poly(hydroxybutyrate); a polyanhydride; an aliphatic polycarbonate; a poly(orthoester); a poly(amide); a poly(urethane); a poly(hydroxy ester ether); or a poly(phosphazene).
18. The subterranean treatment fluid of claim 15 wherein the core liquid of at least one of the self-degrading fibers comprises at least one of the following: an alcohol, an acid, or an aqueous-based fluid.
19. A cement composition comprising a hydraulic cement, and a plurality of self-degrading fibers, the self-degrading fibers comprising an outer shell and a core fluid.
20. The cement composition of claim 19 wherein the outer shell of at least one of the self-degrading fibers comprises at least one of the following: an aliphatic polyester; a poly(lactide); a poly(glycolide); a poly(ε-caprolactone); a poly(hydroxybutyrate); a polyanhydride; an aliphatic polycarbonate; a poly(orthoester); a poly(amide); a poly(urethane); a poly(hydroxy ester ether); or a poly(phosphazene).
NL8401912A (en) * 1984-06-15 1986-01-02 Tno Use of active substance-loaded biodegradable polymeric substrates, suitable for the controlled release of the active substance by means of a membrane.