text:
"The Last of the Novelists": F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Last Tycoon
5 / The Unwritten Episodes
It is possible to make informed guesses at the material to be covered in the rest of Fitzgerald's outline-plan by extrapolating from his working notes. However, the notes are undated and cover a period of some two years—with early and late material intermixed. The discussion that follows is based on the last version of Fitzgerald's outline-plan.
On 14 December 1940—a week before his death—Fitzgerald prepared a schedule for writing episodes 17-30 in a month, dividing the work into four 7,000-word units. His projection that the novel could be completed in 28,000 words seems low in view of the amount of action remaining.
New Schedule from Dec. 14-Jan. 15th inc.
(Have done 36,000 words)
Conception One day
Plan " "
Write four days at 1750 a day
Notes, letters + rest one day.
This should finish me up at 7000 words a week. (The assumption is that the episodes average 1750—they must be made to do so. In the planning try to divide the work into seven thousand word units, roughly.
The Storm breaks to the Meeting of Four
Wylie White to Lieing low
Last Fling to the Airport
The Plane to the Funeral (short one)
18. The Cummerbund—market—(The theatre with Bench-ley) August 10th
The only clue to the content of this episode is Sheilah Graham's recollection that Fitzgerald was intrigued by her story that she had once rejected a suitor because he was wearing a red cummerbund. The application of this anecdote to the novel remains a mystery. Benchley, is, of course, humorist Robert Benchley, who was one of Fitzgerald's Hollywood friends.
19. The four meet, like Hop and Lefty. Renewal. Palomar
The content of episode 19 is another mystery. Hop and Lefty have not been identified, but Fitzgerald knew Lefty Flynn, a former college football star and cowboy actor. "Renewal" probably refers to a resumption of the affair between Kathleen and Stahr. Palomar is almost certainly a reference to the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles, but what was to occur there is unknown. A possible clue to the Palomar scene is provided by this note: "Director. Well, he was walking along with his early marriage—trying to walk a little in front of her. Curious loneliness in the Palomar. The old hurt came back, heavy and delightful. Benny Goodman and Scottie's drummer, so handsome, chewing gum in time to the music. Moorish, boorish, garish lights overhead."
20. Wylie White in Office August 28th-Sept. 14th.
Episode 20 was to deal with the encounter in which White rebukes Stahr for blocking the Guild—probably a revision of a similar scene cut from Chapter 2. Things are starting to go wrong at the studio, and Stahr's unity is being broken up because the writers no longer trust him. As the novel progressed, Stahr would have become increasingly isolated from both his partners and from his employees. The action of Chapter 6 (episodes 17-20) was to cover eighteen days.
G21. Sick in Washington. To quit?
[In his outline-plan Fitzgerald used G, H, and I to indicate chapter 7-9. See episodes 25 and 28 below.]
Fitzgerald's notes show that Stahr was to make a trip to Washington where he becomes sick. It was probably to have been a business trip—Stahr is scarcely a tourist—but the purpose of the trip remains unknown. Stahr wants to get the sense of Washington, but is too sick to see anything. (The Washington material connects with the presidential theme in the novel.) At this time Stahr considers quitting the studio.
22. Brady and Stahr—double blackmail. Quarrel with Wylie.
In episode 22 Brady was to attempt to blackmail Stahr into leaving the studio. The only information that Brady can use against Stahr is his knowledge of Stahr's affair with Kathleen, although it is not clear how Brady has learned about it. Stahr was possibly to retaliate by threatening Brady with information he has that Brady arranged for the murder of the husband of his mistress. Some notes on a case involving a 1917 roadhouse raid outside of Boston in which Fatty Arbuckle and some movie executives were charged with indecent behavior indicate that Fitzgerald may have considered adapting this material as the basis for Stahr's counter-blackmail against Brady. At one time Manny Schwartze was to have been Stahr's source for this information. The quarrel with Wylie White is related in some way to episode 20, and it may be that here is where Fitzgerald intended to use the scene in Stahr's office cut from Chapter 2.
23. Throws over Cecelia who tells her father. Stops making pictures. Story conference—rushes and sets. Lies low after Cut.
Apparently Stahr was to be seeing both Kathleen and Cecelia (assuming that "Renewal" in episode 19 means a renewal of Stahr's affair with Kathleen). When he breaks off with Cecelia here, she "tells her father"; but it is not clear what she tells him. Since there isn't much point for Cecelia to just tell Brady that Stahr has stopped seeing her, Fitzgerald must have planned to have Cecelia tell her father something about Stahr that Brady uses against him—probably information about Stahr and Kathleen.
Then Stahr stops making pictures, probably because of his power struggle with the Brady faction. Here Fitzgerald was going to provide a view of Stahr's day in contrast to episodes 7-11, showing the difference in Stahr when he isn't making movies. This episode was to include the crisis over the studio salary cut. Fitzgerald's notes indicate that Brady was going to persuade the writers and other high-salaried people to accept a cut by promising that the salaries of the secretaries would be maintained—and then Brady would cut all salaries. Stahr, who was opposed to any cuts, is outraged by Brady's treachery.
24. Last Fling with Kathleen. Old stars in heat wave at Encino.
In episode 24 Stahr was to have his final sexual encounter with Kathleen. Sheilah Graham thinks that "old stars in heat wave at Encino" was to be based on a heat wave that she and Fitzgerald experienced when they were living on the Edward Everett Horton estate at Encino. Fitzgerald had projected Chapter 7 (episodes 21-24) at 6,500 words.
H25. Brady gets to Smith. Fleishacker and Cecelia. (S. G. & K) Sept. 15-30th
Chapter 8 was to begin with episode 25, in which Brady reveals to Smith, Kathleen's husband, that she is having an affair with Stahr. Brady was to persuade Smith to agree to some action against Stahr—possibly an alienation of affection suit. At the same time Cecilia has a rebound affair with Mort Fleishacker, the company lawyer, who differs from Stahr in every possible way. "S. G." refers to Sheilah Graham, and "K" probably stands for Kathleen—meaning that Fitzgerald planned to develop certain parallels between Miss Graham and Kathleen. This time span of Chapter 8 was 15-30 September.
26. Stahr hears plan. Camera man O.K. Stops it—very sick.
In episode 26 Stahr was to learn about the action Brady and Smith are planning to take against him, probably from cameramanGarcia (Zavras) who feels a great sense of gratitude to Stahr. Although Stahr manages to block Brady's plot, his health is failing.
The outline-plan suggests that Fitzgerald may have simplified his story line. His notes indicate that at one time he considered a double-murder plot: upon learning that Brady has arranged to have him killed, Stahr would retaliate. After setting up the murder of Brady, Stahr flies east to establish an alibi, but experiences a sense of revulsion at the realization that he has in effect become corrupted by Brady. Stahr decides to send a telegram from the first airport calling off Brady's murder; however, the plane crashes before Stahr can act. In the planning stages Fitzgerald considered giving Robinson an important role in the murder plot, perhaps having him act as Brady's agent. There is an indication that Fitzgerald's original plan involved Stahr arranging for Robinson's murder. In an early stage of the story Robinson was to have been in love with Kathleen, but this idea was obviously dropped. When Robinson is introduced in Chapter 2 the reader has the feeling that Robinson is being planted for a purpose that will be developed later, but he does not reappear in the episodes Fitzgerald wrote. Sheilah Graham believes that Fitzgerald had decided to cut Robinson out of the novel in the final rewrite.
If Fitzgerald had in fact dropped the murder material, it was a sound decision. Stahr would inevitably be debased by participation in a murder—even allowing for the fact that he changes his mind. For Stahr to arrange Brady's murder goes counter to the characterization Fitzgerald built up. Nevertheless, it is by no means clear that Fitzgerald had really rejected the murder material, for the outline-plan includes "(The Murderers)" in Chapter 8.
27. Resolve problem. Thalia at airport. Cecelia to college; Thalia at airport. S. G.
Episode 27 completes Chapter 8. Here Stahr (or Fitzgerald) was to "resolve problem," but it is not clear which problem—the problem of Kathleen's husband, the problem at the studio, or both. Since Chapter 8 is labeled "DEFEAT" in the outline-plan, it is apparent that Fitzgerald saw Stahr as losing the struggle for control of the studio. Stahr is flying east, probably to consolidate his position with the stockholders in New York (or to establish an alibi), andKathleen sees him off. They meet Cecelia, who is returning to college on another plane. Fitzgerald projected chapter 8 at 7,000 words, making it the longest chapter in the novel.
I28. The plane falls. Foretaste of the future in Flieshacker Sept 3oth-Oct.
Episode 28, which opens the ninth and final chapter, was to describe the death of Stahr in a plane crash and the taking over of the studio by Fleishacker, who represents the financial interests. The outline entry for this episode does not mention Fitzgerald's original idea of having the plane wreckage discovered by children whose attitudes toward life are determined by the possessions they find; and Fitzgerald seems to have been undecided about the plan. If this material had been retained, it probably would have ended the novel. This is Fitzgerald's note for the looting of the plane:
It is important that I began this chapter with a delicate transition because I am not going to describe the Fall of the Plane but simply give a last picture of Stahr as the plane takes off and describe very briefly in the airport the people who are on board. The plane, therefore, has left for New York and when the reader turns to Chapter X [The reference to the tenth chapter indicates that this is an early note, written before Fitzgerald decided on a nine-chapter structure], I must be sure that he isn't confused by the sudden change of scene and situation. Here I can make the best transition by an opening paragraph in which I tell the reader that Cecelia's story ends here and that what is now told was a situation discovered by the writer himself and pieced together from what he learned in a small town in Oklahoma, from a municipal judge. That the incidents occurred one month after the plane fell and plunged Stahr and all its occupants into a white darkness. Tell how the snow hid the wreck and that inspite of searching parties that the plane was considered lost and that will resume the narrative—that a curtain first went up during an early thaw the following March. (I have to go over all the chapters and get the time element to shape up so that Stahr's second trip to New York, the one on which he is killed, takes place when the first snow has fallen on the Rockies. I want this plane to be like that plane that was lost for fully two months before they found the plane and thesurvivors.) Consider carefully whether if possible by some technical trick, it might not be advisable to conceal from the reader that the plane fell until the moment when the children find it. The problem is that the reader must not turn to Chapter X and be confused, but on the other hand, the dramatic effect, even if the reader felt lost for a few minutes, might be more effective if he did not find at the beginning of the chapter that the plane fell. In fact, almost certainly that is the way to handle it and I must find a method of handling it in that fashion. There must be an intervening paragraph to begin Chapter X which will reassure the reader that he is following the same story, but it can be evasive and confine itself to leading the reader astray thinking that the paragraph is merely to explain that Cecelia is not telling this next part of the story without telling the reader that the plane ran into a mountain top and disappeared from human knowledge for several months.
When I have given the reader some sense of the transition and prepared him for a change in scene and situation, break the narrative with a space or so and begin the following story. That a group of children are starting off on a hike. That there is an early spring thaw in this mountain state. Pick out of the group of children three who we will call Jim, Frances and Dan. That atmosphere is that particular atmosphere of Oklahoma when the long winter breaks. The atmosphere must be an all cold climate where the winter breaks very suddenly with almost a violence—the snow seems to part as if very unwillingly in great convulsive movements like the break-up of an ice flow. There's a bright sun. The three children get separated from the teacher or scoutmaster or whoever is in charge of the expedition and the girl, Frances, comes upon a part of the engine and fly-wheel of a broken airplane. She has no idea what it is. She is rather puzzled by it and at the moment is engaged rather in a flirtation with both Jim and Dan. However, she is an intelligent child of 13 or 14 and while she doesn't identify it as part of an airplane she knows it is an odd piece of machinery to be found in the mountains. First she thinks it is the remains of some particular mining machinery. She calls Dan and then Jim and they forget whatever small juvenile intrigue they were embarking on in their discovery of other debris from the fall of the plane. Their first general instinct is to call the other members of the party because Jim who is the smartest of the children (both the boysages about 15) recognizes that it is a fallen plane—though he doesn't connect it with the plane that disappeared the previous November) when Frances comes upon a purse and an open traveling case which belonged to the Lola Lane actress. It contains the things that to her represent undreamt of luxuries. In it there's a jewel box. It has been unharmed—it has fallen through the branches of a tree. There are flasks of perfume that would never appear in the town where she lives, perhaps a negligee or anything I can think of that an actress might be carrying which was absolutely the last word in film elegance. She is utterly fascinated.
Simultaneously Jim has found Stahr's briefcase. A briefcase is what he has always wanted and Stahr's briefcase is an excellent piece of leather and some other traveling appurtenances of Stahr's. Things that are notably possessions of wealthy men. I have no special ideas at present, but think what a very wealthy, well-equipped man might be liable to have with him on such an expedition and then Dan makes the suggestion of "Why do we have to tell about this? We can all come up here later and there is probably a lot more of this stuff here and there's probably money and everything." These people are dead—they will never need it again, then we can say about the plane or let other people find it. Nobody will know we have been up here."
Dan bears, in some form of speech, a faint resemblance to Bradogue. This must be subtly done and not look too much like a parable or moral lesson, still the impression must be conveyed, but be careful to convey it once and rub it in. If the reader misses it, let it go—don't repeat. Show Frances as malleable and amoral in the situation, but show a definite doubt on Jim's part, even from the first, as to whether this is fair dealing even towards the dead. Close this episode with the children rejoining the party.
Several weeks later the children have now made several trips to the mountain and have rifled the place of everything that is of any value. Dan is especially proud of his find, which includes some rather disreputable possessions of Ronciman. Frances is worried and definitely afraid and tending to side with Jim, who is now in an absolutely wretched mood about the whole affair. He knows that searching parties have been on a neighboring mountain—that the plane has been traced and that with the full flowering of spring the secret will come out and that each trip up, he feels that the danger is more andmore. However, let that be Frances' feeling, because Jim has, by this time, read the contents of Stahr's briefcase and late at night, taking it from the woodshed where he has concealed it has gotten an admiration for the man. Naturally, by the time of this episode all three children are aware of what plane it was and who was in it and whose possessions they have.
One day also they have found the bodies, though I do not want to go into this scene in any gruesome manner, of the six or seven victims still half concealed by the snow. In any case, something in one of Stahr's letters that Jim reads late at night decides him to go to Judge------and tell the whole story which he does against the threats of Dan, who is bigger than he is and could lick him physically. We leave the children there with the idea that they are in good hands, that they are not going to be punished, that having made full restoration, and the fact that, after all they could plead in court that they did not know anything more about the situation than "finder's keeper's." There will be no punishment of any kind for any of the three children. Give the impression that Jim is all right—that Frances is faintly corrupted and may possibly go off in a year or so in search of adventure and may turn into anything from a gold digger to a prostitute, and that Dan has been completely corrupted and will spend the rest of his life looking for a chance to get something for nothing.
I cannot be too careful not to rub this in or give it the substance or feeling of a moral tale. I should very pointedly that that Jim is all right and end perhaps with Frances and let the readers hope that Frances is going to be all right and then take that hope away by showing the last glimpse of Frances with that lingering conviction that luxury is over the next valley, therefore giving a bitter and acrid finish to the incident to take away any possible sentimental and moral stuff that may have crept into it. Certainly end the incident with Frances.
29. Outside the studio. S.G.
Episode 29 was to leave the reader with a final view of Kathleen outside the studio after Stahr's death. Fitzgerald was attracted by the irony of the fact that, except for the night of the flood, she has never been inside the studio. Again this view of Kathleen was to be based on Sheilah Graham.
The epilogue can model itself quite fairly on the last part of Gatsby. We go back to Cecelia as a narrator and have her tell it with the emphasis on herself so that what she reveals about what happened to her father, to the company, to Thalia seems to be revealed as if she was now a little weary of the story, and told all she knew about it and was returning to her own affairs. In it she might discuss whom she married and try to find an equivalent of that nice point in Gatsby where the narrator erases the dirty word that the boy has scrawled in chalk against the doorstep. I think it might be touching if she met Thalia in this episode and was going to take her through the studio and found that she couldn't do it because she was called East so that the reader knows that Thalia won't ever see the studios and I think that I'll leave Thalia's life in the air, her character unimpaired, deepened without quite the pettiness in the end of Gatsby—Thalia all in all being a fuller and richer person than she had been six months before—released from her particular material bondage to Kiki and perhaps with a little hope embarked on some enterprise that seems to promise a future for her or with the idea that she might marry Robinson, the cutter or even a paragraph which implied that now Thalia was more attractive than she had ever been and that there was no doubt that she was going to be all right. To that extent to reassure the reader and not leave a bitter taste in the reader's mouth about Thalia.
And I think I'll do my own method of ending probably on a high note about Stahr but that will solve itself in the writing. And as toward the end I'll tend to go into a certain cadence prose.
30. Johnny Swanson at funeral
An alternate conclusion for the novel was an account of Stahr's funeral, in which Fitzgerald wanted to present one last large Hollywood irony: Johnny Swanson, the has-been cowboy actor noticed by Cecelia in Chapter 2, is mistakenly asked to be a pallbearer; thereafter his career has a miraculous recovery. Even in death Monroe Stahr is a star-maker.
Fitzgerald based the funeral episode on an anecdote about Irving Thalberg's funeral. Harry Carey, a former cowboy star, was one of the pallbearers—a surprising choice since he was not one of Thalberg's close friends. The story went around Hollywood that Harry Carey received the letter intended for writer Carey Wilson,who was one of Thalberg's closest associates. Bob Thomas refutes this story in Thalberg (New York: Doubleday, 1969). At any rate, both Harry Carey and Carey Wilson were pallbearers for Thalberg, and Harry Carey's career did subsequently prosper.
Next: Chapter 6 The Book


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Battle of Ain Jalut
battle between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire
Part of the Mongol invasions of the Levant
Map showing movements of both forces, meeting eventually at Ain Jalut
Near Ayn Jalut, Nazareth, Galilee[1]
Mamluk victory
Mongol invasion of the Mamluk Sultanate is halted.
Territories captured by the Mongols are returned to the Mamluks.
Mamluk Sultanate
Ayyubid emirs of Kerak and Hamah
Ilkhanate (Mongol Empire)
Kingdom of Georgia
Cilician Armenia
Ayyubid emirs of Homs and Banias
Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Baibars
Al-Mansur of Hamah Kitbuga †
Al-Ashraf of Homs
Al-Said of Banias
Units involved
Light cavalry and horse archers, heavy cavalry, infantry Mongol lancers and horse archers, Cilician Armenian troops, Georgian contingent, local Ayyubid contingents
15–20,000[2][3][4] 10–20,000[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Unknown most of the army[11][12][13]
Mongol invasions and
Qara Khitai
Khwarezm
Western Xia
Eastern Xia
Kievan Rus
Volga Bulgaria
Durdzuketia
Poland (First, Second, Third)
Hungary (First, Second)
Bulgaria and Serbia
Latin Empire
Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
Ain Jalut
1st Homs
Ninth Crusade
2nd Homs
Wadi al-Khazandar
Marj al-Saffar
The Battle of Ain Jalut (Arabic: معركة عين جالوت, romanized: Ma'rakat 'Ayn Jālūt), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley near the Spring of Harod (Arabic: عين جالوت, romanized: 'Ayn Jālūt, lit. 'Spring of Goliath'). The battle was fought not far from the site of Zir'in, a now-destroyed Palestinian village in present-day Israel. The battle marked the height of the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield.[14]
Continuing the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire, the armies of Hulagu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad in 1258, along with the Ayyubid capital of Damascus sometime later.[15] Hulagu sent envoys to Cairo demanding Qutuz surrender Egypt, to which Qutuz responded by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on the Bab Zuweila gate of Cairo.[15] Shortly after this, Hulagu returned to Mongolia with the bulk of his army in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approximately 10,000 troops west of the Euphrates under the command of general Kitbuqa.
Learning of these developments, Qutuz quickly advanced his army from Cairo towards Palestine.[16] Kitbuqa sacked Sidon, before turning his army south towards the Spring of Harod to meet Qutuz' forces. Using hit-and-run tactics and a feigned retreat by Mamluk general Baibars, combined with a final flanking maneuver by Qutuz, the Mongol army was pushed in a retreat toward Bisan, after which the Mamluks led a final counterattack, which resulted in the death of several Mongol troops, along with Kitbuqa himself.
The battle has been cited as the first time the Mongols were permanently prevented from expanding their influence,[14] and also incorrectly cited as the first major Mongol defeat.[17] It also marked the first of two defeats the Mongols would face in their attempts to invade Egypt and the Levant, the other being the Battle of Marj al-Saffar in 1303. The earliest known use of the hand cannon in any military conflict is also documented to have taken place in this battle by the Mamluks, who used it to frighten the Mongol armies, according to Arabic military treatises of the 13th and 14th centuries.[18][19][20][21][22]
1.1 Mongol envoys in Cairo
1.2 Hulagu's departure to Mongolia
1.3 Qutuz' advance into Palestine
1.4 Mongol invasion of the crusader states
2 Battle
5 In fiction
Background[edit]
When Möngke Khan became Great Khan in 1251, he immediately set out to implement his grandfather Genghis Khan's plan for a world empire. To lead the task of subduing the nations in the West, he selected his brother, another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, Hulagu Khan.[15]
Assembling the army took five years, and it was not until 1256 that Hulagu was prepared to begin the invasions. Operating from the Mongol base in Persia, Hulagu proceeded south. Möngke had ordered good treatment for those who yielded without resistance and destruction for the rest. In that way, Hulagu and his army had conquered some of the most powerful and longstanding dynasties of the time.
Other countries in the Mongols' path submitted to Mongol authority and contributed forces to the Mongol army. When the Mongols had reached Baghdad, their army included Cilician Armenians and even some Frankish forces from the submissive Principality of Antioch. The Assassins in Persia fell, the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad was destroyed (see Battle of Baghdad) and the Ayyubid dynasty in Damascus fell as well. Hulagu's plan was then to proceed southwards through the Kingdom of Jerusalem towards the Mamluk Sultanate, to confront the major Islamic power.[15]
During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluks were Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchaks replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols.[23]
Mongol envoys in Cairo[edit]
In 1260, Hulagu sent envoys to Qutuz in Cairo with a letter demanding his surrender that read:
From the King of Kings of the East and West, the Great Khan. To Qutuz the Mamluk, who fled to escape our swords. You should think of what happened to other countries and submit to us. You have heard how we have conquered a vast empire and have purified the earth of the disorders that tainted it. We have conquered vast areas, massacring all the people. You cannot escape from the terror of our armies. Where can you flee? What road will you use to escape us? Our horses are swift, our arrows sharp, our swords like thunderbolts, our hearts as hard as the mountains, our soldiers as numerous as the sand. Fortresses will not detain us, nor armies stop us. Your prayers to God will not avail against us. We are not moved by tears nor touched by lamentations. Only those who beg our protection will be safe. Hasten your reply before the fire of war is kindled. Resist and you will suffer the most terrible catastrophes. We will shatter your mosques and reveal the weakness of your God and then will kill your children and your old men together. At present you are the only enemy against whom we have to march.
—  Hulagu, [24]
Qutuz responded, however, by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on Bab Zuweila, one of the gates of Cairo.[15]
Hulagu's departure to Mongolia[edit]
Shortly before the battle, Hulagu withdrew from the Levant with the bulk of his army, leaving his forces west of the Euphrates with only one tumen (nominally 10,000 men, but usually fewer),[2][8] and a handful of vassal troops under the Naiman Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa Noyan, commonly known as Kitbuqa.[25] Contemporary Mamluk chronicler Al-Yunini's Dhayl Mirat Al-Zaman states that the Mongol army under Kitbuqa, including vassals, numbered 100,000 men in total, but this was likely an exaggeration.[26]
Until the late 20th century, historians believed that Hulagu's sudden retreat had been caused by the power dynamic having been changed by the death of the Great Khan Möngke on an expedition to the Song dynasty's China, which made Hulagu and other senior Mongols return home to decide his successor. However, contemporary documentation discovered in the 1980s reveals that to be untrue, as Hulagu himself claimed that he withdrew most of his forces because he could not sustain such a large army logistically, that the fodder in the region had been mostly used up and that a Mongol custom was to withdraw to cooler lands for the summer.[27]
Qutuz' advance into Palestine[edit]
Upon receiving news of Hulagu's departure, Mamluk Sultan Qutuz quickly assembled a large army at Cairo and invaded Palestine.[16] In late August, Kitbuqa's forces proceeded south from their base at Baalbek, passing to the east of Lake Tiberias into Lower Galilee. Qutuz was then allied with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who chose to ally himself with Qutuz in the face of a greater enemy after the Mongols had captured Damascus and most of Bilad ash-Sham.[14]
Mongol invasion of the crusader states[edit]
The Mongols attempted to form a Franco-Mongol alliance or at least to demand the submission of the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre; but Pope Alexander IV had forbidden it. Tensions between the Franks and the Mongols had also increased when Julian of Sidon caused an incident which resulted in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, Kitbuqa sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre and the remainder of the Crusader outposts, contacted by the Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks and sought military assistance against the Mongols.[14]
Though the Mamluks were the traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre recognised the Mongols as the more immediate menace and so the Crusaders opted for a position of cautious neutrality between the two forces.[28] In an unusual move, they agreed that the Egyptian Mamluks could march north through the Crusader states unmolested and even camp to resupply near Acre. When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan River, Sultan Qutuz and his forces proceeded southeast, toward the site known in Arabic as "the Spring of Goliath" (Ain Jalut), in the Jezreel Valley, today called the Spring of Harod in Hebrew.[29]
Battle[edit]
The first to advance were the Mongols, whose force also included troops from the Kingdom of Georgia and about 500 troops from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, both of which had submitted to Mongol authority. The Mamluks had the advantage of knowing the terrain, and Qutuz capitalized on that by hiding the bulk of his force in the highlands and hoping to bait the Mongols with a smaller force, under Baibars.
Both armies fought for many hours, with Baibars usually implementing hit-and-run tactics to provoke the Mongol troops and to preserve the bulk of his troops intact. When the Mongols carried out another heavy assault, Baibars, who it is said had laid out the overall strategy of the battle since he had spent much time in that region earlier in his life as a fugitive, and his men feigned a final retreat to draw the Mongols into the highlands to be ambushed by the rest of the Mamluk forces concealed among the trees. The Mongol leader, Kitbuqa, already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baibars and his troops, committed a grave mistake. Instead of suspecting a trick, Kitbuqa decided to march forward with all of his troops on the trail of the fleeing Mamluks. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Mamluk forces emerged from hiding and began to fire arrows and attack with their cavalry. The Mongols then found themselves surrounded on all sides. Additionally, Timothy May hypothesizes that a key moment in the battle was the defection of the Mongol Syrian allies.[30]
The Mongol army fought very fiercely and very aggressively to break out. Some distance away, Qutuz watched with his private legion. When Qutuz saw the left wing of the Mamluk army almost destroyed by the desperate Mongols seeking an escape route, he threw away his combat helmet, so that his warriors could recognize him. He was seen the next moment rushing fiercely towards the battlefield yelling wa islamah! ("Oh my Islam"), urging his army to keep firm and advancing towards the weakened side, followed by his own unit. The Mongols were pushed back and fled to a vicinity of Beisan, followed by Qutuz's forces, but they managed to reorganize and to return to the battlefield, making a successful counterattack. However, the battle shifted toward the Mamluks, who now had both the geographic and psychological advantage, and some of the Mongols were eventually forced to retreat. Kitbuqa, with almost the rest of the Mongol army that had remained in the region, perished.
Aftermath[edit]
Hulagu Khan ordered the execution of the last Ayyubid emir of Aleppo and Damascus, An-Nasir Yusuf, and his brother, who were in captivity, after he heard the news of the defeat of the Mongol army at Ain Jalut.[31] However, the Mamluks captured Damascus five days later after Ain Jalut, followed by Aleppo within a month.
On the way back to Cairo after the victory at Ain Jalut, Qutuz was assassinated by several emirs in a conspiracy led by Baibars.[32] Baibars became the new Sultan. Local Ayyubid emirs sworn to the Mamluk sultanate subsequently defeated another Mongol force of 6,000 at Homs, which ended the first Mongol expedition into Syria. Baibars and his successors would go on to capture the last of the crusader states in the Holy Land by 1291.
Internecine conflict prevented Hulagu Khan from being able to bring his full power against the Mamluks to avenge the pivotal defeat at Ain Jalut. Berke Khan, the Khan of the Golden Horde to the north of Ilkhanate, had converted to Islam and watched with horror as his cousin destroyed the Abbasid Caliph, the spiritual and administrative center of Islam. The Muslim historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani quoted Berke as sending the following message to Mongke Khan, protesting the attack on Baghdad since he did not know that Mongke had died in China: "He (Hulagu) has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph. With the help of God I will call him to account for so much innocent blood."[33] The Mamluks, learning through spies that Berke was a Muslim and was not fond of his cousin, were careful to nourish their ties to him and his Khanate.
Later on, Hulagu was able to send only a small army of two tumens in his sole attempt to attack the Mamluks in Aleppo in December 1260. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat.[34]
After the Mongol succession was finally settled, with Kublai as the last Great Khan, Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262 and massed his armies to attack the Mamluks and avenge Ain Jalut. However, Berke Khan initiated a series of raids in force that lured Hulagu north, away from the Levant, to meet him. Hulagu suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263. That was the first open war among the Mongols and signaled the end of the unified empire. Hulagu Khan died in 1265 and was succeeded by his son Abaqa.
Legacy[edit]
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The large number of sources in vastly-different languages caused Mongol historians have generally focused on one limited aspect of the empire. From that standpoint, the Battle of Ain Jalut has been represented by numerous academic and popular historians as an epochal battle that was the first time that the Mongol advance had been permanently halted and even their first major defeat.[14][17] However, Ain Jalut, placed in the broader scope of the Mongol conquests in more comprehensive recent research, was actually not a first defeat or as pivotal as earlier histories portrayed it to be.
The Mongols had been defeated several times before Ain Jalut, not even including Genghis' defeats to Jamuqa and the Kerait's during the Mongol wars of unification. Mongol General Boro'qul was ambushed and killed by the Siberian Tumad tribe between 1215 and 1217, which prompted Genghis to send Dorbei Doqshin, who outmaneuvered and captured the Tumad tribe.[35] In 1221, Shigi Qutugu was defeated by Jalal al-Din during the Mongol conquest of the Khwarezmian Empire at the Battle of Parwan. As a result, Genghis Khan himself made forced marches to bring the Sultan Jalal al-Din to battle and annihilated him at the Battle of Indus. During the initial reign of Ogedei Khan, his general, Dolqolqu, was heavily defeated by the Jin generals Wan Yen-Yi and Pu'a. In response, Ogedei dispatched the legendary Subutai, and after encountering fierce resistance, the Mongols brought their entire army to bear under a vast encirclement of the Jin Empire by separate armies under Ogedei, Tolui and Subutai.[36] The Jin armies were decisively defeated and Subutai conquered Kaifeng in 1233, effectively dooming the Jin Dynasty.
Additionally, Ain Jalut did not mark the limit of Mongol expansion or show an end to their conquests. In 1299, the Ilkhanid army, under Ghazan Khan, decisively defeated the Mamluks at Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, capturing Damascus and pursuing as far as Gaza. However, a combination of poor pasturage and the ongoing war against the Chagatai Khanate forced Ghazan to recall his army to northeastern Iran. After that campaign ended, he sent another smaller force back into Syria, but it was defeated at the much more important Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303). It was that battle that marked the limits of Mongol expansion. The war against the Chagataids and his failing health prevented Ghazan from launching a counteroffensive before he died in 1305.
Put in proper perspective, Ain Jalut was actually the first time a Mongol detachment was defeated and did not immediately return with a stronger army to avenge its loss. Though it was only a minor defeat in the grand scheme, it showed a problem that would continually plague future Mongol attempts at expansion. Mongol forces looking to attack or exact revenge were often diverted by the death of a key Khan or by giving greater priority to fighting off opposing Mongol khanates.
According to Arabic military treatises of the 13th and 14th centuries, hand cannon was used by the Mamluk side in the Battle of Ain Jalut to frighten the Mongol armies, making it the earliest known battle for hand cannon being used. The compositions of the gunpowder used in the cannon were also given in those manuals.[18][19][37][20][21][22]
In fiction[edit]
Robert Shea's historical novel The Saracen deals extensively with the Battle of Ain Jalut and the subsequent assassination of Sultan Qutuz.
^ Encyclopedia Grammatica
^ a b John, Simon (2014). Crusading and warfare in the Middle Ages : realities and representations. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781472407412.
^ D. Nicolle, The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hülägü, Tamerlane. Plates by R. Hook, Firebird books: Pole 1990, p. 116.
^ Waterson, p. 75
^ Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, J. A.; Boyle, John Andrew; Frye, Richard Nelson (1968). — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. — Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. — P. 351. — 778 p. ISBN 9780521069366. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ Cowley, p.44, states that both sides were evenly matched at 20,000 men. Cline says that "In short, the . . . armies that were to meet at 'Ayn Jalut were probably of approximately the same size, with between ten thousand and twenty thousand men in each.", p. 145. Fage & Oliver, however, state that "the Mongol force at Ayn Jalut was nothing but a detachment, which was vastly outnumbered by the Mamluk army", p. 43.
^ Smith Jr, J. M. (1984). Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Success or Mongol Failure?. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, p.310.
^ a b Blair, S. (1995). A compendium of chronicles: Rashid al-Din's illustrated history of the world. Nour Foundation.
^ John Masson Smith, Jr. (1984) Mongol Armies And Indian Campaigns, University of California, Berkeley.
^ "Battle of ʿAyn Jālūt". Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ Amitai-Preiss, p. 43
^ a b c d e Tschanz, David W. "Saudi Aramco World : History's Hinge: 'Ain Jalut". [permanent dead link]
^ a b c d e Man, John (2006). Kublai Khan: From Xanadu to Superpower. London: Bantam. pp. 74–87. ISBN 978-0-553-81718-8.
^ a b p. 424, 'The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History' (4th edition, 1993), Dupuy & Dupuy,
^ a b Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World.
^ a b Ahmad Yousef al-Hassan (2005). "Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries; Transmission of Practical Chemistry". Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ a b Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East. History Channel. 2007. (Part 4 and Part 5)
^ a b Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2003). "Gunpower Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". ICON. International Committee for the History of Technology. 9: 1–30. ISSN 1361-8113. JSTOR 23790667.
^ a b Broughton, George; Burris, David (2010). "War and Medicine: A Brief History of the Military's Contribution to Wound Care Through World War I". Advances in Wound Care: Volume 1. Mary Ann Liebert. pp. 3–7. doi:10.1089/9781934854013.3 (inactive 2021-01-10). ISBN 9781934854013. The first hand cannon appeared during the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut between the Egyptians and Mongols in the Middle East. CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
^ a b Books, Amber; Dickie, Iain; Jestice, Phyllis; Jorgensen, Christer; Rice, Rob S.; Dougherty, Martin J. (2009). Fighting Techniques of Naval Warfare: Strategy, Weapons, Commanders, and Ships: 1190 BC - Present. St. Martin's Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780312554538. Known to the Arabs as midfa, was the ancestor of all subsequent forms of cannon. Materials evolved from bamboo to wood to iron quickly enough for the Egyptian Mamelukes to employ the weapon against the Mongols at the battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which ended the Mongol advance into the Mediterranean world.
^ Halperin, Charles J. 2000. "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 229–45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539.
^ Tschanz, David W. "Saudi Aramco World : History's Hinge: 'Ain Jalut". Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
^ René Grousset (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. pp. 361, 363. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
^ Yunini, "Dhayl," Vol. 4, p. 93.
^ Paul Meyvaert, "An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France," Viator 11 (1980): 258; 249: "Since it is our custom to prefer the cooler places of the snowy mountains in the heat of summer, we decided to return for a while to the mountains of Greater Armenia, especially as the greater part of the food and fodder had been consumed after the devastation of Aleppo and Damacsus. However, we left a few of our men behind to destroy any Assassin strongholds that were still standing. They lay in hiding because they were so few in number and the Babylonian dog mice came out of their caves and attacked them. Some, who disobeyed our orders, invaded French possessions and, receiving their deserts, were bitten by the aforementioned mice. Although revenge on these recreants would please us somewhat, and they have not caused any real harm, it is nevertheless our intention shortly to complete our plan against the said infidel Babylonians of the canine race exactly as we did against the other rebels."
^ Morgan, p. 137.
^ Bartlett, p. 253
^ Timothy May, the Mongol Art of War (2016).
^ Irwin 1999, p. 616 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIrwin1999 (help)
^ Although medieval historians give conflicting accounts, modern historians assign responsibility for Qutuz's assassination to Baibars, as Baibars had been promised Syria as a reward for his efforts in Ain Jalut, but when it was time to claim his prize, Qutuz commanded him to be patient. See Perry (p. 150), Amitai-Preiss (p. 47, "a conspiracy of amirs, which included Baybars and was probably under his leadership"), Holt et al. (Baibars "came to power with [the] regicide [of Qutuz] on his conscience"), and Tschanz. For further discussion, see article on "Qutuz".
^ The Mongol Warlords quotes Rashid al Din's record of Berke Khan's pronouncement; the quote is also found in Amitai-Preiss's The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War.
^ Runciman 1987, p. 314.
^ Timothy May, The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, 203-4.
^ Christopher P. Atwood, Pu'a's Boast and Doqolqu's Death: Historiography of a Hidden Scandal in the Mongol Conquest of the Jin.
^ Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2008). "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". History Of Science And Technology In Islam. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
Bohn, Henry G. (1848) The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, New York, 1969 edition, a translation of Chronicles of the Crusades : being contemporary narratives of the crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf and of the crusade of St. Louis, by Lord John de Joinville.
Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-46226-6.
Bartlett, W. B. (1999). God Wills It! – An Illustrated History of the Crusades. Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-0-7509-1880-0.
Eric H. Cline (2002). The Battles of Armageddon. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06739-8.
Robert Cowley; Geoffrey Parker (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-618-12742-9. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
J. D. Fage; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
Grousset, René (1991), Histoire des Croisades, III, Editions Perrin, ISBN 2-262-02569-X.
Hildinger, Erik. (1997). Warriors of the Steppe. Sarpedon Publishing. ISBN 0-306-81065-4
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1977) The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
Irwin, Robert (1999). "The rise of the Mamluks". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 607–621. ISBN 9781139055734.
Morgan, David (1990) The Mongols. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17563-6
Nicolle, David, (1998). The Mongol Warlords Brockhampton Press.
Perry, Glenn E. (2004) The History of Egypt, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-32264-8.
Reagan, Geoffry, (1992). The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles . Canopy Books, NY.
Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521347723.
Saunders, J. J. (1971) The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7
Sicker, Martin (2000) The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna, Praeger Publishers.
Soucek, Svatopluk (2000) A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press.
Tschanz, David W. (July–August 2007). "History's Hinge: 'Ain Jalut". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-09-24. 4
Blair, S. (1995). A compendium of chronicles: Rashid al-Din's illustrated history of the world. Nour Foundation.
John Masson Smith, Jr. (1984) MONGOL ARMIES AND INDIAN CAMPAIGNS, University of California, Berkeley
Smith, John Masson. "Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Success or Mongol Failure?" Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 44, no. 2, 1984, pp. 307–345. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2719035
Waterson, James (2007) The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks. Greenhill Books, London. ISBN 978-1-85367-734-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ain_Jalut&oldid=999589480"
Battles involving the Mongol Empire
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13th century in the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1260 in Asia
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tulsa, OK, March 28, 2019 --(PR.com)-- Route 66 is booming all along 11th Street in Tulsa. One notable new up-and-coming area, however, is starting to make new headlines: Meadow Gold District. This area is setting its place between Peoria and South St. Louis Avenue as a rising mixed-use community in the heart of the city. Filled with shopping, dining, and living options, the Meadow Gold District offers a distinct blend of historic charm and urban sophistication.
Many local business owners in the area have a long standing of incorporating Route 66 elements into their business models. This helps to solidify the tie of Meadow Gold to Route 66 for both locals and tourists. Restaurants, like Bobby O's, are offering new concepts that not only enhance the area but also promote a further understanding of the historical significance of the Mother Road area along Tulsa. Mary Beth Babcock of Buck Atom's is paving the path for new Route 66 infrastructure with a 20-foot roadside attraction. Group M Investment has completed the first living option in the area, Meadow Gold Lofts.
The progressive enthusiasm of Meadow Gold District has sparked the interest of residents all over the city. As a significant leverage to Route 66-Mother Road in Tulsa, further plans for the area - in development and marketing - are well underway.


Minna Rothman is a tapestry artist, making fine art tapestries based on her original designs. Minna views handwoven tapestry as an art form that often blurs the lines between painting and sculpture. This multimedia fascination fuels her relationship to weaving, and imbues her tapestries with tactile compositions.
Handwoven tapestry became a full-time passion of Minna Rothman after her retirement from complex climate modeling. While she used graphic and computer design in presenting her scientific research, she also studied drawing and painting at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. Once in retirement, she took workshops with a number of tapestry artists and weavers.
Minna Rothman started exhibiting tapestries in juried and curated group shows in 2014.


When Kyle and I decided to build our own boat to take on a trip down the Mississippi River, we decided to make, rather than buy, as many of the bits and pieces as possible to save money and make the build and journey on the boat even more meaningful. We needed five blocks for SØLVI's sailing rig and looked to see what was available on the market. Traditional bronze blocks were beautiful but heavy and expensive. High-tech blocks for dinghy racing, made of stainless steel and fiber-reinforced plastic, were light and smooth-running, but expensive and not in keeping with the classic look we wanted. Our research led us to L. Francis Herreshoff's Common Sense of Yacht Design, where we found drawings of blocks that we could adapt to meet our requirements.
While Herreshoff called for cast bronze sheaves, we decided to buy Harken's Delrin ball-bearing sheaves. They are strong, smooth-running, and affordable. We ordered six—one for a prototype and spare—sized for 3/8″ line. The sheaves cost $10.99 apiece (less expensive sheaves, without ball bearings, are available in nylon or bronze from Duckworks). We purchased a 12″ x 12″ sheet of 0.062″ naval brass (C464) for $54 (and needed only half of it; a high silicon-bronze—C655—would also work), 36" of 1/4" bronze rod for $18, and a package of 100 bronze cotter pins for $5.
The paper pattern has small holes to locate the position of the holes to be drilled in the cheek plate. The straight portion of the pattern needs to be long enough to assure there will be enough clearance for the line.
Herreshoff made his blocks with two flat cheek plates joined to a third piece of bronze; we'd make both plates in one piece, bent to fit around the sheaves. The bend would have to provide enough clearance for the 3/8″ line to run freely. Rather than use the expensive bronze to get the right dimensions for creating a pattern, we used a piece of 1/16″ aluminum flat-bar to determine the distance needed between bend and the sheave axle. Our bending jig for the flat-bar, as well as for the plates we'd bend later, was a scrap of oak a bit over 1/2″ in thickness to match the sheave and with one end a half-round.
The bronze will spring back after it has been shaped to the jig and must be finished by hand. The fit isn't critical as it would be with a simple, non-ball-bearing sheave. With the Harken sheave the cheek plates can be squeezed tight against its round inner circle; the outer ring will still spin freely.
After making a pattern on stiff paper, we went to work on the cheek plates, tracing the pattern in fine-point marker and cutting the line carefully. Cutting bronze sheet with a jig saw requires some care to keep the blade from binding in the tight turns and deforming the metal; any damage was easily fixed with a hammer. We then made the four holes in each cheek with a cordless drill; three 3/8″ holes were to make blocks lighter and more aesthetically pleasing, one 1/4″ hole was for the sheave axle. This prototype proved perfectly serviceable, and we went to work on the rest.
Homemade blocks met our goals for weight, affordability, and a classic look. The two blocks at the left share a single axle, creating a double block.
We decided that spending $14 on a new metal-cutting blade for our bandsaw was a good investment in the project; while not a necessity, it was more efficient than using the jigsaw. We smoothed the edges of the bronze sheet with a disc sander, something that could also be accomplished with files. After bending the cheek plates on the jig, we installed the sheaves with 1/4″ naval bronze rod axles, held in place with cotter pins on the ends.
We had intended to use bronze shackles with the blocks, as Herreshoff did, but decided they would add unnecessary weight and expense. We ended up splicing loops of line to the blocks or lashing them in place.
Our blocks were just half the cost of cast bronze blocks, and were not only lighter but also smoother rolling. After over 1,000 miles of sailing and use, we found the blocks to be durable and attractive.
Danielle Kreusch grew up in Salt Lake City, Utah and spent a lot of time hiking and camping in the mountains. After moving to Florida to finish her BA in Psychology and Child Development, Danielle met Kyle Hawkins, who took her sailing on their third date. Their Mississippi River trip was their first small-boat excursion, and they have both fallen in love with the idea of continuing to travel in small boats.
Great explanation for a project that I previously thought overly complex, but would now be willing to take on. Thanks for the write-up.
I just finished the first of what I expect to be many blocks I'll make to this pattern. It didn't take long. I found the sheaves at a marine hardware store and had bits of brass at home. I didn't have any cotter pins so I used canoe tacks with their ends nipped off. The bending form took just a few minutes to make. For the next block I'll mark the center of the cheek plate and the center of the jig to make sure the axle holes line up more precisely. The bend was a bit of center on this first attempt and I had to tune the bend with a pair of long-nosed pliers.
I think I would only drill the 1/4″ hole thru one side before bending. Then after you bend it, insert your drill thru the existing hole to drill thru the other side. I believe it would be easier to get the holes lined up this way.
I found that the cheek-plate material, about 1/16″ thick, was easy enough to adjust. Drilling both axle holes according to the pattern assures that the cheeks will be aligned as mirror images of each other.
Wow, what a great idea. I'm definitely going to be making some of these. Thanks!
Thanks for an alternative to a more expensive route.


The first and most important rule to succeeding in any relationship is communication. When you're in a healthy relationship you should be able to talk to your partner about any and everything. They should be your best friend on all matters and it is crucial to keep the lines of communication open. You should be able to talk about what happened at work or an idea you have for a new project that you want to start. It's important to share all of this with your significant other. Healthy debates are not a bad thing, so don't hold anything in just to try and avoid arguments. Say what's on your mind before it becomes a potential problem. As long as the lines of communication are kept open everything else will positively fall to place.
Unfortunately I have come across many couples that don't seem to respect each other. The issue that I find most destructive is when people don't hesitate to use foul language aimed directly at each other. While in the middle of an argument they will call them everything but their name. It becomes a problem when people think it's OK to refer to their partners as a negative word. This is something that should never ever be tolerated, even if you feel that in is in a joking manner. A level of respect needs to be shown equally at all times. Make it a point to avoid using curse words directed at each other. There is absolutely no benefit in doing so and shows a large level of disrespect. Also, as we have heard said many times before, don't do anything that you would not want done to you.
What girl doesn't like that beautiful bouquet of flowers sent to her for Valentine's Day? Gestures like this are always appreciated, but understand it's the little things that are done on a daily basis that truly show somebody they are loved. It's the extra kiss in the morning before heading off to work, or putting a note in his or her lunch bag to bring a smile to their face in the middle of the day. Never take for granted the person that you have next to you and make sure that they know how you feel about them at all times. Just because you may have been together for a significant length of time, it doesn't mean you can stop doing things that make them happy.
Don't ever become that grumpy old lady that never wants to do anything with her husband. You have to remember that having fun with the person that you're in love with is so important. When your become an adult it is easy to find yourself slipping into a routine. Wake up, go to work, cook, clean, go to bed and then do it all over again. Don't forget what it's like to have fun with one another. By doing adventurous and new things it will bring you closer together and make the relationship that much more special. Try stepping outside of your boundaries, try new things, and enjoy exploring the world together.
If you stop and think about spending time with somebody, it truly means a genuine interest and interaction is taking place. Make sure the time spent together is engaging and stimulating conversation. Talk about things of interest for the two of you, plan to cook together, or simply sit on the couch watch a movie together. Whatever it is make sure that time together is interactive and mutually engaging. You don't want to ever feel as if you have become someone's roommate. Make it a point that when you spend the time with your boyfriend or girlfriend it is stimulating.


KOR1NOA Microwave: We take a look at the KOR1NOA microwave oven – with a full KOR1NOA review, cheapest price, photos, specification, dimensions and weight for the KOR1NOA microwave oven. If you're looking to buy the KOR1NOA microwave, then this is the section for you. Read our impartial review of the KOR1NOA microwave oven, and then find the best price for the KOR1NOA if you choose to buy.


fell 10.2 percent to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 309,000 units in January, which is a new record low.
to rise for a fourth consecutive month, to 13.3.
and 28 percent in the West. The Northeast was only exception to the rule, registering a 12.5 percent gain for the month.
information regarding housing statistics is also available at www.housingeconomics.com.


Rent a Dumpster in Abernathy Now!
Simply give us a call and we will answer any questions you may have about the Abernathy dumpster rental procedure, allowed materials, size you may need, etc.
Our roll off containers can usually be delivered in Abernathy the day after you place your order. Make sure to call us early to ensure timely delivery.
When you rent a roll-off dumpster, you'll be enticed to throw anything and everything inside. Common items which people commonly dispose of in a dumpster comprise solid waste material and most routine household and construction waste, together with tree limbs and landscaping debris. They can also be used for business and commercial cleanouts, house renovations, getting cleared of junk when you're moving to another dwelling, larger landscaping occupations and much more.
A list of stuff you CAn't put in a roll-off dumpster comprises paints and solvents, automotive fluids, pesticides, chemicals, electronics and batteries. Should you try to contain these items, you'll probably end up getting an additional fee. Other items which will definitely incur an additional fee include tires, mattresses and appliances. Additional heavy substances are also not enabled; items that are too hefty may surpass authorities transportation regulations and be dangerous to haul.
You can fill your dumpster as full as you like, so long as you don't load it higher than the sides of the container. Over-filling the dumpster could cause the waste or debris to slide off as the dumpster is loaded onto the truck or as the truck is driving. Overloaded or big-boned dumpsters are simply not safe, and companies don't take unsafe loads as a way to safeguard motorists and passengers on the road.
In some places, dumpster loads must be tarped for safety. In case your load is too high, it will not be able to be tarped so you will need to remove a number of the debris before it can be hauled away. This might result in additional costs if it demands you to keep the dumpster for a longer period of time. Remember to keep your load no higher than the sides of the dumpster, and you'll be good.
It is hard to overcome a roll off dumpster when you've got a large undertaking that'll create lots of debris. Most rental companies comprise dropping off and picking up the dumpster in the costs, so you can prevent additional fees. Roll off dumpsters generally have time constraints because businesses have to get them back for other customers. This is really a possible downside if you're not great at meeting deadlines.
Dumpster bags in many cases are suitable for small jobs with loose deadlines. In the event you do not desire a lot of room for debris, then the bags could function nicely for you. Many businesses are also happy to let you keep the bags for so long as you need. That makes them useful for longer projects.
Cheapest Dumpster Rental in Abernathy - Is It Worth It?
Clearly you want to spend as little money as possible when renting a dumpster in Abernathy. Sometimes, though, the most inexpensive dumpster rental in Abernathy alternative is not worth it. Actually, it may end up costing you more in the long term.
Taking the cheapest option could mean that you get a dumpster that's too small for your endeavor. After you fill up the dumpster, you should need to cover another to finish your job. It's generally more affordable to get a bigger size and avoid the hassle.
The most inexpensive dumpster rental companies in Abernathy might not include things like drop off and pick up fees. Make sure that your quotes include all extra fees. That way, you can compare costs precisely to receive the best deal. Customer support another major factor. More than a few companies keep costs low by cutting corners on service. The last thing that you desire is to waste time awaiting a truck to arrive with your dumpster.
The smallest size roll off dumpster normally accessible is 10 yards. This container will hold about 10 cubic yards of waste and debris, which is roughly equal to 3 to 5 pickup truck loads of waste. This dumpster is an excellent choice for small-scale jobs, including little dwelling cleanouts.
Other examples of jobs that a 10 yard container would work nicely for contain: A garage, shed or loft cleanout A 250 square foot deck removal 2,000 to 2,500 square feet of single layer roofing shingles A small kitchen or bathroom remodeling project Concrete or soil removal Getting rid of rubbish Bear in mind that weight limitations for the containers are imposed, so exceeding the weight limit will incur additional charges. The normal weight limitation for a 10 yard bin is 1 to 3 tons (2,000 to 6,000 pounds).
A 10 yard bin will allow you to take care of little jobs round the home. For those who have a larger project coming up, take a peek at some larger containers too.
As with any service, it is always a great strategy to reserve your dumpster as far ahead as you possibly can in order to ensure that the dumpster will be accessible when you need it. Should you wait until the very last minute, there is no guarantee that the company will likely manage to fill your order.
Two or three days notice is generally sufficient to ensure your dumpster delivery in time. Keep in mind that the busiest days have a tendency to be on Mondays and Fridays (surrounding the weekend), so if you're able to plan your project for the midst of the week, you have a increased chance of getting the dumpster you'll need.
Picking the top dumpster for your project is an important aspect of dumpster rental in Abernathy. If you pick a dumpster that is too little, you will not have enough room for your debris and waste, which means you will have to schedule additional trips. If you select one that is too large, you will save time, but you will squander money.
If you call a dumpster rental business in Abernathy and describe the job for which you desire a dumpster, they can recommend the finest size. Their years of experience mean they generally get it just about right. A 10-yard dumpster usually functions well for moderate-sized clean-up projects and small remodeling jobs. A 20-yard dumpster is the best option for large home clean-up projects and moderate-sized renovation projects, while a 30-yard dumpster has higher walls which are ideal for a house cleanout or remodeling jobs on a sizable house. 40-yard dumpsters are massively large and are used just on the biggest projects like new construction.
If you are looking to rent a dumpster in Abernathy, one of your primary considerations is going to be price. There are generally two pricing options available when renting a dumpster in Abernathy. Flat rate is pricing dependent on the size of the dumpster, not the amount of material you place in it. Per ton pricing will charge you based on the weight you need hauled.
One kind of pricing structure is not always more expensive than the other. In the event you know just how much material you have to throw away, you might get a better deal with per short ton pricing. On the other hand, flat rate pricing can assist you to keep a limit on prices when you are coping with unknown weights. Whether you regularly rent dumpsters for work or just desire a one-time rental for a job throughout the house, you want to search around for the best rental prices based on your own needs.
Most individuals do not desire to rent dumpsters unless they absolutely have to. At times, though, it becomes clear that you simply must rent a dumpster in Abernathy for commercial and residential projects.
Most cities WOn't haul away construction debris for you. It is your duty to be sure you have a suitable container to collect discarded stuff from remodeling projects. Even in case you just have a tiny project, municipal waste management is unlikely to haul the debris away.
A leading clean out can collect more rubbish than a standard receptacle can carry. Renting a tiny dumpster is a more suitable choice which will prevent making multiple trips to the neighborhood dump.
In case you have one of these projects in your mind, then you understand it is time to look for a reliable dumpster rental service in Abernathy.
Most dumpster rental businesses in Abernathy have clear-cut policies that will help you understand just how much it costs to rent equipment. Following this advice can help you stay away from hidden fees when renting a dumpster in Abernathy.
A lot of businesses will charge you extra for keeping the dumpster more than concurred. Be sure to plan ahead so you can keep the dumpster for a suitable timeframe. You need to also ask about additional fees so that you will know how much extra days cost.
Virtually all roll of dumpsters have the same width (usually eight feet). This makes it feasible for firms to utilize the same trucks to transport a wide variety of dumpsters. When you see a dumpster's measurements, therefore, you can assume that they refer to depth and length. You may even see dumpster sizes recorded by yards. This actually refers to square yards that measure the dumpster's volume.
In case you're coordinating a large commercial project, then you will probably need a 40-yard dumpster or bigger. Large house renovations may demand a 30-yard dumpster, but most smaller home repairs only need 20-yard or even 10-yard dumpsters. Speak with an expert should you need more guidance on picking a dumpster size that fits your project.
When you want to rent a dumpster in Abernathy to use at your house, it is a great idea to keep several guidelines in mind. First, determine the size dumpster that'll work best for your project. Temporary dumpsters commonly come in 10, 20, 30 and 40 yard sizes. Next, consider the positioning of the dumpster on your own property. Recommendations call for you to give a space that's twice the width and height of the container. This will definitely ensure appropriate height and space clearance.
The price you are quoted for the container will have a one-time delivery and pick-up fee, together with regular fees for disposal, fuel and tax. You ought to also understand that you can only fill the container to the top; no debris should be sticking out. As the homeowner, you also had better check to your local city or municipality to find out whether a permit is necessary to put the container on the street.
All major credit cards accepted for dumpster rentals in Abernathy.


08:20. No tables, so another of these sofa chairs. Need to get my own office, wish I had one now but this is what I make part of this— not part, but the whole, wholly me and my poetic materiality. Not bad, only cars stop right to my left for drive through on window's there side and they distract me— or I let them. Why. First sip of coffee, much ore convivial temp, after asking them to drop a couple ice pieces or cubes in there so it's not blistering hot, as I described it'd been before. Not that I was complaining, and I wasn't, just wanted something to contrast my coffee'd regularity.
Collecting before second day of semester, tomorrow.. Noting all I can on both books before we dive in. Plath, HST.. Each word, each variance in mood or tone, like me this morning intent on putting multiple expressions on page but who knows with the time I have. But then again I'm reminded that I can only use the time I have and not obsess and abscess over time lost or time I don't have. You never really 'have' time anyway. Meaning, in true possession of it. Able to control it or steer it. All we can forwardly and visible do is create with the clock we have.
Breathing in the coffee shop decisions and umbrage, universally and poetically inciting me. New days, mornings, always instruct on character, vision and Personhood. Kind scrutiny and inquest, inventory of your story. This is how you self-educate, not by merely attempting self-awareness or even achieving it, but understanding you and your presence, story, through self-study, notation. Would love to be in my own office, but all I have now is this chair, and that's what I use. 27 minutes till I have to rise and get in car, drive to property. You use what's already and most immediately with you.


text:
Ju and Harper Win Cadets
By Jennifer Shahade
Warren Harper and Evan Ju; Photos Jon Haskel
Evan Ju and Warren Harper both pulled through in their final games of the Cadet Championship (Tampa, June 17-21) to tie for first with 7/10 in the prestigious National. 15-year-old Evan Ju is from New Jersey, and is coached by GM Joel Benjamin. Ju is slated to play on the New Jersey Knockouts in the U.S. Chess League this fall. Warren Harper is 16-years-old and hails from Houston, Texas. Both are ranked second in their age group on the June 2007 Top 100 rating lists.
In the final round, Jeffrey Haskel played an unorthodox opening (1. Nf3, 2.c3 and 3.d3!) against Warren Harper. .
The endgame looks slightly unpleasant for White (due to Black's control over the c-file and White's "bad" bishop), but should be drawish because of Black's weaker king and soft spot on e6. 27. h5 was a mistake, allowing Black to win a pawn with Qc1+ and Qh6, and not giving White enough compensation.
Evan Ju's game against Alec Getz was an inspired effort.
Evan won the two bishops and aggressively attempted to attack with ideas like Re8-e6. White had play all game though. Instead of 37.h3?, which led to a winning game for Black, Getz should have tried d6. Black can't take the pawn because it leaves the bishop on g4 loose. White is ready to jump in with Nd5 and earn some counterplay. The game continuation after 40....Be5! is a nice display of the superiority of a pair of bishops on an open board.
Evan Ju heads the final crosstableon tiebreak. There was no playoff. Although the relevance of tiebreaks in a double round robin is not high, Evan should be very proud of his dominance in the early half of this event, and his recovery when things didn't go his way. Talk about fighting chess- Evan had ten decisive games!
Robert Lau from Hawaii also deserves kudos for his 6.5/10. He rallied in the final three games to come in clear third, a full two and a half points ahead of fourth place.
Final Cadet Standings
1-2- Evan Ju and Warren Harper- 7/10
3- Robert Lau- 6.5/10
4-Alec Getz- 4/10
5- Thomas Riccardi- 3.5/10
6- Jeffrey Haskel- 3/10
You can watch the final round of the U.S. Junior Championship on monroi.com. Ray Robson and Marc Arnold lead with 5.5/8 with a round to go. Look for the CLO report the morning of June 22 with more photos and games!


The number of women on corporate boards worldwide remains proportionately low. This research looks at the influence, both positive and negative, that several key institutions have on this state of affairs.
Despite considerable press interest and the sympathetic attention of policy makers, academics and practitioners, female representation on company boards remains proportionately low worldwide.
There have been several reasons suggested for this, such as women's family responsibilities and inherited tendencies to display fewer of the necessary traits to pursue high-level positions. There is a perception that men tend to value and engage in more assertive and competitive behaviours. Women traditionally occupy more caretaking roles, and value more communal behaviour. Yet there is disparity in the achievement of better female representation among societies across the globe. While some countries have failed to see even one female director appointed, others enjoy a high proportion of female directors on their corporate boards.
This research looks at several key social institutions and tests how their influence can sway attitudes towards female appointment to board level in both positive and negative ways.
1) The level of women's representation in politics will positively impact on the prevalence of women on boards of corporate directors.
The study finds that strong representation of women in parliament has a positive impact on the prevalence of women on boards. The presence of female directors in key societal institutions, such as government, helps reduce traditional gender stereotypes. This leads to a wider acceptance of women in high profile positions outside of politics. Visible female politicians, inhabiting positions of power and influence, may also motivate women to pursue such roles, in both politics and business.
The research found that this hypothesis was not strongly supported. Some highly developed economies do indeed have high representation of women at board level but others, Japan being a prime example, do not.
The research backed this hypothesis. Strict, ingrained attitudes that emanate from religion tend to favour clearly defined and traditional gender roles, such as that men achieve and govern, and women produce and care for children. Religious views tend not to evolve, so countries where religion has great influence on society and culture tend to see poor levels of female representation at board level. Such is the influence of some religions that they could conceivably have a positive effect on the numbers of women on corporate boards but significant change within them would be required for this to occur.
This paper looks at the current state of board gender diversity across a significant array of countries, and offers an insight into the gender role attitudes that help shape it. It provides enhanced understanding of the particular institutional forces that may impede or facilitate women's involvement in corporate leadership, in both Western and Non-Western societies. The analysis could assist policy makers in addressing gender inequality at corporate board level. Moreover, it could help companies understand local dynamics and customs relating to equality in specific countries they may operate in. It could inform decisions whether to operate in certain countries where equality is a norm and there is greater chance of utilising both female and male talent, or choose to enter a country where there are institutional barriers to equality and then utilise female talent as a competitive advantage.
This research has been published in The Leadership Quarterly. A draft version of the research paper is available for download below.


Like many other web browsers, Internet Explorer also support tabbed browsing. It means, you can open multiple tabs in the same window of Internet Explorer. This allows you to browse multiple websites (and webpages) within single IE window containing multiple tabs. At times, we want to close specific tab and click X cross button for the window – this results in closing of the IE window and all tabs opened within it.
You can prevent closing of all tabs at once when window close button is clicked accidentally by enabling warning box for closing multiple tabs. When this option is activated, you will see warning pop-up box (as seen below) when closing window containing multiple tabs.
1. Open Internet Explorer browser on your computer. Click Options icon at top right part and then click Internet Options setting. This will open "Internet Options" window.
2. Look for Tabs section which reads "Change how webapges are displayed in tabs". Click Settings button in the tabs section on the "Internet Options" window. This will open "Tabbed browsing settings".
3. Click to check (with tick) "Warn me when closing multiple tabs" option. Then click OK button to close "Tabbed browsing settings" window. Again click OK button to close "Internet Options" window.
From now on, if you attempt to close window containing multiple tabs – you should see warning window informing about closing of all tabs if you proceed. Alternatively, you can select option to close only currently active tab.


text:
Alix is a Franco-Belgian comics series.

Alix may also refer to:

Places
 Alix, Alberta, Canada, a village
 Alix, Rhône, France, a commune
 Alix, Arkansas, United States, an unincorporated community

People
 Alix (given name), a unisex given name
 Alix (surname), a surname
 Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), nicknamed "Alix"
 Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) (1872–1918), empress consort of Nicholas II of Russia

See also
 Əlix, Azerbaijan, a village
 Alex (disambiguation)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


DMCB | The Dhaka Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd.
Department of Co-operatives continuously auditing DMCB and based on that all profit are distributed, Strict shariah compliance is in place by a nationally credible board.
DMCB, despite such a humongous achievement in last 14 years, Employing two and half thousand, Interacting with quarter million members, Lot of confusion persist at the hierarchy of the society. More so in print media. Generally presumed, 60 to 75 % news are influenced by owners.
To augment the general knowledge, The relationship between Bangladesh Bank and DMCB. Bangladesh Bank is the over all regularity body of all financial institutes. Bangladesh Banking law supersedes all other law and as such co-operative act/rule. Interestingly Bangladesh Bank enjoys all authority but no responsibility in terms of dmcb.
"Micro credit" is well understood "subject" by the "Benificiaries".
Honesty of purpose/good governence are the keys to the "success".
Palladium Complex, Road # 95, Plot # 1, Gulshan-2, Dhaka.


text:
Daniel-Innerarity
Dead By Daylight Provides New Cosplay Guide For Clown Just In Time For Halloween
Starting in July 2019, Behaviour Interactive began releasing cosplay guides for the killers of Dead By Daylight. The guides contain highly detailed information for those who want to cosplay as one of the characters. The developer has slowly continued to update the cosplay site with new killers every month.
Previously released were guides for the Wraith, Huntress, The Spirit, Plague, Doctor, and, most recently, Clown. The cosplay guides are large PDF downloads with around ten pages of documentation. No purchase is necessary to download the guides.
After downloading the guide, the player is introduced to the killer. For example, the Clown displays some biographical information about his background and how he began to take an interest in killing. The last paragraph describes in detail how he began dressing as a clown and taking captives into his caravan.
The majority of the guide is dedicated to showing the characters in full detail. The "Face" page shows the front and back of the character, along with wit side views. The developer also took the time to highlight the facial details, such as cakey makeup, skin conditions, and obvious makeup.
Being a circus clown can be stressful. The job is in tents.
But dressing as The Clown is easy thanks to this new cosplay guide. 🤡 https://t.co/mROegajziX pic.twitter.com/H8Omuz1fRv
— Dead by Daylight (@DeadByBHVR) September 22, 2020
The next pages go into detail about the killer's outfits. Specific highlights are shown in larger detail. The developer also highlighted where the killer might have accumulated more dirt and blood on their costume.
After highlighting details on the killer's costume, there are full-body renders of the characters. These will give cosplayers a full overview of the potential costume while comparing it to their own.
The last few pages show the weapons in detail. Clown's knife, in particular, is a leaf-shaped blade with a wooden handle. Blood and other bits are shown in the grooves of the knife. There is also a highlighted portion showing where the blade retracts.
Anyone who wants to cosplay as one of the grisly killers from the game now has a detailed resource. Fans of the characters can also check out the guide to learn more background behind each of the killers. Unfortunately, there are no official guides yet available for the survivors. Players can check out forums such as the Dead By Deadlight Fandom page or Reddit for suggestions from other cosplayers.
The Dead By Daylight cosplay guides are available on the game's official website now.
Read More: Dead By Daylight Provides New Cosplay Guide For Clown Just In Time For Halloween
Massive Assassin's Creed Valhalla Deep Dive Trailer Releases Just A Few Weeks Before The Game Drops
Porsha Williams Shares Advice On How To Reimagine Your Wardrobe And Save Money – See The Video
© 2021 Daniel-Innerarity — All rights reserved


text:
KOSTA DEL KRIME
Spain KOs Russian Mafia
TWENTY-TWO suspected Russian Mafia bosses have been arrested in Spain - their "home" for what police say was a huge money-laundering operation.
Villas, bars, restaurants and luxury cars have been bought with the proceeds of organised crime in Russia, detectives claim.
More than 400 officers raided 41 properties on the Costa del Sol around Malaga and in Alicante and Barcelona. Forty-two cars, including Bentleys, Mercedes, Jaguars and Porsches, were confiscated, along with dozens of villas, jewellery and works of art.
Police have frozen more than 800 bank accounts and seized £400,000 cash. Three shotguns were found.
In total, 28 people were arrested - 22 are said to hold the position of "Vor z Konen", a Russian expression meaning top-ranking Mafia boss.
Police in the UK, Russia, USA, France, Germany, Belgium and Israel aided the swoop. Spain called it the "biggest-ever blow" to organised crime.


text:
Metropolitan Museum of Art Sued
Metropolitan Museum of Art Sued for $100 Million Picasso Sold by Collector Fleeing the Nazis
The proceeds of the sale allowed its Jewish owners to flee to Switzerland
Pablo Picasso, The Actor (1904–05). Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2016 Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
One of the most valuable paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection is the subject of a new lawsuit which alleges that the piece, Pablo Picasso's The Actor (1904–5), worth an estimated $100 million, was sold under duress when its owner fled Nazi Germany.
The New York Times reports that Laurel Zuckerman, the great-grandniece of German-Jewish businessman Paul Leffmann and administrator of his estate, filed suit against the museum in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on September 30. The complaint states that Leffmann was forced to sell his Cologne home and businesses in 1935, leaving the country for Italy two years later.
Related: Report Reveals Germany Returned Nazi-Looted Artworks to Nazi Families Instead of Victims
The couple had stored The Actor with an acquaintance in Switzerland, which saved it from being seized along with most of their possessions. By 1938, however, it became clear that Italy was adopting anti-Semitic policies similar to those of Germany. Residency there became untenable, and the Leffmanns desperately need to raise money to be able to move again.
Leffmann sold The Actor for $13,200 ($12,000 minus the seller's commission) to two Parisian art dealers, Hugo Perls and Paul Rosenberg, allowing him to flee to with his wife Alice to Switzerland and later Brazil. "The Leffmanns would not have disposed of this seminal work at that time, but for the Nazi and Fascist persecution to which they had been, and without doubt would continue to be, subjected," states the complaint.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Courtesy of Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images
The complaint argues that Perls and Rosenberg purchased the artwork for below market value, pointing out that when Rosenberg loaned the artwork to New York's Museum of Modern Art in 1939, he insured it for $18,000—50 percent more than he had paid just a year earlier.
Thelma Chrysler Foy, who donated the painting to the Met in 1952, purchased The Actor from New York gallery M. Knoedler & Co. in 1941. She paid $22,500, or 70 percent more than what the Leffmanns got for the work.
The complaint also notes that the Met's listed provenance for the painting inaccurately mentioned an anonymous German collector as having owned it until 1938, even though Leffmann had purchased it in 1912. The museum attributes this omission to incomplete information provided by Perls.
Zuckerman and her attorneys, Herrick, Feinstein LLP, have been seeking the return of the painting from the museum since 2010.
In a statement, the Met insisted it had the "indisputable title" to the painting. "While the Met understands and sympathizes deeply with the losses that Paul and Alice Leffmann endured during the Nazi era, it firmly believes that this painting was not among them."
The museum alleged that The Actor was sold for "a higher price than any other early Picasso sold by a collector to a dealer during the 1930s." The Met website describes the painting "simple yet haunting."
Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Nude, 1914. Courtesy of the Neue Galerie.
"We believe the painting is tainted by the history of the Holocaust, and the Leffmanns, given the circumstances under which they sold it, never lost title," said Lawrence Kaye, who represents Zuckerman, to Reuters.
This isn't the first time The Actor, which has been on continuous view at the Met since its donation, has made headlines. In January 2010, a visitor to the Met accidentally fell onto the historic canvas, tearing a six inch hole on the work. It was successfully restored in time for the opening of a major Picasso exhibition at the museum in April.
Related: Neue Galerie Returns a Nazi-Looted Painting, Then Buys It Back from Heirs
Last week, the Neue Galerie, also in New York, announced that it had returned and repurchased a work from its collection after learning that it had a disputed provenance with ties to the Nazis. The 1914 nude by German Expressionist artist Karl Schmidt-Rottluff had been owned by art collector and shoe manufacturer Alfred Hess and his wife, Tekla, but went missing in 1939 when Tekla fled Germany for the UK.
by Sarah Cascone