text:
Boost efficiency by centralizing and standardizing document management throughout the entire document lifecycle
Increase productivity gains through enhancing staff engagement and information sharing
Microsoft 365 Adoption
AvePoint's end-to-end service to help you adopt M365 seamlessly
Digital Learning and Examination
Transform your learning technology with the Microsoft Cloud
Your Microsoft 365 workplace productivity analysed & visualised
Share and save content to SharePoint and Office 365 from desktop, Outlook, and Office apps
Case Study - Veidekke
Veidekke ASA Cloud Backup
Critical Needs
Granular backup of production data in OneDrive, SharePoint, and Office 365 Groups
Download the Case Study PDF
Customer Location Oslo, Norway
Industry Construction
Platform Office 365
AvePoint Solutions Cloud Backup
Success Highlights
Able to restore granular level data below the site collection level
Improved time required to restore data from days to minutes
Doubled the amount of backups per day while extending their retention from 30 days to a year
With Office 365 native capabilities, we could get a site collection back within a day or two by logging a service request, but it wasn't possible to restore at a more granular level. With AvePoint Cloud Backup we can restore at all levels in minutes.
Jonas Schimmele IT Manager, Veidekke ASA
Veidekke ASA was an early adopter of Office 365, moving to the enterprise collaboration platform in 2013. This has created a secure, common collaboration environment for their employees.
In 2017, new data retention requirements prompted the company's IT management to evaluate supplementing Office 365's out-of-the-box backup capabilities.
Specifically, Veidekke ASA need to retain about 10 TB of backup data for OneDrive, SharePoint and Office 365 Groups longer than 30 days. The company also needed to quickly restore granular data such as lists, libraries, folders, documents, document versions, mail boxes and calendars.
"With Office 365 native capabilities, we could get a site collection back within a day or two by logging a service request, but it wasn't possible to restore at a more granular level," said Jonas Schimmele, IT Manger, Veidekke ASA. "With AvePoint Cloud Backup we can restore at all levels in minutes."
After testing multiple solutions, AvePoint Cloud Backup was determined to be the most complete cloud to cloud backup solution and the only one meeting Veidekke ASA's requirements.
The AvePoint Solution
With AvePoint Cloud Backup, Veidekke ASA is running automatic backups four times a day and retaining up to 24TB of data for a year.
The production data is securely backed up in AvePoint's scalable Azure storage using Microsoft Azure Key Vault Encryption.
In addition to faster data restoration, AvePoint Cloud Backup also allows the Veidekke ASA IT team to build business rules and filters to quickly choose how and where they would like to store data item by item. They can even perform out-of-place restores with granular objects or content and restore data to a location other than its original location.
Veidekke has also been pleased with Cloud Backup's ease of use and the level of support provided by AvePoint.
"The new interface is very intuitive and easy to use," said Jonas Schimmele. "The solution delivers what we expected and AvePoint's technical support team has been very friendly and provided a quick response to my questions."
With AvePoint Cloud Backup services, Veidekke ASA now has a backup solution they can rely on as well as a primary platform for collaboration.
About Veidekke
Founded in 1936 with an annual revenue exceeding $3 billion (US), Veidekke ASA is the largest Norwegian construction and civil engineering company and the fourth largest in Scandinavia. Veidekke's core activities include construction, property development, civil engineering and consulting, industrial operations, and road maintenance.


Stunning quality 22mm thick vinyl wrapped MDF table tops. Manufactured using the highest grade of wood laminate finishes available on the market these tops are cost effective and hard wearing. Easy to clean.


text:
Q: crawling nested pages using a single spider class and ItemLoader I'm trying to crawl through a webpage and extract a group of links then crawl through the webpages of those links and get the data by returning it through an item loader but having trouble. This is the code I have problem with in my spider class:
def parse(self, response):
   #--initialize selector--
   for s in response.css(SECTION_SELECTOR):
         #--populate object attributes--
         yield scrapy.Request( self.link, callback=self.parse_single )

def parse_single(self, response):
        #--initialize selector--
        for p in response.css(SINGLE_SELECTOR):
             #--populate item_loader (l)--
             yield l.load_item()

The problem with this approach is that only the items in the last s item are being returned, and the same items are iterated over and over when I save them as a csv file. The loop items in the second parse method are output as hoped with no duplicates.
If I try to switch the yield with return on the first parse method, only the first s item is executed, and again the second parse prints items to file as expected, but only the first s row is outputted with no duplicates.
Please someone explain to me how I can get the code to iterate over all the items in the first loop so they print in the second.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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mongodb

MongoDB NodeJS Driver

The official MongoDB driver for Node.js.

Upgrading to version 4? Take a look at our upgrade guide here!

Quick Links

							what
							where

							documentation
							docs.mongodb.com/drivers/node

							api-doc
							mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/4.0/

							npm package
							www.npmjs.com/package/mongodb

							source
							github.com/mongodb/node-mongodb-native

							mongodb
							www.mongodb.com

							changelog
							HISTORY.md

							upgrade to v4
							docs/CHANGES_4.0.0.md

Bugs / Feature Requests

Think you've found a bug? Want to see a new feature in node-mongodb-native? Please open a
				case in our issue management tool, JIRA:

Create an account and login jira.mongodb.org.

Navigate to the NODE project jira.mongodb.org/browse/NODE.

Click Create Issue - Please provide as much information as possible about the issue type and how to reproduce it.

Bug reports in JIRA for all driver projects (i.e. NODE, PYTHON, CSHARP, JAVA) and the
				Core Server (i.e. SERVER) project are public.

Support / Feedback

For issues with, questions about, or feedback for the Node.js driver, please look into our support channels. Please do not email any of the driver developers directly with issues or questions - you're more likely to get an answer on the MongoDB Community Forums.

Change Log

Change history can be found in HISTORY.md.

Compatibility

For version compatibility matrices, please refer to the following links:

MongoDB

NodeJS

Typescript Version

We recommend using the latest version of typescript, however we do provide a downleveled version of the type definitions that we test compiling against typescript@4.0.2.
					Since typescript does not restrict breaking changes to major versions we consider this support best effort.
				If you run into any unexpected compiler failures please let us know and we will do our best to correct it.

Installation

The recommended way to get started using the Node.js 4.0 driver is by using the npm (Node Package Manager) to install the dependency in your project.

After you've created your own project using npm init, you can run:

npm install mongodb
# or ...
yarn add mongodb

This will download the MongoDB driver and add a dependency entry in your package.json file.

Troubleshooting

The MongoDB driver depends on several other packages. These are:

bson

bson-ext

kerberos

mongodb-client-encryption

Some of these packages include native C++ extensions, consult the trouble shooting guide here if you run into issues.

Quick Start

This guide will show you how to set up a simple application using Node.js and MongoDB. Its scope is only how to set up the driver and perform the simple CRUD operations. For more in-depth coverage, see the official documentation.

Create the package.json file

First, create a directory where your application will live.

mkdir myProject
cd myProject

Enter the following command and answer the questions to create the initial structure for your new project:

npm init -y

Next, install the driver as a dependency.

npm install mongodb

Start a MongoDB Server

For complete MongoDB installation instructions, see the manual.

Download the right MongoDB version from MongoDB

Create a database directory (in this case under /data).

Install and start a mongod process.

mongod --dbpath=/data

You should see the mongod process start up and print some status information.

Connect to MongoDB

Create a new app.js file and add the following code to try out some basic CRUD
				operations using the MongoDB driver.

Add code to connect to the server and the database myProject:

NOTE: All the examples below use async/await syntax.

However, all async API calls support an optional callback as the final argument,
					if a callback is provided a Promise will not be returned.

const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');
// or as an es module:
// import { MongoClient } from 'mongodb'

// Connection URL
const url = 'mongodb://localhost:27017';
const client = new MongoClient(url);

// Database Name
const dbName = 'myProject';

async function main() {
  // Use connect method to connect to the server
  await client.connect();
  console.log('Connected successfully to server');
  const db = client.db(dbName);
  const collection = db.collection('documents');

  // the following code examples can be pasted here...

  return 'done.';
}

main()
  .then(console.log)
  .catch(console.error)
  .finally(() => client.close());

Run your app from the command line with:

node app.js

The application should print Connected successfully to server to the console.

Insert a Document

Add to app.js the following function which uses the insertMany
				method to add three documents to the documents collection.

const insertResult = await collection.insertMany([{ a: 1 }, { a: 2 }, { a: 3 }]);
console.log('Inserted documents =>', insertResult);

The insertMany command returns an object with information about the insert operations.

Find All Documents

Add a query that returns all the documents.

const findResult = await collection.find({}).toArray();
console.log('Found documents =>', findResult);

This query returns all the documents in the documents collection.
				If you add this below the insertMany example you'll see the document's you've inserted.

Find Documents with a Query Filter

Add a query filter to find only documents which meet the query criteria.

const filteredDocs = await collection.find({ a: 3 }).toArray();
console.log('Found documents filtered by { a: 3 } =>', filteredDocs);

Only the documents which match 'a' : 3 should be returned.

Update a document

The following operation updates a document in the documents collection.

const updateResult = await collection.updateOne({ a: 3 }, { $set: { b: 1 } });
console.log('Updated documents =>', updateResult);

The method updates the first document where the field a is equal to 3 by adding a new field b to the document set to 1. updateResult contains information about whether there was a matching document to update or not.

Remove a document

Remove the document where the field a is equal to 3.

const deleteResult = await collection.deleteMany({ a: 3 });
console.log('Deleted documents =>', deleteResult);

Index a Collection

Indexes can improve your application's
					performance. The following function creates an index on the a field in the
				documents collection.

const indexName = await collection.createIndex({ a: 1 });
console.log('index name =', indexName);

For more detailed information, see the indexing strategies page.

Error Handling

If you need to filter certain errors from our driver we have a helpful tree of errors described in docs/errors.md.

It is our recommendation to use instanceof checks on errors and to avoid relying on parsing error.message and error.name strings in your code.
				We guarantee instanceof checks will pass according to semver guidelines, but errors may be sub-classed or their messages may change at any time, even patch releases, as we see fit to increase the helpfulness of the errors.

Any new errors we add to the driver will directly extend an existing error class and no existing error will be moved to a different parent class outside of a major release.
				This means instanceof will always be able to accurately capture the errors that our driver throws (or returns in a callback).

const client = new MongoClient(url);
await client.connect();
const collection = client.db().collection('collection');

try {
  await collection.insertOne({ _id: 1 });
  await collection.insertOne({ _id: 1 }); // duplicate key error
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof MongoServerError) {
    console.log(`Error worth logging: </span><span style="color: #0000FF">${</span><span style="color: #001080">error</span><span style="color: #0000FF">}</span><span style="color: #A31515">`); // special case for some reason
  }
  throw error; // still want to crash
}

Next Steps

MongoDB Documentation

MongoDB Node Driver Documentation

Read about Schemas

Star us on GitHub

License

Apache 2.0

© 2009-2012 Christian Amor Kvalheim
				© 2012-present MongoDB Contributors

						Exports

						Admin

						Aggregation<wbr>Cursor

						BSONReg<wbr>Exp

						Binary

						Change<wbr>Stream

						Code

						Collection

						Db

						Decimal128

						Double

						Find<wbr>Cursor

						GridFSBucket

						Int32

						Long

						Mongo<wbr>Client

						Mongo<wbr>Error

						Mongo<wbr>Network<wbr>Error

						Mongo<wbr>Parse<wbr>Error

						Mongo<wbr>Server<wbr>Selection<wbr>Error

						Mongo<wbr>Write<wbr>Concern<wbr>Error

						Object<wbr>Id

						Read<wbr>Concern

						Read<wbr>Preference

						Write<wbr>Concern

						Mongo<wbr>Client<wbr>Options

Legend

Constructor

Property

Method

Accessor

Inherited constructor

Inherited property

Inherited method

Inherited accessor

Constructor

Property

Method

Private property

Private method

Static property

Static method

Generated using TypeDoc

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Grilled polenta tops sweet shrimp tossed with a spicy tomato and escarole sauce for supper with panache. If sodium is a concern, make sure to use the "no-salt added" tomatoes we've called for and skip the optional oil-cured olives. Make it a Meal: Serve this dish with some crusty olive-studded bread, to soak up the sauce, and steamed green beans.
Place 1 tablespoon oil and garlic in a large saucepan over medium heat. Cook, stirring, until the garlic is sizzling and fragrant, 1 to 2 minutes. Add crushed red pepper; cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Add tomatoes and oregano; bring to a boil. Reduce to a simmer and cook until juicy, about 3 minutes. Stir in shrimp and escarole; cook, stirring, until the escarole is wilted, about 2 minutes. Remove from the heat, cover and keep warm.
Oil the grill rack (see Tip). Grill polenta slices until hot and slightly charred, 3 to 4 minutes per side.
Divide the sauce among 4 shallow bowls or plates. Top with the polenta slices, sprinkle with olives (if using) and drizzle each serving with ½ teaspoon oil. Serve immediately.
Note: Escarole (a member of the chicory family) is a leafy green with a sweet-bitter taste. It's tender when cooked and can be used in braises, soups or stews. Look for it near other greens in the produce section, but do not confuse it with curly endive. Escarole has large, relatively broad leaves resembling densely packed leaf lettuce (curly endive has tight and finely ruffled leaves).
start with uncooked shrimp I used raw shrimp--seasoned them with salt, pepper, and paprika--and sauteed them quickly in the same pan I then used for the recipe. Doesn't take that much time and adds so much flavor over precooked shrimp. Delicious recipe.
This is easy and good! I definitely recommend escarole if you can find it - nice texture and taste. I don't like oil cured olives and used regular pitted black olives instead.


text:
Home > Introduction > Physics > Duality
Wave-Particle Duality
In what sense can something be, at one and the same time, both a discrete particle (Werner Heisenberg) and a continuous wave (Erwin Schrödinger)?
The information interpretation of quantum mechanics explains that the wave function is purely abstract immaterial information about where concrete material particles will be found statistically when a large number of particles are measured.
Quantum waves are never seen. They are not "observables," which Heisenberg made his chief criterion for the new quantum mechanics. He declared that the electron orbits of the "old" quantum theory of the Bohr atom simply do not exist because they are not observable. Only the spectral lines of light given off by transitions between energy levels are observable, he said.
Following the traditional Copenhagen Interpretation, many physicists today describe a quantum object as either a wave or a particle, depending on the free choice of the experimenter.
Calculations by a physicist describing the evolution of a quantum system, an electron or a photon, for example, goes in two stages.
Between measurements there is a wave stage in which the wave function explores all the possibilities available, given the configuration of surrounding particles, especially those nearby, which represent the boundary conditions for the Schrödinger equation of motion for the wave function. Because the space where the possibilities are non-zero is large, we say that the wave function (or "possibilities function") is nonlocal. Albert Einstein always hoped for a local "objective reality."
An observer can not gain any empirical knowledge unless new information has first been irreversibly recorded, e.g., when a particle has been localized in the experimental apparatus.
The other stage is measurement, when the photon or electron interacts with one or more of the surrounding particles, including the measurement apparatus. At this point, one of the nonlocal possibilities may be "actualized" or localized.
The quantum process raises deep metaphysical questions about possibilities, with their calculable probabilities, and the actualities.
Information about the new interaction may or may not be recorded. If the new information is irreversibly recorded, it may later be observed. It must be recorded before it can be observed. A "conscious observer" is not involved in the recording of the measurement. The recording of a measurement happens before the observer makes an observation. In modern physics, that can be days or weeks before the observation which requires lengthy calculations and "data reduction."
When you hear or read that electrons are both waves and particles, you might think "either-or" - between measurements a wave of possibilities, then an actual particle.
Or you might accept Einstein's deeply help belief that it is always a particle with a path, despite the practical impossibility of making measurements along the path.
That a light wave might actually be composed of quanta (later called photons) was first proposed by Albert Einstein as his "light-quantum hypothesis."
He wrote in 1905:
On the modern quantum view, what spreads out is a "nonlocal" wave of probability amplitude,
the possibilities for absorption, followed by a whole photon actually being absorbed ("localized") somewhere.
In accordance with the assumption to be considered here, the energy of a light ray spreading out from a point source is not continuously distributed over an increasing space but consists of a finite number of energy quanta which are localized at points in space, which move without dividing, and which can only be produced and absorbed as whole units.
("A Heuristic Viewpoint on the Production and Transformation of Light," Annalen der Physik, vol.17, p.133, English translation - American Journal of Physics, 33, 5, p.368)
In 1909, Einstein speculated about the connection between wave and particle views:
This is wave-particle duality fourteen years before Louis deBroglie's matter waves and Erwin Schrödinger's wave equation and wave mechanics
When light was shown to exhibit interference and diffraction, it seemed almost certain that light should be considered a wave...A large body of facts shows undeniably that light has certain fundamental properties that are better explained by Newton's emission theory of light than by the oscillation theory. For this reason, I believe that the next phase in the development of theoretical physics will bring us a theory of light that can be considered a fusion of the oscillation and emission theories...
Even without delving deeply into theory, one notices that our theory of light cannot explain certain fundamental properties of phenomena associated with light. Why does the color of light, and not its intensity, determine whether a certain photochemical reaction occurs? Why is light of short wavelength generally more effective chemically than light of longer wavelength? Why is the speed of photoelectrically produced cathode rays independent of the light's intensity? Why are higher temperatures (and, thus, higher molecular energies) required to add a short-wavelength component to the radiation emitted by an object?
The fundamental property of the oscillation theory that engenders these difficulties seems to me the following. In the kinetic theory of molecules, for every process in which only a few elementary particles participate (e.g., molecular collisions), the inverse process also exists. But that is not the case for the elementary processes of radiation.
Einstein's view since 1905 was that light quanta are emitted in particular directions. There are no outgoing spherical waves (except probability amplitude or "possibilities" waves). Even less likely are incoming spherical waves, never seen in nature
According to our prevailing theory, an oscillating ion generates a spherical wave that propagates outwards. The inverse process does not exist as an elementary process. A converging spherical wave is mathematically possible, to be sure; but to approach its realization requires a vast number of emitting entities. The elementary process of emission is not invertible. In this, I believe, our oscillation theory does not hit the mark. Newton's emission theory of light seems to contain more truth with respect to this point than the oscillation theory since, first of all, the energy given to a light particle is not scattered over infinite space, but remains available for an elementary process of absorption.
(On the Development of Our Views Concerning the Nature and Constitution of Radiation)
Also in 1909, Einstein's imagined an experiment in which the energy of an electron (a cathode ray) is converted to a light quantum and back.
Consider the laws governing the production of secondary cathode radiation by X-rays. If primary cathode rays impinge on a metal plate P1, they produce X-rays. If these X-rays impinge on a second metal plate P2, cathode rays are again produced whose speed is of the same order as that of the primary cathode rays.
As far as we know today, the speed of the secondary cathode rays depends neither on the distance between P1 and P2, nor on the intensity of the primary cathode rays, but rather entirely on the speed of the primary cathode rays. Let's assume that this is strictly true. What would happen if we reduced the intensity of the primary cathode rays or the size of P1 on which they fall, so that the impact of an electron of the primary cathode rays can be considered an isolated process?
If the above is really true then, because of the independence of the secondary cathode rays' speed on the primary cathode rays' intensity, we must assume that an electron impinging on P1 will either cause no electrons to be produced at P2, or else a secondary emission of an electron whose speed is of the same order as that of the initial electron impinging on P1. In other words, the elementary process of radiation seems to occur in such a way that it does not scatter the energy of the primary electron in a spherical wave propagating in every direction, as the oscillation theory demands.
Extending his 1905 hypothesis, Einstein shows energy can not spread out like a wave continuously over a large volume, because it is absorbed in its entirety to produce an ejected electron at P2, with essentially the same energy as the original electron absorbed at P1.
Rather, at least a large part of this energy seems to be available at some place on P2, or somewhere else. The elementary process of the emission of radiation appears to be directional. Moreover, one has the impression that the production of X-rays at P1 and the production of secondary cathode rays at P2 are essentially inverse processes...Therefore, the constitution of radiation seems to be different from what our oscillation theory predicts.
The theory of thermal radiation has given important clues about this, mostly by the theory on which Planck based his radiation formula...Planck's theory leads to the following conjecture. If it is really true that a radiative resonator can only assume energy values that are multiples of hν, the obvious assumption is that the emission and absorption of light occurs only in these energy quantities. On the basis of this hypothesis, the light-quanta hypothesis, the questions raised above about the emission and absorption of light can be answered. As far as we know, the quantitative consequences of this light-quanta hypothesis are confirmed. This provokes the following question. Is it not thinkable that Planck's radiation formula is correct, but that another derivation could be found that does not rest on such a seemingly monstrous assumption as Planck's theory? Is it not possible to replace the light-quanta hypothesis with another assumption, with which one could do justice to known phenomena? If it is necessary to modify the theory's elements, couldn't one keep the propagation laws intact, and only change the conceptions of the elementary processes of emission and absorption?
This conception seems to me the most natural: that the manifestation of light's electromagnetic waves is constrained at singularity points, like the manifestation of electrostatic fields in the theory of the electron. I imagine to myself, each such singular point surrounded by a field that has essentially the same character as a plane wave, and whose amplitude decreases with the distance between the singular points. If many such singularities are separated by a distance small with respect to the dimensions of the field of one singular point, their fields will be superimposed, and will form in their totality an oscillating field that is only slightly different from the oscillating field in our present electromagnetic theory of light.
Einstein thus imagines many singular points (his light quanta) whose average behavior has the shape of a light wave.
Just as a large number of randomly distributed discrete points approaches the smooth continuous appearance of the normal distribution, Einstein imagines the "totality" of points would look like an oscillating light wave or field. Einstein never published the implicit idea that the light wave would be stronger where there are many particles, less where there are few. But he described to many friends, including Max Born, the idea of a "ghost field" (Gespensterfeld) or "guiding field" (Führungsfeld) that represents the probability of finding a particle at different positions.
Our modern view of the relationship between waves and particles is straightforward. The wave is a complex function with values at every place in space whose absolute square gives us the probability of finding a discrete particle there. The wave (later the wave function ψ) is similar to the continuous gravitational or electromagnetic fields that specify the force on a test particle at any place in space and time. These "probability" fields are not substantial or as Einstein called them "ponderable."
The "fusion of wave and emission theories of light" that Einstein expected is now seen to consist of a theoretical continuous field that provides abstract information (probabilities) about the outcomes of experiments on localized discrete particles.
Dueling Wave and Particle Theories
Not only do we have the problem of understanding wave-particle duality in a quantum system, we have a full-blown wave mechanical theory (deBroglie and Schrödinger) versus a particle mechanics theory (Heisenberg, Max Born, Pascual Jordan).
Before either of these theories was developed in the mid-1920's, Einstein in 1916 showed how both wave-like and particle-like behaviors are seen in light quanta, and that the emission of light is done at random times and in random directions. This was the introduction of ontological chance (Zufall) into physics, over a decade before Heisenberg announced that quantum mechanics is acausal in his "uncertainty principle" paper of 1927.
As late as 1917, Einstein felt very much alone in believing the reality (his emphasis) of light quanta:
I do not doubt anymore the reality of radiation quanta, although I still stand quite alone in this conviction
(Letter to Besso, quoted by Abraham Pais," "Subtle is the Lord...", p.411)
Einstein in 1916 had just derived his A and B coefficients describing the absorption, spontaneous emission, and (his newly predicted) stimulated emission of radiation. In two papers, "Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory," and "On the Quantum Theory of Radiation," he derived the Planck law (for Planck it was mostly a guess at the formula), he derived Planck's postulate E = hν, and he derived Bohr's second postulate
Em - En = hν. Einstein did this by exploiting the obvious relationship between the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of gas particle velocities and the distribution of radiation in Planck's law.
Einstein wrote:
The formal similarity between the chromatic distribution curve for thermal radiation and the Maxwell velocity-distribution law is too striking to have remained hidden for long. In fact, it was this similarity which led W. Wien, some time ago, to an extension of the radiation formula in his important theoretical paper, in which he derived his displacement law...Not long ago I discovered a derivation of Planck's formula which was closely related to Wien's original argument and which was based on the fundamental assumption of quantum theory. This derivation displays the relationship between Maxwell's curve and the chromatic distribution curve and deserves attention not only because of its simplicity, but especially because it seems to throw some light on the mechanism of emission and absorption of radiation by matter, a process which is still obscure to us.
("On the Quantum Theory of Radiation," Sources of Quantum Mechanics, B. L. van der Waerden, Dover, 1967, p.63; Physikalische Zeitschrift, 18, pp.121–128, 1917)
But the introduction of Maxwell-Boltzmann statistical mechanical thinking to electromagnetic theory has produced what Einstein called a "weakness in the theory." It introduces the reality of an irreducible objective chance!
If light quanta are particles with energy E = hν traveling at the velocity of light c, then they should have a momentum p = E/c = hν/c. When light is absorbed by material particles, this momentum will clearly be transferred to the particle. But when light is emitted by an atom or molecule, a problem appears.
The "statistical interpretation" of Max Born, which was based on Einstein's ideas about a "ghost field" (Gespensterfeld) or "guiding field" (Führungsfeld), tells us the outgoing wave is the probability amplitude wave function Ψ, whose absolute square is the probability of finding a light particle in an arbitrary direction.
Conservation of momentum requires that the momentum of the emitted particle will cause an atom to recoil with momentum hν/c in the opposite direction. However, the standard theory of spontaneous emission of radiation is that it produces a spherical wave going out in all directions. A spherically symmetric wave has no preferred direction. In which direction does the atom recoil? Einstein asked:
Does the molecule receive an impulse when it absorbs or emits the energy ε? For example, let us look at emission from the point of view of classical electrodynamics. When a body emits the radiation ε it suffers a recoil (momentum) ε/c if the entire amount of radiation energy is emitted in the same direction. If, however, the emission is a spatially symmetric process, e.g., a spherical wave, no recoil at all occurs. This alternative also plays a role in the quantum theory of radiation. When a molecule absorbs or emits the energy ε in the form of radiation during the transition between quantum theoretically possible states, then this elementary process can be viewed either as a completely or partially directed one in space, or also as a symmetrical (nondirected) one. It turns out that we arrive at a theory that is free of contradictions, only if we interpret those elementary processes as completely directed processes.
("On the Quantum Theory of Radiation, p.65)
An outgoing light particle must impart momentum hν/c to the atom or molecule, but the direction of the momentum can not be predicted! Neither can the theory predict the time when the light quantum will be emitted.
Such a random time was not unknown to physics. When Ernest Rutherford derived the law for radioactive decay of unstable atomic nuclei in 1900, he could only give the probability of decay time. Einstein saw the connection with radiation emission:
It speaks in favor of the theory that the statistical law assumed for [spontaneous] emission is nothing but the Rutherford law of radioactive decay.
(Pais," "Subtle is the Lord...", p.411)
But the inability to predict both the time and direction of light particle emissions, said Einstein in 1917, is "a weakness in the theory..., that it leaves time and direction of elementary processes to chance (Zufall, ibid.)." It is only a weakness for Einstein, of course, because his God does not play dice.
Einstein clearly saw, as none of his contemporaries did, that since spontaneous emission is a statistical process, it cannot possibly be described with classical physics.
The properties of elementary processes required...make it seem almost inevitable to formulate a truly quantized theory of radiation.
(Pais, ibid.)
How Einstein Discovered Wave-Particle Duality
Einstein was bothered by Planck's discovery of the blackbody radiation law. He said that it "rests on a seemingly monstrous assumption."
Planck had assumed that energy levels were discrete (compare Bohr's stationery states in the old quantum theory). Einstein saw that transitions between those levels should be discrete quanta. When Bohr formulated his atom theory (and for the next dozen years), he ignored Einstein's light quanta
Planck's theory leads to the following conjecture. If it is really true that a radiative resonator can only assume energy values that are multiples of hν, the obvious assumption is that the emission and absorption of light occurs only in these energy quantities. On the basis of this hypothesis, the light-quanta hypothesis, the questions raised above about the emission and absorption of light can be answered. As far as we know, the quantitative consequences of this light-quanta hypothesis are confirmed. This provokes the following question. Is it not thinkable that Planck's radiation formula is correct, but that another derivation could be found that does not rest on such a seemingly monstrous assumption as Planck's theory? Is it not possible to replace the light-quanta hypothesis with another assumption, with which one could do justice to known phenomena? If it is necessary to modify the theory's elements, couldn't one keep the propagation laws intact, and only change the conceptions of the elementary processes of emission and absorption?
To arrive at a certain answer to this question, let us proceed in the opposite direction of Planck in his radiation theory. Let us view Planck's radiation formula as correct, and ask ourselves whether something concerning the composition of radiation can be derived from it.
("On the Development of Our Views Concerning the Nature and Constitution of Radiation", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10, 817-825, 1909)
Eight years later, in his paper on the A and B coefficients (transition probabilities) for the emission and absorption of radiation, Einstein carried through his attempt to understand the Planck law. He confirmed that light behaves sometimes like waves (notably when a great number of particles are present and for low energies), at other times like the particles of a gas (for few particles and high energies).
Dirac on Wave-Particle Duality
Quantum mechanics is able to effect a reconciliation of the wave and corpuscular properties of light. The essential point is the association of each of the translational states of a photon with one of the wave functions of ordinary wave optics. The nature of this association cannot be pictured on a basis of classical mechanics, but is something entirely new. It would be quite wrong to picture the photon and its associated wave as interacting in the way in which particles and waves can interact in classical mechanics. The association can be interpreted only statistically, the wave function giving us information about the probability of our finding the photon in any particular place when we make an observation of where it is.
Note that the information about the possibility of a photon at a given point does not have to be "knowledge" for some conscious observer. It is statistical information about the photon, even if it is never observed
Some time before the discovery of quantum mechanics people [viz., Einstein!] realized that the connexion between light waves and photons must be of a statistical character. What they did not clearly realize, however, was that the wave function gives information about the probability of one photon being in a particular place and not the probable number of photons in that place.
(Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 4th ed., Chapter 1, p.9)
Einstein, deBroglie, and Schrödinger had all argued that the light wave at some point might be the probable number of photons at that point.
But if we accept that Einstein always conceived the particle as indivisible and located at a given point in space and time (his local "objective reality"), we can agree with Dirac that the wave function gives us the probability of the individual particle "being in a particular place."
Chapter 1.1 - Creation Chapter 1.3 - Information
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Shockwave-Sound Blog and Articles
Music on the Move: A Short history of Mobile Listening
by Simon Power | Oct 30, 2019
Long before technology provided us with a pocket sized phone where we can store thousands of our favourite tunes, listening to music on the go was often an unreliable and expensive pastime. In this article we outline a condensed history of the long & arduous journey of Man's mission to unshackle popular music, setting you free to enjoy your latest playlist at the gym. Dance on the beach under the stars. Or irritate your fellow travellers wherever you roam!
Music on the move is by no means a 20th Century invention. In days of old, serfs and jesters were employed by Royal Decree to entertain Kings and Queens on their travels and engagements by playing the popular tunes of the day on a variety of early instruments such as the Lute, the recorder and the Lyre. However, not so for the common man whose exposure to music was a less personal experience and remained routed in street parties, gatherings or theatre performances.
And with no way to record music, this is how it remained for hundreds of years.
1877 – Along comes the Phonograph
Although it was an amazing innovation at the time, even the invention of the phonograph in the late 19th Century didn't free recorded music from being a stagnant experience. As many phonographs were unwieldy with a huge horn and weighing up to 300 pounds they were intended purely as home entertainment. Again it was the rich and privileged that were able to employ help to move the system between locations. And with the high cost of the players, recorded music 'on the move' remained extremely limited and still largely a pastime of the elite.
In 1904, an American inventor, Lee de Forest, demonstrates the first car radio at an Exposition event in St. Louis. It was too early for it to be entirely successful and it wasn't until 1920 that the valve and transformer technology had progressed to the point where an in-car radio could become a viable everyday accessory.
In 1924, Kelly's Motors of New South Wales, Australia made history by installing its first car radio.
But it would be another six years before Motorola (yes, the mobile phone pioneers) produced a radio receiver that was marketed in America by GMC. At $130 (approximately a fifth the price of a car), it was still ludicrously expensive and not many of these early models were installed.
In fact it wasn't until just before WWII in the late 1930's that push button AM radios were considered a standard feature in a new car. By the end of the war there were an estimated 9 million AM car radios in use. It's the mid 1940's and music was on the move!
The 1950's Revolution
It's the early 1950's and portable music takes a giant Quantum leap with the invention of the tiny semiconductor known to one and all as the Transistor. No longer shackled to heavy cumbersome valves, along came tiny radio receivers called transistor radios. The sound was tinny and scratchy and they were prone to picking up static. BUT NOBODY CARED! It was the 50's. At last, you could listen to your favourite radio station wherever and whenever you liked. It was cool. It was rebellious. It was a revolution.
Of course, the transistor radio had been coming since the late 1940's. But only ever as prototypes or demonstration models by Sony, RCA and Intermetall of Germany. The first commercially available one was released by Texas Instruments and IDEA of Indianapolis in October 1954.
It was called the Regency TR-1. After a year they had sold 100,000 units, but the reviews of its performance generally focused on the tinny sound of the small speaker.
Cassette for a change
Throughout the 50's and 60's, transistor radios became better designed and more accessible, with later models being affordable by the average household. But then in the late 1960's along came the portable cassette player/recorder and for music on the move, things were set to change.
The cassette player was battery operated, had a reasonably sized speaker and could be listened to in comfort over separate headphones. Unsurprisingly they became very popular, very quickly.
Unlike the portable but bulky 8-track, the cassette player with its user friendly C30/C60/C90 minute cassette format, was the perfect complement to home taping systems like the music centre. At last, you could record your favourite records and radio shows and play them back in the garden, the park or at the beach. By the 1970's, it was every school kid's dream come true.
Walk the Walk (man)
So, by now we have the car stereo, we have the transistor radio and we have the 8 track and portable cassette player. Teenagers and parents alike were all using affordable portable music devices wherever and whenever they wanted. But in a few short years, things were about to get much, much better.
Enter Andreas Pavel . A German-Brazilian inventor and former television executive, who devised the Stereobelt in order to, as he put it, 'add a soundtrack to real life'. The Stereobelt offered high fidelity music through headphones while its wearer was participating in daily activities.
Pavel took his invention around to many of the high end audio companies of the time, most of whom rejected it, mainly on the grounds that people wouldn't want to wear headphones in public (!)
One of those companies was Sony, who in 1979 came up with the revolutionary Sony Walkman. A miniature cassette player designed to clip onto a belt and listened to on accompanying headphones. (Andreas Pavel, by the way, entered a legal battle with Sony that would last for decades until he was able to claim some of the rights to the German sales of the Walkman, which he claimed was based on his original design).
The Walkman prototype was actually based on a modified Sony Pressman. A compact tape recorder designed for journalists and released 2 years earlier in 1977.
The Sony Walkman was an instant hit and coincided with the trends of jogging and aerobic exercise. Activities that were so much more fun when you were listening to Queen or Abba. Madonna or Bowie. Plus, the Walkman's 2 AA batteries and headphones added lightweight convenience and privacy to the experience of listening to personal music.
Also arriving on the scene in the mid 1980's, by way of New York's burgeoning Hip Hop scene, was the Boombox or Ghetto Blaster. The bigger the better, these hybrid portable music centres focused on volume and clarity of sound, often including tape to tape features and other gimmicks.
So with the Sony Walkman and the Ghetto Blasting Boombox, by the mid 80's, everyone could afford to take part in this latest accessorised pastime. Listening to music while on the move.
All change for the new format
But wait! Aren't those old cassettes sounding a little hissy these days? A bit muddy? A little woolly?
Isn't it time for a cleaner, brighter sound?
Compact Discs had been around since the early 1980's, but became popular and commercially available after the introduction of Sony's one and only Discman. A portable CD player with extra outputs that you could plug straight into your home system. Perfect for every get-up-and-go Hi-Fi enthusiast. Despite the heavy price tag of early models (hipsters could pay up to $350 in 1984) The Discman once again sparked a revolution in portable music by improving the sound quality of the mobile experience.
Sure, there were other makes of portable cassette players and CD players. But Sony managed to corner the market with early innovation and mass production, which meant that their competitors were constantly wrong footed, finding it hard to catch up with the brand leader. This was Sony's time to shine and the huge Japanese conglomerate made the most of it with their new slogan, 'It's A Sony'.
The Nineties hiatus
And that's the way it stayed. At least for a few years. Yes, there were other innovations. The Digital Age meant that information could be recorded in good ol' noughts and ones and we were treated to Minidisc, another Sony invention that had great success in Japan and moderate success in Europe. Digital Audio Tape (DAT), introduced in the late 80's became a popular format in the music industry and many portable versions were used for field recordings or broadcast quality vox pops (street interviews). Less so for portable recreational music, these two formats were considered pro or semi-pro, though Minidisc picked up a hardcore following of enthusiasts who saw it as the natural successor to the CD.
By the mid 1990's there was a feeling that something was in the air. But nobody, except the forward thinking futurists and computer geeks, seemed to know what form it would take. Surprisingly, what happened owed a big debt to the past as we were about to find out.
MP Free
The MPEG3 (Moving Pictures Experts Group layer 3) was an audio format first adopted by movie makers in the 1980's and using a theory that had been around for donkey's years. The theory being that the human ear is unable to pick up a number of masked frequencies. So why not strip those frequencies away, thus making the resulting file many times smaller and easier to handle.
This lighter, more accessible format was perfect for use in the fledgling computer/internet market as full bandwidth WAV files took forever to transfer on dial up modems. So, despite the loss of quality, the MP3 was adopted as standard and by the late 90's, music websites and blogs (Napster, anyone?) began to appear hosting music tracks ripped directly from CD and converted into the MPEG format.
It followed that eventually the public would need portable players to listen to these files away from their computer towers. And so, the MP3 Player was born.
The first mass-produced MP3 player with flash memory included was called the MPMan, developed and manufactured by SaeHan Information Systems. The MPMan was launched in 1998, but was expensive and complicated to use, so it never really took off.
It was followed a few short months later by the Rio PMP300. This was cheaper and had better connectivity. Able to plug directly into a computer it was an instant success.
However, that success was short lived as in 2001 Apple Inc were to release the first ever iPod on an unsuspecting public.
Changing the game
The Apple iPod was an instant game changer in the portable music market. The user could now upload thousands of songs (from Apple's hugely popular iTunes platform) onto a single device. And, unlike a Discman or the many other portable devices, you could choose specific tracks from albums, building your own playlists to listen to while travelling, or at work, or at the gym, or to play at a party. Suddenly, everyone was a DJ. A music curator. In charge of their listening destiny. More than ever before. This was truly a revolution of huge magnitude.
Other personal music file players were available of course, but Apple ruled the roost and sold millions of players from 2001 onwards, upgrading and updating with version after version as the technology improved.
In 2004, three years after the initial release, the iPod dominated digital music player sales in the USA with over 90% of the market of hard drive based players and 70% of the market of all types of players.
In January 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of $7.1 billion of which 48% was made up of iPod sales. That's a whole lot of people listening to a whole lot of music. And iPods dominated the market for more than a decade. But as this article has proved. In the world of mobile music, nothing stands still forever. A huge shift was on the horizon. And coming up fast.
Smart Phones had been lurking around for quite some time. Early prototypes with obscure operating systems had been introduced way back in the 1990s. But a mobile phone that could stream, download and play music? Early on in the millennium that was still pretty much a pipe dream. However, Samsung were the first to innovate with the Samsung SPH-M100 (UpRoar) launched in 2000 and considered to be the first mobile phone to have MP3 music capabilities in the US Market.
The data speeds of competing models would find the large files difficult to manage. Phones in this period concentrated more on their camera technology and other features.
However, Motorola (remember them from the early car radio days?) introduced a flagship Rokr model in 2005 incorporating support of media player features. And it wasn't long before data speeds improved and new technology and faster connectivity (3G was introduced commercially around 2002/2003) allowed the pipe dream to become a reality. Perhaps now, music's migration from MP3 player to Smart Phone could begin in earnest.
The final chapter?
Apple once again dominated the market with the release of the iPhone on June 29th, 2007.
Here was a device geared up to multi task and offer accessibility to an Aladdin's Cave of music from the iTunes store. It had the ability to do so much more than all other portable music devices combined. It was the World leader and turned Apple into one of the World's most valuable publicly traded companies. As of November 1st 2018, a total of more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold, giving a great chunk of the World's population access to the ultimate portable mobile music playing device.
The future beckons
So here we are. Android and iOS phones offer the perfect solution to listening to portable music. Creating playlists. Streaming. Downloading (and uploading) tracks. What more could we possibly want from a portable music player?
Well, let's not forget that, despite the rise of music friendly phones, the portable audio player still exists. For instance, check out the Hifiman HM-60X series, The Tera-Player and Sony's PHA-2. The huge advantage these bad boys have is sound quality. Your average audiophile will chat for hours about the poor quality of lossy audio formats like the MP3. And when you listen to a lossless format at a hugely higher bandwidth, the difference in quality becomes clear.
So perhaps the future lies in a device with all the convenience of a mobile Smartphone, but able to reproduce a faultless studio quality listening experience through full bandwidth wireless earbuds.
Or do we just implant a microchip at birth and beam it all down from the Moon?
Perhaps they're working on that right now. Let's hope so!
Simon Power is a sound designer & composer for BBC's Doctor Who audio dramas. He is signed to Banco De Gaia's Disco Gecko record label and as Dream Valley Music, composes for films, TV and games.
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Hospitals & Health Systems
Future of mobile healthcare could be mHealth-as-a-Service
by Greg Slabodkin |
Software-as-a-service (SaaS) when it comes to cloud computing is often talked about, but what about mobile healthcare-as-a-service (mHaaS)? In a recent contributed article published in PhysBizTech, John Sung Kim, CEO of San Francisco-based DoctorBase.com, makes the case that mHealth apps for medical provider organizations will soon evolve into app platforms whose functions can be "rented" as a cloud-based service instead of building them as "one-off" IT projects.
Sung Kim, who runs a mobile healthcare 2.0 company, believes the benefit of mHaaS is that it significantly decreases the costs and risks for medical provider organizations.
"Singularly built medical apps may suffice for certain tools such as drug reference information, but apps such as patient communications or mobile medical consultations require systems built on a multi-tenant architecture with the capability to scale and become extensible by third parties through application programming interfaces," states Sung Kim, adding that "mHaaS is not only coming--it's the only viable way our industry will grow."
According to the author, all one has to do is look at the cost and pricing structure of mHaaS versus building them internally as standalone apps. He estimates the total first year cost to provider organizations for in-house or outsourced application development for a single app to be $181,000, while the total first year cost with mHaaS falls significantly to $18,000 ($1,500 per month in subscription fees to access and deploy a cloud-based mHealth app as a rented service with 1,000 customers on its mHaaS platform).
"In the current landscape of mHealth applications launched by medical provider organizations, there is much anecdotal evidence that suggests most of these initiatives fail to achieve their originally stated performance and cost objectives," Sung Kim concludes. "Fortunately, the money and math add up quite nicely for those who can execute on the approaching mHaaS future."
In December, AT&T launched new cloud-based remote patient monitoring (RPM) technology that is delivered as SaaS from Ericsson. Part of AT&T's ForHealth suite of RPM services, the SaaS offering is designed to help doctors monitor their patients over video on a tablet connected to the Internet, providing coaching, reminders and health education to help better manage chronic diseases remotely without requiring a return hospital visit.
According to the company, one of the benefits of AT&T RPM SaaS is that patients can use Bluetooth-enabled devices to check their vitals daily, and send the data to a cloud-based system that healthcare providers can access through a secure portal. In addition, during scheduled appointments, physicians can communicate with their patients via video.
To learn more:
- read the article in PhysBizTech
Penn Medicine launches new telehealth hub
The newly launched Center for Connected Health will be largest telehealth hub in the Philadelphia region, according to Penn Medicine.
by Evan Sweeney Feb 15, 2018 12:40pm
FDA wants to build a Center of Excellence for Digital Health
The FDA commissioner wants to use additional funding under Trump's budget to advance digital health initiatives and integrate real-world data.
by Evan Sweeney Feb 15, 2018 10:18am
FDA approval signals promise for AI-based triage apps
The FDA's approval of an app that uses AI to notify specialists of a potential stroke offers new possibilities for triage software that uses CDS.
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Greg Slabodkin
Editorial Advisory Council


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Legalizing Deception: Why "Gender Identity" Should Not be Added to Anti-discrimination Legislation
Dale O'Leary
Certain national and international groups are pushing for the addition of "gender identity" and "gender expression" to anti-discrimination laws. According to activists, gender identity is defined as: "An individual's self–perception or inner sense of being a man, a male, a woman, a female, both, neither, butch, femme, two-spirit, bigender, or another configuration of gender. Gender identity often matches the gender typically associated with the person's anatomy but sometimes does not" and gender expression refers to: "Any combination of how someone outwardly presents external characteristics behaviors that are socially defined as masculine or feminine, including dress, mannerisms speech patterns and social interactions."[1]
For example, a bill introduced in the Maryland legislature reads as follows: "An owner or operator of a place of public accommodation …may not refuse, withhold from, or deny to any person any of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, or privileges of the place of public accommodation because of the person's … gender identity." This would mean that males dressed as females could use women's restrooms and locker rooms.
Such legislation is designed to give legal protections to those who reject the sex they were born with and want to be publicly accepted as the other sex -– the so-called 'transsexuals,' 'transgendered,' 'gender queer,' transvestites, and others. Such persons deceive themselves, deceive others, and are being deceived by mental health professionals and surgeons. The public is being deceived by the media and activists into believing that so-called 'transsexuals' were born with biological problems that are remedied by surgery and that it is possible to change your sex.
No one can change sex; it is written in DNA on every cell of our bodies. The people demanding "gender identity and expression" protection are physically normal men or women, but according to the "gender" ideologues, what matters is not what sex you really are, but what sex you want to be or think you are. People could be sanctioned for simply using the correct pronouns when referring to a person who is obviously male, but wants to be female.
The following quote from an interview with Dr. Theodore Dalrymple, author of a collection of essays titled: Our Culture, What's Left of It: The Mandarins and the Masses demonstrates the effect such lies have on the culture:
In my study of communist societies, I came to the conclusion that the purpose of communist propaganda was not to persuade or convince, nor to inform, but to humiliate; and therefore, the less it corresponded to reality the better. When people are forced to remain silent when they are being told the most obvious lies, or even worse when they are forced to repeat the lies themselves, they lose once and for all their sense of probity. To assent to obvious lies is to co-operate with evil, and in some small way to become evil oneself. One's standing to resist anything is thus eroded, and even destroyed.[2]
One lie leads to another. A clearly male person presents himself in public as a woman. He has had surgery and hormone treatments to perfect his impersonation and he demands that we pretend this makes him a woman. He wants us to use female pronouns when speaking of him and to allow him to use the ladies' restroom. He also wants to change his birth certificate and driver's license. While some persons who present as the other sex are obviously not the sex they pretend to be, others are able to deceive their sexual partners without informing them of their true sexual identity.
Persons who present themselves in public as the other sex say they need such protections because they are afraid of violence. This fear is real. When someone is deceived — particularly in such a personal matter has the sex of an intimate partner or potential spouse — anger is an understandable reaction. Violent acts can never be condoned, but if such legislation is passed those who have been deceived will be denied any legal recourse and the deceivers will be portrayed as victims.
The circle of deception created by this "gender ideology" begins with those who want to be the other sex deceiving themselves. As children they may have been wounded, traumatized, abused, or rejected. They fell into envy and fantasy, imagining "If I were the other sex, I would be safe, loved, valued." This envy grew into an obsession. They coveted the body parts of the other sex, and despised their own bodies. The idea that they were "transsexual" may have been suggested to them by a mental health professional or they may have seen reports of "sex changes" in the media. They deceived themselves into believing that this would be the answer to all their problems. While some may simply want to be the other sex, others may actually come to believe that they really are the other sex, that nature made a mistake and gave them the body of one sex and the brain of the other. Such a delusion is very difficult to treat, particularly when the person learns that there are surgeons able to fulfill their fantasy and create the appearance of the other sex.
While those applying for surgery may insist that they have the brain or soul of the other sex, they really don't know what it means to be the other sex. Most can only present a very stereotyped image of their desired sex. They have to constantly monitor their own gestures and mannerisms. They are excited when they are able to deceive others — to pass — but admit that they are often not accepted as the other sex. They want the government to force people to go along with their deception, but even if such laws are passed they will only be able to fool some of the people some of the time.
While persons who want to be the other sex desperately want to believe that they were born with this problem, there is no evidence for this. Some men and women who want to be the other sex failed to identify with their birth sex as children. This condition, known as childhood gender (sexual) identity disorder (G[S]ID), is preventable and treatable. Even without treatment most children with G[S]ID grow out of it; however, a small number persist in their desire to be the other sex.
Not all persons who want to be the other sex suffered from obvious symptoms of G[S]ID as children. Some males are autogynephiles, who began in adolescence to engage in paraphilic transvestite fetishism. A paraphilia is a sexual attraction to something other than another person. In this case a man is sexually aroused by to the image of himself as a woman. As unhappy adolescents, these males engaged in masturbation wearing their mother's clothing and fantasized about being women. Many autogynephiles marry, have children, and engage in male-typical careers, while secretly engaging in cross-dressing. For some autogynephiles, cross-dressing is not enough; they want to perfect this image through surgery. One autogynephile explained that these are men who want to become what they love.[3] After surgery many autogynephiles continue to be sexually attracted to women and insist they are lesbians. It is interesting to note that some radical feminists are offended by the stereotyped images of women these men present. Some feminist groups have restricted their gatherings to women born as women and living as women.
Those who are obsessed with the idea of being the other sex often resist therapy. They refuse to look at the psychological reasons for their desires. Some mental health professionals, frustrated by their inability to treat this disorder and concerned about their clients' obvious dysphoria, are willing to go along with this deception. They give in to their clients' demands and recommend a surgical solution to what they as therapists know is a mental health problem. They deceive their clients into believing that a "sex change" is possible.
The "sex change" surgeons know they can't change a persons' sex, they can only create a non-functional appearance of the other sex, but they also know they will be well paid for their skill and so go along with the deception.
The news media report glowing tales of how John became Jane and is now entirely happy. Reporters use the new names and incorrect pronouns. Headlines read "The Pregnant Man" when the reality is that a woman who had her breasts removed and received male hormones to induce beard growth became pregnant by artificial insemination. Doubters are labeled "transphobic."
Public officials go along with the deception, allowing persons who want to be the other sex to falsify their driver licenses and other documents, even some who have not been surgically altered.
Those who go through mutilating surgery — who sacrificed so much to achieve their fantasy — have to continue the deception even though their unrealistic expectations are often not met.[4] Anne Lawrence, a post surgery autogynephile, explains how the fantasy breaks down:
Autogynephilic transsexuals may also find it harder to fully identify with women after transition than before, because the difference they inevitably observe between themselves and natal women become harder to rationalize after transition. Before transition, these differences can be attributed to the necessity of temporarily maintaining a socially acceptable masculine persona: after transition, when this excuse evaporates, autogynephilic transsexuals may be forced to confront reality. Nonhomosexual MtF transsexuals often seem to expect that, with enough effort, they will be able to pass undetected as natal women after transition; but because their appearance and behavior are rarely naturally feminine, this expectation usually proves unrealistic.[5]
Lawrence also points out that when autogynephiles are not accepted as the sex they want to be they can be vulnerable to narcissistic rage, which is defined as the "disproportionate, compulsive pursuit of revenge that seeks to obliterate both the offense and the offender."[6] Extending legal protection to persons who want to present themselves as the other sex will give these narcissistic autogynephiles the right to pursue legal sanctions against those who will not go long with the lie that they have changed their sex. Given that "transsexuals" suffer from a "fundamental disorder" in their sense of self and are prone to narcissistic rage[7], there is every reason to believe that they will use such laws to ruthlessly attack anyone who speaks the truth.
If you want to understand the full potential of such wrath, consider the case of John Michael Bailey, whose book The Man who would be Queen provoked retaliation from a small group of persons who didn't like being labeled autogynephiles. They used the Internet to make outrageous accusations against Bailey, attacking his children, trying to turn colleagues against him, and to have him fired from his job.[8]
Lawrence applies the following clinical description of narcissistic rage to Bailey's opponents:
…need for revenge, for righting a wrong, for undoing a hurt by whatever means, and deeply anchored, unrelenting compulsion in the pursuit of all these aims… There is utter disregard for reasonable limitations and a boundless wish to redress an injury and to obtain revenge… The fanaticism of the need for revenge and the unending compulsion of having to square the account after an offense…The narcissistically injured… cannot rest until he has blotted out [the]… offender who dared to oppose him, to disagree with him.
Even if only a small number of autogynephiles are prone to narcissistic revenge, they could cause incredible harm to anyone who speaks the truth. They would see injury everywhere, file complaints, and institute lawsuits.
The laws adding "gender identity" to anti-discrimination legislation would allow men and women with serious psychological disorders, some of whom are prone to narcissistic rage and revenge to use the law to persecute business owners who are attempting to protect the privacy of customers in restrooms and locker rooms.
If "gender identity" is added to anti-discrimination legislation, the lie of "sex change" will be taught in the schools. It won't be long before we will have children's books about how Johnny's daddy is now Johnny's mommy and everyone is living happily ever after. Teachers and other school personnel will expect to be accepted in whatever form they appear. Mr. Brown will come back after summer vacation as Miss Brown.
Confused children with G[S]ID who need treatment are already being pushed down the path to surgical mutilation. Schools are being told that if an elementary school boy or girl believes that he or she is the other sex everyone should go along with this fantasy. The school should allow these troubled children to change their names, dress as the other sex, and use the restrooms of the other sex. Other children will be punished if they object or speak the truth.
And it gets worse. In some places, at age 11 these children who think they are the other sex are given puberty-blocking hormones so that secondary sexual characteristics do not appear. Then they are given hormones proper to the other sex, so that at age 18 they can be surgically mutilated. In other words, the entire educational, psychological, and medical establishment is conspiring to see that these children never receive proper treatment. There is no research on the long-term effects of these hormone treatments on developing the bodies and brain. Do we really believe that 11-year-old children have the judgment necessary to decide to permanently surrender their sexual identity and reproductive potential?
It seems like such a small change –- just add "gender identity" to anti-discrimination laws, but such a change discriminates against the truth and endangers children. We have an obligation to oppose it with all our energy.
One way is to stop using their language. Their words distort and deceive. I am currently working on Lexicon for the profamily movement. We need a common vocabulary so that we can speak the truth about the human person.
If you are interested in participating in the development of such a Lexicon or would like to view my suggestions, email me at [email protected] and request the paper "Don't Say Gender When You Mean Sex."
[1]GLSEN Jump Start Guide, "Gender-Related Terminology List." [www.glsen.org/binary-data/GLSEN_ATTACHMENTS/file/000/000/966-1.pdf].
[2] Jamie Glazov (2005) "Our Culture, What's Left of It," Frontpage Magazine, August 3.
[3] Anne Lawrence, (2007) "Becoming what we love: Autogynephilic transsexualism conceptualized as an expression of romantic love," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 50, 506-520.
[4] J. Michael Bailey (2003) The Man who would be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism, Washington, DC: John Henry Press.
[5] Anne Lawrence (2008) "Shame and Narcissistic Rage in Autogynephilic Transsexualism," Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37: 457-461.
[6] H. Kohut (1971) The analysis of self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders, (NY: International Universities Press; H. Kohut (1972) "Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic age," Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 27:360-400.
[7] Lawrence, Ibid. A, Beitel (1985) "The spectrum of gender identity disturbances: An intrapsyhic model," in B. W. Steiner, (ed) Gender Dysphoria: Development, Research, Management (NY: Pleum) pp. 189-206; U. Hartman et al (1997) "Self and gender: Narcissistic pathology and personality factors in gender dysphoric patients: Preliminary results of a prospective study," International Journal of Transgenderism, http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtcf0103.htm.
[8] Alice Dreger (2008) "The controversy surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen A case history of the politics of Science, Identity, and Sex in the Internet Age," Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37: 366-421.
Tagged as: anti-discrimination laws, Dale O'Leary, Dr. Theodore Dalrymple, gender expression, gender identity, gender queer, sex change, transgendered, transsexuals, transvestites
By Dale O'Leary
author of One Man, One Woman and The Gender Agenda
The Babylonian Captivity Teaches: Our Hope is in the Lord