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Justia Patents Adherent Solid Layer Or Coating (e.g., Pretinned)US Patent for Mold transfer apparatus and method Patent (Patent # 5,718,367)
Mold transfer apparatus and method
Nov 21, 1995 - IBM
The present invention relates generally to a new mold transfer apparatus and method. More particularly, the invention encompasses an apparatus that is used to form metallic interconnections, such as, for example, solder connections, such as, solder balls or solder columns, using a mold that is already filled with transferable metallic material. However, these metallic interconnections in a mold could also be used to form other structures, such as, for example, heat sinks with fins, etc.
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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION
This patent application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/561,571, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Forming Mold for Metallic Material", filed on Nov. 21, 1995, which is assigned to the assignee of the instant Patent Application, and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to a new mold transfer apparatus and method. More particularly, the invention encompasses an apparatus that is used to form metallic connections, such as, for example, solder interconnections, such as, solder balls or solder columns, using a mold that is already filled with transferable metallic material. However, these metallic connections in a mold could also be used to form other structures, such as, for example, heat sinks with fins, etc.
Semiconductor devices are becoming more prevalent in our society. The semiconductor manufacturers are therefore constantly being challenged to improve the quality of their products and to reduce their costs. Whereas significant improvements are being made to the processes used. Process improvements alone are not sufficient to reduce costs and increase quality of the semiconductor devices.
The semiconductor industry has used a variety of approaches to achieve electrical and mechanical interconnections. Following are some examples of the processes and apparatuses:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,134 (Darrow et al.), entitled "Pinned Ceramic Substrate" describes a sintering method to form pins in a ceramic substrate using powdered metallurgy paste. It uses a consumable mold with preformed holes which are mated to the sintered powdered filled holes of a ceramic substrate. The holes in the mold are then filled with powdered metallurgy paste and the mold/substrate assembly is heat treated to evaporate the mold and fuse the sintered metallurgy of the mold holes with sintered metallurgy in the ceramic holes to form pins.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,814 (Behun et al.) entitled "Process of Fabricating a Circuit Package" discloses a low cost process for fabricating solder column interconnections for an electronic package. Basically, an array of pin holes in a pin mold is filled with lead-tin solder, which are in registration with an array of conductive pads. The whole assembly is heated such that the solder becomes molten and coalesces with the array of the conductive pads, and the pin mold is then removed.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,029,748 (Lauterbach et al.), entitled "Solder Preforms in a Cast Array" describes a method to cast solder preforms to be used in a reflow solder process to join electrical connector pins to plated though holes in a printed circuit board. The solder preforms can be cast directly onto the pins in a through-hole printed circuit board connector. The pins and preforms can be inserted into the plated through-holes of the printed circuit board.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,048,747 (Clark et al.), entitled "Solder Assembly of Components" describes a method of attaching a first component to a second component. Precise amounts of solder are provided to each pad. The holes in the component are aligned with the pads and the solder is reflowed so that a visible solder fillet is formed above the holes to permit inspection of the solder joint.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,143 (Ference et al.), entitled "Apparatus and Method for Injection Molding Solder and Application Thereof", primarily addresses injection molding solder molds directly onto electronic component. A method for mold filling and transfer to a substrate is also disclosed. The invention provides for uniform solder volumes on the corresponding component grid array.
However, a cost effective method is required to produce metallic interconnects, such as, for example, solder interconnects. As an example, utilizing solder filled molds of this invention provides a low cost solution. The material cost of solder filled molds is an order of magnitude less than using the traditional solder ball and paste to form BGA (Ball Grid Array) or SBC (Solder Ball Connect) and pre-cut wire to form solder CGA (Column Grid Array) module interconnections.
This invention also provides an apparatus that uses molds that are pre-filled with solid metallic interconnects. The filled molds are mated with a carrier and the assembly is heated to reflow and wet the metallic material, such as, solder, to the metallurgical pads on a semiconductor device, such as, a substrate. However, the same apparatus and process could be used to form other types of structures, such as, for example, a heat sink with fins.
PURPOSES AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a novel mold transfer method and an apparatus for forming arrays of metallic structures or interconnect structures using molds which are already filled with transferable metallic material.
Therefore, one purpose of this invention is to provide an apparatus and a method that will provide a reliable and repeatable process and apparatus.
Another purpose of this invention is to provide for transfer of molded or cast features onto a part.
Still another purpose of this invention is to have a means of aligning mold to the part.
Yet another purpose of this invention is to provide a reliable means of transferring cast structures in a mold without damaging the mold or the cast structure.
Still yet another purpose of the invention is to transfer cast preforms into a finished product.
Yet another purpose of the invention is to be able to transfer from a mold that has various shaped interconnections, such as CGA (Column Grid Array) and BGA (Ball Grid Array).
Therefore, in one aspect this invention comprises a method of transferring cast electrical interconnects from a mold to an attachment pad, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing a workpiece having said attachment pad onto a base having at least one alignment means,
(b) placing said mold over said workpiece such that said alignment means aligns at least a portion of one of said electrical interconnects in physical contact with at least a portion of said pad,
(c) placing at least one biasing means over said mold and forming an assembly with said base, mold and workpiece,
(d) heating said assembly to a temperature where at least a portion of said electrical interconnects in contact with said pad melts and forms an electrical connection with said pad, and
(e) cooling said assembly and removing said biasing means, said mold and thereby forming said workpiece having said attachment pad with said cast electrical interconnects.
In another aspect this invention comprises a method of transferring cast metallic material from a mold to a workpiece, comprising the steps of:
(a) placing said workpiece onto a base having at least one alignment means,
(b) placing said mold over said workpiece such that said alignment means aligns at least a portion of said metallic material in physical contact with at least a portion of said workpiece,
(d) heating said assembly to a temperature where at least a portion of said metallic material in contact with said workpiece melts and forms a connection with said workpiece, and
(e) cooling said assembly and removing said biasing means and said mold, and thereby forming said workpiece having said cast metallic material.
In yet another aspect this invention comprises an apparatus for transferring cast metallic material in a mold onto a workpiece, comprising:
(a) a base having at least one alignment pin,
(b) at least one area in said base to accommodate said workpiece, said workpiece in said area,
(c) means for placing and aligning said mold over said workpiece,
(d) at least one biasing means over said mold to securely hold said mold in contact with said workpiece,
(e) a heating means to heat said assembly comprising said biasing means, said mold, said workpiece and said base until said cast metallic material in said mold is transferred onto said workpiece, and
(f) a cooling means to cool said assembly and thereby providing said apparatus for transferring cast metallic material in a mold onto a workpiece.
The features of the invention believed to be novel and the elements characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The drawings are for illustration purposes only and are not drawn to scale. Furthermore, like numbers represent like features in the drawings. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, may best be understood by reference to the detailed description which follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1, illustrates a top view of a mold having pre-formed metallic features.
FIG. 2, illustrates a cross-sectional view of a mold having pre-formed metallic features that were formed in a relatively inert environment.
FIG. 3, illustrates a cross-sectional side view of a mold having pre-formed metallic features that were formed in an environment that had relatively higher oxygen content.
FIG. 4, is a preferred embodiment of an apparatus that is used to transfer the metallic interconnections of this invention onto a carrier.
FIG. 5, illustrates a cross-sectional side view of a mold after the metallic material has been reflowed onto the workpiece.
FIG. 6, is a side view of an example of a semiconductor device where solder interconnections were placed on it using the apparatus and method of this invention.
FIG. 7, is an example of a heat sink, where the fins for the heat sink were transferred to form the heat sink using the apparatus and process of this invention.
This invention discloses an apparatus and a method using molds having pre-filled metallic features, such as, for example, solder, and where the metallic features are locked in place to form cast metallic interconnects.
For the ease of understanding this invention solder will be used as the metallic material to illustrate the contents of the pre-filled mold, however, it should be understood that any material that can be cast or molded can be used to fill the mold that is used with this invention.
These metallic interconnects in the mold can be easily transferred onto the desired component to form interconnect structures, such as column, pins or balls. This transfer is typically done by aligning the cast interconnect in the mold with a carrier, such as, a semiconductor device or substrate, and then heating and reflowing the interconnects and thereby joining them to the semiconductor carrier.
It is preferred that the interconnects in the mold are physically in contact with metallurgical pads on the semiconductor device, such as, a substrate. The shape of the openings in the mold determines the final interconnect structure shape. This invention allows for the easy inspection of the cast interconnection surface. The surface can be inspected before it is mated or joined to a semiconductor device or carrier.
FIG. 1, illustrates a mold 23, having a plurality of openings 25. For orientation or similar other purposes one could have an area 29, that does not have any opening 25. Similarly, one could have an area 21, in the mold that does not have any opening 25. For alignment or similar other purposes it is preferred to have at least one opening 27, in the mold 23.
Any material can be used to make the mold 23, as long as it can withstand the service temperatures and has dimensional stability. For the purposes of understanding this invention, however, the preferred material that was used to make the mold 23, was a carbon-graphite composite of the appropriate grade with a thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) that closely matched the TCE of the semiconductor device to which it was to be mated, as will be explained in more detail later. One such composite used, for example, was DFP-1, manufactured by POCO Graphite Incorporated, Decatur, Tex., USA, having a TCE of about 4.27.times.10E6 inches per inch per degree Fahrenheit.
Graphite has been found to be an ideal mold material due to its TCE (Thermal Coefficient of Expansion) match to ceramic substrates, non-wettable surface and releasing properties.
The material for the mold should also be inert to the material that it will be filled with, such as, molten solder, such as, for example, about 10 percent tin and about 90 percent lead.
The mold 23, itself could be made from, for example, a group comprising boron nitride, ceramic, copper, epoxy, glass, graphite, metals, metal ceramics, molybdenum, plastics, polyimides or silicon, to name a few.
The material that is used to fill the opening 25, in the mold 23, itself could be selected from a group comprising, aluminum, antimony, bismuth, copper, gold, lead, silver, tin or alloys thereof. However, conductive epoxies could also be used to fill the openings 25, in the mold 23.
The shape of the opening 25, could be selected from a group comprising, triangular shape, rectangular shape, polygonal shape, elliptical shape or any odd shape, to name a few.
The workpiece or the substrate could be selected from a group comprising, board, card, ceramics, chip, glass-ceramics, heat-sink, laminate or semiconductor substrate, to name a few.
The mold 23, should also possess sufficient dimensional stability for use at an appropriate service temperature, for example, about 350.degree. C. At the service temperature the mold 23, must be able to retain adequate flatness and parallelism for successful filling of the openings 25. This filling of the openings 25, could be done using any type of an injection molded solder device, such as, for example, the apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,143 (Ference et. al.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The mold 23, could also be used to form a column grid preform array of tin lead solder, such as, a 10-90 (by weight) tin lead solder, for attachment to an electronic device, such as, a ceramic substrate.
As shown in FIG. 2, the mold 23, has a lower surface 24, and an upper surface 26, and mold cavities or holes 25. It is preferred that the mold cavities or holes 25, have at least a small taper or draft angle 12. This taper 12, is primarily incorporated to facilitate the ejection of the cast solder mold after it has been attached to the semiconductor device, such as, a ceramic substrate.
It is also preferred for some applications that one of the surfaces of the mold 23, also has a flared end 35, having a flare angle 11, for the mold cavity 25. As will be discussed later, this flared end 35, will form a fillet area at the device attachment site. In addition to minimizing attachment point stress, this flared area 35, also ensures solder contact with the substrate metallized pads due to the bulging phenomenon as explained later.
The mold filling is accomplished by aligning the lower surface 24, of the mold 23, against a flat or backing plate (not shown). The flat plate chosen for this application was made from graphite, however, any compatible material, depending upon the application, can be used.
The unfilled mold 23, was heated to about 345.degree. C. minimum, and then this heated assembly was driven under the injection head of a solder injection molding machine, in an inert atmosphere, such as, containing minimal oxygen or less than 500 PPM (Parts Per Million) of oxygen by volume. Solder 41, was then injected into the through-hole 25, and the solder formed a bulge-like structure 43, within the flare area 35. This bulge like structure is due to the higher surface tension forces in an inert atmosphere. For most applications it is preferred to have some extra material at the tail end 44, of the solder 41, at the open end of the hole 25. However, for some applications and with the use of an appropriate molding device and/or atmospheric conditions the area 44, might be kept flush with the upper surface 26, of the mold 23.
The process of filling the cavities 25, with the solder 41, itself is limited in speed by the liquid flow rate within the solder injection head and heating capacity of the molding equipment.
After the solder 41, has solidified, the filled mold 23, is separated from the base or backing plate to form a filled or cast mold 50. The filled mold 50, can now either be used to immediately attach the cast solder 41, to a workpiece or carrier 95, or the filled mold 50, could be stored as a stocked item to be used later.
The release of the cast solder 41, from the mold 50, is facilitated by the release draft angle 12, and if necessary, by using a vacuum assisted handler (not shown).
It is preferred that the filled mold 50, is stored in an inert atmosphere. This would prevent any oxidation of the cast solder that may be exposed.
The filled mold 50, having an array of cast solder interconnects 41, can also now be easily inspected prior to any joining, such as, for example, to a carrier or semiconductor device.
FIG. 3, illustrates a mold 53, having through-hole 55, a dual taper or flare 57 and 58. The taper 57, is on the upper surface 56, while the second taper 58, is on the lower surface 54, of the mold 53. The filling of the mold 53, is accomplished by aligning the lower surface 54, of the mold 53, against a flat or backing plate. The flat plate chosen for this application was made from graphite, however, any compatible material, depending upon the application, can be used.
The unfilled mold 53, was heated to about 345.degree. C. minimum, and then this assembly was driven under the injection head of a solder injection molding machine. Solder 70, was then injected into the through-hole 55. For most applications it is preferred to have some extra material at the tip 72, of the solder 70, at the open end of the hole 55. However, for some applications and with the use of processes and equipment well known in the art the area 72, might be kept flush with the upper surface 56, of the mold 53.
As stated earlier that the process of filling the cavities 55, with the solder 70, itself is limited in speed by the liquid flow rate within the solder injection head and the mold heating capacity of the equipment.
The solder 70, of FIG. 3, was deposited in an atmosphere containing higher level of oxygen (such as, for example, higher than 2,000 PPM of oxygen by volume) than in FIG. 2. As can be clearly seen in FIG. 3, the cast solder 70, has a head 71, and a tip 72.
After the solder 70, has solidified, the filled mold 53, is separated from the baseplate to form filled or cast mold 75. The filled mold 75, can now either be used to immediately attach the cast solder 70, to a carrier or the cast mold 75, could be stored as a stocked item to be used later.
The release of the cast solder 70, from the filled mold 75, is facilitated by the release taper 12, and if necessary, by using a vacuum assisted handler.
The cast mold 75, having an array of cast solder interconnects 70, can now be easily inspected and/or weighed prior to any joining to a carrier or semiconductor device.
The apparatus of this invention can also be used with multi-step molds, where molds are progressively aligned and filled with varying materials to meet end product objectives. These are castings that are formed by successively depositing decreasing melting point material. This is done by mating a second mold layer to the first filled mold. The second mold's material has a lower melting point material and therefore it joins with the cast material in the first mold.
An example of this multi-material casting would be the casting of a first electrical interconnect having for example, by weight, about 10 percent Sn and about 90 percent Pb solder (having a liquidus temperature of about 302.degree. C.) in a first mold, and then securing a second mold having Sn/Pb solder, such as a 63 percent Pb and 37 percent Sn (having a liquidus temperature of about 183.degree. C.) layer that has been cast in a second mold. Such a combination enables the attachment of the interconnects that are formed by the cast solder at minimal temperature. The resulting array exhibits close control of solder volumes, at low cost, with desirable fatigue characteristics. Unless otherwise specified, all compositions of the cast material are in weight percent.
FIG. 4, is a preferred embodiment of an apparatus that is used to transfer the solder connections of this invention on to a carrier, such as, a semiconductor device. Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown an electronic package comprising a carrier 95, such as, a ceramic substrate carrier 95, which will have secured to it an array of cast solder electrical interconnect columns 70. To enhance wettability or transfer, the carrier 95, should have an array of mating structures or surfaces 93, such as, pads 93.
For example, in order to form the Column Grid Array (CGA) interconnection, the cast or filled mold 50 or 75, must be aligned to the part 95. This can be done as an adjustable fixture set that is best fit aligned to designated features, or with set reference locators that maintain adequate registration within a tolerance budget.
The fixture for transferring the cast electrical interconnects is basically comprised of an adjustable base plate 90, and a cover 97. The base plate 90, preferably has at least one alignment means, such as an alignment pin 92, and a cavity or area 91, to accommodate and nest a portion of a semiconductor carrier or workpiece 95.
The base 90, preferably consists of the necessary hardware to allow fine adjustments and locking of the positioning of the part 95, in the base cavity 91.
An alignment gauge or gauge plate (not shown) is used to position the substrate or part or workpiece 95, in the base 90. The alignment gauge is a thin, dimensionally stable material with the same alignment features 27, as the mold 23. The feature pattern 25, in the mold is represented by an array of apertures in the gauge plate that permit optical registration of the part 95, to the gauge plate. The alignment aperture centers are identically positioned relative to the alignment means 27, in the mold 23. Therefore, once the part 95, is adequately aligned to the gauge, the alignment gauge is then removed from the fixture set, and the filled mold 75, is then installed over the aligned part or workpiece 95.
The filled mold, such as, mold 50 or 75, is then placed over the carrier 95, such that, at least one alignment opening 27, passes through the alignment pin 92. The cover 97, having at least one biasing means 99, and at least one alignment opening 98, is placed over the cast mold, such as, the mold 75, such that the alignment pin 92, passes through the alignment opening 98. The cover 97, in conjunction with the biasing means 99, such as, for example, clamp spring 99, ensures contact between the mold 50 or 75, and the surface of the substrate 95. This whole assembly is then closed, so that the biasing means 99, can apply pressure and force the carrier 95, to be flush and in direct contact with the cast mold 75.
The adjustable base plate 90, is preferably used to align the substrate 95, to the filled mold 75. For some applications, flux may sparingly be applied to the surface of the substrate 95, on which the array of the cast solder interconnects 55, are to be attached. This helps to reduce oxide sensitivity and enhances wetting of the part.
Optionally, flux may be applied to the mold 75, and/or cover 97, to create a localized reducing atmosphere.
This assembly comprising filled or cast mold 50 or 75, and the substrate 95, along with the base plate 90, and cover 97, are then processed through a furnace. For the preferred 90 percent Pb/10 percent Sn (by weight) solder electrical interconnect, the assembly was heated to a temperature of about 320.degree. C. for about 1.5 to about 5.0 minutes, attaining a peak temperature between about 345.degree. C. and about 365.degree. C. A non-oxidizing furnace atmosphere, such as, for example, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen or forming gas, was preferably utilized for the reflow cycle. During furnace reflow cycle the cast solder preforms become molten and joined to the metallized pads 93, of the substrate 95.
If the metallic material chosen for molding is a solder, then it is preferred that the liquidus temperature of the solder is between about 180.degree. C. and about 380.degree. C., and more preferably between about 200.degree. C. and about 365.degree. C., and most preferably between about 225.degree. C. and about 365.degree. C.
For some applications these cast arrays of columns could be connected to an organic board utilizing a low melting point solder.
FIG. 5, shows the metallic interconnect 70, after it has been transferred onto the workpiece 95. As can be clearly seen that during solder reflow, the solder tends to form a spherically shaped tip 172, which draws the solder out of the retention chamfer 57, thus allowing for the removal or extraction of the mold 53, from the part 95. The depth and angle of the retention chamfer 57, must be sized to allow this solder release after reflow. After the metallic interconnect 70, has been transferred and secured onto the part 95, the mold 53, is then removed, as more clearly seen in FIG. 6.
FIG. 6, is an embodiment of a semiconductor device 95, having, for example, solder connections 70, placed on it using the apparatus and method of this invention. After the solder interconnects 70, have been physically connected to the substrate 95, the mold 75, is removed. This results in a semiconductor carrier 100, having a substrate 95, with attached solder interconnects 71, etc. The carrier 100, could now be used to interconnect, for example, to a printed circuit board (not shown), or similar such electrical device.
FIG. 7, is yet another application of previously molded material transfer in the form of a high density heat sink 110. The molded metallic features 101, in the form of fins, columns, or tabs, are aligned to a wettable surface 103, such as, on an electrical assembly, a heat sink base or semiconductor base or cover 105, to name a few. The subsequent reflow cycle will cause the cast metallic features 101, to reflow and attach to a portion of the surface 103.
The heat sink array may be utilized as a surface to air type, or as a redundant heat dissipation path in parallel with signal or voltage carrying columns or ball like structures in an array. The latter type connection uses conduction to other surfaces as a thermal path.
For some applications, as stated earlier, the heating of the assembly, for example, the assembly of FIG. 4, is done in an inert atmosphere or reducing atmosphere. However, the atmosphere could be selected from a group comprising of argon atmosphere, carbon dioxide atmosphere, forming gas atmosphere, helium atmosphere, hydrogen atmosphere or nitrogen atmosphere, to name a few.
The solder injection or extrusion filling of molds for either direct cast/joining or casting for subsequent joining places demands on the physical configuration and material selection of the mold. For example, the mold cavities can be designed with straight or angled sides, so that the cast solder can be easily ejected as a finished part or preform or joined array. Similarly, extraction draft angle also helps to reduce the force that is needed during the removal of the mold after the cast solder has been joined to a semiconductor device.
Solder cast feature aspect ratio has significant bearing on the draft angle requirement. Arrays of cast solder features with aspect ratios (length:width) in excess of 20:1 have successfully been made with draft angles as low as one degree. It was noticed that solder cast features of small size and repetition per mold with less than a 1:1 aspect ratio could sometimes forgo the need for release angle, depending upon the force needed to overcome the initial breakaway and the strength of the mold material.
Different types of molds were made and tested. Molds can be of blind or through hole design.
The method of filling the mold with the solder material has direct bearing on mold cavity orientation due to the fill forces involved. Injection Molded Solder (IMS) process utilizes atmospherically evacuated mold voids to induce filling as opposed to extrusion methods utilizing positive pressure. In the case of through-hole molds, using IMS applications, filling from the smaller opening was preferred due to the decreased likelihood of cross-leakage (from solder supply to evacuation port area). It was found that extrusion methods generally favor a decreasing cross-section for void-free fill.
Taper can also be a useful molded material retention feature, especially when molds are filled and stocked. This may take the form of a single taper 35, as shown in FIG. 2, or dual taper 57 and 58, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The dual taper was found to enhance ease of handling. The release of dual taper features depends upon the volume displacement that occurs during subsequent attach, such as, by wetting, as seen more clearly in FIG. 5.
For most applications it is preferred that the flare, such as flare 11 or 111, is between about 1 degree to about 80 degree, and more preferably between about 5 degree to about 45 degree, and most preferably between about 5 degree to about 30 degree.
Still another angle or compound angle application serves to ensure positive molten material contact with the attachment or "wetted" surfaces involving the employment of a shallow annular design feature. This utilizes the tendency of molten materials to assume a spherical shape, especially in an inert atmosphere.
It has been seen that a feature with a shallow flare at one extremity can be cast with a relatively flat surface on this end. Upon being positioned adjacent to a wettable surface and achieving melting temperature, the flat area will tend to bulge out. This allows accommodation of considerable gaps between mold and attachment surface due to part (substrate) flatness and positioning tolerances. The limitation of the aforementioned wettable surface will define the extent of the material deposition.
Locating and alignment considerations become mandatory for mold applications with high feature counts and/or small size. These positioning designs may be simple locator surfaces or interact with an alignment mechanism that enables optimal alignment of mold array to an attachment pattern or registration mark(s) on an end product. The pattern and edge tolerances of parts to be processed will best define the degree of locating sophistication needed.
Molding of finished shapes, such as pins, spheres, bullets and others, is accomplished by providing for ejection and possible re-processing to achieve the ultimate desired shape. The close control of casting material volume possible with this method is advantageous to this application.
The mold material that is selected must be able to maintain dimensional stability throughout the expected number of molding cycles. Similarly, the mold material must be able to provide continuous service at the desired process temperatures. Maintenance of flatness and surface finish is critical for injection molding. The surface condition, internal grain structure and gas permeability of mold materials will affect mold fill, casting yield, release performance and durability. As cast feature size decreases (on the order of about 0.5 mm or less) the sensitivity of the process to effects of surface tension, gas entrapment, and molding medium viscosity increases.
For array transfer applications, the mold material that is selected also needs to possess a close thermal coefficient of expansion value to the particular device or substrate that the molded array will be attached to. Incompatible coefficients of expansion will result in problems with registration, stress distortion of mold or part or both, and difficult array extraction. In the case of rapid heating and cooling processes, attention needs to be paid to rates of emissivity and heat transfer for the same reasons, although mass compensation and shadowing techniques can be utilized to minimize the effects of this type of a mismatch. The range of thermal excursion experienced by solder casting processes requires expansion matching of the entire alignment hardware set.
Another requirement for the mold material is that it be inert with regard to the casting medium. It should not chemically interact with the materials cast in any way. This affects the longevity of the mold, as some materials (liquid solder) are somewhat reactive to metallic molds and mold aligning.
Mold/fixture erosion also represents a contamination source to the resulting castings. Molding generated contaminants should be carefully considered. A contaminated cast array may possess sufficient structural integrity to withstand manufacturing, testing and assembly stresses, but subsequently fatigue fail (prematurely) in service. This non-reactive requirement may be achieved through the use of surface treatments such as anodizing or vitrification, with attention to the surface condition and permeability effects as mentioned previously.
The mold should be manufactured from a material having a coefficient of expansion matching the substrate, having properties of non-wettability to the solder, dimensional stability, and compatibility with the temperatures used during reflow. The preferred mold is a thermal expansion matched graphite.
The preferred mold design should contain a single or a double retention chamfer. This single or double chamfer allows for ease of mold handling prior to the joining of the molded solder to the substrate. As stated earlier that during the reflow process, the solder in the retention chamfer forms a rounded tip due to solder surface tension and thus allows for mold extraction. At the completion of the joining cycle, ejection hardware draws the mold from the joined solder column features.
One advantage of this invention is that the mold defines the exact shape of the feature to be manufactured. The solder within the mold undergoes minimal volume movement during the solder reflow attachment to the substrate. This is in contrast to preform methods which depend on gravity to provide uniform slump of mold material in spite of surface tension and surface films. This minimal displacement reduces the potential for casting defects due to surface oxides, contamination, and out-gassing. The use of pre-filled solder molds for forming interconnections results in significantly higher yields than were previously achievable.
Specific thermal mass, surface area, and emissivity characteristics of a given part and fixture will dictate exact heating and cooling parameters for a given application. The process itself will also dictate these parameters, for example, a complete re-melting of cast material or the melting of an attachment material such as a 63/37 (by weight) lead/tin solder.
As mentioned earlier, the exact shape of the transferred material 70 or 101, is defined by the interior shape of the cavities 25 or 55, in the mold 23 or 53, respectively.
The following example is intended to further illustrate the invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner.
The process of transferring filled mold arrays 75, only requires a means of aligning the filled mold 75, to the part or workpiece 95, that the molded array of metallized material 70, is to join.
An alignment fixture 90, orients the filled mold 75, and part 95, by means of alignment openings 27. In case of close tolerance assemblies with many small features over a significant area, the fixture 90, should have the ability to adjust relative position of part 95, to mold 75. This minimizes the mold/part alignment difficulties due to edge registration, pattern center to center distortion, and pattern magnification.
A way to enable this precise alignment is to use an optical grid type of an alignment gauge that represents the feature centerlines of mold 75, relative to the orientation holes 27, in an accurate manner.
After the part 95, had been secured in the base of the fixture 90, the alignment or grid gauge was installed over pins 92. The alignment of part 95, relative to mold locating pins 92, was observed through the grid gauge, adjusted for optimal alignment, and locked in place.
The grid gauge was then removed, and filled mold 75, was then installed over pins 92. Since the mold 75, and the grid gauge have the same array centerlines, relative to pins 92, the molded features 70, contained in mold 75, were precisely aligned to designated area 93, of the part 95.
The cover 97, was then installed to maintain vertical contact between the part 95, and the mold 75. The weight of the mold 75, alone is not usually a reliable means of maintaining full contact between the mold 75, and the part 95.
A biasing means 99, such as, a spring 99, was used to ensure contact between the mold 75, and part 95. This is especially true of high density pin array type features with a fillet-like attachment area.
A controlled atmosphere belt furnace was used to obtain the proper heating and cooling of the mold 75, and part 95, which resulted in the metallic material 70, being transferred onto the carrier 95, and secured thereto.
The fixture was disassembled and the empty mold 53, was removed from the assembly or apparatus as shown in FIG. 4, resulting for example, in a semiconductor carrier 100, having metallic interconnect features 70, as shown in FIG. 6.
While the present invention has been particularly described, in conjunction with a specific preferred embodiment, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will embrace any such alternatives, modifications and variations as falling within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.
1. A method of transferring cast electrical interconnects from a mold to an attachment pad, comprising the steps of:
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said mold material is selected from a group consisting of boron nitride, ceramic, copper, epoxy, glass, graphite, metals, metal ceramics, molybdenum, plastics, polyimides and silicon.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the material for said electrical interconnects is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, antimony, bismuth, conductive epoxies, copper, gold, lead, silver, solder and tin.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 1 percent to about 97 percent lead.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 99 percent to about 3 percent tin.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 37 percent to about 95 percent lead.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein said solder consists by weight of about 90 percent lead.
9. The method of claim 3, wherein said solder consists by weight of about 10 percent tin.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the material for said electrical interconnects is a solder, and wherein the liquidus temperature of said solder is between about 180.degree. C. and about 380.degree. C.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said hole has a flare at at least one end.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one of said flare is between about 1 degree to about 80 degree.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one alignment gauge is used to align said workpiece to said base.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of said electrical interconnects is used as a means for transferring heat.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein said heating step is done in an atmosphere selected from a group consisting of inert atmosphere and reducing atmosphere.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said atmosphere is selected from a group consisting of argon atmosphere, carbon dioxide atmosphere, forming gas atmosphere, helium atmosphere, hydrogen atmosphere and nitrogen atmosphere.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein said mold has at least one backing plate secured to it, and wherein said backing plate is removed after said electrical interconnects have been transferred from said mold onto said workpiece.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein said attachment pad is an electrical interconnection pad.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein said workpiece is selected from a group consisting of board, card, ceramics, chip, glass-ceramics, heat-sink, laminate and semiconductor substrate.
24. A method of transferring cast metallic material from a mold to a workpiece, comprising the steps of:
25. The method of claim 24, wherein said mold material is selected from a group consisting of boron nitride, ceramic, copper, epoxy, glass, graphite, metals, metal ceramics, molybdenum, plastics, polyimides and silicon.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein said metallic material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, antimony, bismuth, conductive epoxies, copper, gold, lead, silver, solder and tin.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 1 percent to about 97 percent lead.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 99 percent to about 3 percent tin.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 37 percent to about 95 percent lead.
30. The method of claim 26, wherein said solder consists by weight of about 90 percent lead.
32. The method of claim 26, wherein said solder consists by weight of about 10 percent tin.
33. The method of claim 24, wherein said metallic material is a solder, and wherein the liquidus temperature of said solder is between about 180.degree. C. and about 380.degree. C.
34. The method of claim 24, wherein said mold has at least one hole, and wherein said hole has a flare at at least one end.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein said flare is between about 1 degree to about 80 degree.
40. The method of claim 24, wherein at least one alignment gauge is used to align said workpiece to said base.
41. The method of claim 24, wherein at least one of said metallic material is used as a means for transferring heat.
42. The method of claim 24, wherein said heating step is done in an atmosphere selected from a group consisting of inert atmosphere and reducing atmosphere.
44. The method of claim 24, wherein said mold has at least one backing plate secured to it, and wherein said backing plate is removed after said metallic material have been transferred from said mold onto said workpiece.
45. The method of claim 24, wherein said workpiece is selected from a group consisting of board, card, ceramics, chip, glass-ceramics, heat-sink, laminate or semiconductor substrate.
46. An apparatus for transferring cast metallic material in a mold onto a workpiece, comprising:
47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said mold material is selected from a group consisting of boron nitride, ceramic, copper, epoxy, glass, graphite, metals, metal ceramics, molybdenum, plastics, polyimides and silicon.
48. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said metallic material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, antimony, bismuth, conductive epoxies, copper, gold, lead, silver, solder and tin.
49. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 1 percent to about 97 percent lead.
50. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 99 percent to about 3 percent tin.
51. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein said solder consists by weight of between about 37 percent to about 95 percent lead.
52. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein said solder consists by weight of about 90 percent lead.
54. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein said solder consists by weight of about 10 percent tin.
55. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said metallic material is a solder, and wherein the liquidus temperature of said solder is between about 180.degree. C. and about 380.degree. C.
56. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said mold has at least one hole, and wherein said hole has a flare at at least one end.
57. The apparatus of claim 56, wherein said flare is between about 1 degree to about 80 degree.
60. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein at least one alignment gauge is used to align said workpiece to said base.
61. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said metallic material is used as a means for transferring heat.
62. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said heating step is done in an atmosphere selected from a group consisting of inert atmosphere and reducing atmosphere.
63. The apparatus of claim 62, wherein said atmosphere is selected from a group consisting of argon atmosphere, carbon dioxide atmosphere, forming gas atmosphere, helium atmosphere, hydrogen atmosphere and nitrogen atmosphere.
64. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said mold has at least one backing plate secured to it, and wherein said backing plate is removed after said metallic material have been transferred from said mold onto said workpiece.
65. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein said workpiece is selected from a group consisting of board, card, ceramics, chip, glass-ceramics, heat-sink, laminate and semiconductor substrate.
4893403 January 16, 1990 Hefling et al.
5381848 January 17, 1995 Trabucco
5388327 February 14, 1995 Trabucco
Date of Patent: Feb 17, 1998
Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY)
Inventors: James Howard Covell, II (Poughkeepsie, NY), Carol Jill Braun (LaGrangeville, NY)
Primary Examiner: Kenneth J. Ramsey
Attorney: Aziz M. Ahsan
Current U.S. Class: Adherent Solid Layer Or Coating (e.g., Pretinned) (228/254); 228/18022; Shaping Metal And Uniting To A Preform (164/98)
International Classification: H01L 21441;


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The Revd Ben Inman Rylands.
Following our appeal on this website for photos of the Revd Ben Inman Rylands, a former vicar of St John's-in-the-Vale from 1915 to 1948, a period of 33 years, we are delighted to report that three photographs of him have been sent by relatives: a daughter-in-law, Shelagh Rylands, the wife of Hilary Rylands, one of Ben Inman's sons has sent two - one shows him as a young man with his first wife, a second taken when he was much older, and from a wedding photograph.
The Rev. Ben Rylands as a young man with Marjorie his first wife.
Shelagh Rylands, his daughter in law (nee Morton) formerly lived in Keswick on Chestnut Hill. She was the daughter of Colonel and Mrs Morton. She now lives in Aldeburgh, Suffolk.
Ben Ryland's first wife died of cancer. They had four sons, Hilary, Christopher, Martin and Philip (all now deceased) and a daughter, Mary. Val was the son of Ben and his second wife, Margaret.
This photo has been sent by his son Val (by his second wife) and dates from 1930. This shows Ben Rylands in his middle age, seated in the vicarage garden with Val, his one year old son on his knee.
It seems he was called always called Ben rather than Benjamin; he appears as Ben in the register of Births.
In 1910 he had married Marjorie Ruth Slade in Knaresborough, and during their time in Windermere, the births of their first two children are recorded in the Register of the Kendal District, Christopher I. Rylands in 1912, and Martin W. S. Rylands, in 1914.
Ben was appointed vicar of St John's-in-the-Vale in 1915.The population was then given as 620 people, and the gross income of the living as £420. This was shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, and several of his parishioners had already been called to serve in the forces, and some had died in battle by the time he took up his new job.
Mrs Rylands and I have not yet been able to meet you personally as we should like to do, but as soon as the Vicarage is set in order, we hope to come round to each house in the Parish. I cannot help feeling that I shall find the utmost goodwill amongst you, and hope to deserve it……..We are indebted to Canon Rawnsley (Rural Dean), Mr Pearson and Mr Fleming (Churchwardens) for the management of the Parish during the vacancy, and to Mr Parminter (Previous Vicar) for his continued interest in it.
There was a large congregation of sympathisers with Mr and Mrs Robinson of Bridge End and their family at the Memorial Service on Sunday evening, September 5th, for Oliver Robinson, who gave his life for his country in the Dardanelles; Harry Robinson and John Easton are reported wounded and we wish them a speedy recovery and return home. In the sorrows caused by the War, all are joined in sympathy; there are few families who have not suffered.
I ask you to unite with me in prayer for our Parish, our Church, and our Country.
From 1916-1917 was served as a Chaplain to the Territorial Army.
During their early years in the vicarage Ben and Marjorie had a further four children, two girls, Margaret R. Rylands in 1916 and Mary C. Rylands in 1918. Two boys followed in 1920, Hilary E. Rylands and in 1922, Philip S. Rylands.
But only two years later, at the early age of 33, Marjorie's death is recorded in the Knaresborough Register of deaths. We can only imagine the extent of Ben's grief at this great loss.
His grand-daughter, Michelle Keane, has said that Marjorie died of cancer, and that she was nursed by a friend who subsequently became Ben's second wife, Margaret W. Sykes. Their marriage took place in the New Forest in 1927. By now Ben was 48; Margaret was 30.
The birth of a son, Richard V. H. Rylands is recorded at the Cockermouth Register Office in 1928.
Ben Rylands resigned as vicar in 1948. His death in the last quarter of 1952 is recorded by the Eton District Register Office, aged 73.


A collagraph print called 'Upper Teesdale'. Part of a series of prints evoking memories of landscapes and places experienced in the past. I included many such in a show called 'The Landscape of Memory' that I self curated at the Black Swan Art Centre in Frome. It has not been produced as an edition, each print being treated as a monoprint.


There is one summary for H.R.3985. Bill summaries are authored by CRS.
This bill amends title IV (Student Assistance) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 to establish the Job Training Federal Pell Grant Program. The Department of Education must award job training Federal Pell Grants to eligible students.
An eligible student is one who does not have a degree, attends an institution of higher education (IHE), is enrolled in a job training program at such IHE, and meets all other eligibility requirements for a Federal Pell Grant.
The maximum job training Federal Pell Grant award is 50% of the discretionary base maximum award specified in annual appropriations law.
Any period during which a student receives a job training Federal Pell Grant counts toward that student's Federal Pell Grant eligibility period.


The Canadian Automotive Museum is excited to host a full scale model of Lightning McQueen from Disney Pixar's Cars 3, now available on Blu-Ray™.
Lightning McQueen will be on display in the main gallery of the Canadian Automotive Museum through November 2018. Exciting kids programming is being scheduled throughout the year in conjunction with the display, including fun Family Day, March Break, and summer vacation activities.
The Canadian Automotive Museum is excited to have a full scale model of Lightning McQueen from Disney Pixar's Cars 3, now available on Blu-Ray™.
The iconic main character from Pixar's Cars animated film franchise, Lightning McQueen is part athlete, part stock car. McQueen is voiced in the films by actor Owen Wilson and was named after the late Pixar animator Glen McQueen, who passed away in 2002. McQueen's shape was influenced by sports cars like the Corvette C6 and Ford GT40, as well as sports stars Muhammad Ali, Charles Barkley and Joe Namath.
Lightning McQueen will be on display in the main gallery of the Canadian Automotive Museum through November 2019. Exciting kids programming is being scheduled throughout the year in conjunction with the display, including fun Family Day, March Break, and summer vacation activities. Check the Canadian Automotive Museum's upcoming events page for more details.


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Tasty & healthy mexican appetizer in a 'jain' style.
Mix all the ingredients alongwith warm water to knead to a soft dough. Keep it aside for 1/2 an hour. Knead again.
Divide the dough into 24 equal portions of round balls.
Roll out the dough into a round shape with the help of some whole wheat flour.
Cook the tortilla on a tava (griddle) and keep aside. Similarly make the other tortillas.
Divide the stuffing into 12 equal portions.
Put the stuffing on one tortilla and spread it evenly. Then place another tortilla on top such that they stick to each other.
Place it on a pre heated griddle. Put some oil on both the sides.
Cut the quesadilla into pieces and serve hot with tomato ketchup / coriander green chutney.


text:
ARE YOUR ANCESTORS HERE?
I estimate that around 4,000 Irish people stopped in Stafford during the nineteenth century. Some only stayed a short time in the town before moving elsewhere. Others lived there for a few years but then they also left. All the time, however, a residue of people and families from this mass of migrants stayed on in Stafford, and they are the families who appear in this blog.
I have identified 206 'families' who stayed in Stafford for at least ten years – in other words, they appeared in at least two Censuses or there is other evidence that they were here for that length of time. These 'families' ranged from lone individuals through nuclear units with partners and children to complex families with a large number of related individuals and sub-groups. The pdf table below lists these 206 families and gives basic information about them.
Do you think you might be descended from one of these families? Many descendants have already been in contact with me but I'm always keen to hear from new people who might have information and thoughts to offer about their Irish ancestors. In return I can offer you more information about these families' genealogies and their experiences in Victorian Stafford.
The pdf table gives the following information:-
Where two surnames are shown one of the names will be the maiden name of an Irish woman in an ethnically mixed marriage or partnership.
The date shown is of the first evidence we have of the family's arrival in Stafford.
Shows the province of Ireland in which the family or key individuals originated:-
Known places of origin of Stafford's Irish families
Connacht: the biggest proportion of Stafford's Irish came from Connacht, Ireland's poorest province in the west of the country. Many originated in an area of Counties Roscommon, Galway and Mayo that surrounds the small town of Castlerea.
Leinster: the province in the east of Ireland that surrounds the capital, Dublin. A significant minority of Stafford's immigrants came from here
Ulster: the nine counties in the north of Ireland that include the main industrial city, Belfast. Stafford received a small number of Ulster immigrants, both Protestant and Catholic.
Munster: the province in the south west of Ireland where the main cities were Cork and Limerick. The least important source of Stafford's Irish.
This gives basic information on what sort of family it was and its shows that the family situations of Irish migrants were more complex than is often thought. I have identified five different types of 'Irish' family, namely:-
Irish family: a family that was formed in Ireland and moved to Stafford as an existing unit with children who were born in Ireland. Later children may have been born in Stafford.
Irish adults: a family that was formed in Stafford from Irish people who met in the town after their arrival. All their children were born in Stafford.
Mixed-M: a mixed ethnicity family where an Irish-born man was partnered with a British-born woman.
Mixed-F: a mixed ethnicity family where an Irish-born woman was partnered with a British born man.
British: there were a small number of families where British people had lived in Ireland and had children there. These children therefore appear in the records as Irish-born and some may, indeed, have had some identity with their Irish childhood.
In most cases it is possible to identify whether families were Catholic or Protestant. The majority of Irish immigrants were Catholic, as you would expect, but there was a significant Protestant minority too.
The research looks at the long-term history of each family – in other words, what happened to them? In broad terms they went in one of three directions:-
Long-term transient: these families stayed in Stafford for at least ten years but ultimately the immigrants and/or their children or grandchildren left the town and the family disappeared. Many emigrated from Britain as part of the wave of emigrants to the New World in the later 19th century.
Terminal: these individuals and families settled in Stafford but failed to intermarry either with Irish or local people. They literally just died out.
Integrating: these families intermarried with local people and put down deep roots in Stafford. They survived into the 20th century and in many cases their descendants are still in the town today.
It's important to stress that, at the margins, some families showed evidence of more than one 'fate' and were difficult to categorise. Family life is complex!
STAFFORD'S IRISH FAMILIES
Open the list of Irish families HERE
37 thoughts on "Are you descended from Stafford's Victorian Irish families?"
Emma Richey said:
Hi John, do you know any more about the Dolans? especially Darby Dolan?
Emma, thanks for your comment. I do know a certain amount about the Dolan family – in fact it's one of the families I'd like to put on the blog at some time. I'll have a look at what I currently have and send you a fuller reply by e-mail. With best wishes, John
keith salt said:
Hi john have just across your site my surname is salt i have done some family tree history . during this i found one of my relatives was traced as being born in templemore in 1849 he lived at 8 broad eye in stafford have you any information on the salts in stafford
Dear Keith, I know a certain amount the Salt family. In the context of my study Thomas was what I call 'accidentally Irish'. His father was in the army and Thomas was born in Templemore, Co. Tipperary, when he and his wife Mary Ann were on a posting in Ireland. The Salts were back in Stafford in 1851, so Thomas junior can have had no memories of Ireland, but it is interesting that he nevertheless consistently gave Ireland as his place of birth on Census returns. The basic picture is that the Salts were a Staffordshire family, as you doubtless know, and I haven't pursued their history any farther than producing an outline family tree. I'll send a copy of this to your e-mail address. Many thanks for getting in touch. John
Catherine Turner said:
Fascinating blog. My mother came over 1946. I think her relatives went to the Midlands long before her. She came over to do her nursing as there was no jobs where she was. She was a Beirne from Elphin. Co Roscommon. Looks like a lot came from that area
Dear Catherine, Many thanks for getting in touch. Yes, you are right that many Irish in the English midlands came from the Roscommon/Galway/Mayo area. Before the Famine the link was established by thousands of seasonal migrant harvest workers who came to Staffordshire, Cheshire and Lancashire because these were the nearest places in England to work after they'd landed at Liverpool after walking across Ireland to ports like Dublin and Drogheda. Galway, Mayo and Roscommon were areas of great rural poverty and stress even before the Famine – that's why these workers needed money from harvest work in England. When the Famine struck many people forced to emigrate from these three counties came to places they already knew, hence the reason many Famine immigrants turned up in Stafford and many other places in this part of England. Roscommon lost a greater proportion of its population through death and emigration than any other Irish county during the Famine. It's significant that you think members of your mother's family went to the Midlands long before her. It shows the persistence of emigrant connections over long periods of time and I'd be interested to know what else you know about your family's connections. Best wishes, John
Cath Turner said:
I have recently discovered my G great grandma was an Irish immigrate living in Stafford in the 1980 .Elizabeth Lyons. Do ypu know anything of the name.
Regard s
Dear Catherine, Many thanks for getting in touch. Yes, I do know a certain amount about Elizabeth Lyons and her family. She was the first surviving daughter of Joseph Michael Lyons and his wife Mary and was born in Stafford in early 1864. Her birth was never registered but she was baptised at St Austin's RC Church on 6th March 1864. Her father Joseph had been born in Ireland around 1821 but I do not know where. Mary was born in Yoxall, Staffordshire, around 1814 but I have not definitely found her marriage to Joseph or her maiden name. The couple seem to have arrived in Stafford around 1864, possibly from Dudley. Joseph was Catholic but Mary was Church of England; I doubt whether either church played much of a part in their lives. They went on to have one other surviving child, Ann who was born in 1866. She married an Edward Jennings on 14 December 1886 and there are probably many descendants from their marriage. Elizabeth's father Joseph ran a fish stall in Stafford market but I am sorry to say he was a rather rum character. He was prosecuted on a number of occasions for selling bad fish, disturbing the peace and drunkenness. His daughter, Elizabeth, your ancestor, seems to have helped out on her father's stall and was, I am afraid, rather like him. She was prosecuted in 1881 was assaulting another stall holder, for being drunk and disorderly in 1890 and again in 1894 when she was described as a 'dissolute woman'. Elizabeth had two illegitimate children, Elizabeth Maud who was born and died in 1893 and Kate, born in 1889. It is from her that you must be descended. She married Wilfred Ingram in 1910 at Cannock as you may know. It is a pity I cannot say more about why Elizabeth's father came to England from Ireland or where he came from. If there's anything else I can help you with, please get in touch. John
Hi John .
Thank you for your prompt reply re Elizabeth Lyons ,im not sure about the Cannock marriage but Elizabeth Lyons married my Great Granddad is Stone in 1921 ( thereabouts ) My GG grandad was from Italy and worked for her dad .he had a family in Stafford a Matilda Malpass ,no record of a marriage. he had 14 children with 2 women and my Grandad was born in stafford in 1896. we think he ran off with "Elizabeth .i do have a photo of her and was told she was an "Amazon of a woman" at one time she called her self Elizabeth Lyons ferrie
Dear Catherine, Your family is very complicated and you've helped me solve some of the problems! I forgot to say in my last note that Joseph Lyons died in Stafford in 1893 (in the Workhouse). His wife Mary had died in 1886. You've helped me solve the mystery of Elizabeth's 'disappearance' from any of the records I searched because she did end up with Ralph Ferrie as you say. It must have been around 1894. Ralph had been living in Stafford since at least 1877 and was married to, or living with, Matilda, presumably Malpass as you say. In 1881 he was a fishmonger like Joseph Lyons. Ralph, also as you say, seems to have run off to Stone with Elizabeth Lyons in the 1890s and Matilda Ferrie nee Malpass then went to live with a Robert Crossfield who had been born in Chester. In 1901 they were living in Chorlton on Medlock in Manchester. He was a sweet boiler and one of their children was Rose, aged 12, who was actually Robert Ferrie's last surviving child with Matilda. The Cannock marriage I mentioned was that of Elizabeth's daughter Kate. She was born in 1889 and was taken in by a family named Holt who must, I think, have been related to Mary Lyons, Elizabeth's mother. She was living with them in both 1891 and 1901 and by the latter year was called Kate Holt. I had assumed you were descended from her because I didn't know about Elizabeth's subsequent history and children with Ralph Ferrie! The family was much more complicated than I had thought. Best wishes, John
Margaret Gannon said:
I came across your website yesterday evening and have thoroughly enjoyed reading its contents. I have found your observations/comments so helpful. My paternal line 'Kenny' originated from Ballaghaderreen which used to be in Mayo but, after a change of boundaries, is now in Roscommon.
My great great grandfather had two brothers, according to the Griffiths Valuation, both of whom disappeared in the mid to late 1880's. I finally found one in Bradford and later found evidence of the other brother, Andrew Kenny, linking to Burslem. It seems that in 1916 Andrew's son, Thomas, is wanting to claim his pension. An Agent from St Joseph's, Hall Street, Burslem writes off for information about the Kenny's in the Irish 1851 Census. Irish Genealogy confirms their presence in the Census. Andrew Kenny, born circa 1810, married a Mary Casey and Thomas is one of their children.
Would you have any ideas how I might fast forward through subsequent generations? With me not having any Christian names, other than Thomas, I am unable to prove links with other Kenny's in the area.
Many thanks, Margaret
Dear Margaret, many thanks for your comments and information. There was a Kenny family in Stafford but from what you've told me it seems unlikely there's any connection with your family except incredibly remotely. Over your question, I gather you are clear that Thomas Kenny was the son of Andrew Kenny and Mary Casey but that you are uncertain ow Thomas fits into your own ancestry. As you know about your own great great grandfather, have you tried to glean basic information about your other ancestors from any of your own relatives – parents, grand parents, aunts, uncles etc? If that isn't possible, then you really need access to Ancestry or one of the other genealogical sites. You need to find out if and when Thomas married and whether it was in Ireland before he left or in the Potteries after he had come to England. The late-19th century English census returns should tell you whether he had any children and you then need to trace their marriages through the earlier 20th century, looking again at the Census (especially 1911) to see where those children were and whether any had by then married. After 1911 the process becomes trickier because no Census returns are available. You should be able to trace marriages and children born subsequently, but the basic genealogical information will not be enough to easily link registered births to specific parents unless you actually send for the birth (and marriage) certificates which could end up being costly. If you are definite about where the Kennys lived you might be able to use sources such as electoral registers and street directories but they, of course, don't have children in unless (in some cases) they are adults and living at home. It's all an exercise in detective work but I can't guarantee success! The Ancestry site has many supposed family trees that owe more to wild speculation than provable genealogy! John
Rosaleen Fergus said:
I have just seen this website and looked on the list of Irish Families and found the surname I am researching which is "Fergus". My Father was John Fergus born in Cloontumper, Bekan, Mayo. His Great Grandfather was William Fergus and he is shown in the Griffiths Valuation (1856-1857) as living in Cloontumper, Annagh, Mayo. William's brother John Fergus is shown in the Griffiths Valuation as living in Eden (Eden Park), Knock.
William Fergus married Bridget McGrath (McGrah) and they had four children: Margaret (b.approx 1848 – Ireland – not sure where), Bridget (b.1851), Martin (b.1854) and Mary (b.1857) – the latter three were born in Bekan, Mayo.
I know that William and Bridget's son Martin emigrated to Hoboken, NJ in 1880, married Mary Quinn who unfortunately died shortly after the birth of their second son. Martin brought his two sons back to live on the family farm in Cloontumper and is shown on the 1901 census but not on the 1911 census. I did eventually find out that he died in Manchester approx.1929. His sisters Margaret and Mary stayed on the family farm until their deaths (between 1925-1930). Martin's other sister married a Michael Flannery from Rhanagard, Claremorris and had several children, their daughter Bridget married a James Rabbit from Woodstock, Carrowconnor, Claremorris and they were the Grandparents of Pat Rabbitte the Former Teachta Dála.
I am not sure whether William and Bridget after their marriage came over to Staffordshire and if you are able to shed any light on this it would be greatly appreciated.
Dear Rosaleen, many thanks for your information. The Fergus family in Stafford arrived during the Famine, probably in 1849. They were Dennis Fergus and his wife Bridget Egan and James Fergus and his wife Mary Egan. There was also a lone immigrant, John Fergus and a Mary Fergus married a Patrick Evans in Stafford in 1853. I suspected they came from Co. Mayo but had no definite information. However, I think it is quite likely that the Stafford Fergus families were related to your ancestors from the districts in Co. Mayo that you know about, and that is very helpful to me. Fergus is not a common Irish surname, so the chances they were all related are quite high. The Fergus families in Stafford proved to be 'long-term transients' and left the town in the 1850s and 1860s. I have not traced where they went to but it is quite likely they emigrated, perhaps to America as you have found with some of your line. So I don't think your ancestors came to Stafford town itself. A Peter Fergus lived in Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1881 and there was another Fergus in Stockport.
Carol Forsberg said:
Hi, I am researching the Mayo family from Tipton, Staffs, for a friend. The family legend has it that there is an Irish connection. Have you come across this name amongst the Irish families in Staffordshire. I note that it is not on your list, but thought you may have some information?
Hello Carol. The name Mayo isn't on my list because I've no record of any Irish person with that name living in Stafford during the 19th century. That's not to say someone with that name might not have passed through and left no record. My list only covers the town of Stafford, however, not the whole county of Staffordshire. As you already know, the surname is particularly found in the Black Country but I suspect the Irish connection, if any, is rather lost in the mists of history since many people with that surname were born in Staffordshire as early as the late eighteenth century, maybe earlier. I suspect the family legend may be false, although it's of course quite possible one of the Black Country Mayos married an Irish immigrant at some time. I think you'll need to take your researches back into the 18th century to find the origin of the family and its name.
Jeremy said:
Hi there – great book and website (my aunt is Sally Harrison, making me a descendent of Bartholomew C, my father was grandson of William Westhead, albeit born a year after he and Mary died so no memories of them). I must make it to Stafford and Connacht
Dear Jeremy, how good to hear from you. I met with members of your family back in the early 2000s and received a lot of help from them as you can see in the book and blog. Let me know if there's any more help I could try to give you about the Corcoran and Westhead families.
Dave O'Meara said:
Hi Jeremy
A quick check of my family tree makes you a 4th cousin once-removed. My g.g.g. grandmother Bridget Follows (nee Corcoran) was Batholomew's sister. We are both descended from their parents, Patrick and Catherine Corcoran.
Kayla Gerathy said:
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Many thanks for your support, Kayla!
Marie Thomson said:
My maternal grandfather was John Raftery son of John and Jane Raftety (nee Burton)
Dear Marie, many thanks for contacting me. I'd really welcome any further information you could give me about your branch of the Raftery family.
Veronica Griffin said:
I came across your book by chance online and realise that my great great grandmother was Mary Corcoran (Clewlow) that went to live with her daughter Ruth in Bromyard. Fascinating to read about a family that I knew very little about apart from them being of Irish origin and living in Staffordshire. My nan also named Ruth Mary -now I know where her names are from Thank you so much.
Dear Veronica,
Many thanks for responding to the site and the book. As you will realise, we are related through James Charles Clewlow! He was my great great grandfather – but I am descended from his first wife, Mary Hodge. My great great grandmother was brought up by her step mother, Mary Corcoran, but I also know little beyond the bare facts about the Clewlow side of the family. Do you? The Corcorans were an interesting Irish family in Stafford.
Karen Nichols-Juniper said:
I am researching a friends history – Higgins from Nottingham and it appears that John Higgins was from Roscommon (as well as his wife and her various family – Barlow, Raferty).
They settled in Staffordshire, in Burslem before moving on.
This is the first foray into Irish history as I have been doing my own English history for 25 years so I am not as knowledgeable about Ireland.
I have a couple of basic questions I wonder if you could help me with. 1. Why did they come to the UK and why Staffordshire? Are there any records of emigration?
Finding it all fascinating if not a little confusing.
Thanks for this site its amazing.
Dear Karen, Many thanks for your comments – I'm glad you find it interesting. To answer your questions:
Why they came to Staffordshire. Many answers here. The Roscommon connection was very important in that Roscommon and the adjacent areas of Mayo and Galway were economically stressed areas before the Famine with massive land hunger, poverty and 'overpopulation'. That meant that many men, especially, emigrated every year to do seasonal work on farms in England, and Staffordshire was a very convenient place to go because with was relatively close to Liverpool as the main port of entry to England. So many thousands of Irish from that area had connections with Staffordshire before the Famine and, for many, it was a bolt-hole to go when the Famine struck. They didn't, of course, just work on the farms and increasing numbers went to places like Burslem in the Potteries to do labouring work in industry and on building sites etc. So that broadly explains your ancestor's movements.
Records of emigration? No, not really. No record was kept of people getting on cross-channel boats to Britain. We only know the broad numbers who arrived in Britain from Census counts of where people had been born, in this case Ireland. There are records – after the Famine – of people arriving at important immigration ports overseas like New York, but for Britain it is almost impossible to trace individual moves from Ireland to this country. Sometimes the British Census enumerators recorded the actual place in Ireland where people had been born and it may sometimes then be possible to trace them back to families living in that area from Irish records like the so-called Griffiths valuation, the Tithe Applotments and church registers of baptisms, marriages and burials . In general, though, it's very hard to trace ordinary people definitively back to a specific place of origin in Ireland.
Edward W.Westhead said:
John, I have found your book extremely interesting both in style and content. I am the grandson of Agnes Corcoran and Peter Westhead who came to Philadelphia in 1908 with my 4-year old father, same name as mine. There is much new to me in your history and much that fits in with family oral history. I recall my mother speaking of Dad's grandfather who "had a second family in his 60's after marrying his housekeeper" My mother said his original family looked down on the new offspring, but it was the new ones who "worked hard and made something of themselves"
I had the very great pleasure last summer in Derbyshire of spending a wonderful afternoon and evening in the home of Sally Ann Harrison (who supplied your Figure 7.3) with some of my closest "English-side" relatives. The photo at the top of your website is very clear and I could spot my grandfather instantly. Thank you, Ed Westhead
Ed, many thanks for responding to the blog. I'll reply to you directly by e-mail. John
Ted Riley said:
Hi my Riley family came from IRELAND in around1854,his name was JOHN RILEY,THEY LIVED 10 NEW ST,HANLEY. His wife was Anna they had sons WILLIAM and ,MICHAEL both born in IRELAND, their third son THOMAS EDWARD RILEY was born in Hanley Staffs was my grt grandfather. On the1861 census it says born in SCHOLAN no such place the 1861 census says Kilkenny, I've hit a brick wall. Hope you can shine a light. Many thanks Ted Riley
I don't think I can offer much help, Ted. I suspect the original 1861 Census return is defective and that the word looking like 'Scholan' is actually 'Scholar' and that either John Riley filled out the original schedule incorrectly and was saying he and his wife and children had been 'scholars' in Ireland, or that the enumerator put the word in through carelessness, day-dreaming or whatever. I see that by 1871 John had died. Anna said she had been born in Kilkenny (county or city unknown) and that's a useful clue. John Riley may have come from that area too and they might have been married there. So I should follow the path to Kilkenny – but it won't be easy and your brick wall may still remain, I'm sorry to say. It can be very difficult – or impossible – to definitively trace people back to their origins in Ireland. You're not helped by the different spellings the name Riley could have, either.
Hoa Mckim said:
I am not really good with English but I find this real leisurely to read .
Hoa McKim; My ancestors were talked about at length in John Hersons book; My grandfather was Peter Westhead who married Agnes Corcoran and migrated to the USA in about 1903. If you have any further information about the Corcoran' s I'd be very happy to read it. My mothers side were Ritchies and Cox's both coming to USA about 1890 I think. We have very little information about those families. Best regards, Ed Westhead
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My husband Chris ordered Bang Bang Shrimp as an appetizer one evening, and we pretty much inhaled it. While not even remotely in the 'clean eating' category, this meal does fall into the 'occasional exception' category. Once in awhile, you just gotta cut loose and live a little … This combination of sweet + spicy + crunchy is just so dang good! Apparently, Bang Bang Shrimp is a thing … and we're just late to the party. I topped the crispy rice noodles with a fresh mango pepper slaw, before adding the final layer of Bang Bang Shrimp, and it seems to add a certain 'je ne sais crois' ...Enough of my rambling... Here's the recipe … Enjoy! It's impressive enough for entertaining, but why wait - give it a try this weekend!
1 or 2 jalapeños seeded and sliced into thin strips. Using one jalapeño gives the mango salad a little kick, if your heat tolerance is higher, use two.
Combine the sliced mango and peppers in a medium-sized bowl.
Mix 2 tablespoons of rice vinegar in a small jar and add in a teaspoon of agave or honey and shake. Pour over mango salad, combine and refrigerate salad until needed.
Stir until well combined and keep in fridge until needed.
Separate rice noodles by pulling apart into manageable amounts.
Using scissors, cut the noodles into 4- to 5-inch lengths.
Heat oil over medium-high heat until hot.
Take a noodle section and dunk the ends into the oil.
When the oil is hot enough, the submerged parts will 'bloom' into puffy, crispy noodles.
If this doesn't happen, wait a little longer for the oil to heat up, then try again.
Drop small amounts of the noodles into the hot oil.
Have a utensil ready to flip them once, and then remove.
Cooking time is only a few seconds.
Place crispy noodles on paper towel to drain.
Leftovers can be stored in a covered container for a day or two. Does not need to be in fridge.
chop a few green onions for garnish and set aside.
Combine raw shrimp and buttermilk in a bowl and stir to coat all of the shrimp.
Remove shrimp from buttermilk and drain in a colander.
Next, place drained shrimp in a clean bowl, add cornstarch and stir to coat all of the shrimp.
In a cast iron skillet or heavy bottomed pan, add 2-3 inches of canola oil and heat to 375 degrees. Fry shrimp until lightly browned, about 1 - 2 minutes on each side.
Drain briefly on paper towel and then mix fried shrimp with chili-siracha-mayo sauce.
and top with sauced shrimp. Garnish with chopped green onions.