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Cell Phone Signal Booster Reviews: What You Need to Know
Filed Under: Devices
You may be using a high-end phone and a trusted cellular network. But even these cannot guarantee that you will constantly enjoy uninterrupted texts and calls and mobile data wherever. This is because, despite technological advancements, dead zones and weak signal are still a problem. However, a signal booster can solve this issue. But since there are so many models available in the market, it's important to know which ones are best. Let's find out which through our cell phone signal booster reviews.
What to Consider When Choosing Signal Boosters
There are different kinds of cell phone signal boosters. They differ mostly in the coverage, the signal gain, what they are for (vehicle, home, or office), and their compatibility with devices and carriers.
It is important to know the coverage you need. Do you want to enhance the signal in your entire home? Or do you just want to strengthen the signal of certain rooms? Does your entire home have a weak signal or no signal at all? Or is it just specific parts of the home? Asking questions like these will help you determine the coverage you need when you buy a signal booster for your home.
It also helps if you check the quality of the outdoor signal your property has. If you're using a signal booster with an outdoor antenna, it's important to know which spot outside the home or office has the most decent signal. This is because you'll need to install the outdoor antenna where the signal is strongest so you can amplify wider and stronger indoor signal.
Another thing to consider is the antenna type. If you're living in suburban or urban areas where the indoor signal is weak, it's more ideal to get an omnidirectional antenna. This type of antenna can detect and receive signals from all directions. It also has a shorter range, which makes it typical for urban and suburban areas where a cellular tower is generally nearby. It works better if there is a strong outdoor signal but weak or no indoor signal.
However, if you are living in remote or rural areas, a directional antenna is the better choice. It has a longer reach and higher forward gain than omnidirectional antennas, making it suitable for places where there's no cell tower nearby. It can reach farther even if the tower is miles away. But when using this antenna, it's important to point it in the right direction.
Related: Cheap Cell Phone Signal Boosters
Now let's take a look at how they work and what they're best for through these cell phone signal booster reviews.
weBoost Connect 4G Review
weBoost Connect 4G is the most popular and considered to be the best signal booster for home produced by Wilson Electronics.
It is a mid-tier device which can broadcast a stronger signal to an area the size of most homes and small offices. The coverage that it can boost depends on the quality of the outside signal. This means that if there is a weak outside signal, it can only boost coverage of around 1,000 sq.ft. However, if the outside signal is strong, it can broadcast quality indoor signal for up to 5,000 sq.ft.
It is a popular solution for signal problems in remote and rural areas. It can boost both 3G and 4G LTE signals and improve voice and text quality. With this signal booster, you get to enjoy faster download and upload speed, fewer dropped calls, and more. It is also great for bringing signals to areas where the signal is blocked by an obstruction such as metal and other building materials. It can easily overcome these.
Most of all, despite its great features, it is also relatively affordable when compared to other models offering the same features and coverage.
Multi-user wireless booster
For faster internet speeed
Up to 5,000 sq.ft coverage
Up to 65 dB gain
Improved indoor signal
2 hours of additional talk-time
For all US carriers
This signal booster is easy to install. Generally, you can install it on your own without professional help. Each box already contains the essentials required for a successful installation.
Each kit includes the Connect 4G device, the indoor and outdoor antennas, power supply, and 2 3o-ft cables. It also comes with a spec sheet, a quick-install guide, and other guides so you can easily install the whole thing even without professional assistance.
weBoost Connect 4G Kit
How weBoost Connect 4G Works
Basically, like all signal boosters, it works by collecting available signals using a powerful outdoor antenna and increasing the signal in specific areas.
To better illustrate how it boosts the signal in your area, here's a short explanation:
It receives signal
The outside antenna installed detects signals from the cell tower. It reaches out to it to gather data and voice signals.
It then transmits the signal
The booster, which in this case is the Connect 4G, placed inside the home or office, then receives the outdoor signal gathered by the outside antenna.
The device amplifies the signal
What the booster does is it amplifies the signal delivered to it by the outside antenna. It amplifies or strengthens the signal up to 32X. It then sends the amplified signal to the inside antenna.
It rebroadcasts the signal
Finally, the inside antenna then rebroadcasts or expands the signal to multiple devices inside the home or office. In effect, it brings and strengthens signals to other parts of the home or office with a weak or no signal.
Considering its price and its quality, it's easily the best mid-tier signal booster in the market.
weBoost Connect 4G is recommended for those living in rural or remote locations. It features a directional outdoor antenna, which is ideal for areas where the weak signal is caused by cellular tower distance. It's also recommended for people who want to boost the indoor signal with a coverage range of 1,000 sq.ft to 5,000 sq.ft, which is the size of most homes and mid-sized offices.
SureCall Fusion4Home Review
SureCall Fusion4Home is a cheaper alternative to weBoost Connect 4G. It's a mid-tier signal booster designed to enhance the indoor signal for homes, offices, cabins and buildings up to 4,000 sq.ft. It's ideal for small to medium-size homes and spaces in both rural and urban areas. It boosts text, voice, and 2G, 3G and 4G LTE signals.
Since the rebroadcasted indoor signal depends on the quality of the outside signal, this booster is best used for spaces with an area of 1,500 sq.ft. This means that it's the best option if you want to use it for small homes or 1 room.
The good thing about this signal booster is that it offers 4 kit options. This allows you to suit the signal booster for your personal needs and preferences.
2x more uplink power
Compatible with all US carriers
Added gain to expand indoor coverage
Indoor coverage of up to 4,000 sq.ft.
Customizable kit options
Works with all cellular devices
US-based customer support
The Fusion4Home booster is designed for quick and easy DIY installation. No need to call for professional help or spend extra on installation. The kit already includes all the components needed for installing this booster and making it work: the booster itself, outdoor antenna, indoor antenna, power supply, and 50ft coax cable. It comes with supporting documents necessary for installation: user manual, quick install guide, and data sheet.
DIY Installation Kit
The Fusion4Home is recommended for small to medium-size spaces: homes, offices, cabins and buildings. It is best for remote areas or countrysides where there's a weak indoor signal because there's no cellular tower nearby. Because of its uplink power which is 2x more, it can reach out to even faraway cellular towers to gather signal. It also works well for offices in urban areas with a weak indoor signal.
However, it has a relatively smaller coverage than weBoost Home 4G. The upside is that it's also comparatively cheaper.
Wilson Pro 70 Plus Review
Wilson Pro 70 Plus is a professional-grade booster for large homes, offices and small businesses. This is an excellent choice if you are to use it in an area where the outside signal is strong, but the indoor signal is weak. It can receive stronger outdoor signal than mid-tier boosters. In good conditions, it can bring inside coverage up to 20,000 sq.ft, which is the size of large offices and businesses.
Automatic gain control
5-Band frequency
Up to 20,000 sq.ft. coverage
Self-optimizing microprocessor
First, the Wilson Pro 70 Plus is a bidirectional amplifier. This booster can detect the faintest cell signal. As long as there's an outdoor signal to amplify, this booster can work. Once it gathers the signal, it then amplifies this and makes it usable. The amplifier then boosts the signal and broadcasts it inside the building, allowing multi-devices to enjoy good signal anywhere within the coverage.
The Wilson Pro 70 Plus is most recommended for people who are in urban areas with a strong outside signal, but poor indoor signal. It is ideal for bringing quality indoor signal for large spaces (up to 20,000 sq.ft, which is the typical size of large offices and businesses, as well as mansions). Despite its stronger signal capacity, it minimizes system overload, which makes it durable.
This is too much if you are only boosting a signal for average-sized homes and offices. It also works in remote areas, but it's best used in urban and suburban locations.
What People Ask About Cell Phone Signal Boosters
What is the best cell phone signal booster?
What is best depends on your needs. For example, if you are looking for a booster for small offices or small to medium-sized homes, then we honestly believe that the best option is the weBoost Connect 4G.
Is cell phone signal boosters harmful?
No, it's not harmful. What can possibly be harmful is a phone or device with a weak signal. This is because according to this article, a phone produces more radiation in its attempt to search for a signal. Hence, a signal booster, on the contrary, decreases harm by providing a strong signal.
Is cell phone signal booster legal?
Yes, a cell phone signal booster is perfectly legal. However, you must take note that FCC and other regulatory boards have a prescribed limit to each type of booster. For example, an in-vehicle booster has a limit of 50 dB gain. Just choose the appropriate signal booster and use it accordingly.
Say Goodbye to Weak Signal
The 3 cell phone signal boosters we've featured here are considered the best you can find. We recommend them if you're looking to signal your home or office. There's 2 for average-sized homes and offices. There's also 1 for larger spaces.
Whichever you choose, it's important to always consider the following before deciding: the coverage you need, the size of your home or office, and the number of users and devices. We've provided our honest professional take on each of the 3 signal boosters on the list. Ultimately, it's up to you to pick which you think is best.
Do you find the reviews helpful? Let us know what you think by leaving a comment or suggestion below.


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The 20 Best Nursing Schools in Minnesota in 2022
Nursing is a rewarding career that pays well—the best of both worlds. You get to help people on a daily basis and earn a respectable salary at the same time. If you're thinking about starting a career in nursing, you'll need to find a nursing school that will help you reach your goal. There are many nursing schools in Minnesota, and we've made a list of the top 20 for your convenience. But first, let's talk about what kind of degree you should be looking for.
ADN vs BSN
The first thing to consider is whether to pursue an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) or a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). Either degree will prepare you to become a Registered Nurse. You can sit for the NCLEX-RN exam after completing your ADN or BSN degree. You must pass the test to become a Registered Nurse.
Registered Nurses make quite a bit more money than LPNs or CNAs. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median salary for an RN is $73,300 per year, while the median salary for an LPN is $47,480.
The advantage of the ADN degree is that it only takes two years to complete, so you can start working as a Registered Nurse faster. However, the ADN degree may not be enough. There has been a push lately for healthcare organizations to hire only BSN-educated nurses. This means that the BSN degree provides more job opportunities. It also makes you more qualified for higher-level, supervisory roles.
1 Metropolitan State University Saint Paul, Minnesota
2 Minnesota State University Mankato, Minnesota
3 Rasmussen University Bloomington, MN
4 Winona State University Winona, Minnesota
5 St. Cloud State University St. Cloud, MN
The Top 20 Nursing Schools in Minnesota
For the purposes of this article, we included only schools that offer a bachelor's level nursing program that has been approved by the Minnesota Board of Nursing. The list of approved programs is here, in case you want to see what schools are approved for associate level programs as well.
We evaluated the schools based on tuition cost (lowest is best) and enrollment (highest is best) to determine our rankings. Here are the 20 best nursing schools in Minnesota.
Metropolitan State University
The College of Nursing and Health Sciences at Metropolitan State University is dedicated to scholarly and academic excellence. The school has many partnerships in the community and offers graduate and undergraduate programs that prepare nurses for successful lifelong careers.
Metropolitan offers flexible options such as online courses and hybrid programs to make the curriculum accessible to working RNs. The school prepares nurses to meet the needs of diverse and underserved populations within the community.
The Minnesota Alliance for Nursing Education (MANE) BSN program is a national model for nursing education. The program was created in 2013. It is approved by the American Holistic Nurses Credentialing Corporation and graduates are eligible to take the holistic nurse certification exam.
In addition to the MANE BSN and an RN to BSN program, Metropolitan State University also offers two MSN degrees and two DNP degrees.
Tuition: $3,651.48 per semester
Enrollment: 11,506
Mankato, Minnesota
The College of Allied Health and Nursing at Minnesota State University-Mankato offers graduate and undergraduate nursing programs that prepare students for fulfilling careers and get them ready to pursue advanced nursing degrees. Whether you want to be an RN or a Family Nurse Practitioner, Minnesota State Mankato can help you reach your goals.
Minnesota State Mankato has a 16,000 square foot simulation center with 13 high-tech mannequins that students can use to practice their skills. Nursing students spend a lot of time in the simulation center starting from their first semester of study.
The school offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing, an RN baccalaureate completion program, a Master of Science in Nursing in Family Nurse Practitioner, a Nursing Practice DNP, and a post-nursing masters Primary Care FNP graduate certificate.
Rasmussen University
Rasmussen University offers undergraduate and graduate programs in Nursing that train students to become the best nurses they can be. The school is the nationwide leader in producing ADN/RN graduates in the nation and produces more practical nursing grads than any other school in Minnesota.
Rasmussen offers nursing degrees at every level, starting with nursing assistant training and a diploma in practical nursing. They have an associate degree (ADN/RN), a Bachelor of Science in Nursing, an RN to BSN program, a Master of Science in Nursing, and a Doctor of Nursing Practice.
The school has a network of more than 7,500 nursing students and 16,000 alumni. There are more than 750 faculty members. Rasmussen understands the dedication and hard work it takes to become a nurse. The school provides the education you need to succeed in the nursing field.
Tuition: $3,900 per semester
Winona State University
Winona, Minnesota
The College of Nursing and Health Sciences at Winona State University has the nursing program you need whether you are interested in becoming a Registered Nurse or you're looking to advance your education to the graduate level.
Winona's nursing graduates are in demand with employers. In fact, the school has a 96% job placement rate. The school also has NCLEX pass rates above the national average. WSU has many partnerships with local healthcare providers to ensure that students get the clinical experience they need.
At the undergraduate level, Winona has a traditional 4-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing as well as an RN to BSN completion program. Master of Science in Nursing students can choose a concentration in nurse educator or nursing leadership. The DNP program has six specializations to choose from.
Enrollment: 8,856
The Department of Nursing at St. Cloud State University offers a 21st century education for a 21st century profession. The school teaches culturally appropriate care, alternative healing methods, health advocacy, ethics, communication, and critical thinking.
The school's emphasis is on addressing the needs of patients and communities while using basic nursing skills and concepts. St. Cloud partners with many healthcare agencies all over the state to provide hands-on learning experiences for its students' final capstone experience.
In addition to preparing students to take the NCLEX-RN exam, St. Cloud's nursing graduates can earn public health nurse certifications. The school has a partnership with a nursing program in Chile that provides students with the opportunity to travel and study abroad. There is a simulation lab with high-tech equipment where students can practice their nursing skills.
The University of Minnesota School of Nursing has been training nurses for more than 110 years. The school was the first to offer a DNP degree in health innovation, nursing informatics, and nurse anesthesia and the second in the country to have a full-time DNP. Its midwifery and informatics programs are both ranked #2 in the US by US News & World Report.
The School of Nursing provides a dynamic environment in which to research and learn. Its faculty members are known for their research discoveries, practice expertise, and leadership. They are at the front line of today's healthcare challenges.
The school is ranked #12 among all the nursing schools in the country by US News & World Report. Its research benefits from collaboration with other departments in the university's Academic Health Center, including public health, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and medicine.
Moorhead, Minnesota
The School of Nursing & Healthcare Leadership at Minnesota State University-Moorhead prepares graduate and undergraduate nursing students for global citizenship, leadership, caring service, and lifelong learning. The school has a 92% employment rate and a 100% internship placement rate. It is transfer-friendly and focused on adult learning.
Minnesota State University-Moorhead offers a MANE BSN for non-RN students, an RN to BSN for RNs with an associate degree or diploma in Registered Nursing, and an MS in Nursing.
The school's faculty works with each student to create a plan so they can work at their own pace. Students can choose to take one to three courses per term based on how much they think they can handle. The curriculum includes hands-on learning through clinical courses and internships.
Bemidji State University
The Nursing Department at Bemidji State University offers a supportive learning environment that features technical and academic excellence. The school's faculty is committed to mentoring students and providing the resources and support they need to achieve their career goals.
Bemidji State offers clinical settings that give students the hands-on experience they need to become clinical experts. The school has a four-year BSN track as well as an RN to BSN track. The four-year track was created to serve traditional students. Faculty members help students create an educational plan, choose an area of specialization, and analyze career options.
Students at Bemidji are inspired to lead fulfilling lives as professional nurses. The school teaches students to care for patients with a high degree of professionalism. It's mission includes developing innovative leaders, creative problem solvers, and critical thinkers.
Concordia University St. Paul
Concordia University St. Paul offers a pre-licensures Bachelor of Science in Nursing that is designed to prepare students to take the NCLEX-RN exam and become Registered Nurses. Graduates are prepared to enter a dynamic healthcare environment as nursing generalists.
Students take part in supervised clinical practice, simulation labs, and classroom experiences to gain the skills and knowledge they need to serve a variety of clients as nurses. They learn evidence-based practice concepts and improve their collaboration, advocacy, and leadership skills. The program requires 60 credit hours and is held on campus.
Concordia also has an online RN to BSN program. Although the coursework is online, students also participate in practice experiences in their own communities. This program is meant for Registered Nurses who want to advance their education as well as their careers.
Tuition: $11,700 per semester
At Bethel University, we view nursing as a way to improve the world through compassion and care. Students are prepared to serve an ever-changing, diverse society through nursing education and practice. They gain leadership skills as well as clinical nursing skills.
Bethel's Department of Nursing provides access to cross-cultural service activities and state-of-the-art labs. In addition to its Bachelor of Science in Nursing program, Bethel offers a master's degree in nurse-midwifery, a Post-Baccalaureate Nursing program, and a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree.
The B.S.N. program is for students who care deeply about the health of others and want to work closely with communities, families, and individuals to promote health. The program gives students opportunities to apply evidence-based practice and gain an understanding of nursing theory. Students develop their critical thinking skills and master the technical knowledge they need to succeed as nurses. Graduates work in hospitals, public health agencies, clinics, schools, and more.
St. Catherine University
The Henrietta Schmoll School of Health at St. Catherine University has been training nurses for more than 80 years. The school gives students the experience and technical skills they need to succeed in the field of nursing. The faculty is made up of caring individuals who are professionals in their field.
St. Catherine has partnerships with many healthcare providers in the area, which gives its students plenty of opportunities to participate in clinical experiences. The nursing program is highly respected and prepares students to take the NCLEX-RN exam. It can be completed in four years by taking 32 credits per year.
Nursing students at St. Catherine complete coursework in research methods, biomedical ethics, healthcare teams, sociology, biology, chemistry, anatomy, nursing care for families, pathophysiology, and psychology. The program is rigorous and highly competitive.
College of Saint Scholastica
Duluth, Minnesota
The School of Nursing at the College of Saint Scholastica has more than 100 years of experience giving nursing students the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in nursing. The school's programs address the needs of urban and rural areas, paying special attention to underserved populations.
There are three tracks in the school's nursing program. There is a traditional undergraduate nursing program, a post-baccalaureate program, and an online RN to BSN program. The undergraduate nursing program prepares students to take on entry-level nursing jobs and to be licensed as RNs. The program emphasizes collaboration, communication, caring, and critical thinking. Students gain clinical competency as well as core nursing knowledge.
St. Scholastica also offers a hybrid nursing assistant training program as well as a Bachelor's to DNP program and a post-graduate APRN certificate program.
University of Northwestern
The School of Nursing at the University of Northwestern-St. Paul offers a Bachelor of Science of Nursing that focuses on service, ministry, and the nursing paradigm. Students gain a strong foundation in the sciences, liberal arts, and biblical studies as well as nursing. The program centers around finding the answers to nine questions that students need to be able to answer.
The University of Northwestern-St. Paul has a 98.36% NCLEX-RN pass rate and 100% of its graduates are employed within six months. Students develop a ministry mindset toward nursing while preparing for the NCLEX-RN exam.
In addition to the traditional BSN program, the University of Northwestern-St. Paul also offers an accelerated program. Both pathways provide the same content, engaged faculty-student community, and outstanding support for students. The school has small classes and faculty members encourage students to engage with their patients.
Rochester, Minnesota
The University of Minnesota-Rochester offers an Early Assurance Nursing program for students who want to pursue a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Students take the first year of classes in the BSHS program and then start the BSN program at the Rochester campus during their sophomore year. Early Assurance Nursing students complete all four years of their program on the Rochester campus. Their practicum experience takes place at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester.
Through the Early Decision program, juniors at the Rochester campus can apply for an early admission decision to the Master of Nursing program offered by the School of Nursing at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Students who are accepted through the early decision program will start their master's program the fall after they complete their bachelor's degrees.
The School of Health Professions at Concordia College offers a Bachelor of Arts in Nursing that is based on a liberal arts foundation. Through partnerships with healthcare facilities throughout the Fargo-Moorhead area, students complete more than 700 hours of clinical nursing experience. There are also internship and employment opportunities available.
Concordia offers two BA Nursing tracks. There is a traditional program and an accelerated program. The accelerated program is for students who already have a bachelor's degree in another field. The accelerated nursing program starts in July and finishes in December, for a total of 16 months.
Required courses for the traditional nursing program include childhood and adolescent health nursing, nursing management, transition to professional nursing, nursing care of adults, population health in a global society, health assessment across the lifespan, and maternal and newborn nursing.
St. Bonifacius, Minnesota
Crown College offers a traditional Bachelor of Science in Nursing on its Minnesota campus. The school strives to prepare nursing students for a wide variety of positions in many different healthcare settings. Students gain the knowledge, skills, and attitude they need to succeed in the field of nursing. They are encouraged to care for the community as well as the patient.
The BSN program demonstrates the school's dedication to academic excellence through highly-qualified faculty and a rigorous curriculum. The school has a high pass rate on the NCLEX-RN exam for first-time test takers and its graduates are in a good position to be able to take advantage of a variety of job opportunities.
Crown College offers clinical nursing opportunities in many settings, from mental health nursing to pediatric to medical-surgical-clinical. The variety of clinical settings allows students a chance to find out what setting they would like to work in.
Bethany Lutheran College
The Nursing Department at Bethany Lutheran College offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing that prepares students to apply an inter-professional approach to providing healthcare to patients from diverse populations. Students gain the skills, knowledge, and values they need to provide safe and compassionate patient care.
The BSN program prepares students to take the NCLEX-RN exam in order to become Registered Nurses. Students gain practical, hands-on learning experiences in clinical settings and in the nursing applied learning laboratory. Students have access to mannequins to practice their nursing skills.
Students complete their clinical practicums in a variety of settings, including Waseca County, Blue Earth County, Ecumen Adult Day Services, Open Door Health Center, St. Peter Regional Treatment Center, and the Children's Health Care Center.
St. Peter, Minnesota
The Department of Nursing at Gustavus Adolphus College equips nursing students with the skills and knowledge they need to promote health and wellbeing to communities, families, and individuals. The curriculum gives students a solid foundation in the field of nursing.
Students learn to recognize patients' human needs that go beyond the condition to the person's values and beliefs. They develop critical thinking and reasoning skills and learn to evaluate various factors in the health of their patients. Students have the opportunity to learn to advocate for their patients, engage in research, and practice professional communication skills.
Nursing is an in-demand career field due to the increase in chronic conditions and the aging population. Gustavus Adolphus College prepares nurses for the many job opportunities available to them.
St. Olaf College
Northfield, Minnesota
The Department of Nursing at St. Olaf College takes a holistic approach to nursing education. Its nursing education includes instilling a love of lifelong learning and a desire to provide service to others. Students are prepared to pursue advanced degree or to practice as nurses.
Nursing students at St. Olaf are exposed to case management, obtain experience in many different rural and urban healthcare settings, and work with diverse healthcare populations, including public health, geriatrics, adults, and pediatrics. Students develop leadership, collaboration, and communication skills. They learn to apply concepts from other disciplines to nursing and healthcare. They develop ethical reasoning skills and learn to think philosophically and critically about healthcare and life in general.
When students complete the four-year nursing program, they are eligible to take the NCLEX-RN exam in order to become Registered Nurses.
College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University
St. Joseph, Minnesota
The College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and will soon be offering graduate nursing programs as well. There will be a Master of Science in Nursing Education, a Doctor of Nursing Practice – leadership track, and a Doctor of Nursing Practice – Family Nurse Practitioner track. The graduate programs will be offered in a hybrid format.
CSB/SJU has been training leaders in nursing for 40 years. The school has a liberal arts foundation and the faculty is dedicated to scholarship, service, teaching, and helping students learn. The bachelor's nursing program is designed to meet the requirements of the AACN Essentials for Baccalaureate Nursing Education.
Students take prerequisites for the first year and then complete six semesters of nursing coursework. There is an Early Admission Program for high school students with high ACT scores.
Still not sure which Minnesota nursing school is best for you? Use our Degree Finder to help you decide.
We gathered undergraduate tuition rates from each school's website and enrollment data from Google. We used the in-state per semester tuition rates where available. Where tuition was listed per credit, we multiplied by 12 credits to get a semester cost. For annual costs, we assumed that the school year is made up of two semesters.
After sorting first by tuition then by enrollment, we assigned points to each school, with a maximum of 50 points for tuition cost and 50 points for enrollment. We added these two scores to get a final score for ranking.
Problems with Your Ranking?
If you work for one of the schools we ranked and you notice an error in the information we used to rank you, please feel free to contact us and let us know so we can make a correction.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Join autistic advocate Alec Frazier as he profiles the journey of Tim Urich, who was introduced as Timmy Lange, the traumatized, inarticulate son of a super villain in Daredevil: Wake Up. By the time his mentor, Daredevil dies about ten years later in Daredevil: End of Days, a loving family and strong friendship with said mentor have helped acclimate him to society. This acclimation reflects an ongoing change of societal views of autism, from inferior outsider, to equal player.


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CVS, Walgreens Urge Against Openly Carrying Guns in Stores
The announcements follow similar moves by Walmart, the nation's largest retailer, as well as Kroger earlier this week
By Anne D'Innocenzio	• Published at 8:30 am on September 6, 2019
Drug chains CVS and Walgreens as well as grocery chain Wegmans Food Market have joined the chorus of retailers requesting that customers refrain from openly carrying firearms in their stores even where state laws allow it.
The announcements on Thursday follow similar moves by Walmart, the nation's largest retailer, as well as Kroger earlier this week. Walmart also said it would stop selling handgun and short-barrel rifle ammunition in the aftermath of a string of mass shootings, including one last month inside an El Paso, Texas store that killed 22 customers — the deadliest in the company's history.
Starbucks, Wendy's and Target have already asked customers not to openly carry guns in stores unless they're law enforcement officers. But the retailers have stopped short of introducing an outright ban because they say they don't want to put employees in confrontational situations. Ken Perkins, president of research firm RetailMetrics, says retailers can't have their workers, who get paid $15 an hour, trying to pry a gun away from an armed shopper.
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Walmart and other big national chains cater to all kinds of customers with different views on guns but store policies have recently been trending toward more restrictions.
"There's nothing more important than the safety of our customers and employees," said Wegmans in a Twitter post. "The sight of someone with a gun can be alarming, and we don't want anyone to feel that way at Wegmans. For this reason, we prefer that customers not openly carry firearms in our stores."
Retailers are increasingly feeling the need to protect their workers while also keeping customers safe. At the same time, Perkins believes that any restrictions, including on open carry policies, may discourage gun enthusiasts from patronizing their stores.
Still, it's a risk some retailers are willing to take.
"The tide is changing in terms of what people are willing to put up with," Perkins said. "People's patience is wearing thin."


I received an important message from Peter Dreier, which I have pasted below.
For several years, Glenn Beck has been spewing hateful lies about Frances Fox Piven, the distinguished political scientist and sociologist, on his TV and radio shows. He views Piven (along with her late husband, sociologist Richard Cloward) as the architects of a socialist conspiracy to destroy America, and claims that President Obama is a follower of Piven and Cloward's strategy. Although Beck's views are lunacy, his followers believe him. In recent months, Beck has escalated the rhetoric against Piven, which has led to a growing chorus of death threats against her, as I explain in my article today on the Huffington Post website: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/glenn-becks-attacks-on-fr_b_812690.html.
Beck's influence is frightening, not because he has a large audience, but because he is able to incite his relatively small niche audience to action. Beck's influence may eventually implode, similar to what happened to his fictional predecessor, Lonesome Rhodes, a charismatic con man in the amazing 1957 film "A Face in the Crowd," whose hubris led to his downfall. This may already have started happening with Beck. Two years ago, a group called Color of Change organized a campaign to pressure advertisers to drop their sponsorship of Beck's show. It had some success, as described in this article (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/advertisers-deserting-fox-news-glenn-beck-2009-08-14), but not enough to force Fox News to take Beck off the air. Earlier this month, however, WOR (710 AM), one of New York City's two biggest talk radio stations, dropped Beck's syndicated show.
But as of now, Beck remains the most influential cheerleader of America's right-wing movement, having replaced Rush Limbaugh for the top spot.
Fox News is part of a network of conservative bloggers, publications, columnists, think tanks, and activists like the Tea Party that have gained enormous influence within the Republican Party. Knowing this, big business lobby groups have forged an unholy alliance with these right-wing forces. Corporate lobby groups may not share the same views as Beck and the Tea Party, but they recognize the strategic importance of these right-wingers. Business provides campaign contributions to conservative candidates and the Tea Party and its ilk provide the ground troops to help them get elected.
These conservative forces have taken over the leadership of the Republican Party. And they and their business allies have a very clear agenda. It is to dismantle government policies that require corporations and banks to be socially responsible, including protections for consumers, workers, families, and the environment. They also want to slash the social safety net, including Social Security, Medicare, financial aid for college students, and aid to the poor. They want to reduce taxes on the rich (but retain subsidies for corporations, particularly military contractors). They want to destroy unions, environmental groups, and other components of the progressive movement.
And they have a plan. It is now obvious that the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and its Republican allies in Congress are using the accusation "job killer" the way Sen. Joseph McCarthy used the word "Communist" to stigmatize any organization and policy they disagree with. For example, the Republicans titled their effort to overturn the law the "Repealing the Job-Killing Health Care Law Act.
There is more than a semantic resemblance between the death threats targeted to Frances Fox Piven by Glenn Beck's followers and the "job killer" mantra espoused by big business, the Republican leaders, the Tea Partiers, and the right-wing echo chamber led by Beck. They want to destroy liberal and progressive ideas and undermine the credibility and reputations (and in some cases, the livelihoods) of the people who espouse them.
That said, some of the wealthiest Americans share the views of the right-wing lunatic fringe. The most prominent of this group are the Koch brothers, oil industry billionaires who are the largest funders of the Tea Party, the right-wing Cato Institute, and other key parts of the extremist movement. Last August, Jane Mayer wrote a brilliant expose of the Koch brothers in The New Yorker magazine. (http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer).
Fran Piven and many other activists believe that liberals and progressives should be in the streets protesting the right-wing Tea Party and the rest of the extremist conservative movement. So here is one opportunity to do this. A coalition of progressive/liberal groups – led by the Courage Campaign, Common Cause, HCAN (Health Care for America Now, the labor/consumer/liberal coalition that led the fight for health care reform), unions, community organizing groups, and others – is planning a protest action at the Koch brothers meeting. It will take place from 1-4 pm on Sunday, January 30. Buses will be leaving from all over Southern California. More information about the event and the bus locations can be found at www.commoncause.org/Kochbuses and at http://www.calaborfed.org/index.php/site/event/809 The rally location is 41-000 Bob Hope Drive, Rancho Mirage, CA 92270.


text:
The Iron in the Fire: Commending a Proposal Toward Eucharistic Fellowship
Jacob Hanby
Bodies and the Body of Christ: by Stephen Long The Unity of Christ's Two Bodies: A Catholic Response to Stephen Long: by James Keating A Paschal Approach to the Eucharist: by Matthew Colvin Fides Quaerens Intellectum: by Leonard Vander Zee The Creator and the Virtual: by Chris Green The Iron in the Fire: Commending a Proposal Toward Eucharistic Fellowship: by Jacob Hanby Articulating Sacramental Presence: by Stephen Long
I was glad to see Stephen Long's piece here, Bodies and the Body of Christ. If one is looking for fiery debate, my "response" may be on the boring side, as I found nothing with which to disagree and much that provoked a hearty "Amen," especially as a fellow Jenson-appreciator.
Where I would like to camp in this piece is the disagreement concerning Eucharistic presence, especially between Lutherans and Reformed, in hopes of furthering the argument put forward by Professor Long. I write as a Reformed pastor, though, with Calvin,[1] I am largely in agreement with the Augsburg Confession. I don't propose a new, innovative solution of my own, but simply commend George Hunsinger's proposal in the first part of his The Eucharist and Ecumenism.[2] Hunsinger's proposal provides fertile ground, I believe, for growth in the Reformed tradition as well as profound potential for ecumenism among conservative Reformational traditions.
Historic Roadblocks
There is little need to rehearse in depth the historic divisions between the main reformational bodies. Luther took the promise of the Words of Institution to demand a realist understanding of the relation between the bread and wine of the Eucharist and Jesus' body and blood. The higher-sacramental Reformed theologians (I leave Zwingli aside for the purpose of this discussion, and have in mind Calvin, Bucer, Vermigli, etc.) also sought a realist understanding of the presence of Christ. Calvin, for instance, upholds that "the same body which Christ has offered as a sacrifice is extended in the Supper."[3] He even goes so far as to argue, as does the French Confession under Calvin's influence, for true and substantial presence and partaking of Christ.[4]
The historic roadblocks come in through the Reformed push against both any notion of "local presence" that would compromise the integrity of Jesus' resurrected, ascended human body in the heavens,[5] as well as any containment of Christ within the Eucharistic elements. These concerns led to Calvin's "sacramental analogy," highlighted by Professor Long. For Calvin, the Eucharistic bread and wine are fundamentally "instruments" by which the Spirit gives to our souls the spiritual food of Christ's body and blood.[6] The central role of the Spirit in the Eucharist, which became a distinctive of Calvinist Eucharistic theology, was at times (again, as Long says) seen as merely a "stop gap" measure. Luther's solution of ubiquity increased the Reformed suspicion of his teaching.
Hunsinger's Proposal: The Iron in the Fire
In Eucharist & Ecumenism, George Hunsinger offers a compelling vision for a path toward unity among sacramental traditions, especially Lutheran and Reformed. Of course, this unity has been sought before: in the previous century, mainline Lutheran and Reformed bodies published The Leuenberg Agreement, in which we find this statement:
In the Lord's Supper the risen Jesus Christ imparts himself in his body and blood, given for all, through his word of promise with bread and wine. He thus gives himself unreservedly to all who receive the bread and wine; faith receives the Lord's Supper for salvation, unfaith for judgment.
While the Leuenberg Agreement is commendable, it is far from satisfactory to many of the more traditional Lutheran and Reformed churches. The statement reflects what could be described as a lowest common denominator agreement, affirming what both Lutheran and Reformed have almost all (again, at least among the higher sacramental Reformed) already agreed upon. The Agreement continues in the next section, "To be concerned about the manner of Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper in abstraction from this act is to run the risk of obscuring the meaning of the Lord's Supper."[7] Again, a commendable statement. As Pastor Rich Lusk says in his catechism,[8] "This is a great mystery, more to be enjoyed than understood." And yet, I believe we can go further than Leuenberg's rather minimalist statement.
Hunsinger draws on an image that was common in the Eucharistic writing of reformers, both Lutheran and Reformed, and from patristic writers before them. It is that of an iron rod in the fire: "Just as the iron was transformed by its participation in the fire, so was the consecrated elements transformed by its sacramental union with Christ's flesh."[9] The "iron in the fire" imagery was employed most by Luther, but also cited with approval by Vermigli and Cranmer, as well, who drew from Theophylact, eleventh century Archbishop of Bulgaria. Vermigli writes, "We admit Theophylact's terms changing, transforming, and transelementing, because of the sacramental change."[10] It is this imagery of the iron in the fire, the idea of the loaf and cup transelemented in sacramental union with the flesh and blood of Christ by the power of the Spirit, drawn upon by the reformers and developed by the early church, that Hunsinger seeks to exploit.
Two particular conditions, as we saw above, must be met as we work towards agreement:
… any viable ecumenical resolution would need to affirm that no real presence of Christ's body occurs in the eucharist at the expense of its local presence in heaven. Conversely, no local presence of his body in heaven could be admitted that would prohibit its real presence in the eucharist.[11]
The impasse over local presence must be overcome. Interestingly, Thomas Aquinas may be a help to us here, as one who held to both a robust view of the heavenly local presence as well as a realist view of the real presence in the Eucharist[12] (even if his solution is one that both Lutheran and Reformed reject as an explanation).
Second,
"It must be possible for all traditions to assert – without equivocation – at the level of first-order discourse as found in the liturgy, that the relation of "This bread" to "my body" is actually one of real predication."[13]
The proposal put forward by Hunsinger, he says, is "well within the orbit of Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Methodism" and
could be embraced by the Reformed churches without any fundamental compromise, though it would require a serious effort at rethinking old polemics and opening up new horizons. It is the view – affirmed by Vermigli, Bucer, and Cranmer – known in Eastern Orthodoxy as 'transelementation.'[14]
This paradigm could satisfy the Reformed concern over local presence. Indeed, the doctrine of the local presence of Christ in heaven was historically not a barrier to a robust confession of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, shown by none other than Thomas Aquinas, who held that Christ was bodily present in the Eucharist "[not] as if it were present in the way that is natural for a body to be present, that is, visibly in its normal appearance… [but] a spiritual, non-visible presence, in the way of a spirit and by the power of the Spirit."[15]
We can both uphold the integrity of Christ's glorified human body and unequivocally confess the real, substantial presence of Christ in the Eucharistic elements. Transelementation[16] puts forward a real conversion of the Eucharistic bread and wine; this loaf and this cup are, in the rite, truly something that previously they were not: "a participation in the blood. . . [and] the body of Christ" (1 Cor. 10:16). Of this bread and wine it is said now, "This is my body. . . This cup is the New Covenant in my blood." The conversion need not require a metaphysical theory such as transubstantiation, but simply a relation of mutual-indwelling of Christ and the Eucharistic elements.
"Transelementation simply holds:
that the consecrated bread becomes the body of Christ, by virtue of the epiclesis and the words of consecration, in the mode of a sacramental union;
that this sacramental union involves a koinonia relation of inseparable unity, abiding distinction, and fundamental asymmetry (cf. 1 Cor. 10:16);
that this is a matter of mutual indwelling between sign and reality, but with the living Christ himself as the active and preeminent factor in the Spirit."
This position would require adjustment, as has been said, in the Reformed view, but without denying what the Reformed sought to preserve. Calvin's position would be modified "by moving it away from contiguous union or symbolic parallelism toward mutual coinherence and dialectical identity."[17] Calvin wished to avoid any notion of the containment of Christ in the elements; the view put forward here avoids containment in favor of participation through sacramental union.
What's more, Hunsinger's proposal gives proper weight, as the Reformed have always sought, to the role of the Spirit, without letting "spiritual" take anything away from the reality of the presence of Christ. Jesus is given in the Eucharistic bread and wine by the same Spirit by Whom He was incarnate in the womb of the Virgin Mary, and by Whom He was raised from the dead. The "Spiritual" nature of these events takes nothing away from their reality or physicality, and it should not when we confess that Jesus is present in the Eucharist by the agency of the Spirit. As T.F. Torrance said, "he is present through the Spirit, not that he is present only as Spirit, far less as some spiritual reality, but present through the same kind of inexplicable creative activity whereby he was born of the Virgin Mary and rose again from the grave."[18]
Another adjustment for the Reformed would be "[conceding] merit to the traditional Lutheran teaching of twofold eating."
The spiritual eating of faith would not exclude an oral reception of Christ's body with the bread. For the body would be connected with the bread by a pattern of unity-in-distinction… Unbelief would not prevent an oral reception of Christ's body with the bread any more than it would prevent an aural reception of the gospel when within earshot of preaching.[19]
Once again, Aquinas, who distinguished between spiritual and non-spiritual eating in the Eucharist, may be of help here. There is a sacramental reception that, when received without faith, receives not the life of Christ, but judgment. This is consistent with the biblical emphasis, where the distinction between what is received by the faithful and what is received by the faithless or wicked in the Eucharist is that of eating unto life and eating unto judgment (1 Cor. 11:29). Calvin is close to this position when he says "those who only sacramentally eat Christ's body, which cannot be separated from its power, are deprived of its true and real eating…"[20]
The One Bread & The One Body
Christ's call to the Church is a call to be one, as Father, Son, and Spirit are One. Catholicity at times means adjustment, correction, and concession. In commending George Hunsinger's proposal, I am hoping to see adjustment within my own Reformed tradition, though all traditions of the one Church of Christ need continually to reform to the image of our Head.
I do believe there is room in the Reformed tradition to move in the direction Hunsinger's proposal calls us. This trajectory is already present in Calvin's theology, as well as in Vermigli and Bucer, though their writing is not always perfectly consistent. The trajectory is pointed out by Calvin scholars like Julie Canlis[21] and Brian Gerrish[22], and it's exemplified and further developed in recent Reformed theologians like John Williamson Nevin[23] and T.F. Torrance[24].
Of course, that Jesus is truly given, body and blood, in the Eucharist is, biblically, not the "point" of the Sacrament (if we can speak that way). Rev. Matt Colvin's response articulates well the telos of the Eucharist: "If we attend to the Bible's stories, we find that 'presence' is not even the point… The goal in all these narratives is participation." Indeed. St. Paul takes the participation in the body and blood of the Lord through the sacramental meal as the basis for the formation and unity of the eccesial body: "The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? For we, though many, are one bread and one body; for we all partake of that one bread." (1 Cor. 10:16-17)
I would question, however, what Colvin argues that this telos rules out. First, Colvin "[denies] that the bread and wine are changed." While wholeheartedly agreeing with Colvin's rejection of reliance on Aristotelian or Platonic metaphysics, it is true, it seems, that this loaf and this cup are in fact changed. That's to say, these elements are, through the rite, that which they previously were not: the communion of Christ's body and blood. Over these elements it is now said, as had previously not been the case, that "this is My body" and "this is My blood of the New Covenant." That in itself, however it "works," is a change in the elements. The Bible gives us language and categories for understanding this change, but it at least seems important to acknowledge that this is a real change.
Second, Colvin objects to "objective presence" on the basis that "It is a characteristic of 'objective presence' that it can happen without any narrative context." Indeed, and, as he points out, that error is seen in such practices as Corpus Christi processions and reservation of the host. However, when the Sacrament is observed biblically, it is never without narrative context. The participation and union that is the goal of the Eucharist does not preclude that Jesus is indeed present to the Church by means of the same Spirit by Whom He was incarnate, the same Spirit by Whom He rose the third day.
I find myself in essential agreement with Colvin's positive arguments for a participationist narratival sacramentology, but unconvinced that the recovery of this focus excludes a sacramental real presence, especially as outlined by Hunsinger's proposal. It seems that the telos of participation does not rule out sacramental "real presence," but rather assumes it. The "point" is not that He is present in the Eucharistic loaf and cup, but what His presence effects in the community that shares this meal.
St. Paul assumes, as a given, that the loaf and cup are the participation in the Lord's life-giving body and blood. When we seek agreement on this question, we are hoping to realize the end for which the Eucharist is given, as Professor Long highlights alluding to the Great Thanksgiving: that we who receive the body of our Lord may be formed to be that which we receive. May it be so.
Jacob Hanby is Pastor at Providence Church in Caro, MI.
[1] Thanks to Pr. Jeff Meyers for pointing this out, in Baptism & Justification: Sacramental Instrumentality in John Calvin and the Pre-Concord Lutheran Confessions and Catechisms, p. 2, note 5.
[2] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
[3] Institutes. IV.XVII.34
[4] Inst. IV.XVII.19); The French Confession, XXXVI.See also Calvin's Short Treatise on the Lord's Supper, 14.
[5] Robert Jenson, as shown in Professor Long's article, and T.F. Torrance both offer helpful insights in the metaphysics of local presence, ubiquity, and containment. For Torrance, see especially Space, Time, and Incarnation (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1997).
[6] Short Treatise on the Lord's Supper, 14.
[7] Cited in Hunsinger, pp. 50-51.
[8] I Belong to God: A Covenantal Catechism (Monroe, LA: Athanasius Press, 2014),Question 114. The entirety of Pr. Lusk's question and answer here is worth including: "Is Jesus Christ, the God-man, truly present in this Supper? Yes, the Holy Spirit makes Jesus present to us in the Supper, so that he is not only our host but also our food and drink. We eat the bread of God from heaven and drink his blood, given for the life of the world, so now he abides in us and we abide in him. This is a great mystery, more to be enjoyed than explained."
[9] Hunsinger, p. 41.
[10] The Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist (Moscow, ID: The Davenant Press, 2018), p. 218.
[11] Hunsinger, p. 47.
[12] Hunsinger, p. 23
[13] Ibid., p. 60
[14] Ibid.,, p. 59. Emphasis added.
[15] Summa Theologiae 3.75.1, cited in Hunsinger, p. 24.
[16] To my mind, the term "transelementation" is not of primary concern. Whatever one may wish to call it, what I find promising is the substance of the position.
[17] Ibid.,, p. 67.
[18] Theology in Reconciliation: Essays Towards Evangelical and Catholic Unity in East and West (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975),p. 120.
[20] Inst., IV.XVII.34
[21] Calvin's Ladder: A Spiritual Theology of Ascent and Ascension (Grand Rapids: Eerdman's, 2010).
[22] Grace and Gratitude: The Eucharistic Theology of John Calvin (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2002).
[23] The Mystical Presence and The Doctrine of the Reformed Church on the Lord's Supper (Eugene: Wipf and Stock, 2012).
[24] Theology in Reconciliation: Essays Towards Evangelical and Catholic Unity in East and West (Grand Rapids: Eerdman's, 1975), particularly his essay The Paschal Mystery of Christ and the Eucharist.
Next Conversation
Articulating Sacramental Presence
Stephen Long
... any viable ecumenical resolution would need to affirm that no real presence of Christ's body occurs in the eucharist at the expense of its local presence in heaven. Conversely, no local presence of his body in heaven could be admitted that would prohibit its real presence in the eucharist.[11]
"It must be possible for all traditions to assert - without equivocation - at the level of first-order discourse as found in the liturgy, that the relation of "This bread" to "my body" is actually one of real predication."[13]
could be embraced by the Reformed churches without any fundamental compromise, though it would require a serious effort at rethinking old polemics and opening up new horizons. It is the view - affirmed by Vermigli, Bucer, and Cranmer - known in Eastern Orthodoxy as 'transelementation.'[14]
that this is a matter of mutual indwelling between sign and reality, but with the living Christ himself as the active and preeminent factor in the Spirit."
I would question, however, what Colvin argues that this telos rules out. First, Colvin "[denies] that the bread and wine are changed." While wholeheartedly agreeing with Colvin's rejection of reliance on Aristotelian or Platonic metaphysics, it is true, it seems, that this loaf and this cup are in fact changed. That's to say, these elements are, through the rite, that which they previously were not: the communion of Christ's body and blood. Over these elements it is now said, as had previously not been the case, that "this is My body" and "this is My blood of the New Covenant." That in itself, however it "works," is a change in the elements. The Bible gives us language and categories for understanding this change, but it at least seems important to acknowledge that this is a real change.


For the first time ever, aspiring managers can now negotiate contracts with players in real time. And by working with a multitude of real-life football agents, Sports Interactive gained an insight as to how these negotiations can be made as realistic as possible in-game. Prepare to meet different types of agents in your contract talks; each with their own personality so will therefore need a different approach.
With the implementation of the most intuitive training system in the series history, there is a new "match preparation" area of training so that managers can give their team specific areas to focus on in the lead up to a match. There are also more basic training schedules for players, and 14 different individual skill areas that you can focus your players on.
The other new features include a revamped media module, which will keep the managers better up to date with events going on in their football world, as well as being more customisable than ever before, and the most requested feature that the Sports Interactive community have asked for in the last few years, dynamic league reputation, which makes for an even more realistic model of the footballing world.
Want to know when Football Manager 2011 Game PC & MAC - shop4world.com drops below a certain price? Enter your email address and price below and we'll let you know when it drops below that price!


Bank of Zumbrota provides online banking to allow the kind of 24 hour banking and customer service at the customer's discretion and when it's most convenient for them. Should a customer wish to view their online banking information, they may initially use a computer with internet access. Once enrolled, and mobile services are chosen, they may also use any bank supported mobile device.
Bank of Zumbrota maintains 7 locations in the state of MN. They enjoy their commitment to the communities that they serve and have served for many years. Their goals, among many, is always, to provide the best possible customer service and to continue to provide the most up to date technological service, while maintaining excellent, in person service, when their clients visit the physical banking centers. Some of the online services offered are, remote deposit, online bill payments, check reorders, fund transfers, real time balance review and much more. If a user would like to login to their account, they may do so by computer and/or mobile device, once enrolled within the banking system.
Step 3 – Once you've entered your credentials on their respective pages, you will be taken to your Online Banking account, where you may review your account and do any banking transactions.
Once you've submitted your ID, you will receive an email to the email address you have on file with the bank, containing your password. You will regain access to your account and therefore, may resume your banking business.
Step 2 – Once you've completed and submitted the authentication page, you will be guided privately through the remainder of the enrollment process. After you've completed all of the required steps, you will then have the ability to login with your chosen Access ID and Password, to conduct any banking reviews and/or transactions needed.


text:
Q: How to inject an env variable just for certain testsuite using phpunit? In the phpunit.xml one can define envirionment variables:
<php>
    <env name="ENVIRONMENT" value="test"/>
    <env name="FOO" value="BAR"/>
</php>

Now, I want to have multiple testsuites instead of just one. And I like to have different values for FOO for each, so I thought I could do this:
<testsuites>
    <testsuite name="First">
        <directory>unit</directory>
        <directory>Functional</directory>
        <php>
            <env name="FOO" value="NARF"/>
        </php>
    </testsuite>
    <testsuite name="Second">
        <directory>unit</directory>
        <directory>Functional</directory>
        <php>
            <env name="FOO" value="NARF"/>
        </php>
    </testsuite>
</testsuites>

It doesn't seem possible to nest php inside testsuite block. So I am currently stuck injecting a specific variable for a certain testsuite.
The only other clear option I see is defining multiple phpunit.xml files for each case, yet this would lead to a lot of code duplication I like to avoid.
Is there another way to inject an env variable to a phpunit testsuite?

A: You can use the package phpunit-globals that allows you to modify the $_ENV (and $_SERVER) variables for a specific test class or method.
Install it as a development dependency with:
composer require --dev zalas/phpunit-globals

Afterwards, you can do:
/**
 * @env FOO=bar
 */
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @env APP_ENV=foo
     */
    public function test_global_variables()
    {
        $this->assertSame('bar', $_ENV['FOO']);
        $this->assertSame('foo', $_ENV['APP_ENV']);
    }
}

A: Environment variables defined in phpunit.xml are defaults. You can also pass them from shell:
FOO=bar phpunit

This is not going to help you much, as you'll need to run your test suites separately, passing env variables to each run.
I think a good alternative is to call these variables differently for each test suite (FOO_FIRST, FOO_SECOND etc).

A: This is an old question, but with current versions of PHPUnit (8+), you can set environment variable inside tests without problems. So instead of having multiple testsuites with same tests and different envs, you can have one test suite with same tests and data provider for different envs - e.g. like this.
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
    public function envValueProvider(): array
    {
        return [
            [
                'foo',
            ],
            [
                'bar',
            ],
        ];
    }

    /**
     * @dataProvider envValueProvider
     */
    public function testSomeCode(string $value): void
    {
        putenv('FOO=' . $value);
        somecode();
        self::assertSomething();
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This book is such a good example of why you should read new authors! Tara Johnson wrote an outstanding debut novel with Engraved on the Heart. It has all the essential historical fiction components: an interesting historical subject, a strong heroine, love, and a dashing hero.
I read this book in giant chunks, staying up too late to get just a little bit further. This novel centers around the beginning of the civil war and the work of the underground railroad. A young lady, Keziah Montgomery, is the daughter of a Confederate family in Savannah. She reunites with an old friend, Dr. Micah Greyson, who shares her heart and her desire to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Keziah does all that she can to protect their secrets, including agreeing to marry a man of her father's choosing.
There is nothing lacking in this first effort by Tara Jacobs. I can't wait to read her next book that should be out next summer. If it has been awhile since you tried a new author, this one is for you. I requested a copy of this book from the publisher because I love historical fiction. I was not required to give this book a positive review. All opinions are my own and I have not been compensated.


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The City of Carterville Council Committee will meet on Tuesday, November 6, 2018. Meetings will take place at City Hall, 103 S. Division Street, Carterville, IL 62918.
Street and Sidewalk – 5:00 p.m.
Public Safety and Insurance – 6:00 p.m.
Parks and Cemetery – 6:45 p.m.
Finance-Economic Development-Operations – 7:15 p.m.
For more information please call City Hall at 618-985-2252.


CITEC maintain it's pace with IT enabled business trends changing global business landscape. The rapid changes in technology, innovation and social entrepreneurship setting the new trends the way in which business is carried out. The key challenge for The Businesses is to maintain it's phase with fast changing market dynamics with the advent of SAAS, BIG DATA technologies and APP driven UBERSIED business models. CITEC is fully geared up for the NEXT GENERATION COLLABORATIVE MODEL through its partners network, thereby bringing excellence in Education, Innovation, Entrepreneurship under one roof.
CITEC is established in 2002, offering a range of training and professional services in IT and Management. Our training and consulting solutions are designed to enhance individuals, SME and large corporations within and outside of United Kingdom.
CITEC is a global training services provider and also delivering technology driven business solutions that meet the strategic objectives our clients. We work closely with our clients to create and deliver essential advantage. We bring foresight and knowledge, deep functional expertise, practical approach to build capabilities and deliver real impact.
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Blogpeople.net Visit blogpeople.net. We prepared the full report and history for Blogpeople.net across the most popular social networks. Blogpeople has a poor activity level in Twitter with only 14 mentions. Such a result may indicate a lack of SMM tactics, so the domain might be missing some of its potential visitors from social networks.
Blogpeople has a high Google pagerank and bad results in terms of Yandex topical citation index. We found that Blogpeople.net is poorly 'socialized' in respect to any social network. According to MyWot and Google safe browsing analytics, Blogpeople.net is a fully trustworthy domain with no visitor reviews.
Visit blogpeople.net now to see the best up-to-date Blog People content for India and also check out these interesting facts you probably never knew about blogpeople.net. We analyzed Blogpeople.net page load time and found that the first response time was 877 ms and then it took 6.2 sec to load all DOM resources and completely render a web page.
Blogpeople.net is tracked by us since April, 2011. Over the time it has been ranked as high as 11 119 in the world, while most of its traffic comes from India, where it reached as high as 69 005 position. Blog.blogpeople.net receives less than 1% of its total traffic.
While scanning server information of Blogpeople.net we found that it's hosted by AIVY Communications Co.Ltd. since May 24, 2014. Earlier Blogpeople was hosted by UCOM Corp. in 2011.
We prepared the full report and history for Member.blogpeople.net across the most popular social networks. Member.blogpeople has a poor activity level in Google+ with only 1 pluses. Such a result may indicate a lack of SMM tactics, so the domain might be missing some of its potential visitors from social networks.


text:
The Coming Trans-Atlantic Trade Tussle
By Daniel T. Griswold, associate director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute in Washington.
E uropean Union leaders labored last week in Nice to prevent a potential military split between the United States and Europe, in the end coming up with a compromise that scotched over differences. A bigger problem, however, is how to keep the commercial peace across the Atlantic. In this domain neither European nor American leaders have exactly shined. The tit-for-tat protectionism that has been unleashed is sending us further into trade-war territory, with ominous implications for business and consumers on both sides of the Atlantic.
Just last month, the European Union unveiled a broad list of imports from the United States -- worth $4 billion -- that would face punitive tariffs if the United States did not eliminate a provision of its corporate tax code that the EU claims amounts to a subsidy for exporters. Intending to ameliorate the situation, the U.S. Congress managed to pass a major revision of its disputed Foreign Sales Corporation law last month exempting income generated from manufacturing abroad as well as from exports. But the EU could still pull the trigger and impose sanctions if the revised code fails a World Trade Organization review in the new year.
Meanwhile, the U.S. government has postponed the announcement of a new hit list of EU imports that would be subject to equally punitive tariffs. The so-called "carousel" legislation requires the administration of President Bill Clinton to rotate a list of imports (worth $300 million) that have been targeted for tariffs because of EU trade barriers against imported bananas and beef from hormone-treated cattle. The Clinton administration claims the law is ambiguous enough to allow the postponement, but Congress may decide to put new teeth in the law early next year. EU officials have made it clear that if the U.S. enforces the carousel law, the EU will start the countdown for sanctions over the FSC law. An escalating trade war may not be far off.
Growing Threat
Although the EU and the U.S. have temporarily backed away from the abyss of a trade war, their saber-rattling has exposed the danger of relying on trade retaliation to enforce trade-liberalizing agreements. This growing threat of trade retaliation as an instrument of enforcement is an ominous development for trade, and a lose-lose proposition for all countries involved. There are, moreover, alternative dispute-setting mechanisms.


SA285 Grade A is a pressure vessel plates in carbon steel, low and intermediate tensile strength. SA285 Grade A should be made by killed; semi killed, capped or rimmed steel practice at the producer option to be used for fusion welded pressure vessels.
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text:
Q: What is the way to get updated position in a list after dropping elements? Suppose I have a function cyclePart which has a definition for the case
cyclePart[list_->{},n_,Δn_,cycle_:True]:=...

But for example in the algorithm, if it encounters a case like
cyclePart[{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j}->{b,d,i,j},5,2,True]

I want it to transform it into the previous form so its base definition can be applied. In this case, the number 5 is referring to the position in the original list and the list to the right of the arrow tells it to drop these elements.
cyclePart[list_->drop_,n_,Δn_,cycle_:True]:=
    cyclePart[Complement[list,drop]->{},...updated n...,Δn,cycle]

But how to transform n here? Is there a builtin function that can get an updated position after element drops? Note in the example, the updated list's position 3 refers to position 5 since two elements {b,d} to the left of position 5 are being removed so position 5 moves down to position 3.

As seen in the comment of @kglr Complement[list, drop] should be changed to DeleteCases[list, Alternatives @@ drop] since the former is a set drop which means it removes duplicates and sorts the list in addition to the drop. I incorrectly used Complement[list, drop] but meant the actions of DeleteCases[list, Alternatives @@ drop].

A: You may use Position.
With the partial definition for cyclePart.
ClearAll[cyclePart]
cyclePart[list_ -> {}, n_, Δn_, cycle_ : True] := {list, {}, n, Δn, cycle}

cyclePart[list_ -> drop_, n_, Δn_, cycle_ : True] :=
 With[{c = Complement[list, drop]},
  cyclePart[
   c -> {},
   Position[c, list[[n]]][[1, 1]],
   Δn,
   cycle
  ]
 ]

Then
cyclePart[{a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} -> {b, d, i, j}, 5, 2, True]

{{a, c, e, f, g, h}, {}, 3, 2, True}

cyclePart[{e, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, e} -> {b, d, i, j}, 5, 2, True]

{{c, e, f, g, h}, {}, 2, 2, True}

cyclePart[{e, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, e} -> {b, d, i, j}, 8, 2, True]

{{c, e, f, g, h}, {}, 5, 2, True}

Hope this helps.

A: ClearAll[cyclePart]
cyclePart[list_ -> {}, n_, Δn_, cycle_: True] := foo[list -> {}, n, Δn, cycle]

cyclePart[list_ -> drop_, n_, Δn_, cycle_: True] := Module[{newlist =
     DeleteCases[list, Alternatives @@ drop]},
  cyclePart[newlist -> {}, n - Count[list[[;; n]], Alternatives @@ drop], Δn, cycle]]

Examples:
cyclePart[{a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} -> {b, d, i, j}, 5, 2, True]

foo[{a, c, e, f, g, h} -> {}, 3, 2, True]

cyclePart[{e, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, e} -> {b, d, i, j}, 5, 2, True]

foo[{e, c, e, f, g, h, e} -> {}, 3, 2, True]

cyclePart[{e, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, e} -> {b, d, i, j}, 6, 2, True]

foo[{e, c, e, f, g, h, e} -> {}, 4, 2, True]


Had a Great Time with Bailie and Her Mom, Creating these Pictures. Captured some Great Images and Those Right Quick as well. I don't always Shoot Senior Grad Pictures All in One Day, but Time and Opportunity made a One Day Shoot the best Choice. Bailie was a Real Trooper, Especially when she had to Brave Beavers Usually Spring Weather which was considerably more Windy and Cold in the Evening that it was in the Morning. Of Well, Happy Spring Time here in the Rockies, Right? If you don't like the Weather, Wait 10 Minutes so it can Get Really Bad. Enjoy the Pictures.


text:
Battle Lode Runner is a puzzle-platform game based on the Lode Runner series of games, originally released for the NEC PC Engine by Hudson Soft in 1993. It was released in Japan on May 29, 2007 and also released in the North American and European regions for the first time in April the same year for the Wii Virtual Console. It is also the first game originally released only in Japan to be available on the Virtual Console for another region.

Gameplay
Battle Lode Runner's gameplay revolves around traveling through 50 different stages in 11 different time periods, collecting gold without being caught by enemies. The character can climb ropes and ladders, walk on top of enemies, collect power-ups, and most importantly, dig a hole on the right or left of himself.

Multiplayer
The player can play with 5 players in 3 categories of play: survival, escape, and tag match. In survival the last remaining player wins. In the escape mode, the first person to collect the secret gold, unlock the ladder and escape wins. In tag match, players form teams and attempt to trap the members of the other team.

References

Virtual Console games
TurboGrafx-16 games
1993 video games
Puzzle-platform games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


EESA is a not-for-profit Technical Society of Engineers Australia (EA), established to advance interest in the field of electric energy. The key objective of EESA is to provide a continuous professional development program to our members.
To provide opportunities for the sharing and transfer of knowledge amongst members involved in the Electric Energy Industry.
To be the prime focus group for professional development of its members and to promote their value to the community.
Our core function is to represent those who have an interest in the field of electric energy, from generation, transmission, distribution, retail, to customer use and generation of electric energy.
We deal with the generation, transmission, distribution, retail and customer use of electrical energy.
Our six chapters are made up of 850 members and cover every state and territory of Australia.


text:
Lady Hornets plate 32 in sweep
The Mendon Hornets scored 32 runs on Monday evening.
It was the result of a sweep of Bloomingdale by scores of 14-1 and 18-2.
The first game saw Mendon score six runs in the second and third innings, plus two more in the fourth.
Izzy Smith belted two doubles and drove in a pair of runs, Lauren Schabes had two hits and two RBI in the win for the Hornets. Carlie Doehring totaled three hits, she drove in a pair of runs.
Kara Swan had a hit and two RBI, Anna Smith had an RBI base hit as well.
Both Bailey Lash and Kiana Gray had a hit.
Schabes picked up the win inside the circle, striking out 13 over five innings.
Mendon scored 13 runs in the second inning of the second game. It came after the Hornets trailed 2-1. Mendon would add two more runs in the third and fourth innings to put the game on ice.
Izzy Smith had three hits and drove in four total runs. Schabes collected four hits while Swan had two, they both drove in one.
Payton Griffith had two RBI in the game and a hit.
Anna Smith was the lead-RBI threat for Mendon in the game, she drove in five with two hits.
Lash was credited with two RBI, Gracie Loker had one.
Grat and Doehring each had a hit and an RBI for Mendon.
Griffith started the game and struck out five over the opening three innings. Chloe Behrends tossed the final inning and used just seven pitches to get three outs.
Mendon is now 11-2.
Three Rivers splits
The Three Rivers softball team split a pair of games with Kalamazoo Christian on Monday evening.
Three Rivers won the first game, 9-2. The Lady Wildcats had a big fourth inning with five runs to break a 2-2 tie.
Kali Heivilin hit a home run and drove in two. Ava Forman belted three hits with one RBI, Gabby Charvat totaled two hits and two RBI in the game. Shantel Blyly and Payton Ware each collected a pair of hits for the Wildcats in the game as well.
Natalie Barnes and Laine Glass each hit a single.
Forman picked up the win inside the circle, striking out three over five innings. Ware tossed the final two innings with one strikeout.
The Lady Comets won the second game, 9-7. They scored three in the first and four in the second to lead 7-0. Three Rivers would come back with one in the second and six in the third to tie the contest.
It was tied 7-7 heading to the sixth, where Kalamazoo Christian scored twice.
Three Rivers got three hits from Barnes and two from Forman. They each drove in a run.
Heivilin had two hits in the game Blyly drove in a pair of runs with a hit. Glass was credited with an RBI, Lexi Mckenzie hit a base hit as well.
Constantine swept
The Constantine softball team dropped a pair of games to Schoolcraft on Monday.
The Lady Eagles won 9-0 and 14-0.
In the first game, Constantine got two singles from Kayla Watrous. The Falcons also got a base hit from Charlee Balcom, Madi Tulley and Jocelyn Butler.
Constantine had just a single hit in the second game, a single from Hailee Schieber.


text:
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Once More with Feeling
Original Cast Recording
Growing up on a tropical island in the Caribbean in the 90s has its benefits and drawbacks. The benefits are that you're on a tropical island in the Caribbean and there's no way your puny developing brain will be able to comprehend how good you have it for several more decades. The drawbacks (maybe?) are that, culturally, you might be a little deprived. Sure, far be it for me to call Western or American culture more developed than what we had on the island, but honestly, there was so little to consume that it was no wonder we felt thirsty all the time. There was the real physical thirst, of course, but also a thirst of the mind.
Then American cable happened to us and everything changed. I could go on and on about what the effect of prime time programming, TGIF, and late night comedy had on my upbringing, but I'll just say that the next day at school, during recess, we would discuss mostly two things: late night comedy, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. I say "mostly" because there was the WB lineup, like Dawson's Creek, and this strange thing called Mystery Science Theatre, but Buffy the Vampire Slayer was our main dramatic outlet. We would compare notes, interpret character developments, recount plot points, etc. Buffy's formula was so cool. It was really a show about growing up, trying to fit in, dealing with responsibilities, finding love, and coping with loss, all in the silly backdrop of vampires and demons. And I'll tell you, rewatching the show decades later, it's quite remarkable how well it has aged and how easily the viewer can still get sucked in.
One thing that set Buffy apart was the risks it took. Nowadays, musicals seem like a standard run of the mill thing, but it's pretty tame compared to when Buffy did its musical episodes. The sheer undertaking sounded absolutely insane and the fact that they pulled it off so well is astounding. Once More with Feeling has some incredibly catchy songs and dance numbers and simply raised the show to a higher plane. Remember, this wasn't a cast assembled for their singing prowess, so the risks are noteworthy, and the payoff that much more worth it. This was no throwaway episode either: the plot point was vital in the context of the show and the characters go through some major emotional breakthroughs. Once More with Feeling was an instant classic when it came out, and showed that Buffy the Vampire Slayer meant business. Decades later, it's still considered one of the greatest episodes of television ever.
One of the things that makes Mondo Tees so cool as that they know what their audience wants. And a vinyl release of this soundtrack hits the sweet spot. It's available of 180g red vinyl, with beautiful broadway-esque artwork in a gatefold sleeve, including a Slaybill contained creator and writer Joss Whedon's notes on the show and the episode. It's a must-have piece for fans of the show, soundtracks, musicals, and TV history. This one is a no brainer.
Get it from Mondo.
tagsbuffy the vampire slayer Mondo once more with feeling soundtrack


The concept of evergreen content is generally discussed in terms of food blogs that focus on recipes, cooking or gardening. Today we share 5 ideas for creating and optimizing evergreen content that will make your restaurant blog a go-to destination (and keep Google happy)!
We talk a lot about evergreen content for food blogs around these parts. But so often, those articles pertain to blogs that focus on recipes, cooking or gardening. What do you do about evergreen content when you're a restaurant blogger?
When your blog focuses on writing about restaurants, breweries or wineries, you're in an ever-shifting market. Restaurant menus change, often multiple times a year. The chef and kitchen staff change, the front of house staff changes, ownership can change and all of that can have a big impact on a dining out experience (not to mention, restaurants close and then your original post loses all relevance!).
So how do you create evergreen content for your restaurant blog that can help your Google search rankings and bring readers back time and time again?
We're so glad you asked! Here are some of our suggestions for improving your restaurant blog's evergreen content.
List posts are popular for a reason: they're easy to read and useful for people who want quick tips. They're also very easy to update! Six months later if a restaurant you mentioned in your original list has gone out of business, you can simply pull it out of the list and replace it with another option.
The same strategy pertains if a restaurant's level of service or quality of food drops — just remove them from your list. The bulk of the list makers will still remain. You can also leave a note at the top of your post noting the date of the last update so readers immediately know how current your list is.
Great places to get a "big salad"
The options for this are only as limited as your imagination! They'll appeal to locals and tourists alike.
If you have a review on your site for any of the places on your list, be sure to link to it! Google loves internal links.
When deciding how to title your posts, think of how people would Google for the information on your list.
Don't just review restaurants! Why not review specialty shops, delis, and cooking schools as well?
These posts can often have a much longer life on your blog than a restaurant review and they can get you a lot of Google traffic!
Culinary tourism is on the rise. More and more people are planning their vacations as much around where to eat as they are around what there is to do. They do their research before leaving home and often use Google as their starting point.
Posts that tout the best places to eat when you have 48 hours in a city always attract attention. But consider going even further with suggestions on hidden gems that only locals know about.
Where to go to find local specialities like craft beer, spirits, wine, smoked salmon, smoked meat, freeze dried Saskatoon berries, bagels, donairs ... you get the idea. You'll know your local specialties better than anyone else!
These are all little slices of heaven for the culinary tourist! If you can add in info about whether or not a shop caters to tourists and offers domestic or international shipping for their in-store purchases, that's even more helpful (many wineries and high-end specialty shops will offer this service or will package items for travel).
Video content for these kinds of posts can also boost their relevance; if you have a YouTube channel you can crosspost. And again, don't forget to link to full reviews for these places if you have them on your site.
Most airports aren't in the heart of major cities and people who have a short layover or are just in town for a quick meeting might not want to head into the city. There's a reason airports are surrounded by hotels, and if you've ever been stuck in Mississauga or Richmond at 10 pm on a Wednesday and are desperate for something to eat other than McDonalds, you know how frustrating it can be!
Great post ideas could include places to eat that are a 10-minute or less Uber or taxi ride from the airport, or airport hotels that offer a solid late-night eats menu.
If you fly a lot, writing something on the food IN your local airport, both before and beyond security could make for a great post!
If you live in the suburbs then you know it can be very difficult to find any blogs that talk about restaurants close by that aren't a chain. But there can be excellent dining in the burbs and exploring it in your blog can open up a whole new niche for you that other local bloggers have neglected.
Try a couple of annual roundup posts of nearby suburbs highlighting some of the best culinary delights, and update it once a year with new finds (and remove outdated ones).
Those of you who've been blogging for a few years will remember the 365 Days of Dining that the city of Richmond, BC did. FBC Member Lindsay Anderson, now of Feast, An Edible Roadtrip and co-author of the cookbook Feast: Recipes and Stories from a Canadian Road Trip, was hired by the city of Richmond to eat out at a different restaurant every day for a year. Richmond was able to highlight their rich restaurant scene and position themselves as a culinary destination on their own, and not just a suburb of Vancouver.
Some of our most evergreen and popular FBC posts have been ones that have highlighted restaurant scenes in smaller Canadian centres where there's not a lot of written coverage!
Restaurant bloggers can absolutely produce seasonal content without creating a single recipe.
February: Valentines and romantic restaurants are a no-brainer but what about anti-Valentine ideas like the best places to eat when you just want to read your book by yourself?
September: cafés (for parents who've dropped their kids off at school and have a new-found 30 minutes to themselves), where to host a Halloween party, harvest dinners and wine festivals. You could even highlight places that help with meal planning or meal prep.
Just like with creating any kind of evergreen content, the trick is thinking about what people will be searching for and when. Build your content around that. Some of it will be seasonal content you can use year after year and some of it will be year round content you can consistently promote over and over again via social media.
Write your content in a way that makes it easy to update as changes happen. Pull restaurants or locations that are no longer valid and replace them with something new without getting rid of your entire post. Don't be afraid to republish old posts.
Don't forget internal linking to other content on your site.
Keep a spreadsheet of your seasonal content or use a tool like Meet Edgar or Co-Schedule to repurpose your content every season and re-promote it on social media.
Repurpose your evergreen content on your Instagram feed interspersed with your most recent dining experiences to make your blog a destination spot. If you have a business account on IG you may be able to link directly to posts in your Instagram stories which will also encourage people to click through.
Melissa Hartfiel is a co-founder of FBC and is the site's Managing Editor. She's a graphic designer who writes, doodles, photographs and eats chocolate and drinks tea. She blogs about food, photography and creativity at her own blog, Eyes Bigger Than My Stomach. You can follow her on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook or connect with her on LinkedIn.


August 25, 2015 update – the California State Assembly passed a law that makes flying drones at an altitude of less that 350 feet over private property trespassing. You can read more about it in the LA Times.
As technology becomes cheaper, the usage of drones is mushrooming. A drone is an unmanned flying vehicle, usually controlled by remote control. Recently, even the term drone sparks fear and loathing. From the United States military using them in war, to Amazon's plans to introduce Prime Air drones for deliveries, news of drones is plentiful.
That said, drones do have some positive uses. A drone may have weaponry or cameras attached to it for various military applications. They may be used to navigate areas that are not accessible for firefighting or law enforcement. They could also be used to deliver packages, shoot video, or take photographs from a better angle. As long as you have a responsible pilot, there is not usually a problem.
By the same token, the abilities are part of the problem. Because drones can take video or photographs, it means if you are on the receiving end, your privacy can be violated. What good is having a privacy fence if drone operators are just going to circumvent them? It does not matter if you are a celebrity or not, the thought of being spied on is invasive. Private drones have also caused problems in firefighting because they can interfere with operations.
One gentleman recently took privacy matters in to his own hands. On a clear day, he witnessed a drone come over his privacy fence where his daughter was sunbathing. He immediately went for his gun, shot the drone out of the sky, and was arrested for doing so. He was also ordered to compensate the operators for the cost of the vehicle. The drone operators stated they were not over his property, but the gentleman felt they were. Until the FAA comes out with standard rules for use, there will be many questions and challenges regarding drones. One of the big problems is that technology is outpacing laws.
Another problem with drones is the potential for a cyber attack. On an unsecured frequency, a drone hacker could take control, and cause all sorts of problems. Some reports are suggesting there is already a big network of drone hackers, so unsecured drones could be a big threat.
Whereas there are many benefits in using drones domestically, as with anything, you have to take the good with the bad. These concerns may hinder growth in the drone industry. The question is, will people be able to accept drones because of the good points and overlook the bad points. The hope for these companies is that once there is some governance, perhaps people will be more accepting.