text:
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GLBC is a GCE L7 load balancer controller that manages external loadbalancers configured through the Kubernetes Ingress API.

## A word to the wise

Please read the [beta limitations](BETA_LIMITATIONS.md) doc to before using this controller. In summary:

- This is a **work in progress**.
- It relies on a beta Kubernetes resource.
- The loadbalancer controller pod is not aware of your GCE quota.

**If you are running a cluster on GKE and interested in trying out alpha releases of the GLBC before they are officially released please visit the deploy/glbc/ directory.**

## Overview

__A reminder on GCE L7__: Google Compute Engine does not have a single resource that represents a L7 loadbalancer. When a user request comes in, it is first handled by the global forwarding rule, which sends the traffic to an HTTP proxy service that sends the traffic to a URL map that parses the URL to see which backend service will handle the request. Each backend service is assigned a set of virtual machine instances grouped into instance groups.

__A reminder on Services__: A Kubernetes Service defines a set of pods and a means by which to access them, such as single stable IP address and corresponding DNS name. This IP defaults to a cluster VIP in a private address range. You can direct ingress traffic to a particular Service by setting its `Type` to NodePort or LoadBalancer. NodePort opens up a port on *every* node in your cluster and proxies traffic to the endpoints of your service, while LoadBalancer allocates an L4 cloud loadbalancer.

### What is an Ingress Controller?

Configuring a webserver or loadbalancer is harder than it should be. Most webserver configuration files are very similar. There are some applications that have weird little quirks that tend to throw a wrench in things, but for the most part you can apply the same logic to them and achieve a desired result.

The Ingress resource embodies this idea, and an Ingress controller is meant to handle all the quirks associated with a specific "class" of Ingress (be it a single instance of a loadbalancer, or a more complicated setup of frontends that provide GSLB, DDoS protection, etc).

An Ingress Controller is a daemon, deployed as a Kubernetes Pod, that watches the apiserver's `/ingresses` endpoint for updates to the [Ingress resource](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/). Its job is to satisfy requests for Ingresses.

### L7 Load balancing on Kubernetes

To achieve L7 loadbalancing through Kubernetes, we employ a resource called `Ingress`. The Ingress is consumed by this loadbalancer controller, which creates the following GCE resource graph:

[Global Forwarding Rule](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/load-balancing/http/global-forwarding-rules) -> [TargetHttpProxy](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/load-balancing/http/target-proxies) -> [URL Map](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/load-balancing/http/url-map) -> [Backend Service](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/load-balancing/http/backend-service) -> [Instance Group](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instance-groups/)

The controller (GLBC) manages the lifecycle of each component in the graph. It uses the Kubernetes resources as a spec for the desired state, and the GCE cloud resources as the observed state, and drives the observed to the desired. If an edge is disconnected, it fixes it. Each Ingress translates to a new GCE L7, and the rules on the Ingress become paths in the GCE URL Map. This allows you to route traffic to various backend Kubernetes Services through a single public IP, which is in contrast to `Type=LoadBalancer`, which allocates a public IP *per* Kubernetes Service. For this to work, the Kubernetes Service *must* have Type=NodePort.

### The Ingress

An Ingress in Kubernetes is a REST object, similar to a Service. A minimal Ingress might look like:

```yaml
01. apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
02. kind: Ingress
03. metadata:
04.  name: hostlessendpoint
05. spec:
06.  rules:
07.  - http:
08.      paths:
09.      - path: /hostless
10.        backend:
11.          serviceName: test
12.          servicePort: 80
```

`POST` calls to the Kubernetes API server would cause GLBC to create a GCE L7 that routes all traffic sent to `http://ip-of-loadbalancer/hostless` to :80 of the service named `test`. If the service doesn't exist yet or isn't type NodePort, then GLBC will allocate an IP and wait until it does. Once the Service shows up, it will create the required path rules to route traffic.

__Lines 1-4__: Resource metadata used to tag GCE resources. For example, if you go to the console you would see a URL Map called: `k8-fw-default-hostlessendpoint`, where default is the namespace and `hostlessendpoint` is the name of the resource. The Kubernetes API server ensures that namespace/name is unique so there will never be any collisions.

__Lines 5-7__: Ingress Spec has all the information needed to configure a GCE L7. Most importantly, it contains a list of `rules`. A rule can take many forms, but the only rule relevant to GLBC is the `http` rule.

__Lines 8-9__: Each HTTP rule contains the following information: A host (eg: foo.bar.com, defaults to `*` in this example), a list of paths (eg: `/hostless`) each of which has an associated backend (`test:80`). Both the `host` and `path` must match the content of an incoming request before the L7 directs traffic to the `backend`.

__Lines 10-12__: A `backend` is a service:port combination. It selects a group of pods capable of servicing traffic sent to the path specified in the parent rule. The `port` is the desired `spec.ports[*].port` from the Service Spec -- Note, though, that the L7 actually directs traffic to the port's corresponding `NodePort`.

__Global Parameters__: For the sake of simplicity the example Ingress has no global parameters. However, one can specify a default backend (see examples below) in the absence of which requests that don't match a path in the spec are sent to the default backend of GLBC.

## Load Balancer Management

You can manage a GCE L7 by creating, updating, or deleting the associated Kubernetes Ingress.

### Creation

Before you can start creating Ingress you need to start up GLBC. We can use the rc.yaml in this directory:
```shell
$ kubectl create -f rc.yaml
replicationcontroller "glbc" created
$ kubectl get pods
NAME                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
glbc-6m6b6          2/2       Running   0          21s

```

A couple of things to note about this controller:
* It needs a service with a node port to use as the default backend. This is the backend that's used when an Ingress does not specify the default.
* It has an intentionally long `terminationGracePeriod`, this is only required with the --delete-all-on-quit flag (see [Deletion](#deletion))
* Don't start 2 instances of the controller in a single cluster, they will fight each other.

The loadbalancer controller will watch for Services, Nodes and Ingress. Nodes already exist (the nodes in your cluster). We need to create the other 2. You can do so using the ingress-app.yaml in this directory.

A couple of things to note about the Ingress:
* It creates a Replication Controller for a simple "echoserver" application, with 1 replica.
* It creates 3 services for the same application pod: echoheaders[x, y, default]
* It creates an Ingress with 2 hostnames and 3 endpoints (foo.bar.com{/foo} and bar.baz.com{/foo, /bar}) that access the given service

```shell
$ kubectl create -f ingress-app.yaml
$ kubectl get svc
NAME                 CLUSTER_IP     EXTERNAL_IP   PORT(S)   SELECTOR          AGE
echoheadersdefault   10.0.43.119    nodes         80/TCP    app=echoheaders   16m
echoheadersx         10.0.126.10    nodes         80/TCP    app=echoheaders   16m
echoheadersy         10.0.134.238   nodes         80/TCP    app=echoheaders   16m
Kubernetes           10.0.0.1       <none>        443/TCP   <none>            21h

$ kubectl get ing
NAME      RULE          BACKEND                 ADDRESS
echomap   -             echoheadersdefault:80
          foo.bar.com
          /foo          echoheadersx:80
          bar.baz.com
          /bar          echoheadersy:80
          /foo          echoheadersx:80
```

You can tail the logs of the controller to observe its progress:
```
$ kubectl logs --follow glbc-6m6b6 l7-lb-controller
I1005 22:11:26.731845       1 instances.go:48] Creating instance group k8-ig-foo
I1005 22:11:34.360689       1 controller.go:152] Created new loadbalancer controller
I1005 22:11:34.360737       1 controller.go:172] Starting loadbalancer controller
I1005 22:11:34.380757       1 controller.go:206] Syncing default/echomap
I1005 22:11:34.380763       1 loadbalancer.go:134] Syncing loadbalancers [default/echomap]
I1005 22:11:34.380810       1 loadbalancer.go:100] Creating l7 default-echomap
I1005 22:11:34.385161       1 utils.go:83] Syncing e2e-test-beeps-minion-ugv1
...
```

When it's done, it will update the status of the Ingress with the IP of the L7 it created:
```shell
$ kubectl get ing
NAME      RULE          BACKEND                 ADDRESS
echomap   -             echoheadersdefault:80   107.178.254.239
          foo.bar.com
          /foo          echoheadersx:80
          bar.baz.com
          /bar          echoheadersy:80
          /foo          echoheadersx:80
```

Go to your GCE console and confirm that the following resources have been created through the HTTPLoadbalancing panel:
* Global Forwarding Rule
* URL Map
* TargetHTTPProxy
* Backend Services (one for each Kubernetes NodePort service)
* An Instance Group (with ports corresponding to the Backend Services)

The HTTPLoadBalancing panel will also show you if your backends have responded to the health checks, wait till they do. This can take a few minutes. If you see `Health status will display here once configuration is complete.` the L7 is still bootstrapping. Wait till you have `Healthy instances: X`. Even though the GCE L7 is driven by our controller, which notices the Kubernetes healthchecks of a pod, we still need to wait on the first GCE L7 health check to complete. Once your backends are up and healthy:

```shell
$ curl --resolve foo.bar.com:80:107.178.245.239 http://foo.bar.com/foo
CLIENT VALUES:
client_address=('10.240.29.196', 56401) (10.240.29.196)
command=GET
path=/echoheadersx
real path=/echoheadersx
query=
request_version=HTTP/1.1

SERVER VALUES:
server_version=BaseHTTP/0.6
sys_version=Python/3.4.3
protocol_version=HTTP/1.0

HEADERS RECEIVED:
Accept=*/*
Connection=Keep-Alive
Host=107.178.254.239
User-Agent=curl/7.35.0
Via=1.1 google
X-Forwarded-For=216.239.45.73, 107.178.254.239
X-Forwarded-Proto=http
```

You can also edit `/etc/hosts` instead of using `--resolve`.

#### Updates

Say you don't want a default backend and you'd like to allow all traffic hitting your loadbalancer at `/foo` to reach your echoheaders backend service, not just the traffic for foo.bar.com. You can modify the Ingress Spec:

```yaml
spec:
  rules:
  - http:
      paths:
      - path: /foo
..
```

and replace the existing Ingress (ignore errors about replacing the Service, we're using the same .yaml file but we only care about the Ingress):

```
$ kubectl replace -f ingress-app.yaml
ingress "echomap" replaced

$ curl http://107.178.254.239/foo
CLIENT VALUES:
client_address=('10.240.143.179', 59546) (10.240.143.179)
command=GET
path=/foo
real path=/foo
...

$ curl http://107.178.254.239/
<pre>
INTRODUCTION
============
This is an nginx webserver for simple loadbalancer testing. It works well
for me but it might not have some of the features you want. If you would
...
```

A couple of things to note about this particular update:
* An Ingress without a default backend inherits the backend of the Ingress controller.
* A IngressRule without a host gets the wildcard. This is controller specific, some loadbalancer controllers do not respect anything but a DNS subdomain as the host. You *cannot* set the host to a regular expression.
* You never want to delete then re-create an Ingress, as it will result in the controller tearing down and recreating the loadbalancer.

### Paths

Till now, our examples were simplified in that they hit an endpoint with a catch-all path regular expression. Most real world backends have sub-resources. Let's create service to test how the loadbalancer handles paths:
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
  name: nginxtest
spec:
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginxtest
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginxtest
        image: bprashanth/nginxtest:1.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginxtest
  labels:
    app: nginxtest
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 80
    protocol: TCP
    name: http
  selector:
    app: nginxtest
```

Running kubectl create against this manifest will give you a service with multiple endpoints:
```shell
$ kubectl get svc nginxtest -o yaml | grep -i nodeport:
    nodePort: 30404
$ curl nodeip:30404/
ENDPOINTS
=========
 <a href="hostname">hostname</a>: An endpoint to query the hostname.
 <a href="stress">stress</a>: An endpoint to stress the host.
 <a href="fs/index.html">fs</a>: A file system for static content.

```
You can put the nodeip:port into your browser and play around with the endpoints so you're familiar with what to expect. We will test the `/hostname` and `/fs/files/nginx.html` endpoints. Modify/create your Ingress:
```yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: nginxtest-ingress
spec:
  rules:
  - http:
      paths:
      - path: /hostname
        backend:
          serviceName: nginxtest
          servicePort: 80
```

And check the endpoint (you will have to wait till the update takes effect, this could be a few minutes):
```shell
$ kubectl replace -f ingress.yaml
$ curl loadbalancerip/hostname
nginx-tester-pod-name
```

Note what just happened, the endpoint exposes /hostname, and the loadbalancer forwarded the entire matching url to the endpoint. This means if you had '/foo' in the Ingress and tried accessing /hostname, your endpoint would've received /foo/hostname and not known how to route it. Now update the Ingress to access static content via the /fs endpoint:
```yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: nginxtest-ingress
spec:
  rules:
  - http:
      paths:
      - path: /fs/*
        backend:
          serviceName: nginxtest
          servicePort: 80
```

As before, wait a while for the update to take effect, and try accessing `loadbalancerip/fs/files/nginx.html`.

#### Deletion

Deleting a loadbalancer controller pod will not affect the loadbalancers themselves, this way your backends won't suffer a loss of availability if the scheduler pre-empts your controller pod. Deleting a single loadbalancer is as easy as deleting an Ingress via kubectl:
```shell
$ kubectl delete ing echomap
$ kubectl logs --follow glbc-6m6b6 l7-lb-controller
I1007 00:25:45.099429       1 loadbalancer.go:144] Deleting lb default-echomap
I1007 00:25:45.099432       1 loadbalancer.go:437] Deleting global forwarding rule k8-fw-default-echomap
I1007 00:25:54.885823       1 loadbalancer.go:444] Deleting target proxy k8-tp-default-echomap
I1007 00:25:58.446941       1 loadbalancer.go:451] Deleting url map k8-um-default-echomap
I1007 00:26:02.043065       1 backends.go:176] Deleting backends []
I1007 00:26:02.043188       1 backends.go:134] Deleting backend k8-be-30301
I1007 00:26:05.591140       1 backends.go:134] Deleting backend k8-be-30284
I1007 00:26:09.159016       1 controller.go:232] Finished syncing default/echomap
```
Note that it takes ~30 seconds per ingress to purge cloud resources. This may not be a sufficient cleanup because you might have deleted the Ingress while GLBC was down, in which case it would leak cloud resources. You can delete the GLBC and purge cloud resources in two more ways:

__The dev/test way__: If you want to delete everything in the cloud when the loadbalancer controller pod dies, start it with the --delete-all-on-quit flag. When a pod is killed it's first sent a SIGTERM, followed by a grace period (set to 10minutes for loadbalancer controllers), followed by a SIGKILL. The controller pod uses this time to delete cloud resources. Be careful with --delete-all-on-quit, because if you're running a production glbc and the scheduler re-schedules your pod for some reason, it will result in a loss of availability. You can do this because your rc.yaml has:
```yaml
args:
# auto quit requires a high termination grace period.
- --delete-all-on-quit=true
```

So simply delete the replication controller:
```shell
$ kubectl get rc glbc
CONTROLLER   CONTAINER(S)           IMAGE(S)                                      SELECTOR                    REPLICAS   AGE
glbc         default-http-backend   gcr.io/google_containers/defaultbackend:1.0   k8s-app=glbc,version=v0.5   1          2m
             l7-lb-controller       gcr.io/google_containers/glbc:0.9.7

$ kubectl delete rc glbc
replicationcontroller "glbc" deleted

$ kubectl get pods
NAME                    READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
glbc-6m6b6              1/1       Terminating   0          13m
```

__The prod way__: If you didn't start the controller with `--delete-all-on-quit`, you can execute a GET on the `/delete-all-and-quit` endpoint. This endpoint is deliberately not exported.

```shell
$ kubectl exec -it glbc-6m6b6  -- wget -q -O- http://localhost:8081/delete-all-and-quit
..Hangs till quit is done..

$ kubectl logs glbc-6m6b6  --follow
I1007 00:26:09.159016       1 controller.go:232] Finished syncing default/echomap
I1007 00:29:30.321419       1 controller.go:192] Shutting down controller queues.
I1007 00:29:30.321970       1 controller.go:199] Shutting down cluster manager.
I1007 00:29:30.321574       1 controller.go:178] Shutting down Loadbalancer Controller
I1007 00:29:30.322378       1 main.go:160] Handled quit, awaiting pod deletion.
I1007 00:29:30.321977       1 loadbalancer.go:154] Creating loadbalancers []
I1007 00:29:30.322617       1 loadbalancer.go:192] Loadbalancer pool shutdown.
I1007 00:29:30.322622       1 backends.go:176] Deleting backends []
I1007 00:30:00.322528       1 main.go:160] Handled quit, awaiting pod deletion.
I1007 00:30:30.322751       1 main.go:160] Handled quit, awaiting pod deletion
```

You just instructed the loadbalancer controller to quit, however if it had done so, the replication controller would've just created another pod, so it waits around till you delete the rc.

#### Health checks

Currently, all service backends must satisfy *either* of the following requirements to pass the HTTP(S) health checks sent to it from the GCE loadbalancer:
1. Respond with a 200 on '/'. The content does not matter.
2. Expose an arbitrary URL as a `readiness` probe on the pods backing the Service.

The Ingress controller looks for a compatible readiness probe first, if it finds one, it adopts it as the GCE loadbalancer's HTTP(S) health check. If there's no readiness probe, or the readiness probe requires special HTTP headers, the Ingress controller points the GCE loadbalancer's HTTP health check at '/'. [This is an example](/examples/health-checks/README.md) of an Ingress that adopts the readiness probe from the endpoints as its health check.

## Frontend HTTPS

For encrypted communication between the client to the load balancer, you need to specify a TLS private key and certificate to be used by the ingress controller.

Ingress controller can read the private key and certificate from 2 sources:
* Kubernetes [secret](http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/secrets).
* [GCP SSL
  certificate](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/load-balancing/http/ssl-certificates).

Currently the Ingress only supports a single TLS port, 443, and assumes TLS termination.

### Secret

For the ingress controller to use the certificate and private key stored in a
Kubernetes secret, user needs to specify the secret name in the TLS configuration section
of their ingress spec. The secret is assumed to exist in the same namespace as the ingress.

This controller does not support SNI, so it will ignore all but the first cert in the TLS configuration section.

The TLS secret must [contain keys](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/api/types.go#L2696) named `tls.crt` and `tls.key` that contain the certificate and private key to use for TLS, eg:

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: testsecret
  namespace: default
type: Opaque
data:
  tls.crt: base64 encoded cert
  tls.key: base64 encoded key
```

Referencing this secret in an Ingress will tell the Ingress controller to secure the channel from the client to the loadbalancer using TLS.

```yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: no-rules-map
spec:
  tls:
  - secretName: testsecret
  backend:
    serviceName: s1
    servicePort: 80
```

This creates 2 GCE forwarding rules that use a single static IP. Both `:80` and `:443` will direct traffic to your backend, which serves HTTP requests on the target port mentioned in the Service associated with the Ingress.

### GCP SSL Cert

For the ingress controller to use the certificate and private key stored in a
GCP SSL cert, user needs to specify the SSL cert name using the `ingress.gcp.kubernetes.io/pre-shared-cert` annotation.
The certificate in this case is managed by the user and it is their
responsibility to create/delete it. The Ingress controller assigns the SSL certificate with this name to the target proxies of the Ingress.

## Backend HTTPS
For encrypted communication between the load balancer and your Kubernetes service, you need to decorate the service's port as expecting HTTPS. There's an alpha [Service annotation](examples/backside_https/app.yaml) for specifying the expected protocol per service port. Upon seeing the protocol as HTTPS, the ingress controller will assemble a GCP L7 load balancer with an HTTPS backend-service with a HTTPS health check.

The annotation value is a stringified JSON map of port-name to "HTTPS" or "HTTP".  If you do not specify the port, "HTTP" is assumed.
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: my-echo-svc
  annotations:
      service.alpha.kubernetes.io/app-protocols: '{"my-https-port":"HTTPS"}'
  labels:
    app: echo
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
  - port: 443
    protocol: TCP
    name: my-https-port
  selector:
    app: echo
```

#### Redirecting HTTP to HTTPS

To redirect traffic from `:80` to `:443` you need to examine the `x-forwarded-proto` header inserted by the GCE L7, since the Ingress does not support redirect rules. In nginx, this is as simple as adding the following lines to your config:
```nginx
# Replace '_' with your hostname.
server_name _;
if ($http_x_forwarded_proto = "http") {
    return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
```

Here's an example that demonstrates it, first lets create a self signed certificate valid for upto a year:

```console
$ openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /tmp/tls.key -out /tmp/tls.crt -subj "/CN=foobar.com"
$ kubectl create secret tls tls-secret --key=/tmp/tls.key --cert=/tmp/tls.crt
secret "tls-secret" created
```

Then the Services/Ingress to use it:

```yaml
$ echo "
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: echoheaders-https
  labels:
    app: echoheaders-https
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 8080
    protocol: TCP
    name: http
  selector:
    app: echoheaders-https
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
  name: echoheaders-https
spec:
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: echoheaders-https
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: echoheaders-https
        image: gcr.io/google_containers/echoserver:1.3
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: test
spec:
  tls:
  - secretName: tls-secret
  backend:
    serviceName: echoheaders-https
    servicePort: 80
" | kubectl create -f -
```

This creates 2 GCE forwarding rules that use a single static ip. Port `80` redirects to port `443` which terminates TLS and sends traffic to your backend.

```console
$ kubectl get ing
NAME      HOSTS     ADDRESS   PORTS     AGE
test      *                   80, 443   5s

$ kubectl describe ing
Name:			test
Namespace:		default
Address:		130.211.21.233
Default backend:	echoheaders-https:80 (10.180.1.7:8080,10.180.2.3:8080)
TLS:
  tls-secret terminates
Rules:
  Host	Path	Backends
  ----	----	--------
  *	* 	echoheaders-https:80 (10.180.1.7:8080,10.180.2.3:8080)
Annotations:
  url-map:			k8s-um-default-test--7d2d86e772b6c246
  backends:			{"k8s-be-32327--7d2d86e772b6c246":"HEALTHY"}
  forwarding-rule:		k8s-fw-default-test--7d2d86e772b6c246
  https-forwarding-rule:	k8s-fws-default-test--7d2d86e772b6c246
  https-target-proxy:		k8s-tps-default-test--7d2d86e772b6c246
  static-ip:			k8s-fw-default-test--7d2d86e772b6c246
  target-proxy:			k8s-tp-default-test--7d2d86e772b6c246
Events:
  FirstSeen	LastSeen	Count	From				SubobjectPath	Type		Reason		Message
  ---------	--------	-----	----				-------------	--------	------		-------
  12m		12m		1	{loadbalancer-controller }			Normal		ADD		default/test
  4m		4m		1	{loadbalancer-controller }			Normal		CREATE		ip: 130.211.21.233
```

Testing reachability:
```console
$ curl 130.211.21.233 -kL
CLIENT VALUES:
client_address=10.240.0.4
command=GET
real path=/
query=nil
request_version=1.1
request_uri=http://130.211.21.233:8080/
...

$ curl --resolve foobar.in:443:130.211.21.233 https://foobar.in --cacert /tmp/tls.crt
CLIENT VALUES:
client_address=10.240.0.4
command=GET
real path=/
query=nil
request_version=1.1
request_uri=http://bitrot.com:8080/
...

$ curl --resolve bitrot.in:443:130.211.21.233 https://foobar.in --cacert /tmp/tls.crt
curl: (51) SSL: certificate subject name 'foobar.in' does not match target host name 'foobar.in'
```

Note that the GCLB health checks *do not* get the `301` because they don't include `x-forwarded-proto`.

#### Blocking HTTP

You can block traffic on `:80` through an annotation. You might want to do this if all your clients are only going to hit the loadbalancer through HTTPS and you don't want to waste the extra GCE forwarding rule, eg:
```yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: test
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.allow-http: "false"
spec:
  tls:
  # This assumes tls-secret exists.
  # To generate it run the make in this directory.
  - secretName: tls-secret
  backend:
    serviceName: echoheaders-https
    servicePort: 80
```

Upon describing it you should only see a single GCE forwarding rule:
```console
$ kubectl describe ing
Name:			test
Namespace:		default
Address:		130.211.10.121
Default backend:	echoheaders-https:80 (10.245.2.4:8080,10.245.3.4:8080)
TLS:
  tls-secret terminates
Rules:
  Host	Path	Backends
  ----	----	--------
Annotations:
  https-target-proxy:		k8s-tps-default-test--uid
  url-map:			k8s-um-default-test--uid
  backends:			{"k8s-be-31644--uid":"Unknown"}
  https-forwarding-rule:	k8s-fws-default-test--uid
Events:
  FirstSeen	LastSeen	Count	From				SubobjectPath	Type		Reason	Message
  ---------	--------	-----	----				-------------	--------	------	-------
  13m		13m		1	{loadbalancer-controller }			Normal		ADD	default/test
  12m		12m		1	{loadbalancer-controller }			Normal		CREATE	ip: 130.211.10.121
```

And curling `:80` should just `404`:
```console
$ curl 130.211.10.121
...
  <a href=//www.google.com/><span id=logo aria-label=Google></span></a>
  <p><b>404.</b> <ins>That's an error.</ins>

$ curl https://130.211.10.121 -k
...
SERVER VALUES:
server_version=nginx: 1.9.11 - lua: 10001
```

## Troubleshooting:

This controller is complicated because it exposes a tangled set of external resources as a single logical abstraction. It's recommended that you are at least *aware* of how one creates a GCE L7 [without a kubernetes Ingress](https://cloud.google.com/container-engine/docs/tutorials/http-balancer). If weird things happen, here are some basic debugging guidelines:

* Check loadbalancer controller pod logs via kubectl
A typical sign of trouble is repeated retries in the logs:
```shell
I1006 18:58:53.451869       1 loadbalancer.go:268] Forwarding rule k8-fw-default-echomap already exists
I1006 18:58:53.451955       1 backends.go:162] Syncing backends [30301 30284 30301]
I1006 18:58:53.451998       1 backends.go:134] Deleting backend k8-be-30302
E1006 18:58:57.029253       1 utils.go:71] Requeuing default/echomap, err googleapi: Error 400: The backendService resource 'projects/Kubernetesdev/global/backendServices/k8-be-30302' is already being used by 'projects/Kubernetesdev/global/urlMaps/k8-um-default-echomap'
I1006 18:58:57.029336       1 utils.go:83] Syncing default/echomap
```

This could be a bug or quota limitation. In the case of the former, please head over to slack or github.

* If you see a GET hanging, followed by a 502 with the following response:

```
<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<title>502 Server Error</title>
</head>
<body text=#000000 bgcolor=#ffffff>
<h1>Error: Server Error</h1>
<h2>The server encountered a temporary error and could not complete your request.<p>Please try again in 30 seconds.</h2>
<h2></h2>
</body></html>
```
The loadbalancer is probably bootstrapping itself.

* If a GET responds with a 404 and the following response:
```
  <a href=//www.google.com/><span id=logo aria-label=Google></span></a>
  <p><b>404.</b> <ins>That's an error.</ins>
  <p>The requested URL <code>/hostless</code> was not found on this server.  <ins>That's all we know.</ins>
```
It means you have lost your IP somehow, or just typed in the wrong IP.

* If you see requests taking an abnormal amount of time, run the echoheaders pod and look for the client address
```shell
CLIENT VALUES:
client_address=('10.240.29.196', 56401) (10.240.29.196)
```

Then head over to the GCE node with internal IP 10.240.29.196 and check that the [Service is functioning](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.0/docs/user-guide/debugging-services.md) as expected. Remember that the GCE L7 is routing you through the NodePort service, and try to trace back.

* Check if you can access the backend service directly via nodeip:nodeport
* Check the GCE console
* Make sure you only have a single loadbalancer controller running
* Make sure the initial GCE health checks have passed
* A crash loop looks like:
```shell
$ kubectl get pods
glbc-fjtlq             0/1       CrashLoopBackOff   17         1h
```
If you hit that it means the controller isn't even starting. Re-check your input flags, especially the required ones.

## Creating the firewall rule for GLBC health checks

A default GKE/GCE cluster needs at least 1 firewall rule for GLBC to function. The Ingress controller should create this for you automatically. You can also create it thus:
```console
$ gcloud compute firewall-rules create allow-130-211-0-0-22 \
  --source-ranges 130.211.0.0/22,35.191.0.0/16 \
  --target-tags $TAG \
  --allow tcp:$NODE_PORT
```

Where `130.211.0.0/22` and `35.191.0.0/16` are the source ranges of the GCE L7, `$NODE_PORT` is the node port your Service is exposed on, i.e:
```console
$ kubectl get -o jsonpath="{.spec.ports[0].nodePort}" services ${SERVICE_NAME}
```

and `$TAG` is an optional list of GKE instance tags, i.e:
```console
$ kubectl get nodes | awk '{print $1}' | tail -n +2 | grep -Po 'gke-[0-9,a-z]+-[0-9,a-z]+-node' | uniq
```

## GLBC Implementation Details

For the curious, here is a high level overview of how the GCE LoadBalancer controller manages cloud resources.

The controller manages cloud resources through a notion of pools. Each pool is the representation of the last known state of a logical cloud resource. Pools are periodically synced with the desired state, as reflected by the Kubernetes api. When you create a new Ingress, the following happens:
* Updates instance groups to reflect all nodes in the cluster.
* Creates Backend Service for each Kubernetes service referenced in the ingress spec.
* Adds named-port for each Backend Service to each instance group.
* Creates a URL Map, TargetHttpProxy, and ForwardingRule.
* Updates the URL Map according to the Ingress.

Periodically, each pool checks that it has a valid connection to the next hop in the above resource graph. So for example, the backend pool will check that each backend is connected to the instance group and that the node ports match, the instance group will check that all the Kubernetes nodes are a part of the instance group, and so on. Since Backend Services are a limited resource, they're shared (well, everything is limited by your quota, this applies doubly to Backend Services). This means you can setup N Ingress' exposing M services through different paths and the controller will only create M backends. When all the Ingress' are deleted, the backend pool GCs the backend.

## Wish list:

* More E2e, integration tests
* Better events
* Detect leaked resources even if the Ingress has been deleted when the controller isn't around
* Specify health checks (currently we just rely on kubernetes service/pod liveness probes and force pods to have a `/` endpoint that responds with 200 for GCE)
* Alleviate the NodePort requirement for Service Type=LoadBalancer.
* Async pool management of backends/L7s etc
* Retry back-off when GCE Quota is done
* GCE Quota integration

[![Analytics](https://kubernetes-site.appspot.com/UA-36037335-10/GitHub/contrib/service-loadbalancer/gce/README.md?pixel)]()


Whether you're a Brisbane resident or visitor, the CBD has parking deals that are easy on your wallet and take the fuss out of your trip to the shops, movies or restaurant.
Check out the convenient, affordable options offered in areas such as Spring Hill, Milton and Petrie Terrace.
Early-bird deals are a guaranteed way to save on your parking, so go online to find the best rates.
Make the most of your visit to vibrant, multicultural Fortitude Valley by checking out the parking deals that ensure you're saving money while being close to the action.
It's easy to keep parking costs down when you visit the many attractions of South Bank - just use these handy deals.


Because how else are you going to monitor 17-miles of underground complex?
The results are spotty, but when they turn out well they're actually pretty impressive.
You'll need a VR headset to go on this trip.
A clever art installation lets you explore the nuances of fractals with a VR headset.


Lines 39, 44, 45, 54, 55, 56, 61, 64 and 92 currently pass through the intersection of SW Capitol Hwy and Sunset in Hillsdale, just north of Wilson High School. All but the 39, which only travels east through here, and the 92, which is an express bus and does not stop, currently have a westbound stop on the near side of the intersection (where the second bus is, to the left of the "55" on the diagram). All but Line 55 travel east/west on Capitol Hwy through the area.
Having 7 different bus lines stop on the near side of a traffic signal can cause congestion and delays, since every bus has to make it through the signal queue up to the intersection and then serve the same stop. This may be why Line 92 does not stop, missing out on many transfer opportunities, including to/from Lines 61 and 64, which are express buses that serve Marquam Hill and the many medical facilities there.
Move the stop to the farside of the intersection. Room could be made for one (or two) by closing on the gas station's four driveways, partially closing another one (but still leaving room for vehicles to enter and exit) and/or removing landscaping that exists next to the sidewalk. Line 55 would serve a new stop on Sunset (after it turns north).
This would allow buses to proceed through the traffic signal on the first possible green and not have to wait for the next cycle because of needing to stop there to serve the stop. In addition, if it allowed the 92 to stop there, there could be better connections including allowing express trips (with one transfer) between southern Beaverton (west of Washington Square) and Marquam Hill. One must now take two local buses (including going into and out of Washington Square to make a second transfer) for a large portion of the trip or travel all the way to downtown Portland and back.
Ideally, the gas station would be removed (though the store could remain, and be an asset for riders) and replaced with an off-street transit center, consisting of an island platform with buses to and from Portland stopping on either side. The signal at Sunset should allow eastbound buses to get a break in westbound traffic to enter, as well as get back onto Capitol Hwy. Line 55 would serve new stops on Sunset.
Line 51 could also be extended down to here and possibly be combined with Line 39, maybe serving Bertha Blvd or Vermont/Chestnut in both directions. This would allow direct service between the Council Crest area and here; this trip now requires going north to downtown, transferring and heading back south. In addition, it could mean more service along Sunset Blvd since the 55 only runs during rush hours and has been cut back.
In addition, Line 1 could travel to here, and possibly follow the loop that Line 39 now travels. This would allow connections to the many other bus lines and possibly allow it to permanently not go downtown, given the high level of other service and nice transferring environment. And overall travel time should not be higher given that taking Line 1 currently requires traveling down to Barbur & Bertha and back. The loop would keep direct service to Barbur Blvd and Fred Meyer/other businesses there, though it would mean an indirect route from here to points west (or a transfer).


text:
Victoria Station est une pièce de théâtre du dramaturge et Prix Nobel de littérature anglais Harold Pinter.

La pièce a été créée en octobre 1982 à Londres par le National Theatre dans une mise en scène de Peter Hall. Sous le titre Others places, le programme comprenait aussi les pièces A Kind of Alaska et Family Voices.

En France, la pièce a été créée le  par Bernard Murat au Festival d'Avignon pour la Comédie-Française. Sous le titre Autres Horizons, le programme comprenait aussi les pièces Une sorte d'Alaska et Un pour la route.

Festival d'Avignon, 1987
 Mise en scène : Bernard Murat
 Texte Français : Éric Kahane
 Scénographie : Philippe Boudin
 Costumes : Bernadette Villard
 Lumières : Jacques Puisais
 le dispatcher : Michel Aumont
 le chauffeur : François Barbin

Pièce de théâtre britannique
Pièce de théâtre de 1982
Pièce de théâtre de Harold Pinter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
You are here: Home > Pharmacies
COVID-19 United States Map for Addison County... Visit
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CDC (Centers for Disease Control) say US must... Visit
Currently (as of Feb. 27, 2020), there are 53 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S., according to the CDC's own data. "As community spread is detected in more and more countries, the world moves closer towards meeting the third [criterion: worldwide spread of the new virus." As the coronavirus disease, or COVID-19, continues to..
18:12 Unconventional But Effective Therapy fo... Visit
18:12 Mary T. Newport, M.D. When Dr. Newport's husband Steven was diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer's, as a Doctor herself, she explored routine treatment options. But when his symptoms became so severe that he was not able to participate in clinical trials, her scientific deductions led to coconut oil, which has led to amazing results…
Reader's Digest – 7 Home Remedies... Visit
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Timeline of President Donald Trump commitment to Repeal & Replace ObamaCare early in his presidency (He assumed office January 2017). From Wikipedia: "The American Health Care Act of 2017 (H.R. 1628), referred to by the acronym AHCA and nicknamed variously as Trumpcare, Ryancare, Republicare, and pejoratively Obamacare-Lite, is a United States Congress bill to repeal..
Online Medical Dictionary E-Medicine Health Visit
Search Medical Topics A-Z; Medications; Alternatives; Information search; medical terminology;
Blink Health – Same medication, same ph... Visit
Americans have come to rely on their smartphones to help them do seemingly everything, like hailing a taxi and comparing prices of dog food. But when it comes to buying prescription drugs, consumers still find the process maddeningly antiquated. Now, a few entrepreneurs say they are aiming to fundamentally change the way people buy drugs,..
GoodRx – Find comparative prices and c... Visit
Provides price comparisons for medications purchased near you. GoodRx is the #1 medical app for iOS and Android Get prescription drug prices on-the-go, with coupons built into the app. Just show your iPhone or Android smartphone to the pharmacist to save.
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Videos provided for the conditions on which symptoms are experienced. A help to know when you should get help, and not "tough it out".

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NASHVILLE — Tennessee's unemployment rate for October was 9.4 percent, unchanged from the September rate. The national unemployment rate for October 2010 was 9.6 percent, unchanged from the September rate.
Cannon County's jobless rate for October was 9.7 percent, up from 9.6 in September. However, it's down 1.4 percent from Oct. 2009.
The state estimates Cannon Co. has a labor force of 6,670, of which 6,020 were employed in October.
County non-seasonally adjusted unemployment rates for October 2010, released today, show that the rate decreased in 43 counties, increased in 38 counties and remained the same in 14 counties.
Lincoln County registered the state's lowest county unemployment rate at 6.1 percent, up from the September rate of 6.0 percent. Scott County had the state's highest unemployment rate at 19.0 percent, down from 19.8 percent in the previous month, followed by Marshall County at 15.5 percent, down from the September rate of 15.6 percent.
Knox County had the state's lowest major metropolitan rate of 7.0 percent, down from 7.1 percent in September. Hamilton County was 7.8 percent, unchanged from the previous month. Davidson County was 8.7 percent, down from 9.1 percent, and Shelby County was 9.8 percent, up one-tenth of a percentage point from September.


Vendors, and fun that you can imagine . 2+1/2 days of stars , and fans. PLUS sat night ; concert and party ! check it out and get there !
The Prof was at the very first ,and hes still setting up and hanging out . Its super creepy cool.


text:
Q: compatibility of pdfpages and screenread packages? Okay everyone, sorry about my original not being up to standard.  A better version follows.
First, here is a MWE:
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{pdfpages}
%\usepackage{screenread}

\begin{document}

Some text

\includepdf{image}

\end{document}

File image.pdf can be found here:
http://www.mathematrucker.com/image.pdf
(Any small-sized pdf ought to work.)
File screenread.sty can be found here:
https://github.com/bishboria/screen-read-class
So here's my problem: when \usepackage{screenread} is activated, image.pdf disappears from the second page.  My goal is to use screenread to shorten the height of the first page without losing image.pdf on the second page.
Note: if all I needed to do was merge the second page with the first, there would be no issue.  I think it's okay that my MWE didn't include any links though.
Will leave my initial post below in case it contains any useful information.  It will mean a lot to me if anyone can help me solve this problem!  Thanks everyone.
=======================
Part I of my LaTeX document links to Part II using pdfpages and hyperref—the former merges individual pdf pages together to create Part II.
Part I has a whitespace issue due to lots of images.  The screenread package solves this problem beautifully.
Unfortunately, screenread breaks pdfpages.  When I try to use both at the same time, Part I still gets created beautifully by screenread, but Part II consists of a bunch of empty pages. They have the same width as the Part I pages, but since they don't have any content and screenread is still in play, they're only about an inch high.
Ideally there would be some way to "turn screenread off" when it comes time to typeset Part II.
Assuming not, can anyone suggest a workaround?  My main problem is getting the hyperlinks into Part I.  Their number is large (>1000), so I'm really dependent on pdfpages!  Note that I am using pdfLaTeX.
The specific command that's broken is
\newcommand{\pdf}[4]{\includepdf[pages={#1},link,noautoscale,offset=#3in #4in]{#2}}

A: screenread contains no code to deactivate its settings (but it would be rather easy to extend the package). But you can with the help of geometry restore the "normal" page layout:
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{pdfpages}
\usepackage{geometry}
\savegeometry{normal}

\usepackage{screenread}

\begin{document}

Some text

\newpage
\loadgeometry{normal}
\EveryShipout{\pdfpageheight=\paperheight
              \pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth}
\includepdf{example-image-letter}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Cereals are a great alternative to a hot breakfast , particularly when you are In a rush and want breakfast on the go or when you don't want to cook in the morning. Oats is considered healthy and heart friendly and granola is a crunchier version of oats. I recently decided to try and make my own granola at home and it turned out so good that I'm now sold on it . There's no need anymore to buy expensive granola packs from the super market and the best part is that you can add your own choice of nuts and seeds . In this recipe I have not added chia seeds but in my next batch of granola, I plan to add them.
Preheat the oven to 150 degree centigrade. In a large bowl mix the oats and dry fruits and salt. Keep the raisins and cranberries aside. Mix oil and honey in a separate bowl and mix the dry and wet ingredients well together. Spread the mixture in a baking tray and put in oven for 40 minutes. After every 15 minutes stir the mixture well to ensure uniform baking. After 40 minutes bring out the tray and mix the raisins and cranberries. At this stage the granola will still be a bit soft and as it cools it will get crunchy. Allow it to cool completely and store in an airtight jar.


It's that time of year again to pack the sandwiches and flasks of tea, as The National Ploughing Championships returns from Tues 20th until Thurs 22nd Sept. The event is Ireland and Europe's largest outdoor exhibition and Agricultural Trade Show, with some of the finest food, machinery, farming attire and of course ploughing, around.
Now its 85th year, some 281,000 people attended last year's event, and similar numbers are expected this year in Screggan outside Tullamore.
As always, with a large crowd comes high volumes of traffic. Whether you are travelling by private or public transport, we have all the information you need to make getting to/from the event as easy as putting on a pair of wellies (just don't do so while driving).
Day tickets at the gate cost €20 for an adult and €15 for students and seniors. If you pre-order your tickets, students can avail of a €10 ticket and orders of 10 tickets or more get a 10% discount. To book your tickets and for more information, click here.
What can I expect at the Ploughing?
Tuesday in Screggan is set to be a vibrant day with a vintage display, sheep shearing demos, a lifestyle village and a funfair just some of the highlights. The sheep dog trials also take place today and if you're looking for something different, tractor football kicks off at lunchtime. The first day of the Ploughing will bring famous faces: President Michael D Higgins and singer Derek Ryan among the special guests.
On Wednesday, there will be craft and cookery demos, a fashion show and the semi-finals of the National Brown Bread Baking Competition. Today, you could even come home with the most prized possession of all – the award for Most Appropriately Dressed. Just because it's the second day of the Ploughing, doesn't mean it's short of celebs. Singer Derek Ryan will be still on site and there will even be a presentation of calves to students by Miriam O'Callaghan.
The final day of the championships, Thursday, is equally as energetic as the previous two. Live robotic milking and international exhibits are just some of the highlights. There will be more fashion shows and tractor football going on and entertainment will come from a wide variety of acts including Entertainer Rock on Paddy. Of course, the National Brown Bread Baking Competition Final takes place too and this day sees the whole week come to a climax when the Ploughing Competition results are announced from 6pm.
What services are on site for Visitors?
Routes to the venue are divided into colours depending on what part of the country you are travelling from. It's worth noting too that the N52 Mucklagh Bypass will be closed from Thursday 19th until approx. 6pm on Friday 23rd September.
Traffic travelling northbound on the M8 will exit at Junction 6 Thurles and on towards Thurles before heading towards Birr on the N62. There, traffic will join the N52 and travel north to the event site at Screggan.
Parking: Patrons on this route will park in the designated BLUE car parks on the left and right hand side next to the event grounds.
Traffic travelling from Kilkenny or the South East will travel north along the N77 via Abbeyleix to Portlaoise. It will then be directed through Clonminham and onto the N80 to Mountmellick. It will then take the Clonaslee Rd (R422) and Killurin Rd (R421) before being directed to the event site at Screggan.
Parking: Patrons on this route will park in the designated GREY car parks beside the event grounds at Screggan.
Traffic from Carlow and the south east will travel on the N80 towards Portlaoise. At the Bloomfield roundabout, traffic will travel north through Rathbrennan towards the Heath and turn-off at the Wheel Inn pub (sign-posted Portarlington). It will then travel towards Mountmellick and onto Tullamore via Killeigh.
Parking: Patrons on this route will park in the designated YELLOW car parks beside the event grounds at Screggan.
Traffic travelling northbound on the M7 will exit at Junction 26 Nenagh West and travel along the N52 towards Borrisokane. In Borrisokane, traffic will take the N65 towards Portumna and then the Cloghan Rd (R438). In Cloghan, turn right to the event (R357).
Parking: Those on this route will park in the designated BROWN car parks beside the event grounds at Screggan.
Traffic from Dublin should use the M4/M6 westbound and exit at Junction 5 Tullamore. You'll then head onto the N52 towards Tullamore. Traffic will then travel via Durrow (you'll pass by the GAA Pitch), the Clara/ Tullamore Rd (R420) and then get the shuttle service to the site.
Parking: Patrons on this route will park in the designated PURPLE car park.
Traffic from the North will travel via Mullingar and onto the N52 towards Tyrellspass. It will travel to Kilbeggan via the Old N6 (R446), onto the Clara Rd (R436), the local Durrow Rd (L2009) and then join the Tullamore/ Clara Rd (R420). At Coolnahiley, traffic will be directed to parking beside the event grounds.
Parking: Patrons travelling this route will park in the designated PINK car parks beside the event grounds at Screggan.
Traffic travelling from the west will exit the M6 motorway at Junction 6 Moate East towards Moate. It will then travel via the Ballycumber Rd and join the Ballycumber/ Clara Rd (R436) towards Rahan before being directed onto the local Mucklagh Rd (L2011) towards the event site.
Parking: Patrons travelling this route will park in the designated GREEN car parks on the right hand side of the local Mucklagh Rd (L2011) just beside the event grounds at Screggan.
Traffic travelling Southbound along the M7 Motorway will exit at Junction 15 Ballybrittas and onto the Old Dublin Road (R445). It will then travel through Emo Village and onto Cloneygowan Village. Traffic will then travel towards Tullamore (R420) to the event site.
Parking: Patrons travelling this route will park in the designated ORANGE car parks.
Still not sure how you're getting to the Ploughing Championships? Use our new and improved AA Routeplanner service or why not download The AA App?
There are plenty of options if you're looking to leave the car behind. Iarnród Éireann provide regular services to Tullamore via the Dublin to Galway/ Westport line. From the train station, Bus Eireann will be providing a frequent shuttle service to/from the site at Screggan each day. The last bus from Tullamore station is at 11am and the last return is 6pm.
Further details are available on irishrail.ie. There will be constant bus returns to Tullamore station. They depart from 3pm every day of the show.
Bus Éireann also run a regular service to Tullamore and nearby towns. For more details, check out their website.
A number of private bus companies will also be providing services to/ from the site for the duration of the event.
Want to work for AA Roadwatch?


text:
Home › Game Forums › Guild Wars 2 › Reviews & Impressions
GW2 was my last hope for the genre....... so back to paper and pencil
teakinator Member Posts: 14
September 2012 in Reviews & Impressions
I have been playing MMOs since Everquest and I have noticed a disturbing trend. Prior to EQ, those of us that loved the fantasy genre played roleplaying games with dice, paper, pencil and a group of friends. The game was best enjoyed with a group, all contributing both through their charaacters skills but probably even more importantly through their wit and roleplaying. The memories of those years of paper and pencil gaming will last me a lifetime and I think of them fondly.
Of course, as technology allowed our paper and pencil games to move to computer (i.e., Bards Tale, Ultima and Wizardry) and ultimately the internet (Everquest) the games at the beginning of the computer version of the fantasy genre were very similar to paper and pencil gaming as they placed a huge emphasis on grouping for EVERYTHING. I have played every major MMO since EQ1 and while the game play and graphics are always improving, the PvE part of the games is not in my opinion. Quests in EQ were hard and long. EQOA had questlines that took weeks to complete and you needed a group for basically every part of the quest. EQ2 came out and added a solo-element to the game. While for me at first this was a welcomed change and allowed me to enjoy the genre without the time sink necessary to have a regular group, I didn't realize until Guild Wars 2 how much I have missed grouping as a requirement and how much MMOs have changed, negatively in my opinion, since EQ1.
I will give GW2 great applause for a very polished gameplay experience but what is missing in mind (and RIFT had the same problem) is the community. No one really chats and there is very little reason to group. As an old paper and pencil fuddy-duddy from the 1970s what is missing from GW2 (and it is missing from RIFT, WOW, SWTOR, LOTRO and others) is the need to group for more than just raids or dungeons. Grouping for regular grinding or epic quests creates lots of opportunities for meaningful and prolonged interaction, banter, which lead to meaningful in-game friendships.With the elimination of a standalone healer class this downward slide away from grouping was the last straw for me.
So, to those that I have played with online (Dairith, Qen, Nicci, Windbear, Xerios, Windbear, and Maxpain) thank you for the memories from the EQ and WoW franchise. As of an hour ago, I have decided that GW2 was the last MMO I will ever play. I have deleted the game from the computer and actually pulled out my paper and pencil PATHFINDER books and am forming a local group of adults (have 4 so far) and we are going to have the interaction that we hoped could have been achieved from videogames. So my departure from GW2 (and retirement from MMOs) should not be taken as a reflection on the gameplay, but instead a fundamental flaw in the MMO market--- the lost art of meaningful and longer term interaction with other players. Prior to my retirement, I choose to play MMOs over Single-player RPG because I desired the company of other individuals to create shared memories, experiences, and friendships. I have been playing GW2 since beta and found that there is very minimal chatting…. People are just too busy smashing buttons. Quests are short and travel distances are short… it seems that others who are playing this game just don't have the same need that I do for the connection with other players. So farewell MMOs….. I will be slaying my dragons with 4 friends in the same room, a number of cold beers, plastic dice, metal miniatures and graph paper.
Teak Dharan
RebelScum99 Member Posts: 1,090
In before "It must be the server you're on, because on MY server everyone is very social and helpful!" nonsense.
To the OP, you hit the nail on the head. ANet did a great job with world design, and their dynamic events do pretty much what they said they would do. Ironically, however, they take AWAY from the social experience. Many fans of this game like to trumpet it as a return to social MMOs due to the "teamwork" involved in dynamic events (For now, I'll let that pass, as I find little to no teamwork needed in a zergfest with precious few boss mechanics outside of "red circle on ground." )
The problem with these auto-grouping features in games like Rift and GW2, is you've now taken the REASON for people to get to know one another out of the equation. In old-school MMOs, if you needed to complete a difficult group quest or dungeon, you had to actually interact with people and find people to help you. There was a sense of camraderie involved as you were getting the team assembled and completing the dungeon/group quest. Nowadays, most new themeparks don't require you go go out of your way to find help. And what about the feeling of accomplishment when your team was able to complete the mission or dungeon in those old school MMOs? Does anyone really feel like patting themselves on the back in Rift or GW2 when you complete a Rift or dynamic event? You have no connection to the people beside you in the event. You mainly complete it due to overwhelming numbers. So there really is no sense of accomplisment when it's complete.
Need help with a dungeon? It's one click away with the dungeon finder. Now, games like GW2 and Rift have streamlined the process even more in that they've created group content that doesn't require you to say a single word to anyone else in your group. Heck, you don't even have to click that one button. Just be in the area, start the mission, zerg the mission, and go on your merry way afterwards. Not a single word needs to be uttered.
GW2 is not a social game, despite what its fans will try to convince you of otherwise. Don't get me wrong, I think the dynamic events are pretty fun, but they definitely detract from the social aspect of the MMO.
Four0Six Member UncommonPosts: 1,175
I only beta'd GW2 but agree with the lack of community feeling.
I think though, this is what the gaming marketplace wants.
Personally I'd rather down a six-pack and roll dice and move minis on the tabletop. But, the startup cost of tabletop wargaiming makes sub fees seem like pocket change. If you even have a local community that plays, you choice of game or not.
So, I save my coins. Dabble in The Secret World. Toy with buying a copy of GW2 just cuz. But $60 is an army book and some models. Plus even though I don't mind tabletop fantasy war.....I'm tired of video gaming it.
Nadia Member UncommonPosts: 11,798
personally, guilds go a long way to making a difference w community
EQ2 fan sites
Legere Member UncommonPosts: 123
not that I have much hope for it, but give eq3 a try when that comes out
Tawn47 Member Posts: 512
Originally posted by teakinator
Its all because of teamspeak / mumble / ventrillo etc.... if you want to socialise in an MMO, you gotta join a guild with a chat system. This is not a problem with the design of MMO's.
Syno23 Member UncommonPosts: 1,360
Did you forget Dungeons, WvW, Dynamic Events, and what not. They all REQUIRE a group. So I dont know what you're talking about buddy.
StanlyStanko Member UncommonPosts: 270
Originally posted by Legere
If they take their design cues from the last 10 years of games, it could be trouble. Or maybe they bring it oldskool.
jpnole Member UncommonPosts: 1,696
OP - In the time it took you to write up that post another 10 people registered their copy of GW2 to replace you.
Knightblast Member Posts: 1,798
The thing is that there is a difference between PnP games and PC games. The expectation of the player is different. I play and enjoy both, but I don't expect the same things from each of them.
MMORPGs, when they first began, were virtual world games that appealed to a small subset of hardcore gamers. Over time they have become less virtual world and more video game, with an emphasis on gaming over socialization per se. There are several reasons for this, ranging from the deliberate expansion of the market by Blizzard to the shift in internet use towards social media -- which had the impact of people not really wanting to use video games to socialize with people they don't otherwise already know and to do that using voice communication, rather than socializing with strangers in a video game -- socialization moved to social network sites, and people wanted gaming, not socialization, from online games. As a result, MMOs are now not really "virtual worlds" with communities of strangers socializing in an online world, but rather cooperative online games with systems that encourage players to cooperate with each other *without* having to socialize. This has been done to meet demand -- players want to be quickly in and quickly out, and they don't want to socialize with people on the internet whom they don't otherwise know. So things like dungeon finders and public quests exist to faciitate this and meet this need.
To me this was a natural progression that resulted from the growth of the genre and the general move on the internet away from making virtual friends under pseudonyms to using the technology to interact with real life friends rather than strangers.
PnP games, by contrast, are all about socialization because that is the core context in which they take place. You set aside a set amount of time, and you have a session with a few like-minded people. It's a very different thing from a video game, which someone plays every day or several times a week, but probably not (for most) for an extended session. It's a different genre of game, even though it has its roots in the fantasy PnP RPG genre -- it has become something else, and this isn't really a bad thing.
Originally posted by Syno23
You missed the point of the post. Dynamic Events don't require a group because they scale. But even if they didn't scale, the grouping is done for you automatically. So technically, there is no difference between completing a dynamic event and completing a solo quest. Because you aren't required to do anything to complete it. In other words, no social interaction is required. ANET has basically takent all the difficult content in the game, and allowed you to finish it without ever uttering a word to anyone.
There is a difference between "group content" and "social content."
Pravana Member Posts: 48
I understand. I was looking foward to all the community grouping and cooperation but it's not there. I primarary play with my husband and we have created memories we'll won't forget but honesty I cant recall the character name or real name of anyone ive run dungeons or completed content with.
The disconnect is definately there. Even when the content is group based you'll have people yelling about the lack of "single player content" in an MMO no less. When I log on to GW2 people are in chat trying to help each other with quest or objectives. I see the effort being put into trying to make it a real community, but I understand OP just moving back to pen,paper and some like minded people.
Humans need to socialize but it cant be forced.
VicodinTaco Member UncommonPosts: 804
I agree, but sadly I'm on the other end of the situation.
As I get older I feel like grouping less and less, and am enjoying how GW2 is done in tiny little chunks of achievement with a large % being solo (so far.)
Originally posted by jpnole
daniel!!! Member Posts: 400
i actually have a feeling of community, i met some people in BWE 1 and we are still gaming together, we are in a guild together, constantly sharing items, heads up on events and everything plus we are always adding more people to our masses. although it is at a slow rate
Emeraq Member UncommonPosts: 989
Originally posted by Tawn47
Yeah I have to agree, it's not a design flaw, developers can design a game that forces grouping all the time and you'll still not have the long lasting relationships because there will still be many players out there that form pick up groups to just get shit done, not to develop friendships.
So, in my view the flaw is the player(s) either not joining a guild, or not getting to know others in their guild... Maybe OP should have had those four buddies he's going to PnP with play this game as well, the dungeons are, afterall, 5 man.
We always hates on the game, when plenty a time we should be hating on the players..
If you're going PnP, dig up some Shadowrun!
Break from the cartoony high fantasy for awhile.
Yakkin Member Posts: 919
Changing the mentalities of people so they would be more willing to try to socialize would probably be the only effective way to turn things around. But that would probably take half a century to do.
Distopia Member EpicPosts: 21,182
A valid point is a valid point. That's my biggest gripe about every single MMO that I've played since at least 2005. There is no player interaction needed. Th genre has moved far away from social aspects and social skills being a needed player trait.
Which might explain why large gaming communities are filled with anti-social misanthropic immature twats today.
For every minute you are angry , you lose 60 seconds of happiness."-Emerson
Wraithone Member RarePosts: 3,802
I wish you all the best. I'm of two minds here. I quite agree, some of my best memories have been of interactions with other players, over the years. But also some of my worst memories. Its reached the point that I really have no interest in dealing with 95% plus of the gaming population, so being able to play solo has been a bonus.
I'm very interested in seeing where MMO's go, as technology advances. Perhaps once VR manages to solve its various problems, and becomes wide spread, we will find more of the group interaction we are looking for. Until that time, I'll play solo, and I wish you and your friends the very best of luck and fun.
"If you can't kill it, don't make it mad."
bonzoso21 Member UncommonPosts: 314
One of the many reasons WoW grew to be so popular was that it was designed in a way that allowed for all different types of players. Quieter people who preferred playing alone or with friends and family could now progress through most--and eventually all--of the kind of content that was previously restricted to players who enjoyed working in large groups, meeting new players and getting to know them. Obviously this blew the genre wide open, and now most developers take a similar path, since it allows for a bigger potential playerbase. That doesn't necessarily mean that MMOs nowadays have no social interaction; it just means that you have to be willing to seek out that interaction for yourself, spending time looking for a guild full of total strangers and then actually talking to them. Not all players will do that, but what's so wrong with that?
Anyway, best of luck. I'm a gamer-of-all-trades, myself, so I'll always keep an eye on the MMO genre. It offers a large collection of features you can't always get from other genres in videogames. I'll keep enjoying single-player RPGs, too, and shooters, and sports games, and action-adventures, and puzzle games, and party games, and tabletop games... ... ...all things in moderation.
Misaris Member Posts: 140
After TOR and GW2 I realized there are only two MMOs for me, EvE and Secret World. Everything else is not worth my time anymore.
rathalas22 Member Posts: 46
Ifeel for you OP. I went back to PnP about a year ago. I have much more fun with that than any of the recent MMORPGs, if you can even call them that anymore. The only issue with PnP is that you can't play whenever you want. I hope it works out well for you.
QuicklyScott Member Posts: 433
Originally posted by Ballsout
[mod edit]
Insert Futurama Fry meme.
NBlitz Member Posts: 1,904
What? This does not compute. If you don't like this game you're awesome? Is that what you meant? I can't think of anything else you could have possibly meant by this.
Starfired Member UncommonPosts: 28
OP-
Check out 'Neverwinter'
Its bringing real DnD to the internet. Looks pretty cool, check out the 'Foundry'


Ditto on my Versys. I had a warped brake disc replaced by a FL dealer and the fork seals replaced recently by Davis Service Center in Montrose CO. Excellent shop, BTW.
Both repairs done on the extended warranty.
Just to confirm others... I was able to buy the 2nd extension through Ultimate Cycle - Florida residents are no problem.
Just renewed my warranty thru Ultimate Cycle for a grand total of $359.00. Easy, no hassle. Sent them an e-mail with the info, got a call back for my credit card info, DONE!!
I just want to thank this forum, especially this post, and a very very big "THANK YOU" to Pete with Ulitmare Cycle! My Extended Warranty (KPP/GTPP) purchased through him just paid itself off today. 3 fold easily! Brought the bike into the Stealership that said my TPMS wouldn't be covered because it was probably "just the battery". I was able to get in contact with a Service tech for an out of state dealership that I had met through a Facebook group. This tech had Kawasaki call me and i was able to get preauthorized for the rear shock to be replaced. (I hadn't been able to adjust the preload since I bought the bike) I got the call from the service department today around lunch saying "Kawasaki is going to pay for everything I brought it in for. Rear shock, both TPMS, left fork seal that was leaking." Gonna have to come out of pocket like $150 for them to do the right one done since it wasn't leaking when I brought it in. Still Not bad since i don't see a point in doing one and not the other while the bike is in the shop anyway, might as well get the fluids replaced. So a huge "THANK YOU PETE!" again. Best $ I've spent on this bike PERIOD! Now what am I supposed to do while my baby is in the shop???
Are you talking about the 2009 C-14 with 200,000+ miles??
Just did the deed through Ultimate Cycle. Sent an email this morning with all the particulars, got a call back this afternoon for payment. Easy peasy!
Page created in 0.404 seconds with 25 queries.


While most people are asleep at 2:30 a.m., Ben Berry is already starting his work day. Berry is a dairy equipment processor in the milk room at the Mississippi State University Dairy Plant. He processes milk, cheese and ice cream for the plant. He also pasteurizes and sterilizes milk, and processes the cream to make butter.
No two days look the same for Walter Solomon at the Mississippi State University Delta Research and Extension Center. The variety in his work is one of his favorite aspects of his job. Solomon serves as a research associate at the DREC in Stoneville. He is involved in every aspect of the plant pathology program with a focus on data analysis and manuscript preparation.
Mississippi State has updated its unmanned aircraft systems and model aircraft policy. "This updated policy clearly defines acceptable usage of UAS and model aircraft on university property," said David Shaw, vice president for research and economic development at MSU. "I encourage anyone with an interest in operating unmanned aircraft on campus to review this policy carefully."
Bringing rural Mississippi communities into the digital age is the objective of a newly established Mississippi State University Extension Service program. The MSU Extension Intelligent Community Institute, or MSUE-ICI, is a joint project between the Extension Center for Technology Outreach, Extension Center for Government and Community Development, and its parent worldwide organization, the Intelligent Community Forum.
The refugee crisis in Europe and the Middle East is the focus of research at Mississippi State as social scientists examine topics related to mass migration, security, immigration and health, and the media's portrayal of immigrants, such as the incarceration or detainment of immigrants. Members of the university's Social Science Research Center will present their findings in June at a seminar they have organized on immigration and refugees to take place at the University of Split in Croatia.
The Maroon Volunteer Center at Mississippi State details a number of volunteer opportunities for the campus community on its website and in its newsletter this week, including community garden project volunteers at the Boys & Girls Club, Maroon Edition Habitat for Humanity, Service DAWGS Day site leaders, MVNU2MSU, and more.
Baseball hosts a 2016 NCAA Baseball Tournament super regional at Dudy Noble Field with games beginning on Friday. For a schedule and other event information, please visit HailState.com.
Mississippi State University President Mark E. Keenum has been elected to a two-year term as president of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) by his fellow presidents and chancellors at the SEC's summer meeting in Destin, Florida. "I am honored to be chosen to lead and to help direct policy in the most prestigious athletic conference in the nation," he said. As SEC president, Keenum will head the seven-member executive committee.
A longtime faculty member in Mississippi State's College of Architecture, Art and Design is the new permanent leader of its art department. Since 2014, Angi Elsea Bourgeois has headed the Magnolia State's largest undergraduate studio art program on an interim basis. Her permanent appointment begins July 1.
A Mississippi State communication faculty member has been selected to participate in a national program where he will learn firsthand about the transformation of news and information delivery in a digital media world. As one of six recipients of a Scripps Howard Foundation Visiting Professor in Social Media Program grant, associate professor Larry Strout will embark on an all-expenses paid trip this August to WCPO-TV/WCPO.com.
Researchers at Mississippi State have developed synthetically grown diamond-based radiation detectors that are the first of their kind to be used in a physics experiment. MSU physics and astronomy associate professor Dipangkar Dutta and alumnus Amrendra Narayan -- along with colleagues in Armenia and Canada, and U.S. colleagues in Arkansas, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas and Virginia -- utilized the detectors, with the highest precision ever, to measure a property of electron beams known as spin polarization.


text:
Q: LeetCode - Why does this function return undefined, although it has just logged an array? As I'm new to programming, I'm currently trying to apply the basics I learnt by solving some simple problems on LeetCode. However the problem "3Sum" has led me to something I just don't seem to understand.
Here is the definition of the exercise:

Given an array nums of n integers, are there elements a, b, c in nums such that a + b + c = 0? Find all unique triplets in the array which gives the sum of zero.

Now, here is what I've come up with yet:
var result = [];
var threeSum = function(nums) {
    for (let i = 1; i < nums.length; i++) {
        for (let j = i + 1; j < nums.length; j++) {
            if (nums[0] + nums[i] + nums[j] == 0) {
                result.push([nums[0], nums[i], nums[j]])
            }
        }
    }

    if(nums.length > 3) {
        nums.shift();
        threeSum(nums);
    } else {
        console.log("result: ", result);
        return result;
    }
};

Now I was testing this with the following input:

[-1,0,1,2,-1,-4]

The console.log statement in the else block at the bottom gave:

result:  [ [ -1, 0, 1 ], [ -1, 2, -1 ], [ 0, 1, -1 ] ]

which is exactly what I've wanted it to log out for now.
However the return statement below returns "undefined".
As they are both in the same else block, I think they should both be executed.
How can "result" be logged as an Array, however returning it causes it to be "undefined"?
Please note that I'm aware this might not be the correct way to solve this problem, nor this is solution is sufficient for the exercise. I'm not asking for any correction, as I want to develop the algorithm by myself, it's just the fact that, in this case, "result" seems to be defined and undefined at the same time :)

A: You are almost there. Just add the return in order to do your recursion:

var result = [];
var threeSum = function(nums) {
    for (let i = 1; i < nums.length; i++) {
        for (let j = i + 1; j < nums.length; j++) {
            if (nums[0] + nums[i] + nums[j] == 0) {
                result.push([nums[0], nums[i], nums[j]])
            }
        }
    }

    if(nums.length > 3) {
        nums.shift();
        return threeSum(nums);  // <-- return here
    } else {
        return result;
    }
};

console.log(threeSum([-1,0,1,2,-1,-4]))


text:
Q: AngularJS ng-if variable works only once I am maintaining a code written some time ago, I have no experience in AngularJS. I have to turn on a spinner while an HTTP request is fired and to turn off it when the HTTP response is received.
The spinner is controlled by a ng-if and the $scope.authenticating variable.
Currently, when the page is loaded, the spinner is turned on (accordingly to the initially state of $scope.authenticating === false.
The user switches the switch and the HTTP is fired correctly, the $scope.authenticating is set to true and the spinner correctly shows-up.
When the HTTP response returns, the console log shows me the contents of the response, all is okay, then the $scope.authenticating is set to false, but: the spinner still remains and doesn't disappear.
Any help is appreciated.
Following, the code.
The controller:
  $scope.authenticating = false

  $scope.myfunction = async function (check, change, user) {
    if (someCheck(user)) {
      $scope.modified = true;
      ...
      $scope.authenticating = true
      let res = await AppUserResource.patch(..., ...).$promise;
      console.log('res: ' + JSON.stringify(res))
      $scope.authenticating = false
    }
  }

The relative HTML Code:

        <input id="switch" ng-change="bypassApps(disabledAppsCheckbox, true, user)" ng-model="disabledAppsCheckbox"
               type="checkbox">

{{'ON' | translate}}

{{'OFF' | translate}}

A: When async/await pattern is used its outside of the angularJS digest-loop. For this reason you have to call
$scope.$apply()
https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/type/$rootScope.Scope#$apply


The next instalment of the Else summer season sees another slew of stellar names arriving on the banks of the Spree, this time for the annual Kompakt open-air. Open your diaries and plug this one in, because the Cologne label always brings a party.
Top of the bill is Michael Mayer, the brains behind the label and one of the most silky smooth selectors out there. Mayer's skills in blending the old and the new, the contemporary with the classic, have established him as a main draw wherever he plays. The Kompakt man knows good music when he hears it, and he's bringing some of favourite artists, including Barnt, a widely respected remixer and producer, and a much in-demand DJ with performances ranging from Robert Johnson to Trouw, Montreux Jazz Festival to Mutek México, and Berghain to Burning Man.
Opening for these two will be T.Raumschmiere, an expert in punk electro and techno but also a master of deep ambient, followed by a live set from Rex The Dog, the modular synth wizard. Later that night, old meets new as Tobias Thomas plays with Luuk, one of the most promising DJ talents coming from Cologne in many years, all before AniI steps up for the early-morning sunrise set, fresh off the back of her 'Aniitime' EP. It's sure to be a high-energy affair full of great music with great vibes.
The party starts at 2pm on May 5. Get there early to get the party started!


My scholarship made the decision of coming to UCFB even better. Through it I have been given the chance to meet key people in the football industry, and it has made the vision for my future a lot clearer.
Before starting at UCFB I was working in the community, grassroots and development side of football, but I needed to go further and gain more knowledge about the football industry. Coming to UCFB and then applying for the scholarship was the obvious next step of my journey.
My time so far has been exciting because there are so many opportunities that could pop up at any time while studying.
The people in the sports industry that we have met have been brilliant, and the trips we have gone on with my programme have been really insightful. But at the top of the list has to be the tutors on the BA (Hons) Football Coaching & Management programme and the scholarship team.
My advice is to have a clear vision of what you want from your degree programme and soak up as much knowledge from every source at UCFB.


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2 Montag meets Clarisse while on his way _____.
3 Which of these relatives does not reside with Clarisse?
4 The novel takes place in which season?
5 How old is Montag?
6 How long has Montag been a fireman?
8 Which of the following does Millie NOT use as a means of escape?
9 _____ of the walls in the Montag living room are television screens.
11 Montag steals _____ from an alarm.
12 The old woman who burns her own home quotes _____ before doing so.
13 Montag has stolen about _____ books throughout the course of his career.
14 Clarisse has been dead for about _____ when Millie informs Montag.
15 Clarisse is killed by _____.
16 After Beatty leaves his house, Montag _____ his books.
18 Montag met _____ in a park a year before the story takes place.
19 Faber was once a _____.
20 Faber believes that people need all BUT which of the following?
21 Faber and Montag communicate by way of _____.
22 Mrs. Bowles becomes _____ when Montag reads poetry.
23 Montag turns in _____ of his books to Captain Beatty.
24 _____ is charged with burning the Montag house to the ground.
25 Montag kills Beatty with a _____.