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Infringement Without Confusion?
by Pamela Chestek • November 9, 2015 • copyright, trademark • 8 Comments
It's a simple case, but simple doesn't mean you get to take shortcuts on the legal rationale.
At the end of 1998 Ford and ThermoAnalytics entered into a License Agreement for RadTherm software for heat mapping. In the agreement, FGTI (Ford Global Technologies, Inc.) granted ThermoAnalytics an exclusive license to develop and commercialize "FGTI Licensed Software" in exchange for royalties, with the RadTherm software scheduled as FGTI Licensed Software. The agreement provided that "FGTI … shall have ownership of all copyright, trade secret, patent, trademark and other intellectual or industrial property rights therein or associated therewith." There was also this "Trademark Notice" clause:
If you can't see the image, it says
All trademarks and trade names identifying FGTI Licensed Software or FGTI or Ford businesses are, and will remain the exclusive property of FGTI and Ford respectively. [ThermoAnalytics] shall not take any action that jeopardizes the Marks, and acquires no rights in the Marks except in the limited use rights specified below. [ThermoAnalytics] shall be limited to using the Marks exclusively to advertise and promote FGTI Licensed Software.
In 2000, ThermoAnalytics released version 5.0 of RadTherm but claimed it was an entirely different work than the previous versions, created under a program with the US Army. Nevertheless ThermoAnalytics continued to pay royalties to Ford for 13 more years, finally terminating the agreement in March, 2014. ThermoAnalytics informed Ford that Ford did not have a copyright ownership interest in the existing version of the software but it nevertheless called the new software "RadTherm," even after the lawsuit was filed. ThermoAnalytics had also registered the RADTHERM trademark in 2000.
Ford brought suit against ThermoAnalytics. The first claim for relief alleged that, under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act:
ThermoAnalytics' use of the RADTHERM trademark was "likely to confuse, mislead or deceive customers, purchasers and members of the general public as to the origin, source, sponsorship or affiliation of Defendant's RADTHERM IR Software, and is likely to cause such people to believe in error that Defendant's RADTHERM IR Software products and services have been authorized, sponsored, approved, endorsed or licensed by Ford.
It also brought claims for cancellation of ThermoAnalytics' trademark registration, breach of contract, and a declaration that Ford was joint owner of the copyright in the software.
It's a fairly easy contract interpretation to find that Ford owns the RADTHERM trademark:
The language of the Agreement is plain. Section 12, the "Trademark Notices" of the Agreement, in relevant part states, "[a]ll trademarks and trade names identifying FGTI Licensed Software or FGTI or Ford business (the "Marks") are, and will remain the exclusive property of FGTI and Ford respectively." In Exhibit 1 of the Agreement, "RadTherm" is listed as "FGTI Licensed Software." Section 8.1, titled "Ownership of Software," states that "FGTI, or its licensees or assigns shall have ownership of all copyright, trade secret, patent, trademark and other intellectual or industrial property rights therein or associated [with FGTI Licensed Software]." When Section 12, Section 8 and Exhibit 1 are read together, it appears the text of the Agreement clearly grants ownership of the RADTHERM mark to Plaintiffs.
(Emphasis in original.)
But it's after that where things go wrong. From there, the court found infringement (internal citations and quotation marks omitted):
The Lanham Act creates a private cause of action to protect trademarks and trade dress where there is a likelihood of confusion between the defendant's mark and the plaintiff's protected mark. Typically, where an ex-licensee continues to use the licensed trademark, the continued use by itself creates a likelihood of confusion under the Lanham Act.
Here, Defendant terminated the License Agreement on March 1, 2014. Section 11.1 of the Agreement, "Effects of Termination," states "the obligation to pay Royalties to FGTI shall survive until Licensee ceases to market, sell, and support the FGTI Licensed Software, Licensee Licensed Software or Jointly Owned Software." However, despite sending its last royalty payment in March of 2014 and being given a written demand to cease use of the Trademark in February of 2014, Defendant continued to use the RADTHERM mark until April of 2015. In fact, during oral argument, Plaintiffs revealed to the Court that, despite "officially" changing the name of the software to TAITHERM, Defendant still uses the original name, RADTHERM, as a reference for its newly branded software on Defendant's website. It's even used in the URL. Therefore, Plaintiffs have provided clear and substantial evidence of unauthorized use to establish liability. Defendant has brought no evidence or defense sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to liability. Accordingly, the Court will grant Plaintiffs' Motion with regard to this Count.
(Emphasis added.) It sounds simple enough on its face but the court missed a pretty significant step – Ford did indeed establish unauthorized use, but where was the liability? The only liability under the Lanham Act is for confusion but the court took a shortcut on that. Indeed, "typically, where an ex-licensee continues to use the licensed trademark, the continued use by itself creates a likelihood of confusion under the Lanham Act." But this isn't the "typical" case; the case law arose with respect to the franchise model, where the breaching party is an ex-licensee holding over and there is use of the same trademark by other licensees. Yes, in that situation there is absolutely confusion. But this was not that "typical" case, Ford did not have its own RADTHERM software. Instead, for fifteen years the only software distributed under the trademark RADTHERM was ThermoAnalytics' software. What Ford product, exactly, was ThermoAnalytics sofware supposed to be confused with? There wasn't any.
I have no problem finding that, by contract, FGTI was the owner of the RADTHERM trademark and that ThermoAnalytics had to cease using the trademark when the agreement terminated. I also agree with the court's conclusion that, because by agreement the RADTHERM mark could be used only to advertise and promote FGTI Licensed Software, the use of the mark for a different codebase was a breach of contract. But, I do have a problem with the theory that there was a Lanham Act violation, because there can't be any confusion. Some may consider it a flaw that the Lanham Act doesn't provide a claim for ownership per se (I do), but there isn't one, there are only legal claims for confusion.
Ford ended up owning a share of the copyright in the software too, also as a matter of contract. The agreement provided that "The Parties agree that all works of authorship created or derivative works created with respect to Jointly Owned Software under this Agreement shall be deemed 'joint works' under the Copyright Act and that all copyrights for such works of authorship shall jointly belong to FGTI and Licenses …." (Emphasis in original.) ThermoAnalytics' argument that only derivative works would be jointly owned didn't fly:
The word "or" signals to the Court that there is a difference between "works of authorship" and "derivative works." The Court finds that the Agreement extends to "all derivative works created with respect to Jointly Owned Software" (e.g. the Original Software) and "all works of authorship created with respect to Jointly Owned Software." Therefore, the Agreement covers the Disputed Software if it was created with respect to the Original Software.
Despite Defendant's contention that the Disputed Software was wholly original, the evidence points to the contrary. At oral argument, Defendant's counsel stated the inspiration for the Disputed Software was the Original Software. The Disputed Software served the same function as the Original Software. Defendant held out the Disputed Software as being a new and improved version of the Original Software for over a decade. Defendant even represented to the general public that the Disputed Software was owned by Plaintiffs. Finally, in 2012, Defendant re-affirmed the Agreement when it signed the Amendment, confirming that Sections 4.3 and 11.1 of the Agreement still applied to the Disputed Software.
Defendant has brought evidence demonstrating that the Disputed Software was not derivative. But Defendant has not brought evidence demonstrating that the Disputed Software was created without respect to the Original Software. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Disputed Software is covered by the Agreement as a joint work.*
At the end of the day the contract did what it was supposed to do. Ford is the owner of the copyright and trademark for the RADTHERM software and absent the agreement it wouldn't have owned either. But what Ford did accomplish with its faux Lanham Act claim was federal jurisdiction. The only claims here were for breach of contract and this case should have been in state court.
Ford Motor Co. v. TheroAnalytics, Inc., Case No. 15-cv-13992 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 28, 2015).
* With this, though, the court created inconsistent holdings. The contract provided that ThermoAnalytics could only use the RADTHERM mark to advertise and promote FGTI Licensed Software, so ThermoAnalytics' use on software that it claimed wasn't FGTI Licensed Software was held a breach. But if the Disputed Software was, in fact, FGTI License Software as a matter of contract, then ThermoAnalytics wasn't in breach wnen it used the RADTHERM trademark to advertise and market it.
The text of this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.
Tags: breach of contract, cancellation, joint ownership, jurisdiction
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Why move, can't we just renovate our Smiley campus?
With the construction of our Milburn campus, we are excited to have a ministry presence in the heart of our community's current and future growth. O'Fallon is growing exponentially, and a new building puts us in the best position to reach out to new residents and families in our city. It will make our church a visible beacon in the expanding population center of our town.
The Milburn campus will also give us a church that is easier to navigate and friendly to visitors. Our Smiley campus is not designed with the needs of newcomers in mind. Visitors are unsure of where to go when they enter the building, and its design is not enticing and welcoming. A simple renovation will not be able to fix these inadequacies.
Any renovation and expansion of our Smiley building will also exacerbate our current parking concerns. Being landlocked on all sides currently gives us little ability for any future growth.
Why are we building a smaller building than we are already in?
As it stands now, we are designing our Milburn Facility to have less total square footage than our current Smiley Campus. This is primarily to do with cost, but we don't see it as a barrier.
One key reason for this reduced footprint is the exclusion of a new gymnasium at Milburn, at least initially. We do have the capacity to build this in a phase 2 at a later date. This absence of a gym accounts for much of the reduced square footage, but not all.
There is also a reduction of what our architect (Chiodini) would call "throughway" space: hallways and stairways; space that has no other use than to move people from one place to another. There is less throughway space in the new building, thereby maximizing usable space.
Overall, we believe the Milburn Campus will offer far more functionality and accessibility. Rooms will be more open, airy, and welcoming, and many adult meeting spaces will offer flexibility with how many people they can accommodate.
Will we have a full commercial kitchen?
All things considered, we would love to have a full commercial kitchen available from day one in our new building. This is our dream, but we are cognizant that, because of cost, this may not be a feasible option on day one. We may instead need to open our building with what is known as a catering kitchen. This kitchen would have the ability to host large meals, with sinks, refrigerators, and warmers, but most of the heavy-duty cooking would have to occur offsite.
The worry about cost has little to do with the kitchen size or location. It has more to do with the expense of commercial grade equipment (e.g., stoves, ovens, dishwashers). This can be a large investment.
If we decide to begin with the option of a catering kitchen, this would not be a permanent plan. Our kitchen would include the infrastructure to accommodate commercial equipment in the future, and we would plan fundraisers to make the increased usability a reality as quickly as possible.
Why are we planning to move the Learning Tree to the Milburn Location?
Our current plan to move our Learning Tree ministries to the Milburn location is based upon a strong recommendation from our architects. We are already planning on building Sunday School spaces for our children, which would be unused during the week were we to keep the Learning Tree at our Smiley site.
In addition, it would be cost-prohibitive, if not impossible, to renovate our current space to meet state licensing requirements (e.g., emergency exits, plumbing and toilets, sprinklers). In the long run, it will be far less costly and more efficient to move our Learning Tree preschool and PMO right away.
This plan will allow for growth, as we will be able to increase the hours of classroom time. We also anticipate keeping some of our Parents' Morning Out programs at the Smiley campus. This part of our Learning Tree program is less regulated and is a unique ministry in our community. With the use of two PMO locations (Smiley and Milburn) it offers unique opportunities for expansion.
What will we use the Smiley Campus for? Why aren't we going to sell it?
In June of 2017, we voted on moving forward with a plan for "One Church in Two Locations." The original plan was to build a new worship center at our Milburn Campus, and to renovate the Smiley Campus into a "mission center" for our congregation, housing the Learning Tree and Student ministries.
We still plan on housing most of our student ministry programs at the Smiley Campus due to its proximity to OTHS and the gymnasium in our current Family Life Center. As we move most of our offices and operations to the Milburn Campus, we will open up room for expanded youth space and programming.
With the space left open by the Learning Tree move, we anticipate continuing with our original design of creating a mission center at our Smiley Campus. The extra room in this building offers us the opportunity to begin mission programs directed at some of the neediest in our community. We are hoping to take some of the most pressing needs and match them with the gifts and passions of our congregation members, to create missions that change lives.We have already begun having conversations with community leaders about possibilities.
There may be a time in the future, when we build a new gym at our Milburn Campus, that we would move our youth programming there. At that point, we would evaluate the effectiveness of our Smiley Mission Center and move forward from there.
Where on the property will we build?
We currently see two potential sites on our land for placing our new church building. We are currently leaning toward a site that would be right on the corner of Milburn School Road and Simmons (but set back from the road). This location appears to be the less expensive option and would offer us access from both roads. As we continue moving forward with our plans, this could change, but it seems to be the recommended, and most likely, alternative at present.


All Brownstown homes currently listed for sale in Brownstown as of 04/18/2019 are shown below. You can change the search criteria at any time by pressing the 'Change Search' button below.
If you have any questions or you would like more information about any Brownstown homes for sale or other Brownstown real estate, please contact us and one of our knowledgeable Brownstown REALTORS® would be pleased to assist you.
"Dreaming of a life in the country? This home has 11.5 acres , a livestock barn with electric & water, loft and chicken coop. Fenced in pasture for the horses. There is a 2 car attached garage and 3 car detached garage. Eat in kitchen with separate dining room. Stove, refrigerator, dishwasher, dryer & washer stay. 3 bedrooms , 2 bathrooms on the main floor. Wood burning fireplace in the living room. Washer & dryer are on the main level. Master bedroom has a master bathroom with a jetted tub an"
"*Wooded 10 Acres with stocked 1 acre pond and 1.5 story home with basement built in 1998 *Until recently there was a mobile home on the premises, so electric, water, septic are available for a mobile home as well, or would be a great place to build a shop, etc. *Enjoy the huge octagon 2-tiered deck built in 2015 - beautiful in summer and winter! *Also to enjoy is the covered back porch with ceiling fan - you can watch & listen to the wildlife here, for sure! *The front view from this home lo"
"This home has a lot to offer. 2 large out buildings both with concrete floor. One has a man/woman cave that is insulated it has a bar with sink , 1/2 bath and heat. The home as an attached 3 car garage with large breezy way joining the house. The house has been updated with newer windows, roof (2017), drywall and flooring. Kitchen has newer appliances that stay, plus newer cabinetry( 2017) and granite counter tops. The floor plan is open, so your kitchen dinning and living room are all ope"
"Spacious and move in ready 4-5bedroom home with 3 bathrooms. Hardwood floors throughout most of the home. Updated kitchen remodeled approximately 2 years ago. Furnace approximately 5 years old and roof approximately 10 years old. Swimming pool with a nice deck in the back yard. 30 amp camper hookup with a rocked parking lot. Appliances are negotiable."
"3 bedroom home close to the schools & park. Move in ready with a large yard and patio off the back. Many improvements throughout: furnace & air, roof, flooring, windows, sofit, gutters and fascia and complete bathroom remodel. Kitchen appliances stay with the home. Main floor laundry. Extra space upstairs that would make a great office or sitting area. 2 car detached carport"
"3 bedroom home with 1 acre yard. Some hard wood floors. . Remodeled bathroom. Main floor laundry. Nice sized rooms. 1 car detached garage."


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Craftster Community > CITY GUIDES FOR CRAFTSTERS > U.K. AND IRELAND > online uk fabric shops?
Re: online uk fabric shops?
yea i dont remember the amount but when i ordered a load of t shirts from the US i got taxed about 8 quid on them about 2 months later LOL I think my order came to about 40 quid though so its not that much tax to pay.
www.cheapfabrics.co.uk is the one i always use. quite good choice of fabric too.
I am a triangle in a square peg.
Fabricland has shops in the south and a website.
The only thing to be careful of is import taxes, I'm not sure, but I think that anything not classed as a gift over a certain amount (£17?) is taxed.


text:
Political Correctness Is The Great Mirror Of Our Society
by KTB Editors · June 13, 2016
Political correctness is apparently to blame for the killing of 50 people in a nightclub in Orlando where at least 53 more people were injured. It is the worst mass shooting in the history of the country. Before this event, the deadliest shootings in U.S. history were at Virginia Tech in 2007 and Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012, with 32 and 27 killed respectively.
Absolutely terrible. Here are things that should not matter but apparently do: The nightclub was a gay nightclub. The shooter has been identified as Omar Saddiqui Mateen, 29, of Fort Pierce, about 120 miles southeast of Orlando. He is an American, but of absolute priority he is a Muslim.
People point to political correctness as the reason why many liberals will not say terrorism involving Muslims are examples of "Radical Islamic terrorism." I'm actually alright with the use of the term if we also use it for domestic terrorists of other religions. When we start saying "Radical Christian terrorism," "Radical Jewish terrorism," "Radical Atheist terrorism," I think it would be appropriate to use "Radical Islamic terrorism." Such terms are never even thought to be applied to terrorists of other religions and non-religions so why apply it to Muslims? What does political correctness have to do with it?
Political correctness is defined as the avoidance, often considered as taken to extremes, of forms of expression or actions that are perceived to exclude, marginalize or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against. While it can be argued whether Muslims and gays are socially disadvantaged (I would say they are), there is no doubt that both Muslims and gays are discriminated against. That's it. Political correctness is no more nor less than that.
A dead towelhead and a bunch of dead faggots? Could be worse."
What's wrong with this statement? Well, it's bigoted for one as it shows both contempt for and hostility towards both gay people and Muslims. It's also prejudiced for the shooter is an American citizen though he is a Muslim. This is the kind of statement that is the exact opposite of political correctness.
It's all about freedom of speech and the right to say what you want right? Of course it is.
Can we point to political correctness as reasoning for Congress to making any such law? Has Congress even passed such a law? What people are objecting to is social rejection of their individual or collective thoughts, ideas and forms of expression.
Where is the Extreme?
If we want to reject political correctness in our society, what would that look like? Does anything go? Are we going to knock these sluts down a peg or two? Are we going to stop these wetbacks from taking our jobs? Can we finally do something about these banana peeling monkeys ruining the NBA? What exactly does a politically incorrect society look like?
The standard for society is indeed what it is collectively willing to accept. Losing friends, employment, prestige and status for being public with a declaration, belief or expression that slant-eyed gooks are never to be trusted is not the fault of political correctness. That's people rejecting a declaration, belief or form of expression. Perhaps we should look at the rejection of those kinds of declarations, beliefs and forms of expression as a sign of progress within society as opposed to something that needs to be "cast aside" when we see fit.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar said it best:
Our country was founded on principles of inclusion, which means acting compassionately toward the many different people who make up our nation. Almost every group who immigrated to America was at one time the outsider — mistreated, abused and taunted. Maturity means not having to relive our mistakes of the past, but learning from them and doing better. Our country needs more sensitivity, not less."
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text:
Biogas (RNG)
Welland Biodiesel
Nevada Biorefinery
VNA Wellington
Location Criteria
Claus Sauter
Chief Executive Officer, VERBIO AG
Claus Sauter, founder of VERBIO AG, has also been its CEO since May 2006. He is responsible for strategic business development, sales and marketing, finance and accounting, public relations, investor relations and legal affairs. After graduating in economics and social sciences from the University of Augsburg, in 1990 he took charge of the family wholesale business, Alois Sauter Landesprodukten-Grosshandlung GmbH & Co. KG, in the Bavarian town of Obenhausen. Claus Sauter subsequently became the managing partner, CEO and shareholder of a number of companies set up by him in Bavaria, Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg and Switzerland.
Dr. Oliver Lüdtke
COO Bioethanol/Biomethane, VERBIO AG
Oliver Lüdtke, who has a doctorate in engineering, has been COO Bioethanol/Biomethane at VERBIO AG since May 2011. His responsibilities include R&D, production and project development in the bioethanol and biomethane segment. He is also in charge of data protection, controlling and risk management. Oliver Lüdtke graduated in engineering from the University of Hanover in 1993, and completed his doctorate in 1996 at the Chemical Institute of the GKSS Research Centre in Geesthacht. From 1997 until 2000 he was engineering project manager at Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, after which he joined chemical company Celanese until 2005, where he performed various managerial roles in production and trained as a Six Sigma Black Belt. From 2005–07, Dr. Lüdtke was site manager of the Japanese chemical company Polyplastics in Oberhausen, and also earned his MBA. In early 2008 Dr. Lüdtke became head of the Bioethanol/Biomethane segment of VERBIO AG.
Theodor Niesmann
COO Biodiesel, VERBIO AG
Theodor Niesmann has been COO Biodiesel since May 2011. He is responsible for biodiesel production, R&D in biodiesel, the planning, construction and start-up of investment projects, and human resources, quality management, industrial safety and IT. Prior to 1996, Theodor Niesmann worked in various companies as a project engineer and project manager on the planning and construction of chemical and energy plants. In doing so, he gained extensive experience in especially the building and operation of plants for processing vegetable oil and oleochemical production. In 2000 he joined VERBIO Diesel Bitterfeld as project manager. From 2004–07 he was CEO of VERBIO Diesel Schwedt (VDS), where he headed the plant's construction and operation. Since 2007, Theodore Niesmann has been in charge of the Biodiesel segment of VERBIO AG.
Bernd Sauter
COO Logistics, VERBIO AG
With a background in wholesale and foreign trade, Bernd Sauter has been COO Procurement and Logistics at VERBIO AG since November 2010. As such, he is responsible for purchasing raw materials, transportation and logistics, business development, and facility and fleet management. After heading leasing company Sauter Verpachtungs-gesellschaft Zörbig as of 1997, in 2000 he was appointed CEO of both Alois Sauter Landesprodukten GmbH & Co. KG and Autokontor Bayern GmbH, positions he still holds. Between 2006 and 2010 he led the restructuring of the Märka Märkische Kraftfutter GmbH to become Märka GmbH.
Stefan Schreiber
Business Development Manager, VERBIO AG
Stefan Schreiber joined VERBIO as Business Development Manager in mid-2017 after a 17 year career with Cargill Corporation, where he most recently served as Commercial Manager for biodiesel and glycerin in Europe. Stefan has extensive experiences in grain and oilseed origination and sale of finished products. He has also served as President of German biofuels industry group Verband der Deutschen Biokraftstoffindustrie. Stefan's academic background includes a degree in international business.
© VERBIO North America, 2019


text:
У складах клубів подано гравців, які провели щонайменше 1 гру в вищій лізі сезону 1993/94. Прізвища, імена та по батькові футболістів подані згідно з офіційним сайтом ФФУ.

«Буковина» (Чернівці)
Головні тренери: Олександр Павленко (33 матчі), Віктор Матвієнко (1 матч)

«Верес» (Рівне)
Головні тренери: Михайло Дунець (28 матчів), Вячеслав Кобилецький (6 матчів)

«Волинь» (Луцьк)
Головний тренер: Роман Покора

«Динамо» (Київ)
Головні тренери: Михайло Фоменко (17 матчів), Йожеф Сабо (17 матчів)

«Дніпро» (Дніпропетровськ)
Головний тренер: Микола Павлов

«Зоря-МАЛС» (Луганськ)
Головні тренери: Анатолій Шакун (21 матч), Володимир Кобзарєв (13 матчів)

«Карпати» (Львів)
Головний тренер: Мирон Маркевич

«Кремінь» (Кременчук)
Головні тренери: Борис Стрєльцов (8 матчів), Тиберій Корпонай (9 матчів), Євген Рудаков (17 матчів)

«Кривбас» (Кривий Ріг)
Головні тренери: Ігор Надєїн (16 матчів), Валентин Лактіонов (1 матч), Володимир Брухтій (17 матчів)

«Металіст» (Харків)
Головні тренери: Євген Лемешко (14 матчів), Олександр Довбій (12 матчів), Віктор Камарзаєв (8 матчів)

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Головні тренери: Яніс Скределіс (8 матчів), Григорій Вуль (9 матчів), Анатолій Куксов (17 матчів)

«Нива» (Вінниця)
Головний тренер: Юхим Школьников

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Головний тренер: Леонід Буряк

«Таврія» (Сімферополь)
Головний тренер: Анатолій Заяєв

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Головний тренер: Леонід Ткаченко

«Торпедо» (Запоріжжя)
Головні тренери: Віктор Матвієнко (17 матчів), Віктор Маслов (11 матчів), Ігор Надєїн (6 матчів)

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Головний тренер: Віктор Прокопенко

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Посилання
 Чемпіонат України — Офіційний сайт ФФУ
 Сезон 1993-1994 на сайті «Украинский футбол от Дмитрия Трощия»

Чемпіонат України з футболу (склади команд)
1993 у футболі
1994 у футболі

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"Alice Kaplan's superbly perceptive Dreaming in French makes a prism out of those visits; the white light of expectation goes in, and a myriad of astonishing colors comes out." (Laura Miller, Salon) "Alice Kaplan achieves the improbable in her new book Dreaming in French, which weaves together a fascinating triple-portrait of three different and unrelated characters." (San Francisco Chronicle)"
Alice Kaplan is the author of French Lessons: A Memoir; The Collaborator: The Trial and Execution of Robert Brasillach, which was a finalist for the National Book Award; and The Interpreter.


Nat DiMario, FCLC '20, created a profile with their preferred name in Blackboard, but changing it here does not change it everywhere.
The fight for the rights of transgender community members at Fordham persists, and it appears to be at an all-time high in terms of publicity and activity. In July 2018, the university changed single-occupancy bathroom signage to read "All Gender Restroom." In November, students rallied to support transgender rights on the outdoor plaza. In December, Senior Vice President of Student Affairs Jeffrey Gray broke the university's silence on transgender, gender non-conforming and intersex (TGNCI) students' rights on campus. Now, attention is turning to the usage of TGNCI students' preferred first names on Fordham's online services.
Fordham uses several internet services to keep track of the student population. It uses Google Suites for social and work tools, Blackboard for academic organization and Banner for registration, billing and other administrative services.
Each of these services defaults a user's display name to their legal name. This presents a challenge for transgender students who want to reflect a preferred first name.
Anthony Perez, Fordham College at Lincoln Center (FCLC) '19 student and transgender man, legally changed his name before approaching Fordham with the request to change it on all documentation, including Fordham's online services. The first step in the process was contacting the Office of Enrollment Services.
This change applied to most of Fordham's online services, including Banner and Blackboard. As for Google, Perez changed the display name by creating a Google+ account and entering a new first name in those account settings. The change was applied to Gmail and all other Google services connected to his account.
Perez had one qualm with the process: He does not believe that students should have to obtain a legal name change in order to reflect their gender identity on Fordham documentation and online services.
Perez was unaware of a Blackboard feature that enables students to create a profile that includes the option to enter a preferred name.
DiMario also acknowledged the complex nature of the situation and the fight for trans rights at Fordham in general.
Part of the problem for students like Perez and DiMario is that their options are neither easily accessible nor streamlined. DiMario, for example, noted that "I've done my fair share of scouring the website and I have not come across that," referring to Enrollment Services' part in the procedure. Additionally, many parts of the online name change process are separate: Google has its own feature for name alterations, Blackboard has its profile builder and a name change on Banner can only be facilitated through Enrollment Services, which requires a legal name change first — an expensive and time-consuming process.
The Blackboard profile builder, meanwhile, appears not to affect other features of the site. For example, when DiMario created a profile, the profile displayed their preferred name, but the drop-down menu on the main page of the site still displayed their "dead name", the name trans people are given at birth.
According to Alan Cafferkey, director of faculty technology services, Blackboard as a company is "in the midst of redoing the tool for a future release." Therefore, the feature's functionality may improve in some time.
Cafferkey also said that Fordham is working to improve some aspects of the process. "Definitely with transgender inclusivity in mind," he said, "we have endeavoured to make the name change process much easier within Blackboard." Specifically, the improvement will be an automatic name change in Blackboard once it is done in Banner.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Water in its liquid form is the universal solvent in which most chemical
processes in a biological environment take place. For this reason, its
properties under variations of thermodynamic parameters such as
temperature~\cite{Smith14171} and pressure~\cite{Schwegler2429}, under external
perturbations such as electric fields~\cite{Jung331,saitta207801} and
ultrasound waves~\cite{Dahl677}, or under
confinement~\cite{Zangi1694,Evans7138,Hirunsit1709,marti21504,Gordillo341,
Rasaiah713} have been the subject of much attention.
Isolated water molecules have a permanent dipole moment of
1.85~D~\cite{Clough2254}, which varies with cluster size and converges to 2.85~D
for liquid water~\cite{Silvestrelli3308}.
In the presence of an electric field, the permanent dipole of the water monomers
experience a torque, which tries to orient the water dipole
along the polarization direction of the field and perturbs the equilibrium
arrangement formed by the hydrogen bond (H-bond) network~\cite{Vegiri8786}.
For example, a DC or slowly varying electric field with an amplitude in the range of $0.5\times
10^{7}$-$10\times 10^{7}$~V/cm can induce structural transformations in water
clusters and modify their equilibrium geometry from ring-like to chain-like
structures ~\cite{choi94308,Vegiri4175,Rai34310,buck2578,shevkunov27,choi94308}.
These changes are linked to a reduction of the average number of H-bonds in the
system.
Strong electric fields polarize the electronic cloud and lead to modifications
of the dipole moment of the water monomers. These changes are dependent on
cluster size and field strength~\cite{gregory814}.
Other static properties of bulk water like its diffusion
constant~\cite{Vegiri4175,Vegiri8786} or its intramolecular vibrational
frequencies~\cite{Rai34310} can also be altered by the structural modifications
caused by the presence of electric fields.
Electric fields can also have an effect on the mechanism
of biological processes occurring in liquid water.
Examples include the modification of rate constant of folding and unfolding
processes of proteins and peptides~\cite{Lockhart947,Freedman5137,Fox5277}
and of other types of chemical reactions~\cite{Franzen5135,Gopher311}.

Laser sources have also been applied to induce
structural~\cite{bakker_reorientational_2000,link_ultrafast_2009}
and dynamical~\cite{shimano_intense_2012,rinne_nanoscale_2012}
modifications in liquid water.
Femtosecond laser pulses can be tuned to the excitation of internal degrees of
freedom of the water
monomers, e.g. vibrational modes~\cite{imoto_ultrafast_2015,woutersen507}.
Specifically, infrared (IR) lasers can directly excite the intramolecular O-H
stretching modes, which strongly absorb at wavenumbers $1/\lambda\approx
3500$~cm$^{-1}$. After the pulse, the energy deposited by
the laser pulse relaxes via vibrational energy
redistribution to other intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational
modes~\cite{Woutersen1997,woutersen658,hasted622,huse389}.
Alternatively, sub-cycle and highly intense THz pulses can also transfer a large amount of energy
to liquid water, which can be the equivalent of several
hundreds of degrees Kelvin~\cite{mishra51,MishraJCPB}.
The mechanism by which the sub-cycle THz pulse interacts with the medium is
off resonance with intramolecular degrees of freedom and with librational modes
of bulk water~\cite{MishraJCPB} and more closely
related to the interaction mechanism of water molecules with DC fields.

In this work, we investigate the interaction of intense, sub-cycle
THz pulses with
water clusters of various sizes and with bulk water at a range of initial temperatures and
densities. The pulses considered are
characterized by peak electric field amplitudes of up to 0.6~V/{\AA}. Pulses of similar peak field amplitude in the frequency range of
1-10~THz have recently been demonstrated using non-linear organic
crystals~\cite{vic14:213901}.
Our simulations are based on the TIP4P/2005 rigid water
model~\cite{aba05:234505}.
Compared to preceding studies of THz-pumped liquid water based on {\em ab
initio} molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations~\cite{mishra51,MishraJCPB}, which
were performed on much smaller simulation boxes and for very specific initial
conditions, the use of a parametrized force field allows
for a systematic investigation of the transition from cluster to bulk behavior
and of a wide range of initial temperatures and densities.
We first concentrate on the interaction of the THz pulse with one isolated water
molecule and with clusters of a few water molecules. Based on these simulations
we discuss the basic mechanism by which the THz pulse initially transfers energy
to the system and how this energy is transferred among the hindered rotational
and translational modes of nearby interacting water molecules.
Subsequently, we discuss the interaction of bulk water at various initial
temperatures and densities under periodic boundary conditions at
constant volume and particle number. This means, essentially, that some form of
external confinement of the water molecules in the interaction volume with the
THz pulse is being assumed.
This can correspond to a macroscopic confinement of the whole interaction region by
hard walls that keep the system from expanding as it heats up,
or it can correspond to inertial confinement of the region of a bulk system
crossed by the pump pulse.
By simulating clusters with up to several thousands of water molecules, we
establish that indeed the system is inertially confined as it heats up. Since the
energy intake proceeds on a sub-picosecond time scale, the inner regions of the
cluster remain essentially at their initial density throughout the confinement exerted
by the outer shells, which need a longer time to start moving away from the
cluster.
For periodic systems at low density and high temperature, the behavior of
isolated water molecules is recovered, whereas at a density of 1~g/cm$^3$ the
amount of energy gained by the system is found to be strongly dependent on the
initial temperature, which determines the average strength of the hydrogen
bonds.

The structure of the paper is as follows. Section~\ref{sec:comp} describes the
computational methods. Section~\ref{ssec:clusters} discusses the interaction of
the THz pulse with water clusters and the transition to bulk behavior.
Section~\ref{ssec:bulk} describes the response of bulk water at different
initial temperatures and densities to the THz pulse, and Section~\ref{sec:concl}
concludes and provides some outlook.

\section{Computational details}
\label{sec:comp}

Simulations of the water clusters and of bulk water under periodic boundary
conditions were performed with the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively
Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS)~\cite{pli95:1} using the rigid TIP4P/2005 water
force field model~\cite{aba05:234505}.
For the water cluster simulations, 1000 initial atomic configurations and
velocities were generated from a long molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory
performed under canonical (NVT) conditions and equilibrated at 200~K. Different
sets of initial conditions were sampled with a 10~ps time interval to avoid
artificial correlations between each sampled phase space point.
The Nose-Hoover thermostat~\cite{evans_nosehoover_1985,nose_extension_1986} was
used to maintain the temperature for the phase space sampling NVT trajectory.
Each set of 1000 initial conditions was then propagated microcanonically for
1.5~ps in the presence of the THz pulse.
For all trajectory propagations the velocity-Verlet algorithm was used with a
time step of 1~fs.
A cut-off radius of 15~{\AA} was used for the calculation of the short-range
Lennard-Jones interactions.
Water clusters of sizes 1, 2, 4, 8, 32 and 64 monomers were
initially considered.
In order to study the effect of inertial confinement, a bigger spherical cluster with 8843
water molecules and radius $\approx$~50~{\AA} was equilibrated at
300~K and subsequently
exposed to the THz pulse.
All water cluster simulations were performed with non-periodic boundaries in all
directions.

Bulk water simulations at different initial temperatures and densities were
based on thermally equilibrated cubic boxes containing 2048 water molecules.
By selecting the box size, a range of initial densities
of 1.0~g/cm$^3$, 0.296~g/cm$^3$, 0.064~g/cm$^3$ and 0.019~g/cm$^3$ were
considered. Each box was then equilibrated at different temperatures of
200~K, 300~K, 400~K, 500~K and 600~K.
Each set of initial density and temperature conditions was subsequently propagated
microcanonically for 1.5~ps in the presence of the THz pulse.

The same half cycle THz pulse profile as in previous
investigations was considered here~\cite{mishra51,MishraJCPB}.
The THz pump pulse is given by
\begin{equation}
 \label{pump-pulse}
 \mathbf{E}(t) = \epsilon(t)\mathbf{u}_{z}\cos(\omega_{c}t+\phi),
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon(t) = A\exp\{-(t-t_{0})^{2}/2\sigma^{2}\}$ is
a Gaussian envelope with $\sigma = 84.93$~fs.
This corresponds to a full width at half maximum (fwhm)
of $\epsilon^{2}(t)$ of 141 fs.
The maximum electric field amplitude $A = 0.61$~V/{\AA} corresponds to a
power per unit area of $5\times10^{12}$~W/cm$^{2}$.
The mean photon frequency considered is
$\omega_c= 2\pi\times 3$~THz (100~cm$^{-1}$) which results in a pulse
between a half and a full cycle long.
$\mathbf{u}_{z}$ is the
polarization direction of the electric field and $\phi$ is the carrier to
envelope phase which is set to $\pi/2$.
By convention, the THz pulse envelope is centered at $t_{0}= 0$ in all
simulations and microcanonical trajectories start at $t = -250$~fs.

The analysis of the energy gain by water clusters and bulk water is
performed on the basis of decomposing the total kinetic energy ($E_K^{(m)}$) of each
rigid water monomer $m$ in terms of its rotational energy ($E_R^{(m)}$) and translational
energy ($E_T^{(m)}$) components.
This is simply achieved in Cartesian coordinates by,
\begin{align}
    \label{eq:traE}
    E_{T}^{(m)} & = \frac{ |\sum_{a_m} M_{a_m} \vec{V}_{a_m}|^2  }
                     {2 \sum_{a_m} M_{a_m}}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
    \label{eq:rotE}
    \nonumber
    E_{R}^{(m)} & = \sum_{a_m} \frac{\vec{j}_{a_m}^2}{2 M_{a_m} |\vec{x}_{a_m}|^2}\\
    \vec{j}_{a_m} & = M_{a_m}\, (\vec{x}_{a_m} \times \vec{v}_{a_m}),
\end{align}
where $\vec{x}_{a_m} \equiv \vec{X}_{a_m} - \vec{X}_m$ and
$\vec{v}_{a_m} \equiv \vec{V}_{a_m} - \vec{V}_m$ define the position and
velocity of atom $a$ in monomer $m$ relative to the center of mass position
$\vec{X}_m$ and velocity $\vec{V}_m$ of the monomer, respectively.
In general, at this point the kinetic energy per monomer related to vibrational
motion of the remaining $3N-6$ intramolecular coordinates $E_V^{(m)} = E_K^{(m)}
- E_T^{(m)} - E_R^{(m)}$ can be
obtained. In the present case, owing to the rigid nature of the water model
used,
$E_V^{(m)}=0$. In particular, the intramolecular degrees of freedom
were kept fixed in LAMMPS by the
SHAKE algorithm~\cite{ryc77:327}.

\section{Results and Discussion}
\label{sec:results}

\subsection{Interaction of the THz pulse with water clusters}
\label{ssec:clusters}

\subsubsection{Water monomer and dimer}

\begin{figure}[h!]
      \includegraphics[width=9cm]{water-monomer-energy}
      \caption{Translational ($\Delta\langle E_T\rangle$)
          and rotational ($\Delta\langle E_R\rangle$) energy
          increase per water monomer for the monomer and dimer cases.
          On the right axis the kinetic temperature $T=\frac{2 E}{3 k}$ with
          $k$ the Boltzmann factor is shown.
          The THz pulse profile appears as a dotted line.

      \label{fig:water-monomer-energy}
\end{figure}
The effect of the THz pulse on a single water monomer and on the water dimer is
analyzed first. The ensemble averaged translational $\langle E_T\rangle$ and
rotational $\langle E_R\rangle$ energies per monomer were obtained by
averaging over 1000 initial configurations and velocities. In the case of the
monomer and due to the intramolecular constraints, the sampling of
initial conditions
generates only random orientations and angular velocities of the water
molecule, the latter being compatible with a target temperature of 200~K. In the
dimer case, overall rotations of the system as well as intermolecular coordinates
are sampled according to the target temperature of 200~K.
The electric field is polarized along the z-axis in all
simulations.
Due to the electroneutrality of the isolated water monomer, only the rotational
degrees of freedom gain energy in the presence of the THz pulse, as illustrated
in Fig.~\ref{fig:water-monomer-energy}.
The time structure of the pulse when it changes its polarization direction can
still be seen in $\Delta\langle E_R\rangle$ in spite of the rotational averaging over
initial conditions.
As expected, no further change in total energy occurs after $t=250$~fs, when the
pulse is over.

In the dimer case, both $\Delta\langle E_R\rangle$ and $\Delta\langle E_T\rangle$ increase
due to the THz pulse. However, the increase of translational energy of the
monomers is, in this, case much smaller than that of rotational energy.
On average, the dimer fragments in its two water molecule constituents
very early during or shortly after the THz pulse, which closes the channel for
energy transfer between rotational and translational motion by interactions
between the monomers. Therefore, the relative translational mode between both
centers of mass remains much colder than the individual rotational modes of both
monomers, and equipartition cannot be reached.
To understand the origin of the translational energy increase of the monomers we
can first inspect the form of the interaction term between matter and radiation.
In the non-polarizable water model considered here the
interaction of the electric field with the system is simply the sum of the interactions with the
individual dipole moments of the monomers
\begin{align}
    \label{eq:energy-1112}
    E^{w-EF} = - \sum_{m} \sum_{a_m}
                 q_{a_m} ( \vec{r}_{a_m} \cdot \vec{E} )
             = - \sum_{m}\boldsymbol{\mu}_m\cdot \vec{E},
\end{align}
where
$\vec{r}_{a_m}$ is the position of the $a$-th point charge of the $m$-th
monomer, $\boldsymbol{\mu}_m$ is the permanent dipole moment of monomer $m$ and
$\vec{E}$ is the external electric field.
This term has no {\em direct} effect on the translational motion of the centers
of mass and only depends on the orientation of each individual dipole in the
electric field.
The total potential energy ($E_{P}$) of the system in the presence of the
electric field consists of the sum of pair interactions between monomers and the interaction
of each monomer with the field
\begin{align}
    \label{eq:energy}
    E_P = E_{\text{pair}}^{w-w} + E^{w-EF}.
\end{align}
$E_{\text{pair}}^{w-w}$ includes a Lennard-Jones term between each water
molecule, which is spherically symmetric, and Coulombic interactions between
each effective partial charge in each water molecule, which account for the
effective charge
distribution in the water model~\cite{aba05:234505}. This last part of
$E_{\text{pair}}^{w-w}$ is strongly directional and is responsible for the
adequate
description of the coordination and H-bonding between water molecules.
Hence, the rotation of the water monomers forced upon them by the electric field through
$E^{w-EF}$ results in unfavorable configurations due to the $E_{\text{pair}}^{w-w}$
term, which leads to translational motion of the centers of mass of the monomers
and to energy transfer between monomer rotations and translations.
Higher order multipolar interaction terms than dipole-dipole
are embedded in the $E_{\text{pair}}^{w-w}$ term and are crucial to describe the
properties of liquid water
~\cite{abascal15811,niu134501,Patey170,vega1361}.
However, for the sake of argument let us consider for a moment
a simplified model of permanent point dipoles.
The potential energy of a system of permanent point dipoles reads
\begin{align}
    \label{eq:10}
     E_{\text{pair}}^{d-d} = \sum_{i>j}-\frac{{\mu}_{i}{\mu}_{j}}
                    {r_{ij}^3}
                    (\cos\theta_{ij}-3\cos\theta_{i} \cos\theta_{j})
\end{align}
where $r_{ij}$ is the distance
between the centers of the two dipoles, $\theta_{ij}$ is the
relative angle between the dipoles and
$\theta_{i}$ and $\theta_{j}$ are the
angles formed by the two dipoles with respect to the line connecting
their centers.
Since the dipole-dipole interaction term couples the relative orientation and
relative
distance of each pair of dipoles, an external electric field can transfer energy to the center of
mass translational motion of the individual monomers via the indirect mechanism
described above.
In the case of aggregates of molecules with individual permanent dipoles, this
constitutes the zeroth order mechanism for energy transfer from an
external field to the relative
translational motion of each constituent through their individual rotational
degrees of freedom. Polarization effects are not considered at this level
in such a mechanism.
It should be emphasized that the pulse frequency of 3~THz
is smaller by more than one order of magnitude than intramolecular
vibrational modes of separate water monomers and about 5 times smaller than hindered
librational modes of water monomers~\cite{heyden12068}. Hence, the interaction with the
THz pulse occurs in a non-resonant fashion as a response to the
instantaneous electric field amplitude.

The effect of an electric field on the preferred relative orientation between the two water monomers
is clearly seen by inspecting the potential energy curve of the water
dimer along the $\angle$HOO relative angle in
Fig.~\ref{fig:potential-energy-curve}. The potential energy curves correspond to the
TIP4P/2005 water force-field used in the trajectory propagations.
    \begin{figure}[t!]
    \begin{center}
            \includegraphics[width=8cm]{ang-MD}
    \end{center}
     \caption{Potential energy curve for
              HOO angle with different electric field amplitudes.
              The labels (a) and (b) correspond to the dimer configurations
              as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:dimer-snapshot}.

      \label{fig:potential-energy-curve}
    \end{figure}
    \begin{figure}[t!]
      \begin{center}
         \subfigure[]
            \label{fig:snap-equi-angle}
            \includegraphics[width=8cm]{snap-equi-angle}
         }\\%
         \subfigure[]
            \label{fig:snap-equi-angle-field}
            \includegraphics[width=8cm]{snap-equi-angle-field}

     \end{center}
     \caption{Minimum energy configurations of the water dimer (a) without field and
         (b) with a field of 0.614 V/{\AA} as presented in  Fig.~\ref{fig:potential-energy-curve}.

    \label{fig:dimer-snapshot}
    \end{figure}
In the minimum energy configuration of the dimer, two water monomers
orient themselves to form a H-bond.
The applied static electric field is polarized along the x-axis, which is
the direction of the H-bond in the minimum energy configuration of the dimer
shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:snap-equi-angle}.
To construct the potential energy curves along the $\angle$HOO, the donor water molecule is
rotated in the XZ plane around the y-axis.
The potential energy curves were compared for static electric fields with
amplitudes 0, 0.028, 0.087, 0.274 and 0.614 V/{\AA}, which in the case of a
pulse would correspond to intensities of
0, 10$^{10}$, 10$^{11}$, 10$^{12}$ and 5$\times$10$^{12}$~W/cm$^{2}$.
The change in the shape of the potential is the result of the relative magnitude
of the
terms $E_{\text{pair}}^{w-w}$ and $E^{w-EF}$ in Eq.~\ref{eq:energy}.
By changing the field amplitude from 0.274~V/{\AA} to  0.614~V/{\AA},
the shape of the potential energy curve changes significantly in comparison to lower amplitudes.
Such high electric field is able to create a displaced and deep potential well
along the relative orientation between the water molecules.
At the high field amplitude, the electric field is strong enough to substantially alter the
H-bond and bring the water molecules out of their preferred field free
relative orientation.
The time delay of about 100~fs in the rise of the translational component
$\langle E_T\rangle$ compared to the start of the pulse and seen in
Fig.~\ref{fig:water-monomer-energy} is related to the fact that
the electric field has to reach a certain peak amplitude in order to disrupt the H-bond and
push the water molecules into configurations for which their relative distance
will start to change.

The H-bond strength of the water dimer is 23.8~KJ/mol ($\approx$~0.25~eV)~\cite{Urbic159}.
As a consequence, a certain threshold value $\epsilon_T$ for the
external electric field
amplitude is required in order to bring water molecules out of their preferred
H-bond arrangements~\cite{choi94308,Rai34310}, as already seen in
Fig.~\ref{fig:potential-energy-curve}.
The THz pulse can then be divided into different parts, depending on whether the
electric field amplitude $\epsilon(t)$ is larger or smaller than the threshold value $\epsilon_T$
required to disrupt the H-bond structure.
From Fig.~\ref{fig:potential-energy-curve} one can estimate $\epsilon_T$ to be of the
order of $0.2$ to $0.3$~V/{\AA}.
Only when $\epsilon(t) > \epsilon_{T}$, which for the half cycle pulse
of Eq.~\ref{pump-pulse} is achieved only in the central oscillation,
the electric field can effectively bring molecules out of
their H-bond arrangements.
This is the reason why, already for the dimer case, $\Delta\langle E_R\rangle$
increases mostly during the central pulse oscillation and hardly changes
during the two side wings of smaller amplitude.

\subsubsection{Water tetramer and larger clusters}

    \begin{figure}[t!]
      \begin{center}
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:cluster-bulk-energy}
            \includegraphics[width=8cm]{cluster-bulk-energy}
         }\\%
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:cluster-bulk-trans-energy}
            \includegraphics[width=8cm]{cluster-bulk-trans-energy}
         }\\%
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:cluster-bulk-rot-energy}
            \includegraphics[width=8cm]{cluster-bulk-rot-energy}

     \end{center}
     \caption{    (a) Ensemble averaged total kinetic energy
                      increase ($\Delta\langle E_K\rangle$),
                  (b) translational energy increase
                      ($\Delta\langle E_T\rangle$) and
                  (c) rotational energy increase ($\Delta\langle E_R\rangle$)
                  for the water
                  clusters of sizes 4, 8, 32 and 64 and for bulk water at
                  200~K.

                  Red circles are showing the points t$_{1}$ and t$_{2}$ for 4
                  water cluster only.  t$_{1}$ is the point when significant
                  change happens in $\Delta\langle E_K\rangle$ and t$_{2}$ is the point when
                  $\Delta\langle E_K\rangle$ is maximum.

    \label{fig:cluster-bulk}
    \end{figure}
For water clusters larger than the dimer the average number of H-bonds
per water molecule increases from $1/2$ to between 3 and 4.
As may already be anticipated,
this has profound consequences for the dynamics of energy increase and energy transfer
in the clusters.
Fig.~\ref{fig:cluster-bulk} illustrates the total kinetic, rotational
and translational energy increase for water clusters of sizes
4, 8, 32, 64 and finally bulk water at the same initial temperature of 200~K.
This temperature was chosen to ensure equilibration of the clusters without
evaporation (loss) of water molecules into their surroundings, which occurs at
higher temperatures.
There are various features of the energy intake dynamics that can now be
understood on the basis of the observations made for the case of the
water dimer.
(i) Smaller clusters feature a larger energy increase immediately after the
THz pulse because they have on average fewer H-bonds per monomer, as seen both
in Figs.~\ref{fig:cluster-bulk-energy} and \ref{fig:cluster-bulk-rot-energy}.
(ii) $\Delta\langle E_R\rangle$ becomes increasingly delayed as the cluster size
increases because the number of surface water molecules with fewer H-bonds
decreases in relation to the cluster's volume. As a consequence,
the time $t_2$, defined as the time of maximum energy gain becomes increasingly
delayed for larger clusters. Exactly the same trend is observed for $t_1$, the
time at which $\Delta\langle E_K\rangle$ starts increasing significantly.
(iii) Equilibration between the $\Delta\langle E_R\rangle$ and
$\Delta\langle E_T\rangle$ components
(cf. Figs.~\ref{fig:cluster-bulk-trans-energy} and
\ref{fig:cluster-bulk-rot-energy}) is achieved for clusters with 32 and 64
water molecules, besides the bulk system. For the smaller clusters with 4 and 8
water molecules, collisional energy transfer stops as the clusters start
expanding, similarly as in the dimer case.
(iv) The total kinetic energy $\Delta\langle E_K\rangle$ decreases after the
pulse for the smaller clusters. Since the total energy of each cluster
is conserved after the pulse, the total kinetic energy
decrease corresponds to an increase in the relative potential energy between
monomers as the small clusters expand. This can be thought of as a sort of
evaporative cooling taking place at the surface of the clusters as outer water
molecules leave the cluster after interaction with the THz pulse.

\subsubsection{Inertial confinement in ultrafast heated clusters}
\begin{figure}[t!]
    \includegraphics[width=8cm]{diff-density-time}
    \caption{Water density difference ($\Delta \rho$) with respect to the
        density at -250~fs (before the THz pulse) at times 250, 750
        and 1250~fs in the presence of the THz pulse.
        $r$ is the distance to the center of the spherical cluster.

     \label{fig:density-time}
\end{figure}
In earlier investigations on liquid water interacting with the
THz pulse at a density of
1~g/cm$^3$, constant volume had been assumed~\cite{mishra51,MishraJCPB}. This rests on the
assumption that the number of water molecules in the region interacting with the
THz pulse remains
constant, or in other words, there is no substantial expansion of the system
during and after the interaction with the THz pulse in the time scales of
interest.
As an indication that this may be the case, we already saw in the previous section
that at least the total energy gain converges to the bulk value for clusters
with a few tens
of water molecules.
Here we investigate this assumption in more detail on the basis of
force-field treatment of water, such that several thousand water molecules can
be taken into account.
The dynamics of
an isolated spherical cluster of radius 40~{\AA} and 8843 water molecules, which was
extracted from a thermally equilibrated periodic box of liquid water
at 300~K, were simulated in the presence of the THz pulse. The initial
density in the interior of the cluster was set to 1~g/cm$^3$.

The density as a function of the distance to the center of the cluster was
calculated by binning the radial coordinate in spherical shells of width
5~{\AA} at times $-250$ (before the pulse), $250$, $750$ and $1250$~fs relative
to the center of the THz pulse.
As seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:density-time}, the density varies the most in the outer
5 to 10~{\AA} shell, which diffuses out by also 5 to 10~{\AA}.
The density in the inner regions of the cluster remains quite stable,
decreasing by about 0.15~g/cm$^3$ during the first picosecond after the pulse.
Larger clusters may still lead to a more effective inertial confinements, and it appears
justified to assume a constant density in simulations of heated bulk water at the time
scales of interest.

\subsection{THz pulse interaction with bulk water}
\label{ssec:bulk}
\begin{figure}[h!]
    \includegraphics[width=8cm]{phase-diagram}
    \caption{Temperature (T)-density ($\rho$) phase diagram of water.  C.P. is
        the critical point. Red dots are the states of water in the
        phase diagram that have been used to explore the effect of THz pulse.

     \label{fig:phase-diagram}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[h!]
      \begin{center}
      \subfigure
            \label{fig:temperature-effect-rot}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{temperature-effect-rot-0296}

       \subfigure
            \label{fig:temperature-effect-rot-019}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{temperature-effect-rot-019}
         }\\%

       \subfigure
            \label{fig:temperature-effect-trans}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{temperature-effect-trans-0296}

       \subfigure
            \label{fig:temperature-effect-trans-019}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{temperature-effect-trans-019}
       }\\%

       \subfigure
            \label{fig:temperature-effect-tot}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{temperature-effect-tot-0296}

       \subfigure
            \label{fig:temperature-effect-tot-019}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{temperature-effect-tot-019}

     \end{center}
     \caption{Total kinetic energy ($\Delta \langle E_K\rangle$), translational
         energy ($\Delta \langle E_T\rangle$) and rotational energy ($\Delta
         \langle E_R\rangle$) per water molecule at different temperatures for
         densities 0.296 g/cm$^3$ (a,c,e) and 0.019 g/cm$^3$ (b,d,f).

    \label{fig:temperature-effect-total}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}[h!]
    \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
      \begin{center}
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-200-0}
            \includegraphics[width=0.46\textwidth]{snap-200-0}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-200-1500}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-200-1500}
         }\\%
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-400-0}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-400-0}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-400-1500}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-400-1500}
         }\\%

         \subfigure
            \ \label{fig:snap-600-0}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-600-0}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-600-1500}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-600-1500}
         }\\%
     \end{center}
     \caption{Snapshots of simulation boxes with density 0.3 g/cm$^3$
         and different
         temperatures (T= 200~K, 400~K and 600~K) before the pulse, $t=-250$~fs
         (a,c,e) and after the pulse, $t=1250$~fs (b,d,f).

    \label{fig:snapshot-temperature-effect}
    \end{minipage}
    \end{figure*}

We have discussed above how an intense, sub-cycle THz pulse interacts with
an isolated water molecule and with water clusters of various sizes.
Summarizing, an isolated water molecule interacts with the pulse through its
permanent dipole moment thus gaining a large amount of rotational energy.
Only when several water molecules are in close proximity can part of the
rotational energy be transformed into relative translational energy owing to the
coupling between rotational and relative translational motion of the water
monomers in the cluster.

In the following, we explore the interaction of the THz pulse and
the subsequent energy transfer dynamics in bulk water at different constant
densities and equilibrated at different initial temperatures.
Regarding initial temperature, this parameter is easily controllable in
experimental realizations.
As for density, we have already shown that, on the time scales of interest,
the inner part of the cluster remains at its
initial density during the interaction with the pulse and is inertially confined
by the outer shell. Therefore, simulations at the constant density (i.e. constant
volume) of the liquid phase, 1~g/cm$^3$, are justified.
Moreover, the macroscopic density under real physical confinement of the
interaction volume by e.g. hard walls can be maintained during and after the heating-up process.
Therefore, we consider various densities ranging from very low up
to normal liquid density.
Depending on the density and initial temperature of the confined system in equilibrium,
the aggregation state of water may vary from gas phase to liquid or amorphous
solid phases and the coexistence of the two.
This is illustrated in the saturation diagram of pure water shown in
Fig.~(\ref{fig:phase-diagram})~\cite{wag02:387}.
In the regions inside the curve vapor and liquid water coexist. Outside
the curve only one phase is present, either water vapor or condensed water.
The dynamics of energy transfer from the THz pulse and the subsequent energy
redistribution among rotational and translational degrees of freedom are
strongly dependent on the possible aggregation states found in the diagram.
Those initial conditions at which simulations have been performed in this work are marked
with a red dot in Fig.~(\ref{fig:phase-diagram}).

There are three distinctive features of the
heating-up dynamics of water clusters that vary strongly as a
function of the size of the cluster.
{\em First},
for isolated water molecules and for clusters up to 8 monomers the amplitude
profile of the THz pulse is imprinted in the rotational energy of the water
molecules. This is indicative of none or few hydrogen bonds per monomer as
compared to the bulk or to larger clusters. As a consequence, water molecules
are rotationally accelerated and shortly thereafter slowed down in the presence
of the THz field before they can have significant collisions with neighboring
monomers. This can be observed in Figs.~\ref{fig:water-monomer-energy} and
\ref{fig:cluster-bulk}c.
{\em Second}, an equilibriation between the rotational and translational
components of the kinetic energy is only achieved for clusters after a certain
minimum size. In our simulations we find equilibriation between rotational and
translational energy components
for clusters of 32 or more water molecules. Smaller clusters fragment before
equilibriation through collisions can complete. An extreme example of this
corresponds to
the water dimer and tetramer.
{\em Third}, the total kinetic energy of the clusters with four and eight
monomers decreases during the first picosecond as the clusters expand, which is
mirrored by the corresponding increase of potential energy as the monomers
separate from each other against attractive electrostatic interactions.
This effect is not observed for larger
aggregates, which mostly maintain their structure.

These basic features can be recognized when letting
bulk water interact with the THz pulse at different densities and initial
temperatures.
Snapshots of 2048 water molecules at a density of 0.296~g/cm$^3$ for different
initial temperatures of 200, 400 and 600~K are shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:snapshot-temperature-effect}. The system at 200~K
corresponds essentially to a piece of amorphous ice with small internal energy.
The system at 400~K is made of a large droplet of hot liquid water with
smaller clusters and monomers surrounding it in the vapor state,
whereas the system at 600~K is made of almost
homogeneously distributed water molecules with a large mobility and collisional
rate.
This leads immediately to very different heating-up dynamics. The colder system
gains in total less energy due to the more hindered water monomers. The
equilibration between rotational and translational energy is however almost
instantaneous due to the tight interactions between the monomers.
As the temperature increases the amplitude profile of the THz pulse manifests
more strongly in the rotational energy component because the interactions
between neighboring water molecules become progressively weaker, as seen in
Fig.~\ref{fig:temperature-effect-total}a.
Another consequence of larger temperatures is that
the energy transfer between the rotational and translational
components of the kinetic energy is not instantaneous anymore as compared
to colder temperatures (cf.
Figs.~\ref{fig:temperature-effect-total}c and
\ref{fig:temperature-effect-total}d).  The slowest energy transfer to
translational motion occurs at 600~K as a consequence of the larger separation
and weaker interactions between water molecules.
A decrease of the total kinetic energy shortly after the pump pulse occurs for
systems initially between 300 and 500~K due to substantial evaporation of
monomers from the outer shells of the liquid portion. This can be seen by
comparing the snapshots in
Figs.~\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}a,
\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}c and
\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}e
with those in Figs.~\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}b,
\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}d and
\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}f, respectively.

As compared to the previous examples, a reduced density of 0.019~g/cm$^3$ leads
to differences mostly for the high temperature cases. At T$=500$~K and T=$600$~K
the water molecules are homogeneously distributed across the available volume
and at a large average distance from one another. This results in dynamics
of the rotational degrees of freedom similar to those of isolated monomers and
characterized by a
slow rate of energy transfer to translational degrees of freedom due to
infrequent collisions. This can be seen by comparing the increase of
translational energy shown in
Figs.~\ref{fig:temperature-effect-total}c and
\ref{fig:temperature-effect-total}d.
At this density, only the colder systems at T$=200$~K and T$=300$~K achieve
energy equipartition between rotational and translational degrees of freedom because
most of the water molecules are condensed forming ice and liquid droplets, as seen in
Figs.~\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}c and
\ref{fig:snapshot-density-effect}e.
This leads to coupled hindered rotational and translational
motion in the condensed phase and the corresponding fast energy transfer.

    \begin{figure*}[h!]
      \begin{center}
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:density-energy-rot-300}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{density-energy-rot-300}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:density-energy-rot}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{density-energy-rot-500}
         }\\%
        \subfigure
            \label{fig:density-energy-trans-300}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{density-energy-trans-300}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:density-energy-trans}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{density-energy-trans-500}
         }\\%
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:density-energy-tot-300}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{density-energy-tot-300}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:density-energy-tot}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{density-energy-tot-500}

    \end{center}
     \caption{ Total kinetic energy ($\Delta \langle E_K\rangle$), translational
         energy ($\Delta \langle E_T\rangle$) and rotational energy ($\Delta
         \langle E_R\rangle$) per water molecule at different densities
         (in g/cm$^3$) for
         initial temperatures 300~K (a,c,e) and 500~K (b,d,f) of the system.

    \label{fig:density-effect}
    \end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}[h!]
    \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
      \begin{center}
         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-60-0}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-60-0}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-60-1500}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-60-1500}
         }\\%

         \subfigure
            \ \label{fig:snap-100-0}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-100-0}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-100-1500}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-100-1500}
         }\\%

         \subfigure
            \ \label{fig:snap-150-0}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-150-0}

         \subfigure
            \label{fig:snap-150-1500}
            \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{snap-150-1500}
         }\\%
     \end{center}
     \caption{Snapshots of water systems at T=300~K and different densities
              (0.3 g/cm$^3$, 0.064 and 0.02 ~g/cm$^3$)
              before the pulse, $t=-250$~fs (a,c,e) and after the pulse,
              $t=1250$~fs (b,d,f).

    \label{fig:snapshot-density-effect}
    \end{minipage}
    \end{figure*}

At temperatures T=500~K and T=600~K the amount and rate of energy transfer
from the THz pulse to
rotational motion is relatively independent of the density of the system, as
can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:density-effect}b. Independently of the density, the
high temperatures result in weak hydrogen bonding and the rotational degrees of
readily respond to the THz pulse.
However, the collisional energy transfer from the rotational to the
translational degrees of freedom at these high temperatures is strongly
dependent on the density of the system, as illustrated in
Fig.~\ref{fig:density-effect}d.
At low densities almost no collisions occur whereas at 1~g/cm$^3$ the rotational
and translational temperatures are equilibriated within 1~ps.

As a final remark, the simulations of the interaction of the THz pulse with liquid
water at an initial temperature of 300~K and density of 1~g/cm$^3$ can be
compared with our previous {\em ab initio} molecular dynamics
results~\cite{mishra51,MishraJCPB}. The total kinetic energy increase
$\Delta\langle E_K\rangle$ per water monomer is found to be about a factor 2
larger in the {\em ab initio} case than with the present rigid
force-field approach. The main difference is
related to the direct energy intake of the internal vibrational degrees of
freedom of the water monomers during the THz pulse and which is related to
polarization effects not captured by rigid force-fields. The mechanism of energy
transfer to rotational and translational degrees of freedom remains however
the same and the amount of energy transferred to these modes is in both types of
simulations qualitatively agrees to within 20\%.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:concl}

We have discussed in detail the mechanisms by which
a highly intense (5$\times$10$^{12}$~W/cm$^{2}$) and ultrashort (fwhm 141~fs)
THz pulse couples to clusters of water molecules and to bulk water and
transfers a large amount of energy to the system.
The fundamental coupling mechanism between the THz pulse and the water molecules
is through the permanent dipole moment of those with the electric field
component of the pulse.
Therefore, the THz pulse transfers energy only to rotational motion of isolated
water molecules and
translational motion of the center of mass remains unaffected
due to electrical neutrality of the molecules.
For clusters with two or more molecules, coupling between hindered rotations
and translations exists and the translational motions also gain energy during and
after interaction with the THz pulse.
Inspection of the potential energy curve of the $\angle$OOH angle of the water
dimer in the presence
of a static electric field shows
small changes for a electric field amplitude up to 0.087~V/{\AA}. Beyond this
field strength, a small variation in the electric field will induce a significantly large
change in the potential energy curve.
At a electric field amplitude of 0.614 V/{\AA}, the potential energy curve shows that the electric
field can break the
hydrogen bond in the water dimer and bring the permanent dipole moments of the
two monomers to orient with the polarization axis of the electric field.

We studied the interaction of confined water at well defined initial temperature
and different densities. Even relatively small clusters lead to inertial
confinement of the water molecules below the most external shells, which
justifies investigations of bulk water at constant density of
1~g/cm$^3$. We also investigated lower densities, which can result from physical
confinement either by macroscopic physical walls or even in nanostructures.
High temperatures of 500 and 600~K lead to rotational dynamics similar to
isolated water molecules. Lower temperatures, in which the interactions between
water monomers are stronger, lead to a smaller energy transfer from the THz
pulse.
The density of the system plays a key role in the collisional energy transfer
between rotational and translational motion.
For large temperatures, a
large density leads to a high collision rate and quick equilibriation whereas a
small density prevents collisions and no equilibriation can occur.
For small temperatures, a large fraction of the system is in a condensed state
and equilibriation between rotational and translational motion occurs almost
instantaneously.

These results constitute a relevant step towards studies of
thermally activated chemical
and biological processes, in which the water medium can be used as a channel to
deliver the energy of a THz pump pulse to the molecules of interest. The trends
identified in terms of temperature and density of the system
open the door to the
design of strategies in which the heating-up rate of substances dissolved in water
can be controlled by such thermodynamic parameters.

\begin{acknowledgments}
   We are grateful to the Virtual Institute of the Helmholtz Association
   "Dynamic Pathways in Multidimensional Landscapes" for financial support.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
#ifndef FrameConsole_h
#define FrameConsole_h

#include "bindings/core/v8/ScriptState.h"
#include "core/CoreExport.h"
#include "core/frame/ConsoleTypes.h"
#include "platform/heap/Handle.h"
#include "wtf/Forward.h"
#include "wtf/PassOwnPtr.h"

namespace blink {

class ConsoleMessage;
class ConsoleMessageStorage;
class DocumentLoader;
class ResourceError;
class ResourceResponse;
class ScriptCallStack;
class WorkerGlobalScopeProxy;

// FrameConsole takes per-frame console messages and routes them up through the FrameHost to the ChromeClient and Inspector.
// It's meant as an abstraction around ChromeClient calls and the way that Blink core/ can add messages to the console.
class CORE_EXPORT FrameConsole final : public NoBaseWillBeGarbageCollected<FrameConsole> {
    USING_FAST_MALLOC_WILL_BE_REMOVED(FrameConsole);
    DECLARE_EMPTY_DESTRUCTOR_WILL_BE_REMOVED(FrameConsole);
public:
    static PassOwnPtrWillBeRawPtr<FrameConsole> create(LocalFrame& frame)
    {
        return adoptPtrWillBeNoop(new FrameConsole(frame));
    }

    void addMessage(PassRefPtrWillBeRawPtr<ConsoleMessage>);
    void adoptWorkerMessagesAfterTermination(WorkerGlobalScopeProxy*);

    void reportResourceResponseReceived(DocumentLoader*, unsigned long requestIdentifier, const ResourceResponse&);

    static void mute();
    static void unmute();

    void clearMessages();

    void didFailLoading(unsigned long requestIdentifier, const ResourceError&);

    DECLARE_TRACE();

private:
    explicit FrameConsole(LocalFrame&);

    LocalFrame& frame() const
    {
        ASSERT(m_frame);
        return *m_frame;
    }

    ConsoleMessageStorage* messageStorage();

    RawPtrWillBeMember<LocalFrame> m_frame;
};

} // namespace blink

#endif // FrameConsole_h

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I am little creature, with porcelain skin, reddish hair and almond eyes.
I am also a highly educated lady, with a college degree and a master. I speak english and I have studied french.
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text:
Manfred Ruoff (* 9. April 1935; † 2004) war ein deutscher Fußballspieler. Der Stürmer lief für die TSG Ulm 1846 in 133 Spielen in der seinerzeit erstklassigen Oberliga Süd auf, dabei erzielte er 56 Tore.

Sportlicher Werdegang
Ruoff rückte als Teenager in die Erstligamannschaft der TSG Ulm 1846 auf, verpasste mit ihr aber im Sommer 1953 den Klassenerhalt in der Oberliga Süd. In der Folge trat er mit dem Klub in der II. Division an, dort gelang 1958 als Vizemeister der Südstaffel hinter dem SV Waldhof Mannheim der Wiederaufstieg in die Erstklassigkeit. Mit neun Toren in der Spielzeit 1958/59 trug er zum Klassenerhalt der Mannschaft um Helmut Zatopek und Siegfried Kronenbitter mit zwei Punkten Vorsprung auf den Regionalrivalen BC Augsburg bei, in den folgenden beiden Spielzeiten traf er mit jeweils zwölf Toren sogar zweistellig in der Oberliga. Dennoch stieg die Mannschaft 1961 erneut ab, schaffte aber dieses Mal den direkten Wiederaufstieg. In der abschließenden Spielzeit der Oberliga vor Einführung der Bundesliga belegte er mit der Mannschaft den achten Tabellenplatz, dabei hatte er in 30 Saisonspielen zwanzig Tore erzielt.

Zur Regionalliga-Spielzeit 1963/64 wechselte Ruoff zum Ligakonkurrenten Stuttgarter Kickers, für den er in seiner ersten Spielzeit elf Tore in der neuen zweithöchsten Spielklasse erzielte. Dennoch platzierte sich der Klub als Tabellen-14. sechs Ränge hinter seiner vormaligen Spielstation. In der folgenden Saison erzielte er fünf Tore in zwölf Spielen für die Schwaben, ehe er seine aktive Laufbahn beendete.

Hauptberuflich war Ruoff als Bankkaufmann tätig gewesen.

Weblinks
 http://www.kickersarchiv.de/index.php/Main/RuoffManfred

Fußballspieler (SSV Ulm 1846)
Fußballspieler (Stuttgarter Kickers)
Deutscher
Geboren 1935
Gestorben 2004
Mann


text:
Fruit Jar Controversy in the 1930's
On April 21, 1936 F. C. Ball, president of Ball Brothers, wrote a letter to the president of Hartford-Empire, the glass machine company, concerning a Capstan Glass Co. claim that they had rights to make fruit jars using Hartford's glassmaking equipment. In his letter, F. C. refers to the General Feeder License Agreement that Ball had with Hartford.
"Hartford represents that there are no such rights outstanding, other than those listed in said Schedule G. The rights which are listed in Schedule G are the following:
(1) Salem Glass Works – right to make Lightning style and Eureka Jars for domestic use.
(2) Gayner Glass Works – right to produce not more than 120,000 gross of fruit jars for domestic use, none of which to exceed one half-gallon in capacity. This right, however, expired on July 1, 1934.
(3) American Thermos Bottle Company – no right to make fruit jars.
(4) Corning Glass Works – no right to make fruit jars.
(5) Owens-Illinois – right to manufacture fruit jars for domestic use.
(6) Hazel-Atlas Glass Company – right to manufacture fruit jars for domestic use.
We cannot, therefore, understand the statement of Capstan Glass Company's patent attorney Mr. N. N. Holland, and request that you give us the facts regarding his statement."
The resulting correspondence is much too extensive to reproduce here, but I thought that these rights to make fruit jars using Hartford's feeder system would be of interest. Note that this does not mean that other companies were not making fruit jars using other companies' feeder systems.
Written by Richard H. Cole, Jr.
© 2003 Minnetrista
First Published in September 2003 Glass Chatter


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Prices are bespoke depending on guest numbers and requirements.


text:
Provisional Provision
A few folks in the more conservative wing of The Episcopal Church have expressed concerns about General Convention's provision of provisional liturgies to be used at the discretion of the diocesan bishop. There is at present no explicit constitutional clause describing such liturgies. Instead, the Constitution speaks of "trial use" of liturgies supplementing or revising either portions or the whole of the Book of Common Prayer -- which liturgies, unlike their provisional cousins, are not to be gainsaid by individual bishops who do not care for them.
There is a move afoot to amend the Constitution to spell out the practice of provisional use (Resolution A066), and while likely a good thing in terms of dotting and crossing the relevant vowels and consonants, it is not strictly necessary, and at this point in time may raise more hackles than it calms. While such provisional or occasional use is not at present explicit in the Constitution, it is implicit in the present Constitution's allowance (Article X) for individual Bishops, acting in accord with the governing rubric of the BCP (page 13), to provide for liturgies for occasions for which no extant liturgy suffices. If an individual bishop can do this within her own diocese, then surely the General Convention, which includes the whole House of Bishops, can by a majority vote make such a provision, subject always to the local bishop's approval for use within her diocese. The House of Bishops first did this just after the turn of the previous century, authorizing a Book of Offices for occasional use. This reached a settled form in 1917, and was amended in 1949 and 1949; and it led to the Book of Occasional Services in 1979, which has itself gone through several revisions. So if the church has been acting in contravention of the Constitution in this regard, it has been doing so for a century; and the text of the Constitution is silent on the matter, so it may well be taken to be settled as permitted. (Article X is about the BCP and its amendment, not all liturgy. For that, see Title II of the Canons.)
I say this as one who does not favor a proliferation of liturgies, but that is an opinion not all share. But opinions aside, I think the General Convention has acted well within the spirit of the law in its past approval of provisional liturgies whose use is contingent on the approval of the diocesan.
Tobias Stanislas Haller BSG
Tags: BCP, constitution, liturgy
Dear SCOTUS
Duty and Death...
The Authority for Worship Forms
Dept of Canonical Redundancy Dept
The (Mis)Shape of the Liturgy
Those who are ignorant of history...
Let the Children...
On Church Growth: A Thought
Allowance is not Mandate: A Thought on Marriage
Meditations on the Way of the Cross
My Drugged Childhood