text:
Europe: 23 New…
Europe: 23 New and Upgraded Solar District Heating Plants of 190 MWth Start Operation in 2015
Tue, 5 April 2016
As in previous years, Denmark remained the country dominating Europe's solar district heating market. Twenty of the 23 new and upgraded district heating plants in Europe above 350 kWth (500 m²) from the statistics compiled by Jan-Olof Dalenbäck from the Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, went into operation in Denmark – whereas Austria, Italy and Sweden had only one each to show for. Dalenbäck's database shows 211 large-scale district heating plants currently in operation, with combined output at 708 MW (1.01 million m²). This means that only every fourth district heating plant in Europe uses solar energy compared to the 5,400 district heating systems a database from Swedish Halmstad University lists from across the EU-27. The map shows 2,188 cities with 2,445 larger district heating systems. The highest plant densities can be found in Denmark, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Source: Heat Roadmap Europe 2050 – Second pre-study for the EU27 (see the attached document)
The new Danish plants from 2015 generated a total of 122 MWth (174,708 m²) at an average size of 10,277 m² each, plus three upgrades with 65 MWth. The other three systems outside of Denmark were smaller by a factor of ten: Utility Varese Risorse has been operating a 990 m² district heating plant since May 2015, whereas the most current plant in Sweden is an 850 m² installation in the town of Lerum, and in Vienna, energy provider Wien Energie (formerly Energiecomfort) is operating a 1,500 m² plant in a new housing area on the outskirts of Austria's capital. Dalenbäck has regularly updated his database on large solar heating plants above 350 kWth for several years as part of the SDHplus project, which just received an extension for another three. His list shows a total of 252 plants in operation (see the table below).
Type of installation
No. of installations
Total installed ST power
Total installed collector area
District & Block Heating with ground-installed collectors
91 plants
596 MWth
851,000 m²
Mostly district heating in Denmark
District & Block Heating with roof-mounted collectors
120 plants
Mostly block heating and decentralised plants outside Denmark
Other applications like process heat and/or cooling
37 MWth
Miscellaneous applications, including one large green housing complex in Denmark
1.06 million m²
Summary of the database created by Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, mainly including solar thermal systems above 350 MWth in operation for district and block heating in Europe.
"To my knowledge, there is no common definition of district heating, so my database includes large solar heating systems for different applications," Dalenbäck explained. The majority of the systems in the database, however, either belong into the category of district heating, called Fernwärme in Germany and Austria, Fjärrvärme in Sweden and Fjernvarme in Denmark (36 %), or block heating, which is called Nahwärme in Germany and Austria or Närvärme in Sweden (48 %). Block heating stations include a heat-only boiler or sometimes a small CHP plant.
Different ways of feeding heat into the grid: The figure on the left shows a centralised solar field, which is connected either to a large combined heat and power plant (district heating) or a heat-only boiler station (block heating); the figure on the right shows a distributed solar field connected to a subsection of the heating network. Both figures were taken from the attached presentation.
Source: Chalmers University of Technology
The Swedish researcher also explained that there are different ways of feeding the heat into the network, something that also depends on the country as shown in the following list. In Denmark, most of the large solar plants are connected to a central heating boiler or CHP (central heat and power). In Germany and Sweden, the majority of large solar plants are integrated into block heating plants. In Poland and France, larger solar installations are connected to the secondary heating circuit, meaning that several collector fields adding up to 350 kWh or more are mounted onto buildings and connected to different subsections of the heating grid.
Denmark: Mostly solar district heating plants
Sweden: Mainly solar + biomass block heating plants and a couple of solar district heating plants
Austria: Large decentralised solar district heating systems and a number of solar + biomass block heating plants
Germany: Mainly block heating plants
Poland and France: Decentralised feed-in with ST systems on buildings connected to district heating
"Besides Denmark, there has been no worthwhile market development for large systems in any other European country the last years," Dalenbäck concluded after looking at the overall statistics of his database (see chart below).
Overview of 252 large-scale solar thermal systems in operation, plus 18 closed-down plants with 25.5 MW (white), based on starting date (x axis) and country (colour). The numbers were taken from the statistics of Jan Olof Dalenbäck from the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. The Danish red dominated new installations over the last four years, from 2012 to 2015.
Germany and Spain: First showcases expected in 2016 after longer break
And what is the outlook for 2016? Denmark will certainly dominate the statistics this year again, considering that the country has projects in the pipeline totalling a solar thermal capacity of around 350 MWth (500,000 m²), according to a November 2015 presentation by Jan Erik Nielsen from Danish consultancy PlanEnergi. Germany, however, will show signs of life in the solar district and block heating market, after two years without any larger solar installations coming into operation: There is the district heating plant in the town of Simmern with 1,422 m², which had already been completed at the end of 2015 and which will start producing energy no earlier than summer 2016 because of the delay in the construction of the heating centre. Additionally, there were the announcements of two other solar district heating projects: Senftenberg with 8,300 m² and Chemnitz with 2,000 m². Spain could also get its first showcase for large district heating since 2007 with an installation in Barcelona. According to CEO Àngel Carrera, Spanish engineering company Aiguasol is looking to finance around 4,000 m² of collector area which would feed into the biomass-supplied network La Marina run by Ecoenergies Barcelona.
Websites of companies, institutions and projects mentioned in the article:
Chalmers University of Technology: http://www.chalmers.se/en
SDHplus: http://solar-district-heating.eu/
Aiguasol: http://aiguasol.coop/en/
Overview of Denmark solar heating plants: http://www.solvarmedata.dk/
PlanEnergi: http://www.planenergi.eu/
Savo-Solar: http://www.savosolar.fi/en/
https://solarthermalworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/heatroadmapeuropepre-studyii20130524.pdf
https://solarthermalworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/solar_district_heating_webinar_march_2016.pdf
Big Solar in Kosovo replaces coal-based electric heating January 25, 2023
Successful operator models for solar district heating in Germany January 5, 2023
SDHplus projectstatistics
AustriaCzech RepublicDenmarkEuropeFranceGermanyItalyPolandSlovakiaSpainSweden
Solar District Heating


text:
Aunty Misery – Setting
Puerto Rican Folktales
Puerto Rican culture is a mixture of Taino (native inhabitants of the Caribbean Islands), Spanish, and African influences. As such, the folktales from this country reflect this mixed heritage. Few purely Taino myths have survived, as the islands (including Puerto Rico) were colonized by Spain in the fifteenth century. (Christopher Columbus ''discovered'' the island on November 19, 1493.) Tainos did not have a written language, and most died off in the sixteenth century following the country's colonization. Yet Spanish settlers did record Taino stories, all of which were part of an oral tradition (tales passed down through the generations via the spoken word). In 1505, friar Ramo´n Pane´ was commissioned by Columbus to document the Taino culture. In addition to writing of their lifestyle, Pane´e, who lived on Hispaniola for four years, recorded their creation myths (stories that explained their origination as well as the origination of the world), stories of how the Sun and Moon came to exist, and myths and beliefs regarding the afterlife.
Because the Taino population was decimated by the diseases carried by Spanish settlers, the Spaniards imported African slaves to aid in the establishment of the colony. Thus, in the late sixteenth century, African and Taino culture began to intermingle. Slaves also lived by an oral tradition; they were illiterate and uneducated, and so their stories were told aloud rather than written down. As Doris M. Vazquez notes in Folktales, ''Stories from this group of people reflected their struggles and often futile attempts to be free.'' Yet, because of their low social status, slaves retained little of their own culture and were quickly assimilated into Spanish culture.
This rapid assimilation, coupled with the near extinction of the Taino people and the little that survives from their society, has resulted in a Puerto Rican folk tradition largely dominated by Spanish culture. Thus, Vazquez finds that ''the folk tales that are told in Puerto Rico today reflect basically Spanish themes with island adaptations and very little Taino or African participation.'' She adds, ''The tales, in general, have undergone changes in numbers, names, or settings which are more tropical or similar to Puerto Rico.''
Puerto Rican Immigration and Migration to the United States
When Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony, Puerto Ricans who moved to the United States were immigrants. The first such group of immigrants arrived around the 1850s. But, after the Spanish-American War (April 1898–August 1898), Puerto Rico became a territory of the United States. Thus, Puerto Ricans who moved to the United States after 1898 were considered Puerto Rican citizens who were required to possess passports in order to travel. In 1917, the Jones-Shafroth Act was passed in the United States. This act defined Puerto Ricans as citizens of the United States. Because of this, they were able to travel and move freely between both countries. As such, Puerto Ricans living in the United States were no longer immigrants but migrants. The peak of that migration, known as the ''The Great Migration,'' began in 1946 and lasted throughout the 1950s as businesses began to encourage the migration of Puerto Ricans to fill a demand for cheap labor. (Ortiz Cofer and her family moved to the United States in 1954.) The vast majority of this migration was centered in and around New York City.
Sara Constantakis – Short Stories for Students – Presenting Analysis, Context & Criticism on Commonly Studied Short Stories, vol. 29, Judith Ortiz Cofer, Published by Gale Group, 2001.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


St. John's has created a home-like atmosphere where your child can spend time with their friends before and after school. The Northern Ozaukee School District provides transportation to and from school.
A summer filled with fun! That's what our popular summer program offers. Best of all, kids keep learning without even knowing it—and parents get peace of mind. Our summer program engages your child in a new theme each week that is guaranteed to build teamwork skills to enhance lasting friendships, challenge your child and teach them about life's adventures. Their time with us will be filled with fun outdoor and indoor activities, learning songs, creative crafts, and water days to cool off in the heat!
Music, laughter, friendships and fun!!
Vacation Bible School is an important week of our Summer Program.
Summer Program—Call 262-692-2734 for details.


Katharine Houreld is currently the Afghanistan and Pakistan correspondent for Reuters. She began her journalism career as a freelancer in West Africa, covering the aftermath of the Liberian civil war. Since then, she's lived in Nigeria and Kenya, and reported on elections, uprisings, wars, piracy and governance in Iraq, Somalia, Sudan, Chad, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone and many other countries. Katharine enjoys exploring the economics and politics that lie behind the conflicts, and telling the stories of individual's reformists struggling to improve dysfunctional governments.


text:
Making the most of what life offers
By Seia Soloi, 01/03/2017
A diet of elegi and rice is not a bad thing.
As long as you believe there are brighter days ahead.
Ask Fia Vaauli and that's what she will tell you.
The 30-year-old mother of two looks after her children while her husband works.
"The cost of living doesn't scare me," she said.
"It is what it is. It is reality and it's happening every day. Our people are used to it and we just have to cope with it."
For Fia's family, it means they have to live according to their means.
With her husband's weekly wage, they budget the money for electricity, water, school needs and faalavelaves.
What remains is spent on food.
And that often means whatever they can find.
"Our family is simple," she said. "We have a plantation to depend on when there's no food. We often buy two elegis a day and some rice and that's it."
"What's important to me is that we develop our own family. This is the best thing for my children. We learn as we go and we are happy with life."
Fia knows times are changing and that there are always many challenges.
But the key she said is to be positive and be grateful for whatever we have.
"We have land, water and food," she said.
"Sometimes we run out of cash power but that's okay. As of now we are working fast to get our power on to make things much easier especially at nights."
Fia dreams of a big house one day but for now she is contented with their small hut. She is positive though.
"One day," she said about a big home. "One day."
Cabinet requested to delay styrofoam ban
The ban was initially scheduled to take effect on the last day of January 2020. But Ulu said the Ministry has had to consider other factors and asked for Cabinet to endorse their request. A decision has yet to be made.
By Adel Fruean 18/01/2020
Heavy rain warning issued as Cyclone Tino heads to Fiji, Tonga
The Samoa Meteorological Office has assuaged fears about Tropical Cyclone Tino striking Samoa. The Assistant Chief Executive Officer of the Met Office, Mulipola Ausetalia Titimaea, told the Samoa Observer in an interview that the cyclone is tracking towards Fiji and Tonga.
Sixty per cent of secondary teachers now graduates: Ministry
More than half of secondary teachers and nearly a third of primary teachers are now armed with a Bachelors in Education, the Government of Samoa has revealed, saying its programme to improve teaching qualifications is showing a "positive trend," after research on its Teacher Upgrade Programme's challenges was published recently.


text:
EU united on financial measures
EU leaders unite behind crisis-management measures and agree to international meeting to re-vamp financial system's supervisory framework.
10/15/08, 6:03 PM CET
EU leaders have agreed a common approach to restoring stability to financial markets and also agreed to hold an international summit later in the year to discuss an overhaul of supervision of the global financial markets to prevent similar crises occurring in future.
Speaking after the first day of the summit in Brussels on Wednesday, French President Nicolas Sarkozy said that "Europe as a whole without exceptions supported the concerted action plan", referring to an approach agreed by members of the eurozone at a summit in Sunday.
That plan is intended to restore confidence to financial markets through a combination of the recapitalisation of banks, guarantees for saving deposits and interbank lending.
The French president highlighted the fact that EU leaders had changed accountancy rules for banks so that European financial institutions are not at a competitive disadvantage to their US rivals. "We agreed to modify accountancy standards for banks so that mark-to-market [valuations] are not applied blindly," he said, referring to current rules that require banks to value assets based on current market values.
The new rules would apply for banks and financial institutions reporting their third quarter results for 2008, he said.
Sarkozy also flagged up agreement to set up a "crisis-management unit" to deal with bank collapses. The unit will consist of the president of the European Council, the president of the European Commission, the president of the European Central Bank and the president of the Eurogroup of eurozone finance ministers. This "lightweight structure" would give advice and co-ordinate actions, he said, but would not replace existing structures.
The French president said that there was broad support for efforts to improve supervision of the financial sector, especially for cross-border companies. But he admitted that smaller countries "may be more concerned". Smaller member states, including many from central and eastern Europe, are concerned that they could lose control over subsidiaries of larger financial groups operating on their territory.
Improving financial market supervision included stepping up regulation of all parts of the financial sector, Sarkozy said. "No financial institution should be exempt," he said, singling out hedge funds for regulation. Until now the European Commission has resisted calls to regulate hedge funds.
The French president also said there should be measures to regulate executive pay to remove incentives for reckless investments. "The system of remuneration needs to be fundamentally reconsidered to avoid blind risk taking," he said.
European Commission President José Manuel Barroso said that he would look at ways of re-launching the EU's economy as the effects of the financial-markets crisis would start hitting households.
Turning to the international scene, Sarkozy said that had been "unanimous support" for a "a re-making of the international financial system" which he called a "new Bretton Woods", referring to the 1944 meeting that created the international institutions to supervise financial flows, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. "Europe doesn't want the same causes and effects in future", he said. "We don't plan to start all over again."
Sarkozy said there was agreement to hold an international summit on the issue, preferably in November. He said that he would raise the problem of tax havens. "If we provide banks with loans, can we have them working with tax havens?" he said. Sarkozy said he would discuss it with US President George W. Bush when he met him at Camp David on Saturday. "We will take message with us," he said. "It's a subject we're going to put on the table."
The French president said that the international meeting should include more than just the G7 group of the world's wealthiest nations. "I put forward the idea that large emerging countries should be involved," he said. He said he would be happy if the meeting expanded to the G13 or G20. "No one should feel excluded," he said.
EU leaders will formally agree the measures on Thursday.
At the start of the summit EU leaders heard a presentation from Ireland's prime minister, Brian Cowen, on the Irish 'No' vote to the Treaty of Lisbon.
US regulators fine Facebook $5B for failing to protect users' privacy
Democrat lawmakers dismissed the record-high amount as 'chump change.'
Europe looks beyond fining Big Tech — to changing its business model
Fines make good headlines, but barely dent companies' deep coffers. What may be needed are stronger remedies.
Brexit Britain's vaping paradise
Tobacco laws set to be first break with EU rules.
Russian groups targeted EU election with fake news, says European Commission
Analysis finds 'continued and sustained disinformation activity.'
Trump says US should levy fines against tech giants, like EU
Trump blasts the EU for targeting U.S. tech companies with massive fines as a way of getting 'easy money.'


Tibet Everest Base Camp Tour is a complete tour package that covers the major attractions of Lhasa and Central Tibet and once in a lifetime experience of Everest Base Camp. The tour is designed with Kathmandu – Lhasa fly in and overland drive out to Kathmandu back. Witness Buddhist prayer ceremonies, visit the homes of local Tibetans and observe religious customs to give you and insight into the Tibetan life and religious practices. After visiting the palaces and monasteries of Lhasa, Gyantse and Shigatse overland drive to the famous Rongphu Monastery and day-hike to North Everest Base camp from where the views of the North Face of Mt. Everest is awesome. You will be thrilled by the breathtaking views of the snow-capped peaks and Tibetan countryside. Afterwards, we drive back to Kathmandu through overland drive.
Pick you up from Lhasa airport or Train station – Full rest for acclimatization – O/N at Hotel.
Day 02-03 in Lhasa: Two Full Days Sightseeing Tour In LhasaVisit Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple & Barkhor Bazaar, Drepung Monastery and Sera Monastery – O/N at Hotel.
Drive to Gyantse via Yamadroke Lake and high passes: Kora LA (5,010m) & Kamba La (4,794m) – Hotel.
AM: Sight-seeing in Gyantse including Pholkor & Kumbum Monastery. PM: scenic drive to Xigatse (1.5hrs) through the typical Tibetan Countryside- Hotel.
AM: Visit Panchen Lama's Tashilhumpu Monastery. Then Drive to Xegar via Shakya Monastery crossing over Gyatchula (a pass of 5,200m) – O/N at Guest House.
Scenic drive to Ronbuk through the beautiful Tibetan countryside. Explore Ronbuk Monastery (highest monastery in the world) – O/N at Guest House.
Rent a horse cart or walk to the Everest BC and explore around – back to Ronbuk – Drive back to Tingri and further to Kerung by over-crossing the high pass of lulang La (5,050m) from where one can enjoy the magnificent view of the Mt. Xishapagma (8,212m) & Mt. Cho Oyu (8,201m) and have overnight at Kerung Guest House.
Day 09 Kerung – Kathmandu:165 km.
after necessary border formalities continue scenic drive to Kathmandu through the green lush countryside- transfer to your Hotel. End of tour.


text:
Why America's Founders Tried to Recruit a Foreign Prince to Be Their King—And How That Moment Holds a Warning for Today
The Signing of the Constitution of the United States, with George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and others at the Constitutional Convention of 1787; oil painting on canvas by Howard Chandler Christy, 1940.
GraphicaArtist/Getty Images
By Richard Hurowitz
Updated: November 26, 2018 1:07 PM ET | Originally published: November 20, 2018
Authoritarianism is on the rise throughout the world, from Russia to Turkey to Hungary. Even in the United States, 37% of Americans have lost faith in democracy and shockingly one in six is ready for a military dictatorship. And yet Americans often assume that they are thoroughly protected by our remarkable system of checks and balances, put in place by the Founding Fathers.
But we must do more than rely on faith in the genius of the Revolutionary generation: we should heed their advice to be ever vigilant at defending our republic against any populism and reaction that could erode our liberties. For even the Founders themselves were susceptible to the siren song of the strong man. Or so, at least, is the lesson of the little-known story of their offer to a European prince to become the monarch of the United States.
The years immediately following the victory over the British at Yorktown bordered on anarchy, in the words of General George Washington. Under the Articles of Confederation, the extremely weak Continental Congress had been so dysfunctional as to have almost lost the war itself. The chaos of governing was too much and became a crisis when veterans — unpaid because the government had no funds to give them — rebelled under Daniel Shays. Offered a glimpse of the rule of the mob, the new nation's horrified leaders were determined to strengthen the executive power. And the most familiar form of a strong executive was a monarch.
And so it was that in 1786, the President of the Continental Congress, Nathaniel Gorham — a son of Massachusetts, the hotbed of anti-royalism — wrote on behalf of the government to Prince Henry, younger brother of the Prussian king, Frederick the Great.
The 13th son of King Wilhelm III, Henry had been made a colonel at the age of 14 and proved himself to be an extremely talented commander as well as an enlightened leader like his older brother, an erudite gentlemen interested in art and ideas. The Americans had a positive view of Prussia in general and Henry in particular because of Friedrich von Steuben, a volunteer who fought at Valley Forge and a veteran of the prince's own wars. It was likely von Steuben who recommended the young Hohenzollern royal to Alexander Hamilton.
In the letter, now lost, Henry was invited to cross the Atlantic and become the king of the United States of America.
He was to have been head of a constitutional monarchy modeled on the very same English system that the colonies had fought a desperate war to overthrow. Von Steuben was skeptical of any chance of acceptance, but duly forwarded the missive to Berlin. In fact, Henry's response — found more than a century later among his papers, proving the fact of what many had assumed was a legend — was indeed to decline. New York Senator Rufus King later reported that the prince had told Steuben that the "the Americans had shown so much determination [against] their old King, that they [would] not readily submit to a new one." In short order, delegates assembled in Philadelphia to find other means of stability. The result was the U.S. Constitution.
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America owes more than we like to admit to the fact that George Washington was our first president. Called back from retirement, first to chair the Constitutional Convention and then to serve as the first President, Washington could easily have held the office for life. Indeed, Alexander Hamilton argued for the Presidency as a lifetime office, with its occupant removable only by impeachment. John Adams went even further, advocating for the President to be addressed as "His Majesty."
Washington himself had no desire for absolute power, but he was concerned that future Presidents might not have his scruples. Seeing that even his own wise compatriots, having thrown off the English king at great cost, were prepared just five years later to hand sovereignty to a new monarch (and a foreign one at that), he took the unusual and selfless act of setting a precedent by leaving the Presidency after eight years. If our first President had been Donald Trump, or even Franklin Roosevelt, who broke tradition to serve four terms, it is not hard to imagine the Presidency becoming something much more ominous and less constrained than it is today. When Washington had retired to his farm at the end of the war, George III remarked it made him "the greatest man in the world." We cannot hope to always be governed by his like.
Hamilton, Madison and other founders thoroughly analyzed the myriad examples since antiquity of democracies and their demise. They concluded rightly that excessive factionalism and the rise of corruption, incompetence and demagoguery almost always brought about the terminal crises. "Remember, democracy never lasts long," Adams wrote. "It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself. There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide." The final result was usually the ascension of an iron rule — whether in the form of a domestic dictator or a foreign conqueror. The American solution — an executive strong enough to be effective but checked enough to prevent tyranny — remains unfortunately dependent to some degree on the character of the President and the electorate that supports him.
There are early but troubling signs that we might face a crisis. The polarization and majoritarian factionalism the Founders feared has led to a tolerance for quasi-authoritarian actions among those who agree with the President. The rule by executive order begun under Obama and continued under Trump has eroded the separation of powers. The government seems unable to function effectively, anger is boiling and studies suggest that young people — those who will have to be responsible for the system's endurance — are more likely than not to see democracy as less than "essential." An alarming politics has arisen on the far Left and Right, with some adherents even seeking to dismantle the system itself.
This is the scenario that alarmed the Constitution's framers, the governance vacuum that can lead the crowd to demand order above liberty. Their own near seduction by the charms of authoritarian rule prompted their attempt to create a system that could withstand that risk, but they also knew that their safeguards couldn't work without wise leadership and a citizenry willing to value it.
"Those who expect to reap the blessings of freedom," wrote Thomas Paine, "must undergo the fatigue of supporting it." If even Hamilton, Adams and Gorham were tempted at a challenging moment to turn to a strong hand, we had best take no chances when defending the Constitution they bequeathed us.
Richard Hurowitz is a writer, investor and publisher of The Octavian Report, a quarterly magazine of ideas.
Correction, Nov. 26:
The original photo caption that appeared with this story misstated who is pictured in Howard Chandler Christy's painting of the signing of the U.S. Constitution. Thomas Jefferson is not among those depicted.


text: Q: Constant crashing on Bedrock server So I was playing on my server with my friend, and suddenly by game crashed. No problem, I'll just rejoin, I thought. So I launched the PE launcher again, and entered the server. Joined in, Terrain won't load, and when I move a bit, either the game crashes again, or i fall through the void and get kicked by the server. Is there a way to fix this, or should I just go reset my character?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The PO redid the front dinette and took out the bed option and changed the seat boxes. I would like to possible go back to the ability to have the front dinette break down into a bed. Can someone post the dimensions and any photos of what the original dinette looked like?
I came across this floor plan for the Cadet.
I hope it helps a bit?
Thanks Jake, yes I have that plan as well. The driver side front seat is 24 inches wide while the curb side seat is 1 inches so I am looking at how the bed lays out although I am beginning to think that it does go from 24" to 18".
Solved my problem by looking at how to fit a toilet in under the right side seat. I am building the front seat so that I can open a door and pull out the portable loo. That will dictate the sizing I will need.


text:
Jan Molby
Liverpool must replicate Man City heroics for Champions League glory
ECHO columnist Jan Molby talks Roma, Jurgen Klopp, Gini Wijnaldum and the weakness in Real Madrid's armoury
I don't think Liverpool's Champions League semi-final win over Roma ever really got edgy. Ultimately, the scoreline over the two games was closer than it should have been.
They scored two goals late on, and it was too late to make it really exciting and nail-biting.
What we produced in Rome will not be enough in Kiev, but what we produced in the two games with Manchester City and against Roma in the first leg will more than give us an opportunity to win the Champions League.
I think we're going to be more at those levels. We have a couple of weeks to prepare, concluding with Brighton, and one of Klopp's strengths is getting teams ready.
Getting teams ready doesn't necessarily mean you'll play well, but it means you're ready. Come the 26th May, Klopp's Liverpool will be ready and they'll give absolutely everything they've got.
Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp walks out to meet the fans after reaching the Champions League Final after the UEFA Champions League, Semi Final, Second Leg at the Stadio Olimpico, Rome. (Image: Steven Paston/PA Wire)
Jurgen's massive impact on the club cannot be underestimated, either.
He's had plenty of patience and gave every player an opportunity. He sorted solutions to the problems we had with the squad he had available and in some cases he's been proved right.
I think the players love playing for someone like him. When he says things, he delivers on them. He gives people opportunities and the players feel like they can trust him massively. Klopp gets a massive 10/10 for me for the job he's done at Liverpool.
Mohamed Salah lifts the lid on his relationship with Liverpool manager on Jurgen Klopp
Gini the genius
One player who has impressed me since coming back into the fold to replace Alex Oxlade Chamberlain has been Gini Wijnaldum.
I've always thought he's an excellent footballer. He's intelligent, he moves the ball on at the right times, and although he's not extravagant in any way shape or form, Klopp likes him because he can play to order.
You tell him exactly what to do, and because he's intelligent he'll do that. That's very important. When you spend time ensuring your tactics are right for these big games, you need players who will deliver exactly what you want on the pitch.
Georginio Wijnaldum of Liverpool celebrates with a member of the backroom staff after scoring his sides second goal during the UEFA Champions League Semi Final Second Leg. (Image: Photo by Julian Finney/Getty Images)
Luck of the Scouse
Sometimes you look at the decisions that aren't made in games and sometimes you can understand why the officials don't see it.
It's very difficult to see the Trent incident [when the defender appeared to handle the ball against Roma last night] at the speed it happens. If he sees it, he gives it. But the two penalties given against Liverpool in both legs of the semi-final - Klavan and Milner at Anfield - should never have been awarded. It's always likely to even itself out somewhere and it did last night.
I have sympathy for the officials, though. It's a tough job.
How to defeat Madrid - and facing Cristiano Ronaldo
Liverpool will hurt Real Madrid in the midfield.
I watched their semi-final aggregate win over Bayern Munich on Tuesday evening, when they switched to a 4-4-2 formation, and I thought that Kroos and Modric were out of the game.
They're excellent footballers, but they couldn't get into it.
Can the Reds target this pass-master? (Image: Photo by Catherine Ivill/Getty Images)
They don't do enough work without the ball, and when they were on it they were harassed. I think you can stop that part of Real Madrid's game, and if you do, the rest will struggle to function.
It's all very well and good saying they've got Ronaldo, but I just think the style of Real Madrid's play can be nullified.
One thing we've got more than Real Madrid is the energy and the way we harass teams. I don't care who you are or how good you are, nobody likes playing under that pressure.
Real Madrid are the exact same. They won't be looking forward to that.
If they go 4-4-2 in Kiev, Liverpool will outnumber them and have more energy about them. That's where I'm looking to get at Zidane's side.
If you can take it to their midfield, then they're there for the taking because their attacking players won't be able to get on the ball and their back four - who looked unsure on Tuesday night - won't be protected.
But it's impossible not to focus on Cristiano Ronaldo, isn't it?
Cristiano Ronaldo of Real Madrid (Image: Matthias Hangst/Bongarts/Getty Images)
You look at what he's achieved against any era and it's hard not to talk about him as one of the world's best. Of course you have to be impressed, and managing him will be one of Liverpool's biggest tasks.
It's the Champions League final. It doesn't get any bigger than this. There are big players in the other team and there are things you have to overcome mentally.
As well as being ready, Liverpool need to be mentally ready to play the game. Not to play Real Madrid, but to play the game.
Trent Alexander-Arnold
Alex Oxlade Chamberlain


I will start by stating that this is the second in the Jen McLaughlin's The Sons of Steel Row series. I did not read book one but you pick up very quickly on how book one ended - it wasn't pretty! That being said I do recommend you read book 1 although Dare to Stay reads well alone.
In this installment we get to learn more about Chris O'Brien. Book one ended with Chris bleeding in an alley on the seedy side of South Boston. Having done something beyond reproach. Molly Lachlan finds Chris and saves him from dying.
Molly, just happens to be the girl next door (literally), that Chris has worshipped from afar most of his life. Molly, may be the girl next door, a teacher, and has dealt with the loss of her family from gang violence. So, Chris is about as far from what she is looking for as it can get. But, sometimes fate has something else in mind!
Can Molly, look past Chris' way of life and love him for who and what he is? Can Chris forgive himself for the awful things he has done and give Molly what she wants and what he thinks she deserves? Settle down open the book and discover The Sons of Steel Row!
Ms. McLaughlin's writing is descriptive and her plot lines are tight and keep the story moving forward. The story is told in alternating 1st person, so you get to see what is going on in both Scott and Molly's heads. So, if you are in the market for a great bad boy romance, I highly recommend this one.


Question: I'm trying to put together a training program that will allow me to gain muscle, strength and endurance at the same time, but I have some concerns. As it is I've divided the month as such: 1st week endurance, 2nd week strength, 3rd week strength, and 4th week mass. It seems as though it could work, but I wonder if I wouldn't be sabotaging myself.
I wonder if training endurance only once every month for example, will make it hard to make progress, or if the 2 week break in my strength training weeks will make it hard to make progress.
What would you recommend? Is there a better way to integrate all my needs or will I simply have to choose one over the other?
Answer: Hi Fran, that's a great question. Creating a truly effective program to simultaneously improve three different biomotor capacities (i.e. strength, hypertrophy, endurance) is certainly bit of a challenge.
As you likely realize, this type of training approach inevitably dilutes your potential gains for a given capacity, compared to if your training focus was specifically on improving that given capacity.
For instance, you wouldn't gain as muscle when training for strength, hypertrophy and endurance, as you would if you instead trained for hypertrophy only. But, of course, the opposite is also true: When you train for only one biomotor capacity (e.g. hypertrophy), your other capacities (e.g. endurance, strength) wane, or at least remain relatively stagnant.
Having said that, there are various strategies to achieve your aim. The ones I'll talk about on this page are non-linear periodization and concurrent periodization. I won't go into too much detail on these, but will provide resources for further information.
An approach using non-linear periodization involves multiple short cycles (e.g. 3 weeks per cycle). Each cycle focuses on a certain biomotor capacity. Depending on your goals, you could train the other capacities at maintenance; or avoid training them altogether (at least directly) – Whether you do this maintenance training or not will depend on your goals and preferences.
Once one cycle ends, the next begins, with a focus on a completely different capacity.
For example, a 3-week strength cycle would focus on the rep range for strength training (~1-5). If you were to include the maintenance training option, then you'd also add a small number of sets with a hypertrophy rep range (~8-15) and an endurance rep range (~15-20+) to your workouts. If you forgo maintenance training, then you simply do no sets with hypertrophy and endurance rep ranges. (Again, your decision on the maintenance training option depends on your goals and preferences).
Once the 3 weeks is up, you'd then switch from strength to, say, endurance. Lather, rinse, repeat.
Concurrent training seeks to maximize all biomotor capacities, at essentially the same time. That is, you train with a focus on each biomotor capacity each week and throughout the year. That is, you'll be actively focus on all rep ranges each week, even during the same workouts.
This is different than non-linear periodization, where the focus on each capacity is done in cycles. (Though, in concurrent periodization, you can still put more time and emphasis into/on certain capacities, when needed).
The example you gave me – "1st week endurance, 2nd week strength, 3rd week strength, and 4th week mass" – resembles the non-linear periodization strategy outlined above. However, your "cycles" are only 1 week in duration (2 weeks for strength). That really isn't a sufficient amount of time to give to each capacity, before switching to the next cycle. If you were to stick to the non-linear approach, I would recommend using 3 week cycles. Focus on one capacity per cycle, but also include some maintenance training for the other capacities.
Before deciding on your strategy, though, I suggest you read the resources listed below on both training strategies. This way, you'll be able to choose the approach that best fits your needs and preferences. And you'll learn the more technical aspects (not explained here) of setting up each type of program.


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View from the Bleachers
Support my new Kickstarter campaign to become a millionaire
By tim_jones on June 16, 2015 at 6:25 PM
My plan to become a millionaire and retire by the age of 40 is a little behind schedule. Personally, I blame it on a combination of factors: the recent volatility of the stock market, global warming, and the shrinking market in publishing for humor writers who are paid $500,000 / year for working eight hours a week. But mostly I blame my financial situation on China. Those ruthless bastards.
I tried starting my own business, with dreams of launching the next Facebook or Instagram. But after several weeks, I've concluded that my mail-order business, Rent-a-Snake.com, is probably doomed.
Turns out being an entrepreneur is way harder than it looks. It requires a clear vision, years of hard work, unyielding persistence, and a willingness to take intelligent risks. My train pretty much left the tracks at "a clear vision." Besides, who has the energy for all this hard work? There must be an easier way to become a multi-millionaire – and it's called "Kickstarter."
I'm excited to announce my own Kickstarter campaign to make yours truly a mega-millionaire. What is Kickstarter, you ask? It's a web-based fundraising service intended to help bring projects to life by means of "crowdsourcing" the financing. What is crowdsourcing, you ask? Well, it's the process of using the internet to get a "crowd" of people to help produce a project collaboratively, like Wikipedia. What's Wikipedia, you ask? Stop reading right now. Just stop. You'll never get the rest of this piece. I suggest you go online and Google it. Oh wait. Never mind. You've probably never heard of Google either.
For the rest of you, here's my idea: You can support the hopes and dreams of a struggling middle-aged humor writer by joining with others to help him pay off his mortgage AND his kids' college educations, while buying a winter vacation home in Key West. What's in it for you to help me reach my goal? Check out all that you can receive in return:
For a $25 contribution: You'll be officially certified as a Friend of Tim. This includes limited texting privileges and the option to send Tim up to ten emails a year.
For a $50 contribution: Up-level to our prestigious premier plan, Close Friend of Tim – reserved for people who he actually might recognize if he saw their photo on Facebook. Includes a lifetime subscription to View from the Bleachers.
For a $100 contribution: Join the most elite of the elite as a member of Tim's exclusive BFF (Best Friends Forever) Club. Tim will even invite you to lunch at the restaurant of your choice (as long as you pick up the tab). BFF Club status is limited to the first TEN people who pledge at this level.
For a $500 contribution: Tim will UNSUBSCRIBE YOU and all your family members from his View from the Bleachers humor blog mailing list. Imagine never having to receive another one of Tim's lame humor posts for the rest of your life! Frankly, Tim feels he grossly under-priced this pledge level.
For a $1,000 contribution: Tim will name a star after you. And it won't be one of those puny, obscure stars that the International Star Registry folks assign you from some galaxy cluster you've never heard of. We're talking serious galaxies, like the Milky Way or Andromeda. Or, if you prefer, how about a comet! [Fine print: The next comet to enter our solar system which has not already been named is not expected for another 10,000 years. So please be patient.]
For a $5,000 contribution: Tim will compose an original love song dedicated to you, in which he will pen rhyming lyrics like "in the pouring rain" and "never saw that train". For $5,000 more, he will do his best to ensure your special song bears at most only a passing resemblance to Captain and Tennille's classic Muskrat Love. (God, he loves that song.)
For a $10,000 contribution: Tim will give you your choice of ANY of his professional artist wife's paintings – you name it, no questions asked. He'll make up some story about how it was stolen by a band of gypsies with an eye for impressionism. Tim suggests the painting she did of water lilies. The lighting is magical.
For a $25,000 contribution: Tim will do everything in his power to undermine the democratic process to ensure your rightful seat on the throne as the next Exalted Supreme Ruler of the People's Republic of Kazakhstan – or the "stan" nation of your choice. [This offer does not apply to Turkmenistan. That country is certifiably nuts.]
For a $50,000 contribution: Tim will legally change the first name of his elder daughter, Rachel, to your name. Unless your name happens to be Herb or Bert. Tim loves his daughter too much to do that to her.
Don't see anything that appeals to you? Hey, I'm open to any suggestions you have that don't involve asking me to do something illegal, unethical, or painting your house. On second thought, just don't ask me about painting your house.
Do something good for the world, one person at a time, starting with me. Please help make me a gazillionaire, won't you? I'll thank you from the bottom of my heart – as will my elder daughter, Arnold.
That's the view from the bleachers. Perhaps I'm off base.
PS: If you enjoyed this week's post, please let me know by sharing it on Facebook, posting a comment or giving it a Like.
© Tim Jones, View from the Bleachers 2015


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An internationally recognized figure in the field of human and civil rights, Hafsat Abiola-Costello works on promoting democracy in Nigeria and the empowerment of women and youth around the world. Educated at Harvard College and Tsinghua University, she is an economist with a Masters in International Development.
Currently, she serves on the Ogun State cabinet as Special Adviser to the Governor overseeing the roll-out of schools in rural communities and the training of teachers among other projects aimed at achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
One of 50 global councillors of the World Future Council, she co-founded several global organizations and serves on the Advisory Council of Gucci's Chime for Change. She is the President of the Kudirat Initiative for Democracy (KIND), an NGO that works to strengthen organizations and create initiatives dedicated to empowering women and girls to claim their rights. The recipient of several awards and the subject of the award-winning documentary, The Supreme Price, she is married with two children.
"I agreed to join the Academy because coming from the youngest and financially poorest continent in the world, I have come to recognize the invaluable role that teachers play in connecting children with the world. Wherever children and youth are, whether in villages, slums or affluent neighbourhoods, teachers can also be found equipping them to build futures worthy of their dreams. Where would any one of us be without these patient cultivators of humanity's promise of a better tomorrow? By recognizing the best among them through the efforts of the Academy, I hope we encourage others to pursue the noble calling of teaching."


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Home > Medications > Motrin (Ibuprofen)
Motrin (Ibuprofen)
MOTRIN®
Pharmacia & Upjohn
Anti-inflammatory – Analgesic – Antipyretic
Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Ibuprofen has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity in animal studies designed to specifically demonstrate these effects. Its mode of action, like that of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, is not completely understood, but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. Ibuprofen does not alter the course of the underlying disease. Ibuprofen has no demonstrable glucocorticoid effect.
Ibuprofen has been found to be less likely to cause gastrointestinal bleeding in doses usually used than is ASA.
Clinical trials in man have shown that a daily dose of 1 200 to 1 800 mg of ibuprofen is comparable in activity, to a daily dose of 3.6 g of ASA.
Pharmacokinetics: Following a single 200 mg dose of ibuprofen in humans, blood levels were demonstrable in 45 minutes and still present in 6 hours but at barely detectable levels. Peak serum iduprofen levels are generally attained 1 to 1.5 hours after administration of an ibuprofen tablet.
When ibuprofen is administered immediately after a meal, there is a reduction in the rate of absorption but no appreciable decrease in the extent of absorption.
Ibuprofen is extensively bound (99%) to human serum albumin. Approximately 15% of the primary binding sites were estimated to be occupied at therapeutic drug concentrations. Studies suggest that ibuprofen binds to a single binding site on the albumin molecule.
Ibuprofen is rapidly metabolized and eliminated in the urine. The excretion of ibuprofen is virtually complete in 24 hours after the last dose. The serum half-life is 1.8 to 2.0 hours. There is no evidence of drug accumulation or enzyme induction.
The pharmacokinetic parameters presented in Table I are representative of parameters obtained in bioavailability studies using ibuprofen tablets.
Pharmacokinetics in the Elderly: Studies have shown no statistically significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between elderly and young women treated with ibuprofen. In elderly males, however, a significant prolongation of ibuprofen half-life and a decrease in weight corrected total metabolic clearance has been reported. The clinical significance of these findings has not been established since the half-life of ibuprofen exceeded 3 hours in only 1 individual.
Indications And Clinical Uses: The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
The relief of mild to moderate pain accompanied by inflammation, in conditions such as musculoskeletal trauma and post dental extraction.
The relief of pain associated with dysmenorrhea.
Contra-Indications: Should not be used in patients who have peptic ulcer or active inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal system. Should not be used in patients who have previously exhibited hypersensitivity to the drug, or in individuals with the syndrome of nasal polyps, bronchospastic reactivity and angioedema to ASA, ibuprofen or other NSAIDs. Fatal anaphylactoid reactions have occurred in such individuals.
Manufacturers' Warnings In Clinical States: Ulceration, perforation and bleeding of the stomach, small intestine or large intestine, sometimes severe and occasionally fatal have been reported during therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including ibuprofen.
Should be given under close medical supervision to patients prone to gastrointestinal tract irritation particularly those with a history of peptic ulcer, diverticulosis or other inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases the physician must weigh the benefits of treatment against the possible hazards.
Patients taking any NSAID including ibuprofen should be instructed to contact a physician immediately if they experience symptoms or signs suggestive of peptic ulceration or gastrointestinal bleeding. These reactions can occur without warning symptoms or signs and at any time during the treatment.
Elderly, frail and debilitated patients appear to be at higher risk from a variety of adverse reactions from NSAIDs. For such patients, consideration should be given to a starting dose lower than usual, with individual adjustment when necessary and under close supervision (see Precautions).
Pregnancy: Reproductive studies conducted in rats and rabbits at doses somewhat less than the maximal clinical dose did not demonstrate evidence of developmental abnormalities. As there are no adequate data concerning use in pregnant women, and because of the known effects of NSAIDs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of ductus arteriosus), use during late pregnancy should be avoided. As with other drugs known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, an increased incidence of dystocia and delayed parturition occurred in rats. Administration of ibuprofen is not recommended during pregnancy.
Lactation: In limited studies, an assay capable of detecting 1 g/mL did not demonstrate ibuprofen in the milk of lactating mothers. However, because of the limited nature of the studies, and the possible adverse effects of prostaglandin-inhibiting drugs on neonates, ibuprofen is not recommended for use in nursing mothers.
Children: Controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of ibuprofen in children have not been conducted; therefore, the use of ibuprofen is not recommended in children under 12 years of age.
Pre-existing Asthma: About 10% of patients with asthma may have ASA-sensitive asthma. The use of ASA in patients with ASA-sensitive asthma has been associated with severe bronchospasm which can be fatal. Since cross-reactivity, including bronchospasm, between ASA and other NSAIDs has been reported in such ASA-sensitive patients, ibuprofen should not be administered to patients with this form of ASA-sensitivity and should be used with caution in all patients with pre-existing asthma.
Precautions: Gastrointestinal: If peptic ulceration is suspected or confirmed, or if gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation occurs, ibuprofen should be discontinued, an appropriate treatment instituted and the patient closely monitored.
There is no definitive evidence that the concomitant administration of histamine H2-receptor antagonists and/or antacids will either prevent the occurrence of gastrointestinal side effects or allow continuation of therapy when and if these adverse reactions appear.
Renal Function: Long-term administration of ibuprofen to animals has resulted in renal papillary necrosis and other abnormal renal pathology. In humans, there have been reports of acute interstitial nephritis with hematuria, proteinuria, and occasionally nephrotic syndrome.
A second form of renal toxicity has been seen in patients with pre-renal conditions leading to a reduction in renal blood flow or volume, where the renal prostaglandins have a supportive role in the maintenance of renal perfusion. In these patients administration of NSAIDs may cause a dose dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and may precipitate overt renal decompensation. Patients at greatest risk of this reaction are those with impaired renal function, heart failure, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics and the elderly. Discontinuation of NSAID therapy is usually followed by recovery to the pretreatment state.
Glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow decreased in patients with mild impairment of renal function who took 1 200 mg of ibuprofen for 1 week.
Since ibuprofen is eliminated primarily by the kidneys, patients with significantly impaired renal function should be closely monitored and a reduction in dosage should be anticipated to avoid drug accumulation.
During long-term therapy, kidney function should be monitored periodically, particularly in those patients at high risk for developing renal dysfunction.
Hepatic: As with other NSAIDs, borderline elevations of one or more liver tests may occur. These abnormalities may progress, may remain essentially unchanged, or may be transient with continued therapy. A patient with symptoms and/or signs suggesting liver dysfunction, or in whom an abnormal liver test has occurred, should be evaluated for evidence of the development of more severe hepatic reaction while on therapy with this drug. Severe hepatic reactions including jaundice and cases of fatal hepatitis have been reported with this drug as with other NSAIDs. Although such reactions are rare, if abnormal liver tests persist or worsen, if clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver disease develop, or if systemic manifestations occur (e.g., eosinophilia, rash, etc.) ibuprofen should be discontinued.
During long-term therapy, liver function tests should be monitored periodically. If ibuprofen is to be used in the presence of impaired liver function, it must be done under strict observation.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Fluid retention and edema have been observed in association with ibuprofen. Therefore, as with many other NSAIDs the possibility of precipitating congestive heart failure in elderly patients or those with compromised cardiac function should be borne in mind. Ibuprofen should be used with caution in patients with heart failure, hypertension or other conditions predisposing to fluid retention.
Serum electrolytes should be monitored periodically during-long-term therapy, especially in those patients at risk.
Hematology: Ibuprofen, (like other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents), can inhibit platelet aggregation but the effect is quantitatively less and of shorter duration than that seen with ASA. Ibuprofen has been shown to prolong bleeding time (but within the normal range) in normal subjects. This prolonged bleeding effect may be exaggerated in patients with underlying hemostatic defects. The safety of ibuprofen in combination with anticoagulants has not been established, and if such use is necessary, special caution should be used.
Blood dyscrasias associated with the use of NSAIDs are rare, but could be with severe consequences.
Infection: The anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects may mask the usual signs of infection and the physician should be alert to the development of infection in patients receiving the drug. Aseptic meningitis has been reported in connection with ibuprofen therapy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Such patients may also develop a hypersensitivity reaction to ibuprofen such as fever, rash or abnormal liver function more often than those with other disorders. Caution should therefore be exercised when considering ibuprofen therapy for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
When ibuprofen is added to the treatment program of patients who have been on prolonged corticosteroid therapy, and it is decided to discontinue this therapy, the corticosteroid should be tapered slowly to avoid exacerbation of the disease or adrenal insufficiency.
Ophthalmology: Blurred and/or diminished vision, scotomata, and/or changes in color vision have been reported. Any patient who develops eye complaints while receiving ibuprofen should discontinue the drug and have an ophthalmologic examination. Ophthalmic examinations should be carried out at periodic intervals in any patient receiving this drug for an extended period of time.
Elderly: Should be used with caution in the elderly, and the dosage should be adjusted individually.
Drug Interactions: ASA: Animal studies show that ASA given with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents including ibuprofen yield a net decrease in anti-inflammatory activity with lowered blood levels of the non-ASA drug. Although correlative clinical studies have not been done, the use of ASA as an analgesic in patients stabilized on ibuprofen is questioned on pharmacokinetic grounds. While single dose bioavailability studies in normal volunteers have failed to show an effect of ASA on ibuprofen blood levels, multiple dose studies show that ibuprofen serum levels are decreased by 50% when given in conjunction with ASA.
Coumarin-type Anticoagulants: Several short-term controlled studies failed to show that ibuprofen significantly affected prothrombin times or a variety of other clotting factors when administered to individuals on coumarin-type anticoagulants. However, because bleeding has been reported when ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents have been administered to patients on coumarin-type anticoagulants, the physician should be cautious when administering the drug to patients on anticoagulants.
Furosemide: Ibuprofen antagonizes the action of i.v. or oral furosemide.
Antihypertensives: In 12 patients with essential hypertension taking at least 2 antihypertensive drugs and ibuprofen 400 mg every 8 hours, a mean increase in blood pressure after 3 weeks' treatment was noted as compared to placebo. Ibuprofen could interfere with blood pressure control in certain patients with treated mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Antacids: A bioavailability study has shown that there was no interference with the absorption of ibuprofen when given in conjunction with an antacid containing both aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
Methotrexate: Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs have been reported to reduce renal tubular secretion of methotrexate in vitro. This may enhance the toxicity of methotrexate. Caution should be used if ibuprofen is administered concomitantly with methotrexate.
Lithium: Plasma lithium levels should be carefully monitored in patients taking combination therapy of ibuprofen and lithium. Ibuprofen has been shown to increase plasma lithium levels and to decrease renal lithium clearance.
Gold Salts/Corticosteroids: Ibuprofen can be used in combination with gold salts and/or corticosteroids.
Protein Binding: Ibuprofen is extensively bound (99%) to human serum albumin. Approximately 15% of the primary binding sites were estimated to be occupied at therapeutic drug concentrations. Studies suggest that ibuprofen binds to a single binding site on the albumin molecule. Although drugs such as anticoagulants, sulfonamides and phenytoin do not bind to this site on albumin, patients receiving such combination therapy should be monitored.
Adverse Reactions: The most frequently encountered adverse reactions ocurring with NSAIDs are gastrointestinal, of which peptic ulcer, with or without bleeding, is the most severe. Fatalities have occurred on occasion, particularly in the elderly. In controlled clinical trials the percentage of patients reporting one or more gastrointestinal complaints ranged from 4 to 16%.
In 2 postmarketing clinical studies, the incidence of a decreased hemoglobin level was greater than previously reported. Decrease in hemoglobin of 1 g or more was observed in 17.1% of 193 patients on 1 600 mg ibuprofen daily (osteoarthritis), and in 22.8% of 189 patients taking 2 400 mg of ibuprofen daily (rheumatoid arthritis). Positive stool occult blood tests, anemia, and elevated serum creatinine levels were also observed in these studies.
The occurrence rates for adverse reactions are as follows:
Gastrointestinal (4 to 16%): 3 to 9%: nausea, epigastric pain, heartburn; 1 to 3%: diarrhea, abdominal cramps or pain, fullness of the gastrointestinal tract (bloating or flatulence); Less than 1%: gastric or duodenal ulcers with bleeding and/or perforation, gastritis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, melena (see Warnings).
Allergic (less than 1%): anaphylaxis, (see Contraindications) syndrome of abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, bronchospasm, serum sickness, lupus erythematosus syndrome and Henoch-Schölein vasculitis.
CNS (4 to 13%): 3 to 9%: dizziness; 1 to 3%: headache, nervousness; less than 1%: depression, insomnia, confusion, emotional lability, somnolence, aseptic meningitis with fever and coma (probably more common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and related connective tissue disease). Causal relationship unknown: paresthesia, hallucinations, dream abnormalities and pseudo-tumor cerebri.
Dermatologic (4 to 13%): 3 to 9%: rash (including maculopapular type); 1 to 3%: pruritus; less than 1%: vesiculobullous eruptions, urticaria, erythema multiforme, alopecia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and photoallergic skin reactions.
Cardiovascular (less than 1%): congestive heart failure in patients with marginal cardiac function, elevated blood pressure and palpitations. Causal relationship unknown: arrhythmias (sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia).
Special Senses (2 to 4%): 1 to 3%: tinnitus; less than 1%: amblyopia (blurred and/or diminished vision, scotomata and/or changes in color vision) (see Precautions) and hearing loss; causal relationship unknown: conjunctivitis, diplopia, optic neuritis.
Hematologic (1 to 20%): 1 to 20%: decrease in hemoglobin (by 1 g or more) and hematocrit; 3 to 9%: anemia; less than 1%: leukopenia, hemolytic anemia (sometimes coombs positive), thrombocytopenia (with or without purpura), neutropenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia and eosinophilia; causal relationship unknown: bleeding episodes (e.g., epistaxis, menorrhagia).
Renal (1 to 9%): 3 to 9%: decreased creatinine clearance; less than 1%: acute renal failure in patients with pre-existing significantly impaired renal function, cystitis, hematuria, polyuria, azotemia and interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and renal papillary necrosis.
Hepatic (less than 1%): hepatitis, jaundice, abnormal liver function [AST, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase].
Metabolic (1 to 3%): decreased appetite, edema, fluid retention (see Precautions).
Endocrine (less than 1%): Causal relationship unknown: gynecomastia, hypoglycemic reaction.
Miscellaneous (less than 1%): dry eyes and mouth, gingival ulcer and rhinitis. Causal relationship unknown: pancreatitis.
Rare events are derived principally from worldwide marketing experience and the literature. Accurate rate estimates are generally impossible. These include the following: colitis, exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease, perforation of the colon, inflammation of the small intestine with loss of blood and protein, collagenous colitis, small bowel perforation, ulcer or stricture, complications of colonic diverticula (perforation, fistula).
Symptoms And Treatment Of Overdose: Symptoms: A nineteen-month-old child weighing 12 kg ingested from 2 800 to 4 000 mg and presented with apnea, cyanosis and responded only to painful stimuli. Oxygen and parenteral fluids were given and at 12 hours she appeared completely recovered. Two other children (10 kg each) ingested 1 200 mg of ibuprofen each and there were no signs of acute intoxication or late sequelae. A 19-year-old male who had ingested 8 000 mg of ibuprofen reported dizziness, and nystagmus was noted. He recovered with no reported sequelae after parenteral hydration and 3 days' bed rest.
Treatment: In cases of acute overdosage, the stomach should be emptied by vomiting or lavage, though little drug will likely be recovered if more than an hour has elapsed since ingestion. Because the drug is acidic and is excreted in the urine, it is theoretically beneficial to administer alkali and induce diuresis.
Dosage And Administration: Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: The initial daily dosage in adults is 1 200 mg divided into 3 or 4 equal doses. Depending on the therapeutic response, the dose may be adjusted downward or upward. The daily dosage should not exceed 2 400 mg.
Maintenance therapy, once maximum response is obtained, will range from 800 to 1 200 mg per day.
Mild to moderate pain accompanied by inflammation or dysmenorrhea: 400 mg repeated as required every 4 to 6 hours. The daily dosage should not exceed 2 400 mg.
Children: Due to the lack of clinical experience, ibuprofen is not indicated for use in children under 12 years of age.
Availability And Storage: 300 mg: Each white, film-coated tablet contains: ibuprofen 300 mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: branding ink, carnauba wax, cornstarch, hydroxymethylcellulose, pregelatinized starch, propylene glycol, silicon dioxide and stearic acid. Gluten- and lactose-free. Bottles of 100.
400 mg: Each orange, film-coated tablet, branded "MOTRIN 400 MG" contains: ibuprofen 400 mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: carnauba wax, cornstarch, hydroxymethylcellulose, pregelatinized starch, opaspray dark orange, propylene glycol, silicon dioxide and stearic acid. Gluten- and lactose-free. Bottles of 100 and 1 000.
600 mg: Each peach, film-coated tablet, branded "MOTRIN 600 MG" contains: ibuprofen 600 mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: carnauba wax, cornstarch, hydroxymethylcellulose, pregelatinized starch, opaspray orange, propylene glycol, silicon dioxide and stearic acid. Gluten- and lactose-free. Bottles of 100 and 1 000. (Shown in Product Recognition Section)
MOTRIN® Pharmacia & Upjohn Ibuprofen Anti-inflammatory – Analgesic – Antipyretic
General Illness Information Medical Term: Dysmenorrhea Common Name: Menstrual Cramps Description: Dysmenorrhea is severe painful abdominal cramps at the onset of and during menstruation. Severity…
General Illness Information Common Name: Osteoarthritis Medical Term: (Degenerative Arthritis) Description: Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis caused by inflammation, breakdown and eventual loss of…
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
General Illness Information Common Name: ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID Medical Term: None Specified Description: A chronic auto-immune disease characterized by inflammation, swelling and pain in the joints,…


Toronto Film Society presented On The Town (1949) on Monday, July 6, 2015 in a double bill with The Clock as part of the Season 68 Monday Summer Series, Programme 1.
Directors: Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly. Writers: Adolph Green (screenplay) and Betty Comden (screenplay).
On the Town changed the landscape of movie musicals, opening the filmmakers' eyes to what could be done on location. When brilliant location and studio production are blended it could be – as here – ebullient up – and at – 'em perfection.
The Music Hall pulled the wrappings off its Christmas show yesterday and revealed a delightful entertainment for all ages, sexes and seasonal moods. It is Metro's crackling screen version of the musical, "On the Town," and a more appropriate all-purpose Yuletide picture would be hard to fashion or find. Gaiety, rhythm, humor and a good, wholesome dash of light romance have been artfully blended together in this bright Technicolored comedy. The holidays should be nicer for having "On the Town" around.


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Florida Dem Wants Vacation to be the Law
Getting a little R&R never sounded so legal
By Todd Wright	• Published May 21, 2009 • Updated on May 22, 2009 at 10:02 am
Leave it to a Florida politician to come up with the next great idea in work force development. Mandatory paid vacations.
U.S. Rep. Alan Grayson is pushing a federal bill called the Paid Vacation Act that will make it the law for employers to give employees a break on the company's dime. Let's make him president right now! His campaign slogan could be "Pay For Play."
The bill would undoubtedly have the support of state leaders. Gov. Charlie Crist reportedly takes a vacation every other week and has more down time than the Maytag maintenance man.
Grayson, a Central Florida Democrat, said he thought of the idea while standing in the middle of the brainstorming capital of the world, Disney World. It is where imagination comes to life, after all.
"There's a reason why Disney World is the happiest place on Earth: The people who go there are on vacation," Grayson told politico.com. "Honestly, as much as I appreciate this job and as much as I enjoy it, the best days of my life are and always have been the days I'm on vacation."
Grayson is clearly not one for understatements.
Disregard the fact Disney just laid off a slew of employees and hiked up its prices, it's still a pretty cheerful place. Grayson's plan may be a bit self-serving -- Orlando falls in his district -- but if you have a job you can't help but like the idea. About 28 million Americans don't get any paid vacation time, according to the Center for Economic and Policy Research.
Grayson's plan gets better.
Companies with more than 100 employees would eventually have to pay for two weeks vacation for fulltime and part-time employees. Companies with 50 employees would only have to pay for a week.
Both are sweet deals.
The goal is simple, Grayson said. Happier employees are more productive employees. He also wants to prevent a mass exodus from the U.S. to France, where the workforce gets a mandatory month of paid R & R.
Vive le Grayson!


C and I keep making huge pots of coffee each morning that I don't always partake in. Which leaves us with a pot to throw out at the end of the day. Now, we are spoiled, picky people and I feel bad throwing out what is essentially black liquid money. So I dug up my ice trays and started freezing the leftover coffee into ice cubes.
So far, it is a great success. I remember that a coffee shop in my hometown used to use these for iced and frozen drinks. No watering down, just brilliant yum all the way through. I grabbed about 6 of them today and poured milk, a dash of cream, and some dark chocolate syrup over them. As the cubes melt, the coffee flavor gets stronger in your drink. And I am always a fan of your drink getting stronger as time goes on, no matter what it is.
Molly and I haven't cooked together in a long while, so I sent her this recipe and she came over yesterday so we could try it. It was pretty good. We both agree that either there was a tad too much thyme or it could have used more tomato paste, but it was still quite tasty. The smell while it was cooking was amazing, and I knew it would be hard to sit around and deal with that for three hours, so I made some deviled eggs to munch on in the meantime. We also had a green salad with a vinaigrette I made with white wine vinegar, the juice of half a lemon, and olive oil. Good dinner!!
I was sitting around tonight, bored. I had already made a good dinner (Raspberry Balsamic chicken, thanks Nancy!) but that was earlier. I've been cooking for a few days now (yesterday was Short Ribs braised in red wine, thanks Molly!) and I guess I'm not tired of it.
I decided to hunt around my cabinets and see what was what. Cookies sounded like a fair idea, but I had no clue what to make. And then I spied two bars of Ghirardelli, one dark and one semisweet, that weren't used up when I made chocolate pretzels around Christmas. Score! I threw those in the freezer for a while and then chopped them into chunks.
Normally, I would have made chocolate-oatmeal cookies but, alas, I didn't have much oatmeal left. And yes, I could have made regular chocolate chip cookies, but I wanted something special for when C comes home tomorrow from Florida. More kitchen hunting led me to the fresh oranges I bought on Saturday. Yes, indeed. I shall make orange chocolate chip cookies!!
Preheat oven to 375 degrees. In a large bowl, mix butter and sugars. Add egg, vanilla, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and cinnamon and mix thoroughly. Using a microplane, zest the oranges into the bowl. I like to add the orange at this point and let it hang out for a minute or two so the oils really absorb into the rest of the batter. Add the flour in 1/4 increments, mixing thoroughly each time. Fold in the chocolate.
Drop by teaspoonful onto an ungreased cookie sheet and bake for 10-14 minutes. I tend to go more toward the 14-minute mark, but I like a crispy cookie. These come out very nicely scented with just a hint of orange in the dough which is offset by the darker chocolate.
Remove to a rack and cool thouroughly before storing. I have no clue how long these will keep, because C makes sure they're gone pretty quickly.
Just this very morning I was talking to Molly online, bemoaning my breakfast choices. I didn't want eggs, be they scrambled or fried, but having nothing but bacon seemed unreasonable and pretty lame. Molly suggests I make crustless quiche! After a few quick tips and pointers from her, I'm giving it a shot.
First, I chopped some bacon. I find it cooks faster that way and, really, if you're going to crumble it in the end you might as well get that part over with. Once the bacon was cooked, I removed it to a paper towel with a slotted spoon. While digging through my fridge, I spied part of a red onion. Yes! I turned that into long slices and threw those into the bacon grease to soften and brown a bit. Those were also drained on the paper towel quite thoroughly. I split the bacon and onion between two rammekins and sprinkled some sharp cheddar cheese over that. Then I beat 2 eggs with some softened cream cheese, a dash of cream, salt, pepper, and fresh thyme that I happened to still have from last night. That got poured into the rammekins over the other stuff.
Now they're sitting in a toaster oven at 350 degrees for . . . I don't know how long. I guess I'll check them after 20 minutes or so.
I hope this tastes okay!!!
You are currently browsing the Fixin' to Eat blog archives for January, 2009.


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Michigan is located in the upper Midwest and the heart of the Great Lakes region of the United States. During the winter, heavy snowfall is commonplace. There are several great places to ski or snowboard. Other attractions include the antique markets, shops and shows that bring crowds from around the Great Lakes area. Featured destinations include Traverse City (popular for its many festivals and beaches), Mackinac Island, Mackinaw City, Ann Arbor (home of the University of Michigan), Detroit (the Motor city) and the Sleeping Bear dunes National Lakeshore. Michigan is also the historic base of the U.S. auto industry. The Henry Ford museum and village is Michigan's number one cultural attraction. In the autumn, "Michigan Fall Color Tours" are popular. To travel around the state, you will need to rent a car, book a bus or train ticket. If you choose to explore Michigan by car, be aware of local road conditions, especially during winter. For more information visit: michigan.org.
Fort Mackinac. Photo by Robert Stokstad.
The Arab American National Museum in Dearborn tells the story of Arab American culture and history through exhibits, artwork, artifacts, photographs, film and special events.
Fort Mackinac is a former military compound that now recreates 19th century history with exhibits, historical reenactments and more. Buying a ticket to the fort also allows visitors to see other nearby sites in Historic Downtown Mackinac.
The Grand Rapids Public Museum is a Michigan history museum with exhibits on topics like Native American culture in Michigan, the history of Grand Rapids and immigrants that have moved to the area.
The Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum exhibits artifacts from shipwrecks in Whitefish Bay. The museum is located at Whitefish Point on Lake Superior and is open from May to October.
The Detroit Historical Museum recounts the history of Detroit from the 18th century to today, including an exhibit that recreates the streets of Old Detroit and exhibits on Detroit's history as the "Motor City".
The Henry Ford Museum houses a collection of objects ranging from pop culture items to antique machinery to aircraft and automobiles. An IMAX theater shows many types of films and new exhibits come to the museum on a regular basis.
Visit the Motown Historical Museum to learn about the rich musical history of Detroit and the Motown record label. Visitors will see Motown exhibits, artifacts and memorabilia and learn about the social and cultural changes associated with Motown music in Detroit.
The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History teaches visitors about the culture and history of African Americans with exhibitions, artifacts and special events.
Browse a list of Michigan tours or search by city on the official Michigan tourism website.
Sleeping Bear Dunes. Photo via National Park Service.
Bordered by four of the five Great Lakes, Michigan provides many recreational opportunities for international visitors, such as swimming, boating, fishing, kayaking, canoeing, scuba diving and much more.
In Ann Arbor, the Matthaei Botanical Gardens & Nichols Arboretum at the University of Michigan allows visitors to learn about nature and see beautiful gardens, exhibits, hiking trails and a conservatory.
Ludington State Park is a popular area for canoeing and activities like camping, hiking, skiing, biking and swimming at the park's beaches along 6 miles of shoreline.
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore along Lake Michigan has outdoor activities for all seasons, including snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, hiking, kayaking, swimming, fishing and biking.
Michigan has 51 ski areas for skiing and snowboarding in many areas of the state. Beginners can take lessons and try out the 'bunny hills' while more experienced skiers and boarders will enjoy the difficult trails. Some resorts also offer other winter outdoor activities like snowshoeing, cross-country skiing and ice skating.
Michigan is known for several types of food and has a diverse agricultural industry. Northern Michigan is known for its cherries, and the state is a leading producer of peaches, blueberries, apples, grapes and peaches. In Detroit, specialty foods include its own Coney Island hot dog, Faygo pop and Detroit-style pizza.
The Michigan Farmers Market Association provides information on local farmers' markets throughout Michigan.
Cherry Festival in Traverse City. Photo by Levi Read.
Celebrate winter at the Plymouth Ice Festival with events like ice sculptures, ice skating, snowboarding, skiing, live music and food. Held in January, the festival also has a "hot spot warming tent" to keep visitors warm!
The Tulip Time Festival in Holland, MI celebrates the city's Dutch heritage with parades, traditional dancing and music, food, attractions, music, live theater and much more each May.
The East Lansing Art Festival is a fine arts festival that allows hundreds of artists and artisans to present their original artwork and craft in an outdoor exhibition and marketplace. Live music, food and other events are also held over the two-day festival in May.
The Detroit Windsor International Film Festival in June presents films from student filmmakers along with professional Hollywood movies. Feature films, shorts, documentaries, music videos and animation are some of the categories included in the festival.
The Detroit Jazz Festival is held over Labor Day weekend in September in downtown Detroit with over 100 performances located on five stages. The festival also presents educational programs, workshops, children's events and fireworks.
Held in late November, America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit dates back to 1924 and is a popular holiday event in Michigan. Marching bands, floats and balloons travel through the streets of downtown Detroit to mark the beginning of the Christmas season.
The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) operates buses in the city of Detroit and connects with the regional SMART Bus system.
SMART Bus is a regional bus system in Southeast Michigan, including the Detroit metro area.
The Detroit People Mover is a light rail system operating in the central business district in downtown Detroit.
Capital Area Transportation Authority operates bus services in Lansing, including Michigan State University.
For other local public transit systems, visit the American Public Transportation Association website for a complete list of public transportation options in Michigan.
Greyhound provides comprehensive bus services in Detroit, Michigan and throughout the United States.
Indian Trails provides scheduled bus routes between various Michigan cities and Chicago, IL.
Megabus travels from Detroit, East Lansing, Grand Rapids and Ann Arbor to several locations across the United States, including Chicago, New York and Cleveland.
Michigan Flyer buses travel between Ann Arbor, Detroit Metro Airport and East Lansing.
Amtrak travels between Detroit, Grand Rapids, East Lansing, Pontiac and Chicago on the Wolverine route.
One Brick Detroit offers short-term and one-time volunteering opportunities and aims to make volunteering a fun, social and flexible activity for young people and adults.
Volunteer with the Greening of Detroit to help build green spaces and urban gardens throughout the Detroit region. Individuals and groups welcome.
Find a local affiliate to help build affordable housing with Habitat for Humanity Michigan. Volunteers are needed for many types of tasks, often with no experience required!
Find a local volunteer opportunity with Volunteer Centers of Michigan. VCM helps connect volunteers with organizations in all areas of Michigan.
Volunteer at a local food bank in Michigan by visiting Feeding America. Individuals and groups are often needed to perform tasks like sorting donations, stocking shelves and working in community kitchens.


Debussy's opening to 'The Sunken Cathedral' (La cathédrale engloutie) employing the use of parallel fourths, a technique also known as 'planing'.
I'm following on from a previous post, Harmonics, Fourths and Fifths, where I had discovered that I was inadvertently drawn to a particular type of harmony based on intervals of perfect fourths and fifths, especially when these intervals are 'stacked' and become the basic unit for constructing harmony. In the Western tradition, our sense of harmony is usually based upon stacked intervals of a third, which gives western music its particular 'colour' or sound characteristic, and leads us to label chords as having either a 'major' or 'minor' tonality. Over many years of playing and listening to music, I've found that as well as the Western harmony that I'd grown up with, I was also often drawn to what I perceived as a more intriguing and interesting sound, that of the open and more ambiguous harmony of fourths and fifths. I found this in the most diverse of places – in medieval music, sometimes in British pop music from the 1960s, sometimes in Scottish bagpipe music and Irish traditional music, in Georgian and Bulgarian vocal music, and more recently in some of the music of Debussy, Bartok and Copland. Quite often this music would be underpinned by a drone or continuous tone, against which these intervals would be stacked to form odd sounding but rather compelling harmony. I enjoyed the sound of these chords, which in conventional western harmony usually had exotic names like C7sus4 or Gadd69. But of course, these are seen as aberrations in harmony based on the principle of thirds, and it's been only recently that I've discovered that this type of harmony indeed has a name, and is a perfectly legitimate (and alternate) method of writing music.
Known as quartal or quintal harmony (as opposed to the Western tertian harmony approach), as a writing system, quartal harmony has been around in various forms since the Middle Ages (though in traditional musics throughout the world it appears much longer) and interestingly, a fourth was considered a consonant interval up until the common practice period (from Baroque through until late romanticism in western European music) when it became to be considered as dissonant, as a suspension that necessarily need to resolve to the third degree of a scale, unless it was the interval between the fifth degree and the octave. I'd actually like to believe that the fourth can be recognised as an interval worthy of constructing a system of harmony upon (and the fifth, being inverse intervals of each other) in it's own right – it has a purer tonal characteristic and of course is more naturally related to the natural harmonic series and just intonation, as opposed to the thirds and sixths of 12 tone equal temperament which have had to be adjusted (albeit notionally) to accommodate changes in key. It also has an ambiguous quality that seems to hang indeterminably in air, like sunlight or activity, life itself – the opening to Stravinsky's Petrushka is a good example of this, but other composers such as Bartok and Copland have also exploited this quality.
"if there's nothing suspended, added or omitted about a chord, it's perverse to designate it as if there were" (Tagg, 2014, p. 259).
He suggests 'sus' and 'add' are clumsy and should not even be used in a quartal harmony context, instead labelling chords simply 'C4', 'C2' and using up or down arrows to indicate the direction of stacked fourths, i.e. G4↑ would indicate G, C and F, with G the lowest note of the triad: F5↑ would indicate F, C and G, with F the lowest. (p. 260).
The most interesting aspect of quartal harmony from a compositional perspective for me however, is that modulating, or changing key, dictates a completely different, and quite subtle approach. Being based on fourths, it naturally relates closely to the circle of fourths or fifths, and allows for quite understated, sideways movement into a new 'key' (for want of a better word) by altering only one note. Moving this way in western harmony would dictate that two notes would need to change, and the shift is far more obvious. There's nothing of course in standard harmony that would stop one from changing key by changing only one note of course (i.e. from C major to A minor, or perhaps C Major to C minor) but this is usually fairly obvious – there is a distinct mood change. In quartal harmony, this change is quite subtle, and given the ambiguous quality of this harmony, it becomes almost imperceptible – there is a sense that something has changed, but you're not quite sure what it is.
This entry was posted in Musings, Spectral/Harmonic Music and tagged Aaron Copland, Beatles, Debussy, Music composition, Phillip Tagg, Quartal harmony, quintal harmony, Stravinsky, Western harmony by immed8. Bookmark the permalink.
Thank you for writing about your discovery of Quartal Harmony, I enjoyed reading it.
Simply stated, the world of jazz after 1959 has had many quartal harmony proponents, such as: McCoy Tyner, Freddie Hubbard and Herbie Hancock. As you mentioned in your post, quartal harmony of this time was approached from a tertiary notational perspective, for example: D9sus or Am7/D. I believe this is because that's what musicians of that time would understand. However, I think a pure quartal notation, as Tagg suggests: D4, would be understood and accepted by players today.
I wish you all the best with your harmonic journey.


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text:
Q: Got this limit over here, been working on it for a while, thought it's time to share it with you all Got this limit I'd thought I should share it. So here you go:

$$\lim_{x\to\infty}{\bigg(\prod_{i=1}^{x}{\big(1+\frac{i}{x}\big)}\bigg)^{\frac{1}{x}}}$$

I have worked on this one for a while, with different angles and ended up with two different answers. Would like to see how you handled it.

A: Hint: Its logarithm is a Riemann sum.

A: $$y={\bigg(\prod_{i=1}^{x}{\big(1+\frac{i}{x}\big)}\bigg)^{\frac{1}{x}}}$$
$$y^x=\prod_{i=1}^{x}{\big(1+\frac{i}{x}\big)}$$
$$\log(y^x)=x \log(y)=\log{\bigg(\prod_{i=1}^{x}{\big(1+\frac{i}{x}\big)}\bigg)}=\sum_{i=1}^\infty\log\left(1+\frac i x\right)$$
$$\log(y)=\frac 1 x \sum_{i=1}^\infty\log\left(1+\frac i x\right)$$