text:
package com.algolia.search;

import com.algolia.search.inputs.BatchOperation;
import com.algolia.search.inputs.partial_update.PartialUpdateOperation;
import com.algolia.search.inputs.synonym.AbstractSynonym;
import com.algolia.search.objects.ApiKey;
import com.algolia.search.objects.IndexSettings;
import com.algolia.search.objects.Query;
import com.algolia.search.objects.SynonymQuery;
import com.algolia.search.objects.tasks.async.AsyncTask;
import com.algolia.search.objects.tasks.async.AsyncTaskIndexing;
import com.algolia.search.objects.tasks.async.AsyncTaskSingleIndex;
import com.algolia.search.responses.*;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;

import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;

@SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
public class AsyncIndex<T> extends AbstractIndex {

  /**
   * Index name
   */
  private final String name;

  /**
   * The type of the objects in this Index
   */
  private final Class<T> klass;

  private final AsyncAPIClient client;

  AsyncIndex(String name, Class<T> klass, AsyncAPIClient client) {
    this.name = name;
    this.klass = klass;
    this.client = client;
  }

  public String getName() {
    return name;
  }

  public Class<T> getKlass() {
    return klass;
  }

  /**
   * Add an object in this index
   *
   * @param object object to add
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskIndexing> addObject(@Nonnull T object) {
    return client.addObject(name, object);
  }

  /**
   * Add an object in this index with a unique identifier
   *
   * @param objectID the objectID associated to this object
   *                 (if this objectID already exist the old object will be overridden)
   * @param object   object to add
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskIndexing> addObject(@Nonnull String objectID, @Nonnull T object) {
    return client.addObject(name, objectID, object);
  }

  /**
   * Add several objects
   *
   * @param objects objects to add
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> addObjects(@Nonnull List<T> objects) {
    return client.addObjects(name, objects);
  }

  /**
   * Get an object from this index
   *
   * @param objectID the unique identifier of the object to retrieve
   * @return The object
   */
  public CompletableFuture<Optional<T>> getObject(@Nonnull String objectID) {
    return client.getObject(name, objectID, klass);
  }

  /**
   * Get several objects from this index
   *
   * @param objectIDs the list of unique identifier of objects to retrieve
   * @return the list of objects
   */
  public CompletableFuture<List<T>> getObjects(@Nonnull List<String> objectIDs) {
    return client.getObjects(name, objectIDs, klass);
  }

  /**
   * Get several objects from this index
   *
   * @param objectIDs            the list of unique identifier of objects to retrieve
   * @param attributesToRetrieve the list of attributes to retrieve for these objects
   * @return the list of objects
   */
  public CompletableFuture<List<T>> getObjects(@Nonnull List<String> objectIDs, @Nonnull List<String> attributesToRetrieve) {
    return client.getObjects(name, objectIDs, attributesToRetrieve, klass);
  }

  /**
   * Wait for the completion of a task
   *
   * @param task       task to wait for
   * @param timeToWait the time to wait in milliseconds
   */
  public void waitTask(@Nonnull AsyncTask task, long timeToWait) {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(timeToWait >= 0, "timeToWait must be >= 0, was %s", timeToWait);

    client.waitTask(task, timeToWait);
  }

  /**
   * Wait for the completion of a task, for 100ms
   *
   * @param task task to wait for
   */
  public void waitTask(@Nonnull AsyncTask task) {
    client.waitTask(task, 100);
  }

  /**
   * Deletes the index
   *
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> delete() {
    return client.deleteIndex(name);
  }

  /**
   * Delete the index content without removing settings and index specific API keys.
   *
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> clear() {
    return client.clearIndex(name);
  }

  /**
   * Override the content of object
   *
   * @param objectID the unique identifier of the object to retrieve
   * @param object   the object to update
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> saveObject(@Nonnull String objectID, @Nonnull T object) {
    return client.saveObject(name, objectID, object);
  }

  /**
   * Override the content the list of objects
   *
   * @param objects the list objects to update
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> saveObjects(@Nonnull List<T> objects) {
    return client.saveObjects(name, objects);
  }

  /**
   * Delete an object from the index
   *
   * @param objectID the unique identifier of the object to retrieve
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> deleteObject(@Nonnull String objectID) {
    return client.deleteObject(name, objectID);
  }

  /**
   * Delete objects from the index
   *
   * @param objectIDs the list of unique identifier of the object to retrieve
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> deleteObjects(@Nonnull List<String> objectIDs) {
    return client.deleteObjects(name, objectIDs);
  }

  /**
   * Get settings of this index
   *
   * @return the settings
   */
  public CompletableFuture<IndexSettings> getSettings() {
    return client.getSettings(name);
  }

  /**
   * Set settings of this index, and do not forward to slaves
   *
   * @param settings the settings to set
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> setSettings(@Nonnull IndexSettings settings) {
    return setSettings(settings, false);
  }

  /**
   * Set settings of this index
   *
   * @param settings          the settings to set
   * @param forwardToReplicas should these updates be forwarded to the slaves
   * @return the related AsyncTask
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> setSettings(@Nonnull IndexSettings settings, @Nonnull Boolean forwardToReplicas) {
    return client.setSettings(name, settings, forwardToReplicas);
  }

  /**
   * Deprecated: use listApiKeys
   */
  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<List<ApiKey>> listKeys() {
    return listApiKeys();
  }

  /**
   * List keys of this index
   *
   * @return the list of keys
   */
  public CompletableFuture<List<ApiKey>> listApiKeys() {
    return client.listKeys(name);
  }

  /**
   * Deprecated: use getApiKey
   */
  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<Optional<ApiKey>> getKey(@Nonnull String key) {
    return getApiKey(key);
  }

  /**
   * Get a key by name from this index
   *
   * @param key the key name
   * @return the key
   */
  public CompletableFuture<Optional<ApiKey>> getApiKey(@Nonnull String key) {
    return client.getKey(name, key);
  }

  /**
   * Deprecated: use deleteApiKey
   */
  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<DeleteKey> deleteKey(@Nonnull String key) {
    return deleteApiKey(key);
  }

  /**
   * Delete a key by name from this index
   *
   * @param key the key name
   * @return the deleted key
   */
  public CompletableFuture<DeleteKey> deleteApiKey(@Nonnull String key) {
    return client.deleteKey(name, key);
  }

  /**
   * Deprecated: use addApiKey
   */
  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<CreateUpdateKey> addKey(@Nonnull ApiKey key) {
    return addApiKey(key);
  }

  /**
   * Add a key to this index
   *
   * @param key the key
   * @return the created key
   */
  public CompletableFuture<CreateUpdateKey> addApiKey(@Nonnull ApiKey key) {
    return client.addKey(name, key);
  }

  /**
   * Deprecated: use updateApiKey
   */
  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<CreateUpdateKey> updateKey(@Nonnull String keyName, @Nonnull ApiKey key) {
    return updateApiKey(keyName, key);
  }

  /**
   * Update a key by name from this index
   *
   * @param keyName the key name
   * @param key     the key to update
   * @return the updated key
   */
  public CompletableFuture<CreateUpdateKey> updateApiKey(@Nonnull String keyName, @Nonnull ApiKey key) {
    return client.updateKey(name, keyName, key);
  }

  /**
   * Moves an existing index
   *
   * @param dstIndexName the new index name that will contains a copy of srcIndexName (destination will be overriten if it already exist)
   * @return The task associated
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> moveTo(@Nonnull String dstIndexName) {
    return client.moveIndex(name, dstIndexName);
  }

  /**
   * Copy an existing index
   *
   * @param dstIndexName the new index name that will contains a copy of srcIndexName (destination will be overridden if it already exist)
   * @return The task associated
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> copyTo(@Nonnull String dstIndexName) {
    return client.copyIndex(name, dstIndexName);
  }

  /**
   * Search in the index
   *
   * @param query the query
   * @return the result of the search, or a failed Future if the index does not exists
   */
  public CompletableFuture<SearchResult<T>> search(@Nonnull Query query) {
    return client.search(name, query, klass);
  }

  /**
   * Search in a facet
   *
   * @param facetName  The name of the facet to search in
   * @param facetQuery The search query for this facet
   * @param query      the query (not required)
   * @return the result of the search
   */
  public CompletableFuture<SearchFacetResult> searchForFacetValues(@Nonnull String facetName, @Nonnull String facetQuery, Query query) {
    return client.searchForFacetValues(name, facetName, facetQuery, query);
  }

  /**
   * Search in a facet
   *
   * @param facetName  The name of the facet to search in
   * @param facetQuery The search query for this facet
   * @return the result of the search
   */
  public CompletableFuture<SearchFacetResult> searchForFacetValues(@Nonnull String facetName, @Nonnull String facetQuery) {
    return this.searchForFacetValues(facetName, facetQuery, null);
  }

  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<SearchFacetResult> searchInFacetValues(@Nonnull String facetName, @Nonnull String facetQuery, Query query) {
    return this.searchForFacetValues(facetName, facetQuery, query);
  }

  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<SearchFacetResult> searchInFacetValues(@Nonnull String facetName, @Nonnull String facetQuery) {
    return this.searchForFacetValues(facetName, facetQuery, null);
  }

  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<SearchFacetResult> searchFacet(@Nonnull String facetName, @Nonnull String facetQuery, Query query) {
    return this.searchForFacetValues(facetName, facetQuery, query);
  }

  @Deprecated
  public CompletableFuture<SearchFacetResult> searchFacet(@Nonnull String facetName, @Nonnull String facetQuery) {
    return this.searchForFacetValues(facetName, facetQuery);
  }

  /**
   * Custom batch
   *

   * All operations must have index name set to null
   *
   * @param operations the list of operations to perform on this index
   * @return the associated task
   * @see BatchOperation & subclasses
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> batch(@Nonnull List<BatchOperation> operations) {
    return client.batch(name, operations);
  }

  /**
   * Partially update an object
   *
   * @param objectID the ID of object to update
   * @param object   the object to update
   * @return the associated task
   * @see PartialUpdateOperation & subclasses
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> partialUpdateObject(@Nonnull String objectID, @Nonnull Object object) {
    return client.partialUpdateObject(name, objectID, object);
  }

  /**
   * Partially update a objects
   *
   * @param objects the list of objects to update (with an objectID)
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> partialUpdateObjects(@Nonnull List<Object> objects) {
    return client.partialUpdateObjects(name, objects);
  }

  /**
   * Partially update an object, create the object if it does not exist
   *
   * @param operation the operation to perform on this object
   * @return the associated task
   * @see PartialUpdateOperation & subclasses
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> partialUpdateObject(@Nonnull PartialUpdateOperation operation) {
    return partialUpdateObject(operation, true);
  }

  /**
   * Partially update an object
   *
   * @param operation         the operation to perform on this object
   * @param createIfNotExists should the object be created or not
   * @return the associated task
   * @see PartialUpdateOperation & subclasses
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTaskSingleIndex> partialUpdateObject(@Nonnull PartialUpdateOperation operation, boolean createIfNotExists) {
    return client.partialUpdateObject(name, operation, createIfNotExists);
  }

  /**
   * Saves/updates a synonym without replacing it and NOT forwarding it to the slaves
   *
   * @param synonymID the id of the synonym
   * @param content   the synonym
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> saveSynonym(@Nonnull String synonymID, @Nonnull AbstractSynonym content) {
    return saveSynonym(synonymID, content, false);
  }

  /**
   * Saves/updates a synonym without replacing
   *
   * @param synonymID         the id of the synonym
   * @param content           the synonym
   * @param forwardToReplicas should this request be forwarded to slaves
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> saveSynonym(@Nonnull String synonymID, @Nonnull AbstractSynonym content, boolean forwardToReplicas) {
    return saveSynonym(synonymID, content, forwardToReplicas, false);
  }

  /**
   * Saves/updates a synonym
   *
   * @param synonymID               the id of the synonym
   * @param content                 the synonym
   * @param forwardToReplicas       should this request be forwarded to slaves
   * @param replaceExistingSynonyms should replace if this synonyms exists
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> saveSynonym(@Nonnull String synonymID, @Nonnull AbstractSynonym content, boolean forwardToReplicas, boolean replaceExistingSynonyms) {
    return client.saveSynonym(name, synonymID, content, forwardToReplicas, replaceExistingSynonyms);
  }

  /**
   * Get a synonym by ID
   *
   * @param synonymID the id of the synonym
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<Optional<AbstractSynonym>> getSynonym(@Nonnull String synonymID) {
    return client.getSynonym(name, synonymID);
  }

  /**
   * Deletes a synonym by ID and NOT forwarding it to the slaves
   *
   * @param synonymID the id of the synonym
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> deleteSynonym(@Nonnull String synonymID) {
    return deleteSynonym(synonymID, false);
  }

  /**
   * Deletes a synonym
   *
   * @param synonymID         the id of the synonym
   * @param forwardToReplicas should this request be forwarded to slaves
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> deleteSynonym(@Nonnull String synonymID, boolean forwardToReplicas) {
    return client.deleteSynonym(name, synonymID, forwardToReplicas);
  }

  /**
   * Clear all synonyms and NOT forwarding it to the slaves
   *
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> clearSynonyms() {
    return clearSynonyms(false);
  }

  /**
   * Clears all synonyms
   *
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> clearSynonyms(boolean forwardToReplicas) {
    return client.clearSynonyms(name, forwardToReplicas);
  }

  /**
   * Search for synonyms
   *
   * @param query the query
   * @return the results of the query
   */
  public CompletableFuture<SearchSynonymResult> searchSynonyms(@Nonnull SynonymQuery query) {
    return client.searchSynonyms(name, query);
  }

  /**
   * Add or Replace a list of synonyms
   *
   * @param synonyms                List of synonyms
   * @param forwardToReplicas       Forward the operation to the slave indices
   * @param replaceExistingSynonyms Replace the existing synonyms with this batch
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> batchSynonyms(@Nonnull List<AbstractSynonym> synonyms, boolean forwardToReplicas, boolean replaceExistingSynonyms) {
    return client.batchSynonyms(name, synonyms, forwardToReplicas, replaceExistingSynonyms);
  }

  /**
   * Add or Replace a list of synonyms, no replacement
   *
   * @param synonyms          List of synonyms
   * @param forwardToReplicas Forward the operation to the slave indices
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> batchSynonyms(@Nonnull List<AbstractSynonym> synonyms, boolean forwardToReplicas) {
    return batchSynonyms(synonyms, forwardToReplicas, false);
  }

  /**
   * Add or Replace a list of synonyms, no forward to slaves, and no replacement
   *
   * @param synonyms List of synonyms
   * @return the associated task
   */
  public CompletableFuture<AsyncTask> batchSynonyms(@Nonnull List<AbstractSynonym> synonyms) {
    return batchSynonyms(synonyms, false, false);
  }

}


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text:
Friede-Abrahamson Genealogy Site
Walter Warder Hudnall
M, b. May 1813
Father* Benjamin Hudnall b. 1773, d. 1871
Mother* Nancy Riley b. 1780, d. b 1860
Birth May 1813 Walter Warder Hudnall was born in May 1813 at Mason, Kentucky.
He was the son of Benjamin Hudnall and Nancy Riley.
Marriage 25 August 1835 Walter Warder Hudnall married Cynthia Hudnall on 25 August 1835 at Kanawha, Virginia.
Cynthia Hudnall
F, b. circa 1812, d. 28 March 1876
Birth circa 1812 Cynthia Hudnall was born circa 1812 at Kanawha, Virginia.
Marriage 25 August 1835 She married Walter Warder Hudnall, son of Benjamin Hudnall and Nancy Riley, on 25 August 1835 at Kanawha, Virginia.
Death 28 March 1876 Cynthia Hudnall died on 28 March 1876 at Kanawha, West Virginia.
Hugh Hudnall
M, b. 1546
Father* Henry Hudnall b. 1510
Mother* Alice Cocke b. 1525
Birth 1546 Hugh Hudnall was born in 1546.
He was the son of Henry Hudnall and Alice Cocke.
Thomas Hudnall
M, b. circa 1544
Birth circa 1544 Thomas Hudnall was born circa 1544 at England.
Child of Thomas Hudnall
Thomas Hudnall b. 1582
Father* Thomas Hudnall b. c 1544
Birth 1582 Thomas Hudnall was born in 1582 at England.
He was the son of Thomas Hudnall.
Marriage 29 November 1613 Thomas Hudnall married Anne Heade on 29 November 1613 at Chalgrave Parish, England.
Anne Heade
F, b. circa 1583
Married Name 29 November 1613 As of 29 November 1613,her married name was Hudnall.
Birth circa 1583 Anne Heade was born circa 1583 at England.
Marriage 29 November 1613 She married Thomas Hudnall, son of Thomas Hudnall, on 29 November 1613 at Chalgrave Parish, England.
Ezekiah Genesis
Viola Loretta McClain Friede Pedigree Chart
Lucretia Proctor Pedigree Chart
Birth 1629 Ezekiah Genesis was born in 1629 at Virginia.
Marriage circa 1654 He married Rebecca Shaw, daughter of John Shaw, circa 1654.
Child of Ezekiah Genesis and Rebecca Shaw
Alice Genesis+ b. 1655, d. 2 Apr 1711
Rebecca Shaw
Father* John Shaw
Married Name circa 1654 As of circa 1654,her married name was Genesis.
Birth circa 1630 Rebecca Shaw was born circa 1630 at Virginia.
She was the daughter of John Shaw.
Marriage circa 1654 Rebecca Shaw married Ezekiah Genesis circa 1654.
Child of Rebecca Shaw and Ezekiah Genesis
Child of John Shaw
Rebecca Shaw+ b. c 1630
Partain Hudnall
M, b. 1646, d. 4 December 1698
Father* John Hudnall b. 28 Apr 1616, d. 25 Aug 1659
Mother* Mary Partain b. 1625, d. 1683
Birth 1646 Partain Hudnall was born in 1646.
He was the son of John Hudnall and Mary Partain.
Death 4 December 1698 Partain Hudnall died on 4 December 1698.
Mary Hudnall
F, b. 1657
Married Name Her married name was White.
Marriage Mary Hudnall married Edward White.
Birth 1657 Mary Hudnall was born in 1657.
She was the daughter of John Hudnall and Mary Partain.
Edward White
Marriage Edward White married Mary Hudnall, daughter of John Hudnall and Mary Partain.
Birth circa 1655 Edward White was born circa 1655.
Henry Hudnall
M, b. 1658, d. circa 1693
Birth 1658 Henry Hudnall was born in 1658.
Death circa 1693 Henry Hudnall died circa 1693.
Children of Henry Hudnall
John Hudnall+ b. c 1675, d. 11 Nov 1703
Partain Hudnall+ b. 23 Dec 1686
Ann Hudnall b. 14 Mar 1690
Elizabeth Hudnall
Married Name Her married name was Cotman.
Birth 1659 Elizabeth Hudnall was born in 1659.
Margret Hayle
Father* Thomas Hayle
Mother* Ann Hall
Name Variation Margret Hayle was also known as Margrett.
Name Variation Margret Hayle was also known as Margaret.
Married Name circa 1617 As of circa 1617,her married name was Partin.
Married Name circa 1617 As of circa 1617,her married name was Webb.
Married Name circa 1617 As of circa 1617,her married name was Partain.
Marriage Margret Hayle married John Webb, son of John Webb and Catherine Tresham.
Birth 1592 Margret Hayle was born in 1592 at Ontario, Canada.
She was the daughter of Thomas Hayle and Ann Hall.
Marriage circa 1617 Margret Hayle married Robert Partain Sr. circa 1617.
Death 1648 Margret Hayle died in 1648 at Isle of Wight, Virginia.
Margret Hayle immigrated in 1617 Margaret arrived in America on "The George" in 1617.
She and Robert Partain Sr. immigrated in 1624 Family Members: Wife Margrett 36; Child Rebecca 2; Child Avis 5; Child Robert 4 mos.
Children of Margret Hayle and Robert Partain Sr.
Avis Partin b. c 1619, d. 1648
Rebecca Partin b. c 1622, d. 1648
Robert Partin Jr. b. c 1624
Mary Partain+ b. 1625, d. 1683
Child of Margret Hayle and John Webb
Thomas Webb b. c 1620, d. c 1658
Robert Partain Sr.
Name Variation Robert Partain Sr. was also known as Partin.
Birth 1588 Robert Partain Sr. was born in 1588 at Bristol, Somerset, England.
Marriage circa 1617 He married Margret Hayle, daughter of Thomas Hayle and Ann Hall, circa 1617.
Death 1650 Robert Partain Sr. died in 1650 at Isle Of Wight, Virginia.
Emigrated from England June 1609 in the " Blessings." He arrived in Jamestown as an indentured servant. Out of 400 people only 80 survived, including Robert. He received 100 acres of land in Charles City at the end of his indenture.
Robert Partain Sr. immigrated in 1609.
He and Margret Hayle immigrated in 1624 Family Members: Wife Margrett 36; Child Rebecca 2; Child Avis 5; Child Robert 4 mos.
Children of Robert Partain Sr. and Margret Hayle
Thomas Hayle
Father* Abel Hayle
Mother* Dinah Birt
Birth Thomas Hayle was born at England.
He was the son of Abel Hayle and Dinah Birt.
Marriage Thomas Hayle married Ann Hall.
Children of Thomas Hayle and Ann Hall
Margret Hayle+ b. 1592, d. 1648
Thomas Hayle b. c 1604
Ann Hall
Married Name Her married name was Hayle.
Marriage Ann Hall married Thomas Hayle, son of Abel Hayle and Dinah Birt.
Birth Ann Hall was born at Northamptonshire, England.
Children of Ann Hall and Thomas Hayle
Abel Hayle
Birth Abel Hayle was born at Whittlebury, Northamptonshire, England.
Marriage He married Dinah Birt, daughter of John Birt.
Child of Abel Hayle and Dinah Birt
Thomas Hayle+
Dinah Birt
Father* John Birt
Marriage Dinah Birt married Abel Hayle.
Birth Dinah Birt was born at Stowe, Buckinghamshire, England.
She was the daughter of John Birt.
Child of Dinah Birt and Abel Hayle
John Birt
Child of John Birt
Dinah Birt+
Avis Partin
M, b. circa 1619, d. 1648
Father* Robert Partain Sr. b. 1588, d. 1650
Mother* Margret Hayle b. 1592, d. 1648
Birth circa 1619 Avis Partin was born circa 1619.
He was the son of Robert Partain Sr. and Margret Hayle.
Death 1648 Avis Partin died in 1648.
Avis Partin immigrated with Robert Partain Sr. and Margret Hayle in 1624; Family Members: Wife Margrett 36; Child Rebecca 2; Child Avis 5; Child Robert 4 mos.
Rebecca Partin
F, b. circa 1622, d. 1648
Birth circa 1622 Rebecca Partin was born circa 1622.
She was the daughter of Robert Partain Sr. and Margret Hayle.
Death 1648 Rebecca Partin died in 1648.
Rebecca Partin immigrated with Robert Partain Sr. and Margret Hayle in 1624; Family Members: Wife Margrett 36; Child Rebecca 2; Child Avis 5; Child Robert 4 mos.
Robert Partin Jr.
Birth circa 1624 Robert Partin Jr. was born circa 1624.
Robert Partin Jr. immigrated with Robert Partain Sr. and Margret Hayle in 1624; Family Members: Wife Margrett 36; Child Rebecca 2; Child Avis 5; Child Robert 4 mos.
Alice Vesey
Father* Thomas Vesey b. 1497, d. 1536
Mother* Elizabeth Gardiner b. 1503, d. 1536
Married Name Her married name was Gonville.
Marriage Alice Vesey married Henry Gonville.
Birth 1526 Alice Vesey was born in 1526.
She was the daughter of Thomas Vesey and Elizabeth Gardiner.
Death 1546 Alice Vesey died in 1546.
Henry Gonville
Marriage Henry Gonville married Alice Vesey, daughter of Thomas Vesey and Elizabeth Gardiner.
Birth 1520 Henry Gonville was born in 1520.
Death 1546 He died in 1546.
Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom
Father* Henry D'Oyly b. 1530, d. 1597
Mother* Anne Whyte b. c 1534, d. Dec 1592
Name Variation Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom was also known as Doyley.
Name Variation Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom was also known as D'Oyley.
Name Variation Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom was also known as D'Oyly of Shottisham.
Birth 1570 Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom was born in 1570.
He was the son of Henry D'Oyly and Anne Whyte.
Marriage 3 June 1585 Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom married Catherine Neville, daughter of Henry Neville and Elizabeth Gresham, on 3 June 1585.
Death circa 1612 Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom died circa 1612.
High Sheriff of Norfolk.
Children of Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom and Catherine Neville
Henry D'Oyly
William D'Oyly b. c 1590, d. 1637
Elizabeth D'Oyly+ b. Jun 1591
John D'Oyly b. 1592
Catherine Neville
F, b. 7 May 1570, d. 1620
Father* Henry Neville b. 1520, d. 13 Jan 1593
Mother* Elizabeth Gresham b. c 1524, d. 6 Nov 1573
Name Variation Catherine Neville was also known as Catharine.
Name Variation Catherine Neville was also known as Katherine.
Married Name 3 June 1585 As of 3 June 1585,her married name was D'Oyly.
Married Name 3 June 1585 As of 3 June 1585,her married name was Doyley.
Birth 7 May 1570 Catherine Neville was born on 7 May 1570.
She was the daughter of Henry Neville and Elizabeth Gresham.
Marriage 3 June 1585 Catherine Neville married Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom, son of Henry D'Oyly and Anne Whyte, on 3 June 1585.
Death 1620 Catherine Neville died in 1620.
Children of Catherine Neville and Edmund D'Oyly of Shatsom
Henry Neville
M, b. 1520, d. 13 January 1593
Father* Edward Neville b. 1471, d. 12 Jan 1538
Mother* Eleanor Windsor b. 1479, d. 5 Mar 1531
Birth 1520 Henry Neville was born in 1520.
He was the son of Edward Neville and Eleanor Windsor.
Marriage before 1561 Henry Neville married Winifred Loss, daughter of Hugh Loss, before 1561.
Marriage 1561 Henry Neville married Elizabeth Gresham, daughter of Sir John Gresham and Mary Ipswell, in 1561.
Marriage May 1578 Henry Neville married Elizabeth Bacon, daughter of Sir Nicholas Bacon and Anne Cooke, in May 1578.
Death 13 January 1593 Henry Neville died on 13 January 1593.
Sir Henry Neville (c.1520-1593) was Gentleman of the Privy chamber to King Edward VI
Sir Henry Neville's father was Sir Edward Neville (d. 1538), of Addington Park in Kent, who married Eleanor, daughter of Andrew Windsor, 1st Baron Windsor, and Elizabeth, sister of Edward Blount, 2nd Baron Mountjoy.
His father was the younger brother of George Neville, 5th Baron Bergavenny and older brother to Sir Thomas Neville, Speaker. As Manning said, the Neville surname "stands proudly forth as a pedigree in itself, and is associated with all that is noble in blood, distinguished in chivalry, eminent in counsel, and celebrated in the historic annals of Britain."[1]
However, it stands curious that Sir Henry Neville secured a post in the Privy chamber, in consideration that his father was an allegedly attached to the Courtenay conspiracy, and moreover, executed in 1539 on order of King Henry VIII, charged with "devising to maintain, promote, and advance one Reginald Pole, late Dean of Exeter, enemy of the King, beyond the sea, and to deprive the King". (Reginald Pole was a Catholic exile and a second cousin once removed of Neville).
In March 1542, Neville attended Charles de Marillac the French ambassador, however, he apparently was not destined to have a career in politics, for by 1546, he is found serving as a groom of the privy chamber. He was made Groom of the Privy Chamber in 1546, Gentleman of the privy chamber in 1550, was knighted on 11 October 1551 and elected Knight of the shire for Berkshire five times, from 1553- 1584. Neville, was Henry VIII's godson and apparently was in good favour with the king, to the extent that he was included as one of the grooms who witnessed his will, of which he was afforded a legacy.
In 1551, he testifed at the trial of Stephen Gardiner, and revealed the strong detest Henry VII had for the bishop. Neville was closely aligned with John Dudley and Sir Henry Sidney, the former of whom promoted him to Gentleman of the Privy chamber during the reign of Edward VI. As with many Protestants, Neville left the country upon Mary I's accession, however returned under Elizabeth I, and continued his career holding various posts in Berkshire, where he lived at Billingbear House, until his death on 13 January 1593. Sir Henry Neville was buried in the parish church at Waltham St Lawrence in Berkshire.
He married firstly, Winifred (d. in or before 1561), daughter of Hugh Loss of Whitchurch, then in Middlesex (no issue); secondly, 1561, Elizabeth (d. 1573), daughter of Sir John Gresham of Titsey in Surrey (issue four sons, including Sir Henry Neville (1562–1615) and Edward Neville (b. 1567), and two daughters); thirdly, May 1578, Elizabeth (Lady Neville) (d. 1621) the daughter of Sir Nicholas Bacon, 1st Baronet (c.1543-1624)[2], and his wife, Anne Cooke, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke (no issue), and widow of Sir Richard Doyley of Greenland, at Hambleden in Buckinghamshire.1
Children of Henry Neville and Elizabeth Gresham
Elizabeth Neville b. 1561
Sir Henry Neville b. 1562, d. 10 Jul 1615
Edward Neville b. 1567
Francis Neville b. 1568
Catherine Neville+ b. 7 May 1570, d. 1620
William Neville b. c 1573, d. 1601
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Neville_(Gentleman_of_the_Privy_Chamber).
Elizabeth Gresham
F, b. circa 1524, d. 6 November 1573
Father* Sir John Gresham b. 1495, d. 23 Oct 1556
Mother* Mary Ipswell d. b 1553
Married Name 1561 As of 1561,her married name was Neville.
Birth circa 1524 Elizabeth Gresham was born circa 1524.
She was the daughter of Sir John Gresham and Mary Ipswell.
Marriage 1561 Elizabeth Gresham married Henry Neville, son of Edward Neville and Eleanor Windsor, in 1561.
Death 6 November 1573 Elizabeth Gresham died on 6 November 1573 at England.
Children of Elizabeth Gresham and Henry Neville
http://www.friede-abrahamson-genealogy.com/
Researcher: Heather Abrahamson, 5818 Manor Lane, Parkville, MO 64152
Site updated on 6 Jan 2020 at 9:22:16 PM from friede-abrahamson; 71,124 people
Page created by John Cardinal's Second Site v5.3.7. | Web site design by John Cardinal based on an idea by Jeremy D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To provide affordable liquid supplements that positively impact people's health, are efficient in usage and taste good.
Ultra6 Nutrition was founded in 2011 by two people that were and continue to be passionate about health and nutrition. Having a tenured history of more than 40 years in the supplement industry, they recognized the need and demand for products that actually worked – products that are effective and efficient; allowing its' customers to truly feel the difference. Ultra6 Nutrition believes life should be lived; not just endured. Good health leads to good lives. From Health to Happiness with Liquid Nutrition is not just a tagline; it's a way of life – the Ultra6 way!


text:
Q: Matching numerical pattern I'm doing a project which requires numerical pattern matching.
For example i want to know whether Value = 1331 is a part of   680+651 = 1331 or not, i.e. i want to match 1331 with 680+651 = 1331 or any other given string.
I'm trying pattern matching in java for the first time and i could not succeed. Below is my code snippet.
String REGEX1=s1;   //s1 is '1331'
pattern = Pattern.compile(REGEX1);
matcher = pattern.matcher(line_out);   //line_out is for ex. 680+651 = 1331
System.out.println("lookingAt(): "+matcher.lookingAt());
System.out.println("matches(): "+matcher.matches());

It is returning false all the times.
Pls help me.

A: matches() requires that the pattern be a complete match, not a partial.
You either need to change your pattern to something like .*= 1331$ or use the find() method which will do a partial match.

A: The matches method requires a perfect, full exact match. Since there is more text in 680+651=1331 than what is matched by the regex 1331, matches returns false.
As I pointed out in Brian's post, you need to be careful in your regex to ensure that a regex of 1331 does not match the number 213312 unless that is what you want.

A: matches() is the wrong method for this, use find().
http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/api/java/util/regex/Matcher.html says:

public boolean matches()
Attempts to match the entire input sequence against the pattern.

and

public boolean find()
Attempts to find the next subsequence of the input sequence that matches the pattern.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Google Spreadsheet error on open "You do not have permission to call inputBox" I am sharing a sheet with colleagues and want them to enter their name after opening the file for logging purposes. I have no problem running any of my scripts, naturally.
After they open the file, the script does not fire, but I can find the error logs and they say this:
You do not have permission to call inputBox at onOpen(Code:12). Why is that? What can I do about it?
Moreover, there are instances of the same error message but with a code 13 and 14.
I am not very fluent in Apps Script yet, but is it an authorization, protection issue?

function onOpen() {
  //Log the user
  var id, usrprops, logname;

  id = Browser.inputBox('ID Check', 'Enter your identity (nickname) and press OK', Browser.Buttons.OK);
  if (!id) {  //if The user did not enter a name
   id =  Session.getActiveUser().getEmail();  //Get the logged users email address
   id = id.slice(0,id.indexOf("@")); //Remove the domain part of email address
}

  usrprops = PropertiesService.getUserProperties();  //Get User Properties
  usrprops.setProperty('usrname', id); //Save the user name with a key name

  return id;
 }


text:
How to Write a Marketing Email: 10 Tips for Writing Compelling Email Copy
0 0 Monday, November 6, 2017 Edit this post
by Lindsay Kolowich Email marketing has come a long way in just the past few years. But with all the fancy new functionality brands ...
by Lindsay Kolowich
Email marketing has come a long way in just the past few years. But with all the fancy new functionality brands are utilizing, you know what's kind of funny? A well-written, plain-text email can perform just as well (if not better) than a highly designed email with tons of bells and whistles.
In fact, no matter how fancy your marketing emails look, if they're devoid of well-written content, your subscribers will stop opening -- and start deleting -- your messages.
So, how do you write a great marketing email? It all comes down to a few copywriting best practices that you should apply to both the subject line of your message and the message body itself.
Click here to download our free lookbook that's packed with our favorite email newsletters.
Next time you draft a message for a lead nurturing campaign or just a one-time email send, ask yourself whether your copy meets all of these guidelines first.
10 Email Copywriting Tips for Writing Better Marketing Emails
We'll start with copywriting tips for better subject lines, followed by copywriting tips for the bodies of your emails.
How to Write a Subject Line
Part of writing effective email copy is nailing the subject line. The subject line is like the gatekeeper of your email: No one gets to read your stellar email copy if they aren't interested enough to open your email in the first place.
That interest is garnered almost wholly on the subject line of the email (with the sender name playing a role, as well). We've written a few blog posts about crafting email subject lines, including one on the anatomy of a great subject line and one showing 18 examples of awesome subject lines from brands. Here's a distillation of what you need to know to write some excellent copy.
1) Use actionable language.
With email subject lines, using actionable language doesn't necessarily mean using verbs, although it certainly helps. OpenTable, for example, sent me an email that said "Take Mom to Brunch" in the subject line. This is one way to use actionable language effectively in email subject lines: by incorporating a verb (like "take," "download," "reserve," "ask," "buy," etc.), the reader knows exactly what they can do in the email.
But there are ways to use actionable language without relying on verbs, which gives you more room to play around with wording. What it comes down to is using language that makes it clear to the recipient what they can do with the information in the email, should they choose to open it. In other words, keep the value for the user top-of-mind.
For example, I once got an email from TicketMaster with the subject line "Don't Miss Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band." They didn't order me to purchase tickets by saying "Purchase Tickets Tomorrow for Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band," though such a subject line may have performed just as well. The original subject line worked well because it was clear what I could do with the information in that email -- ensure I'm prepared for the 10:00 AM sale time so I could snag my tickets. (Which I did, thanks to that email!)
2) Personalize when possible.
Emails that are highly segmented tend to have higher performance levels -- such as open rate and clickthrough rate -- than emails that aren't personalized. According to a study by Direct Marketing Association, segmented and targeted emails generated 58% of all revenue for the marketers surveyed, and 36% of revenues were driven by emails sent to specific target selections.
This isn't exactly surprising. After all, the more segmented your email list, the better able you are to personalize the subject line and provide relevant content to that email recipient.
So ask yourself: Is there a way to make your email subject line more personal? And I'm not talking about the dynamic field where you insert someone's [FIRSTNAME] -- email recipients stopped being impressed by that fancy functionality some time ago.
Consider this scenario instead: You're a realtor with a huge database of clients ...
Some of them are looking to rent, while others prefer to buy.
Their ideal location ranges across several cities and zip codes.
They all have different price points with which they're comfortable.
Some are looking for a studio, while others want a mansion.
You even know that a group of them will only accept homes that have been renovated in the past 5 years.
You certainly wouldn't do a blanket email send across all of these different segments of your list, would you?
And your email subject line wouldn't be the same, either. You might have one subject line that says, "Renovated 1BR Apartment for Rent in Cambridge: Schedule a Viewing," and another that says, "RSVP: Open House Sunday for Colonial House in Sudbury." Each subject line speaks to the radically different needs of two radically different list segments.
3) Prioritize clarity, and only then think about "catchiness."
Write a subject line that is clear first, and catchy second. In marketing copy, clarity should always, always, always be your first priority. If, after you've drafted a clear subject line, you can also make it catchy, funny, cute, whimsical, whatever, then go for it. But never sacrifice clarity for the entertainment value.
UrbanDaddy is an example of a company that excels at writing subject lines that are always clear, and sometimes also catchy, funny, or entertaining. Take a look at the subject lines of some of the emails I've received from them:
UD | A Hotel in the Middle of the Ocean
UD | Nunchucks. Made from Beer Cans. Finally.
UD | Getting Everyone Together: Now Less Obnoxious
UD | A Grill the Size of a Foosball Table
UD | It's Ice Cream. It's Beer. It's Beer Ice Cream.
UD | Here's a Private Bahamian Island. Do Your Thing.
Some of these subject lines either make the recipients chuckle or are bizarre enough to pique your interest. But it is always extremely clear what you will get when you open the email.
... Which brings us to our next point.
4) Align your subject line copy and email copy.
You might already know how crucial it is for your call-to-action copy and your landing page offer to align. Well, it's no different when crafting your email subject line and email message.
What your email subject line promises, the email message should deliver. Why? It's not just because it's responsible -- it's also because when readers don't get what they're actually promised in the subject line, click-through rates plummet. (And, in the long term, so will your email open rates.)
Back in 2011, we performed a test of our own. We sent the same email with two different subject lines to two different groups of people:
"54 New Data Slides for Your Marketing Decks": 26% click-through rate
"Get Key Marketing Trends From the Marketing Data Box": 10.4% click-through rate
The first subject line, which was straightforward and much more accurate had a better click-through rate by 15.4% over the second subject line, which was more vague and less accurate.
The key takeaway here? A high email open rate means nothing without any clickthroughs.
How to Write an Email
Now that you've crafted a stellar email subject line, you have your audience's full attention on the body of your email message. So, how do you craft copy that will get them clicking? Here are the important components you need to know!
5) Establish relevancy.
Just like the email subject line should strive to establish relevancy through personalization, so should the copy in the message of the email.
Again, it takes more than just a dynamic name tag for your email copy to convince readers that what's inside is relevant to them. So use the very beginning of the email to explain how you know each other.
Below is an example of an email sent by Warby Parker to a colleague of mine. (By the way, the subject line was very clever: "Uh-oh, your prescription is expiring.")
Take a look at that first paragraph, called out in red. Right off the bat, the marketers at Warby Parker tell the reader why they're being emailed (their prescription is expiring soon) and that this email is meant to help them find a new pair of glasses before that expiration date.
Imagine if this email didn't have that first paragraph, and started instead with what is currently the second paragraph: "Getting a new prescription can be a hassle. Luckily, it's easy to make an appointment with an optometrist at our Newbury Street Store or through our friends at ZocDoc."
... Why are you emailing me about a prescription? Why would I want your advice? How do you know I live near Newbury Street? By reminding the recipient that they gave Warby Parker their prescription information in the past, there's a greater likelihood that that person will click through and redeem the offer in this email.
6) Write in the second person.
Writing in the second person means using the pronouns "you," "your," and "yours." For example, "Before you leave in the morning, remember to bring your jacket." It means you orient the copy towards the reader, not yourself.
Take a look at the copy in this email from Zappos, for example:
Now, count how many times this email says "You" instead of "we" or "I." Okay okay, we won't make you count: The words "you" and "your" appear 12 times, while "we," "our," and "we're" appear only 5 times.
That's a nice balance of second person language that keeps the focus on the customer, not the brand.
This is a subtle tactic that helps you stay value-oriented, but this next step I'm about to cover is crucial to hitting the point home.
7) Talk about benefits, not features.
You know the value of your email. But does your recipient? No, not yet. And it's your job to explain it.
The problem is, many emails only explain the feature they are offering, not the benefit. Take a look at the copy in two separate ecommerce emails I've received. Which one is touting the feature, and which is touting the benefit?
If you guessed email B, you're right. Email A throws a 30% off discount directly in your face, but doesn't explain the value behind it. What does 30% off a GoDaddy product do for my goals? Will it let me adjust a small business' expenditures on infrastructure costs, freeing up money for a new hire?
That benefit is far more tangible than 30% off an undisclosed cost.
Compare that with Email B from Banana Republic. The goal of this email is to sell shorts, but the copy isn't just shoving shorts down the recipient's throat. I mean, they're shorts ... big deal, right? They've identified what makes these shorts worthwhile: their versatility. They allow a man to lounge around the house and then go out in the city while putting minimal effort into changing his outfit. How convenient! How easy! How versatile!
The copy translates the benefit of buying those shorts, but the copy (or lack thereof) in GoDaddy's email doesn't explain the benefit of redeeming a generic 30% off offer.
8) Be brief.
One of the worst mistakes email copywriters make is trying to shove the entire story into the email message. Think about when you open a marketing email in your inbox. Do you read every single word in there? Probably not. It's more likely that you scan for important points so you can glean the overall message, and decide whether you want to take any action.
So if you're sending email with hundreds of words of copy, you're making it much more difficult for recipients to decide whether they want to click through -- simply because they can't quickly sift through all of the information in your email.
Instead, find a way to summarize what the reader will get in a compelling way, and let them click through to a page on your website for more information.
Take a look at how the folks over at Postmates drafted a brief email encouraging readers to click through for a limited-time offer:
Postmates doesn't wait to get to the point. After a brief, friendly hello, they get right down to the purpose of the email: telling customers about their new "free lattes on-demand" promotion. After introducing the concept, they offer a few of the essential details, then get right to the call-to-action.
Keeping your message on-point is the key to writing brief email copy. What's the point you're trying to make with your email? If you know the action your email is supposed to drive -- recipient orders free lattes on-demand, recipient remembers to buy their Bruce Springsteen tickets, recipient gets motivated to work out -- then you'll have a much easier time drafting succinct email copy that remains focused on that one end goal.
If writing succinct email copy isn't enough of a motivator for you to narrow down your goals, remember that having just one primary call-to-action in your email marketing results in better clickthrough rates than emails with competing calls-to-action.
9) Be lovable.
Just because emails are meant to inform doesn't mean they can't also delight. In some cases, email can be a great avenue for letting your brand's personality shine, helping you build a meaningful relationship with the folks on your email lists. After all, providing a lovable experience for people begins and ends with how you communicate with them.
Check out the example below from the folks over at Death to Stock Photos. The point of the email is to apologize for an email they'd sent the previous day, which promoted a product that sold out way too quickly, didn't ship internationally, and generally gave a lot of their customers a poor experience.
Notice the part of the email that's called out in red. Using concise, personable language, they explain what happened, apologize for the mistake, say what they learned from it and how they'll prevent it from happening in the future, and give the recipient several options for following up.
The format of this portion of the email is optimized for the large number of recipients who are likely skimming the email. The bold text and one-sentence paragraphs make it easy to follow. Finally, they aren't afraid to add some personality using phrases like "Give us a wavvveeee" to humanize their brand. The result? Recipients are probably much more open to forgiving them for the honest mistake.
10) Use actionable language in your call-to-action.
That's right: Emails have calls-to-action, too. Well, the good ones do. First and foremost, your email call-to-action should be extremely easy to identify. Remember: People scan their emails. If there's one thing you want your recipient to pick up on, it's your call-to-action.
If you're sending an HTML email, you may decide to include a button, like this AmazonLocal email did below.
There are two qualities that make this call-to-action button effective:
Great design: First, notice how the large, bright orange button stands out from the blue design; that call-to-action certainly isn't hard to find.
Great copy: The copy on the button is just as important. Your call-to-action button should include language that is succinct, clear, and action-oriented. This AmazonLocal button tells you in very few words what you can do using verbs -- you can view the deal showcased in the email.
But it's also crucial to spend some time optimizing your plain-text emails for clear calls-to-action. No matter how fancy your HTML email are, not all email clients will render your images, and not all email recipients will choose to display your images. In fact, we studied whether HTML emails or plain-text emails performed best and found that, while people say they prefer HTML-based and image-based emails, in reality, simpler emails perform best -- and plain-text emails perform best of all.
Take a look at how one of our emails makes use of linked anchor text to draw recipients' attention toward the calls-to-action:
The message doesn't many graphics or colors added compared to most HTML emails. As such, the hyperlinked calls-to-action garner even more attention. When readers scan through the text and focus in on things like bolded words, images, and hyperlinked text, reiterating the same offer over and over hammers home for them exactly what you want them to do -- redeem your offer by clicking your call-to-action.
What else do you think makes for effective email marketing copy? Share with us in the comments.
#DIGITAL: How to Write a Marketing Email: 10 Tips for Writing Compelling Email Copy
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https://www.infinclick.com/2017/11/how-to-write-marketing-email-10-tips.html
http://www.infinclick.com/2017/11/how-to-write-marketing-email-10-tips.html


text:
Criterion Year Week 47: Paths of Glory
Paths of Glory
Spine Number: 538
Director: Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick lives in some rarefied air. Few filmmakers have ever been so fully embraced as complete masters in the way he has. His following is so devout that everything he does is hailed as a cinematic achievement. For good reason. He was uncompromising, honest, and had both an eye for visuals and an ear for story that most people would kill to have. He is a director whose very name invites hyperbole.
Mention Kubrick and most people immediately go to "The Shining," or "2001," or "The Clockwork Orange," or "Dr. Strangelove," or "Full Metal Jacket." That's fine. Each of those films deserve every bit of recognition they deserve.
However, we are both of the opinion that his finest work is his most overlooked. Two films in particular. The first is "The Killing," which we will be examining in a few weeks. The second is "Paths of Glory."
When it comes to anti-war films and Kubrick most people immediately go with "Full Metal Jacket," and with good reason. That is an amazing film with an incredible message.
However... "Paths of Glory,"... I don't even know where to begin. This lean, brutal film about the horror of World War I and the absolute disconnect between the reality and the politics of war is one of the most profoundly moving and powerful statements on the nature of war as a human endeavor.
World War I was more than warfare on a global scale. It represented the destruction of the old European social structure and the birth of a new, more complicated one, and the effects of this devastating conflict are still being felt today.
However, this film goes beyond that. Any good social commentary is applicable beyond the narrow set of circumstances it presents. "Paths of Glory," presents the harrowing brutality of war, but it also shows the disconnect between politics, power, and the people who actually have to work to get the job done. It highlights the risks that those on the front line endure on a daily basis, and the complete removal from that reality enjoyed by those who make the decisions. It is as relevant to any institution, be it a school or a bank or a job selling computers, as it is to the battlefield. Those who make the decisions are spared the consequences of those decisions.
This is a truly amazing film, and even if you don't listen to us ramble on about it we cannot recommend it highly enough. So check it out, and then spend some time talking about it with us.
Next week we begin a run of movies that Clarkson will be seeing for the first time ever with...
Spine number 546: Five Easy Pieces
The Life Masters is now it's own show with its own site and own dedicated feed. That's right, we have two completely different shows!
Right now check it out at www.thelifemasters.podbean.com.
You can also drink in our brilliance on Youtube for both The Film Thugs and The Life Masters.
This entry was posted on Sunday, September 11th, 2016 at 4:21 pm	and is filed under Criterion Year.
Previous: Criterion Year Week 46: The Friends of Eddie Coyle
Next: Criterion Year Week 48: Five Easy Pieces


Inspired by the Imagists, Raymond Knister (1899-1932) favoured spare language in his poetry. Born in Ruscomb, Ontario, Knister also wrote fiction, criticism, and journalism, winning a national prize for My Star Predominant, his novel about the life of the poet John Keats. He drowned while swimming in Lake St. Clair.


For the resolution of security incidents, we will provide a team, instruments, and know-how. Just because you do not have a security operation center in place nor a group of operators and analysists, does not mean that you cannot properly respond to a security incident.
This is plain and simple – the most advantageous use of incident management is precisely when you detect that something out of the ordinary is occurring and when you suspect it's an incident.
We can proceed in two ways. If you have your own security operation system, we can simply fill in the blanks where your competencies are lacking (for example, application security, ICS/SCADA, or specific protocols). If you do not have your own security operation center, we can provide you with assistance during resolution of the incident, from start to finish.
At the start, we will appoint an incident leader; next, we will determine whether it's an actual incident as well as how serious it is; then, we will agree on the next steps. We will determine whether additional applications and systems were compromised or if data was leaked, and we will provide your lawyers with technical support.
We cannot erase the incident, but we will minimalize the damage and neutralize its impact.


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text:
Home eritreahub A journalist meets the Eritrean underground resistance in Asmara
A journalist meets the Eritrean underground resistance in Asmara
A photo taken on July 22, 2018 shows a general view of Old Massawa with the port and the train tracks that leads to the Eritrean capital Asmara. Maheder Haileselassie Tadese / AFP
Eritrea's Capital Is Lovely. But Scratch the Surface and You'll Find a Terrifying Reality
Source: Haaretz
People are jailed in cellars of houses, a network of informers has destroyed trust between people and hundreds of thousands have fled. A rare visit to the 'North Korea of Africa'
By Tamara Baraaz Apr 04, 2019
ASMARA, Eritrea – The streets in the city center are spotless. There's very little traffic, people walk in the center of the road, no one honks. Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, appears to be one of the loveliest and most pleasant cities in Africa. Orderly and quiet, the place seems like a sort of souvenir from the 20th century. As in Cuba, the cars are mostly old, from the 1960s and '70s. The many VW Beetles stand out. Italian architectural gems evoke the pre-World War II colonial period.
A stranger visiting the city won't sense that anything is amiss. Outwardly, nothing suggests that this is one of the most insular dictatorships in the world, the North Korea of Africa. President Isaias Afwerki has ruled the country with an iron hand for 25 years. In Afwerki's Eritrea, men serve in the army from age 17 until as late as age 50. Until recently, soldiers deployed along the borders were under orders to shoot anyone trying to flee to one of the neighboring countries. And throughout Eritrea, citizens are entangled in an extensive government-run network of informers: Students betray friends who have deserted the army; housewives inform on neighbors who criticize the regime and so on.
But there's no hint of any of this in the streets. The only indication that life here is, after all, not as good as it may seem, is the lack of material goods. In the stores and markets I encounter the same products time and again. Bananas, toilet paper, mineral water. There are few clothing stores. Some fruits and vegetables are available in the main market, and old spare parts from cars and other items are on display on sidewalks, but there's no doubt that in comparison to other cities in Africa, the range of products for sale is limited. With insularity comes dearth.
Next to the market, in the very heart of the city, is the notorious Karsheli Prison, which has both political and former military inmates. Actually, Eritreans often refer to their country as "one big prison." No one knows how many people are imprisoned in Eritrea, but according to reports from the United Nations and other international organizations, 14,000 people are incarcerated in military prisons alone. Inside Karsheli, which is surrounded by cafés and private residences, inmates undergo torture, according to refugees in exile. Eritrea has a particularly brutal way of eliminating opponents of the regime: They're thrown into shipping containers under the broiling sun and left to die from heat and thirst.
Karsheli Prison, in the heart of Asmara, Eritrea's capital. Tamara Baraaz
ISIS and civil war
After half a year of trying, I was informed that I would receive a visa to visit Eritrea. I wanted to see close up the circumstances that have sparked the waves of departure – what has prompted what seems like an entire generation of young people to turn their back on their homeland and scatter far and wide.
There's something almost biblical in the scale of this exodus and in the dangers that lurk for the escapees afterward. Wherever they turn, Eritrean refugees are in existential danger. Many set their sights on Libya. Some have been caught by ISIS, some made it onto boats to attempt the perilous journey to Europe. Others escaped to Sudan and South Sudan, just as civil war erupted there. Those who headed for Egypt discovered that criminal organizations in Sinai have made a habit of kidnapping refugees, torturing them and demanding a ransom from their families for their release. Tens of thousands of Eritreans entered Israel from Sinai until the high barbed-wire border fence between it and Israel was erected some six years ago.
The visa came and I'm here at last, in Asmara. As I expected, it's not easy to engage random citizens in conversation; Eritreans are naturally reticent and admit that they don't tend to confide in strangers. When you add the fear and terror fomented by the state authorities, it's easy to understand why no one is in a hurry to get into a candid conversation.
To break into the expected circle of silence, I'd been in contact earlier with representatives of the Eritrean underground – a network of clandestine movements and organizations. As I make my way along the streets of the capital to meet my liaison person, Tesfai (the names of all interviewees here have been changed for their protection), I notice I'm being followed. Tesfai explains: "That person has been following us in order to make sure that other people were not following us. He stayed around to observe, so that if someone should decide to 'disappear' me, they'll at least know where it happened."
The two men both belong to the Eritrean Liberation Democratic Movement, which aims to create "democracy, justice and a flourishing future in our country," according to the group's Facebook page. Abroad, its members openly work to advance their cause; here in Asmara, where even the slightest suspicion of criticism of the regime can land you in jail indefinitely, all their activity takes place underground.
Tesfai, who's in his 20s, points toward the street I came from: "Do you see that building? In the past there was a government office there, and below it was a cellar with prisoners. When the neighbors found out what was going on there, the prison was moved elsewhere and the cellar was rented out. Every house here could be a makeshift jail." Many of the people who disappeared, he adds, ended up in those jails, some of them in the basements of apartment buildings.
Just a few days earlier, Tesfai relates, agents of the regime arrested a group of young people in a bar. The charge: unlawful assembly. According to him, any gathering of more than five people is forbidden in Eritrea, but the law is enforced arbitrarily. The regime doesn't usually intervene in cases involving family celebrations.
"They're afraid of groups that will conspire to topple the government," Tesfai explains. "But young people won't give up their social life. People take the risk. In this case, people in civilian clothes showed up and announced that everyone was under arrest for unlawful assembly. No one has seen them since, and no one knows the real reason [they were apprehended], either."
A street in Asmara, the capital of Eritrea. Maheder Haileselassie Tadese / AFP
Disappointing peace
How did Eritrea become a dictatorship that's being abandoned by its citizens? Until the early 1990s the country, which has a population of about five million today, was still part of Ethiopia. In 1993, after waging a prolonged guerrilla war, the Eritreans dissociated themselves from the Addis Ababa government and gained independence. But the disputes didn't end there. The struggle for independence morphed into a protracted conflict over control of areas along the two countries' borders. In 1998, when a particularly violent confrontation broke out between them, President Afwerki declared that citizens would be subject to lengthy, mandatory military service – even up until the age of 50.
As the confrontation continued, there were increasing signs that the country was shifting to a regime of one-man rule. Things took a turn for the worse in 2001, when a group of members of the opposition and journalists publicly called for democratic reforms. In response, the president's loyalists arrested everyone in the group – they are still categorized as missing persons. Since then, the situation has only deteriorated: Independent media outlets were shut down, some religious streams were outlawed, among them Jehovah's Witnesses. For example, in 2017 the government imposed a ban on Muslim girls wearing a veil to school, on teaching religious subjects and on gender-separated classes. Ultimately, public criticism of the government was prohibited. Eritrea grew ever more insular and eventually became one of the world's major exporters of refugees.
Last summer, there was a surprising development: After nearly three decades of conflict, Eritrea and Ethiopia signed a peace agreement. Families that had been separated by the border for so long were reunited. Foreign investors and tourists discovered that Eritrea was starting to issue visas and to show initial signs of openness. Swept up by euphoria, Eritreans hoped that the protracted mandatory military service would also be cancelled.
That was eight months ago. Photographs of President Afwerki with his Ethiopian counterpart Sahle-Work Zewde during the reconciliation talks can still be seen in restaurants and shops in Asmara, but the hope for any real change has been largely dashed. Military service was not abbreviated. The human rights situation remains dire. Expectations have been disappointed with respect to any mass return of Eritreans from self-imposed exile. In fact, the opposite has occurred: The flow of people fleeing the country increased.
At present, a large number of Eritreans continue to perform what is in essence, at least for men, open-ended military service. Some are assigned to combat duty near the border with Ethiopia, some are posted to office jobs and many are forced to engage in Sisyphean manual labor in the service of the state in mines, construction, paving of roads and so on. They receive a monthly allowance equivalent to 200 shekels ($55), but are not allowed to take another job. For most of the year they are unable to see their families.
A soldier's date of discharge is decided arbitrarily by a commanding officer. Service can indeed last until the age of 50, but many are released after one or two decades. Bribery can play a crucial role in securing an early release, too. But even when a soldier is discharged, he can be mobilized again by law at an officer's whim.
Preference for death
Just over a year ago, I visited Bor, a small town in South Sudan. Not long before, it had been the site of some of the bloodiest fighting during the civil war that broke out in the fledgling state in 2013. The presence of Eritrean refugees was immediately noticeable at the time. Many parts of South Sudan were on the brink of starvation, but the Eritreans seemed to have found their place. I asked some of them why they had come to a place whose local residents had until recently been burying the victims of the war. "We would rather die here than go back to our country," they told me.
Tekeste, whom I meet in Asmara, also fled to Sudan, but is now back in his native land. He asks me whether I like Eritrea. It's nice here, I reply, the streets are quiet and pleasant. "That's because all the young people have left," he says. "This country has emptied out. The situation here is crap." A friend immediately interrupts and advises him to be quiet, but Tekeste continues: "She should know what's going on here, so that she can share it with the rest of the world. Someone has to know about the situation here – that it's all one big lie."
When Tekeste finished high school, the dictatorship had been entrenched for two decades. He knew very well what lay in store: that he had to choose between devoting his best years to the army, or leave Eritrea. He made it across the border to a neighboring country but was eventually caught there, along with other refugees, and deported back to Eritrea.
A café in Asmara, Eritrea. Veronique DURRUTY / Gamma-Rapho
Back home, Tekeste was immediately jailed as a deserter. "We were 400 prisoners in one cell," he recalls. "It was so crowded you couldn't lie down. There was also a shortage of water. Once every three weeks, each inmate received a liter of water so he could shower. Other than that, inmates didn't shower."
According to a UN report, the families of soldiers who flee Eritrea are also liable to be severely punished. In some cases, they will lose the right to receive food-ration coupons. The coupons are used to purchase the basic commodities that are available once a month at government-run centers, and thus constitute the basis of subsistence for many families. In the past, loss of coupons was sometimes accompanied by a steep fine; nonpayment led to arrest and incarceration.
But the price of lengthy military service is also paid by families of soldiers who obey the law; such families are doomed to a life of poverty and only get to see their loved one after long periods of time. Binti has lived for years without her husband, who was inducted early on in their marriage. Every month he sends her a pittance equivalent to 125 shekels – about 60 percent of the allowance he gets – an amount that condemns her to extreme poverty.
"He gets one month of leave a year," Binti explains, "and the rest of the time I don't see him. In the 20 years of our marriage, we have spent a total of two years together. We had a daughter early on, and now she has also reached draft age. She was sent to serve in another city and I was left alone, to live off the small amount my husband sends me."
How has Eritrea's regime succeeded in subjecting the populace to its whims? Actually, for one particular class in the country – for example, business owners with connections to the regime – life isn't so bad. Impressive buildings, cafés and restaurants line the capital's main boulevard. In the evening the street comes alive and well-dressed young people come to guzzle beer and sip espresso. During the day, groups of cyclists go by – bicycling is the country's leading sport. Quiet, peaceful streets branch off the boulevard. Yonas, a local resident, says it's safe to walk around. "If someone finds a wallet with cash, you can be sure he'll turn it in to a police station," he says.
But the ostensible normality of the main boulevard and surrounding streets is deceptive. The state preserves stability through a national network of informants that keeps everyone intimidated. "People in Asmara will always assume that they are being spied on," says Abraham Zere, an Eritrean journalist who lives in the United States, in a phone interview. "There's a great deal of below-the-surface monitoring going on, and people are aware of the danger. So, despite the dire situation, when you ask someone how he is, he'll say 'Fine' and smile."
Spying on friends
A 2015 report of the UN's Human Rights Council describes Eritrea's domestic espionage network as a large, ramified body that encroaches on all spheres of life. The authorities recruit informants ceaselessly and in large numbers, so everyone lives under constant fear of being under surveillance. "In Eritrea everyone is a spy, local housewives, farmers, etc.," the report quotes a witness as saying. "So they know when you arrive and when you leave. Your own neighbors report you to the authorities."
Another young man testified that someone had asked him to spy on his fellow students: "Whatever information I gave him, he already knew of it. I came to understand that I was not the only one 'on the ground.' Other people could also know what I was doing… In a room with 10 people, maybe three could be spies. These people that are mandated to do surveillance work do it for a number of reasons: easy money, little labor, exemption from national service."
Tesfai, the underground member, says that years ago, intelligence personnel attempted to recruit him too to spy on friends. "They asked me whether I would be willing to do everything for my country," he recalls. "I replied that of course I would. Then they asked if I would report on an offense that could harm my country, and I understood what they were after. I replied that I would be ready to report murder or theft or any offense that is harmful to society, but I made it clear that I had no intention of reporting on my friends' opinions or on remarks of acquaintances about the regime." He was lucky: They authorities left him alone. Others paid for refusal with incarceration.
A market in Asmara. YokoAziz 2 / Alamy Stock Photo
The UN report notes that the Eritrean espionage network operates overseas, too; staff at its embassies even try to recruit collaborators among the exiles. In return, they promise to provide jobs and assistance in various matters. One of the sanctions used against opposition activists who voice criticism abroad is loss of rights of their family members still in Eritrea, and in some cases their incarceration. Such measures explain the fear of Eritrean refugees to critique the regime or talk about the crimes they've witnessed.
According to Tesfai, "It's impossible to truly hide from the regime's network of informants. Everyone knows everyone. You're better off being open about most things and hiding only what is explicitly forbidden. In Eritrea everyone is slightly in favor of the government and slightly against it. If you praise the regime during a family event, everyone will agree with you and praise the president. If you complain about the situation, they will accept that, too, but the conversation will end when someone says, 'So go demonstrate on the streets, let's see you.' But still, family is family. No one will inform on you for things you say at home. The authorities have succeeded in destroying the basic trust between people, but not in destroying the family unit."
And if someone in the family is a government informer? Tesfai says that no one sells out relatives. "In a case like that, the informant might say that he knows about my activity and will warn me that if I persist with it he will not be able to protect me. But still, in Eritrea the family is the strongest thing."
A byproduct of the omnipresent network of surveillance is that people don't allow themselves to feud with neighbors or acquaintances. Says Tesfai: "You need to avoid confrontations and make sure that everyone feels you are on their side. If there is bad blood between you and an acquaintance, he can exploit [the memory of] that wedding party where you were drunk and complained about the regime." Tesfai says he can be truly open only with close friends whom he's gotten to know over a long, gradual period: "I can count them on fewer than the fingers of one hand."
His own master
It's been four months since Afwerki last addressed the nation. The hope was that in that speech, he would announce abridgement of military service, but he didn't even mention it. According to Tesfai, "The thinking is that the president is afraid to cancel the eternal military service, because then he will have to cope with frustrated young people who have never done anything in life other than being in the military."
Tadesse recently left the army after two decades. "I wasn't officially discharged," he explains. "I just told the commander that I had made my contribution to the state and that I was going. He didn't object." Tadesse spent his first years of service along the border, in the period when the confrontation with Ethiopia flared up into outright hostilities. As a young soldier, he witnessed brutal battles. "We lost many comrades-in-arms," he relates. "Things were hard in the years after the fighting, too. Conditions in the army were awful, no different from the prisons, except maybe that you have more room to walk around."
Having spent almost his whole adult life in the army, Tadesse, like the rest of his comrades-in-arms, never went to university or held a job. Inexperienced and apprehensive, he found himself competing in a tough job market after his discharge. The other job-seekers he encountered were former soldiers, students who were exempted from military service thanks to their high grades and fortunate young people who weren't drafted because their families are well connected. But Tadesse got lucky and landed a job. It's low paying, but the wages are higher than what he got in the army. What's most important, he says, is that now he is his own master.
"My friends are still in the army," Tadesse explains. "They don't know anything else and they simply aren't capable of leaving. It makes no difference to them that since the peace accord, monitoring of deserters has decreased. In the past few months many checkpoints have been removed, and discharge or exemption documents aren't checked as they were in the past. But that doesn't really help people who think they have nothing to come back to and say they won't find work."
When I met Tadesse a few weeks ago, he believed that the authorities would ease up gradually and loosen the reins. But since then, pessimistic reports have been making the rounds among the Eritrean community abroad. "We are in regular contact with residents of Asmara," says Dr. Daniel Mekonnen, director of the Eritrean Law Society, who has lived since 2001 in exile in Switzerland. "We are being told that the checkpoints have been put back in place and that all departures from Asmara are being monitored. We understand that military forces have been beefed up and are on standby, but it's not really clear to us why."
Old cars in the streets of Eritrea's capital.
As a district court judge in Asmara 20 years ago, Mekonnen explains in a phone call, he already saw signs of a grim future in Eritrea. "You could see that the system was moving toward dictatorship," he says. "Already then, the court's independence began to be curtailed, and I came under heavy pressure to rule in favor of the government's interests in certain cases, or to join the ruling party."
Mekonnen is openly and frequently critical of the regime. Even though he left his homeland long ago, he still gets threats via telephone and the social networks. "The most frightening incident was three years ago, in Geneva," he recalls, "at a demonstration against the conclusions of a UN report on Eritrea that caused a big storm. Two Eritreans at the demonstration started to attack me. I was beaten and battered, but I ran to the UN headquarters, and was protected by the guards. I filed a complaint with the police, but they didn't take it seriously. In general, we find that countries that have become Eritrean diasporas don't want to intervene and help."
The atmosphere on Asmara's main boulevard betrays no signs of the tensions and experiences described by Dr. Mekonnen. Eritreans are quite sociable. The people in cafés are affable, take an interest when they meet foreigners, and repeatedly offer to pay for a visitor's coffee or meal, according to the norms of local hospitality.
One man I met, named Bruno, explains that "the cafés are indeed full of people, but it only looks as though they are there to enjoy themselves. Actually, it's where they run their business from. Most of the day they're stuck doing their public work, in the army or in the service of the state, but it's impossible to subsist on what the regime pays. They're not allowed to start a business of their own, so they take long lunch breaks and manage their secret projects from the cafés. That's also why nothing gets done in government offices. It's the only revolt people allow themselves [to wage]."
As the days go by during my visit, the discrepancy between the initial impression created by the city's streets and the actual reality becomes more acute. In fact, it's possible to sense echoes of the dictatorship resonating in every sphere of life. From my conversations I realize that the lengthy military service and the mass exodus of young men have fundamentally unhinged the social order here.
"One of the consequences of what's happening is that there are fewer couple relationships here," Tesfai notes. "People try to marry off their children and help one another, but in the end most of my friends are single. They are people in their 30s who are simply unable to establish a family on the money they get for their military service. They don't have a life outside the army."
Tekeste agrees: "Military service has destroyed all male-female ties. Women are conscripted, too, but are discharged if they become pregnant, even if that is not officially stated in the law. Some women decide to become pregnant at any price in order to be exempted from service. Asmara is full of single mothers. Men who earn so little are afraid that they will be required to pay child support, and in Eritrea paternity testing is banned by law. This whole situation creates problems."
In addition to the impact on interpersonal relations, the despotic rule and the lengthy mobilization are also harmful to the country's economy. Experts point to the limited scope of agriculture in Eritrea. Besides the droughts and an abundance of mine fields, the country is also affected by a labor shortage: With so many working-age men serving in the army and many others in exile, people able to work the land are in short supply.
Economically, an Eritrean family is beholden to the government in almost every realm, above and beyond the food-coupons system. Many professionals are still at the beck and call of the army. This affects physicians and teachers, and also influences the construction industry, road-building and other infrastructure projects – all carried out by forced laborers drafted as soldiers. This situation of absolute dependence is instrumental in allowing the regime to maintain an obedient society. "The government looks after the citizens to a certain degree," Tekeste says. "People get help so they won't go hungry, but the assistance is limited."
Over the years, the government has adopted a series of tough measures to consolidate its tough, centralist economy. For example, no more than $300 a month may be withdrawn from a bank account, and anyone who wants to establish a private business faces numerous obstacles. In the absence of a vibrant private economy, many families depend on aid sent by refugees. In the past, the government made every effort to stop people from emigrating and looked askance at ties with the diaspora. Nowadays, semi-official agencies help arrange money transfers from Eritreans abroad for their families who stayed behind.
The port city of Massawa, Eritrea. Buildings from the Ottoman period and more recent colonial times are falling apart and riddled with bullet holes from the fierce battles of the 1990s.
The population must also contend with a serious housing crisis. The large-scale flight did not bring about a reduction in home prices. On the contrary: The combination of the influx of people to the cities and lack of new construction has spiked real estate prices.
"Not one building has been erected in Asmara since 2006," Abraham Zere, the journalist, says. "Rent has skyrocketed and is no longer consistent with salaries and with the money the bank allows you to withdraw – assuming you have money. So a large part of the economic activity takes place under the table, and people have become dependent on funds sent from abroad."
Indeed, signs of a construction freeze are apparent on the streets of Asmara. Even though the city was added to UNESCO's World Heritage list two years ago, decay is obvious beneath the apparent order and cleanliness. The once-lauded, fine Italian-era buildings are peeling and cracked, and have not been renovated for years. This is also the case in the port city of Massawa, where most of the old buildings from the Ottoman period and more recent colonial times are falling apart and riddled with bullet holes from the fierce battles of the 1990s.
While construction is in crisis, other industries are likely receiving encouragement thanks to the involvement of foreign companies. But this is an illusory boom, because much of it is also based on forced labor. Foreign corporations frequently exploit the local workforce through the agency of the army. According to the UN report, Eritrean soldiers have been employed in mining, fishing and industrial enterprises by both foreign and local companies – under shameful conditions. Workers were denied breaks, received inferior food and suffered from poor hygienic conditions. In some cases, workers who wanted to rest were lashed to a pole for the night. A lawsuit is currently underway in Canada against a local company that is engaged in mining in Eritrea. The plaintiffs are exiles who say they were employed in the company's mine as soldiers.
Another method the regime has for subjugating the population is through Afwerki's divide-and-rule policy. Incarcerations and house arrests are the lot not only of deserters and dissidents, but also of people who have ties to the government or even work for it. These arrests, on trumped-up charges, can take place with no warning or explanation. In some cases, the detentions are short-term, a means of deterrence and warning instituted by the president, but in other cases they are open-ended.
"The system of factionalism and arrests has created a conflicted hierarchy," Tesfai says, "and today there is no publicly accepted leader who could replace the president. If Afwerki falls, we will probably see a civil war here. For that reason, our goal is not to topple the president but to put pressure on him to change his policy, in part through foreign entities that maintain ties with Eritrea."
Israel is one of the foreign actors active in Eritrea – which is essentially isolated in the international community – although the nature of these bilateral ties and their impact is not clear. Indeed, the Jewish state has maintained diplomatic relations with the African nation since its founding in the 1990s. Unlike other states, Israel's ties with Eritrea are not necessarily economic in nature, but rather security related. Over the years there have been reports that Israel has been allowed to anchor maritime vessels at an Eritrean port and to operate a surveillance station as well, as part of its effort to scuttle arms smuggling from Iran to Hamas and Hezbollah.
Though it is well aware of the political situation in Eritrea, Israel continues to maintain relations with its dictatorial regime. Last summer, the state was compelled to respond to a petition submitted to the High Court of Justice on behalf of human rights activists by attorney Itay Mack, who is dedicated to exposing information about Israel's arms- and security-related deals with other countries. The petition demanded that an opinion drawn up by the Foreign Ministry about the situation in Eritrea be made public. The court noted that the documents paint a worrisome picture of the human rights situation in the African country, but rejected the petition on the grounds that "additional interests, among them the effort to avoid damage to Israel's foreign relations, also deserve protection."
In the meantime, Eritrea's future remains cloudy. There are incipient signs of a new openness, such as the peace agreement with Ethiopia, a flow of tourists and the lifting of a UN-imposed arms embargo. But at the same time, there is little evidence of an improvement in the human rights situation, of a reduction in the mass arrests or of a revision of the policy of indefinite military service. Tesfai, the underground member, refuses to give up. "We intend," he says, "to go on trying to change the situation from within."
An aerial picture taken on July 21, 2018 shows a view of the Eritrean capital, Asmara with the St. Mary Cathedral tower. Maheder Haileselassie Tadese / AFP
Eritrean Liberation Democratic Movement
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E. A. April 5, 2019 at 11:10 pm
This is just too painful to read. To live a life like this, when we are only given one life on earth is a disappointment to humanity. Thank you for sharing this heartbreaking but true story of Eritreans.
Fake news April 6, 2019 at 5:28 pm
Tamara fake news, you will sell your own mama for the right price. Idiot
Meron Yemane April 8, 2019 at 3:45 pm
Really! You live yourself in diaspora and act like you care about Eritrea. Why do not you get back home?
arial April 7, 2019 at 1:06 am
eritreans don't blame no body :blame you self.you think the government have the power; no he don't .you have the power.you are the power full.the government holds power on your name.as our people use to say "eti temen ab egrika eti betri ab edka.
Dawit April 7, 2019 at 8:25 am
Thank you for sharing .
Beewnetu April 7, 2019 at 12:25 pm
Indeed Isayas is not an Eritrean, he also has an arrogant and ignorant behavior, demolishing the nation and neighbors, but the amazing thing is what the Eritreans waiting for so far?????
Kemal Mohammed April 7, 2019 at 6:51 pm
Wowww, its so hopeful to see underground units inside Eritrea to bravely inform the truth to foreigners. POWER TO THE MASS !!!
Mike April 7, 2019 at 11:36 pm
Yes- just too painful. Painful even for a person who has seen it all in life. I, myself, just visited Eritrea and its surrounding cities after 20 years. I have always kept in close contact with family members leaving Eritrea and some returning back to visit Eritrea. One thing was missing though – I needed to witness and see for myself how things are in Eritrea. I have friends, both, pro and against the government and I decided to take the trip, for 4 weeks, myself. I did give my employer heads up as well so I am not stranded. During my trip, I took my time from the start, to see what is in front of my eyes and be fair and impartial with my assessments. I did share this trip also with friends on both comps (Pro and Con). Note- to get me a visa the process felt as if I was requesting an exit visa to Mars. No kidding here. I know every embassy person name now by face and name. I don't intend to revel myself not for fear of the government but to save the government some peace rather.
Let me simply conclude here:
I am left with pain and absolute disappointment. The nation of Eritrea is destroyed and the people devastated and government officials filled with corrupt intent and "blood" in their hands. Above all, there is not a single Eritrean who could think right and put the people and the country ahead of his/her interest. This very, independent, report also validates my findings. For now, that is how Eritrea is, devestaed and brought to its knees, but soon the current system will go and what will be left is scary.
well documented and reported.
Michael Hagos April 8, 2019 at 10:00 am
the most biased, one sided, politically motivated and in consistent. I think the writer has identified herself as member of the regime change in Eritrea. Can you imagine Eritrea is a small country fought 30 years for independence and 2 years border war with Ethiopia. Imagine if Eritrea didn`t introduced National service it could not defend and engage in nation building. And against all odds Eritrea has done it without its independence then and border war without any political, financial, diplomatic and moral support from outside world. So it must be understood why the country is poor but trying to eradicate poverty by nation building programmes. This is not to say we don`t have unemployment and other problems but we believe that, that is up-to us to find solution by employing local & national resources including manpower. I assure you this will happen in due time.
Eric April 10, 2019 at 12:24 am
We were born with a country of our own,but will we have it back one day? i don't know,we Eritreans preferr the life we call (good life abroad)than with our freedom in our country.freedom is not a gift you earn it!!!
Rahel Sahle April 10, 2019 at 6:09 pm
Grateful of the resistance movements fighting the dictator at his nose..
Tsige Asfaha April 13, 2019 at 3:54 pm
An extensivve, unquestionably credible report. Thank you for the effort made.
LilaMarie April 30, 2019 at 7:12 am
Thanks for sharing and thank you BRAVE JOURNALIST. Can someone share please – what happens if we write to an inmate? Will the letter be given to inmate? I don't plan on saying anything political of course or anything against the government. Can someone please answer this?
Against PFDJ April 30, 2019 at 5:32 pm
I wonder why you guys can't see for a fact we need change. A country where your voice can't be heard needs change. A country whose leader sells it on TV to neighbor PM needs change. A country where a whole generation was wiped out from his country needs change. The fact that this blood thirsty dictator has made us lose trust in each other needs change. Don't cover for this bastard who never said anything about himself or where his abouts, but we found out the other way. Be on the side of your people.
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Washington has returned the flags removed from Russian diplomatic property in the United States to Moscow as well as the archives from a closed Consulate General in San Francisco.
MOSCOW (Sputnik) — Yet tensions still remain in the bilateral relationship, with Moscow saying that it may consider responding to the US treatment of its diplomatic missions.
The Russian Embassy in the United States confirmed to Sputnik earlier in October that Russian flags had been taken down from Russian properties in Washington, DC and San Francisco. In early September, Russian diplomats lost access to the buildings themselves as the US authorities closed down the Russian Consulate General in San Francisco and trade missions in New York City and Washington, DC.
The step was taken after Russia decided to reduce the number of US diplomatic personnel in Moscow. However, the back-an-forth regarding diplomats began as early as in late 2016, when then-President of the United States Barack Obama expelled 35 Russian diplomats and banned Moscow from accessing two of its diplomatic compounds on US territory.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov called the removal of flags unacceptable in a phone conversation with his US counterpart Rex Tillerson. Lavrov also reiterated Moscow's earlier statement about the possibility of a lawsuit to return the property.
Commenting on the issue, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that the removal of the flags was an unfriendly gesture on part of the US authorities. He added that in such a case Russian President Vladimir Putin would "do what is in the interests of the Russian Federation."
The flags have since been returned to the Russian side, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov said earlier on Wednesday.
"Yes, they returned the flags and consular archives. But all this is accompanied by a series of actions that are absolutely unacceptable for us. These actions grossly violate the provisions of both the international consular convention of 1963 and the bilateral consular convention," Ryabkov told reporters.
The Russian Embassy in Washington has also confirmed that the United States returned the archives of the Consulate General in San Francisco, but did not allow the Russian side to enter the building to retrieve the documents.
The Russian diplomatic mission pointed out that the US side had breached the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
Ryabkov said that the constant provocations of the United States made it seem as if Washington was expecting Moscow to respond in kind, regarding US diplomatic missions in Russia.
"We have not resorted to this because we treat the basics of diplomatic and consular relations differently, but international law accepts direct reciprocity, mirroring, if the country suffers such unacceptable and hostile attacks," Ryabkov said.
The deputy foreign minister stressed that Moscow was warning the US side that "one does not forget such things."
The Russian Embassy in the United States has also pointed out that the treatment of Russian diplomats allowed for potentially similar treatment of the US diplomatic missions in Russia.
Moscow appears to be taking its time to assess the situation and decide which response would be best, according to Russian Consul General in New York Sergey Ovsyannikov.
"I think we have taken a break now. We have to look around, catch our breath and evaluate the situation. It is upsetting, though, when two buildings, which were under [Russian] ownership, get taken away for no reason. And, most importantly, as the US citizens like to say, this is against the law," Ovsyannikov told Sputnik on Friday.
The consul general said that Moscow or the Embassy in Washington would make the final decision.
"In any case, it will be a concern for Moscow, and the Russian Embassy in Washington, which has international lawyers and a legal office," Ovsyannikov said.
The diplomat said he could not rule out the United States taking further steps as the investigation into Russia's alleged meddling in the US presidential elections remained a prominent topic.
Moscow has repeatedly denied the allegations of interference, stressing that they have never been substantiated.
Heather Nauert, the spokeswoman for the US State Department, said earlier in October that the actions of the US side with regard to the properties were legal.
Nauert said that the flags were "respectfully lowered and are safely stored within each of the buildings."
"Taking down a flag from a property that they've had to vacate, is that legal or not?… I think that's actually a respectful thing to do: to take down the flag, to fold it up, to hold on to it for that government and offer it back to them, there are many governments around the world who wouldn't take that care of another nation's flag," Nauert said.
However, the Russian side may already be looking for a law firm to represent its interests in court.
Maria Zakharova, the spokeswoman for the Russian Foreign Ministry, said that positive experience with US firm White & Case made it possible to consider engaging it if Moscow decided to go to court.
Russia May Demand Further Reduction of US Diplomatic Staff, Close Consulate Gen.