if they have nothing better to do, tell each other their dreams.
So begins a novel that details a fateful series of mistakes. Mistakes as character after character misinterpret their dreams and the dreams of those around them. In his introduction, Tom McCarthy describes Swimming Home as a novel about desire and its flip side, the death drive. And yet the desire – true desire – of each of the characters of Swimming Home remains unknown to themselves and unrealised as they pursue error out of the fear of self actualisation.
The dust jacket informs us that Swimming Home is a novel about depression and the devastating effects that can have on the people who come in connection with it. It is set in the typical 'middle-class-on-holiday' scenario, Levy using a traditional setting to great effect in using the familiar to imbue her simply styled words with layers of meaning. The ending of this novel is a complete surprise, and it shouldnt be, but that is more testament the beautiful craftsmanship of Levy. Seen as a novel "about depression" gives us access to the thinnest of surface layers in what is made available in this rich beautiful novel. Levy whisks us back and forth through time creating suspense and enthrall for characters brought alive with language fecund with the unspoken. Tom McCarthy is right when he says this is a novel about desire, but it is more about desire as the escape from what we want rather than a pureness of need.
Joe and Isabel are a couple in love who can't reach each other and have almost given up trying. They wage a secret and private war throbbing in the unspoken and in the psyche of their daughter Nina. Joe is a "famous and rich" poet (surely a fictitious character in itself) and Isabel is a public war correspondent. Nina lives her life fantasising bout her role as bridge between her parents. She is initially represented as the ball in her parents quietly vicious game of tennis and emerges eventually as the novel's protagonist, as she arrives at her own physical maturity that sling shots her into her own coming of age tale.
She was a kind of ghost in her London home. When she returned to it from various war zones and found that the in her absence the shoe polish or light bulbs had been put in a different place, somewhere similar but not quite where they were before, she learned that she too had a transient place in the family home. To do the things she had chosen to do in the world, she risked forfeiting her place as wife and mother, a bewildering place that had been imagined for her if she chose to sit in it. She had attempted to be someone she didn't really understand. A powerful but fragile female character. If she knew that to be forceful was not the same as being powerful and to be gentle was not the same as being fragile, she did not know how to use this knowledge in her own life, or what it added up to, or even how it made sitting alone at a table laid for two on a Sunday night feel better.
Kitty Finch shows up, bent on forging a Sylvia Plath-daddy-style connection to Joe, and finds she is used by Isabel as a pawn in a silent dare she offers to her husband. But the story is not that simple. Each character has their own power, their own weakness and their own pathetic clutches at dominance in an attempt to control a situation in order to avoid themselves. Kitty Finch, the epitome of the wild and free is anything but – completely enslaved by her desperate desire for attention and her hope for something intangible, undefinable and impossible from Joe. Joe wants to use male desire to avoid the complexity of dealing with his wife and his own seething bubbling fears, and Isabel feels that she has made a trade when she pursued a career over remaining at home. Joe wields their daughter like a weapon and she reacts – viciously at first and then in secretive subversive ways calls him on his bluff.
Despite the ugliness moving between people in this short novel, there is so much beauty and light-hearted fun that the darkness never threatens to take over. The unspoken dread that imbues the narrative pulses within the beauty of lush landscapes, sugar mice, sea-smoothed pebbles, toy rabbits in traps and cloudy over-chlorinated pools. The holiday atmosphere tempers everything and in away distracts the reader from the extremities of the situation each of these people find themselves in. There is sunlight streaming through the darkness piercing the heart of every character and the reader.
This is a beautiful novel that has been well crafted. Its ambitious but appropriately short, the perfect length for such heavy subject matter. It is an unlikely page turner and as I said above, has a twist at the end. I had a lovely time within its pages.
Swimming Home is out through And Other Stories and can be purchased through their website.


text:
Guide to the Papers of Brenda Walker
Search this finding aid:
Collection Summary
Item Descriptions
Series 1. Correspondence, 1989-96
1989-90 (File 1) - Box 1
1991 (File 2-3) - Box 1
1994 (File 8) - Box 1
1996 (File 10) - Box 2
Series 2. Crush, 1991-96
Draft manuscripts. some typed (File 1-2) - Box 2
Edited typescript manuscript (File 3) - Box 2
Galley proof, with annotations (File 4) - Box 2
Typescript manuscript of radio play adaptation of Crush (File 5) - Box 3
'Trouble', a draft filmscript based on the novel Crush by Liz Crosby (File 6) - Box 3
Series 3. One More River, 1993-95
Draft manuscripts, mostly typescript (File 1-6) - Box 3
Second draft of filmscript, 'One more river', adapted from the novel by Linden Wilkinson, 1995 (File 7) - Box 4
Series 4. Risks, 1996
Manuscripts of 'The first one', by Kim Scott, 'Shanghi dancing (typescript and disk) by Brian Castro, 'Sass' by Sara Dowse and 'Southern hemisphere human' by Gillian Mears, for Risks (File 1) - Box 4
Manuscripts of 'Arabesque' by Brenda Walker, 'A man and his dreams' by Marele Day, 'Apostrophe' (typescript and disk) by Tom Flood, 'Reincarnation of Madame Tussaud' by Gail Jones and 'St Cloud' by David Brooks, for Risks (File 2) - Box 4
Manuscript of 'Paris' by John A. Scott, for Risks (File 3) - Box 4
Manuscripts of 'Fragrant harbours' by Simone Lazaroo and 'As high as an elephant's eye', by Carmel Bird, for Risks (File 4) - Box 4
Miscellaneous papers, 1996 (File 5) - Box 4
Series 5. Daughters fathers, 1996
Material relating to Daughters Fathers (File 1) - Box 4
Series 6. Work by other authors
Work by other authors (File 1-2) - Box 4, 5
Series 7. Reviews, 1989-96
Reviews (File 1-2) - Box 5
National Library of Australia View Catalogue Record
Brenda Walker
Papers of Brenda Walker
0.75 metres (5 boxes)
The collection comprises correspondence, drafts, typescripts and manuscripts relating to her writing.
The major correspondents are Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Curtis Brown Pty Ltd, Sara Dowse and Trudi Tate and the contributors to her anthology Risks.
Please refer to the collection's catalogue record for the access conditions (http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn2361453).
Copying and publishing of unpublished manuscript material is subject to copyright restrictions. For such material, written permission to publish must be obtained from the copyright holder(s). Copying of unpublished material for research purposes is permissible 50 years after the death of the creator of the material.
Items from this collection should be cited as '[Title or description of manuscript item], Papers of Brenda Walker, National Library of Australia, MS 8912, [box number and series and/or file number]'.
The papers were purchased from Brenda Walker by the Library in 1994 and 1997.
Brenda Walker was born in New South Wales in 1957. She studied at the University of New England in Armidale and, after gaining a PhD in English at the Australian National University, she moved to Perth in 1984. She now lectures in English at the University of Western Australia.
The Fremantle Arts Centre Press published her first novel, Crush, in 1991. It won the 1990 T.A.G. Hungerford Award for fiction and was short-listed for the Western Australian Premier's Award. Other novels are One More River (1993) and Poe's Cat (1999).
She has co-edited three books, Katharine Susannah Prichard centenary essays with John Hay in 1984, Poetry & Gender with David Brooks in 1989 and Elizabeth Jolley : new critical essays with Delys Bird in 1991.
In 1996 Walker edited Risks, an anthology of short stories. Walker also contributed to Motherlove, edited by Debra Adelaide and has published a number of articles and reviews in the field of contemporary Australian women's writing.
The correspondence, both business and personal is largely concerned with Brenda Walker's writing, in particular her two novels, Crush and One More River and the short story anthology, Risks, edited by Walker.
There is also correspondence relating to her involvement with the 1993 Canberra Word Festival, 1992 English Teachers' Association Conference, and the marking of Yr 12 English papers for the Secondary Education Authority, and Wlker's speeches for the launch of David Marr's book Patrick White: letters (1994).
Correspondents include Fremantle Arts Centre Press (her publisher), Curtis Brown Pty Ltd (her agent), Sara Dowse, Trudi Tate, Victor Oost and Jan McKemmish, Carmel Bird, John A. Scott, Brian Castro, Drusilla Modjeska, Mundawuy Yunupingi and Delia Falconer.
The 1989-93 correspondence was arranged by Walker in chronological order and this order has been retained. The 1994-96 correspondence has been arranged chronologically by the Library.
Crush was Walker's first novel, published by Fremantle Arts Centre Press in 1991. It won the Press's T.A.G. Hungerford Award for fiction in 1991. This series contains handwritten drafts, the manuscript, the galley proof and the typescript of an ABC Radio play and a draft of 'Trouble' a filmscript by Liz Crosby based on the novel (1996).
One More River, Walker's second novel was published in 1993. This series contains two typescript manuscripts of the novel. It also contains the second draft of a filmscript, adapted from the novel, by Linden Wilkinson (1995).
Risks is an anthology of short fiction edited by Brenda Walker. Brian Castro, Sara Dowse, Joan London, Gillian Mears, Kim Scott, Marele Day, Tom Flood, Gail Jones, Beverley Farmer, David Brooks, John A. Scott, Simone Lazaroo, Carmel Bird and Walker herself contributed to the anthology.
The series comprises manuscripts of most of the contributions to the work, as well as several other papers that include a talk to Victorian College of Arts students about writing her contribution by Carmel Bird, a manuscript of an article by Walker for the Sydney Morning Herald, Natasja Stott Despoja speech notes for the launch of the book, a publicity flyer and cover proofs.
Included in the manuscripts are two disks, one containing a draft of 'Shanghi Dancing' by Brian Castro, the other a draft of 'Apostrophe' by Tom Flood. These are available on the Library's network drive. Please consult the Reading Room Supervisor for access.
Walker contributed to the anthology Daughters & fathers edited by Carmel Bird. The series contains the first unread proof of Walker's contribution and biographical notes on the anthology's contributors.
This series contains work by John A. Scott, Deb Westbury, John Kinsells and Tracy Ryan and an unidentified manuscript.
There are manuscripts of novellas written by John A. Scott for a work later published as Before I wake (1996). An extract from one of the novellas, 'Zone' was published in Risks.
There is also a typescript manuscript of 'Dinner at the Savoy' and Intensities of Blue: poems, by John Kinsella and Tracy Ryan given to Walker at Christmas 1995.
This series contains newspaper and magazine reviews of Walker's two novels, as well as the two books she co-edited , Elizabeth Jolley: new critical essays and Poetry and Gender and the anthology she edited, Risks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
A Guide to Several Taxes Imposed by New York City
An Overview of the Major Taxes Affecting NYC
Bailey Mariner © The Balance 2020
New York City residents often find themselves paying the same tax twice, once to the city and again to the state. This is one of just a few cities in the country that has its own income tax. The city also has one of the highest cigarette taxes in the nation, and residents have to pay a state tax for a tobacco fix as well.
The high taxes don't stop there. Overall, New York State stands out for having some of the highest property taxes in the nation.
New York City Property Tax
The New York City Department of Finance values residential and commercial properties. A tentative value value assessment is sent out to property owners on May 1 each year for most communities. A final assessment is then sent out if there aren't any changes.
New York City assessments are based on percentages of market value, and those percentages can vary based on the type of property. You have a right to appeal if you don't agree with your assessment.
Property tax rates are set each year by the mayor and by city council, and they can vary depending on the type of property.
The tax rates are applied to property values to help determine each homeowner's annual tax liability. Property taxes are due either in two semi-annual payments for homes with assessed values of more than $250,000, or four quarterly payments for homes with assessed values of $250,000 or less.
New York City offers several exemptions and property tax reductions, including exemptions for senior citizens, veterans, and the disabled. The New York State STAR exemption for owner-occupied housing is also available, as well as property tax abatements or reductions for certain individuals.
New York City Income Tax
New York City has a separate city income tax that residents must pay in addition to the state income tax. The city income tax rates vary from year to year. The tax rate you'll pay depends on your income level and filing status, and it's based on your New York State taxable income. There are no city-specific deductions, but some tax credits specifically offset the New York City income tax.
If you work for the city but don't live there, you must still pay an amount equal to the tax you would have owed if you had lived there. This rule applies to anyone who began employment after Jan. 4, 1973.
Other New York City Taxes
New York City charges a sales tax in addition to the state sales tax and the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation District (MCTD) surcharge. But food, prescription drugs, and non-prescription drugs are exempt, as well as inexpensive clothing and footwear.
There's also a state and local tax on hotel rooms for inexpensive to moderately-priced rooms. This tax rate includes New York City and New York State sales taxes, as well as a hotel occupancy tax. Rooms renting for less expensive prices are subject to the same tax rates, but at lesser nightly dollar amount fees.
Medallion owners or their agents pay a tax for any cab ride that ends in New York City or starts in the city and ends in Dutchess, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, or Westchester counties. This tax, known as the taxicab ride tax, is generally passed on to consumers. Medallion owners are those who are duly licensed with a medallion by the Taxi Limousine Commission of New York City.
New York City is one of the few cities in America that imposes its own income tax in addition to the state income tax.
Property tax rates are set annually by the mayor and city council, and property assessments can be appealed.
The city has its own city income tax that residents must pay in addition to the state income tax.
New York City charges its own sales tax as well, but certain purchases are exempt, including food, prescription and non-prescription drugs.
Taxicab rides are taxed in the city as well. Technically, it's paid by owners, but the expense is generally passed down to riders.
Tax Foundation. "Taxes In New York." Accessed Jan. 8, 2021.
New York Department of Taxation and Finance. "Fair Assessments—A Guide for Property Owners." Accessed Jan. 8, 2021.
New York City Department of Finance. "Property Taxes: NYC Residential." Page 9. Accessed Jan. 8, 2021.
New York City Department of Finance. "Personal Income Tax & Non-resident NYC Employee Payments." Accessed Jan. 8, 2021.
New York Department of Taxation and Finance. "Information on the Taxicab and Hail Vehicle Trip Tax." Accessed Jan. 8, 2021.
How Does New York City Have an Income Tax?
What New Yorkers Should Know About Property Taxes
What Are the Best and Worst States for Property Taxes?
Learn How the Homestead Exemption Could Lower Your Property Tax Bill
Tired of Paying Sales Tax? These States Charge Less
How Wages and Salaries Are Taxed
What You Need to Know About New York State Taxes
Property Tax Myths and Misconceptions
Here's How to Figure Out How Your Property Taxes Are Calculated


Agences publiques d'innovation: évolution ou révolution?
Reading: Agences publiques d'innovation: évolution ou révolution?
In the last few years, the public sector has witnessed the creation of public or semi-public agencies designed to act as laboratories or as promoters of innovation. These "public policy labs" aim at being at the top with creative methods inspired by designs used in the digital world. This article looks at the rationale behind the creation of these agencies. It analyses ten organisations active in the public sector and that were created between 1998 and 2014. It concludes that these agencies clearly answer to internal needs of the public sector, whether on the managerial level or on issues pertaining to the legitimacy of public action.


4/01/2015�� drawing sea lion. How To Draw A Cute Kitten Face - Tabby Cat Face Drawing Art for Kids CC - Duration: 6:26.... In this quick tutorial you'll learn how to draw a Sea Lion in 5 easy steps - great for kids and novice artists. The images above represents how your finished drawing is going to look and the steps involved.
In this quick tutorial you'll learn how to draw a Sea Lion in 5 easy steps - great for kids and novice artists. The images above represents how your finished drawing is going to look and the steps involved. how to cut wavy hair in layers at home Once the kids have mastered our simple learn to draw a sea turtle tutorial you could set them the challenge to see how big a turtle they can draw. Learn to Draw a Jellyfish Our learn to draw a jellyfish is so cute children will love it.


text:
package cc.redpen.parser.latex;

import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;

import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import static cc.redpen.parser.latex.Tools.*;
import static cc.redpen.parser.latex.Assert.*;

import org.pegdown.ast.*;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;

public class LaTeXProcessorTest {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Men, Religion, and Shaky Scholarship
August 8, 2018 August 7, 2018 SJ Reidhead Bigotry, Cultural Illiteracy, CULTURE, FAITH, Historial Ignorance, MAIN PAGE
1 Timothy 2:11-12 Let a woman learn in silence with full submission. I permit no woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she is to keep silent.
"…A friend of Xenophon's described his ideal marriage partner this way: "She was not yet fifteen when I introduced her to my house, and she had been brought up always under the strictest supervision; as far as could be managed, she had not been allowed to see anything, hear anything or ask any questions." Bristow, John T.. What Paul Really Said About Women: The Apostle's Liberating Views on Equality in Marriage, Leadership, and Love (p. 7). HarperCollins. Kindle Edition.
This is what Paul was dealing with when he wrote that passage in Timothy. He was writing to a Greek community where the women were purposely required to be abjectly ignorant. He was writing to a world where philosophers waxed poetic that women did not even have souls. They did not think women had the intellect to read a book, let alone teach about Christ.
I am in the middle of an argument with someone who means well. He is an Baptist minister who strongly believes women are not to have a teaching roll inside the church and cannot teach men. He's also currently 'aggravated' with me because I dared tell a young woman that Christ did not teach women were not to be teachers and ministers. So, I'm a heretic because I disagree with his version of Timothy.
Without being a total jerk, I have a problem with this approach. First, I think women are the equal to men. I don't want to do anything to screw up his faith. That is something which is wrong. But – his party-line approach against women being ministers is hurting this young woman. I feel sorry for her.
Me and my big mouth…
I explained the context of the passage in Timothy. I have a very real problem with anyone who thinks they are a 'minister' and don't know their history. You can't be a teacher of any subject and do it from ignorance. The historical context and sociology of the Bible are incredibly important. It's like reading up on manna, to learn that it caused chronic constipation. No wonder the Children of Israel (Jacob) spent forty years bitching while they wandered around the desert. When you realize there were at least a million of them, and the column of travelers stretched for a hundred miles, well, if they were not chronically constipated, the human waste would be the stuff of nightmares.
Context is everything…
"… I desire, then, that in every place the men should pray, lifting up holy hands without anger or argument; also that the women should dress themselves modestly and decently in suitable clothing, not with their hair braided, or with gold, pearls, or expensive clothes, but with good works, as is proper for women who profess reverence for God…" 1 Timothy 2:8-10
Paul was first and foremost a Roman. He was a Roman citizen and probably an attorney. He knew the law. As with any goodly Roman of his era, Augustus Caesar was to Paul what Ronald Reagan is to Rush Limbaugh. Get it?
Paul, if he indeed wrote Timothy, and I don't think he did, needs to be understood in context. First, Paul never said, anywhere, that women were to be silent in church. The passage was added later, and not written by Paul. Further, it MUST be taken in context. Todd D. Still (PhD, University of Glasgow) is William M. Hinson Professor of Christian Scriptures at George W. Truett Theological Seminary, Baylor University, Waco, Texas wrote the following.
"…Where does this comparative study leave us? In a pleasant, if unexpected, place. It likely comes as little to no surprise that Jesus affirmed the dignity of women, treating them as individuals created in the divine image, and that women played a pivotal role both in Jesus's earthly and post-resurrection ministries. It may, however, come as a surprise to some that Paul's calling of women/wives to silence and submission is tempered, if not trumped or interpreted, by his affirmation of mutuality and equality of women and wives in marriage and ministry.
Both Jesus and Paul, then, affirmed women in principle and practice. Paul's prohibitions and restrictions, I would contend, may be at most occasional exceptions to this general rule. As such, they would be contextual, not continual; time-bound troubleshooting, not timeless guidelines; a chapter in a book, but not the entire story. More often than not, there is inclusion and embrace, and it is this trajectory that we trace.21 "Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, there is a new creation: the old has passed away, behold, the new has come" (2 Cor 5:17). "For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male and female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus" (Gal 3:27–28)…."
Why is this important? It's all about biblical hermeneutics, which is… "the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible. It is part of the broader field of hermeneutics which involves the study of principles of interpretation for all forms of communication, nonverbal and verbal…"
So, once again, the women of Ephesus were Greek. Unfortunately, Greek women were not the same as Roman women. I know, it's all ancient history and who cares?
Roman women were well educated. They were allowed to be in business. They could own property. They could not actively be in politics, but they sure did meddle. They had quite a bit of power to the point where Augustus tried to reign them in, and try to get them to be more traditional. Greek women lived much differently.
"…For in real life, respectable Greek wives led a completely secluded life. They took no part in public affairs, never appearing at meals or at social occasions. Recreation was severely limited for them, as were social contacts. Athenian men enjoyed outdoor sports and frequented the agora, the marketplace, which served as the center of city life and communication. Women were excluded from both. The ideal Athenian woman, according to Xenophon, a disciple of Socrates, was one who "might see as little as possible, hear as little as possible, and ask as little as possible." Even conversation between husband and wife was neither valued nor expected. "Is there anyone to whom you entrust more serious matters than to your wife," Socrates asked Athenian men, "and is there anyone to whom you talk less?"…" (p. 5)
"…Aristotle thus laid a lasting philosophical foundation for the notion that females are inferior to males. He formalized the practice of sexual discrimination and offered learned authority to the belief in sexual inequality. Centuries later, church leaders who themselves were a product of Greek culture and education interpreted Paul's writings from the perspective of Aristotelian philosophy, even to the point of assuming that when Paul wrote of the husband being head of the wife, he was simply restating Aristotle's analogy of the husband being to his wife like one's soul to one's body. As will be seen, a careful reading of what Paul wrote demonstrates that this apostle was actually challenging Aristotle's idea instead of supporting it…." (p. 6-7)
This is why Biblical hermeneutics are important. If you don't know the historical and sociological context of how Greek women were treated compared to Roman and even Jewish women, you then think that Paul is banning women from the ministry. Nothing could be farther from the truth.
I suspect, considering the later influence of Greek philosophers, who hated women, the very idea of preventing women from being ministers, based on pagan ideas is heresy.
Bristow, John T.. What Paul Really Said About Women: The Apostle's Liberating Views on Equality in Marriage, Leadership, and Love HarperCollins. Kindle Edition.
Culture, Faith, Paul
I Know How You Feel
The Accused


Other trreatment fees are not changed. Please check the page of Treatment Fee.
Cancellation Policy has been changed as bellow.
a minimum of 24 hours is required to reschedule or cancel an appointment. Unless otherwise agreed upon in advance or in the case of inclement weather, the half price of a treatment will be deducted for each missed appointment. There is a $30 fee for returned checks.
We ask that you please reschedule or cancel at least 1 day before the beginning of your appointment. Unless otherwise agreed upon in advance or in the case of inclement weather, $25 will be deducted for each missed appointment. There is a $30 fee for returned checks.
Online appointment system was switched from DocMeIn to Square Appointments.
Reminders can be sent through Text messages as well.
Mobile phone friendly, so you can book an appointment easily from your smart phones, tablets or computers.
No need to memorize your password for your account. Instead, Pass cord will be sent to your cell phone through Text message and you just need to type it in.
I hope this change will make you feel more comfortable to book online.


text:
Sweden's Ericsson sees 220 million 5G subscriptions by year end
Helena Soderpalm and Supantha Mukherjee
November 30, 2020, 4:07 a.m. ·2 min read
FILE PHOTO: The Ericsson logo is seen at the Ericsson's headquarters in Stockholm
By Helena Soderpalm and Supantha Mukherjee
STOCKHOLM (Reuters) - Sweden's Ericsson on Monday raised its global forecast for 5G mobile subscriptions to 220 million by the end of this year, citing faster than expected uptake in China.
The telecoms equipment maker, which had previously forecast 190 million subscriptions, said it expects China to account for almost 80% of the newly forecast total.
"What has fuelled the growth is China, and that is driven in itself by a strong strategic national focus on 5G in China," Head of Networks Fredrik Jejdling told Reuters.
Ericsson said in its biannual Mobility Report that 2020 had seen society take a "big leap towards digitalization", as the pandemic acted as a catalyst for rapid change and highlighted the impact connectivity has on peoples' daily lives.
About 15% of the world's population, or 1 billion people, are expected to be in an area that would be covered by 5G by the end of the year, said Jejdling.
The company forecast 3.5 billion 5G subscriptions by the end of 2026, accounting for more than 50% of mobile data traffic, and with four out of every 10 mobile subscriptions being 5G.
Ericsson, which competes with China's Huawei and Finland's Nokia, added that 60% of the world's population will have access to 5G coverage in 2026.
Ericsson has won contracts from all three major operators in China to supply radio equipment for 5G networks.
The mobile network industry has faced waning demand for 4G and older network equipment, but 5G spending in North America has helped to fuel a return to growth.
The new generation of mobile phone technology will bring faster data speeds and support a greater variety of connected devices.
(Reporting by Helena Soderpalm and Supantha Mukherjee; Editing by Jan Harvey)


"The Worlds Largest Pre-Owned Maule Dealer"
Thanks for the help with the sale of my Maule. It is a bittersweet time, but I am grateful I had the time flying into my farm and along the river! Great job promoting and representing N4235R--the buyer came fully prepared and your website and picture recommendations and research with my mechanic really helped me get the "right" buyer.
It has been a pleasure doing business with you. I appreciate all your help and coordination between me and the seller. I have bought many aircraft over the years, but never sight-unseen. This was a first and it went well. Thanks again.
Thanks for helping me to buy my first airplane. I was a little worried with buying an airplane in Washington state since I live in Texas but everything went smoothly and I was able to buy my airplane without any problems. I am very happy with my first airplane and I think I have one of the best looking American Champion Citabrias around. Thanks again!
Travers has been insuring aviation for over six decades.
Click the image for website.
B. D. Maule flys a Maule right out of the hangar!
B. D. Maule flys one of his planes right out of the hangar! An amazing feat for any airplane!
Click on the image to see large photo.


This is the oldest store building along the north coast of San Luis Obispo County. Built in the 1860s at Whaling Point, one-half mile to the west, it was moved to its present location in 1878. It has been operated by the Sebastian family for over half a century.
The official state marker plaque is in front of the store.


A selection of cruelty-free cosmetics and make-up brushes. All of the products listed from these manufacturers are free from any animal-derived ingredients. In addition, the companies that produce them are all opposed to animal testing, making these vegan beauty products completely cruelty-free.
Cruelty-Free Makeup © 1999- Green Valley Trading Co.


An emergency nurse is responsible for providing care to patients in critical condition. This may involve assessing the patients' current health status, administering medication or assisting other medical professionals in emergency health procedures. Emergency and trauma nursing is largely distinguished from other forms of nursing in that the traditional nurse typically deals with already diagnosed patients. Emergency nurses are required to provide care despite the fact that a diagnosis has likely not yet been reached.
Emergency and trauma nurses generally work in hospital emergency rooms, although some may also be placed at smaller clinics. Because emergency patients can and do arrive in the ER at all hours of the day, trauma nurses are expected to work in rotating 12-hour shifts. These shifts may take place on the weekends, during holidays or late at night. Because of the rigorous nature of 12-hour emergency and trauma nursing shifts, ER nurses are usually given sufficient time off for recovery. After all, it is absolutely essential that emergency nurses be alert whenever they are on the job.
The emergency nurse is just one piece in a specially-designed team of medical professionals. ER nurses may be accompanied by emergency physicians, emergency nurse practitioners, paramedics, and, if needed, nursing assistants. The emergency nurse is charged with providing immediate care to patients in critical condition, whether or not these patients have already been diagnosed.
Before ever coming on board as an emergency nurse, the aspiring professional must first obtain a Bachelor's degree from an accredited four-year nursing program. From there, a special certified emergency nurse (CEN) designation is given to nurses with expertise in emergency care. To obtain certification as CEN, nurses must take and pass exams administered by the Board of Certified Emergency Nursing (BCEN). The BCEN exam consists of 175 questions, 25 of which are considered sample questions. The emergency nursing candidate is given a total of 3 hours to complete the test and must earn at a minimum score of 70 percent in order to receive CEN certification.
The outlook for nursing as a whole is very good, with the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics estimating a job growth rate of 26 percent between 2010 and 2020. This is far faster than the average outlook for jobs in the United States. The salary for a nursing professional is also considered quite reasonable, with the average registered nurse having earned an annual salary of over $64,000 in 2010. Because they are required to pursue extra education and certifications above and beyond that required for other registered nurses, emergency nurses are often offered higher salaries than their traditional nursing counterparts. These high salaries may also stem from the increased stress load brought on by the emergency and trauma nursing environment.


1st June 1952: Admiral of the fleet (retired).
"For outstanding ability, determination and resource in the preliminary dispositions which led to the rescue of 300 English prisoners from the German Armed Auxiliary Altmark, and for daring, leadership and masterly handling of his ship in narrow waters so as to bring her alongside and board the enemy, who tried to blind him with the glare of a searchlight, worked his engine full ahead and full astern, tried to ram him and drive him ashore and so threatened the grounding and loss of Cossack."
Published in The London Gazette dated April 12th, 1940.
"For gallantry and coolness in action against heavy odds off the Coast of Norway."
Published in The London Gazette dated July 19th, 1940.
"For gallantry and resource in successful action against the Enemy."
Second DSO received as a bar for on the ribbon of the first DSO.
Published in The London Gazette dated December 3rd, 1940.
"For mastery, determination and skill in action against the German Battleship Bismarck."
Third DSO received as a second bas for on the ribbon of the first DSO.
Published in The London Gazette dated October 14th, 1941.
"For daring and resolution in a brilliant action against strong Enemy forces, which resulted in the safe passage to Malta of an important Convoy."
Published in The London Gazette, dated March 31st, 1942.
"For bravery in face of the Enemy or in dangerous waters, or for zeal and devotion to duty."
Published in The London Gazette dated January 1st, 1943.
"For gallant and distinguished services and untiring devotion to duty in operations which led to the capture of Sicily by Allied forces."
Published in The London Gazette dated December 21st, 1943.
"For outstanding courage, resolution, leadership, skill or devotion to duty."
Published in The London Gazette, dated May 23rd, 1944.
Published in The London Gazette dated June 8th, 1944.
"For distinguished services in the planning and execution of the successful Allied landings in Normandy."
Published in The London Gazette dated 25th July 1944.
"For bravery, skill and devotion to duty whilst serving in H.M. Ships Victorious, Illustrious, Indefatigable, Indomitable and King George V in attacks on enemy oil installations at Palembang, Sumatra."
Published in The London Gazette dated May 1st, 1945.
Permission to wear granted in The London Gazette dated July 17th, 1945.
Permission granted for wearing the decoration through The London Gazette, dated August 13th, 1946.
Permission to wear was granted in The London Gazette dated July 20th, 1948.


text:
Justia Dockets & Filings Third Circuit Pennsylvania Eastern District MONTGOMERY COUNTY INTERMEDIATE UNIT NO. 23 v. C.M. et al Filing 15
MONTGOMERY COUNTY INTERMEDIATE UNIT NO. 23 v. C.M. et al
MEMORANDUM AND/OR OPINION. SIGNED BY HONORABLE HARVEY BARTLE, III ON 10/12/2017. 10/12/2017 ENTERED AND COPIES E-MAILED.(kp, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA MONTGOMERY COUNTY INTERMEDIATE UNIT NO. 23 v. C.M., et al. : : : : : : CIVIL ACTION NO. 17-1523 MEMORANDUM Bartle, J. October 12, 2017 Plaintiff Montgomery County Intermediate Unit No. 23 ("MCIU") brings this action for review of a decision by a special education hearing officer awarding compensatory education to defendants C.M. and his parents J.M. and C.M. under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA"), 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq. Before the court is the motion of MCIU for judgment on the administrative record. I. Under the IDEA, states receiving federal educational funds must provide, among other things, a free appropriate public education ("FAPE") to disabled children between the ages of three and twenty-one. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). The statute further obligates states, acting through local educational agencies, to identify, locate, and evaluate children who are in need of special education and related services. § 1412(a)(3)(A). Id. Once a child is identified, the agency must develop an individualized education program ("IEP") for the child. Id. § 1412(a)(4); § 1414(d). The IEP is a comprehensive plan prepared by a team, including the child's teachers and parents, in compliance with a detailed set of procedures. § 1414(d). Id. Once the IEP team has decided on an IEP for a child, the agency shall issue a written notice of recommended educational placement ("NOREP"), which then must be approved or rejected by the child's parents. See id. § 1415(b)(3) & (c). If a disagreement arises regarding a child's IEP or other rights under the IDEA, a party may seek an administrative "due process hearing" before a state or local educational agency. Id. § 1415(f). In Pennsylvania, the Department of Education Office of Dispute Resolution is responsible for handling such complaints. See Mary T. v. Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia, 575 F.3d 235, 240 n.1 (3d Cir. 2009). At the conclusion of the administrative process, the losing party may seek relief in state or federal court. § 1415(i)(2)(A). 20 U.S.C. The reviewing court shall receive the administrative record and shall also hear additional evidence at the request of a party. Id. § 1415(i)(2)(C). In cases arising under the IDEA, we apply a "modified de novo" standard of review, under which we give "due weight" and deference to the factual findings of the hearing officer in the administrative proceedings. P.P. ex rel. Michael P. v. -2- W. Chester Area Sch. Dist., 585 F.3d 727, 734 (3d Cir. 2009). While factual findings from the administrative proceedings are to be considered prima facie correct, we may depart from those findings if we fully explain why by citing to the administrative record. S.H. v. State-Operated Sch. Dist. of City of Newark, 336 F.3d 260, 270 (3d Cir. 2003). We must accept the hearing officer's credibility determinations "unless the non-testimonial, extrinsic evidence in the record would justify a contrary conclusion or unless the record read in its entirety would compel a contrary conclusion." Id. (quoting Carlisle Area Sch. Dist. v. Scott P., 62 F.3d 520, 529 (3d Cir. 1995)). The district court may not "substitute its own notions of educational policy for those of local school authorities." Id. Our review of legal standards and conclusions of law is plenary. P.P. ex rel. Michael P., 585 F.3d at 735. The burden of proof in an administrative hearing under IDEA is placed upon the party seeking relief, which in this case was C.M. and his parents. Schaffer v. Weast, 546 U.S. 49, 62 (2005); L.E. v. Ramsey Bd. of Educ., 435 F.3d 384, 391 (3d Cir. 2006). However, as the party challenging the administrative decision, MCIU bears the burden of persuasion before this court. Ridley Sch. Dist. v. M.R., 680 F.3d 260, 270 (3d Cir. 2012). -3- II. We first turn to the facts as set forth in the administrative record. 1 MCIU provides early intervention services for children with disabilities residing in Montgomery County from age three through the beginning of kindergarten pursuant to a contract with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. See 11 P.S. § 875-104. In October 2014, C.M.'s parents approached MCIU seeking an evaluation of C.M., who was then three years old, for services under the IDEA. At that time, C.M.'s parents had concerns that C.M. was having difficulty sitting still, socializing, communicating with peers, and transitioning between activities, as well as carrying out fine motor skills. C.M.'s parents also reported that C.M. had been asked to leave three mainstream preschools due to behavioral issues. C.M.'s pediatrician previously had evaluated C.M. for autism in September 2014 but concluded that the diagnosis "could go either way 50%-50%." At the time, C.M. attended a regular education preschool, Little Angels. C.M.'s initial evaluation included input from C.M.'s parents, as well as an occupational therapist, psychologist, speech therapist, behavioral consultant, and C.M.'s teacher. part of the initial evaluation, C.M.'s preschool teacher As 1. As neither party has sought to submit additional evidence, we limit our review to the administrative record. -4- provided written information. She wrote that C.M. engaged in several behaviors associated with autism while at school, including fixation on certain topics, parroting out of context speech heard in movies or television, refusal of non-preferred activities including running out of the classroom, and limited verbal interaction with other children. The teacher also communicated that C.M. had average cognitive ability and a "vast" vocabulary, although C.M. had difficulty using that vocabulary to communicate with his peers. A psychologist employed by MCIU observed C.M. while at preschool. She similarly observed that C.M. had trouble following classroom routine and interacting with peers. Nonetheless C.M. seemed interested in his classmates and responded well to direction. The initial evaluation included several standard assessment tools including: the Conners Early Childhood Rating Scale ("Conners"), an instrument designed to assess behavioral, emotional, social, and developmental issues in young children; and the Autism Spectrum Rating Scale ("ASRS"), which is used to quantify observations of a child that are associated with autism. The initial evaluation also included: the Battelle Developmental Inventory ("Battelle"), which is used to assess adaptive behavior, social and communication skills, and cognitive ability; the Developmental Assessment of Young Children, Second Edition, which identifies potential delays in -5- gross motor skills and adaptive behavior; the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition, which is used to assess fine motor skills' the Preschool Language Scales-5; and a Functional Behavioral Assessment. On the Battelle, C.M.'s scores demonstrated a mild delay in the area of social ability and a significant developmental delay in cognitive ability. On the Conners, C.M.'s parents reported concerns with impulsivity, attention/hyperactivity, and adaptive skills, but C.M.'s scores were otherwise average. On the ASRS, C.M.'s mother expressed concerns about socialization but overall rated C.M. as "average," which was defined as not showing great concern that C.M. was autistic. Although the ASRS and Conners typically include both parent and teacher ratings, the MCIU psychologist only asked C.M.'s parents for these assessments. On December 8, 2014, MCIU issued its initial Evaluation Report for C.M. In its report, MCIU found C.M. eligible for special education services under the disability category of emotional disturbance. On December 17, 2014, MCIU issued an IEP, which laid out the services C.M. would receive and his educational goals. Under the IEP, C.M. would be given six hours weekly of personal care assistance, despite the fact that the MCIU behavioral support consultant had recommended ten hours per week. C.M. would also have two hours weekly of -6- behavioral support and 45 minutes weekly of occupational therapy. These services were to be provided at Little Angels and were scheduled to start on January 5, 2015. C.M. did not receive any speech therapy or physical therapy. The services initially provided to C.M. were delayed. C.M. received no personal care assistance from January 5, 2015 through January 27, 2015. Between January 28, 2015 and March 30, 2015, C.M. was given a total of only 10.5 hours of personal care assistance. The record shows that these delays were due at least in part to personnel changes. On February 26, 2015, the IEP team reconvened to discuss difficulties C.M. was experiencing at Little Angels. After that meeting, MCIU increased C.M.'s behavioral support from two to three hours weekly and occupational therapy from 45 minutes to one hour per week. The amount of personal care assistance did not change. On February 27, 2015, C.M. was evaluated at the request of C.M.'s parents by a psychologist with the Central Montgomery MH/MR Center Preschool Intervention Program ("PIP"), a program not associated with MCIU. C.M.'s parents reported that C.M. was experiencing a great deal of difficulty in his current preschool placement and that they were seeking treatment for his behavioral problems. The PIP psychologist concluded that "some of [C.M.'s] behaviors would be consistent with Autism -7- Spectrum Disorder but this is not clear based on this assessment." He also found that C.M. had symptoms consistent with moderate to severe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ("ADHD"). The psychologist recommended that C.M. be placed in a partial hospitalization program offered by PIP. On April 20, 2015, C.M.'s parents placed C.M. in the PIP partial hospitalization program on an outpatient basis for three hours a day, five days per week. During this time, C.M. continued to receive services from MCIU under his IEP at his home in the morning and attended the PIP program in the afternoon. However, MCIU services were again provided on a delayed basis and by April 2015, MCIU acknowledged that it owed C.M. 66 hours of personal care assistance. MCIU also owed behavioral support services to C.M. On May 1, 2015, while C.M. was still in the PIP partial hospitalization program, MCIU issued a reevaluation report for C.M. This report was the culmination of reevaluations in the areas of physical and speech/language development requested by C.M.'s parents in March 2015. The report noted that C.M.'s parents continued to be concerned with his ability to interact with peers. The report, with input from C.M.'s regular education preschool teacher, stated that C.M. continued to have difficulty interacting with other children and answering questions. As a result of the reevaluation, MCIU -8- issued a revised IEP on May 20, 2015. This IEP added 30 minutes of physical therapy per week, 30 minutes of individual speech and language therapy every fourteen days, and 30 minutes of speech and language consult every 30 days. All other services remained the same, and C.M. remained classified as a child with emotional disturbance. On May 7, 2015, PIP diagnosed C.M. with Autism Spectrum Disorder, with a "rule-out" of ADHD, meaning that ADHD was suspected but that more information was required for a conclusive diagnosis. The PIP found that C.M. had difficulty with eye contact and social interaction, and sustaining communication with others. He used repetitive and scripted language and required verbal prompting and assistance to complete tasks, to engage with peers, and to transition between activities. While there was conflicting evidence before the hearing officer regarding when MCIU actually received the PIP discharge summary with C.M.'s autism diagnosis, we agree with the hearing officer's finding that C.M.'s mother informed MCIU of the autism diagnosis and offered to provide the PIP discharge report to MCIU in June 2015. In June 2015, C.M. was discharged from PIP and began a recreational summer day camp. This summer camp was unilaterally selected by C.M.'s parents and did not have any educational -9- component. During this time, MCIU continued to provide C.M. with services under his IEP, both at his home and the camp. In September 2015, C.M.'s parents discussed a school placement for C.M. with MCIU. On September 16, 2015, the IEP team reconvened and MCIU issued a NOREP recommending for the first time a developmental preschool for C.M. The NOREP did not specify a particular developmental preschool. Thereafter, C.M.'s parents considered and rejected two developmental preschools suggested by MCIU. parents rejected the NOREP. On September 23, 2015, C.M.'s MCIU then suggested a third developmental preschool, but ultimately that school did not accept C.M. 2 During this time, C.M. was receiving services from MCIU at his home and was not enrolled in any classroom setting. C.M.'s mother was concerned that C.M. was regressing. diagnosis under his IEP remained emotional disturbance. C.M.'s In October 2015, MCIU offered to reevaluate C.M. in light of the PIP's autism diagnosis. C.M.'s parents declined the reevaluation and instead requested an Independent Educational Evaluation ("IEE") in November 2015. 2. There was conflicting testimony before the Hearing Officer about why the third developmental preschool rejected C.M. Regardless, we agree with the Hearing Officer's finding that the reasons for the rejection are ultimately irrelevant. -10- On November 16, 2015, the IEP team again reconvened. By this meeting, the team agreed that C.M. should attend a fourth developmental preschool, the MCIU Language Classroom, which is a specialized preschool program with a primary focus on speech and language therapy. MCIU issued a revised IEP that reflected the Language Classroom placement and maintained all goals and services in the prior IEP, with the exception of removing 30 minutes of speech/language consultation per month. On November 20, 2015, C.M. began attending the Language Classroom for three hours per day, four days per week. In addition, MCIU continued to provide speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and behavioral support to C.M. On February 2, 2016, a doctoral-level neuropsychologist issued the IEE. After extensive observation and testing of C.M., the evaluator diagnosed C.M. with autism. He also opined that C.M.'s placement in the Language Classroom was appropriate but should have started sooner. In particular, the evaluator concluded that C.M. would benefit from a "language rich" environment with a low student-to-teacher ratio and a highly-structured environment with high-interest learning tools. The evaluator also determined that C.M. required intensive speech and language therapy services, which he defined as four to five sessions of less than one hour each on a weekly basis as -11- well as social skills interventions and occupational therapy for fine motor skills. On May 13, 2016, after review of the IEE, MCIU issued a reevaluation report and changed C.M.'s classification from emotional disturbance to autism. The services being provided to C.M. did not change as a result of this diagnosis, and the report concluded that all of C.M.'s needs were being addressed by his current IEP. The report found that C.M. had "made great progress in his language and social skills during his time at the MCIU Language classroom." It included that C.M. was "very motivated to use his speech and language" during preschool, "demonstrated age appropriate speech skills," and had good speech intelligibility. The report also stated that C.M. was responding to teacher instructions and accepting an adult stating "no" without refusal or "engaging in interfering behaviors." It further noted that C.M. would "sustain reciprocal play interaction" with peers and adults. Overall, the report concluded that C.M. made meaningful progress on all of his IEP goals and that C.M. was "an active participant throughout his preschool day." C.M.'s teacher, as well as his speech and language therapist, similarly found that C.M. made progress during his time in the Language Classroom. Before the hearing officer, C.M.'s teacher Stacy-Ann Donovan testified that she witnessed an -12- improvement in C.M.'s social interaction, speech, and physical abilities during his time in the Language Classroom. C.M.'s speech and language therapist Arielle Cragin also testified that C.M. made significant progress during this time. While C.M. initially engaged in only parallel play and did not engage with his peers, later "he made friends, he was able to interact with his peers, he made relevant spontaneous comments during routine activities . . . [and] his eye contact improved." The IEP team then met on May 26, 2016 for an annual review. Although MCIU recommended C.M. remain in the Language Classroom, C.M.'s parents elected to place C.M. in a recreational summer camp beginning in June. the Language Classroom was June 9, 2016. C.M.'s last day in After summer camp ended, C.M. began kindergarten in his local public school district. Defendants filed their administrative due process complaint on September 21, 2016. After three full days of hearings, the hearing officer issued his decision on January 11, 2017. The hearing officer concluded that MCIU violated C.M.'s procedural rights under the IDEA by improperly classifying C.M. as a student with emotional disturbance from January 5, 2015 to May 13, 2016. The hearing officer also found that MCIU substantively denied C.M. a FAPE between January 5, 2015 and June 9, 2016. As a remedy, the hearing officer awarded five -13- hours of compensatory education for each day the MCIU was in session during the time a FAPE was denied. total of 1350 hours. This amounted to a Thereafter, MCIU filed this appeal. III. MCIU first asserts that the hearing officer erred in finding that the MCIU conducted an inappropriate initial evaluation of C.M., which led to C.M. being classified incorrectly as emotionally disturbed instead of autistic. This incorrect classification remained from the time of C.M.'s initial evaluation on December 8, 2014 until the reevaluation report changing his diagnosis to autism on May 13, 2016. Under the IDEA, local educational agencies must conduct a "full and individual initial evaluation" of the child in all areas of suspected disability. & (b)(3)(B). 20 U.S.C. § 1414(a)(1)(A) The evaluation must utilize "a variety of assessment tools and strategies to gather functional, developmental, and academic information about the child, including information provided by the parent," to determine whether the child is a child with disabilities. § 1414(b)(2)(A). Id. Furthermore, the agency must "not use any single measure or assessment as the sole criterion" for determining whether a child qualifies for services and must "use technically sound instruments that may assess the relative contribution of cognitive and behavioral factors, in addition to -14- physical or developmental factors." Id. § 1414(b)(2)(B) & (C). Assessments and other evaluation materials must, among other requirements, be "used for the purposes for which the assessments or measures are valid and reliable" and administered by "trained and knowledgeable personnel . . . in accordance with any instructions provided by the producer of such assessments." Id. § 1414(b)(3). The hearing officer found that the initial evaluation and classification of C.M. as emotionally disturbed rather than autistic was inappropriate because the MCIU did not ask C.M.'s teacher to complete the ASRS and Conners rating scales and instead relied on ratings from C.M.'s parents only, even though "these assessments are designed to obtain information from multiple raters in multiple settings." The hearing officer also found that MCIU lacked certain "valuable information," namely the Child and Family Profile Form, and because the psychologist testified she "wasn't aware that [C.M.] was possibly qualified as developmentally delayed in other areas" when she diagnosed C.M. with emotional disturbance. We find that the appropriateness of the initial evaluation is a close question. Taken as a whole, MCIU used a variety of assessment tools and obtained information on C.M.'s behavior in both the home and school settings. But there is no dispute that C.M. does in fact have autism, not emotional -15- disturbance. Moreover, MCIU had notice of the autism diagnosis by PIP as early as June 2015 and yet failed to offer to reevaluate C.M. until October 2015. We ultimately need not decide this issue because, even assuming the hearing officer erred in finding that the initial evaluation and classification of C.M. violated IDEA, such error is harmless. The hearing officer ultimately concluded that the improper evaluation and classification by MCIU violated only C.M.'s procedural rights under IDEA and that "there is no preponderance of evidence linking the incorrect classification to any substantive harm" to C.M. He therefore did not award any compensatory education to C.M. on this basis. 3 This finding is in accord with IDEA, which provides that agencies must offer IEP services based on needs and not classification. § 1414(d)(3); 34 C.F.R. § 300.304(c)(6). See 20 U.S.C. We will therefore affirm the hearing officer's decision on this issue. IV. We turn next to the separate issue of whether MCIU substantively denied C.M. a FAPE between January 5, 2015 and June 9, 2016. The hearing officer found that C.M. "made only trivial progress across all domains during the period of time in question" and therefore was denied a FAPE. 3. Under the IDEA, a plaintiff claiming a procedural violation alone is limited to prospective injunctive relief. See C.H. v. Cape Henlopen Sch. Dist., 606 F.3d 59, 66 (3d Cir. 2010). -16- Shortly after the hearing officer issued his decision, the Supreme Court clarified the standard for determining whether children with disabilities are receiving a FAPE as required by IDEA in Endrew F. ex rel. Joseph F. v. Douglas County School District RE-1, 137 S. Ct. 988 (2017). There, the Court held that an agency must offer an educational program "reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child's circumstances." Id. at 1001. Thus, the adequacy of a given IEP turns on the unique circumstances of the child for whom it was created. Id. at 999-1002. While an IEP need not be ideal, it must confer more than a de minimis benefit. Id. On appeal, MCIU first asserts that the hearing officer applied the incorrect standard in determining whether C.M. was denied a FAPE. In his decision, the hearing officer stated that an IEP must be "reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive meaningful educational benefits in light of the student's intellectual potential." This standard was appropriate in light of precedent from our Court of Appeals at the time. See Mary Courtney T. v. Sch. Dist. of Phil., 575 F.3d 235, 240 (3d Cir. 2009); Shore Reg'l High Sch Bd. of Ed. v. P.S., 381 F.3d 194, 198 (3d Cir. 2004). Furthermore, the language "in light of the student's intellectual potential" is substantively similar to the "in light of the child's -17- circumstances" standard announced in Endrew F. MCIU's argument that the hearing officer applied a stricter standard is not supported by the actual text of the hearing officer's decision. MCIU next contends that the hearing officer erred in concluding that MCIU denied C.M. a FAPE during the time C.M. was placed in a regular education preschool because C.M. was in the least restrictive environment as required by IDEA. argument fails. This The IDEA provides: To the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities, including children in public or private institutions or other care facilities, are educated with children who are not disabled, and special classes, separate schooling, or other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability of a child is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5). However, placement in a mainstream or regular education setting is appropriate only to the extent that it "satisfactorily educates" the child. S.H., 336 F.3d at 272. Here, the record demonstrates that C.M. required a developmental preschool from the inception of his IEP. As discussed above, C.M. was previously asked to leave three different mainstream preschools due to behavioral issues. In addition, his initial evaluation suggested that C.M. suffered from a significant cognitive developmental delay. After he began receiving services from MCIU, C.M. continued to struggle in a fourth -18- regular education preschool, prompting his parents to withdraw him and place him in the PIP partial hospitalization program, where he ultimately received an autism diagnosis for the first time. During this time, C.M. was not receiving the amount of personal care assistance initially recommended by MCIU's own staff and services to which he was entitled under his IEP were being provided on a delayed or intermittent basis. MCIU also asserts that the hearing officer inappropriately applied the FAPE standard from April 2015 until the beginning of September 2015, when C.M. was in the PIP partial hospitalization program and then a private summer camp. According to MCIU, these were programs unilaterally chosen by C.M.'s parents and over which MCIU had no control. persuaded. We are not There is no disagreement that C.M. had IEPs in place at all times from January 5, 2015 through June 9, 2016, and that MCIU did in fact provide IEP services to C.M. both while C.M. was at PIP and during his time at summer camp. Accordingly, MCIU remained responsible for providing a FAPE during this time. MCIU finally asserts that the hearing officer erred in finding that MCIU denied C.M. a FAPE from November 20, 2015 through June 9, 2016, when C.M. was enrolled in MCIU's Language Classroom. We agree with MCIU on this point. Dr. Stone, the independent expert who performed the IEE of C.M., observed the Language Classroom and opined that it met much of the criteria -19- he had recommended for C.M, including: (1) a language-rich environment with frequent models for verbal behavior and visual supports; (2) a low student-to-teacher ratio; (3) a highly structured learning environment; and (4) access to high interest learning tools. Dr. Stone also opined that C.M. should receive "intensive" speech and language therapy services, which he defined as four to five sessions per week. The hearing officer recognized this in his decision: Nothing in the IEE [Dr. Stone's Report] suggests that the developmental preschool [the MCIU Language Classroom] was inappropriate for Student. To the contrary, the report recommends the type of environment found at the developmental preschool. In general, the neuropsychologist opined that Student's placement was appropriate, but should have started sooner. The hearing officer offers no explanation in his decision as to why the MCIU denied C.M. a FAPE during the time period C.M. was in the Language Classroom when his own findings of fact support the opposite conclusion. The hearing officer found that there was no reliable quantitative evidence of C.M.'s progress in the record and therefore C.M.'s evaluations provided the best evidence of his progress while receiving services from MCIU. He then concluded that, taken as a whole, C.M.'s evaluations from October 2014 through May 2016 "illustrate only trivial progress over time." In support, the hearing officer noted that C.M. "worked on -20- proper use of scissors for nearly 17 months." He did not otherwise explain his finding of trivial progress. Based on our review of the administrative record as a whole, we disagree with the hearing officer's finding that C.M. made only trivial progress as to the period when C.M. was in the Language Classroom from November 20, 2015 through June 9, 2016. As discussed above, the May 2016 reevaluation report demonstrates that C.M. made progress, including that C.M. was "actively participat[ing]" in preschool activities in the Language Classroom," was independently greeting peers and making improved eye contact, was "very motivated" to use his speech skills, and "is making positive strides with his social and emotional skills." In addition, there was significant testimony, including from C.M.'s teacher Stacy-Ann Donovan and C.M.'s speech and language therapist Arielle Cragin, about C.M.'s progress in social interaction, speech, and physical abilities during his time in the Language Classroom. This narrative of progress, combined with Dr. Stone's finding that the Language Classroom was an appropriate placement, leads us to conclude that the hearing officer erred when he determined that C.M. was denied a FAPE from November 20, 2015 through June 9, 2016. -21- V. Having found that MCIU denied C.M. a FAPE only from January 5, 2015 through November 19, 2015, we now turn to our review of the hearing officer's award of compensatory education. In his decision, the hearing officer recognized there are two competing methodologies for calculating an award for compensatory education: (1) the "hour for hour" method, under which a court may award one hour of compensatory education for each hour a FAPE was denied; and (2) the "same position" approach, under which an award of compensatory education should be designed to put the student in the same position he or she would have been but for the denial of a FAPE. To compensate for MCIU's failure to provide C.M. with a FAPE, the Hearing Officer used the "hour for hour" method and awarded defendants five hours of compensatory education for each day MCIU was in session from January 5, 2015, when the first IEP for C.M. was issued, through June 9, 2015, the last day C.M. attended the MCIU Language Classroom. In M.C. v. Central Regional School District, our Court of Appeals held that "a disabled child is entitled to compensatory education for a period equal to the period of deprivation, excluding only the time reasonably required for the school district to rectify the problem." Cir. 1996). 81 F.3d 389, 392 (3d Some courts have interpreted this language as -22- requiring an award of full days of compensatory education for the period of deprivation, as the Hearing Officer here did. See, e.g., Damian J. v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., No. 06-3866, 2008 WL 191176, at *7 & n.15 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 22, 2008) (citing Keystone Cent. Sch. Dist. v. E.E. ex rel. H.E., 438 F. Supp. 2d 519, 526 (M.D. Pa. 2006)). However, in Ferren C. v. School District of Philadelphia, the Court of Appeals later explained that compensatory education "should aim to place disabled children in the same position they would have occupied but for the school district's violations of IDEA." 612 F.3d 712, 718 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting Reid ex rel. Reid v. District of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 523 (D.D.C. 2005)). In doing so, the Court of Appeals did not explicitly reject the "hour by hour" approach nor overrule M.C. As a result, courts within this Circuit have followed both approaches. See, e.g., Jana K. ex rel. Tim K v. Annville-Cleona Sch. Dist., 39 F. Supp. 3d 584, 605-06 (M.D. Pa. 2014). Here, the Hearing Officer recognized that "courts have expressed a preference for a 'make whole' compensatory education calculation," but reverted to an "'hour-for-hour' method" based on a finding that C.M. and his parents failed to present evidence for a "make whole" calculation. He found by a preponderance of the evidence that C.M. "required intensive, full-day support found only in specialized classrooms" as well -23- as additional physical and occupational therapy, and that those needs totaled five hours per day. We agree with the hearing officer that in a case such as this, where MCIU's failure to provide appropriate services permeated C.M.'s whole day and resulted in a lack of meaningful progress, "parsing out the exact amount of hours [a student] was not benefitted by [a] FAPE would place an arduous and near impossible task on administrative bodies." Jana K., 39 F. Supp. 3d at 609-10 (quoting Keystone Cent. Sch. Dist., 438 F. Supp. 2d at 525-26). Thus, the award of five hours a day was appropriate here. Although we will affirm the hearing officer's award of five hours per day of compensatory education, we find that the hearing officer erred in awarding compensatory education for the period of November 20, 2015 through June 9, 2016. As discussed above, C.M. received a FAPE while in the Language Classroom and accordingly is not entitled to compensatory education for that time period. We therefore will reduce the award of compensatory education to C.M. and enter an order awarding compensatory education of five hours per day for C.M. for each day the MCIU was in session for the time period of January 5, 2015 through November 19, 2015. VI. Finally we turn to defendants' request that this court convert the hearing officer's award of compensatory education -24- hours into a monetary trust on behalf of C.M. The creation of a trust fund is granted only "on a case-by-case basis, depending on the specific situation of each student" and "to ensure that a student is fully compensated" for violations of his or her rights under the IDEA. Ferren C., 612 F.3d at 720. We do not find that such unique circumstances are present here and therefore decline defendants' request. VII. Accordingly, the motion of MCIU for judgment on the administrative record is granted in part and denied in part. -25-


text:
Vorbuchner Adolf  gyulafehérvári püspök.

Pályafutása
Filozófiai és teológiai tanulmányait a svájci Freiburgban folytatta. 1914. szeptember 21-én szentelték pappá. A nagyszebeni Szent Teréz Árvaház hittanára, majd 1914–1918 között tábori lelkész volt. Ezt követően 1928-ig Brassóban káplán és hittanár, majd Nagyszebenben városi lelkész és főesperes-plébános. Az Erdélyi Római Katolikus Státus 14-es bizottságának tagja volt.

Püspöki pályafutása
1936. április 18-án tinnini címzetes püspökké és gyulafehérvári koadjutor püspökké nevezték ki Majláth Gusztáv Károly mellé. Június 7-én szentelték püspökké. Majláth lemondása után 1938. május 28-tól gyulafehérvári megyés püspök, de néhány hónapnyi kormányzás után még abban az évben meghalt. A bécsi irgalmasok kórházában hunyt el, Gyulafehérváron helyezték nyugalomra.

Művei
Az 1920-as években az Erdélyi Tudósító főmunkatársa volt.

 Az erdélyi püspökség. Brassó, 1925
 A nagyszebeni plébánia története. kéziratban maradt

Jegyzetek

További információk
 Bishop Adolfo Vorbuchner, Catholic-Hierarchy

Gyulafehérvári püspökök
1890-ben született személyek
1928-ban elhunyt személyek
20. századi püspökök

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
An aerial view of Sheikh Zayed Road at Sunset in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Image: Rustam Azmi/Getty Images
The dialogue explored tools to shift societal preferences and support more sustainable consumption behaviours. It analysed lessons from experiences of 'nudging' and other efforts in policy areas such as food, energy, buildings and infrastructure, and identified promising opportunities where interventions that target demand-side shifts could deliver more sustainable outcomes. Participants were from industry, government, international organizations, NGOs, academia, foundations and think tanks.
Simone Cooper-Searle
Research Lead, Hoffmann Centre
uselessgroup.org
Bernice Lee
Executive Director, Hoffmann Centre
@BerniceWLee
chathamhouse.org
26 Sep 2017 • 23 min read
There are enormous opportunities to shape future consumption patterns in ways that will have significant implications for sustainability and human wellbeing.
Today, there is a refreshed focus on how best to enhance public engagement, shape consumer behaviour and shift societal preferences to support sustainable resource use. This in part stems from a growing understanding that technologies and investments alone may not deliver needed sustainability outcomes. With disruptive technologies and business models on the horizon, there are enormous opportunities to shape future consumption patterns in ways that will have significant implications for sustainability and human wellbeing, whether on climate change, food, water and energy security, or other UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Societal preferences are shaped by many evolving trends and forces. Economic prosperity, population growth, technological advances, and changing societal and cultural norms already alter the volume and type of goods and services demanded by populations around the world. As a consequence, the long-held assumption – based on historical experience – that income and demand for resources grow hand-in-hand may not be an accurate predictor of the future. New technologies and business models offer opportunities to decouple resource use from economic growth and to do more with less.
OECD's decoupling work
The OECD's Environmental Strategy (2001) introduced the concept of decoupling as delinking the use of primary resources from economic activity. Decoupling can be relative, where the rate of environmental impacts is lower than the rate of economic growth, or absolute in which case resource use declines while the economy grows.
Will the new industrial revolution bring sustainability?
Find out more about the Hoffmann Centre's work on this theme.
Due to advances in computing power, artificial intelligence, digitalization, material science, information technology and design, there are novel products, production methods, services and markets that reshape consumer expectations and behaviours. Digital platforms supported by big-data analytics not only mean that markets are less defined by geography, but insights from these are also increasingly used by companies to respond to individual preferences. Together with 3D printing, advanced robotics and the internet of things, which are creating agile, automated and localised supply chains, this will offer ever more opportunities for speedier mass customization of products and services.
There are signs that consumer attitudes and behaviours can change rapidly. The rise of Uber and other sharing platforms suggest that easy access to car services could be preferred to ownership, especially by younger generations. The same could be said about Airbnb in relation to hotels. Looking to the future, more of these disruptive business models and new forms of peer-to-peer exchange will challenge established production methods and service delivery.
Geographical context matters, whether inside or outside the household. The level of household energy and material use results from many decisions, from the design and layout of the home to the choices made around cooling, lighting and appliances, and to the extent to which occupants are mindful of the economic implications of usage, such as through the use of smart meters. Each of these factors could become an entry point for initiating change. Similarly, people's car use depends on history, urban design and inherited land-use decisions that determine the level of accessibility afforded by public transport and pedestrian infrastructure.
Belonging to the same social group does not necessarily mean people having the same value systems. A wind farm might represent a blight on the landscape to one environmentalist but a key tool to combat climate change to another.
Additionally, people's attitudes and consumption are a function of a complex mix of socio-psychological factors including their values, history, and social and cultural identity. Relationships and social surroundings, along with the information and narratives people encounter in their daily lives also matter. But belonging to the same social group does not necessarily mean people having the same value systems. A wind farm might represent a blight on the landscape to one environmentalist but a key tool to combat climate change to another.
Clearly, it is difficult to anticipate the scale, timing and impact of various demand-side trends, as well as the implication of their interactions. This makes it challenging to develop a fixed set of tools and mechanisms that can be used by companies, governments or communities to move the dial on sustainability. One helpful starting point could be learning from past attempts to influence consumption – with varying degrees of success – through NGO campaigns, nudges, regulations or new products and services.
Changing hearts and minds
Information-sharing campaigns work best when messages are communicated in an inclusive and people-focused manner that also appeals to common values and goals. Voters or consumers consciously and subconsciously seek to reconcile messages with their values (e.g. asking 'what's important to me?') and social identity (e.g. reflecting on 'where do I belong and who else belongs to the same group?'). This means that information-sharing campaigns should take into consideration not only the messages but also the messengers and the setting in which they appear. Social psychology suggests that individuals pick up messages and narratives from communicators they trust or perceive to speak to their values and sense of identity. While there is a degree of preconditioning, this does not mean that attitudes are fixed and cannot be changed.
Some messages, such as on waste minimization and prevention, have been shown to have broad appeal as they play to core values across the political spectrum.
A single message may not resonate with everyone. Some messages, such as on waste minimization and prevention, have been shown to have broad appeal as they play to core values across the political spectrum. However, most campaign narratives need to be adapted to ensure resonance with different target audiences and to avoid the unintended alienation of specific groups. A campaign promoting building renovations and retrofitting could, for example, be designed around: (1) social justice (as more energy-efficient buildings would help mitigate fuel poverty), (2) infrastructure development (which is central to economic growth and employment), (3) heritage (viewing renovation and retrofitting as preservation of national culture) or (4) money-saving (to help reduce heating costs). The challenge is to come up with a unifying solution that speaks to all these different priorities.
In an era of information overload, authenticity is key. Traditional media, including television, radio and print, will continue to be important channels for sharing information and raising awareness, while social media is a more interactive platform that allows customers to provide direct feedback to companies. With the volume of information and competing messages vying for people's attention, robust evidence and a compelling narrative are, now more than ever, key to convincing them of the authenticity of campaign messages.
Credible messengers vary across communities and individuals. Trust in government or the media as sources of information differs across countries depending on social, cultural and political norms. Advocacy by celebrities has been shown to be effective at key moments in different countries – for example, on climate change, species extinction or poverty reduction – but it remains unclear whether this can bring lasting change to behaviour.
Shifting attitudes, beliefs and behaviours is an inexact science, necessitating frequent review. Cognitive biases often come into play, bringing unintended rebound effects.1 An individual may use token behavioural change to justify other consumption choices that could have larger environmental impacts – e.g. 'I always turn the lights off when I leave the room and I'm good at recycling so I feel I can take a long-haul flight for my summer vacation'. And it remains extremely difficult to predict how targeted messaging will be interpreted, as well as the timeframe for response.
On a positive note, public campaigns can also empower and create new social movements that challenge the status quo. The divestment movement on fossil fuels is a case in point. It began as a campaign on US university campuses in 2011, encouraging students to challenge the public discourse on the need for fossil fuels in the future. It led to divestment of university endowments in the first instance. Meanwhile, interested campuses and other communities followed suit and set up their own campaigns based on their local context.
Activists march to the White House to demand a clean energy economy. Image: Astrid Riecken via Getty Images.
A social movement with a decentralized approach can increase a campaign's capacity to deliver change, though it means less control over the overall message, the messengers or any activities undertaken in the name of the movement. What started as a campus movement has now spread to other sectors, with institutional and individual investors divesting some $5.4 trillion from fossil-fuel companies to date.
The tactics employed by different groups to shift behaviour may at times seem contradictory. Some prefer targeted engagement with tailored messages for specific socio-political groups that appeal to their value systems. Others opt for high-profile public campaigns that advocate a particular outcome. While opinions differ on the relative strengths of different approaches or tactics from mass mobilization to targeted engagement and regulatory change, singling out the efficacy of one over another is often counterproductive as most of these are synergistic and can be pursued in parallel. Proponents of different tactics would benefit from a greater exchange of ideas and appreciation of their complementarity.
Regulation and nudges
Government interventions are often key to bridging 'value-action' gaps. While frequently critical, information sharing and mass mobilization campaigns alone will unlikely suffice. This is in part because changes in values, attitudes or beliefs do not necessarily lead to a shift in consumption behaviour.
Regulation can be extremely effective but may be met with political or ideological resistance, which can end up delaying action. For example, the 5p charge on single-use plastic bags implemented across the United Kingdom in 2015 reduced their use by 85 per cent. At the time of its introduction, however, headlines decrying this as an 'outrage' and scaremongering on alleged negative economic impacts proliferated.
Recent years have seen growth in non-regulatory interventions or 'nudges' that are used by public and private actors. These involve making subtle changes to the circumstances and contexts in which decisions and behaviours occur. They can be as simple as a text message reminder that prompts a farmer to join up to a conservation programme in the United States2 or, at the other end of the spectrum, incentives to encourage installing a smart thermostat that helps save energy and money for the occupant of a house.3
Choice architecture and product desirability
30 secs
Purchasing decisions are often made within 30 seconds.
Shopping is not a rational or considered process, and is open to influence. Purchasing decisions are often made within 30 seconds (while decisions on menu in restaurants take no more than 60–90 seconds), highlighting the importance of subconscious processes such as intuition and reflex. Marketing tactics such as product positioning and the use of signage and offers have long involved changing the choice architecture of purchasing decisions.
Experience from the private sector suggests that some companies have refrained from using a more value-laden rhetoric of sustainability in their marketing, even when their products meet the highest environmental standards. Method, a producer of cleaning products owned by Ecover, tries to build a base of brand loyalists with products that look good enough to display, emphasizing the fragrance, design and vibrant colors of their naturally derived, biodegradable, non-toxic household cleaning products. Memphis Meats, a leader in producing cultured meat, takes a similar approach, marketing the taste of its meat products rather than their environmental benefits.
For products to have mass appeal, buyers need to see tangible and direct benefits; i.e. a clear, long-term value proposition. This could mean lower costs, a more convenient shopping experience or higher quality and performance to encourage customers to break their usual purchasing habits. Once customers have bought into the benefits of new products, habit can kick in and they become the norm.
Hailed as a major disruptor to today's livestock industry, companies producing innovative meat analogues are blurring the line between disruption and business-as-usual.
Read Laura Wellesley's article
Collaboration across industries or supply chains can help bring more sustainable products or services into the mainstream. Innovation often incurs significant risks and costs, especially if it involves a deviation from business-as-usual practices by the end-users. Collaboration across industries and supply chains means sharing the innovation burden. It also helps accelerate commercialization, with shared lessons and best practice that can help reduce the cost of adoption and achieve economies of scale.
Collaboration may bring unexpected partnerships and opportunities. For example, Unilever and IKEA are working together to improve the welfare of animals used in their supply chains. Collaboration is not without its downsides of course. The profitability for individual firms may be lower, even though it is rare that one company alone caters to the whole market. This means that companies may need to balance, at times, conflicting considerations.
Leveraging new technologies
Technology and new business models make it possible to do much more with much less. But will governments and companies seize the opportunity?
Read Bernice Lee's article
Digital technologies and new business models are blurring the distinction between producers and consumers. From peer-to-peer sharing platforms providing accommodation (Airbnb, Oyo Rooms), cars and car rides (Uber, BlaBlaCar, easyCar Club, GO-JEK) and food and drink deliveries (UberEATS, Deliveroo, Hello Fresh) to household-services providers (TaskRabbit, Handy), individuals are now selling goods and services in markets that were traditionally dominated by corporate actors. Some of these new business models deliver more with less by avoiding the use of new resources. For example, without Airbnb rooms, 267 extra hotels would have been required to accommodate all the tourists in Rio de Janeiro during the 2016 Olympics.
The Uber ride sharing application running on an iPhone. Image: Jaap Arriens/NurPhoto via Getty Images.
Product innovation could offer more options to meet different needs more sustainably. This could involve the sourcing of cleaner energy inputs or more efficient material use, the redesign of a product or, in the case of bioengineering, a complete re-imagination of how products are made. For example, with insights from natural coral formation, BioMason, a biotech start-up, uses bacteria to grow bricks for use in construction. These 'bio' bricks have a significantly lower emissions profile than conventional bricks made in a kiln and eliminate the need for cement.
Bio-based products have many applications, even from the same biological feedstock. Ecovative Design, a US biomaterials company, uses mushrooms to grow packaging and glue, displacing less sustainable options like Styrofoam and formaldehyde. Dutch company Manure Couture extracts cellulose from manure to produce biodegradable plastics, paper and textiles. Such bio-based innovations increasingly compete with conventional goods on price and performance, which can help build public acceptability.
Data analytics and blockchains can help bring to light the sustainability impacts of consumption choices. Increased computing power, data storage capabilities and blockchain will bring greater transparency and traceability on the energy, materials and greenhouse-gas emissions embedded in products. This information could then be communicated to individual or corporate customers to make them more aware of the financial and environmental implications of their consumption choices.
Shaping future demand
Any application of demand-shaping tools needs to be tied to a long-term trajectory or set of targets to ensure that a new system of production and consumption is environmentally and socially sustainable, and delivers the scale of change needed.
Efforts to steer global consumption towards more sustainable pathways require a mix of tools, mechanisms and approaches to ensure effectiveness over the long term. While data collection and information sharing is necessary, they rarely suffice on their own. Other tools like public campaigns, a change in choice architecture and regulations are important complements to shift consumers from good intentions to making more sustainable choices.
Governments, businesses, NGOs, media and broader civil society should focus more on demand-side opportunities that could induce larger-scale shifts in societal preferences. A first step in this process is being mindful of strategic openings to shape future demand. These include the following.
Feeding future generations and avoiding dangerous climate change will require new technologies that decouple food production from land, as well as new business models that profit from disrupting consumption trends.
Read Rob Bailey's article
When consumption behaviours are less entrenched: Interventions are most effective when the timing is right. Individuals can be more or less amenable to change in different periods of their life. New homeowners may be more open to retrofitting their properties with energy-efficiency improvements than long-term occupants. Similarly, younger people are more engaged with digital technologies and platforms, signalling more flexible consumption behaviours. As these critical junctures cannot always be anticipated, specific preparations could help build capacity and acceptance around future interventions. In the case of sustainable diets, for example, one could use cookery lessons in schools to improve the understanding and capability of future generations to prepare healthier and more sustainable meals as well as reduce food waste.
Food & diets
Healthy food options await students in a cafeteria at Lake Braddock Secondary School in the US. Image: Katherine Frey/The Washington Post via Getty Images.
Where sustainability impacts could be amplified: Changing diets is often cited as one of the major instruments in safeguarding future food, water and climate systems – relieving pressures on land and supporting decarbonization. Diets have evolved in response to shifting cultural and social norms, especially with respect to public-health concerns. There are concerted efforts underway to support a reduction in meat consumption, which has reached unhealthy and unsustainable levels in many countries. In some cultures, plant-based alternatives are already standard offerings, while in others the focus is on alternative products that mimic the taste and texture of meat to replicate the consumer experience.
Where future demand growth will be concentrated, like in emerging economies: Population growth and rising prosperity mean that the bulk of future demand growth will likely come from developing economies. This means that their citizens and governments are critical stakeholders and partners as consumption habits evolve in these countries. It is crucial to explore opportunities to encourage more sustainable consumption choices in large developing economies, especially among the youth and the emerging middle classes.
Where multi-level approaches could boost impacts. More than half of the world's population are now urban dwellers. City-level initiatives are therefore important complements to nationwide interventions, whether as a hub of new innovations or as a testing ground for national-level initiatives. Concerns over air quality, for example, have mobilized city-level environmental action bringing climate-related co-benefits. Forums like C40 could embolden city leaders to share lessons and replicate successful initiatives around the world.
Any application of demand-shaping tools needs to be tied to a long-term trajectory or set of targets, such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, to ensure that a new system of production and consumption is environmentally and socially sustainable, and delivers the scale of change needed.
↑ For example, individuals may respond to new information in a way that confirms existing beliefs and favours their social grouping (confirmation and in-group bias), adds more weight to the first piece of evidence that is presented (anchoring effect) or supports an automatic, habituated response (default option).
↑ Ferraro, P. (2014), 'The Road to Sustainability: More Nudging, Less Shoving', SNAPP, 27 January 2014.
↑ The Behavioural Insights Team (2016), Update Report 2015-2016.
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