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2 edition of Karl Marx found in the catalog.
Wilhelm Liebknecht
biographical memoirs
by Wilhelm Liebknecht
Published 1968 by Greenwood Press in New York .
Marx, Karl, -- 1818-1883.
First pub.1901.
Statement Trans. by E.Untermann.
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Karl Marx by Wilhelm Liebknecht Download PDF EPUB FB2
Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction.
See all books authored by Karl Marx, including Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, and The Marx-Engels Reader, and more on perloffphoto.com Looking for books by Karl Marx. See all books authored by Karl Marx, including Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, and The Marx-Engels Reader, and more on perloffphoto.com Formative Early Writings by Karl Marx: A Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, On the Jewish Question, Theses on Feuerbach, The German Ideology, The 18th Brumaire of Louis-Napoleon and Preface to the Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx, Derek Le Page, et al.
Pages in category "Books by Karl Marx" The following 27 pages are in Karl Marx book category, out of 27 total.
This list may not reflect recent changes (). Jan Karl Marx book, · Karl Marx, revolutionary, socialist, historian, and economist who, with Friedrich Engels, wrote the works that formed the basis of communism.
So your first choice of books is Karl Marx () by Isaiah Berlin, which was Berlin's first book. It's a short intellectual biography. It's a short intellectual biography. Berlin was a Russian Jewish émigré and later an eminent historian of ideas at Oxford Karl Marx book.
German philosopher and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, anticapitalist works that form the basis of perloffphoto.com: May 05, Quotations from Chairman Mao-Tse-tung ('The Little Red Book') epub mobi pdf. Karl Marx. Marx and Engels eBooks in all formats.
Frantz Mehring. Karl Marx - the Story of his Life epub azw mobi. William Morris. The Karl Marx book of Ghent epub mobi Socialism from the Root Up epub mobi A Summary of the Principles of Socialism epub mobi.
Anton Pannekoek. Mar 15, · Karl Marx Karl Marx (5 May – 14 March ) was a world-known journalist, philosopher, and economist. Together with Friedrich Engels, he authored 'Manifesto of the Communist Party' and enlarged the pamphlet in his book 'Das Karl Marx book This formed the basis of Marxism.5/5(2).
Jun 06, · Karl Karl Marx book () was a German philosopher and economist who became a social revolutionary as co-author of "The Communist Manifesto." Shows This Day In History. The Online Books Page. Online Books by. Karl Marx (Marx, Karl, ) Online books about this author are available, as is a Wikipedia article.
Marx, Karl, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (3 volumes; Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Co., ), ed. by Friedrich Engels, trans.
Karl Marx book Samuel Moore, Edward B. Aveling, and Ernest Untermann. Marx is a bitter man who hated the world. He was also really lazy and didn't worked at all. Karl Marx book Instead of Karl Marx book sticking to the idea of Communism/ Marxism check out Adam Smith's Karl Marx book which is called "The Wealth of Nations." By the way there is a reason why communism didn't work yet in the world/5.
Karl Marx, –83, German social philosopher, the chief theorist of modern socialism and communism. Early Life Marx's father, a lawyer, converted from Judaism to Lutheranism in Marx studied law at Bonn and Berlin, but became interested in philosophy and took a Ph.D.
degree Karl Marx book Jena (). Karl Marx was born at Trier in of Karl Marx book German-Jewish family converted to Christianity. As a student in Bonn and Berlin he was influenced by Hegel's dialectic, but he later reacted against idealist philosophy and began to develop his theory of historical materialism.
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte Karl Marx downloads; The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels downloads; Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. English Karl Marx downloads; Das Kapital.
Greek (Greek) Karl Marx downloads; Revolution and Counter-Revolution; Or, Germany in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The first edition of the novel was published in February 21stand was written by Karl Marx. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Paperback format.
The main characters of this philosophy, non fiction story are. The book has been awarded with, and many others/5. The first edition of the novel was published inand was written by Karl Marx.
The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Paperback format. The main characters of this philosophy, economics story are. The book has been awarded with, and many others/5. An engaging and fast-paced book by an economic journalist explores how the usual growth measures capture only a narrow slice of reality Published: 29 Jun The Growth Delusion by David Pilling.
Karl Marx (May 5, –March 14, ), a Prussian political economist, journalist, and activist, and author of the seminal works, "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital," influenced generations of political leaders and socioeconomic thinkers. Apr 15, · Ebook, Karl Marx Das Kapital Kritik der politischen Ãkonomie.
May 08, · Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen ; Capital: Critique of Political Economy), by Karl Marx, is a critical analysis of capitalism as political economy, meant to reveal the economic laws of the capitalist mode of production, and how it was the /5(8).
May 04, · Karl Marx was born inin the Rhenish city of Trier, the son of a successful perloffphoto.com studied law and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, completing his doctorate in In Paris three years later, Marx was introduced to the study of political economy by a former fellow student, Frederick Engels.
"Karl Marx is a difficult and complex thinker, giving rise to numerous controversies and schools of thought about what he actually meant. In this fine book, William Dennison displays a command of both Marx's own writings and the various disputes among Marxist schools of thought.
Feb 05, · 'A groundbreaking work of economic analysis. It is also a literary masterpice' Francis Wheen, GuardianOne of the most notorious and influential works of modern times, Capital is an incisive critique of private property and the social relations it generates. Living in exile in England, where this work was largely written, Marx drew on a wide-ranging knowledge of its society to support his analysis.4/5(4).
Capital, Volume I is the first of three volumes in Karl Marx's monumental work, Das Kapital, and the only volume to be published during his lifetime, in Marx's aim in Capital, Volume I is to uncover and explain the laws specific to the capitalist mode of production and of the class struggles rooted in these capitalist social relations.
Nov 21, · If you are interested in Marxism, I would not suggest that you start with Marx. You could start with books like 'A very short introduction to Marxism' or Terry Eagleton's short but nice introduction to Marx. You can also try the 'ABC of Communism'. The most famous book of Karl Marx was Das Kapital, his analysis of 19th Century Capitalism.
In that sense, Marx spent far more effort on analyzing a Capitalist System, than describing a 'Communist' Future. The Communist Manifesto which has 'hints'. Read online CONFLICT THEORY (KARL MARX) book pdf free download link book now. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so don't worry about it.
This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the header. May 04, · If Harvey is a good way to become acquainted with Marxist economics, Francis Wheen's Karl Marx allows the reader to situate his output within the context of Author: Aaron Bastani.
See all books by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels. About Karl Marx. Karl Marx (–) was a philosopher, social scientist, historian, and revolutionary. He is without a doubt the most influential socialist thinker More about Karl Marx.
About Friedrich Engels. Mar 20, · Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary.
Born in Trier, Germany, to a Jewish middle-class family, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and 5/5. Karl Marx. Capital A Critique of Political Economy Volume I Book One: The Process of Production of Capital. First published: in German in ; Source: First english edition of (4th German edition changes included as indicated) with some modernisation of spelling; Study Guide | Reviews of Capital | Marx/Engels Archive Economic Works.
Karl Marx () was a philosopher, author, social theorist, and an perloffphoto.com is famous for his theories about capitalism and perloffphoto.com, in conjunction with Friedrich Engels.
Discover Book Depository's huge selection of Karl Marx books online. Free delivery worldwide on over 20 million titles.
This is a brilliant collection of some of the very best writings of Karl Marx. A must read for anyone with interest in Marx's early writings (non-Marxist period), letters, essays, his Doctoral thesis, and then later on his political writings forming the `theory of historical materialism', commonly referred to as perloffphoto.com by: About The Portable Karl Marx.
Includes the complete Communist Manifesto and substantial extracts from On the Jewish Question, the German Ideology, Grundrisse, and Capital, a broad representation of his letters, and lesser-known works, especially his long-unavailable, early works.
In this book, Marx developed very philosophical ideas related to the crises of the working class and the implicit struggles between laborers and owners of industries.
The works and ideas of Karl Marx in his book Das Kapital were later edited by Engels after his death in in London (Wheen, ). Karl Marx - Karl Marx - Early years in London: Expelled once more from Paris, Marx went to London in August It was to be his home for the rest of his life.
Chagrined by the failure of his own tactics of collaboration with the liberal bourgeoisie, he rejoined the Communist League in London and for about a year advocated a bolder revolutionary policy.
An "Address of the Central Committee. These are the sources and citations used to research Karl Marx. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Friday, October 2, In Karl Marx's critique of the political economy of capitalism, commodity fetishism is the perception of the social relationships involved in production, not as relationships among people, but as economic relationships among the money and commodities exchanged in market trade.
With the notion of commodity fetishism, illustrated in the first chapter of Book 1 of Capital, Marx took a step. Nov 02, · Section 3 - Socialist & Communist Literature; pdf Section 4 - Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels -- .
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The 7 Richest MLB Figures
Diksha Rai June 17, 2022 How To No Comments
If you're a sports fanatic, chances are you've heard of Major League Baseball. While the league is as well known as the best online casino, it's also one of the most financially lucrative sporting leagues in the world due to its television revenue, ticket sales, and advertising deals.
The MLB has made some of its star players — and front office executives — wealthy beyond most people's wildest imaginations. Here are the seven Major League Baseball figures with the highest net worths.
Ryan Howard – $120 Million
Howard, a former American professional baseball player and first baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies, has an estimated net worth of $120 million.
Howard made his debut in 2004 with the Phillies. In 2012, he signed a five-year, $125 million contract extension with the club and was named the captain for the 2013 season. He spent his entire 13-year career in Philadelphia before retiring soon after the 2016 season.
Miguel Cabrera – $125 Million
Cabrera is one of the wealthiest players in Major League Baseball thanks to his 10-year, $292 million deal with the Detroit Tigers. The Florida Marlins initially signed Cabrera as an amateur free agent in 1999. He made his MLB debut in 2003 and played for them through 2007 before being traded to Detroit.
Cabrera has won two AL MVP awards and one Triple Crown. He also led the league with 44 home runs in 2012, the year of his Triple Crown.
Albert Pujols – $170 Million
Many people thought Pujols would retire after the 2021 season, but the rumors didn't stick. He returned in 2022 after signing with the St. Louis Cardinals, the team he spent the first half of his career with. Pujols signed one of the richest contracts in MLB history after the 2011 season, agreeing to a 10-year, $240 million contract with the Los Angeles Angels.
Pujols is on his last legs, but the three-time MVP is in striking distance of becoming the fourth player to reach 700 career home runs.
Ichiro Suzuki – $180 Million
With a net worth of $180 million, Ichiro is one of the richest baseball players in the world. He was also one of the most popular players in Major League Baseball during his playing days.
Suzuki was born in Japan, but he became a star in America when he played for Seattle Mariners from 2001 to 2012. During his time with them, Ichiro won one American League Most Valuable Player Award and had ten straight seasons with at least 200 hits. He also led the league with 262 hits in 2004, which is still an MLB record.
Derek Jeter – $200 Million
Jeter's net worth is estimated at $200 million by Forbes Magazine. He began his career as a shortstop for the New York Yankees in 1995 and donned the pinstripes every year until his retirement in 2014.
Jeter won five World Series championships and five Gold Glove awards during his time with the Yankees. Soon after, he became a part-owner of the Miami Marlins before selling his share after the 2021 season.
Alex Rodriguez – $350 Million
Rodriguez is a former professional baseball player and present-day businessman, amassing a net worth of $350 million. He is a three-time MVP who spent the majority of his 22-year career with the New York Yankees.
Rodriguez began his professional career with the Seattle Mariners, where he played from 1994 to 2000. He then signed with the Texas Rangers for a record $252 million over 10 years. After winning an MVP in 2003, he was traded to the Yankees, where he'd play until his retirement in 2016. During his tenure in New York, he signed a record-setting 10-year, $275 million extension.
Bud Selig – $400 million
Selig isn't a former player, but rather the former commissioner of Major League Baseball. While his accomplishments weren't like the others on this list, Selig has a net worth of $400 million today.
Selig became the acting commissioner in 1992 before having the "acting" label removed in 1998. During his tenure, he oversaw massive financial growth and the additions of competitive changes like the Wild Card and interleague play. Now 87, he retired after the 2014 season and was replaced by Rob Manfred.
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Diksha Rai is a professional content writer. She is very passionate about writing articles related to health, diet, weight loss, yoga and fitness. I have been inspired by the most prolific weight loss authors and have a desire to become fastidious researcher with an excellent talent for divining future situations.
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Hey all you lovelies! It's been a while since we last spoke. I always like to wait until I have something really good to say, rather than just bombard you with random posts. And my experience this past weekend is certainly blog-post worthy. My 8 year old goes to this incredible school where she gets to choose a subject each semester that she wants to study....rather than has to study. It's been a pretty wide variety of subjects over the past 2 years and this semester she has chosen to study fashion. I called up an old friend of mine who works for a really, super talented designer named Mara Hoffman and not only did she agree to have my daughter over to the studio to interview them on "a day in the life of a designer" but she also gave us tickets to come and see their show this past weekend at Fashion Week in NYC! Such a fun experience. The clothes were absolutely stunning. Her collections tend to be very tribal and inspired by her travel and wow, they are absolutely amazing. You can actually view the full show here to see just what I mean. Click here to view the show. I've given you a screen shot of my personal favorites below! Talk to you soon!


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3.0 වෙළුම සමඟ Bootstrap සම්මත ජංගම-ප්රථම නිර්මාණය දර්ශනය,පෙර සැකසුම මඟින් අවධාරණය ප්රතිචාර නිර්මාණය ආරම්භ කලේය.
වෙළුම 4.0 ඇල්ෆා නිදහස් කිරීමත් සමග Sass සහ flexbox සහයෝගය එකතු විය .
Bootstrap යානු මොඩියුලක් සහ සමන්විත වුණා අඩු විලාස පත් වලින් සමන්විත වුණ විවිධ මෙවලම් කට්ටලයේ උපාංග ක්රියාත්මක කිරීම මගින්. මෙම stylesheets සාමාන්යයෙන් මිටියක් සමගම සම්පාදනය කර ඇති අතර, වෙබ් පිටු තුළ ඇතුළත් වේ.නමුත් තනි තනි කොටස් ඇතුළත් හෝ ඉවත් කළ හැකිය. Bootstrap විවිධ සංරචක වර්ණ හා පුරවන වැනි වින්යාස විචල්යයන් ගණනාවක් සපයයි.
Bootstrap 2 සිට, Bootstrap ලේඛගතකිරීමහි ඉල්ලා සංරචක සහ විවිධ සැකසුම් මත පදනම් bootstrap වල සැකසුණු අනුවාදය උත්පාදනය වන පාරිභෝගිකයාගේ තැනීමේ මායා අඳුන ඇතුළත් කර ඇත.
Bootstrap 4 වන විට stylesheets සඳහා ඒ වෙනුවට අඩු Sass භාවිතා වේ.
නිත්ය HTML අංග වලට අමතරව,Bootstrap පොදුවේ භාවිතා අනෙකුත් අතුරු මුහුණත මූලද්රව්ය අඩංගු වේ.සංඝටකයන් HTML පිටුවක නිශ්චිත අංග වලට ඇතුලත් කරන CSS වේ පන්ති ලෙසින් ක්රියාත්මක වේ.
ඔක්තෝබර් 29, 2014, මාක් ඔටෝ Bootstrap 4 සංවර්ධනය කල බව ප්රකාශ කලේය. සැප්තැම්බර් 6, 2016 දින Bootstrap 4 මත වැඩ කිරීමට කාලය නිදහස් කිරීම සඳහා මාර්ක් Bootstrap 3 වැඩ තහනම් කළේය 4000 කට අධික commits මේ වන විට Bootstrap 4 codebase කටයුතු කර ඇත .
Less සිට Sass මාරු විය.
IE8,IE9, සහ iOS 6 සහයෝගය පහත වැටුනි.
flexbox පහසුකම එකතු විය පසුව flexbox නොවන සහයෝගය පහත වැටුනි.
pixels සිට rems මාරු විය.
panel, thumbnail, හා හොඳින් සංරචක පහත වැටී ඇත.
මෙම Glyphicons අයිකනය අකුරු පහත වැටී ඇත.
පේජරය සංරචකය පහත වැටී ඇත.
නැවත ලියා සියලුම දෙනා පාහේ සංරචක,jQuery ප්ලගින හා ලිපි ලේඛන.
↑ Rebert, Chris (July 25, 2016). "Bootstrap 3.3.7 released". Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
↑ Otto, Mark (January 6, 2017). "Bootstrap 4 Alpha 6". Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
↑ "Search · stars:>1". GitHub. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
↑ Otto, Mark (January 17, 2012). "Bootstrap in A List Apart No. 342". Mark Otto's blog. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
↑ Otto, Mark (August 19, 2011). "Bootstrap from Twitter". Developer Blog. Twitter. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
↑ "About". Bootstrap. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
↑ Otto, Mark (August 19, 2013). "Bootstrap 3 released". Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
↑ "Supported browsers". Bootstrap. සම්ප්‍රවේශය February 23, 2017.
මේ පිටුව අන්තිමට සැකසුවේ 11 මාර්තු 2017 දින දී, 10:42 වේලාවෙහිදීය.


Slinky Dog Dash Roller Coaster Ride is open!
Slinky Dog Dash only at Disney's Hollywood Studios Toy Story Land's first toddler-friendly roller coaster!
Toy Story Land officially opened on June 30th.
See detailed information for Disney World Website © Disney, All Rights Reserved.
Disney's Hollywood Studios is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Based on a concept by Marty Sklar, Randy Bright, and Michael Eisner, the park opened on May 1, 1989, as the Disney-MGM Studios Theme Park, and was the third of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World. Spanning 135 acres (55 ha), the park is dedicated to the imagined worlds from film, television, music, and theatre, drawing inspiration from the Golden Age of Hollywood.
Disney's Hollywood Studios was initially developed as both a theme park inspired by show business and an operating production studio, with active film and television production services, an animation facility branch, and a functioning backlot. Construction on the combined park and studio began in 1987, but was accelerated when the construction of the similarly-themed Universal Studios Florida began a few miles away. To increase public interest and the variety of film representation within the park, Disney entered into a licensing agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where from the park's original name was derived. The park's production capabilities were removed throughout the 2000s, and many of the park's soundstages were retrofitted for newer attractions and guest use. The park's current name took effect in 2008, with the removal of the MGM-branding throughout the park. In the 2010s, the park began to distance itself from the original studio backlot intention and entered a new direction of theming and attraction development inspired by Hollywood stories.
The park's icon was originally the Earffel Tower from the park's opening until 2001 when the Sorcerer's Hat—a stylized version of the magical hat from Fantasia—was erected in the park's central hub. It then served as the park's icon until its removal in January 2015. In 2017, the park hosted approximately 10.72 million guests, ranking it the fifth most-visited theme park in North America and the ninth most-visited theme park in the world.


text:
Home News 42 Journalists Killed Worldwide Because of Their Work in 2020
42 Journalists Killed Worldwide Because of Their Work in 2020
The International Federation of Journalists also reported that 235 journalists are in prison for their work - Image Source: Twitter
THE INTERNATIONAL Federation of Journalists (IFJ) has revealed that 42 journalists were killed because of their work across the globe this year, while 235 are in prison for their reporting.
Mexico topped the list of countries where reporters and media workers lost their lives for their journalism for the fourth time since 2015, with 13 murdered. Pakistan was second on the list with 5 deaths. Afghanistan, India, Iraq and Nigeria all saw 3 journalists killed each since January.
"These are not just statistics. They are our friends and colleagues who have dedicated their lives to, and paid the ultimate price for, their work as journalists." said in the INJ. "We don't just remember them but we will pursue every case, pressing governments and law enforcement authorities to bring their murderers to justice."
The figure of deaths is roughly the same as when the INJ began recording journalist killings in 1990, and in the last 30 years, they say that 2658 journalists have been killed in their line of work. Despite a mild recent decline in annual deaths, the INJ say that the "decrease in journalist killings in recent years cannot disguise the deadly dangers and threats journalists continue to face doing their work".
Alongside the fatalities, the INJ reported that 235 journalists are currently imprisoned because of their reporting. The union's director said: "These findings shine a spotlight on gross abuse by governments who seek to shield themselves against accountability by jailing journalists and denying them due process.
"The staggering numbers of our colleagues in detention is a sober reminder of the exacting price journalists around the globe pay for their pursuit of truth in the public interest."
Thank you for taking the time to read this news article "42 Journalists Killed Worldwide Because of Their Work in 2020". For more UK daily news, Spanish daily news and Global news stories, visit the Euro Weekly News home page.
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text:
Q: Live Edit on WebStorm 7 I have download JB IDE support in my chrome but it does not work.When I change the html file but does not change in chrome.who can tell me why?

A: Debugging/Live Edit with WebStorm 7.* and 8.* (PHPStorm 7., Idea 12.) don't work when using Chrome 37.* or higher. Problems are caused by Chrome API changes. The issue is fixed in WebStorm 9 EAP

A: in chrome go to chrome://flags/
and enable the flag Enable Silent Debugging

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
+++
title = "Lamport Clocks"
date = 2021-05-25

[taxonomies]
tags = ["distributed systems", "logical clocks"]
+++

# Problem with Physical Clocks

There are a lot of good stuff that a wall clock does.
For example, telling you the time. :-)

But when it comes to ordering a set of events,
a simple wall clock will not be sufficient.
Well, it is sufficient, if all of us follow the same clock.
But in a distributed sense it is often not the case.

<!-- more -->

Consider the following (somewhat phoney) example:

Ram and Shyam meet at Howrah Station
and they sync their clocks with the station clock exactly at 10 am.
Then they go to watch a cricket match at Eden Gardens and sit very far away.
Shyam doesn't know that his watch is faulty and has stopped for an hour in midst of the match.

Ram's job is to note what the bowler does, while Sam records the batsman.

At the end of the day, their notebooks look like these:

```
[Ram]
3:00:00 PM: Shami gives a powerful yorker!

[Shyam]
2:00:10 PM: Kohli is out!
```

Can you see the problem?
The event of Shami's bowling **happened before** Kohli getting out.
But Shyam's clock was behind, so the event of Kohli getting out received a lower timestamp.
If they merged their notebooks, the resulting log would be incoherent.

# Logical Clocks

To establish a causal ordering among the events,
the concept of Logical clocks have been formulated.
These do not depend upon Physical clocks
but in general, progress forward in time with new events happening.

Few examples of Logical clocks are: **Lamport Clock**, **Vector Clock** etc.

We will talk about Lamport clocks in this post.

## Notations

- `a -> b` means event a happened before b
- `a || b` means events a and b happened concurrently
- `L(a)` is the Lamport Timestamp of an event a.
- `N(a)` is the node number on which an event occurs.

# Lamport Clock

This is one of the earliest formulations of Logical clocks and is remarkably simple too.
It was developed by Leslie Lamport.

Each node maintains a counter (`t`).
The value of `t` at the time of an event `a` is the Lamport timestamp of the event `L(a)`.

`t` is incremented as follows:

```
// Initial condition
t := 0

// For an internal event in the node
t++
PerformEvent(t)

// Sending message to another node
t++
Send(t, msg)

// Receiving message from another node
t', msg := Recv()
t = max(t, t') + 1
```

This simple algorithm ensures that if `a -> b`, `L(a) < L(b)`.
The converse, however, is not true.
If `L(a) < L(b)` then either `a -> b` or `a || b`.

It is not possible to distinguish "happens before" and "concurrent" cases using Lamport Clocks.
We need to use the Vector Clock for it.

## Total Ordering of Events

Lamport clock provides a neat way of establishing a total order among the events.
Since events in different nodes may have the same timestamp,
we define the total order by the pair `(L(a), N(a))`.

The relation is as follows: `a < b <=> (L(a) < L(b)) || (L(a) = L(b) && N(a) < N(b))`

This ordering is useful in places where an ordering of events coming from different nodes is required,
eg, in consensus, in distributed database transaction processing etc.

# The Code

Here is a small example of Lamport Clocks written in Golang.
The nodes are just goroutines and they communicate among themselves using a set of channels.

Each nodes does the following indefinitely:

1. Randomly chooses whether to perform an internal event or send a message
2. If doing internal event, sleeps for a random amount of time.
3. If sending message, sends message to a randomly selected node.

## Message

We send this struct as our message:

```go
type Message struct {
	timestamp int32
	message   string
}
```

Here `timestamp` is the Lamport Timestamp.

## The Node

The node clearly has 2 parts:

1. One that performs the internal event or sends messages
2. The other that waits to receive a message

These 2 have to run concurrently with the internal timestamp (`t`) being common to both.
Thus the places where `t` is accessed will become Critical sections.

```go
func Node(id int, conn []chan Message, n int) {
	var t int32
	t = 0 // Lamport timestamp

    // Receiving part

    // Event and Sending part
}
```

The receiving part is simple:

```go
go func() {
    // Receiving section
    for msg := range conn[id] {
        t_temp := int32(math.Max(float64(t), float64(msg.timestamp)))   // max(t, t')
        t_temp++    // max(t, t') + 1
        atomic.StoreInt32(&t, t_temp)
        fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Message received: %s\n", id, t, msg.message)
    }
}()
```

See the use of `atomic.StoreInt32` for atomic operations on `t`.

The internal event and sending message part is as follows:

```go
for {
    what := rand.Intn(2)
    if what == 0 {
        // Perform an internal event
        d := time.Duration(rand.Int63n((maxSleep + 1)))

        atomic.AddInt32(&t, 1)
        fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Internal Event: Sleeping for %d nanoseconds\n", id, t, d)
        time.Sleep(d)
        fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Internal Event: Sleeping complete\n", id, t)
    } else {
        // Send message
        recipient := rand.Intn(n)
        atomic.AddInt32(&t, 1)
        fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Sending message to %d\n", id, t, recipient)
        message := fmt.Sprintf("Node %d says Hi!", id)
        conn[recipient] <- Message{
            timestamp: t,
            message:   message,
        }
        fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Sent message to %d\n", id, t, recipient)
    }
}
```

## Putting it altogether

Here's the full code if someone wants to run it on their machine:

```go
/*
File: lamport.go
Author: Shubham Mishra

Implementation of Lamport clocks
Nodes are go routines
*/
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
)

type Message struct {
	timestamp int32
	message   string
}

var maxSleep int64
var wg sync.WaitGroup

/*
Node represents the behaviour of a node.
It randomly chooses whether to perform an internal event
or send message to a randomly selected node.

id = Unique node identifier,
conn = Array of channels used to send message (represents Network),
n = Max nodes
*/
func Node(id int, conn []chan Message, n int) {
	var t int32
	t = 0 // Lamport timestamp

	go func() {
		// Receiving section
		for msg := range conn[id] {
			t_temp := int32(math.Max(float64(t), float64(msg.timestamp)))
			t_temp++
			atomic.StoreInt32(&t, t_temp)
			fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Message received: %s\n", id, t, msg.message)
		}
	}()

	for {
		what := rand.Intn(2)
		if what == 0 {
			// Perform an internal event
			d := time.Duration(rand.Int63n((maxSleep + 1)))

			atomic.AddInt32(&t, 1)
			fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Internal Event: Sleeping for %d nanoseconds\n", id, t, d)
			time.Sleep(d)
			fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Internal Event: Sleeping complete\n", id, t)
		} else {
			// Send message
			recipient := rand.Intn(n)
			atomic.AddInt32(&t, 1)
			fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Sending message to %d\n", id, t, recipient)
			message := fmt.Sprintf("Node %d says Hi!", id)
			conn[recipient] <- Message{
				timestamp: t,
				message:   message,
			}
			fmt.Printf("[Node %d][Time %d] Sent message to %d\n", id, t, recipient)
		}
	}

	wg.Done()

}

func main() {
	n, err := strconv.Atoi(os.Args[1])
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("Usage: go run lamport.go number_of_nodes")
		os.Exit(1)
	}
	conn := make([]chan Message, n)

	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		conn[i] = make(chan Message)
	}
	maxSleep = 5e+9
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		wg.Add(1)
		go Node(i, conn, n)
	}
	wg.Wait()

}
```

## Output

Let us run it with 10 nodes and observe the timestamps in one of the nodes:

```bash
go run lamport.go 10 | grep -E "\[Node 1\]"
```

```log
[Node 1][Time 1] Internal Event: Sleeping for 4712270262 nanoseconds
[Node 1][Time 4] Message received: Node 8 says Hi!
[Node 1][Time 5] Message received: Node 4 says Hi!
[Node 1][Time 6] Message received: Node 2 says Hi!
[Node 1][Time 14] Message received: Node 6 says Hi!
[Node 1][Time 14] Internal Event: Sleeping complete
[Node 1][Time 15] Sending message to 6
[Node 1][Time 15] Sent message to 6
[Node 1][Time 16] Sending message to 1
[Node 1][Time 16] Sent message to 1
[Node 1][Time 17] Internal Event: Sleeping for 4713211716 nanoseconds
[Node 1][Time 18] Message received: Node 1 says Hi!
[Node 1][Time 23] Message received: Node 3 says Hi!
[Node 1][Time 23] Internal Event: Sleeping complete
[Node 1][Time 24] Internal Event: Sleeping for 3108013669 nanoseconds
[Node 1][Time 34] Message received: Node 4 says Hi!
```

See how there is a sudden jump in timestamp from 24 to 34 in the last line.

This shows the `max` operation at work and that node 4 had quite a lot of events happening when node 1 went to sleep for 3 seconds.

# References

I have merely scratched the surface.
I mean, what's a post about distributed systems doing without a timing diagram!

These, however, are far better resources:

- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport_timestamp)
- [Martin Kleppmann's Lecture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-D8iFU1d-o)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Мікума (Mikuma, яп. 三隈) – важкий крейсер Імперського флоту Японії, який брав участь у Другій Світовій війні.

Корабель, який відносився до крейсерів типу «Могамі», спорудили у 1935 році на верфі компанії Mitsubishi у Нагасакі. Особливістю крейсерів цього типу було встановлення башт головного калібру із трьома 155-мм гарматами, що дозволяло класифікувати їх як легкі крейсери. Водночас, проектантами одразу була врахована можливість заміни башт на традиційні із двома 203-мм гарматами, що й було зроблено наприкінці 1930-х та перевело кораблі до класу важких крейсерів (а попередні башти передали для лінкорів типу «Ямато» – втім, їх 155-мм універсальні гармати виявились не надто ефективними для ведення зенітного вогню).

З 16 липня по 7 серпня 1941-го Мікума здійснив похід до Південно-Східної Азії, пов'язаний із введенням японських військ до Французького Індокитаю. Під час цієї операції крейсер спершу побував в порту Самах (острів Хайнань), а потім супроводжував конвой з військами до Сайгону (наразі Хошимін) на півдні В'єтнаму.

Станом на 1941 рік корабель належав до 7-ї дивізії крейсерів. 20 – 26 листопада він прослідував з Куре до Самаху, а 4 грудня всі чотири кораблі дивізії у супроводі 3 есмінців вийшли в море, маючи завдання зайняти позицію в районі мису Камау (найпівденніший пункт в'єтнамського узбережжя) та провадити дистанційне прикриття Першого Малайського конвою. Останній вже у перший день бойових дій 8 грудня (тільки по іншу сторону лінії зміни дат від Перл-Гарбору) провів висадку десанту на півострові Малакка. Після цього японці почали очікувати на контратаку британського флоту і невдовзі після опівдня 9 грудня японський підводний човен повідомив про виявлення ворожої ескадри, головну силу якої складали 2 лінкора. На світанку 10 грудня крейсери 7-ї дивізії об'єднались з головними силами адмірала Кондо (2 лінкора та 2 важкі крейсера). Втім, на цей раз вступити в бій їм не довелось, оскільки тієї ж доби японська базова авіація потопила обидва ворожі лінкора. Після цього крейсерський загін прибув до острова Пуло-Кондоре (наразі Коншон, неподалік від південного завершення В'єтнаму), де розділився. Мікума та ще один крейсер під охороною есмінців «Хацуюкі» та «Сіраюкі» залишились біля цього острова, тоді як два інші вирушили для підтримки десанту на Борнео.

12 грудня 1941-го загін Мікума полишив район Пуло-Кондоре та з 14 грудня забезпечував прикриття Другого Малайського конвою, який розпочав розвантаження на півострові Малакка 16 грудня. 19 грудня Мікума прибув до бухти Камрань (центральна частина узбережжя В'єтнаму).

22 грудня 1941-го Мікума та ще один важкий крейсер під охороною есмінця «Хацуюкі» вийшли з Камрані для дистанційного прикриття висадки у Кучингу (центр нафтовидобутку на північно-західному узбережжі острова Борнео). Десантування успішно провели в ніч на 24 грудня, а 29 грудня загін Мікума повернувся до Камрані.

16 січня 1942-го Мікума полишив Камрань у складі великого з'єднання, яке включало ще 4 важкі та 2 легкі крейсери. Це пояснювалось отриманням японським командуванням хибних даних про прибуття до Сінгапуру чергового британського лінкора, так що 19 січня крейсер повернувся у Камрань.

23 січня 1942-го Мікума та ще один важкий крейсер під охороною есмінця «Уранамі» полишив Камрань в межах операції по створенню бази на островах Анамбас (дві з половиною сотні кілометрів на північний схід від Сінгапуру). Одразу після цього вони перейшли до дистанційного прикриття висадки в Ендау на півострові Малакка (менш ніж за півтори сотні кілометрів від головного британського гарнізону в Сінгапурі). Втім, безпосереднього прикриття виявилось достатньо і воно змогло самостійно відбити атаки авіації, а потім і есмінців, так що Мікума не довелось вступити у бій, а 28 січня він повернувся до Камрані.

10 лютого 1942-го Мікума та ще 4 важкі крейсери вийшли з Камрані в межах операції по висадці на сході Суматри в районі центру нафтовидобутку у Палембанзі. В ніч на 15 лютого японці здійснили висадку на острів Бангка (біля північно-східного узбережжя Суматри) та стали готуватись до просування по річці у напрямку Палембанга, де ще 14 числа викинули повітряний десант. 15 лютого надійшли повідомлення про наближення від Яви ворожої ескадри і загін Мікума почав готуватись до бою, проте вже під попередніми ударами авіації союзники відступили. 17 лютого дивізія Мікума відбула для дозаправки та відпочинку на островах Анамбас.

24 лютого 1942-го Мікума і 3 інші важкі крейсери вирушили з бази на Анамбас для підтримки вторгнення на Яву, десантування на яку відбулось у ніч на 1 березня. При цьому 7-ма дивізія розділилась на два загони і Мікума разом зі ще одним важким крейсером під ескортом есмінця «Сікінамі» приєднались до безпосереднього прикриття висадки в затоці Бантам (до того групу транспортів до Бантам супроводжували 1 легкий крейсер та 6 есмінців). Саме тут в ніч десантування відбулось зіткнення із ворожими крейсерами, які намагались вирватись у Індійський океан після поразки в битві у Яванському морі (відоме як бій у Зондській протоці). Невдовзі після опівночі один з есмінців помітив силуети двох ворожих кораблів, а за півгодини есмінці вступили в бій, оскільки крейсери союзників спробували напасти на транспорти. В подальшому в бій вступили Мікума та інший важкий крейсер, а торпеди есмінців почали досягати цілі. У підсумку обидва крейсери союзників були потоплені, при цьому на Мікума загинуло 6 членів екіпажу. 4 березня Мікума полишив Яву та 5 березня прибув до Сінгапура.

З 9 по 15 березня 1942-го Мікума та ще 4 важкі крейсери виходили з Сінгапура щоб прикрити висадку на півночі Суматри, яка відбулась 12 березня. Та ж сама група рушила в море 20 березня для прикриття десанту на Андаманські острови у Порт-Блер, який провели 23 числа. 26 березня загін Мікума прибув до південнобірманського порту Мергуй (наразі М'єй на східному узбережжі Андаманського моря).

Тим часом японське ударне авіаносне з'єднання вийшло для рейду до Індійського океану. Північніше від нього у Беугальській затоці проти ворожого судноплавства повинно було діяти угрупованні із легкого авіаносця та 5 важких крейсерів, серед яких був і Мікума. 1 квітня 1942-го вони полишили Мергуй та попрямували на захід, а 6 квітня провели бліц неподалік від східного узбережжя Індії. При цьому загін розділився на три групи, з яких Мікума та ще один важкий крейсер під прикриттям одного есмінця склали південну, яка знищила 3 торгові судна – Dardanus (7726 GRT), Gandara (5281 GRT) та Indora (6622 GRT). 11 квітня загін, до якого належав Мікума, прибув до Сінгапура. 13 – 22 квітня крейсер прослідував до Куре, після чого пройшов короткочасний доковий ремонт.

22 – 26 травня 1942-го Мікума та інші 3 крейсери 7-ї дивізії під охороною 2 есмінців прослідували з Куре до Гуаму (Маріанські острова), звідки цей загін невдовзі вирушив в межах мідвейської операції, маючи завдання забезпечувати дистанційне прикриття транспортів з військами. 4 червня японське ударне авіаносне з'єднання зазнало катастрофічної поразки в битві при Мідвеї, що призвело до скасування операції. Ввечері того ж дня під час слідування 7-ї дивізії у кільватерному строю був помічений американський підводний човен «Тамбор» у надводному положенні. Для ухилення від можливої атаки командир дивізії віддав наказ повернути на 45 градусів. Капітан «Мікума», який йшов третім в колонні, помилився та довернув на 90 градусів. "Могамі" був четвертим у колоні та чітко виконав наказ, через що таранив «Мікума». На Мікума був пробитий один з резервуарів для пального і нафта почала витікати в море, втім, більше серйозних пошкоджень не було. Оскільки Мікума та «Могамі» могли пересуватись лише із зменшеною проти звичайного швидкістю, 7-ма дивізія розділилась. Два крейсери попрямували уперед, а Мікума та «Могамі» залишились під охороною есмінців «Арасіо» та «Асасіо» і рухались зі швидкістю лише 12 вузлів.

Вранці 5 червня 1942-го літаючий човен «Каталіна» з Мідвею виявив загін Могамі. Проти них вислали групу ударних літаків, при їй не вдалось досягнути якихось серйозних успіхів. Так само безрезультатним був наліт кількох горизонтальних бомбардувальників B-17 «Літаюча фортеця». Вранці 6 червня відбувся новий наліт, який провели літаки з авіаносця «Хорнет». Біля Мікума сталось кілька близьких розривів, проте це також не призвело до серйозних наслідків. Після опівдня під час атаки літаків з авіаносця «Ентерпрайз» Мікума отримав п'ять прямих влучань бомбами, ще дві розірвались неподалік від корабля. На кораблів виникло кілька пожеж, і дещо більше ніж за глину здетонували кілька власних торпед, що призвело до великої пробоїни нижче від ватерлінії. Віддали наказ полишити корабель і його екіпаж почав переходити важкий крейсер «Могамі» та есмінець «Арасіо», які стали біч-о-біч з Мікума. Під час наступного нальоту в Мікума потрапила ще одна бомба, додаткові пошкодження отримав і «Могамі». Як наслідок, невдовзі японські кораблі полишили Мікума та відновили рух, хоча встигли прийняти лише дві з половиною сотні осіб. Мікума тримався на воді ще 4 години, після чого затонув, загинуло біля семи сотень членів екіпажу. 9 червня американський підводний човен «Траут» підібрав 2 вцілілих з Мікума.

Примітки
Важкі крейсери Японії
Кораблі Японії втрачені біля Гавайських островів

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hydrophobia, force yourself to the intensity!
Hydrophobia explores the sublime using a personal fascination with the traces of time on architecture. The dual phenomenona of the sublime (beauty and terror) is provoked and amplified by the combination of the deteriorated old electricity plant in The Hague and the vulnerability of the human body with the workings of water in its different poetic and powerful states. The scale and the patina of the building reinforces the eight-implemented experiences of water that play with aspects of comfort and discomfort forcing the visitor to question its boundaries.
When a building becomes older, it is exposed to a certain image of time and its identity changes. Experiencing an old abandoned building is self-confronting. We sense the sublime – both terror and delight. Terror, because the experience makes us reflect on our own process of physical deterioration. Delight, because we recognise beauty in the ruins, the old buildings and in the process of deterioration as well. We are not capable of influencing time and its effect on architecture. So, it is a frightening beauty, a reflection of our own aging.


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Q: Sparse checkouts - how does it works I've been looking for a way to clone only a sub directory of one of my project. Obviously I found this answer. it is well designed and the step-by-step solution explain well how to implement this. Now at the end it refers to documentation which states this:

"Sparse checkout" allows to sparsely populate working directory. It
  uses skip-worktree bit (see git-update-index(1)) to tell Git whether a
  file on working directory is worth looking at.

The problem I have is that I can't understand what this mean. And one thing that I've learn with Git is that it is a fantastic tool, but before implementing something, knowing what happens behind the scene can really help you in the long run.
So, here is the question:
How does a sparse checkout works and what is the output ?

A: The new git sparse-checkout command (introduced in Git 2.25 (Q1 2020) comes from a Microsoft contribution based on its Scalar project

At Microsoft, we support the Windows OS repository using VFS for Git (formerly GVFS). VFS for Git uses a virtualized filesystem to bypass many assumptions about repository size, enabling the Windows developers to use Git at a scale previously thought impossible.
While supporting VFS for Git, we identified performance bottlenecks using a custom trace system and collecting user feedback.
We made several contributions to the Git client, including the commit-graph file and improvements to git push and sparse-checkout.
Building on these contributions and many other recent improvements to Git, we began a project to support very large repositories without needing a virtualized filesystem.

Hence the Scalar project, which has transitioned (mid 2021) from a modified version of VFS for Git into a thin shell around core Git features.
The Scalar executable has now been ported to be included in the microsoft/git fork.
It is integrated with Git for Windows 2.38 (Oct. 2022)
The 2020 article "Bring your monorepo down to size with sparse-checkout" from Derrick Stolee explains how sparse checkout is managed nowodays (2020+)

Using sparse-checkout with an existing repository
To restrict your working directory to a set of directories, run the following commands:
git sparse-checkout init --cone
git sparse-checkout set <dir1> <dir2> ...

If you get stuck, run git sparse-checkout disable to return to a full working directory.
The init subcommand sets the necessary Git config options and fills the sparse-checkout file with patterns that mean "only match files in the root directory".
The set subcommand modifies the sparse-checkout file with patterns to match the files in the given directories.
Further, any files that are immediately in a directory that's a parent to a specified directory are also included.
For example, if you ran git sparse-checkout set A/B, then Git would include files with names A/B/C.txt (immediate child of A/B) and A/D.txt (immediate sibling of A/B) as well as E.txt (immediate sibling of A).

For instance:

The team building the Android app can usually get away with only the files in client/android and run all integration testing with the currently-deployed services.
The Android team needs a much smaller set of files as they work.
This means they can use the git sparse-checkout set command to restrict to that directory:

$ git sparse-checkout set client/android

$ ls
bootstrap.sh*  client/  LICENSE.md  README.md

$ ls client/
android/

$ find . -type f | wc -l
62

git sparse-checkout uses a sparse index since Git 2.32 (Q1 2021).
See the article  "Make your monorepo feel small with Git's sparse index" from Derrick Stolee.

The sparse index differs from a normal "full" index in one aspect: it can store directory paths with the object ID for its tree object.
This is in addition to the file paths which are paired with blob objects.
Since the cone mode sparse-checkout patterns match on a directory level, we can determine that an entire directory is out of the sparse-checkout cone and replace all of its contained file paths with a single directory path.

The sparse directory entries correspond to directories that are just outside of the sparse-checkout definition.
These directories also have a cache-tree node whose range is only one entry: that sparse directory entry.

With Git 2.36 (Q2 2022), "git update-index"(man), "git checkout-index"(man), and "git clean"(man) are taught to work better with the sparse checkout feature.
See commit b9ca5e2, commit c35e9f5, commit e015d4d, commit 35682ad, commit 88078f5, commit b553ef6, commit 1e9e10e, commit 1624333, commit bb01b26 (11 Jan 2022) by Victoria Dye (vdye).
(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 2f45f3e, 17 Feb 2022)

update-index: integrate with sparse index
Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye
Reviewed-by: Elijah Newren

Enable use of the sparse index with update-index.
Most variations of update-index work without explicitly expanding the index or making any other updates in or outside of update-index.c.
The one usage requiring additional changes is --cacheinfo; if a file inside a sparse directory was specified, the index would not be expanded until after the cache tree is invalidated, leading to a mismatch between the index and cache tree.
This scenario is handled by rearranging add_index_entry_with_check, allowing index_name_stage_pos to expand the index before attempting to invalidate the relevant cache tree path, avoiding cache tree/index corruption.

With Git 2.36 (Q2 2022), the git sparse-checkout cone patterns are better controlled.
See commit 8dd7c47, commit 4ce5043, commit bb8b5e9, commit d526b4d, commit f748012 (19 Feb 2022) by Elijah Newren (newren).
(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 9671764, 06 Mar 2022)

sparse-checkout: reject arguments in cone-mode that look like patterns
Reviewed-by: Derrick Stolee
Signed-off-by: Elijah Newren

In sparse-checkout add/set under cone mode, the arguments passed are supposed to be directories rather than gitignore-style patterns.
However, given the amount of effort spent in the manual discussing patterns, it is easy for users to assume they need to pass patterns such as
/foo/*

or
!/bar/*/

or perhaps they really do ignore the directory rule and specify a random gitignore-style pattern like
*.c

To help catch such mistakes, throw an error if any of the positional arguments:
* starts with any of '/!'
* contains any of '*?[]'

Inform users they can pass --skip-checks if they have a directory that really does have such special characters in its name.
(We exclude '' because of sparse-checkout's special handling of backslashes; see the MINGW test in t1091.46.)

And, still with 2.36:
With Git 2.36 (Q2 2022), further polishing of git sparse-checkout".
See commit 8dd7c47, commit 4ce5043, commit bb8b5e9, commit d526b4d, commit f748012 (19 Feb 2022) by Elijah Newren (newren).
(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 9671764, 06 Mar 2022)

sparse-checkout: pay attention to prefix for {set, add}
Helped-by: Junio Hamano
Reviewed-by: Derrick Stolee
Signed-off-by: Elijah Newren

In cone mode, non-option arguments to set & add are clearly paths, and as such, we should pay attention to prefix.
In non-cone mode, it is not clear that folks intend to provide paths since the inputs are gitignore-style patterns.
Paying attention to prefix would prevent folks from doing things like
git sparse-checkout add /.gitattributes
git sparse-checkout add '/toplevel-dir/*'

In fact, the former will result in
fatal: '/.gitattributes' is outside repository...

while the later will result in:
fatal: Invalid path '/toplevel-dir': No such file or directory

despite the fact that both are valid gitignore-style patterns that would select real files if added to the sparse-checkout file.
This might lead people to just use the path without the leading slash, potentially resulting in them grabbing files with the same name throughout the directory hierarchy contrary to their expectations.
See also this thread and this one.
Adding prefix seems to just be fraught with error; so for now simply throw an error in non-cone mode when sparse-checkout set/add are run from a subdirectory.

A: A commit points to a tree. A tree describes a directory and it points to other trees, blobs or commits. Other trees are sub directories. Blobs are files. Commits are sub modules. Not considering sub modules, git checkout can be seen as "copying" all of these sub directories and files from the database(inside the invisible directory .git) to the work area(by default the same level where .git is). Sparse-checkout copies just some of the subdirectories or files. So sparse-checkout saves the space of the work area. The occupied space by the database isn't saved.


text:
New York-Specific COVID-19 Resources and Info
April 16, 2020 (New York, NY) -- In response to the ongoing COVID-19 public health crisis in New York, the Sikh Coalition is providing updated resources and information for Sikh community members living or working in New York City or across the state. New York, which to date has been the U.S. state hit hardest by this global pandemic, has reported approximately 11,000 deaths and 200,000 cases.
New York's Department of Health is providing information about COVID-19. You can also sign up for coronavirus updates here.
Last week, Governor Andrew M. Cuomo announced five new testing facilities downstate, primarily in minority communities. A drive-through mobile testing facility is now open at the Sears Parking Lot at 2307 Beverly Road in Brooklyn, and a drive-through mobile testing facility is now open at the ClubHouse at Aqueduct RaceTrack Parking Lot, 110-00 Rockaway Blvd, in Queens. In addition, three new walk-in facilities opened this week at healthcare centers in the South Bronx; Jamaica, Queens; and Brownsville, Brooklyn. These walk-in facilities are by appointment only.
As of the time of writing, New York has now opened nine testing facilities. The sites will continue to prioritize tests for individuals that are among the highest risk population. More information on New York testing can be found here. Residents who would like to be tested at these facilities must make an appointment by calling 888-364-3065.
Free Meals Across New York City
Anyone in New York City currently has access to three free meals a day, Monday through Friday, at one of the 400 Meal Hubs available in the city. The meal hubs require no registration, identification, or documentation, and nobody will be turned away. All three meals can be picked up at the same time, and children and families can pick up meals from 7:30 AM to 11:30 AM. Adults can pick up meals from 11:30 AM to 1:30 PM. Vegetarian meals are available at all sites. To find an NYC Meal Hub location near you, go to schools.nyc.gov or use your phone and text "FOOD" to 877-877.
If you or somebody you know in New York City cannot leave their home to get food, does not have anyone who can bring them food, and are not able to use private delivery options, then they may be eligible to get meals delivered directly to their home. For more information, please go to NYC.gov/GetFood or call 311 and say "Get Food" for information.
New York Unemployment Benefits and Small Business Relief
In addition to the federal relief that has been made available so far through the Families First Coronavirus Response Act and Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, New York also has state benefit policies regarding unemployment, Medicaid, and welfare programs.
Additional information can be found at the Governor's Office, Department of Labor, NY State's My Benefits website, Department of Financial Services, Medicaid in New York, and Paid Family Leave. The Department of Labor is providing specific information about the processing of unemployment claims. See here for more details. On March 21, 2020, Governor Cuomo issued an Executive Order requiring the Department of Financial Services to ensure that any licensed or regulated entities provide any New York resident facing financial hardship because of COVID-19 with the opportunity to obtain a forbearance on their mortgage.
New York City Taxi Cab/Rideshare Resources
There are emergency relief options for Taxi and vehicle for hire (VFH) drivers, like those who work for Uber or Lyft, in New York City. Please review and share this detailed information regarding relief options, including safety advice for drivers still working.
Blood and Plasma Donations
Governor Cuomo is also asking all New Yorkers who have recovered from COVID-19 to contact the state and donate blood or plasma. Individuals who have recovered from the sickness may have antibodies against the virus and could help with the development of a treatment called convalescent plasma therapy. More information about how to donate is available here.
The Sikh Coalition recognizes that millions of American families are being impacted by COVID-19, including many Sikh American families. As a civil rights organization, we are continuing to shift some of our organizational priorities and work with partners to better meet the unique challenges that we are facing as a nation. Please expect more resources and information to emerge as we continue to mobilize support in response to COVID-19. To see the resources we have created to date, please click here.
Editing:2020.04.16 COVID-19 NY Editing:2020.04.16 COVID-19 NY


For those coming from the rest is waiting for not only exceptional comfort in the proposed number of rooms, but also very demanding leisure relates to the alleged insisting on sensitive and sophisticated organization of its own and it is advisable not holidaymakers ideal hotel Okhotny yard. Here guests can not only relax, but also to select one of the entertainments that it offers a great variety. A main advantage of sparkles and shimmers all are the colors of the natural blue just under the windows of the elegant houses.
To be in this fabulous location, you just take a flight Uzbekistan Airways, and then get to the small village Korumdu to transfer, or that will be much cheaper, but a little more tiring bus.
The cozy cottages, some of which are built up exclusively of natural wood, travelers will be able to find accommodation to your taste based on budget requirements and relying on any number of guests. The unique design, the use of environmentally friendly materials and constant comfort requirements of the domestic situation, a simple turn hotel rooms into a fine mansion. In addition to these cute little things like a great TV, tempting mini-bar and filling their luxurious bathroom, guests will undoubtedly plunged in ecstasy twists and unique comfort and softness of furniture, elegant interiors, and the scope of square meters. Some of the apartments you can even find a fireplace, which are cozy orange tones crackling and dancing flame will stain your evening filled with romance and unusual colors. Sami rooms sleep in a space of 2 to 4 rooms, allowing you to split the area for sleeping and entertaining, that sometimes it is very important to the town.
Tour operators Kyrgyzstan recommend this hotel to the guests, who prefer calm, but extremely luxurious holiday. The special atmosphere of the hotel gives the magnificent scenery. The park that surrounds the arms malachite charming cottages, decorated with perennial poles oak and pine trees, blue sky green script branches. On the shady alleys for pleasant walks, breathing clean, filled with fresh mountain snow, the scent of flowering plant air and admiring the azure waters dotted Issyk-Kul, modestly peeking through the twisted branches of greenery.
To part of the gastronomic and leisure hotel was exceptional, firstly, it included the cost of food three times a day at a local restaurant in the amount that you must pay for the accommodation, and secondly, to equip some great places where you can eat delicious food. In the main restaurant there is even an outdoor terrace, where summer days in the sun, you can eat, or just do not hesitate to absorb edible masterpieces. And in the evening, listening to the gentle lapping of the waves, it's so nice to drink a delicious cocktail or something stronger. If you would like more intimate atmosphere, and could do with musical accompaniment meal, you can go into a charming hall, where the romance and charm of the fireplace, framed by musical attempts by other guests at the karaoke. For those who are on vacation plans with pomp and scale note any event, opens its doors to the banquet hall, it is ready to accept up to 20 merry.
Real hedonists are waiting and superbly equipped SPA-complex. Here you can try on her mortal shell is one of the 10 massage options, turn into something incredibly useful, and simply designed to bring extraordinary freshness and health of your skin. Really, you can relax, breathing the invigorating scents and restore luster and shine to his mortal body with scrubs. There is even a popular anti-cellulite program. And you can relax in the Finnish sauna without any procedures. The complex offers cosmetology on quite a professional level.
And on a gorgeous beach, where the thinnest veil of sand are surrounded by sun loungers legs and wide umbrellas painted openwork shade, offers all sorts of entertainment, sports, and not very much. You can jump in an attempt to repel the ball in volleyball, desperately fighting the attraction and sand. Recover the full lapping waves, the fresh wind and solar spray boat trip on the mysterious waters of Lake Issyk-Kul. Those who are not tempted by the sun's heat can warm up enough in a Russian bath. You can plunge into the inviting waters of the lake, and a separate beauty gives pungent aroma smoke sauna stoked with wood.
To make certain the raid of adventure can go riding in the mountains. Horseback riding – it's surprisingly romantic excursion. But the adventure can be found on site. Here, a rarity for Kyrgyzstan hotels , equipped with a small pond, where there are carp and pike-perch. They can not only enjoy, but also to fish with the proper skill.


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Photo courtesy London Classic Car Show.
Day continues to follow night, grass remains green, and the inhabitants of one car-producing country maintain that their car industry has produced the best cars in the world. The most recent such declaration came toward the end of the recent London Classic Car Show, where visitors voted Great Britain to the top of the show's Classic Six Nations Cup.
The competition – intended to settle the question of which country turned out most of the world's greatest cars over the decades – included Japan, France, Germany, Italy, the United States, and Great Britain in a series of three matchups for each country over the show's three days. Show organizers selected 10 cars to represent each country, and the matchups consisted of debates over the countries' respective pros and cons while representative cars paraded down the indoor show's Grand Avenue.
Represented by a 1915 Ford Model T, a 1942 Willys MB Jeep, a 1955 Ford Thunderbird, a 1957 Chevrolet Corvette, a 1959 Cadillac DeVille, a 1965 Shelby G.T. 350, a 1967 Ford GT40, a 1967 Chevrolet Camaro, a 1968 Dodge Charger, and a 1968 Chevrolet Corvette, the United States finished third in the competition, behind Italy in second place.
Show organizers selected a 1922 Rolls Royce Ghost, a 1925 Bentley 3-Litre, a 1935 Austin 7, a 1948 Land Rover Series 1, a 1964 Mini Cooper S, a 1964 Aston Martin DB5, a 1964 Jaguar E-Type Series 1, a 1970 Lotus 49, a 1976 Lotus Esprit, and a 1993 McLaren F1 GTR to represent Great Britain.
To see the entire lineup of representative cars, visit TheLondonClassicCarShow.co.uk.


Jim Heid is one of the most admired writers and instructors in the Macintosh community. A contributing editor of Macworld magazine since 1984, he also covers personal technology for the Los Angeles Times, as well as presiding over numerous Thunder Lizard Productions conferences, including Web Design World, Web Builder, and Macromedia Web World. He recently co-founded Avondale Media, where, as editorial director, he oversees the planning and production of DVD-based courses on all manner of computer applications. An indefatigable digital media maven, Jim co-hosts "Point & Click Radio," a weekly call-in show on KZYX, Mendocino (CA) County Public Broadcasting, and he's the onscreen host of several Avondale Media training DVDs.


With the assistance of a Youth Employability Specialist, participants may utilize many assessment tools and resources within the America's Job Center of California (AJCC) to help them identify interests and abilities to explore their career options.
Are you interested in earning a post-secondary certificate but don't have the funds to pay for school? You may be eligible for an Individual Training Account through WIOA.
Training may be made available to individuals after an assessment determines that the individual requires training to obtain employment or remain employed. The goal of any training through WIOA is to lead to an industry-recognized certification, license or credential, and should assist job seekers in becoming employed at a self-sufficient wage. All training must be less than 12 months and be received through an Eligible Training Provider.
(Examples of training that our clients have successfully completed include: Administrative Assistant, Advanced Security Office, Loss Prevention Officer, Certified Nursing/Home Health Assistant, Microsoft Office Suite, Medical Assistant, (Front & Back Office), Sterile Processing, Computer IT Support and EMT).