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Die Thai-Rak-Thai-Partei (, Phak Thai Rak Thai, abgekürzt: TRT, übersetzt: "Thais lieben Thais" oder "Thailänder lieben Thailand") war eine politische Partei in Thailand. Sie wurde 1998 von Thaksin Shinawatra, einem der reichsten Männer Thailands, gegründet. Mit einem stark populistisch geprägten Programm gewann sie 2001 die Wahlen. 2005 wurde sie mit Zwei-Drittel-Mehrheit wiedergewählt. Sie stellte die Regierung bis zum Militärputsch im September 2006. 2007 wurde sie vom Verfassungstribunal wegen Wahlrechtsverstößen aufgelöst.

Geschichte

Gründung
Die Thai-Rak-Thai-Partei wurde am 14. Juli 1998 von dem Telekommunikationsunternehmer Thaksin Shinawatra sowie 22 anderen Mitgliedern gegründet. Fünf von ihnen waren, wie Thaksin, ehemalige Politiker der Palang-Dharma-Partei. Zwei waren prominente Bauunternehmer, die übrigen waren vor allem Akademiker, Geschäftsleute und Beamte. Die Gründung erfolgte auf dem Höhepunkt der asiatischen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise, die Thailand schwer getroffen hatte. Ein Jahr zuvor war eine neue Verfassung in Kraft getreten, die aufgrund ihrer überwiegend liberalen Charakteristika und der intensiven Beteiligung der Öffentlichkeit an ihrer Ausarbeitung die "Verfassung des Volkes" genannt wurde. Wichtigstes Ziel der neuen Partei war, die Krise zu überwinden, die Wirtschaft wieder in Gang zu bringen und in Zeiten der Globalisierung und des internationalen Kapitals Thailands Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu sichern.

Ihr Name war wahrscheinlich von dem Motto ไทยช่วยไทย Thai chuai Thai ("Thais helfen Thais") inspiriert, das der Name einer während der Krise gegründeten Kampagne zur Selbsthilfe und eines damals populären Radiosenders war. Er hatte eine eindeutig nationalistische Konnotation. Die damalige Regierung, die von der Demokratischen Partei und Chuan Leekpai geführt wurde, setzte kompromisslos die Vorgaben des Internationalen Währungsfonds (IWF) um, was von vielen als Aufgabe nationaler Souveränität empfunden wurde. Thaksin und seine TRT versprachen dagegen eine nationale Herangehensweise, um eigenständige Lösungen für das Land zu finden. Thaksin umgab sich mit einem großen Beraterstab und versprach, mit Hinweis auf seine Erfahrung als erfolgreicher Unternehmer, neue, professionelle Konzepte und Lösungen. Das Motto der Partei war: "Neu denken, neu handeln, für alle Thais." Es verband das Versprechen von Wandel mit einer inklusiven Form des Nationalismus.

Sowohl das politische Programm als auch die Wahlstrategie der Partei wurden maßgeblich von Somkid Jatusripitak mitgeprägt, einem Marketingprofessor (der als Schüler von Philip Kotler in den USA studiert und mit ihm zusammen The Marketing of Nations verfasst hatte) und Anhänger des "Nation Branding". Er vertrat die Ansicht, dass Thailand sich nicht den Diktaten der angelsächsischen Wirtschaftswelt beugen sollte und dass ein unregulierter Markt nicht gut für Thailands globale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit sei. Somkid gilt als einer der Hauptarchitekten des Wahlerfolgs der TRT. Er entwickelte das wirtschaftspolitische Programm der Partei, das später als Thaksinomics bekannt wurde. In seinem Zentrum stand die Wiederaufrichtung der thailändischen Wirtschaft durch Förderung kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen, insbesondere im ländlichen Raum.

Somkid hatte sich mit politischem Marketing beschäftigt und ließ mit Methoden der Marktforschung untersuchen, welche Bedürfnisse ländliche Wähler hatten und welche Themen sie besonders ansprachen. Als Ergebnis dieser Befragungen nahm die Partei das Programm, das bei einer Selbstbeteiligung von 30 Baht (unter 1 US-Dollar) pro Arztbesuch allgemeinen Zugang zur Gesundheitsversorgung schaffen sollte, ein Schuldenmoratorium für Bauern und die Dorfentwicklungsfonds, die jedem der 70.000 Muban (Dörfer) eine Million Baht (ca. 25.000 US-Dollar) an Kleinstkrediten zur Verfügung stellten, in ihr Wahlprogramm auf. Nie zuvor hatte eine Partei ein so umfangreiches, konkretes und leicht verständliches Programm aufgestellt, um an die Wünsche und Bedürfnisse der Landbevölkerung zu appellieren.

Wahlsieg 2001
Bei der Parlamentswahl im Januar 2001 gewann die TRT 248 von 500 Sitzen im Parlament. Das war angesichts des zuvor zersplitterten thailändischen Parteiensystems, in dem nie eine Partei allein eine klare Mehrheit gewonnen hatte, ein Erdrutschsieg. Die Partei war mit dem Versprechen, die Armut auf dem Land, den Drogenhandel und die Korruption zu bekämpfen und das Gesundheits- und Bildungssystem zu verbessern, angetreten. Thaksin, der unter anderem mit der Aussage, dass er reich genug sei, um nicht korrupt zu sein, in den Wahlkampf gezogen war, wurde Premierminister. Unmittelbar nach der Wahl schloss sich die kleine Seritham-Partei der TRT an. Dadurch hatte sie als erste Partei seit 1957 eine absolute Mehrheit im Parlament. Kurze Zeit später schlossen sich die bedeutenderen Parteien Neue Hoffnung und Chart Pattana ("Nationale Entwicklung") an. TRT wurde die dominierende Kraft in der thailändischen Politik. Die Regierung Thaksin hatte so eine viel größere Handlungsfähigkeit als ihre Vorgängerinnen, die oftmals aus instabilen Viel-Parteien-Koalitionen bestanden. Die Opposition – allen voran die Demokratische Partei unter Chuan Leekpai – war nachhaltig geschwächt und wusste der Popularität der TRT keine attraktiven Alternativen entgegenzusetzen. Thailand entwickelte sich so zu einem System mit einer dominanten Partei, vergleichbar mit Malaysia oder Singapur. Dies war auch Thaksins selbsterklärtes Vorbild.

Erste Amtszeit
Die Regierung Thaksin begann rasch mit der Umsetzung ihrer konkreten Kernversprechen. Das 30-Baht-Programm für Gesundheitsversorgung, die Dorffonds, die Kredite für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen und das Schuldenmoratorium wurden noch im ersten Jahr von Thaksins Amtszeit auf den Weg gebracht. Dies war ungewöhnlich, da bis dahin Parteiprogramme nicht ernst genommen wurden. Die Regierung der Thai-Rak-Thai-Partei nutzte dagegen ihre Regierungsverantwortung, um ihr Programm Punkt für Punkt umzusetzen und messbare Erfolge vorzuweisen.

Im Kampf gegen Drogen töteten Paramilitärs, auf Geheiß oder zumindest ohne Gegenmaßnahmen der Regierung, mehrere hundert Menschen, die im weitesten Sinne mit Drogen zu tun hatten. Die Polizei wurde angewiesen, gegen die Morde nicht zu ermitteln.

Gleich zu Anfang der Regierungszeit überstand Thaksin auch einen Gerichtsprozess wegen Korruption nur äußerst knapp.

Bereits im Jahr 2002 waren durch das 30-Baht-Programm 45,3 Millionen Menschen krankenversichert. Zuvor hatte es auch schon staatliche Krankenversicherungsprogramme gegeben, diese hatten aber nur 34 Millionen Thailänder erreicht. Nun hatten 92,5 Prozent der Bevölkerung Zugang zur Gesundheitsversorgung. Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, städtische Ärzte und etablierte Medien hatten das Programm zunächst als populistisch kritisiert; es sei nicht nachhaltig finanziert und werde zu einer Überlastung des Gesundheitssystems führen. Das Programm war jedoch nicht so kostspielig, wie von seinen Kritikern befürchtet. Obwohl die Selbstbeteiligung von 30 Baht pro Behandlung eher symbolisch war – sie deckte gerade einmal 2 Prozent der Kosten –, stiegen die öffentlichen Gesundheitsausgaben nur von 66,25 Milliarden (2000/01) auf 72,78 Milliarden Baht (2001/02). In ihrem ersten Jahr kostete die Reform umgerechnet nicht mehr als 175 Millionen US-Dollar. Das Programm erwies sich als so erfolgreich, dass es auch die Militärjunta, die Thaksin 2006 stürzte, beibehielt und sogar die Selbstbeteiligung von 30 Baht als unnötigen Verwaltungsaufwand abschaffte. Auch die Demokratische Partei, die 2008 wieder die Regierung übernahm, behielt es bei, und selbst die bekanntermaßen Thaksin-kritische Zeitung The Nation erkannte seinen Wert an.

Im Konflikt in Südthailand, wo islamistische Rebellen den Anschluss an Malaysia mit Gewalt durchzusetzen versuchten, rief die TRT-Regierung den Notstand aus und entsandte Soldaten. Mehrere Menschenrechtsverletzungen wurden dokumentiert.

Bis Dezember 2004 hatten die Dorffonds Mikrokredite an 13 Millionen Thailänder ausgezahlt. Ihre Summe belief sich auf 224 Milliarden Baht. In den meisten Fällen hatten sie eine kurze Laufzeit (maximal ein Jahr) und wurden für den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb aufgewendet. In einigen Fällen wurden sie aber auch verwendet, um sich teure Verbrauchsgüter zu leisten. Manchmal konnten die Kreditnehmer den Betrag nicht fristgerecht zurückzahlen und mussten sich das Geld zu einem überhöhten Zinssatz von "Kredithaien" leihen, um dem Rückzahlungsanspruch des Staats nachzukommen.

Zweite Amtszeit
Im Februar 2005 gewann die TRT-Partei mit 60,7 % eine noch größere Mehrheit als 2001. Sie konnte nahezu vier Fünftel der Parlamentssitze kontrollieren.
Nach den massiven Protesten im Frühjahr 2006 in den größeren Städten Thailands gegen Thaksin (und die TRT) und den danach angesetzten Neuwahlen konnte die TRT 100 % der Sitze für sich gewinnen, da alle bedeutenden Oppositionsparteien die Wahl boykottierten. Allerdings wählten noch immer mehr als 50 % der Wahlberechtigten die TRT-Partei, die insbesondere in den ärmeren ländlichen Regionen Nordthailands äußerst beliebt ist. Die Wahl wurde schließlich vor Gericht wegen grober Mängel für ungültig erklärt, und Neuwahlen wurden für den Oktober 2006 angesetzt. Zu diesen kam es jedoch nicht, da Militär und Polizei am 19. September 2006 mit dem Segen des thailändischen Königs und der Unterstützung der gegen Thaksin eingestellten Bevölkerungsteile (vor allem die gehobene Mittelschicht und die Oberschicht) in einem unblutigen Putsch die Thaksin-Regierung entmachteten sowie die Verfassung von 1997 außer Kraft setzten.

Der Gründer und Vorsitzende der Partei Thaksin Shinawatra erklärte am 2. Oktober 2006 seinen Rücktritt als Parteivorsitzender.

Auflösung und Nachfolge
Am 30. Mai 2007 verfügte das thailändische Verfassungstribunal die Auflösung der Partei und den Ausschluss von Parteigründer Thaksin und 111 weiterer Parteimitglieder vom politischen Leben für die Dauer von fünf Jahren.

Als Nachfolgepartei galt die Partei der Volksmacht (Phak Phalang Prachachon), welche Anfang Dezember 2008 durch das Verfassungsgericht ebenfalls wegen Wahlbetruges verboten wurde. Deren Nachfolgerin wiederum ist die Pheu-Thai-Partei, die von 2011 bis zum Militärputsch im Mai 2014 mit Thaksins Schwester Yingluck Shinawatra als Premierministerin wieder regierte.

Korruptionsvorwürfe

Kritiker und Nichtregierungsorganisationen warfen und werfen Thaksin und seiner TRT-Partei Vorteilnahme vor.

Einkaufen von Kandidaten
Mehrfach wurden (wie in Thailand durchaus nicht unüblich) Kandidaten anderer Parteien gegen ein Geldgeschenk in die eigene Partei geholt. Bei den (annullierten) Wahlen im April 2006 wurden teilweise Kandidaten anderer Parteien (von denen viele die Wahl aus Protest boykottierten) gekauft, damit sie gegen die TRT, welche in vielen Regionen als einzige Partei antrat, aufgestellt werden konnten, um so die Hürde, dass bei Einzelkandidaten mindestens 20 % der Wähler mit Ja stimmen müssen, auszuhebeln.

Einkaufen von Demonstranten und Wählern
Während Demonstrationen und zu Wahlen kamen häufig Gerüchte über gekaufte Demonstranten und Wähler auf. Nachgewiesen wurde zum Beispiel, dass viele Pro-Thaksin-Demonstranten im Frühjahr 2006 aus den nördlichen Regionen mit von der TRT gecharterten Bussen inklusive Kost und eines Taschengelds von umgerechnet etwa 10–20 Euro nach Bangkok gebracht wurden, um den Großdemonstrationen der Thaksin-Gegner etwas entgegenzusetzen.
Die gleichen Vorwürfe wurden auch gegen die Gegner Thaksins erhoben.

Aufhebung der Gewaltenteilung
Thaksin besetzte Gerichte und mehrere öffentliche, offiziell unabhängige Kommissionen, insbesondere die Wahlkommission und die Antikorruptions-Kommission, mit ihm nahestehenden Personen. Die Wahlkommission wurde sogar vom höchsten Gericht Thailands aufgefordert zurückzutreten, nachdem sie die Wahlen 2006 verfassungswidrig organisiert hatte (u. a. waren die Wahlkabinen öffentlich einsehbar aufgestellt).

Missbrauch des Staatsfernsehens
Insbesondere vor den Wahlen benutzte die TRT-Partei das Staatsfernsehen, um in "Regierungserklärungen" die Verbesserungen in Thailand zu propagieren.

Unterdrückung der Presse
Kurz vor den Wahlen 2005 kaufte Thaksin das bis dahin durch kritische Berichte und Dokumentationen bekannte ITV (Independent TV) auf und entließ einige kritische Mitarbeiter. Diese konnten sich allerdings erfolgreich zurückklagen, aber auf ITV werden seitdem nur noch Lakhon (Seifenopern) und politisch gefärbte Nachrichten gesendet.
2005 verbot die TRT-Regierung mehrere Radiostationen aus Bangkok, weil diese angeblich den Flughafenverkehr störten. Kritiker behaupteten, dass die TRT damit die häufig kritischen lokalen Radiostationen mundtot machen wollte.
Thaksin versuchte, gegen politische Gegner in den Medien, insbesondere in der Bangkok Post, zunächst mit Beleidigungsklagen und dann mit einem gescheiterten Übernahmeversuch vorzugehen, auch Anzeigen wegen Majestätsbeleidigung wurden von der TRT häufig gegen Gegner gestellt.

Internationaler Vergleich
In der Fachliteratur wird die TRT gelegentlich mit der italienischen Partei Forza Italia (FI) von Silvio Berlusconi verglichen. Es besteht eine Reihe von Parallelen: Thaksin wie Berlusconi waren vor ihrer politischen Karriere bedeutende Unternehmer (und blieben es auch währenddessen); FI wie TRT trugen betriebswirtschaftliche Prinzipien wie Marketing, Vertriebs- und Produktorientierung in die Parteipolitik; Berlusconi und Thaksin verstanden Politik als Geschäft, werden als "Politikunternehmer" oder "Politikverkäufer" beschrieben; beide Parteien können als Ausdehnung des Konzerns des jeweiligen Gründers auf den "politischen Markt" verstanden werden. Beide Parteiführer hatten die Position eines "Über-Patrons" in einem klientelistischen System. Sowohl FI als auch TRT gewannen gleich bei ihrer ersten Wahl einen Erdrutschsieg.

Ehemalige Mitglieder
 Chai Chidchob, 2008–11 Sprecher des Repräsentantenhauses
 Jatuporn Prompan, seit 2007 einer der Anführer der "Rothemden"
 Kantathi Suphamongkhon, 2005–06 Außenminister
 Nattawut Saikua, seit 2007 einer der Anführer der "Rothemden"
 Newin Chidchob, 2005–06 Minister im Amt des Ministerpräsidenten, seit 2008 De-facto-Chef der Bhumjaithai-Partei, seit 2009 Präsident von Buriram United
 Somkid Jatusripitak, 2001–04 und 2005–06 stellvertretender Ministerpräsident, Finanzminister
 Sudarat Keyuraphan, 2005–06 Landwirtschaftsministerin, 2001–05 Gesundheitsministerin
 Surakiart Sathirathai, 2005–06 stellvertretender Ministerpräsident, 1995–96 und 2002–05 Finanzminister
 Suchart Chaovisith, 2003–04 Finanzminister
 General Thammarak Isaragura na Ayuthaya, 2004 stellvertretender Ministerpräsident, 2002–04 Innenminister
 Veera Musikapong, seit 2007 einer der Anführer der "Rothemden"

Literatur
 Allen Hicken: Party Fabrication. Constitutional Reform and the Rise of Thai Rak Thai (PDF; 186 kB). In: Journal of East Asian Studies. Nr. 6, 2006, S. 381–407.
 Duncan McCargo, Ukrist Pathamanand: The Thaksinization of Thailand. NIAS Press, Kopenhagen 2005. Insbesondere Kapitel 3 "Thai Rak Thai: A New Form of Thai party?", S. 70–120.
 Somchai Phatharathananuntha: The Thai Rak Thai party and elections in North-eastern Thailand. In: Journal of Contemporary Asia. Band 38, Nr. 1, 2008, S. 106–123, .

Einzelnachweise

Historische Partei (Thailand)


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Reflecting on NDARC's contribution to Aboriginal research
Thursday, 11 July 2019 - 3:00pm
An overview of NDARC's Aboriginal research and an in-depth analysis of two streams: the roles and responsibilities of Aboriginal women; and the relationship between conflict and drug and alcohol harms in Aboriginal communities.
Professor Anthony Shakeshaft will briefly outline the range of Aboriginal projects with which NDARC is engaged and identify common themes that have emerged. Dr Anne-Marie Eades and Ms Bonita Byrne will then describe their research, including key findings and key future directions.
Speaker bios:
Dr Anne-Marie Eades is a UNSW Scientia Fellow with The George Institute. She is a Noongar woman from WA and a descendant of a Wiilman father and Minang mother. Her research interests relate to the role of psychosocial factors in chronic disease and building resilience in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. She has a particular interest in women's issues and children in out of home care. Her PhD study was understanding how individual, family and societal influences impact on Indigenous women's health.
Bonita Byrne is an NDARC Higher Degree Research candidate. She is a Wiradjuri woman who has had a distinguished career in Aboriginal health. She established the Aboriginal Women's and Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault committees in NSW and was the first Aboriginal Women's Officer in the Premier's Department NSW.
Professor Anthony Shakeshaft is one of NDARC's Deputy Directors. He has a strong interest in evaluation research and is currently engaged in a number of evaluations that are specific to Aboriginal people or in which Aboriginal people are over-represented.
Open to:
Lecture Room 122, Building R1, 22 - 32 King St, Randwick, NSW 2031
Booking url:
https://www.eventbrite.com.au/e/reflecting-on-ndarcs-contribution-to-aboriginal-...
Booking deadline:
Contact for bookings:
NDARC.Events@unsw.edu.au
Number of seats available:
Further info url:
Groups related to this event:

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Approval of US Farm Bill Green Lights Hemp-Fueled CBD Revolution
By: FinancialNewsMedia.com Newswire for Stock Alerts, Public Company News Alert
FN Media Group Presents Potstocknews.com Market Commentary
New York NY – December 13, 2018 -US lawmakers finally struck a deal for the landmark 2018 Farm Bill on November 29, ending months of partisan debate and kicking off a new era of hemp-derived cannabinoid markets. The bill effectively legalizes hemp growing for the first time in nearly a century, and opens up the possibilities for the production of cannabidiol (CBD). Several companies are primed to benefit from the mainstreaming of CBD, including Green Growth Brands (formerly Xanthic Biopharma Inc) (CSE:GGB) (OTC:XTHCF), Medmen Enterprises Inc. (CSE: MMEN) (OTC: MMNFF), Acreage Holdings Inc. (CSE: ACRG) (OTC: ACRZF), Green Thumb Industries (CSE: GTII) (OTC: GTBIF), and Harvest Health & Recreation (CSE: HARV) (OTC: HTHHF).
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Majority of minors engage in sexting, unaware of harsh legal consequences
Sexting among youth is more prevalent than previously thought, according to a new study from Drexel University.
Study finds difference in way bipolar disorder affects brains of children versus adults
A new study from Bradley Hospital has found that bipolar children have greater activation in the right amygdala -- a brain region very important for emotional reaction -- than bipolar adults when viewing emotional faces.
Group doctor visits may improve life for people with muscle disorders
A new study suggests that people with muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophies may benefit more from group doctor visits than individual appointments.
Pharmacy study expects to lower hospital readmissions
Researchers at the University of Cincinnati's James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy estimate that readmissions could be lowered by as much as 20 percent if, after a hospital stay, high-risk patients received counseling and medication management by a pharmacist in a community pharmacy.
Groundbreaking model explains how the brain learns to ignore familiar stimuli
A neuroscientist from Trinity College Dublin has proposed a new, ground-breaking explanation for the fundamental process of 'habituation,' which has never been completely understood by neuroscientists.
Job loss linked with higher incidence of depression in Americans compared with Europeans
A new study published online in the International Journal of Epidemiology today shows that while job loss is associated with depressive symptoms in both the USA and Europe, the effects of job loss due to plant closure are much stronger in American workers as compared with European workers.
New report offers a primer for doctors' use of clinical genome and exome sequencing
Sooner than almost anyone expected, a new, genome-based technology for demystifying undiagnosed illnesses -- particularly rare childhood diseases -- is moving from research laboratories into general medical practice.
Unintended danger from antidepressant warnings
Following 2003 FDA warnings about a potential danger to young people taking antidepressants, antidepressant use plummeted and attempted suicide by psychotropic drug poisoning increased proportionally by 22 percent.
Probing Fukushima with cosmic rays should speed cleanup
A Los Alamos technique called muon tomography can safely peer inside the cores of the Fukushima Daiichi reactors and create high-resolution images of the damaged nuclear material inside without ever breaching the cores themselves.
Breathalyzer test may detect deadliest cancer
Lung cancer causes more deaths in the US than the next three most common cancers combined.
Only 16 percent of Ph.D.s work in the private sector in Spain, half the OECD average
Spain produces Ph.D.s at levels comparable to other countries in its situation.
When it comes to numbers, culture counts
MIT study finds that in a Bolivian rainforest society, children learn to count just like in the US, but on a delayed timetable.
Animals conceal sickness symptoms in certain social situations
Animals have the ability to conceal their sickness in certain social situations.
Supplements of calcium and vitamin D may have too much for some older women
Calcium and vitamin D are commonly recommended for older women, but the usual supplements may send calcium excretion and blood levels too high for some of them, shows a new study published online today in Menopause, the journal of The North American Menopause Society.
New horned dinosaur reveals unique wing-shaped headgear
Scientists have named a new species of horned dinosaur based on fossils collected from Montana in the United States and Alberta, Canada.
New research can improve heart health
For the first time, researchers at the University of Copenhagen and Rigshospitalet are able to show that a particular gene variant lowers the risk of arteriosclerosis by 41 percent, making the variant an obvious target for future drugs for cardiovascular disease treatment.
Self-repairing mechanism can help to preserve brain function in neurodegenerative diseases
New research, led by scientists at the University of Southampton, has found that neurogenesis, the self-repairing mechanism of the adult brain, can help to preserve brain function in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Prion or Parkinson's.
New study is first to identify, clarify MERS-related abnormality distribution on CT
Researchers in Saudi Arabia have identified key defining characteristics of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in CT imaging of patients confirmed as having the disease.
Moral tales with positive outcomes motivate kids to be honest
A moral story that praises a character's honesty is more effective at getting young children to tell the truth than a story that emphasizes the negative repercussions of lying, according to research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
Scientists about sequencing data: We drown in data but thirst for knowledge
The availability of genome data has revolutionized modern biology and molecular medicine.
Racial disparities in sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with breast cancer
The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy to stage early breast cancer increased in both black and white women from 2002 to 2007, but the rates remained lower in black than white patients, a disparity that contributed to disparities in the risk for lymphedema (arm swelling common after breast cancer treatment because of damage to the lymphatic system).
Three accomplished physicians awarded ASTRO's highest honor
The American Society for Radiation Oncology will award Mary K.
SwRI-led CubeSat mission selected by NASA to study solar particles and space weather
NASA has selected Southwest Research Institute to develop CuSPP, a CubeSat mission to study Solar Particles over the Earth's Poles.
Identifying opposite patterns of climate change between the middle latitude areas
Overturns common ideas about the different types of climate changes between the middle latitude areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
University of Southampton to study antisocial behaviour in teenage girls
The University of Southampton has received EU funding to explore the causes of Conduct Disorder in teenage girls.
Proposed children's study needs refinement, report finds
A study that would track the health of 100,000 babies to age 21 has been put on hold following the release of an assessment report issued June 16 by the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine.
Making smartphones smarter with see-through sensors
Researchers have developed a new laser-writing technique that embeds smartphone display glass with layer-upon-layer of see-through sensors -- enabling applications like temperature sensors and biomedical monitors to be manufactured directly into the display.
Childhood maltreatment associated with cerebral grey matter abnormalities
An international study has analysed the association between childhood maltreatment and the volume of cerebral grey matter, responsible for processing information.
Fight-or-flight chemical prepares cells to shift brain from subdued to alert
A new study from The Johns Hopkins University shows that the brain cells surrounding a mouse's neurons do much more than fill space.
Depression linked to higher heart disease death risk in younger women
Women 55 and younger are twice as likely to suffer a heart attack, die or require artery-opening procedures if they're depressed.
Space Station top results for biotechnology, health and education announced
At the third annual ISS Research and Development conference June 17, four individuals and their teams received awards for their work in Biotechnology, Health and Education.
Study shows cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation counseling during hospitalization
In a recent study published in Tobacco Control, researchers at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute have demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of the Ottawa Model for Smoking Cessation, an intervention that includes in-hospital counseling, pharmacotherapy and post-hospital follow-up, compared to usual care among smokers hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Nature's chem lab: How microorganisms manufacture drugs
Researchers at the University of Michigan have obtained the first three-dimensional snapshots of the 'assembly line' within microorganisms that naturally produces antibiotics and other drugs.
Nanoparticles from dietary supplement drinks likely to reach environment, say scientists
Nanoparticles are becoming ubiquitous in food packaging, personal care products and are even being added to food directly.
Trap-jaw ants spreading in southeastern United States
Trap-jaw ant species are active hunters with venomous stings and jaws powerful enough to fling themselves through the air.
Scientists take first dip into water's mysterious 'no-man's land'
Scientists at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have made the first structural observations of liquid water at temperatures down to minus 51 degrees Fahrenheit, within an elusive 'no-man's land' where water's strange properties are super-amplified.
Eight undergraduate students receive travel awards from the Genetics Society of America
The Genetics Society of America (GSA) is pleased to name the recipients of the GSA Undergraduate Travel Awards for summer/fall 2014.
Broken gene found to protect against heart disease
By scouring the DNA of thousands of patients, researchers at the Broad Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, and their colleagues have discovered four rare gene mutations that not only lower the levels of triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood, but also significantly reduce a person's risk of coronary heart disease -- dropping it by 40 percent.
Litter-dwelling thrips live mainly in tropical and subtropical regions
Chinese zoologists have documented the effect of latitudinal change on the species diversity of litter-dwelling thrips.
Spanish slug -- Busting an invasion myth
Spanish slugs are known to do their fair share of damage in fields and gardens.
New Stanford blood test identifies heart-transplant rejection earlier than biopsy can
Stanford University researchers have devised a noninvasive way to detect heart-transplant rejection weeks or months earlier than previously possible.
Unlocking the therapeutic potential of SLC13 transporters
A new study provides the first functional analysis of a member of a family of transporter proteins implicated in diabetes, obesity, and lifespan, potentially providing the key that will enable researchers to unlock their therapeutic potential.
Penn team links placental marker of prenatal stress to brain mitochondrial dysfunction
New findings by University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine scientists suggest that an enzyme found in the placenta is likely playing an important role in translating stress experienced by a mother early in pregnancy into a reprogramming of her developing baby's brain.
U of MD researchers receive NIH grant to study personalized medicine for genetic diabetes
The National Institutes of Health has awarded a four-year, $3.7 million grant to researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine to develop a personalized medicine program to help doctors diagnose and treat monogenic diabetes -- a form of diabetes caused by a mutation in a single gene.
Fish-eating spiders discovered around the world
Spiders from five different families prey on small fish in the wild.
Birds evolve 'signature' patterns to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own
Using new 'pattern recognition algorithm,' latest research highlights how birds are 'fighting back' against the parasitic common cuckoo in what scientists describe as an evolutionary 'arms race.' They found that birds with the most sophisticated and distinctive egg patterning are those most intensely targeted by the cuckoo's egg mimicry.
Maybe birds can have it all: Dazzling colors and pretty songs
A study of one of the world's largest and most colorful bird families has dispelled a long-held notion, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that animals are limited in their options to evolve showiness.
Innovative technologies in rural areas improve agriculture, health care
This issue of Technology and Innovation features articles on innovations in rural regions and on technology and innovation, including one from the National Academy of Inventors on the value of technology transfer for universities beyond money, an analysis of the value of networks for European organic and conventional farmers, the use of technology for rural health care organizations, precision agriculture in the Northern Great Plains, and how modern communications technologies are changing communities in India.
False negative results found in prognostic testing for breast cancer
Researchers retested tumor samples from a large group of women and found that 22 out of 530 women had their tumor type incorrectly classified in local labs, which precluded them from effective treatment options.
Shortage of cybersecurity professionals poses risk to national security
The nationwide shortage of cybersecurity professionals -- particularly for positions within the federal government -- creates risks for national and homeland security, according to a new study from the RAND Corporation.
Familiar yet strange: Water's 'split personality' revealed by computer model
Using computer models, Princeton University researchers found that as water freezes it takes on a sort of split personality wherein, at very cold temperatures and above a certain pressure, it may spontaneously split into two liquid forms.
Horizontal levitation: The ultimate solution to particle separation
Magnetic separators exploit the difference in magnetic properties between minerals, for example when separating magnetite from quartz.
Evolutionary biology: Why cattle only have 2 toes
During evolutionary diversification of vertebrate limbs, the number of toes in even-toed ungulates such as cattle and pigs was reduced and transformed into paired hooves.
NSF and NIH collaborate to accelerate advance of biomedical innovations into the marketplace
A new collaboration between the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) will give NIH-funded researchers training to help them evaluate their scientific discoveries for commercial potential with the aim of accelerating the translation of biomedical innovations into applied health technologies.
Scripps Florida scientists pinpoint how genetic mutation causes early brain damage
Scientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute have shed light on how a specific kind of genetic mutation can cause damage during early brain development that results in lifelong learning and behavioral disabilities.
Collecting light with artificial moth eyes
All over the world researchers are investigating solar cells which imitate plant photosynthesis, using sunlight and water to create synthetic fuels such as hydrogen.
Ban on pavement sealant lowered levels of potentially harmful compounds in lake
In 2006, Austin, Texas, became the first city in the country to ban a commonly used pavement sealant over concerns that it was a major source of cancer-causing compounds in the environment.
UEA researchers discover Achilles' heel in antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Scientists at the University of East Anglia have made a breakthrough in the race to solve antibiotic resistance.
Groundbreaking research finds human sweat can reduce bacteria defenses
University of Leicester researchers discover sweat can cause corrosion of protective qualities of door knobs and taps within an hour of contact.
Scientists break the genetic code for diabetes in Greenland
New Danish genetics research explains the high incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Greenlandic population.
New quantum mechanism to trigger the emission of tunable light at terahertz frequencies
Scientists have found that two-dimensional nanostructures with asymmetric design enable a new quantum mechanism, triggering the emission of tunable light at terahertz frequencies -- with unprecedented efficiency.
2013's most compelling International Space Station results announced
Four compelling results from the research performed aboard the International Space Station were recognized June 17, 2014, as awardees in the category of Most Compelling Results from the space station in 2013.
Combatting cuckoos
In a new study, researchers from Harvard University and the University of Cambridge show that many birds parasitized by the Common Cuckoo have evolved distinctive pattern signatures on their eggs in order to distinguish them from those laid by a cuckoo cheat.
Blocking brain's 'internal marijuana' may trigger early Alzheimer's deficits, study shows
A new study led by investigators at the Stanford University School of Medicine has implicated the blocking of endocannabinoids -- signaling substances that are the brain's internal versions of the psychoactive chemicals in marijuana and hashish -- in the early pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Evolution depends on rare chance events, 'molecular time travel' experiments show
While historians can only speculate on what might have been, a team of evolutionary biologists studying ancient proteins has turned speculation into experiment.
Genomic technology enters the mainstream practice of medicine
Clinical genome and exome sequencing was once deemed exotic, but is increasingly being used by clinical geneticists and other specialists to diagnose rare, clinically unrecognizable, or puzzling disorders that are suspected to be genetic in origin.
Fish-eating spiders discovered in all parts of the world
Spiders are traditionally viewed as predators of insects. Zoologists from Switzerland and Australia have now published a study that shows: spiders all over the world also prey on fish.
New printing method for mass production of thin film transistors has been developed
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has developed a method for the manufacture of thin film transistors using a roll-to-roll technique only.
UC Riverside to lead new Energy Frontier Research Center project
A UC Riverside-led research project is among the 32 named today by US Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz as an Energy Frontier Research Center, designed to accelerate the scientific breakthroughs needed to build a new 21st-century energy economy in the United States.
New methods and tools for sustainable manufacturing
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has led the way in developing new innovative methods and tools.
Quest for education creating graying ghost towns at top of the world
Ethnic Tibetan communities in Nepal's highlands are rapidly shrinking as more parents send their children away for a better education and modern careers, a trend that threatens to create a region of graying ghost towns at the top of the world, according to a study that includes Dartmouth College.
Many doctors concerned about physician involvement in concealed-weapon permit process
A new survey of North Carolina doctors finds that many are concerned about the increasing number of requests they are receiving to assess their patients' competency to carry concealed weapons.
Portable brain-mapping device allows UT Arlington researchers to 'see' where memory fails
A published paper details the use of functional near infrared spectroscopy to map brain activity responses during cognitive activities.
Study examines how brain 'reboots' itself to consciousness after anesthesia
One of the great mysteries of anesthesia is how patients can be temporarily rendered completely unresponsive during surgery and then wake up again, with their memories and skills intact.
Following direction: How neurons can tell top from bottom and front from back
The question of how neurons and their axons establish spatial polarity and direction in tissues and organs is a fundamental question of any organism or biological system.
New method to identify inks could help preserve historical documents
The inks on historical documents can hold many secrets. Its ingredients can help trace trade routes and help understand a work's historical significance.
Expert awarded $8.5 million to enlist African-American barbers in fight against hypertension
A Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute physician has been awarded an $8.5 million grant aimed at enlisting African-American barbers in the fight against hypertension, a deadly condition that can cause strokes, heart attacks and organ failure, and which is particularly devastating to African-American men.
Stem pipeline problems to aid STEM diversity
Educators and policymakers have spent decades trying to recruit and retain more underrepresented minority students into the science, technology, engineering, and math pipeline.
Dismisses link between suicidal behaviour and ADHD drugs
A new register-based study from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden shows that drug therapy for ADHD does not entail an increased risk of suicide attempts or suicide, as was previously feared.
Kids whose time is less structured are better able to meet their own goals
Children who spend more time in less structured activities -- from playing outside to reading books to visiting the zoo -- are better able to set their own goals and take actions to meet those goals without prodding from adults, according to a new study by the University of Colorado Boulder.
Parents of children with autism curtail reproduction after signs of disorder
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder appear to curtail attempts to have more children after the first signs of the disorder manifest or a diagnosis is made.
Wildlife scientists map fishing resources to assist land managers, anglers
Researchers mapped a cultural ecosystem service approach by identifying the key features that influence anglers' enjoyment, such as environmental quality, accessibility, and fish abundance.
New manufacturing methods needed for 'soft' machines, robots
Researchers have developed a technique that might be used to produce 'soft machines' made of elastic materials and liquid metals for potential applications in robotics, medical devices and consumer electronics.
Vaccine 'reprograms' pancreatic cancers to respond to immunotherapy
Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center have developed and tested a vaccine that triggered the growth of immune cell nodules within pancreatic tumors, essentially reprogramming these intractable cancers and potentially making them vulnerable to immune-based therapies.
10th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology
The US Forest Service Southern Research Station Center for Forest Disturbance Science will host the 10th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology (ISEE) in Athens, Georgia, on June 22 - 27, 2014.
Telephone call is effective support when breast cancer treatment includes weight loss
A series of simple telephone calls can make a profound difference in helping women to meet their treatment goals for breast cancer, according to a randomized trial of women who are also obese.
Scripps Research Institute scientists reveal molecular 'yin-yang' of blood vessel growth
Biologists at The Scripps Research Institute have discovered a crucial process that regulates the development of blood vessels.
Counterterrorism, ethics, and global health
The surge in murders of polio vaccination workers in Pakistan has made headlines this year, but little attention has been devoted to the ethical issues surrounding the global health impact of current counterterrorism policy and practice.
Inflammation in fat tissue helps prevent metabolic disease
Chronic tissue inflammation is typically associated with obesity and metabolic disease, but new research from UT Southwestern Medical Center now finds that a level of 'healthy' inflammation is necessary to prevent metabolic diseases.
NIH and NSF collaborate to accelerate biomedical research innovations into the marketplace
A collaboration between the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health will give NIH-funded researchers training to help them evaluate their scientific discoveries for commercial potential, with the aim of accelerating biomedical innovations into applied health technologies.
Developing an improved liposuction technique that melts fat
Although liposuction is one of the most common and well-established cosmetic surgery procedures in the U.S., it still has its drawbacks.
NJIT researchers probe links between vision problems and cognition in a pioneering study
The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and to see clearly at near and far ranges is coordinated by key eye motor functions, including a mechanism called convergence and accommodation that allows us to see objects at different spatial depths by controlling two sets of muscles to reduce double and blurry vision.
Springer launches comprehensive open access journal
Springer has just launched a new open access journal in Mathematics.
Bioengineer receives $2.9 million grant to improve brain implants
Less than two years ago, a brain-computer interface designed at the University of Pittsburgh allowed Jan Scheuermann to control a robotic arm solely with her thoughts.
March of Dimes Canada invests to advance research in acquired brain injury at U of T
Today, March of Dimes Canada and the University of Toronto signed a $1.5 million agreement to advance research in recovery from brain injuries and stroke, making the donation to the University the largest made by the national charitable organization in its over 60 year history.
Columbia Engineering team finds thousands of secret keys in Android apps
Columbia Engineering computer scientists reported at SIGMETRICS 2014 that they have discovered a crucial security problem in Google Play, the official Android app store where millions get their apps.
Modeling how neurons work together
A highly accurate model of how neurons behave when performing complex movements could aid in the design of robotic limbs which behave more realistically.
Low cortisol levels may increase risk of depression in bipolar disorder
Depression is almost twice as common, and poor quality of life almost five times as common, in people with bipolar disorder who have elevated or low levels of the stress hormone cortisol in the blood.
Study: Controllable optical steady behavior obtainable from nonradiation coherence
Controllable optical steady behaviors including multi-stability and optical bistability are revealed for GaAs quantum wells driving by a single elliptically polarized field and a π-polarized probe field.
Families with an autistic child are a third less likely to have more kids
Parents who have a child with autism spectrum disorder are about one third less likely to have more children than families without an affected child, according to a study led by a UC San Francisco researcher.
Exposure to TV violence related to irregular attention and brain structure
Young adult men who watched more violence on television showed indications of less mature brain development and poorer executive functioning, according to research from Indiana University School of Medicine.
Two low-cost, car battery-sized Canadian space telescopes launched today
Two nanosatellites were launched from Yasny, Russia, at 15:11:11 Eastern Daylight Time today by Anthony Moffat, of the University of Montreal and the Centre for Research in Astrophysics of Quebec, and the Canadian research and technology team he leads.
'Smart glass' micro-iris for smartphone cameras
A small, low-powered camera component made from a 'smart glass' material has been created by a group of researchers in Germany with the hope of inspiring the next generation of smartphone cameras.
BU-lead study shows surprising spread of spring leaf-out times
Despite conventional wisdom among gardeners, foresters and botanists that woody plants all 'leaf out' at about the same time each spring, a new study organized by a Boston University biologist found a surprisingly wide span of as much as three months in leaf-out times.
Re-routing flights could reduce climate impact, research suggests
Aircraft can become more environmentally friendly by choosing flight paths that reduce the formation of their distinctive condensation trails, new research suggests.
Genomic 'dark matter' of embryonic lungs controls proper development of airways
Researchers have identified hundreds of long non-coding RNAs expressed in developing and adult lungs.
How a new approach to funding Alzheimer's research could pay off
Model indicates that diverse research approaches to the disease would be a rewarding investment.
No link found between soy food and endometrial cancer risk, say researchers
Researchers have found no evidence of a protective association between soy food and endometrial cancer risk, says a new study published June 18 in BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
Demand for diabetes, thyroid care outpaces supply of endocrinologists
As more people are diagnosed with diabetes and other hormone conditions, a growing shortage of endocrinologists could force patients to wait longer to see a doctor, according to a new Endocrine Society workforce analysis published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.


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Chemical Laws
Projects & Experiments
Medical Chemistry
Famous Chemists
EschCollection / Getty Images
by Todd Johnson
Todd Johnson has worked on the development, commercialization, and sales sides of the composites industry since 2004. He also writes about the industry.
There are two main types of corrugated plastic. Corrugated plastic sheet usually comprises what appear to be three layers - two flat sheets with a ribbed center layer. In fact, they are really two layers, often referred to as twinwall plastic. Corrugated plastic can also mean sheets of plastic which are wave-like in profile and may be reinforced with chopped glass fiber. They are a single layer and used mainly for roofing of garages and outhouses, but gardeners also use them to build sheds. Here we will focus on the twinwall version, also known as a corrugated plastic board or fluted plastic board.
How Corrugated Plastic Sheets Are Made
The materials used include polypropylene and polyethylene, widely used and versatile thermoplastics. Polypropylene has a neutral ph and is resistant to many chemicals at normal temperatures, but can be dosed with additives to provide a variety of other resistance such as UV, anti-static and fire resistance, for example.
Polycarbonate is also used, but this is a much less versatile material, particularly in respect of its relatively poor impact resistance and brittleness, although it is stiffer. PVC and PET are also used.
In the basic manufacturing process, the sheet is extruded; that is the molten plastic is pumped (typically with a screw mechanism) through a die that provides the profile. Dies are typical 1 - 3 meters wide, delivering a product of thickness up to 25 mm. Mono- and co-extrusion techniques are used depending on the precise profile required.
Advantages and Uses
In buildings: Suppliers claim it is an ideal material for storm shutters and that it is 200 times stronger than glass, 5 times lighter than plywood. It does not require painting and maintains its color, it is translucent and does not rot.
Clear polycarbonate corrugated sheet is used for roofing sunrooms where its rigidity, lightweight and insulating properties are ideal, and low impact resistance is less of an issue. It is also used for small structures such as greenhouses where its air core provides a useful insulating layer.
Humanitarian Relief: The material is ideal for temporary shelters need after flood, earthquake and other disasters. The lightweight sheets are easily transported by air. Easy to handle and fix to wooden frames their waterproof and insulating properties offer rapid shelter solutions when compared to traditional materials such as tarpaulins and corrugated steel sheets.
Packaging: Versatile, flexible and impact-resistant, polypropylene board is ideal for packaging components (and agricultural produce too). It is more eco-friendly than some molded packaging which cannot be recycled. It can be stapled, stitched and easily cut to shape with a hobby knife.
Signage: It is available in a wide variety of colors, is readily printed on (typically using UV printing) and can easily be fixed using a wide variety of methods; its lightweight being an important factor.
Pet enclosures: It is such a versatile material that rabbit hutches and other domestic pet enclosures are built with it. Fittings such as hinges can be bolted to it; being non-absorbent and easy to clean it offers a very low maintenance finish.
Hobby Applications: Modellers are using it to build airplanes, where its lightweight combined with rigidity in one dimension and flexibility at right angles provides properties ideal for wing and fuselage construction.
Medical: In an emergency, a section of a sheet can be rolled around a broken limb and taped into place as a splint, also providing impact protection and body heat retention.
Corrugated Plastic and the Future
The uses that this category of the board are put to demonstrate its fantastic versatility. New uses are being identified almost every day. For example, a patent has recently been filed to use layered sheets (alternate layers fused at right angles) in air-to-air heat exchangers.
Demand for corrugated plastic is sure to grow, but as many of the plastics used are dependent on crude oil, the raw material costs are subject to the fluctuations (and inevitable growth) of oil prices. This may prove to be a controlling factor.
One Word: Plastics
What Are PBT Plastics and How Are They Used?
What Exactly Is a Polymer?
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) and Its Many Uses
Petrochemicals You Use and Even Eat
10 Examples of Electrical Conductors and Insulators
Learn About the History of Fiberglass and How It Is Manufactured
How to Recycle Different Types of Plastic
Sports Architecture in Comparison - The Arena and Stadium
Just How Important Is Plastic?
Do You Know the Right Way to Use Carbon Fiber Laminates?
Build Your Own Mercury Vapor Light Setup
What Actually Happens When We Recycle Plastics?
The Benefits of Cell Phone Recycling
What Are Epoxy Resins?
Waste Disposal and Recycling


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Kenworth Names 2013 Service Council, Helps Provide The World's Best Customer Support
KIRKLAND, Wash., February 19, 2013 - Kenworth Truck Company has named its 2013 Kenworth Service Council, which is comprised of leading Kenworth service managers in the United States and Canada. The council's mission is to help promote service and product improvements to further enhance Kenworth's World's Best quality.
Members of the 2013 Kenworth Service Council are: Chairman - Michael Donnelly, MHC Kenworth, Little Rock, Ark.; Wayne Beal, Kenworth Sales, Spokane, Wash.; Chad Little, GreatWest Kenworth, Clairmont, Alb.; Tim Crist, Kenworth Northeast Group, Buffalo, N.Y.; Grant Easton, Kenworth Truck Centres, Concord, Ont.; Kyle Platt, Fort Wayne Truck Center, Fort Wayne, Ind.; Richard Williamson, Truckworx Kenworth, Birmingham, Ala.; Mike Yow, Kenworth of South Texas, San Antonio, Texas; and Kenworth Dealer Council representative Vince Tarola, Kenworth Truck Centres, Concord, Ont.
Kenworth's constant commitment for superior dealer service is demonstrated by Kenworth receiving the "Highest in Customer Satisfaction with Heavy Duty Truck Dealer Service, Two Years in a Row", according to the J.D. Power and Associates 2011-2012 Heavy Duty Truck Customer Satisfaction StudiesSM.*
Kenworth dealers sell genuine Kenworth parts and provide all makes parts and service through nearly 340 locations in the United States and Canada. Information on the Kenworth PremierCare® parts program is available at www.kenworth.com under Parts and Services.
To help support customers, Kenworth provides a complete dealership list on its website at www.kenworth.com. In addition, the Kenworth PremierCare® Customer Center (1-800-KW-ASSIST) is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The service requires no registration fee for emergency roadside assistance and is available to any truck brand. The Customer Center handles emergency roadside assistance calls and schedules service for preventive maintenance customers, among other services.
Kenworth Truck Company is the manufacturer of The World's Best® heavy and medium duty trucks. Kenworth's Internet home page is at www.kenworth.com. Kenworth is a PACCAR company.
*Kenworth received the highest numerical score for heavy-duty truck dealer service in the proprietary J.D. Power and Associates 2011-2012 Heavy Duty Truck Customer Satisfaction StudiesSM. 2012 study based on 1,725 primary maintainers of 2011 model-year Class 8 heavy-duty trucks measuring six manufacturers. Proprietary study results are based on experiences and perceptions of those surveyed in February-May 2012. Your experiences may vary. Visit jdpower.com


■WhiteTeethWhiteningKits: At home teeth whitening kits and gels use sodium perborate EU compliant products – safe and effective.
When we are struggling from a headache we generally consider of methods to quit the discomfort. Nonetheless, as there are diverse kinds of complications, sometimes the therapies might work for only a number of headache types. There are two various ways of curing the soreness induced by head aches. These types of headache treatment are referred to as prophylactical and abortive headache therapy.


What is so special about the sound of a Plexi?
In a word, lots. Admittedly, I'm a recent Marshall convert, having been primarily a Fender guy for years. I blame Jeff Aragaki, owner of Aracom Amps for this. His amps, that are steeped in Marshall mojo got me craving for that type of sound. BUT, it wasn't until I got the PLX18 BB, a Plexi "Bluesbreaker" replica that I "got" that Plexi vibe.
What a great classic sound! Eric at his best. Gotta love the fur outfit and Ginger Baker's very strange drumming style.
Nothing like a great 3 piece band! PAF equipped guitar plugged into a Plexi = Fantastic Tone.


The Monkees. Possibly the most underrated band in the history of music. No, I'm not kidding. Although I wasn't alive when they first got together, I got to relive their journey through re-runs on MTV. My Brother and I watched every episode, every day, and left with the ear worm of their awesome music.
The show originally aired from 1966 to 1968 and was considered a hit for its generation. Eighteen years after its last episode, the viewing public got another taste of The Monkees. Thanks to the re-runs in the mid eighties, I was able to enjoy the shows and became an instant fan.
The band consisted of three Americans, Mickey Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork, and one Englishman, Davey Jones. The four were originally joined as musical actors and kind of fell into becoming a band. Davey Jones is most notably known for being the lead singer, but in the early days, there was some back and forth as to who actually should be the lead. Many people credit Mickey Dolenz for The Monkees' unique sound.
The premise of the show was about an imaginary band that wanted to be the Beatles, but never were successful. In reality, The Monkees' music was quite successful and even outsold The Beatles and The Rolling Stones in 1967. Not too shabby for a band originally brought together for a TV show. Many of their critics described their show as a made for TV knockoff of The Beatles.
It's been noted, The Beatles were actually quite fond of the Monkees. At times, they were spotted hanging out and had a mutual affection towards one another. Is it possible for a year stretch they were actually bigger than The Beatles? Absolutely yes. Were they better than the Beatles? I would say yes, but millions would disagree.
I never got the fascination with The Beatles, and for the life of me, can't understand why they are so worshiped today. Americans in general have always been fascinated with young Brits coming over and singing a little tune. There are plenty of examples. That's probably why Davey Jones was part of The Monkees. He might have been the face of The Monkees, but he was never the architect. That label belonged to Mickey.
The Beatles continue to be well known, but guess what, so are The Monkees. I'm positive if one of their tunes were to be played on the radio, most people would be able to sing along with it. Who can forget "Last Train to Clarksville," or "Daydream Believer." Let us also not forget "I'm a Believer," and "Pleasant Valley Sunday." My personal favorite is "Shades of Gray."
Admit it. You already can't stop singing "Daydream Believer" now that I mentioned it. If you need help, click on the YouTube video to the right and sing along with the band. Their songs are classic, and like The Beatles, will stand the test of time. The only difference for me, I prefer to listen to The Monkees.
Ask any thirty or forty something what they think about The Monkees. I bet most of their responses would be, "I loved The Monkees." For us thirty and forty somethings, we would probably talk about the reruns that were played daily on MTV in 1986. The sixty and older crowd will likely smile as they talk about watching the shows from 1966-1968.
I guarantee if they were to start playing the reruns again, lets say on Nick at Night, MTV, GAC or VH1, the younger generation would fall in love with them too. This is exactly why they are the most underrated band in the history of music. Not only are they underrated, they continue to be under appreciated. You can't help but love them. And if you don't, go listen to The Beatles.


Download "Microsoft Word - 黃世錦04.docx"
3 論 陶 淵 明 的 讀 史 述 九 章 3 after Tao Yuan-Ming read Shi Ji/Historical Records. In this article, the topics of 9 Chapters are categorized into 5 topics to further discuss Tao Yuan-Ming s feelings in details: Praising Noble Character, Recognizing the Courage of Leaving While the Going Is Good, Praising the Faithfulness of Friendship, Signing for the Ancients Being Underappreciated and Implying the Sadness of Dynastic Changes. Keywords: Tao Yuan-Ming, Tao s Poetry, Bo Yi, Han Fei, Guan Zhong, Yen Hui Shi-Jin Huang: PhD, Department of Chinese Literature, National Taiwan University.


The work presented here aims to improve the Linagora's OpenPaaS open source collaborative platform for businesses — which includes among others a mailbox, a corporate social network and a shared calendar. This study focuses on automatic answering to appointment emails in French language.
Companies have many productivity tools that offer varied possibilities for remote communication. These tools allow to easily manage different projects that involve different partners at the same time. Among them, email still stands as a tool of choice with more than the half of the Mondial Population for users according to the Radicati Group 2017 Report. This same report also estimates that an average employee receives 88 emails a day and sends 34. Email would represent between 5 and 10 hours of an employee's time over a month.
But a too massive use of emails can heavily impact work productivity by causing information overload among employees who receive too much to manage them effectively. Moreover, the Radicati Group studies reveal that 43% of French employees say that they are interrupted at least once every ten minutes and 31 % admit to being distracted in their work.
Considering this problem of email management, our goal is to propose an email assistant tool that would be able to help user by automatically prioritizing emails, sending notifications when urgent emails are received and generating answers. This article will focus on the latter objective.
Some tools already exist for automatic email answering like Google's Gmail Smart Reply or Outlook's Message Management Assistant. But these tools only provide short answers that not always fit for professional use. Moreover, they are not open source. Our goal is to propose an approach and a tool to provide the most complete answers possible to avoid the recipient having to request further information in a new email.
Our tool is able to analyze incoming emails and decide which one requires a response and then retrieve relevant items to be able to generate an adequate answer. This response would then be submitted to the user's validation or modification.
This task needs to address two aspects: the email classification — to find those that require an answer — and the answer generation according to the detected user intent (i.e. the action he wants to perform or the purpose he wants to achieve by writing a sentence).
For instance, an email that only contains advertising does not require an answer. However, an email that contains a request for information about an appointment requires one. More specifically, it requests an answer that contains information about an appointment.
Our approach is based on an ontology. An ontology describes and represents an area of knowledge about a particular domain. It is a semantic graph in which nodes represent concepts (each concept can have one or more properties) and relationships between them. There are two kinds of relationships: hierarchical relations that model subsumption links between concepts (e.g. the cat concept belongs to the animal concept) and non-hierarchical links (e.g. zebra can eat leaf). To formalize the ontology, we used the OWL language (Web Ontology Language) proposed by the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) and widely used in the Semantic Web domain. We built the ontology with the Protégé tool — that support the OWL language — to describe meeting emails from a large corpus of business emails.
This ontology uses the formalization of FrameNet — which decomposes semantic frames into frame elements (FEs) that are themselves evoked by the presence of words called lexical units (LUs). These frames are only checked if the frame elements are present in a sentence. For example, in case of proposing an appointment by email, the semantic frame "appointment proposal" in the sentence "Je vous propose de faire une réunion jeudi prochain" (I propose to do a meeting next Thursday) can be detected thanks to the lexical units "propose" and "réunion" and the frame elements SPEAKER (i.e. "Je"), PROPOSITION (i.e. "propose") and TIME (i.e. "jeudi prochain").
Each concept of the ontology represents a different meeting intent with frame elements and lexical units that allow to detect them. The ontology contains 18 intent concepts grouped into 3 main concepts representing types of intents: request, proposal and notification.
The tool : how to detect intents in emails?
The smart reply feature is developed in Java. For each email, an annotation module annotates the email text with the LUs and FEs of the ontology concepts. This module outputs the three most likely intents for each sentence of the email. It retrieves the ontology annotations and projects them on each sentence of the email text to decide whether to assign them an appointment intention. This module is only based on Open Source APIs like Core NLP (for tokenization, POS tagging and detection of named entities), Duckling Facebook (to detect named entities that contain numbers), Snowball Stemmer (to make the matching between LUs and words of the text easier) and Jena (to read the OWL format).
The figure below illustrates the order in which APIs are used to project ontology's elements onto the text and to detect intents.
How to generate answers for emails?
Each intent concept is associated to several answers patterns that are specified in a separated concept of the ontology. For example, the appointment reminder concept is associated to 2 answers canvas representing the appointment changing request and the appointment confirmation. Thus, when the user receives an email containing the sentence "Je vous rappelle que l'entretien est prévu mardi à 15h", he can indicate that he will be present or ask to postpone the appointment if the date does not suit him.
The generated answers are adaptable according to the content of the email thanks to the syntax of the canvas that allow retrieving relevant elements in the text. For instance, if the incoming email contains the term "réunion" instead of "rendez-vous", the answer proposed to the user must contain the same term. The figure below shows the answering canvas syntax for an appointment changing request.
When the user selects "Demander déplacement d'un rendez-vous" to answer to the precedent appointment reminder, he has access to a pre-filled email containing the sentences "Je ne serai malheureusement pas disponible pour ce créneau. Pouvons-nous trouver un autre créneau pour l'entretien ?" (Unfortunately, I will not be available for this slot. Can we find another niche for the interview ?). The tag between braces retrieves the occurrence of lexical units which makes it possible to deduce that the sentence contains an appointment intent (i.e. "entretien") by adapting its determinant in accordance with its gender.
4 pm and midnight, the answer will begin with "Bonsoir" (Good evening) instead of "Bonjour" (Good morning / Good afternoon).
To adapt the answer to the person, the system considers the recipient's email address — which often contains the name of the company in which he works. If the recipient works in the user's company, the system simply inserts the greeting and the person's first name (1).
If not, it checks a first name list to identify if it is a man or a woman. Depending on what it finds, it inserts "Monsieur + NAME" or "Madame + NAME" (2). If the first name is ambiguous or absent from the first name list, the system keeps "FIRST NAME + NAME" (3).
An ontology manager that parses the ontology with the Apache Jena API to exploit the annotations it contains.
The intent detector that extracts the intents from the text by computing a relevance score for each intent concept of the ontology.
The answering generator that generates answers for each detected intent.
A Web Service that returns the three first answers in a JSON format.
The OpenPaaS UnifiedInbox module communicates with our answers suggestion service through a Web Service called by a REST API. For each email, the Inbox module sends a JSON request to the Web Service with the text of the email and the associated metadata. The system analyzes the request, detects intents in the text and returns a JSON response with the suggestions of answers.
A request is generally processed in less than 150ms. By selecting the appropriate button, the user has access to a pre-written response that can be modified, completed or simply sent. The sending must necessarily be validated by the user who can change his mind and choose another answer if the first does not suit him.
We evaluated our system according to two criteria: its performance in intent extraction and the relevance of the answers it proposes.
We first compared the performance of our system for the intent detection against machine learning models trained with the corpus we used to construct the ontology. The different systems were tested on another corpus of corporate emails containing (or not) various types of meeting intents. Our system presents far better results than the machine learning based models with an f-score of 69% against 24%.
We then compared the relevance of the answers proposed by our system and by Google's Smart-Reply for 15 emails through a questionnaire distributed to 26 Linagora employees. Our answers are preferred for 8 emails out of 15 with an agreement of more than 75% for 5 emails against 7 emails out of 15 for the Google's system — with an agreement of more than 75% for only 2 emails. The answers proposed by our system are selected by at least one annotator in all cases.
These experiences show that our approach allows providing relevant and acceptable answers that can fully compete with those proposed by the Google's System. Moreover, our answers seem to be preferred for cases where the answer requires mentioning specific elements such as availabilities or precisions about an appointment.
We are planning to link the answering mechanism to the OpenPaaS calendar to automatically check availabilities and generate answers depending on the user's constraints. We also plan to detect and answer to other intents as administrative workflows (for instance, vacation requests or mission orders).
Thanks to Zied Sellami, Samy Benhamiche, and Jean-Pierre LORRE.


Wrapped carbon arrows have been engineered to provide optimum balance of speed, accuracy, durability, penetration, ballistic coefficient, and continued crossbow life.
This arrow will serve the hunter well in harvesting all but the largest of game on earth.
Aluminum flat back cap: 12.3 gr., ACU20FCamX flat back cap.
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text:
using System;

namespace Redola.ActorModel
{
    public class ActorTransportDataReceivedEventArgs : EventArgs
    {
        public ActorTransportDataReceivedEventArgs(string sessionKey, byte[] data)
            : this(sessionKey, data, 0, data.Length)
        {
        }

        public ActorTransportDataReceivedEventArgs(string sessionKey, byte[] data, int dataOffset, int dataLength)
        {
            SessionKey = sessionKey;
            Data = data;
            DataOffset = dataOffset;
            DataLength = dataLength;
        }

        public string SessionKey { get; private set; }

        public byte[] Data { get; private set; }
        public int DataOffset { get; private set; }
        public int DataLength { get; private set; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return SessionKey;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
New Manga Combines Best Elements of My Hero Academia & Dragon Ball Z
The Hero Who Has No Class combines the rivalry of Trunks and Goten from Dragon Ball Z with a powerless hero similar to My Hero Academia's Deku.
New manga The Hero Who Has No Class. I Don't Need Any Skills, It's Okay takes the most enjoyable elements of My Hero Academia and Dragon Ball Z, combining them into fun new story fans of those popular franchises should check out. Like Deku, Arel lacks abilities his peers possess, but his struggle is couched in a rivalry reminiscent of that between Trunks and Goten.
Even though My Hero Academia's Deku currently wields numerous quirks from One For All's predecessors, and has been racking up more each chapter, there was a time when Deku was quirk-less. This is in a world where essentially everyone has a quirk. Interestingly, even when Deku later acquires One For All from All Might, his own physical limitations make it difficult for him to depend on his newfound quirk because wielding One For All badly damages parts of his body. Therefore, Deku has to rely on his insanely impressive analytical and problem-solving skills more than heroes with more dependable powers. He gets by surprisingly well in this manner, though he eventually finds a way to wield One For All without severely injuring himself.
In The Hero Who Has No Class, Arel is born into a world where the goddess bestows a class upon everyone. But, of course, Arel is classless like how Deku was quirk-less. This automatically makes Arel subject to ridicule, though, surprisingly, it doesn't affect him. Being born into a powerful family, he was able to spend years honing his skills. This is important because getting a class effectively powers up their respective skill sets. Having trained extensively, Arel can still be more skilled than someone who just acquired their class and never trained before. Arel proves this to be true when he gets in a fight with some arrogant opponents who were just assigned a class and wins.
The relationship that Arel later forms with his nameless rival is akin to the one between the younger versions of Dragon Ball Z's Trunks and Goten. Being the eldest, Trunks is much stronger than Goten, while Goten's father, Goku, is much more powerful than Trunks' dad, Vegeta. Although they quarrel about which one of them is the strongest, the argument always gets more heated when it involves their dads.
The relationship between Arel and his nameless rival follows a similar dynamic as Trunks and Goten. Arel's rival is much stronger than him, but Arel's mother, the "Sword Princess" Farah, is so renowned for her skill with a sword that Arel's rival is consumed with jealousy, which is why he shows so much disdain for Arel upon their first meeting. He believes that his father Evans, the municipal police officer, is actually the best swordsman, and makes sure to announce to Arel that he refuses to accept that it's Farah.
The Hero Who Has No Class essentially takes some of the best qualities of My Hero Academia and Dragon Ball Z and magnifies them to a whole other level. Manga series like My Hero Academia which focuses on weak heroes who later become insanely powerful might already be successful, but The Hero Who Has No Class stretches out this dynamic for an entire series, rather than confining it to one arc. And while Dragon Ball Z's Trunks and Goten disagree over whose father is stronger, their fights are innocent because they're friends, with a rivalry that fleshes out both characters. The Hero Who Has No Class. I Don't Need Any Skills, It's Okay basically takes that point of contention between buddies and gives it to actual enemies, making the argument that much more intense and personal, and successfully merging the most compelling elements of My Hero Academia and Dragon Ball Z.
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