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communications biology
Detritivore conversion of litter into faeces accelerates organic matter turnover
François-Xavier Joly ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4453-865X1,
Sylvain Coq2,
Mathieu Coulis ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-85193,
Jean-François David2,
Stephan Hättenschwiler2,
Carsten W. Mueller ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-05444,5,
Isabel Prater ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-31504 &
Jens-Arne Subke ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9244-639X1
Communications Biology volume 3, Article number: 660 (2020) Cite this article
Litter-feeding soil animals are notoriously neglected in conceptual and mechanistic biogeochemical models. Yet, they may be a dominant factor in decomposition by converting large amounts of plant litter into faeces. Here, we assess how the chemical and physical changes occurring when litter is converted into faeces alter their fate during further decomposition with an experimental test including 36 combinations of phylogenetically distant detritivores and leaf litter of contrasting physicochemical characteristics. We show that, across litter and detritivore species, litter conversion into detritivore faeces enhanced organic matter lability and thereby accelerated carbon cycling. Notably, the positive conversion effect on faeces quality and decomposition increased with decreasing quality and decomposition of intact litter. This general pattern was consistent across detritivores as different as snails and woodlice, and reduced differences in quality and decomposition amongst litter species. Our data show that litter conversion into detritivore faeces has far-reaching consequences for the understanding and modelling of the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Plant litter decomposition is a fundamental biogeochemical process in terrestrial ecosystems1, occurring through three dominant pathways: leaching of water-soluble compounds, enzymatic degradation by microorganisms, and litter processing by soil animals2. While the leaching and microbial pathways received considerable attention3,4, the understanding of the soil animal pathway lags behind5. This litter processing is mostly driven by detritivores, i.e. soil animals that feed on decomposing litter, assimilate a part of it and typically return the largest part to the soil as faeces ('litter conversion into detritivore faeces' hereafter)6. Studies from temperate7, Mediterranean8, tropical9 and arid10 ecosystems reported that large portions of annual litterfall are consumed by detritivores and converted into faeces. This conversion entails physical changes with a reduction of initially intact litter to minute particles that constitute the faeces (referred to as comminution or fragmentation in the literature2) and chemical changes with a partial digestion of the litter passing through detritivore guts6. Because litter physicochemical characteristics ('quality' hereafter) predominantly control the leaching and microbial pathways, quality changes driven by detritivores may profoundly alter the further fate of the converted litter. Yet, the consequences of this conversion for decomposition processes are poorly understood and the few studies addressing this question reported conflicting results6,11,12. The lack of consensus may be attributed to two unresolved questions: Does initial litter quality determine the further decomposition of detritivore faeces after conversion? Does the conversion effect on faeces decomposition vary among detritivore species? With these two questions presently unanswered, the potentially fundamental role of detritivores in biogeochemical cycling and soil carbon dynamics remains elusive and difficult to predict.
A recent study evaluating how an abundant and widespread millipede species modifies decomposition reported accelerated rates of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) loss from faeces compared to intact litter from seven tree species11. Most importantly, the effect of litter conversion into detritivore faeces on further decomposition was particularly strong for recalcitrant litter. This has far-reaching implications as it suggests that the dominant litter quality control over decomposition13,14 may be strongly altered following litter conversion into faeces. This is of critical importance given that litter quality control over decomposition occupies a key position in conceptual and mechanistic decomposition models15. However, the focus of the study on a single animal species prevents generalising this pattern.
Although it is currently assumed that detritivore processing of litter, thus, including the conversion effect, is similar among detritivore species2, it seems reasonable to assume that the large interspecific differences in anatomy, assimilation6 and faeces characteristics6,16 observed among different species of detritivores may influence the effect that litter conversion into detritivore faeces will have on further decomposition. Indeed, the astounding diversity of soil organisms is increasingly recognised as an important variable in determining ecosystem processes17. Yet, how the conversion effect varies among detritivores and how this detritivore identity control interacts with litter quality is unknown.
Here we address this knowledge gap by feeding six phylogenetically and physiologically different detritivore species (to maximise potential functional differences among species) with six different litter types (to form a litter quality gradient), collecting the resulting 36 faeces types (Fig. 1) and comparing their quality (11 physicochemical characteristics) and decomposition rates (C and N losses) with that of the six intact litter types. We hypothesised that (H1) litter conversion into detritivore faeces generally increases litter quality and consequently C and N losses and that (H2) this increase is stronger for recalcitrant and slow-decomposing litter, regardless of detritivore species.
Fig. 1: Faeces diversity as a function of litter and detritivore identity.
Diversity of leaf litter (from six tree species) and detritivores (three millipede (Diplopoda), two woodlouse (Crustacea) and one snail (Gastropoda) species) included in this study, with the respective faeces from all possible combinations of litter and detritivore species. Faeces are to scale; animals and leaves are not to scale.
Changes in quality
The 36 faeces types varied in size, shape, colour (Fig. 1) and quality (Fig. 2) depending on litter and detritivore species. Visually, the faeces colour was clearly determined by the litter species, independent of the detritivore species from which they were derived, with light colour when detritivores were feeding on Fagus litter and dark colour when feeding on Tilia litter (Fig. 1). In contrast, the shape and size of the faeces varied with detritivore species, with ovoids (length ca. 0.8–1.0 mm) for millipedes, rectangular cuboids (length ca. 0.8–1.3 mm) for woodlice and cylinders (length ca. 2.8 mm) for the snail (Fig. 1). The principal component analysis (PCA) of litter and faeces characteristics (Fig. 2a and see Supplementary Table 1 for detailed summary of characteristics), including elemental composition (C/N ratio, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN)), chemical properties (tannin concentration, five chemical shift regions of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectra) and physical characteristics (specific area, water-holding capacity (WHC)), revealed that the 42 substrates (6 intact litter controls and 36 faeces types) predominantly differed along the first principal component (PC1) in their elemental composition. This PC1, which captured 32.9% of the total variability, represented the range in C/N ratio (17.6–42.8), tannin concentrations (2.1–24.7 mg/g), DOC concentrations (3.5–26.4 mg/g) and TDN concentrations (0.5–4.9 mg/g) and separated substrates with high C/N ratio and tannin concentrations on the negative end from substrates with high DOC and TDN concentrations on the positive end (Fig. 2a). On this PC1, scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001; Student's t test) for faeces (0.3 on average) than for intact litter (−2.0 on average; Fig. 2b). Scores for intact litter differed significantly (P < 0.001; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) among litter species (ranging from −5.2 for Aesculus litter to 1.4 for Acer litter). Faeces scores also differed significantly (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA) among faeces types (ranging from −3.3 for Glomeris faeces derived from Fagus litter to 4.2 for Porcellio faeces derived from Acer litter). The net difference in PC1 scores between faeces and intact litter from which the faeces were derived was significantly positive for 32 of the 36 faeces types (Fig. 3a). This difference was negatively related with litter PC1 scores, which explained 47.5% of the variance (Fig. 3a; analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)), resulting in large positive differences for faeces derived from litter with low PC1 scores (e.g. Aesculus) and smaller or even non-significant differences for faeces derived from litter with high PC1 scores (e.g. Acer; Fig. 3a). This relation was particularly steep for the millipede Tachypodoiulus and the snail Cepaea (significant interaction with detritivore species; Fig. 3a; ANCOVA), and differences also varied in magnitude among detritivore species (Fig. 3a; ANCOVA).
Fig. 2: Physicochemical characteristics of faeces and intact litter.
Principal component analysis (PCA) of physicochemical characteristics for all substrates (6 intact litter and 36 faeces treatments, Fig. 1). a displays the variable loadings (dark-grey arrows) and the correlations of intact litter and faeces C and N losses with the PCA axes (yellow and brown arrows for intact litter and faeces, respectively). b displays the scores for all substrates (mean; n = 3), with coloured convex hulls containing, for each litter species, faeces types derived from all detritivore species; intact litter is displayed separately. WHC water-holding capacity, DOC dissolved organic carbon, TDN total dissolved nitrogen. Variables were centred and standardised prior to ordination.
Fig. 3: Net effect of litter conversion into faeces on physicochemical characteristics.
Net differences in principal component (PC) scores (see Fig. 2) between faeces and the leaf litter from which they were derived as a function of litter PC1 scores (a) and PC2 scores (b) for all combinations of litter and detritivore species (mean ± SE; n = 3). Differences above the black dotted lines are significantly positive, and differences below the black dashed line are significantly negative. Numbers in brackets indicate the relative frequency of non-significant differences (=), positive differences (↑) and negative differences (↓). %SS (percentage of total sum of squares) and asterisks (ns: P > 0.05; ***P < 0.001) indicate the variance and P value associated with the effect of litter quality (PC scores), detritivore species and their interaction in a two-way ANCOVA. Thick black lines represent the regression lines for all treatments, with grey areas representing the 95% confidence intervals of regression lines. Grey lines represent the regression line for each detritivore species separately, each labelled with the first two letters of the detritivore genus name.
Along the second principal component (PC2), which captured 20.9% of the total variability, substrates differed in their physical and chemical properties. Specifically, this PC2 represented the range in WHC (1.53–3.26 g H2O/g), O/N alkyl C (43.8–68.1% of total C; representing the polysaccharide content) and carboxyl C (2.0–16.3% of total C; representing the content of oxidised C) and separated substrates with high WHC and O:N alkyl content on the positive end from substrates with high carboxyl content on the negative end (Fig. 2a). Scores were significantly lower (P < 0.05; Student's t test) for faeces (−0.1 on average) than for intact litter (0.9 on average, Fig. 2b). Scores for intact litter differed significantly (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA) among litter species (ranging from −2.4 for Aesculus litter to 3.6 for Fagus litter). Faeces scores also differed significantly (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA) among faeces types (ranging from −3.6 for Cepaea faeces derived from Fagus litter to 3.8 for Ommatoiulus faeces derived from Fagus litter). The net difference in PC2 scores between faeces and intact litter from which the faeces were derived was significantly positive for 3 of the 36 faeces types, not different from zero for 15 faeces types and significantly negative for the remaining 18 faeces types. Similar to what we observed for PC1 scores, the difference between faeces and intact litter was strongly and negatively related with litter PC2 scores, which explained 36.0% of the variance (Fig. 3b; ANCOVA), resulting in positive differences for faeces derived from litter with low PC2 scores (e.g. Aesculus) and large negative differences for faeces derived from litter with high PC2 scores (e.g. Fagus; Fig. 3b). This relation was particularly steep for the millipede Tachypodoiulus and the snail Cepaea (significant interaction with detritivore species, Fig. 3b; ANCOVA), and differences varied in magnitude among detritivore species (Fig. 3b; ANCOVA).
Changes in carbon and nitrogen dynamics during decomposition
After 180 days of incubation under controlled conditions, faeces lost significantly more of their initial C than intact litter (P < 0.001; Student's t test), with an average C loss of 32.9% for faeces compared to 23.8% for intact litter across treatments, representing a 38.1% increase in C loss following litter conversion into faeces (Fig. 4a). Litter C loss differed significantly among litter species (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA), ranging from 14.5% of initial C lost for Aesculus litter to 31.6% for Acer litter. Faeces C loss also differed significantly among faeces types (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA), ranging from 21.2% of initial C loss for Armadillidium faeces derived from Aesculus litter to 42.7% for Porcellio faeces derived from Quercus litter. Litter C loss was positively related with both PCA axes 1 and 2, which explained 34.1% (P < 0.001) and 39.0% (P < 0.001) of the variance, respectively (Fig. 2a). Faeces C loss was also positively related with both PCA axes but more so with the first axis explaining 53.0% (P < 0.001; linear regression) of the variance, compared to 10.8% (P < 0.001; linear regression) for the second axis (Fig. 2a). Notably, faeces C loss was tightly related to DOC concentration (Fig. 2a). The net difference in C loss between faeces and the intact litter from which the faeces derived was significantly positive for 33 of the 36 faeces types (not different from zero for the remaining three types, Fig. 5a). This difference was negatively related with litter C loss, which explained 12.6% of the variance (Fig. 5a; ANCOVA), resulting in large positive differences for faeces derived from litter with low C loss (e.g. Aesculus) and smaller or even non-significant differences for faeces derived from litter with high C loss (e.g. Acer; Fig. 5a). This relation was similar for all detritivore species (no interaction with detritivore species; Fig. 5a; ANCOVA) but varied in magnitude among detritivore species (Fig. 5a; ANCOVA).
Fig. 4: Decomposition of faeces and intact litter.
Carbon (a) and nitrogen (b) losses for all substrates (6 intact litter and 36 faeces types; see Fig. 1) (mean ± SE; n = 5). Non-visible error bars are smaller than the symbol.
Fig. 5: Net effect of litter conversion into faeces on decomposition.
Net differences in a C loss and b N loss (see Fig. 4) between faeces and the intact litter from which faeces are derived as a function of litter C and N loss, respectively, for all faeces types (mean ± SE; n = 5). Differences above the black dotted lines are significantly positive, and differences below the black dashed line are significantly negative. Numbers in brackets indicate the relative frequency of non-significant differences (=), positive differences (↑) and negative differences (↓). %SS (percentage of total sum of squares) and asterisks (ns: P > 0.05; ***P < 0.001) indicate the variance and P value associated with the effect of litter C or N loss, detritivore species and their interaction in a two-way ANCOVA. Thick black lines represent the regression lines for all treatments, with grey areas representing the 95% confidence intervals of regression lines. Grey lines represent the regression line for each detritivore species separately, each labelled with the first two letters of the detritivore genus name.
In contrast to C loss, N loss did not differ significantly between faeces and intact litter across treatments (P = 0.377; Student's t test), with an average N loss of 19.7% for faeces compared to 18.1% for intact litter. Litter N loss differed significantly among litter species (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA), ranging from 2.0% of initial N lost for Fagus litter to 37.3% for Acer litter (Fig. 4b). Faeces N loss also differed significantly among faeces types (P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA), ranging from 5.0% of initial N loss for Glomeris faeces derived from Fagus litter to 35.3% for Armadillidium faeces derived from Acer litter (Fig. 4b). Litter and faeces N losses were both positively related with the first PCA axis, which explained 60.2% (P < 0.001; linear regression) and 52.7% (P < 0.001; linear regression) of the variance, respectively (Fig. 2a). Even without different N losses from intact litter and faeces on average across treatments, the change in N loss showed notable variation across the 36 faeces types, with significant increases in N loss compared to intact litter for 9, significant decreases for 5 and no differences for 22 faeces types. Similar to C loss, the difference in N loss between faeces and intact litter was strongly and negatively related with litter N loss, which explained 58.2% of the variance (Fig. 5b; ANCOVA), resulting in large positive differences for faeces derived from litter with low N loss (e.g. Fagus) and large negative differences for faeces derived from litter with high N loss (e.g. Acer; Fig. 5b). In contrast to C loss, this relation varied with detritivore species (significant interaction with detritivore species, Fig. 3b; ANCOVA) and was particularly steep for the millipede Tachypodoiulus and the snail Cepaea. Differences in N loss between faeces and intact litter also varied in magnitude among detritivore species (Fig. 3b; ANCOVA).
Our large and representative experiment with 36 different types of detritivore faeces revealed clear patterns of C and N loss in response to litter conversion into faeces. Specifically, we showed that C cycling was accelerated by 38.1% on average over a 6-month decomposition period when detritivores converted leaf litter into faeces, in line with our first hypothesis. This result provides a clear answer to a long-standing debate about the consequences of litter conversion into faeces for further decomposition: Does the conversion accelerate decomposition by increasing the surface area available to microbial colonisation18,19 or does it decelerate decomposition by depleting readily degradable compounds6,12? To date, the limited and contrasting data on this effect made this debate largely unresolved. The 7 published studies with a total of 16 combinations of litter and detritivore species reported slower, faster or unchanged decomposition in faeces compared to intact litter for 320,21, 911,21,22,23, and 411,23,24,25 of these combinations, respectively. Here, with significantly faster C cycling in faeces compared to intact litter for 33 litter-detritivore combinations and unchanged C cycling for the other 3, our study nearly triples the existing data and suggest that unchanged or slower decomposition is more the exception than the rule.
The concomitant assessment of changes in a wide range of physicochemical characteristics following litter conversion into faeces provides an unprecedented insight into the potential mechanisms driving this accelerated decomposition. This conversion effect, which comprises the effects of litter comminution, partial digestion and repackaging into faeces, significantly increased the organic matter lability (reduced C:N ratio and tannin concentrations and increased DOC and TDN concentrations; Figs. 2 and 3) in all but 4 of the 36 faeces types, as expected by our first hypothesis. Moreover, carbon loss from faeces appeared to be mostly related to this lability (Fig. 2a). Interestingly, while this lability axis represented an increase in surface area resulting from the comminution of leaves into minute particles, it mostly represented an increase in DOC concentration, which was the variable most tightly correlated with faeces C loss. This suggests that litter conversion into detritivore faeces may accelerate decomposition mostly by facilitating the leaching pathway rather than the microbial pathway, as commonly assumed. This is noteworthy, as the lack of evidence for a higher microbial activity in faeces compared to intact litter20,26,27,28 was one of the main reasons recent reviews argued against the assumption that litter conversion into faeces accelerates decomposition6,12. Here we present compelling evidence that litter conversion into detritivore faeces does accelerate decomposition and propose that increased leaching may be one of the dominant underlying mechanisms.
In light of the emerging paradigm of soil organic matter (SOM) formation, which posits that decomposition products such as leachates and microbial products, not litter recalcitrance, drive the formation and stabilisation of SOM29, our results suggest that detritivores may stimulate SOM formation. Indeed, by increasing leaching and microbial degradation, litter conversion into detritivore faeces could be a springboard for further production of decomposition products thereby facilitating the formation of stable SOM. In addition, other mechanisms associated with litter conversion into faeces, which we did not study here explicitly, may affect the fate of detritivore faeces and their role for SOM dynamics. These include the mixing of organic matter and minerals in faeces due to detritivores ingesting mineral soil particles along with plant litter; the burial of faeces (active or passive), which may improve conditions for further decomposition23,30; the production of leftover litter parts (e.g. leaf veins) for which exposure to leaching and microbial degradation may be increased and the further ingestion of faeces by other soil animals26. In turn, our experiment included the removal of leaf veins from the intact litter, which may have partially fragmented the decomposing material and falsely inflated the intact litter decomposition thereby underestimating the litter-to-faeces conversion effect. It is also important to note that for this experiment we employed litter species collected at the same time as the detritivore species for maximised realism. A drawback of this choice is that the different litter species varied somewhat in decomposition stages. This could have led to converging initial quality of intact litter and a potentially underestimated conversion effect. Moreover, it is currently unknown how the conversion effect varies through time and progress in the decomposition process. Last, a variable part of the ingested litter is assimilated by detritivores and later respired or incorporated into animal biomass. A more thorough quantification of the assimilated part of litter and its fate will be necessary to evaluate the overall effect of detritivores on decomposition and SOM formation6,31. All these mechanisms and methodological aspects require further investigation for an integrated understanding of the effect of detritivores on decomposition and SOM formation.
A key result of our study, the first of its kind to include both litter and detritivore diversity, is that the direction and magnitude of the effect of litter conversion into detritivore faeces on quality and decomposition can largely be predicted by the characteristics of the litter being consumed. Specifically, we found that the increase in lability (decrease in C:N ratio and tannin concentration and increase in leachate concentrations) and carbon loss following litter conversion into detritivore faeces was stronger for recalcitrant and slow-decomposing litter, in line with our second hypothesis, and null for more labile and fast-decomposing litter. Similar patterns were previously reported for microbial activity in faeces32 and their quality and decomposition11 using a single detritivore species. Here we extend these previous findings by showing strikingly similar effects across a range of detritivore species that vary in many aspects, including their phylogenetic position, physiology and ecology. The important role that initial litter properties have for the expression of the litter-to-faeces conversion effect may explain the discrepancies between previous studies that found effects ranging from positive to negative, often based on one single litter type. Actually, the pattern we report does not exclude the possibility of even negative effects of litter conversion into faeces if the litter quality gradient were pushed even further to more labile and fast-decomposing litter. In fact, the few negative effects on decomposition reported previously were for freshly senesced Alnus glutinosa and Salix caprea litter20,21, which are nutrient rich and rapidly decomposing. On the other end of the spectrum, positive effects reported in other studies were observed for more recalcitrant litter11,21,22,23. Although these studies differed in other aspects, litter dependency appears to be key in reconciling the contrasting results of past studies. This litter dependency was even clearer for quality along the second PCA axis and for N dynamics. Particularly, N was lost at lower rates in faeces compared to intact litter for fast-decomposing litter, while slow-decomposing litter produced faeces that lost N at higher rates. Consequently, across all litter species, the overall average N loss was not different before and after litter conversion into faeces, opposite to our first hypothesis. The fact that litter conversion into detritivore faeces increased N loss and quality for recalcitrant and slow-decomposing litter and decreased N loss and quality for more readily degradable litter suggests that detritivores equilibrate differences in N release among litter types. A potential mechanism underlying this litter-dependency may be that the comminution of leaf litter into minute particles removes physical protection33, thereby increasing leaching and consequently decomposition. Because leaching is typically lower for recalcitrant and slow-decomposing litter due to such physical protection34, litter comminution may have a particularly strong effect on the decomposition of recalcitrant and slow-decomposing litter. Collectively, our results indicate that litter conversion into detritivore faeces increases quality and decomposition for recalcitrant and slow-decomposing litter, while it does not change or even reduce quality and decomposition for labile and fast-decomposing litter, thereby reducing differences in quality and decomposition among litter species. An important consequence of this homogenisation is that, in ecosystems with abundant detritivore communities, the control of litter quality on decomposition—a key parameter in global decomposition models15—is substantially attenuated.
Detritivores constitute a very large group of soil animals of high taxonomic diversity. The role of this diversity and the differences among individual species in the process of litter conversion into faeces and its consequences for decomposition is poorly documented. Here we show that homogenisation is consistent across detritivore species, both within and across phylogenetic groups, at least for our six studied species, which are common in European temperate and Mediterranean ecosystems. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this effect on litter quality (Fig. 3) and decomposition rates (C and N losses, Fig. 5) varied to some extent among the studied detritivore species, with detritivore identity explaining 12–17% of the variance in the change in quality and decomposition. Although our design did not allow statistical testing for differences among the phylogenetic groups (Gastropoda, Crustacea, Diplopoda) included in our test, we noted that the change in N loss was particularly high for the woodlouse species (Crustacea; Figs. 4b and 5b). Additionally, for N cycling and the second PCA axis, the strength of the homogenisation on quality and decomposition varied to some extent among detritivore species, as shown by the interaction between detritivore identity and litter parameter accounting for 4–22% of the variance in the change in quality and decomposition. This indicates that detritivore identity may modulate the strong general homogenisation to some extent. Identifying detritivore characteristics that underpin these differences (e.g. consumption rate, assimilation efficiency, gut microbiome, faeces characteristics) thus appears as an important perspective for future work to predict the contribution of detritivores to decomposition, thereby contributing to the ongoing effort of defining terrestrial invertebrates' functional characteristics that affect ecosystem functioning35,36. This may permit the approach of character-matching37, in which combining the characteristics of detritivores with those of the litter they feed on would allow integrating the effect of detritivore identity and its interaction with litter quality into the modelling of litter decomposition. Collectively, given the prevalence of litter conversion into detritivore faeces in many terrestrial ecosystems and the magnitude of the associated changes in quality and decomposition that depend on litter and detritivore identity, we argue that the explicit inclusion of litter processing by detritivores and associated homogenisation in decomposition and SOM models is key to improving their predictive capabilities.
Detritivore and leaf litter collection
We collected six phylogenetically diverse species of detritivores in various areas of the Scottish Lowlands in May and June 2018, including three millipede species (Diplopoda), two woodlouse species (Crustacea) and one snail species (Gastropoda). Millipede species include the common pill millipede (Glomeris marginata (Villers, 1789)) collected near Peebles, UK (55°38′45.8″N, 3°07′55.4″W), the striped millipede (Ommatoiulus sabulosus (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected near Dunfermline, UK (56°02′23.7″N, 3°19′49.2″W) and the white-legged millipede (Tachypodoiulus niger (Leach, 1815)) collected near Dundee, UK (56°32′08.5″N, 3°01′51.9″W). Woodlouse species include the common pill woodlouse (Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804)) collected near Dunfermline, UK (56°01′35.3″N 3°23′14.1″W) and the common rough woodlouse (Porcellio scaber (Latreille, 1804) collected in Stirling, UK (56°07′26.7″N, 3°55′51.2″W). The snail species was the brown-lipped snail (Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected in Stirling, UK (56°08′07.3″N, 3°55′16.3″W). These species are common in diverse ecosystems across Mediterranean and temperate ecosystems in Europe, where they feed on decomposing litter and produce large amounts of faeces16,38,39,40. Detritivores were kept in plastic boxes and fed with moist litter from various tree species from their respective collection sites before the start of the experiment.
To obtain a gradient of leaf litter quality, we collected leaf litter from six deciduous broadleaf tree species in the Scottish Lowlands. These species include sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus, L.), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum, L.), common hazel (Corylus avellana, L.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica, L.), English oak (Quercus robur, L.) from a woodland near Dundee, UK (56°32′08.5″N, 3°01′51.9″W) and lime (Tilia platyphyllos, L.) from a woodland in Stirling, UK (56°08′29.5″N, 3°55′14.2″W). Because detritivores are most active in spring and summer in these ecosystems, they feed on partially decomposed litter, which they prefer over freshly fallen litter (David and Gillon8). We thus collected leaf litter from the forest floor in May 2018, air-dried it and stored it in cardboard boxes until use.
Faeces production
To compare the quality and decomposability of leaf litter with faeces derived from the same litter and produced by diverse detritivore species, we set up two series of boxes for the production of the needed material. In the first of these series, we placed each detritivore species together with each litter species to produce the 36 different faeces types (Fig. 1; 6 litter species × 6 detritivore species = 36 faeces types). The second of these series contained the litter species only without any detritivores to produce intact litter from each tree species (6 litter species) under the same conditions for the same amount of time. In total, 42 different substrates were generated. To do so, we placed ca. 30 g of air-dry leaf litter from each species separately in plastic boxes (30 cm × 22 cm × 5.5 cm) to which we added ca. 50 individuals from each detritivore species separately or no detritivore for the intact litter treatment. We sprayed the litter with water to optimise litter moisture for detritivore consumption while avoiding water accumulation at the bottom of the boxes. We kept the boxes at room temperature (ca. 20 °C) for 4 weeks and collected the produced faeces/intact litter twice a week. For the faeces, we placed the content of each box in a large bucket and gently agitated to let detritivores and faeces fall to the bottom of the bucket. After collecting the faeces, we placed all the leaf litter and detritivores back into their boxes and sprayed the litter with water to keep moisture conditions constant. For the intact litter treatment, we followed the same procedure but collected just three random leaves out of the buckets. After each collection step, the combination-specific pools of leaf litter and faeces were dried at 30 °C. At the end of the faeces production period, we manually removed small leaf litter fragments from all combination-specific pools of faeces. Additionally, because detritivores feed on leaf lamina and leave leaf veins mostly uneaten6, we cut out the veins from the species-specific pools of intact leaf litter. This was done to ensure the comparability of quality and decomposability between faeces and intact litter.
Litter and faeces quality
To evaluate the effect of litter conversion into detritivore faeces on organic matter quality, we compared the quality of faeces to that of intact litter by measuring a series of physical and chemical quality parameters on all 42 substrates (6 litter species + 36 faeces types). Chemical characteristics included total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, DOC and TDN concentrations, total tannin concentrations, and 13C solid-state NMR spectra. Physical characteristics included WHC and specific area (surface area per unit of mass). Prior to these measurements, we drew three subsamples from each pool of substrate type. A part of each subsample was ground using a ball mill (TissueLyser II, Qiagen) to measure total C, N and tannin concentration and generate NMR spectra. The other part of each subsample was kept intact and used for all other measurements. All measurements were thus done on these three subsamples per substrate type, except for NMR spectra that were measured once per substrate type on a sample made by pooling all three ground subsamples. This pooling was necessary to obtain a sample large enough for the NMR analyses. Total C and N concentrations were measured with a flash CHN elemental analyser (Flash Smart, ThermoScientific). To measure DOC and TDN, we extracted leachates by placing ca. 30 mg of air-dried material with 25 ml of deionised water in 50 ml Falcon tubes and agitating the tubes horizontally on a reciprocal shaker for 1 h. Water extracts were then filtered through 0.45-μm cellulose nitrate filters to isolate the leachate fraction. Concentrations of DOC and TDN in leachates were measured with a TOC analyser (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a supplementary module for N. Tannin concentrations were measured with the protein-precipitable phenolics microplate assay, a microplate protocol adapted from Hagerman and Butler41. We obtained 13C-NMR spectra by applying 13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy using a 200 MHz spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, USA). The samples were spun in 7 mm zirconium dioxide rotors at 6.8 kHz with an acquisition time of 0.01024 s. To avoid Hartmann–Hahn mismatches, a ramped 1H impulse was applied during a contact time of 1 ms. We applied a delay time of 2.0 s and the number of scans was set to 1500, yet some of the samples required longer measurements due to the low amount of sample material; in this case, we multiplied the number of scans to 3000, 6000 or 15000. As reference for the chemical shift, tetramethylsilane was used (0 ppm). We used the following chemical shift regions to integrate the spectra: −10–45 ppm alkyl C, 45–110 ppm O/N alkyl C, 110–160 ppm aromatic C, and 160–220 ppm carboxylic C. We measured the WHC by placing ca. 15 mg of air-dried intact material with 1.5 ml of deionised water in 2 ml Eppendorf tubes, agitating the tubes horizontally on a reciprocal shaker for 2 h, retrieving the material and placing it on a Whatman filter to remove excess water, weighing the wet material and reweighing it after drying at 65 °C for 48 h. We measured the specific area of leaf litter, faecal pellets and faeces particles from photographs using a stereomicroscope (ZEISS STEMI 508). For leaf litter and faecal pellets, we took photographs of ca. 20 mg of air-dried intact material. To visualise faeces particles, we weighed ca. 1 mg of air-dried faecal pellets and placed them in a beaker with 20 ml of deionised water for 2 h, allowing complete dissolution of the faecal pellets. We then filtered the faeces particles and photographed the filters under a stereomicroscope. Dimensions of each litter pieces and faecal pellets/faeces particles were measured using the image analysis software (ImageJ, version 1.46r). For all substrate types, we divided the calculated surface area by the dry mass of the sample to obtain the specific area.
Faeces and litter decomposition parameters
To evaluate the effect of litter conversion into detritivore faeces on C and N cycling, we compared the C and N loss of faeces to that of intact litter by incubating all 42 substrates in microcosms under controlled conditions for 6 months (180 days). Microcosms consisted of 250-ml plastic containers filled with 90 mg of air-dry soil collected from a temperate grassland (56°8′40.1″N, 3°54′50.9″W). We chose this soil to avoid any home-field advantage effect as this soil did not receive litter input from any of the studied tree species and none of the selected soil animals were present at this site. About 120 mg of each substrate were placed separately within a small polyvinyl chloride tube (30 mm diameter × 30 mm height) closed in the bottom with a 100-µm mesh and left open on the top. Each tube was then placed on top of the soil within the microcosm. Five replicates per substrate were prepared, resulting in a total of 210 microcosms (42 substrates × 5 replicates). Microcosms were watered by adding water directly over the tube containing faeces/litter so as to reach 70% of soil WHC and incubated at 22 °C and 70% relative humidity in a controlled environment chamber. To limit desiccation while ensuring gas exchange, we drilled four 3-mm holes in each microcosm cap. These microcosms were then weighed weekly and watered to their initial weight at 70% soil WHC. We placed replicates on separated shelves according to a randomised complete block design. Both block positions within the controlled environment chamber and microcosm positions within blocks were randomised weekly. After 180 days, remaining intact litter and faeces in microcosms were collected, dried at 30 °C for 48 h, weighed and ground with a ball mill (TissueLyser II, Qiagen). We measured C and N concentrations in all samples with a flash CHN Elemental Analyser (Flash Smart, ThermoScientific). The percentage of C and N lost after the incubation was calculated as:
$$\frac{{M_{\rm{i}} \times {\rm{CN}}_{\rm{i}} - M_{\rm{f}} \times {\rm{CN}}_{\rm{f}}}}{{M_{\rm{i}} \times {\rm{CN}}_{\rm{i}}}} \times 100,$$
where Mi and Mf are the initial and final 30 °C dry masses, respectively, and CNi and CNf are the initial and final C or N concentrations, respectively.
Statistics and reproducibility
To visualise how the 11 physicochemical characteristics were related and how their values differed between all substrates, we used a PCA, with all variables centred and standardised prior to ordination. Because NMR spectra were measured on a composite sample combining the three replicates of each substrate, a unique value was attributed to all replicates for each NMR region.
To test our first hypothesis, we tested the overall effect of substrate form (faeces vs. intact litter) on quality (scores on PC1 and PC2) and decomposition (C and N losses) of all substrates using Student's t tests. To identify the faeces types with significantly different quality (scores on PC1 and PC2) and decomposition (C and N losses) compared to that of the intact litter from which the faeces were derived, we tested the effect of substrate identity (all 42 substrates included as individual levels) on quality (scores on PC1 and PC2) and decomposition (C and N losses) using one-way ANOVAs. We then used Tukey's honestly significant difference tests to determine significant differences between each faeces type and the corresponding intact litter.
To test our second hypothesis, we expressed the changes in quality and decomposition following litter conversion into detritivore faeces as net differences in quality (scores on PC1 and PC2) and decomposition (C and N losses) between faeces and the litter from which faeces were derived. We then compared the hypothesised role of intact litter quality/decomposition (PC1 and PC2 scores, C and N losses) and the role of detritivore species on changes in quality/decomposition (net differences in PC1 and PC2 scores, C and N losses) by performing ANCOVAs with intact litter quality/decomposition as the continuous variable and detritivore species as categorical variable (all six detritivore species as individual levels). For all ANVOCAs, the variance associated with each term (intact litter quality/decomposition; detritivore species; interaction) was computed by dividing the sum of squares by the total sum of squares.
To evaluate the relation between quality parameters (PC1 and PC2 scores) and C and N losses from intact litter and faeces separately, we determined the relations between intact litter and faeces C and N losses and their scores on PC1 and PC2 with simple linear regressions and visualised these relations by fitting these variables as supplementary variables on the PCA.
For all statistical tests on C and N losses, block was included in the model as a random variable. All data were checked for normal distribution and homoscedasticity of residuals. All analyses were performed using the R software (version 3.5.3).
Reporting summary
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
The data sets generated in this study are available from the University of Stirling's online data repository (http://hdl.handle.net/11667/161).
Code availability
The codes used to analyse the data sets of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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We thank Emma J. Sheard, Lorna English, Ian Washbourne and Patrick Schevin for laboratory assistance. We are grateful to Cindy Prescott and two other anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments that improved a previous version of our manuscript. Tannin analyses were performed at the Plateforme d'Analyses Chimiques en Ecologie, technical facilities of the LabEx Centre Méditerranéen de l'Environnement et de la Biodiversité. This work was funded by a British Ecological Society Small Research Grant (SR18/1215) and by a UK Natural Environment Research Council grant (NE/P011098/1).
Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
François-Xavier Joly & Jens-Arne Subke
CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
Sylvain Coq, Jean-François David & Stephan Hättenschwiler
CIRAD, UPR GECO, 97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
Mathieu Coulis
Chair of Soil Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
Carsten W. Mueller & Isabel Prater
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
Carsten W. Mueller
François-Xavier Joly
Sylvain Coq
Jean-François David
Stephan Hättenschwiler
Isabel Prater
Jens-Arne Subke
F.-X.J. designed the study. F.-X.J. set up the experiment and collected the data, with assistance from J.-A.S., J.-F.D., M.C., S.C., C.W.M. and I.P. F.-X.J. analysed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. F.-X.J., S.C., M.C., J.-F.D., S.H., C.W.M., I.P. and J.-A.S. contributed to interpreting the data and writing the manuscript.
Correspondence to François-Xavier Joly.
Joly, FX., Coq, S., Coulis, M. et al. Detritivore conversion of litter into faeces accelerates organic matter turnover. Commun Biol 3, 660 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01392-4
Communications Biology ISSN 2399-3642 (online)


August 31, 2013 • Many congressional leaders had pushed for the White House to seek authorization before going ahead with a strike against the Damascus regime.
August 31, 2013 • At the White House Saturday, Obama spoke about the possibility of a U.S. strike against Syria in response to the regime's alleged use of chemical weapons. While he said the U.S. should take military action, Obama said he would seek congressional authorization first.
August 31, 2013 • Only 10 years ago, the French were derided in Washington political circles for their rejection of plans to invade Iraq. Now the so-called "cheese-eating surrender monkeys" are standing by the U.S. on Syria — while the country's closest European ally, Britain, has rejected military action.
August 31, 2013 • A quarter century ago, Joost Hiltermann of the International Crisis Group investigated chemical attacks against civilians in Iraq, and says recent images from Syria bring back the "horrible events" of Saddam Hussein's regime.
August 31, 2013 • Rep. Tom Cole, R-Okla., had sent a letter to President Obama urging him to seek congressional approval before any military action against Syria. Surprisingly, on Saturday, Obama agreed. Cole talks about what comes next.
August 31, 2013 • Lawmakers from both parties in the House and Senate are praising President Obama for seeking their authorization for any military action in Syria. Still, Congress isn't even scheduled to return to Washington until Sept. 9. And how might they vote? It's "kind of a gamble" says NPR congressional reporter Ailsa Chang.
August 31, 2013 • President Obama said Saturday he believes the United States should take military action against Syria, in response to last week's deadly chemical weapons attack. But in an about-face, Obama has decided to first seek a vote in Congress authorizing a military strike. It's a gamble. While approval from Congress would strengthen the president's hand, he could also suffer a stinging rebuke from lawmakers, much as British Prime Minister David Cameron did.
If 'Humanitarian,' Why Not Intervene In Syria Sooner?
August 31, 2013 • Will a limited military strike prevent Syrian President Bashar Assad from launching future chemical attacks? Host Scott Simon speaks with former leader of Canada's Liberal Party Michael Ignatieff about so-called "humanitarian intervention" in Syria.
August 31, 2013 • The Taliban conducted a series of deadly attacks across Afghanistan this week, killing civilians, Afghan forces and several NATO service members. But they are targeting far fewer NATO troops these days, because those troops are focused on training and advising the Afghan army. NPR's Sean Carberry spent five days with U.S. Marines in one of Afghanistan's chronic hot spots and speaks with host Scott Simon.
August 31, 2013 • What would Iraq and Israel do if the U.S. launches military action against the Syrian government? Former analyst at the Defense Intelligence Agency Joshua Foust speaks with host Scott Simon about the wider consequences for the Middle East.
Does Obama Need Congressional Approval On Syria?
August 31, 2013 • Nearly 200 members of Congress have signed letters insisting that the president submit plans for any military strike in Syria for authorization. Host Scott Simon talks with Democratic Rep. Jim McDermott of Washington, who has signed one of the letters.


text:
It was only Stony Brook
It was one game. It was Stony Brook. The Seawolves didn't have a player over 6-9. They play in the America East with the likes of New Hampshire, Binghamton, Hartford, Albany, Maine, Vermont, Boston U and UMBC. That conference in season openers by the way is 1-8 with the only win being New Hampshire's victory over Suffolk University.
But you get the idea. It was Stony Brook. Yes, Stony Brook is picked in the top two in that league. And yes, there's probably a decent chance that the Seawolves have a shot to play in the NCAA as the automatic qualifier from the America East.
It's still Stony Brook.
And the reality is that most will be saying the same thing after IU's second game. It's Chattanooga.
Yes, the Mocs are picked to win the North Division of the Southern Conference but it's still the Southern Conference. Other teams in their division are Appalachian State, Elon, Samford, UNC Greensboro, Western Carolina.
As a side note, I can never see the name Elon without remembering one of my favorite chants I heard in an opposing venue. IU was playing Wake Forest in the Big Ten/ACC Challenge in 2003 and were getting buried (a sign of things to come in what would be a 14-15 season for the Hoosiers). IU would eventually lose the game 100-67 but late in the second half the students at Wake Forest started chanting "Worse than Elon.'' I remember thinking, 'Man, that hurts.' Elon, NC is about 45 miles from Winston-Salem. But I digress.
The point is until Indiana starts playing better teams from bigger conferences no one is going to know for certain how good this Indiana team can be. Even Evansville, in its new downtown arena Wednesday night, will be a better indicator. The Purple Aces debuted with an 80-77 overtime victory over Butler on Saturday. Now, we're still not sure how good Butler is either but it is a program that has been to the national championship game two years in a row. But after IU has played North Carolina State in the Big Ten/ACC Challenge, and Butler, and Kentucky and Notre Dame, we'll have a much better feel for where this team is headed going into Big Ten play.
I will say this. I was talking to a former IU player Saturday and asked if he had watched IU play against Stony Brook on the Big Ten Network. He said he had. This is a player (to remain unnamed because I wasn't interviewing him for print) who played for Bob Knight
and has been critical of the way things have gone in recent years. What he said to me was that for the first time in the last few years, after watching that game, he feels like this may be the season where he thinks IU will go into every game with a legitimate chance to win. He said that was always the way IU basketball was in the past and needs to get back to in the future.
Again, we'll see. It was a good opener and IU fans saw a lot of good things. Cody Zeller
was active and let the game come to him. Victor Oladipo
was creating the tempo and energy and forcing the action. Will Sheehey
looked confident with his shot. The same could be said for Matt Roth
and even Austin Etherington
when they were in the game. Derek Elston
was very active and looked his best in three years as an IU player. The good news is that guys Jordan Hulls, Verdell Jones III
and Christian Watford
did very little and yet IU was still able to open up with a 30-point win. All of that is more than a little bit positive. But I just feel like it's better to temper the optimism.
It was only Stony Brook.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Fixing search and rescue must be priority, AG says
Canada's auditor general says the federal government is mismanaging its search and rescue responsibilities, allowing the military to use old and broken down airplanes and helicopters that are too few in number, or not suited for rescue work in the first place.
Michael Ferguson's report suggests new equipment and personnel required
James Cudmore · CBC News · Posted: Apr 30, 2013 11:28 AM ET | Last Updated: May 1, 2013
The auditor general's latest report raises concerns about the sustainability of federal search and rescue activities because of aging equipment and personnel shortages. (Andrew Vaughan/Canadian Press)
Canada's auditor general says the federal government is mismanaging its search and rescue responsibilities.
In his spring report to Parliament, tabled Tuesday, Michael Ferguson said the government has allowed the military to use old and broken down airplanes and helicopters that are too few in number, or not suited for rescue work in the first place.
Some of the military's search planes have been in service for 45 years. The military has failed to replace the planes, despite having a plan to do it for more than a decade now.
Ferguson said Canada is lacking a national policy that would help make search and rescue a top priority.
The military's persistent failure to actually buy new search planes — despite 10 years of trying — poses a significant risk to Canada's rescue system, the auditor general said.
Ferguson singled out the military for failing to prioritize search and rescue, and ensure it has the equipment and people to do the job. The use of too old planes, and too few, or unsuitable, helicopters, puts the military in danger of failing in its so-called, "no fail mission."
At a press conference following the tabling of his report, Ferguson said he can't quantify what potential risks are being posed to Canadians by the concerns over equipment and personnel raised in his report.
"Hopefully what this report will do is help to focus the fact that the attention needs to be put into this service in order to have an overall plan and strategy for how it's going to be delivered in the future."
Defence Minister Peter Mackay said he accepts the auditor general's findings and acknowledged there have been ongoing delays in replacing much-need aircraft.
"The reality is that while the process is underway it has not delivered the aircraft that we need," Mackay told reporters outside the House of Commons Tuesday.
Public Works Minister Rona Ambrose also said the slow pace of replacing Search and Rescue aircraft "hasn't been acceptable," but pointed to a new process that began last year.
"We initiated a new process that was open, transparent and will be very competitive. We expect potentially four to five bidders and we've held already a number of 'industry days' with industry to move this procurement forward," Ambrose told reporters.
"We do know that these planes need to be replaced and we're working very hard on the procurement side of things to make sure that that happens," she said.
But the Liberals said in a statement the report shows that Canadians should be concerned over the sustainability of SAR.
"Under this government, our air and marine SAR system is in crisis and requires 'significant improvements' if we're going to keep Canadians safe," said Defence critic John McKay in the statement.
NDP MP Malcolm Allen agreed with the auditor general that Search and Rescue must be a priority.
"It can't be something pushed to the backburner," Allen said at a midday press conference.
Too much for the military?
Canada's search and rescue territory covers 18 million square kilometres and more than 243,800 kilometres of coastline. Managing that is proving almost too much for the military, according to Ferguson's report.
The aim is to dispatch a search plane within 30 minutes of receiving a call — but only during business hours. After 4 p.m., or on weekends, the military asks for two hours to respond.
Related: Canada can't account for $3.1B in anti-terror funding, AG finds
It meets this goal about 85 per cent of the time, Ferguson's report said.
The Canadian Coast Guard, by contrast, asks for a 30-minute response time for all calls, and meets this goal 96 per cent of the time.
The auditor general said both agencies need more rescue personnel to improve their performance.
Ferguson also said the computer system the military uses to manage search missions is old and failing, and could break down at any time — and, in fact, it already has once.
All of this, the report said, could be fixed if search and rescue was made more of a priority and an overarching policy was put in place that would see the military kept accountable for its search and rescue responsibilities.
There is some good news in Ferguson's report, though: He says the military is meeting the minimum standard.
Canada can't account for $3.1B in anti-terror funding, AG finds
Residential schools commission, diabetes strategy a mess, AG finds
AG calls for stronger crackdown on EI overpayments
A year after tragedy, search-and-rescue doubts persist
Read the auditor general's 2013 spring report


This gorgeous vanity is as space-efficient and functional as it is beautiful. Despite its small stature, the vanity boasts tremendous character and will make any bathroom feel more warm and inviting. Solid, natural oak construction means this vanity was built to last a lifetime, and the sliding drawer is outfitted with a soft-close system to prevent damage caused by abrupt opening and closing. The main vanity cabinet is spacious enough to house your bathroom necessities, and the frosted glass door panel is an arresting visual accent on a truly eye-catching piece. The vanity is capped with a frosted glass countertop that is charming and practically maintenance-free, and the glass basin rests comfortably and elegantly on top. Perfect for any guestroom or small bathroom, this vanity will make any home shine.
The Mira Single Bathroom Vanity provides an open, contemporary atmosphere for your bathroom. Its strikingly simple design has everything you could want in a modern vanity. The all wood, wall mounted cabinet was built to last for years and years, yet is lightweight enough to easily install. The partially recessed ceramic basin provides a lovely contrast to the dark espresso* finish on the cabinet. While the Mira's design is minimalist, it still provides enough personality to set itself apart. To create a completely new modern bathroom, optional faucets, mirror, and side storage are all available from the drop-down menus.
The stylish 33.5" to 57" Scorpio Single Vessel Sink Vanity in espresso exudes modern elegance in a way no other bathroom cabinet can.
The stylish 33.5" to 57" Scorpio Single Vessel Sink Vanity in white exudes modern elegance in a way no other bathroom cabinet can.
This is truly a unique vanity that can fit any width between 67" and 114" in any configuration you can dream up. This stylish modern vanity exudes modern elegance in a way no other bathroom cabinet can. Eye-catching and exciting, this vanity features a totally unique and customizable design that easily mounts to any wall. Depending on your preference, the vessel sink countertop can be mounted either on its left or right-hand side.
You get 2 of the(23.5"W x 15"H x 18.25"D) 2 drawers cabinets than can both be mounted completely separate. You also get 2 of the main L shaped, vanity top pieces and they are both 33.5" Wide. This allows for great versatility for any design and two storage drawers always conveniently within your reach. The rich espresso-hued cabinetry is made from high quality oak and is meticulously crafted to last for years of extended use. The sliding drawers feature the patented Soft-Close system for gentle opening and closing, and the sink is porcelain/ceramic for beauty and durability. Long-lasting functionality, sophisticated design, and timeless quality blend seamlessly in this incredible bathroom vanity that can be used for any width from 67" to 114"!
The White Lune Single Bathroom Vanity features a sleek, streamlined design that provides a lot of style and utility. All three drawers feature soft-close technology, so you can keep your bathroom organized and serene. The spacious double door cabinet provides room for storage as well. The frosted glass doors provide the perfect contrast for the pristine white finish. The topmount sink basin sits on top of a smooth countertop that provides plenty of room for your activities. This modern bathroom vanity works great with our modern mirrors and faucets, so put together your dream modern bathroom today! For simplicity that is never boring, the Lune is the ideal modern vanity.
Simplicity and sleekness defines the beauty of the 31.5" Aries Single Vessel Sink Vanity. Featuring a wall-mounted design, this vanity is designed to give you the most utilization of your space, even if the bathroom is small in size. The Chrome finished fixtures give the Aries a sturdy support, allowing it to be mounted easily to the wall to minimize the use of floor space. Its gorgeous counter top is constructed from green tempered, which is matched by s rounded designer vessel sink made from the same stylish tempered glass.
With 2 Carina vanities you can create a beautiful double sink vanity that makes any bathroom feel more organized and attractive. Each sink is 24" wide an you can space them out any distance. The vanity itself is made from highly durable natural oak, so it will stand the test of time and look good doing it! The vanity provides ample storage space within its a sliding drawer, which feature a built-in soft-close system to prevent superficial damages and keep the drawer sliding smoothly. The steel handles are attractive accents on the vanity's face, and the countertop provides plenty of style with very few maintenance needs. The ceramic basin is mounted above the countertop to clear up space within the vanity, and its unique shape adds to the modern aesthetic. Complete the vanity with a modern faucet and a sharp-looking vanity mirror, available separately.
We took our best selling single vanity the La Lune and made it twice as nice with 2 sinks. This beautiful double modern vanity is a wonderful example of modern simplicity and sophistication. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and 2 spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinets features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and beautiful polished drawer and cabinet handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek frosted glass countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accoutrements, and it also supports 2 large surface-mounted ceramic vessel style sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.
A delightful double vanity like this will surely enliven any home interior design. Charming but durable, this vanity features, 2 cabinets and sinks, elegant all-wood construction that is constructed for both aesthetic appeal and longevity, while remaining lightweight enough to mount on any wall. The single hinged cabinet door opens to reveal ample storage space within, and the door is outfitted with our innovative soft-close system, which prevents superficial damages brought on by sudden door-slamming. The vanity is capped with a gorgeous ceramic basin that is partially recessed into the cabinet body for an irresistible look that will add personality to your bathroom. For the final touch, consider accessorizing your vanity with one of our optional faucets.
We took our best selling single vanity the La Lune and made it twice as nice with 2 sinks. This beautiful double modern vanity is a wonderful example of modern simplicity and sophistication. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and 2 spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinets features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and beautiful polished drawer and cabinet handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek frosted green glass countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accoutrements, and it also supports 2 glass vessel style sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.
We took our best selling single vanity the La Lune and made it twice as nice with 2 sinks. This beautiful double modern vanity is a wonderful example of modern simplicity and sophistication. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and 2 spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinets features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and beautiful polished drawer and cabinet handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek frosted green glass countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accoutrements, and it also supports 2 large surface-mounted ceramic vessel style sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.
If you like sleek modern designs in your bathroom, then you will love this double bathroom vanity. Constructed in beautiful and sturdy oak, the vanity will last you a lifetime without warping or cracking. This double vanity rests on six stainless steel wrapped legs that enhance its modern aesthetic while complimenting the beautiful brushed metal drawer and cabinet handles. The glass countertop supports two round, glass vessel vanity sinks and optional matching faucets. The vanity sports three sliding drawers and two primary storage cabinets for ample organizational space, and all drawers feature a soft-close system that prevents damage to the vanity. To complete this beautiful double vanity, try mounting some matching vanity mirrors with lovely oak frames.
For small bathrooms or powder rooms that need a touch of function and style, the Artemis Vessel Sink Vanity brings a fresh, new look that's both functional and modern. Its small stature allows it to fit into virtually any bathroom without taking up a lot of room. The beautiful frosted glass vessel sink is the centerpiece of this wall-mounted vanity, which is accompanied by a lower frosted glass platform and two Chrome finished towel bars that an conveniently house a clean hand-towel.
salon, featuring one of the most space-efficient vanity designs available!
faucet of your choice and a lovely vanity mirror to complete the set!
bathroom, this vanity will make any home shine.
We took our best selling single vanity the La Lune and made it twice as nice with 2 sinks. This beautiful double modern vanity is a wonderful example of modern simplicity and sophistication. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and 2 spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinets features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and beautiful polished drawer and cabinet handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek frosted glass countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accoutrements, and it also supports 2 large surface-mounted glass vessel style sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.
The 39" White Lune Vanity features an elegant yet simple design that will give your bathroom the perfect modern look. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and a spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinet features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and brushed steel handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek green glass countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accouterments, and it also supports a large glass vessel sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.
If you like sleek modern designs in your bathroom, then you will love this large bathroom vanity. Constructed in beautiful and sturdy oak, the vanity will last you a lifetime without warping or cracking. The countertop supports an eye-catching glass vessel sink with the matching faucet of your choice, available in a number of unique styles. The vanity sports three sliding drawers on either side, and a primary storage cabinet directly beneath the sink to provide you with ample organizational space. All drawers feature a soft-close system that prevents damage to the vanity. This beautiful modern vanity rests on steel-capped legs that enhance its modern aesthetic, while complementing the matching steel drawer handles. To complete your modern bathroom design, try adding some matching vanity mirrors, available with lovely oak frames.
We took our best selling single vanity the La Lune and made it twice as nice with 2 sinks. This beautiful double modern vanity is a wonderful example of modern simplicity and sophistication. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and 2 spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinets features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and beautiful polished drawer and cabinet handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek wood countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accoutrements, and it also supports 2 large surface-mounted ceramic vessel style sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.
faucet and a sharp-looking vanity mirror, available separately.
This beautiful modern vanity is a wonderful example of modern simplicity and sophistication. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and a spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinet features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and brushed steel handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek micro lite white countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accoutrements, and it also supports a large surface-mounted ceramic sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.
We took our best selling single vanity the La Lune and made it twice as nice with 2 sinks. This beautiful double modern vanity is a wonderful example of modern simplicity and sophistication. The vanity cabinet system features three sliding drawers with soft-close technology, and 2 spacious primary cabinet that will provide more than enough space for all your storage needs. The primary cabinets features stunning frosted glass panels that truly complement the innate beauty of the vanity, and beautiful polished drawer and cabinet handles serve as suitably elegant accents. The sleek white wood countertop provides plenty of space for your soaps and other bathroom accoutrements, and it also supports 2 large surface-mounted ceramic vessel style sink basin. You can complete this vanity with any of our available modern faucets and vanity mirrors, to truly complete your modern bathroom design.


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Environment North Carolina Research and Policy Center
Josh Chetwynd,
Michaela Morris,
Statement: NOAA proposes important updates to right whale protections that seek to prevent species' extinction
Public will be invited to comment
BOSTON -- Critically endangered North Atlantic right whales may soon see updated protections, after the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) posted a draft of their proposed rule to protect the species from fishing gear entanglements online on Wednesday.
This news comes on the heels of a bad season for the whales. In the last few months, there were two entanglements and the death of a newborn calf. Scientists now estimate that only 366 of the whales remain in our oceans.
The proposed rule includes an option to seasonally close certain right whale habitats to fishing with persistent, vertical lines. Traditional vertical fishing lines, which extend from the surface to the sea floor, threaten the safety of the species; whales often become entangled in lines while swimming. Closure of certain right whale habitats to these lines reduces the chances of entanglement.
In addition to proposing seasonal habitat closures, the draft rule, which will be officially published in the Federal Register on Thursday, Dec. 31, also recommends the adoption of weaker fishing ropes and stipulates rules for gear marking, which will allow agencies to better determine the source gear wrapped around entangled whales.
Following the rule's publication, the public will be invited to comment during a 60-day comment period.
Environment America Research & Policy Center Oceans Associate Michaela Morris issued the following statement:
"With only 366 of these amazing animals left in our oceans, our time to act is limited to protect these majestic sea mammals. We can't let this species disappear on our watch.
"So, over the next 60 days, we must show NOAA that we want to do what it takes to save the species. It's up to everyone out there who not only loves our oceans but also its whales and sea animals to make sure we push the strongest possible protections over the finish line."
Josh Chetwynd
Michaela Morris


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Brazilian police investigating suspected ISIS cell ahead of Olympics
Brazilian federal police ordered the detention of 12 people suspected of pledging allegiance to ISIS.
SI Wire
Your teams on the go or at home. Personalize SI with our new App. Install on iOS or Android.
Brazil's police department is investigating a suspected ISIS cell and seeking the arrest of 12 suspects, according to Will Connors of the Wall Street Journal and multiple reports.
Brazilian justice minister Alexandre de Morares addressed the media and said 10 had been arrested and two more were being sought.
The group was reportedly recruited and "baptized" by the Islamic State through the internet and attempted to purchase machine guns in Paraguay, according to Connors.
• Rio's Olympians manage barriers
The suspects have not had any contact with ISIS in the Middle East and did not travel outside of Brazil, as their contact with the terrorist group only took place online. De Morares said the "amateur" suspects also never met each other in person.
The suspects were spread around nine different Brazilian states including Rio de Janeiro, where the opening ceremonies and most of the Olympics will be held, but were reportedly not specifically targeting Olympic sites. Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Brasilia and Manaus will also hold events during the Summer Games.
All the suspects are Brazilian and appear to be first arrest of suspected ISIS sympathizers in Brazil, according to Connors.
The 2016 Olympics are set to begin on Aug. 5.
Brazil investigating corruption at Olympic venues
Brazilian investigators are looking into corruption involving all the venues.
Jujitsu fighter 'kidnapped' by fake police in Rio
A New Zealand-born jujitsu fighter was robbed by men posing as police in Rio de Janeiro.
Police arrest suspect for murder of Matt Barnes' aunt
Sacramento Police took Michael Williams, a suspect in the murder of Tanganyika Hoover, into custody Tuesday after receiving a citizen tip. The police were aided in their search for Williams by Hoover's nephew, Los Angeles Clippers forward Matt Barnes, who used his Twitter and Instagram accounts to ask for help in locating Williams.
La'el Collins meets with police in murder investigation, still not considered suspect
NFL prospect La'el Collins met with Baton Rouge police Monday and is still not considered a suspect in the murder of Brittany Mills.
Police arrest suspect in shooting of Auburn football player Jakell Mitchell
A suspect in the shooting death of Auburn freshman football player Jakell Mitchell has been arrested, according to a statement from the Auburn police chief on Sunday afternoon.
Police throw tear gas outside Rio opening ceremony
Unrest is taking place outside the opening ceremony in Rio de Janeiro.
Brazil looking for medal bounce at Rio Olympics
Rio police: No evidence supporting Lochte robbery
Rio police say they have found little evidence supporting American swimmer Ryan Lochte's story of being robbed.


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Determined to win a second straight NBA title, Dwight Howard says his journey called him to the Sixers
by Keith Pompey, Posted: November 25, 2020
Dwight Howard (right) and LeBron James celebrate after the Lakers won the NBA Finals in October.
Mark J. Terrill / AP
Dwight Howard is determined to win personal back-to-back NBA championships.
The reserve center helped the Los Angeles Lakers win their 17th NBA title in October.
Making threes is the Curry family business, and the Sixers can expect Seth to keep it going
Sixers president Daryl Morey has already put his imprint on the team | Podcast
New Sixer Tony Bradley could fill vital role as center depth for Joel Embiid
Now a 76er, he's focused on winning another one next season. He made that obvious on Twitter after signing a one-year deal last week.
He also expressed his desire to win the title during a brief interview Monday after arriving in Philly. And he triple-downed on it Wednesday during his introductory Zoom call with local media.
"I believe that this is our year," Howard said. "It's been a long time since 1983 [when the Sixers last won an NBA title]. So I think it's time that we hoist up another banner here in Philly."
A lot of the Sixers' success will depend on All-Stars Joel Embiid and Ben Simmons, the team's cornerstones.
Off the Dribble Newsletter
As the Sixers move through an important offseason, we'll give you the news and analysis to catch you up on what's going on every week.
Howard saw Embiid cry after losing to the Toronto Raptors in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference semifinals in 2019. He remembers the pain the center felt after giving everything he had.
Howard said it's a pain that stays with a player for a long time. So he knows Embiid has a fire inside him.
This upcoming season is about being focused. Howard sees focus in Embiid and Simmons.
"That's where it starts, with our two best players," Howard said. "And then you look at the rest of the guys on the team. They've all been hungry. They just never knew how to win."
That's where Howard and swingman Danny Green come in.
The Sixers acquired Green and Terrance Ferguson from the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for Al Horford, a protected 2025 first-round pick, the 34th overall pick in last week's draft, and the rights to Serbian point guard Vasilije Micic.
» READ MORE: Do the Sixers' offseason moves have people in the organization excited? Oh yeah. | Mailbag
Green was a starting guard on the Lakers' championship team before being traded to the Thunder this offseason.
It was Green's second straight NBA championship and third overall. He won the 2019 title with the Raptors and in 2014 with the San Antonio Spurs.
"We all know what it takes to really get to the next level," Howard said. "I think it's a really great opportunity."
New coach Doc Rivers also knows what it takes. He coached the Boston Celtics to the 2008 title. Howard said Rivers is always talking about winning and the importance of it.
"I think that this year, with the focus that this team will have and the drive that we have to be successful, this will be our year," Howard said.
Rivers was actually a major reason Howard came to Philadelphia following a free-agent miscommunications with the Lakers.
Scott Halleran / MCT
Dwight Howard and Daryk Morey in 2015 with the Houston Rockets.
The free-agency period began last Friday. Rivers was the only NBA coach to call him during the process. He told Howard the Sixers wanted him. Then the team's new president of basketball operations, Daryl Morey, called him.
"I said this is where I need to be right now," Howard said. "This is where my journey is calling me, to Philly. I was super happy that Doc called me and gave me this opportunity."
This move reunites Howard with Morey. As the general manager of the Houston Rockets, Morey signed Howard to a three-year, $70 million free-agent contract in July 2013.
» READ MORE: Sixers president Daryl Morey has already put his imprint on the team | Podcast
This time, the soon-to-be-35-year-old signed for a cap friendly guaranteed veteran minimum deal of $2.56 million.
But for Howard, it's not about making money or obtaining individual accolades.
He's already made more than $243 million during his 17 seasons in the league. The Orlando Magic's first-overall pick of the 2004 draft is an eight-time All-Star and three-time defensive player of the year. He has averaged 16.7 points, 12.3 rebounds, 1.9 blocks in 1,113 career games, with 1,045 starts.
Yet his most gratifying campaign came while averaging 7.5 points, 7.3 rebounds, and 1.1 blocks this past season as the Lakers' backup center.
Howard (left front), Kyle Kuzma (left rear), and JaVale McGee (right) in the closing seconds of Game 2 of the Finals against Miami.
"Winning the championship was everything," Howard said. "It made me realize that I have the best stats in the world, and it don't mean nothing."
He won a championship, yet there were games in which he didn't score a bucket. There were other games in which he didn't play at all.
"So, what really matters is holding up that trophy," Howard said. "And that would be my message to everybody on the team. What are you willing to give up to get the trophy?"
Posted: November 25, 2020 - 7:00 PM
Keith Pompey | @PompeyOnSixers | kpompey@inquirer.com
Did the Houston Rockets use the Sixers to secure the Brooklyn Nets' best deal for James Harden? | Mailbag
Keith Pompey
Ben Simmons insists on controlling what he can control after the Sixers dangled his name in a potential James Harden trade
Marc Narducci
Three reasons the Sixers defeated the Miami Heat
Sixers-Heat best/worst: Shake Milton sparkles, and a big night from beyond the arc
Too much depth? That's no problem for Sixers coach Doc Rivers. | Off the Dribble
The Sixers beat the heat 125-108
Steven M. Falk


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You are here: Home / News
Information items including our Whole School Newsletter that is published fortnightly.
Child Friendly Complaints Process
August 11, 2021 /in News /by Tempe Cannington
Lance Holt School has a long-held belief in the importance of listening to children's voices. This belief has been reflected in practices such as the school parliament in the 1970's, through traditions such as morning meeting, writing letters and meeting with the Mayor of Fremantle, to being involved in initiatives such as the recent 'Speaking Out' survey in conjunction with the Commissioner for children and young people to share their experiences and views on a wide range of issues.
This year – as part of our review of our Child Protection Policy "Children's Right to be Safe" and our commitment to adopting the National Principles for Child Safe Organisations, our staff have worked with children across the school to create age-appropriate children's complaint processes.
https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Child-complaints-screenshot.jpeg 513 998 Tempe Cannington https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/logo.png Tempe Cannington2021-08-11 10:36:492021-08-11 10:38:25Child Friendly Complaints Process
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February 17, 2021 /in News /by Tempe Cannington
This year we have seen the strength of our school community. The kindness, compassion and generosity of our community members has kept us all strong.
I hope you enjoy this snapshot of the Lance Holt School's 2020 Silver Linings.
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Our end of year Graduation Evening is a unique celebration for our students where family and friends of Lance Holt School community come together. We farewell each individual Year 6 student and honour their journey throughout their primary school years at Lance Holt school. It is a very touching evening with each individual graduate speaking […]
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Open Morning
Please join us on Saturday 31 August 2019 from 10 am to 12 noon for our school Open Morning.
Lance Holt School leads the way in Positive Education, building a school culture with strong social and emotional learning programs and practice. Lance Holt School has a long-standing history of partnering with parents and the wider community to deliver an educational approach that supports the whole child, focuses on wellbeing and nurtures a love of learning.
Positive Education fosters traditional academic skills and supports happiness and wellbeing. Positive Education could also be thought of as a 'wellbeing curriculum' that can explicitly teach skills to students to build positive emotions and use their character strengths. Research has shown that high levels of student wellbeing lead to better academic performance. The benefits are immediately apparent when you meet Lance Holt students. Teachers, parents, grandparents and community members regularly comment on how confident, kind and articulate Lance Holt children are. They are capable negotiators and are comfortable communicating with community members, adults and young children.
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Canberra Camp
Our Year 5/6 students recently returned from Canberra Camp accompanied by staff and parents. It was a wonderful opportunity for parents to share in their children's learning. Highlights included: Australian Parliament House, National Art Gallery, Museum of Democracy and the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. The Canberra Camp is considered a rite of passage for Lance Holtians, the younger children look forward to their own Canberra Camp experience.
'Canberra Camp was truly an experience. I learnt all sorts of things about democracy and our country. It was a once in a life time experience. I loved it." Felix, Year 6
The Australian Government recognises the importance of all young Australians being able to visit the national capital as part of their Civics and Citizenship education. Students were given the opportunity to particpate in a variety of educational programs with a focus on Australia's history, culture, heritage and democracy. The Australian Government provided funding of $310 per student through the Parliament and Civics Education Rebate towards the cost of the educational tour to Canberra directly to the school.
https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/IMG_2550-e1566352755687.jpg 600 800 Tempe Cannington https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/logo.png Tempe Cannington2019-08-21 10:00:162019-08-21 10:05:34Canberra Camp
Briefing the Board – Sir John Jones
June 21, 2018 /in News /by Tempe Cannington
Recently five members of the Lance Holt School Council attended Briefing the Board an annual conference with the Association of Independent Schools of Western Australia (AISWA). Lee Jones, Deputy Chair, was inspired by UK key speaker Sir John Jones and is keen to share some of the take away messages from his presentation.
https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/LanceHolt-170530-134-e1548043509297.jpg 533 648 Tempe Cannington https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/logo.png Tempe Cannington2018-06-21 13:58:502021-03-04 13:14:21Briefing the Board - Sir John Jones
Using Compliments in Positive Education
May 19, 2018 /in News /by Tempe Cannington
By Kathryn Netherwood, School Coordinator
Positive Education has been at the forefront of the Lance Holt School's values and educational approach. We are focussed on fostering a positive school culture, with strong social and emotional learning programs and practices. Positive Education fosters positive emotions and relationships in order to strengthen overall wellbeing.
https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/join-us-e1529551713499.jpg 356 566 Tempe Cannington https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/logo.png Tempe Cannington2018-05-19 09:49:242019-03-13 14:34:18Using Compliments in Positive Education
PESA Institutional Member
April 19, 2018 /in News /by Tempe Cannington
We are very pleased to announce that Lance Holt School is an Institutional Member of Positive Education Schools Association (PESA). The PESA Board of Directors commented, "It is absolutely wonderful to hear of the many strategies that your school has implemented to align with principles of Positive Education."
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March 19, 2018 /in News /by Tempe Cannington
Mindfulness is paying attention to the present moment with openness, curiosity and without judgement.
Why use Mindfulness?
Mindfulness is a tool that can be used to promote wellbeing.
The Science of Mindfulness
Professor Felicia Huppert, Director of the Well-Being Institute at the University of Cambridge and Emeritus Professor of Psychology speaks on Mindfulness.
https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/IMG_7418-e1522047013380.jpg 619 800 Tempe Cannington https://www.lanceholtschool.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/logo.png Tempe Cannington2018-03-19 10:11:232021-03-04 13:19:04Mindfulness
Lance Holt Newsletters
Newsletter 11, Term 2, 2021
Newsletter 9, Term 2, 2021


A crazy hail storm caused severe damage to this home in O'Fallon, MO. We removed the old damaged three tab roof and replaced it with an Owens Corning Duration Architectural roof.
"My roof looks great. We have gotten many compliments. A total stranger even rang my door to ask me who did my roof and what kind is it. My wife and I like the..."