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The Four Purposes Of Life with Dan Millman
Jason starts this Flash Back Friday show with thoughts on cycles of opportunity. Then he talks about the upcoming Jason Hartman University and how he'll be teaching how to evaluate properties. Later on the show, he hosts Dan Millman, author of 17 books, including his new book, The Four Purposes of Life. He shares more on his private life discussing numbers that are used as a special life calculator helped to enlighten you about your life path.
Jason Hartman 0:00
Welcome to this week's edition of flashback Friday, your opportunity to get some good review by listening to episodes from the past that Jason has hand picked to help you today in the present, and propel you into the future.
Announcer 0:12
Enjoy. Welcome to the creating wealth show with Jason Hartman. You're about to learn a new slant on investing some exciting techniques and fresh new approaches to the world's most historically proven asset class that will enable you to create more wealth and freedom than you ever thought possible. Jason is a genuine self made multi millionaire who's actually been there and done it. He's a successful investor, lender, developer and entrepreneur who's owned properties in 11 states had hundreds of tenants and been involved in thousands of real estate transactions. This program will help you follow in Jason's footsteps on the road to your financial independence day. You really can do it on now. Here's your host Jason Hartman with complete solution for real estate investors.
Welcome to the creating wealth show. This is your host Jason Hartman Episode Number 646, Forero and listeners from 164 countries around the world. You know what that means? It means this is a 10th episode. So we're going to discuss something of general interest life success, more effective living today. And we have Dan Millman back on the show for a second time. No, this is not a flashback Friday episode. This is brand new stuff from Dan Millman. We're going to talk about the four purposes of life, finding meaning and direction in a changing world. Of course, we'll talk about the way of the Peaceful Warrior as well but mostly his his newest work. He's just he's really got some good stuff some good information. I enjoyed this interview thoroughly, and I think you're going to like it too, as we do a 10th episode today every 10 episodes Something of general interest life success more effective living content there. Gosh, what is going on in the world of real estate? Well, I'll tell you clients, I just want to say thank you so much You have made us so busy. Last year, we had an absolute record here. I mean, it was a really good record. It was much better than any other year, at least in recent history. It was and shaping up the same way today, you know, you guys are buying properties at an amazing clip. They are flying off the shelves and the constant battle is to just keep finding good inventory. We have all kinds of people approaching us every single week that say, you know, sell our stuff, sell up this stuff, we've got that product, we've got that product, we've got this one off deal. And you know what, it's really tempting for us because I know, I know we could probably increase our income by 50 To 100%. But as they say, you only get one chance to have a reputation. You know, if you only get one of those in life, it's kind of a little bit unfair if you think about it, you know, I mean, if someone wants to declare bankruptcy, what are they can do that what every seven years I think, or 10 years, I think it's every seven. Some people do it like it's a business plan. That's pretty awful. Not ethical. But you know, you only get one chance and so you got to do it, right. You got to keep being forever vigilant, to be really, really picky. There's just all kinds of crappy property out there. And I'll tell you something I have noticed I mean, I have noticed this for a long, long time. Back when I was 1920 years old. I remember taking all of the investment classes through century 21 real estate company I started with many, many years ago, when I was taking these classes. I remember one of the great instructors. We had was a guy named Dennis McKenzie. He wrote a bunch of real estate textbooks for California real estate courses. And he talked about, and I remember also Tony router, she also was a great instructor there. And you know, they used to have some really good classes. I don't, I doubt it's that way anymore. Just looking at the company, but I hate sorry, century 21. I may be speaking out of turn there. But you had some good stuff. In the old days there for sure. I remember we really both of them. And other people have talked about this too. When here's the thing that happens as we have the business cycle and the overall economy as we have the real estate cycles and the housing market cycles. And I'm going to coin a new one maybe as we have the opportunity cycle, okay. Where opportunities there when when there are a big supply of opportunities and maybe sometimes offer Opportunities are in short supply, right? So everything is a cycle opportunities. In general, real estate deals when the market is flying and it's going crazy and properties are flying off the shelf left and right. And then you have the time when opportunity dries up where there's nobody wants to buy anything, regardless of you know, could be real estate could be just the overall business cycle where supply exceeds demand, right? So you have these constant cycles of the supply demand curve. And what happens when you get this really high flying time? And I would say we're, I don't know, we're kind of in one of those or we have been, certainly to some extent for the past couple of years, really. But it seems as though it's getting even more so and I sense this huge distrust for wall street that is rightfully placed because Wall Street is the modern version. have organized crime. And so people are looking at alternative investments. And so many of them have come to the most historically proven asset class in all of world history. And that's income property. Of course it is. And when you get these high flying times where everybody's buying everything, it becomes more of a job of being a sorter of sorting things, of evaluating opportunities. In the general world of business today, it's the same way. We have so much coming at us. We have so many tools available and so many opportunities and so many, you know, different options. We got to like run down and we got to figure them out. And when when times are like that, every flake, and every like dishonorable character comes out of the woodwork. And when that happens, it's incumbent upon us number one us as your team. Team in growing an investment property portfolio with you, but you as well, it becomes the real job, the real value that you have to bring to the table is the value of sorting things of figuring out what is the wheat and what is the chaff. You know, what is good, what is worthwhile and what is junk, because there is just so much junk out there. It is amazing to me how much crap there is. And people approached me constantly. They're asking about this property about that property about this deal about that deal. And the I don't know, it kind of amazes me. Like, they listen to this podcast. And how did you like that, by the way? I said, like, just like a Gen Y kid, right? Like a millennialist. Yeah, you know, anyway.
So they come and they bring these properties to me and they say, Well, what about this deal? And I think, are you listening to the podcast? Like, did you listen to all this stuff? I told you on the last 200 episodes You said you told me listen to, it just kind of blows my mind. So be a sorter. I know how it feels, you know, we all get in this position. Sometimes we got like, the money is burning a hole in our pocket, right? Like, we got to deploy it, we got to spend it. And that's true. Look, you know, that is conceptually true, for sure. Because if you are not deploying your money, it is not working for you. You know, if you have way too much cash in the bank, or you've got too much equity in your house or your houses or your entire portfolio. It's not working for you, you've got to deploy it, you've got to put it to work, of course, but at the same time, let's have some reasonable amount of moderation so that all these promoters out there that are throwing absolute crap at us. Do not get our attention because they don't deserve our attention. They have junk. So sorting, sorting, sorting, that is one of the big things, we've got to do statistics. So I'm constantly talking about these articles, you know, I'll share them a lot. And they'll say the best markets to invest the best markets, for renters, the best markets for landlords, you know, the best markets, they're going to have the most appreciation, blah, blah, blah, this and that, right. The unemployment rate is the inflation rate is the Consumer Confidence Index says all of these different stats, they are so amazingly, amazingly misleading. Let me give you another example. Just quickly here before we get to Dan Millman. Now, this doesn't have anything to do with real estate, but I'll bet you most of you participate in what I'm about to talk about. And that's driving. Most of you listening probably have a car. And you know soon, you may not need one. In fact, if you got kids under 10 I think there's a very high likelihood they may never learn to drive they may never need to imagine if in suburban neighborhoods, and really all areas around the world of course, but suburbia, particularly because I have predicted the resurgence of suburbia. Okay, like most people think that's a weird prediction, isn't it? Well, you know, we've had the pendulum swing back and forth. And by the way, I'm on a tangent here. I'm going to get to that article I was going to tell you about in just a moment. So you know, of course, we had the post World War Two baby boomer era, and we had Levittown and we had this whole resurgence or not resurgence, but really the creation of the concept of suburbia. You know when the Romantic era Have the automobile in America. And really, most countries weren't like that. They didn't have that. That was kind of an American concept of the the big 57 Chevy and happy days. And all this. All this romance and nostalgia was built around the automobile. Because of course, we have the interstate highway system. And we had lots of land and not all countries were like this. A lot of countries still, you know, existed around city centers and so forth. Certainly European countries were like that. They didn't have the, the rise of suburbia, the way the US did. So the US had this huge suburban sprawl thing going on for decades. And then the pendulum has swung back and forth, right. And recently, it's swung back to the cities. Now, I know that's still the hot trend. But I'm making a prediction that the autonomous car, though maybe maybe there'll be those little ugly Google cars that you've all seen by now, right? They have no steering wheel, no gas pedal, and no brake, amazingly, and so maybe those little autonomous cars will be just driving around virtually everywhere, or they will be a moment's access, and you'll have that car picking you up. And you won't even need to own a car. And so say you live in suburbia, say you now live 45 minutes from the city center. And you think, Well, you know, you live there because it's less expensive because you're practicing the drive until you qualify concept. Yes, that's what people do nowadays, they drive until they can qualify for a loan. Yeah, until they can buy a house and afford it. And so with the resurgence of suburbia, that is a strong possibility with the autonomous vehicle and cheap energy, right.
Jason Hartman 12:57
These cars will just come pick you up and take you anywhere you need to go. And they may go a lot faster because the concept of traffic will be virtually eliminated 90 miles an hour bumper to bumper traffic, but moving so fast because the cars are all networked together. They're, they're like a virtual train. They don't have a physical hitch, but they're all hitched together electronically. So this is an amazing thing. I mean, it's a game changer. I've said it before. My Tesla just got its second software update. And now the Tesla parks itself. You can summon the car and it will come to you. Do you really need valet parking people anymore? It's a game changer. I'm telling you everything changes. This is a massive shift. And it has massive impact on real estate values. So if people are paying huge premiums to be in the city center area, where real estate is very expensive, I mean, even where I live in Scottsdale, right? It's is amazing people think Arizona is inexpensive, but you get into Old Town Scottsdale. And I mean it is, well, it's not Los Angeles, but it's expensive. Okay, you know, it is not cheap. You get into suburbia in Arizona, you know, you go to some of the outlying areas, and they're not really outlying. They're all their own little sort of communities. But you know, they're generally considered suburban markets and the price goes down dramatically. I mean, you can buy a big beautiful home for a lot less money. And the reason is, is because the proximity, but if proximity becomes a non issue, it's a game changer. So back to how to lie with statistics, then let's get to our 10th show guest Dan Millman and talk about his great stuff. So here are the cars that get the most and the least tickets. I just thought I'd share this kind of funny thing because it applies to everybody. Right? So which cars get the most tickets? Which cars get the least tickets? Okay, well what's what's the worst if you drive a Nissan 303 50 z? You're gonna get a lot of tickets, or an Alexis s 300 or a Dodge Charger, or a Volkswagen Jetta GL, or a Chevrolet Monte Carlo. Okay, now check this out. Here are the drivers or the not the drivers but the five cars with the least number of tickets. Okay. The Buick Encore the Lexus IS 350 the accurate I LX the Cadillac a Ts and the Chevrolet Express. What is a Chevrolet I don't even know what that is a Chevrolet Express. Remember, you're listening to flashback Friday. Our new episodes are published every Monday and Wednesday. But anyway, that's according to insurance calm All right. That's who gets the most in the least traffic violations. Now, they didn't talk about the color of the car. We've all heard that, you know, red cars get a lot of tickets, right? Which may well be true. What is the gaping hole here? What is the gaping hole in this theory about getting a lot of tickets? And you know, people will look at this article and think, well, gee, I'm not going to get myself a Nissan 300 z because I'm gonna get a lot of tickets. They'll think that they might think well, what's that bukhan core look like? Let me check that out. Maybe Maybe that cars Okay, maybe I'll get that one. So I won't get so many tickets. I have a lead foot. Do you know years ago? I don't know if they still do this Oregon listeners Tell me Is this true? Okay, so years ago, I had this assistant, Marlee and she was from Oregon. She told me that in Oregon, if you get too many speeding tickets, they send you to a psychiatrist, or psychologist.
Isn't that funny? Yeah, you gotta go have your Mental Health examined if you get too many speeding tickets, you know, how was your childhood? Was it slow or fast while you drive slower? I don't know. It's just funny. But what did they not tell you in this article? You don't know how many of each of these cars exist. It's not based on the concept of a per capita concept. There's no proportionality to this. It's totally stupid. Right? For example, if the Nissan 300 or 350 Z, if there's maybe there's way more of those than Volkswagen Jetta has. I mean, I don't know. I haven't checked this stuff. But you know, maybe there's just not that many Buick concours and Chevrolet Express's out there. So of course, they don't get as many tickets because not as many of them exist. Thank God. I mean, seriously, I know I know. I know. Our audience. I know dear listener, you get this right. You understood this without me even pointing it out. But how can this stuff pass is flipping news in this country? You know, this is a this is an AP article, right? It's on that it's on the Associated Press wire and all these news media outlets around the world will pick this stuff up and in talk about this like it's news yet it doesn't tell the story. So that is the the lack of proportionality is just it's just staggering that that's totally missed. It's not even mentioned here. So we've got some great properties at Jason Hartman, calm they are flying off the shelf. Go check them out on our website. Jason Hartman, calm go look at those. I'll tell you personally, I'm doing another real estate deal myself while I'm I do lots of real estate deals. I've been doing some in Grand Rapids lately. I know. I never thought it'd be buying a property there. Right. But you know, I've been doing that too. Create land contracts for buyers who want to buy the land contracts. So that's been good. By the way, for those of you not interested in owning the physical property. The second best thing are these land contract deals we have, these are great, you buy them at a discount. You know, we've done shows about that before. So I won't belabor the point now, but I am selling one of my properties again, to do a 1031 tax deferred exchange. did one of those last year I was, you know, I kind of like a few years go by and you don't really pay much attention to these properties. And you get such a pleasant surprise. They've gone up in value. Imagine that. And so I've got this one property in Houston. It's worth like $220,000. You know, I only paid like 150 for that property, I think and heck, I'm gonna sell it. I'm gonna do a 1031 tax deferred exchange, income properties the most tax favored asset in America. I'm going to buy two more properties in Memphis just bought to last year on another exchange there in Memphis, I sold a property in North Carolina, that was also appreciated a lot more than I was even aware of, because I wasn't really looking at it wasn't really paying attention to it went up in value a whole bunch, I sold it, I bought two properties and increased my cash flow dramatically. My rent to value ratios improved dramatically. So you know, I'm in this game every day. I'm constantly doing deals and constantly looking at deals. And this just makes total sense. So, again, here, I'm gonna go from probably, what did I rent out for last, I think 1550 per month. And I'm probably going to take this up to about 21 or 20 $200 per month, no tax implication 1031 tax deferred exchange, and boom, I'll increase my cash flow by basically about, you know, somewhere in the neighborhood of 25%. Isn't that phenomenal? I love income property, the most historically proven asset class in the entire world. So go check out those deals at Jason hartman.com. If you want to learn how to evaluate properties better, go to property tracker comm or go to the App Store for your iPhone or your iPad, and look up property evaluator great little software to help you do that. Also, we've got our Salt Lake City event coming up. This is going to be an awesome Jay h you live where we're going to do the math on evaluating properties, building portfolios, working together. This is a really interactive event that we do it's only our second Jay Chou event. The first one was a little too easy. Some people said so we made this one a lot more challenging. So we're going to test your your your knowledge and abilities and push them a little bit. And that's in Salt Lake City on March 12. You can register for that at Jason hartman.com and we'd love to see you. And if you're already a JH member, remember, we've got an incredibly special deal for you. So contact your investment counselor about that. Oh, here it is. It's Jason hartman.com slash contest. And you can enter to win free tickets for the Salt Lake City event. So if you enter, and you buy a ticket, if you're selected in the raffle, we will simply refund your money. We've done that several times over the years when we've done contest. So entering only takes 20 seconds. Go to Jason Hartman comm slash contest and enter to win free tickets for Jay Chou live Jason hartman.com slash contest. And just to hedge your bets, buy your ticket, and do that at Jason hartman.com in the events section. All right, let's get to Dan Millman. And let's see what he has to say about the four really important areas of life and how to be more successful in them again, it's great to Have him back on the show. So let's go to Dan Millman.
Hey, it's my pleasure to welcome back a great guest. We had him on the show a while ago, and it's Mr. Dan Millman. You probably know his name. And you probably know his work. He's the author of 17 books, I believe now. And he's out with a new one called the for purposes of life, finding meaning and direction in a changing world. He's probably most well known for the awesome book, the way of the Peaceful Warrior, a book that changes lives, the creative compass, writing your way from inspiration to publication, so he helps authors to, he's a former director of gymnastics at Stanford University. And I gotta make one comment before we start with Dan and hear about his latest work. You always hear the constant refrain of the intellectual snobs out there who say, whenever a book is turned into a movie, well, the book was better. Actually, the book and the movie of the world. Have a Peaceful Warrior are both fantastic. So that's a rarity.
Dan Millman 24:04
But Dan, welcome. How are you? Oh, doing great. Glad to be here with you.
Good to have you and you have moved since we talked to you last. You are now in the very hip and trendy Brooklyn, New York. Hmm.
I have moved Jason and we moved to for three reasons two daughters and a grandbaby and well it wasn't
the weather huh?
We like to call the four seasons are fine we have to be in California. All those years we we do enjoy running through the snow, that sort of thing.
Good stuff. Good stuff. Well, hey, tell us about your latest work the for purposes of life.
Well, I every one of my books has to justify itself. I've never written a book just to have the book out after way of the Peaceful Warrior was published way back in 1980. It started taking off by word of mouth over time, but I didn't write another book for 10 years. I felt I'd said what I have to say, which I think is kind of refreshing. But after in around 1990 1989 in the late 80s, I met a rather unusual mentor was exposed to a lot of new and very exciting information perspectives on living. So I started writing it after that about a book a year. So it culminated most recently with a for purposes of life. Because it puts my work into context. It's a small book on 150 pages, but it's packed with information to clarify where people are crystallize their life, to help them understand themselves, and where they're going better. Hmm, interesting.
So you say in a changing world, I mean, we certainly all feel that pressure of the world changing so quickly. What did you mean by that when you made that the subtitle of the book?
Yeah, when I wrote my first, you know, 30 years ago, I get my first talk in Southern California and even then, I predicted I said, you know, it's hard to predict anything accurately these days because the variables are so many we don't know about our confer See, but I said One thing seems to be happening. This was 30 years ago, I said, the pace seems to be accelerating the energy is building. And I have no idea where to go. This is before the internet before apps before, you know smartphones. But the pace is definitely increasing. And you know, this whole idea of disruption of staying pace with technology, and the news, the Daily News, whether it's economic changes happening so fast the workplace, so to help people ground out and take a deep breath, and say, Okay, what is my life right now? What do I need to do in fact, jumping Well, let me just say what these four purposes are. So people get a sense because
Right, right, that's a great place to start. Yeah. Okay.
The book Jason is is like, it sounds like hubris because I didn't say for purposes of life, I wrote a book titled, The for purposes of life. You know, and a friend of mine, a friend of mine said to me, Dan, I know the purpose of It's learning to love. Whatever the question Love is the answer. You know, I couldn't argue with that. It sounds like a great purpose in life. Another friend said, Well, wait a minute, we're here to, you know, we produce and keep the species gone. Another friend said, No, we're here for enlightenment for awakening. Everybody has a different idea of what the big cosmic purposes are of life. But just as we divide the points of the compass to the four primary directions, and the days of the year into four primary seasons, by looking at our lives through these four purposes, it does give a sense of meaning purpose connection in terms of connecting our life with the bigger picture. And those four purposes are first learning life's lessons. The second one is finding our career and calling and understanding the difference between the two. The third purpose is more mysterious, and it's intriguing, believe me, it's called finding on life path, which is different from the career or calling. And the fourth purpose, maybe the most important one of all, which is attending to our purpose in this arising moment. And so that summarizes what those four purposes are. There's a tremendous amount behind each of those summaries.
Yeah, well, we'll get into those. I'm particularly intrigued, like you said, by attending to the moment because when, when I had you on the show last you said, you kind of summed it up as the one the one overriding theme of your work. I remember very well what you said, although I am not a good practitioner of this. But it's what you said. And I'll remind you damn it, you probably know, but it was be here. Now. That's what you said, in that concept of presence is a big theme in your work. You know, maybe before you go into these different purposes. Do you want to just address that one, maybe even more generally than you did, specifically in the book? Because I, I think in what you just said, you're alluding to that again?
Well, I am and of course, I don't know anybody who is on, at least in the developed world who reads, who hasn't heard or read many times about living in the present, but it's good to do. I mean, certainly, it's not fresh with me. It's, you know, Eckhart Tolle restated his book. Rom das wrote the book be here now. Robert Frost, the poet talked about it. It's not a new idea, because, you know, Marcus or realist, it's been around a long time. But what does it really mean? Today, this term mindfulness has become very popular. Everybody is mindfulness is mindfulness, that it's popular because nobody's doing it. Nobody aren't doing it consciously. You know, like all mindfulness means essentially Three things paying attention. The second thing is to the present moment we don't. It's not about paying attention to the past or future memory or imagination. It's right now what's in front of us. And the third thing is without judgment. It's just noticing, being aware. So they have mindfulness meditation, where you do that formally, please sit with your eyes closed, or half open. And then but in everyday life, just being mindful of the present moment. So when I talk about attending to your purpose, it's not just about the stock trades live in the present. It's about what is your purpose in this present moment. You know, we may not all know what our cosmic purpose is. But you and I know our purpose right now. It's sharing with each other is talking having a conversation. It's very clear. Most of us with all the concepts around can get come back right now, sharing now, that what needs doing right now what is my purpose, and the quality of our moments, as I said, end up being the quality of our lives. Because the better attentionally pay to eat your rising moment and noticing what's going on, by and doing it purposefully, you know, the better the quality of our lunch turns out to be. Robert Byrne once said the purpose of life is a life of purpose. So it's not just about being in the present that sounds abstract, and how do you do that? But it's permanent is recognizing that there is no such thing, actually in reality, as the past or future, the future never comes tomorrow never comes. It's always tomorrow. And the past is only a set of neural impulses recall memory, but it's not here anymore. So most of us, you know, Mark Twain once said, that many troubles in my life, most of which never happened.
Yeah, they're always it's just the worry. Yeah, thinking about how they might happen.
Yeah. Thinking about past and future. But in the moment, you know, we just address what we need to in the moment. So that's what the fourth purpose it brings us back It helps again, after helps pull us out of the concepts and all the things we have to remember and do and simplifies our life in measurably My life is quite busy. But it's very simple because I've recognized Finally, I can only do one thing at a time really. I know many young people, Millennials say I'm a good multitasker. But that's somewhat of an illusion. It's been proven, it's been shown in almost every case, because attention is a zero sum game. We have so much attention for this moment. If we're paying attention to walking, then we're paying attention to walking. If we're paying attention to chewing gum, we're paying attention to chewing gum, but that old joke is true. You really can't walk and chew gum at the same time. You're looking at you're attending to one or the other. Have you ever talked to someone on the phone and you know they're doing their email at the same time, most everybody's multitasking in one way or another nowadays, but you can tell the quality of attention isn't really there. It's like, Oh yeah, well, I really are. So they're not flowing with you. So people are thinking multitasker just splitting their attention into various ways that some people drive like that. It's a little scary, you know?
Just a reminder, you're listening to flashback Friday, or new episodes are published every Monday and every Wednesday.
Okay, so first of all, I want to ask you a question about that. But I also want to share a quote that I just love about this. And you quoted a lot of great people. You didn't quote augmon Dino, though, and I bet you're a fan of his. He was one of the other greats along with Dan Millman. And he says, I will live as all good actors do when they are on stage. Only in the moment, I cannot perform at my best today by regretting my previous acts mistakes or worrying about the scene to come. And, you know, that's like a great actor, you know, they're there. They're in the now you know, you can just tell and it's, it's something you could never Sort of academically quantify, I guess, but we just know it. You just know, great acting versus mediocre acting is. Yeah, yeah, maybe you couldn't quantify it, but you just know. And we all have experienced that certainly. But I come on, you know, when we drive we're in an alpha state, you know, a lot of people when he I've been guilty, certainly, of driving around for many years listening to your audio books, and those of many other greats. Is that bad? I mean, I don't think that deteriorates from the quality of my driving. Certainly, I think texting and driving does, that's very dangerous. I mean, aren't we always walking and chewing gum, you know, we're all doing multiple things, right.
And, you know, we can walk and chew gum, obviously, and we can drive while listen to the radio or book on tape. I do the same thing. Even I go for bike rides to Prospect Park, and I'll listen with your phone in one of my ears and listen to it that way. I get to travel with different people. By the way, that was a great quote you read by dogs and you know, I really enjoyed that. And the metaphor of acting is wonderful because it's a transcendental art nitrogen improvisation. And the more we, the better actress, we are playing different roles as we need them, the better our life goes. So I think it was very appropriate. You're you're raising that. But yeah, of course, nobody's saying just completely have tunnel vision, their time somebody is speaking with us. But the more we bring attention, quality of attention and presence to what we do, the better by the way, you mentioned acting and there's a great story about sir Laurence Olivier. He did this masterful performance, got a standing ovation and went into his dressing room slammed the door, and someone knocked on his door to Larry, what are you upset? That was the greatest performance I've ever seen you do? And he said yes. And I don't know how I did it. So as you say, there's no trail of breadcrumbs. Sometimes we bring a lot of presents, we play golf, some people can see the line to the hole to that Other times, it's all fuzzy. So these these things do come and go. Okay, let's
go into the let's go into the different the different four purposes if we if we could I didn't want to get too off on that tangent, because I want the audience to hear about the new book specifically, what are these four purposes, while you told us what they were, but like, drill down on them and see what
now learning life's lessons sounds kind of mundane? Oh, yes. We're all here to learn from our life experience. Turns out there's a lot more to it. In terms of, versus a school, daily life is our classroom. You know, no one needs to read my books, or any books or attend any seminars in order to evolve as a human being people were evolving before books and seminars. So what then people ask me Well, why do you write books, data, teach seminars, because any good information, good perspectives that I share? Can you help people learn the lessons of life a little more gracefully with a little less pain? Because it helps clarify the lessons of life. But that's why learning life lessons is so important. In fact, there are 12 courses we need to pass in order to graduate and I summarized all those 12 courses. In that first chapter. There are also school rules. If allegedly school there are rules in any school, and we call them universal laws. So I've summarized what that is about. So there's, it's really packed with understanding that it's impossible to fail at anything. If we've learned from it. Learning is not just the icing on the cake, it's the whole cake that if we start to appreciate, what have I learned today? How have I changed? How do you know if you've learned something? This is an important question. People say I learned things all the time. There are two ways to know if you learned something. The primary way is an action changes, something changes. The second way is your perspectives expand. And you know people have said to me about Your first book changed my life Dan, you know the way of the Peaceful Warrior and I want to ask them, What do you mean by that? And it usually comes back to me as I have a different perspective now. And that's not a small thing. It's a better part of wisdom perspective. So that's what learning life's lessons is about. It is paying attention and recognizing that life is a form of spiritual weight training. You know, if we don't lift any weights, we don't get any stronger. So some people feel bad about having some kind of challenge or adversity. But if we look back on those times, we've experienced difficulty in our lives. We're here we are, you know, you the Japanese saying fall down six times get up seven times. Point is, every adversity has a hidden gift, in terms of most people who've gone through difficulties will recognize you're a little bit wiser, they're a little bit stronger now. And that's that's the value. We don't have to pretend to look for adversity, but when it happens, we can appreciate That element, that it that's what makes us stronger. And that makes us grow those challenges. So learning life lessons is about all those things. And again, there's a lot in that chapter. It's not just yeah, we're here to learn from our life experience, because many people don't.
Yeah, that's a good point. I remember reading former President Richard Nixon's book in the arena, which was written years ago. It's a great book, by the way. And he just, I mean, that's a man who had some big successes and some spectacular failures, right? They he had a lot of, he had a roller coaster life. And he talks about how you can't fail if you learn. You've always succeeded in learning something. And you know, the famous Edison quote, and everybody says, it's a different amount of trials where he failed to invent the light bulb, you know, 25,000 1000, who knows? It's so, so changed over the years, but I've succeeded in knowing what doesn't work. And Nixon, I remember he quoted Sophocles, and he said, One must wait until evening to see how splendid The day has been. That's not really about learning as much as about perspective, but there's some brilliant wisdom there. Yeah, that's that's great, Dan. Good. Yeah, I appreciate them.
Yeah. What else do you do you want to go into the next one or more on this well careering calling just so people, your listeners can understand that the picture of the book, career in calling first defines the difference between career and calling. You know, we're told do what you love, and the money will follow well, that doing what we love is about following our heart following or calling. Some people it's playing the guitar on another musical instrument or people are called to the clergy or the military. They're their hobbies people have calling may or may not have anything to do with money. Calling is something we're just drawn to do in our discretionary time is something we find meaningful and enjoyable about it. Whereas a career whether we call it profession, job, whatever their many words, career is about producing an income to To support ourselves and family if we have one. And we may like a lot of things about our career, we need the people we work with when you find it meaningful. But if you weren't getting paid anything, we'd have to find something else. So that's the difference between the two. And it's important for like young artists to understand they're not showing out by getting a day job, and then practicing their art in their spare time. Otherwise, it's hard to produce an income. So we need to balance career and calling other people devalue anything that doesn't make the money. And they've abandoned the calling that really they enjoyed it might enrich their life. So that's why it's important to understand the difference between the two. And that's why the second purpose in the book is finding our career and calling and I emphasize self knowledge so important. If we don't know ourselves, clearly, we end up making the right choices for the wrong person. The one we thought we weren't So I go into specifically what does it mean self knowledge? It means understanding what am i talents? What are my interests? And what are my values? And it can take 10 years to get that, you know, that's why they call them the trying 20s when young people are trying this, trying that and trying this, because they're exploring themselves in the world, what are my interests? What am I values, they're learning to differentiate between what they think they should do, or someone else thinks they should do, and what they really want to do. And that can take into the 30s to really discover that nobody wants to hear it is young. But that's what a for purposes of life is especially intended for people going through some kind of transition, graduating from school, retiring, any other changes or dislocations in their life? It's a good time to read it to regain perspective. Yeah,
it sure is. And that's career in calling. It's so important. I mean, we spend a good third of our lives In that, maybe more and it's it's just a huge part of our lives. It's like saying is sleep important? Of course it is, you know, it's a big deal. And so I don't think that should be minimized.
Okay, we learn a lot about ourselves and that search for work. Some people search for a soulmate other search for sole job, but really, there's a lot in that particular section. Now, we've touched upon the fourth purpose too, which is attending to this present moment, what is my purpose? The third one is the most mysterious and most controversial, and I took a risk even bringing this, this to the, to the fore in another book called the life you were born to live. But the third purpose finding our life path involves Well, the best way I could put it is to invite your listeners to go to peaceful warrior.com click on the life purpose link. It's right there on the left. They will be taken to a life purpose calculator. All they do is put in their date month and you of birth, and they will see a number, the number won't mean too much to them. But there's some words associated with each digit. And there's a paragraph about about a paragraph, a teaser, a taste, to give them a flavor for their life path there 43 different life paths for people born since 1900. And I'll leave it to people to see how accurate the material is. I can't explain how working with the numbers of your date of birth can give valid, reliable, accurate information. But I challenge your listeners just to take a look to get a sample of this material. Or they can get the life purpose app online. If you have an Android or iPhone. The app is very good, it gives you access to all the information but it's really helpful
so you're saying that I mean that's that's about numerology? Well,
again, I don't even use the word because I've never been very interested in numerology 10 but 40% accurate to me at least, I could be wrong about that. But then this unusual mentor showed me an image interpretation of the numbers that are different from many neurological systems more simple, straightforward, and I found it just life changing, actually. So I started working with other people when I went to an advanced training series of lectures he gave, and I started working with it. Unlike many people, I was completely immersed in it for about eight years before I started teaching it and finally wrote a book about so it's one aspect of my teaching that I can't see as well.
Damn, I mean, you know, some people are gonna hear you say that they're gonna go oh my god, isn't that like astrology? Come on. Tell us why do you think it's so credible? I had that analysis done once you know, my life path number and I think it was five maybe or something like that. And it was it was uncanny how accurate it was. kind of blew my mind. Yeah, yeah, well, a good numerologist can can do that. Again, it's trans rational. I don't want to call it irrational, but I can't explain it. But you know, you can Explain how aspirin works. scientists don't know yet exactly all the mechanisms, they just know it has certain results, I will freely admit and agree with you 100% that there are many things we have yet to understand. And if you want to say, Well, you know, these very empirical, scientific, logical people will say, Well, you know, I just go with the science. Well, you know, science used to believe in bloodletting and leeches and the world is flat and you know, the universe revolved around the Earth. I mean, science used to believe all sorts of crazy stuff that we don't believe anymore. There's lots of stuff we don't understand. So get over it. That's what I say.
I'm a big fan of science has pulled us out of the dark ages of superstition data set method to testing empirically. But then, you know, if science becomes a fundamentalist religion, then faith becomes heresy. And I think both are valuable. So I don't want to be out in quote, unquote, woowoo land. I can only say this I was a psychology major at Berkeley. I understand empiricism, the scientific method And I'll tell you, I mean, I've studied the various system, the enneagram, and mmpi, and all the different inventories. In terms of self knowledge. This is one of the most accessible, clear, useful methods I've seen. That's why I chose to share it. And I work really hard writing that book, and the for purposes of life, to help give some perspective on these four purposes that can really lend a lot of clarity in people's lives. So that's why I'm okay.
Did you Did you finish your thoughts on the purposes? I just want to make sure we got that in?
No, I think I did. I think for a summary for the time we have I think that's just people a flavor
and it's great that it's 150 pages, you know, quicker read. I think a lot of authors are just still stuffing books to make them. I mean, they still think they're selling them by the pound when so many people are buying them digitally anyway. So I like shorter, concise books. I think that's great. What else would you like people to know? I mean, your body of work is so exciting. have just anything you know about Dan Millman or about your work the way the Peaceful Warrior, which I think is, I mean, you would consider that to be kind of your magnum opus, right? It's a signature book. It's my best known book. Yes. But each one has had to justify itself and has its own purpose.
I would say, My background is an athlete and a coach has helped me to stay grounded because it's easy to get lost in abstract concepts. And really, we want something that has actionable things we can do that has actually outcomes that is practical and useful. And that's what I tried to convey in my various books, including the fourth purpose. And do you want to mention anything on the 12 required courses in the school of life? I mean, for purposes, 12 courses? Sure, I don't really want to overwhelm people. But you know, it's a fair question. If we're here to learn what courses are we here to learn? And when we think oh, I have to learn about relationships or money or Education and the physical body, those are all useful things. Daily Life will deliver lessons in all those areas. But actually, it's it's deeper than that. It, it actually summarizes the entire field we call personal growth and personal development. And these 12 areas, I can fire them off at your really quickly. But basically, it's discover your worth. And by the way, it's different from self esteem, but I can't explain that now. Discover your worth. Reclaim Your will energize your body. manage your money. tame your mind, trust your intuition. Accept your emotions, face your fears. eliminate your shadow, embrace your sexuality, Awaken your heart, and serve your world. And if you can come up with a 13 plan, I'd like to hear it but that really comprises the entire field of personal growth. And I work very hard to summarize a paragraph to define it. clarify what each of these areas are. There's another book I wrote, which is a major book called everyday enlightenment, which covers all these gaps, all these 12 areas, but I wanted to summarize it in the for purposes of life. Yeah, good stuff. Good stuff.
Well, Dan, give out your website one more time if you would, and you know, tell people they can find the book and all the usual places, I assume Amazon, etc.
Yeah, it's online and in bookstores on and my website is peaceful, warrior calm, and it has a listing in description of all my books, basic seminar, various seminars around the world. And there's some online courses as well that are pretty cool like the Peaceful Warrior workout.
Excellent, good stuff. Well, Dan Millman, thank you so much for joining us on the show. Again, it was great to have you back and just keep up the good work here. Your messages are awesome and we all need to remember them and be, you know, stay grounded in some of this stuff as we live in this changing hectic busy world with Information and stimulation overload. There's so much coming at us all the time. So keep up the good work. And thanks again for joining us.
My pleasure, Jason.
I've never really thought of Jason as subversive. But I just found out that's what Wall Street considers him to be.
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Stocks and other non direct traded assets are a losing game for most people. The typical scenario is you make a little you lose a little and spin your wheels for decades.
That's because the corporate crooks running the stock and bond investing game we'll always see to it that they win. This means unless you're one of them. You will not win.
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text:
One Medicare Ltd
Westgate Surgery
Westgate Surgery Good
SafeGood
Well-ledGood
One Medicare Ltd is the provider at Westgate Surgery, Westgate, Otley LS21 3HD. It is one of four GP practices operated by the provider in West Yorkshire. They also operate a walk-in centre and primary care co-located services based in the two central Leeds hospitals.
Otley is a small market town situated approximately 12 miles north west of Leeds city centre. The Public Health National General Practice Profile shows the level of deprivation within the practice demographics being rated as nine. (This is based on a scale of one to ten, with one representing the highest level of deprivation and ten the lowest.)
The provider is contracted to provide Personal Medical Services (PMS) to a registered population of approximately 5,724 patients, who were mainly white British with 2% from mixed ethnic groups.
There are some variables to the practice patient profile compared to national figures. For example, the percentage of patients whose working status is classed as being unemployed is 0% (5% nationally) and the percentage of patients aged 65 years and over is 21% (17% nationally). The average life expectancy for males is 81 years and 86 years for females (compared to 79 years for males and 83 years for females nationally).
The provider is registered with Care Quality Commission to provide the following regulated activities: diagnostic and screening procedures; treatment of disease, disorder or injury; maternity and midwifery services; family planning and surgical procedures.
The practice clinical team is made up of six salaried GPs (three male and three female), an advanced nurse practitioner, a pharmacist and four practice nurses. The practice had just recruited a healthcare assistant who had not yet started employment. The administration team consisted of a practice coordinator and five reception/administration staff. There were also overarching organisational staff who supported the practice staff.
Opening times for Westgate Surgery are Monday to Friday 8am to 6pm, with extended hours from 7am on Wednesday and Friday. Bookable appointments were from 8.30am to 11.30am and 1.30pm to 6.00pm. With early appointments between 7.00am and 8.00am on Wednesday and Friday. Patients had access to Saturday morning appointments via a locality 'hub'.
Routine and urgent appointments are available, along with telephone consultations as appropriate. Patients can also make appointments via the practice's online portal on their website. When the practice is closed out-of-hours services are provided by Local Care Direct, which can be accessed by calling the NHS 111 service.
We saw that the ratings from the previous inspection were displayed both in the practice and on the website: www.onemedicalgroup.co.uk/westgate-surgery/
Latest inspection: 26/06/2018
Report published: 24 August 2018
Download CQC inspection report PDF 301.25 KB (opens in a new tab)
Download evidence table 578.65 KB (opens in a new tab)
Latest review: 2 October 2019
Westgate Surgery is run by One Medicare Ltd
Dr William Dawson
Mrs Rachel Beverley-Stevenson
Mrs Jane Louise Sadler
Miss Caroline Michelle Day
CQC inspections & ratings of specific services
People with long term conditionsGood
Families, children and young peopleGood
Older peopleGood
Working age people (including those recently retired and students)Good
People experiencing poor mental health (including people with dementia)Good
People whose circumstances may make them vulnerableGood
Doctors/GPs, NHS GP practice
Diagnostic and screening procedures, Family planning services, Maternity and midwifery services, Services for everyone, Surgical procedures, Treatment of disease, disorder or injury
Chevin Medical Practice
In West Yorkshire, LS21 1BQ
Grange Park Surgery
In West Yorkshire, LS29 7HG
Good Skin Days Ltd
In West Yorkshire, LS20 8EB

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: AVL TREE Malloc Functionwhen inserting a new node I recently created a bst successfully in C..Then my attempt was
to create an AVL..The first step in doing so .Was to add a extra
component bf(balance factor ) in every node..I did it as follows.
    struct tnode{
        int info;
        struct tnode*left;
        struct tnode*right;
        int bf;//new field for avl tree..
                };

Everytime malloc assigns a address to new node while insertion...I assign its info part to
the value entered by user..set the left and right pointer to NULL.In addition to this it assigns the bf
of the newnode to 0..After insertion of first node(ie root node) program fails at the malloc part next time to
even assign a memory to the newnode...As soon as I remove the part which says newnode->bf=0..The problem vanishes..
Why is this happening ?.Below is my main function and add() function which takes integer as input and insert it to tree with root node as 'root' declared globally.
    int main(){
    int choice,val;
    deci:
    printf("\n1.Insert");
    printf("\n2.Display");
    printf("\n3.Search.");
    printf("\n4.Delete");
    printf("\n5.Naa..");
    scanf("%d",&choice);
    switch(choice){
            case 1:printf("\nEnter element to add:");
                    scanf("%d",&val);
                    add(val);

                    //display();
                    break;
            case 2:display();
                    break;
            case 3:printf("\nEnter element to search for:");
                    scanf("%d",&val);
                    search(val);
                    break;

            case 4:printf("\nEnter element to Delete: ");
                    scanf("%d",&val);
                    deletei(val);
                    display();
                    break;
            case 5:return 0;

            }
    goto deci;
    return 0;
    }

    void add(int val){
    struct tnode * newnode=(struct tnode * )malloc(sizeof(struct tnode *));
    newnode->info=val;
    newnode->left=newnode->right=NULL;
    newnode->bf=0;//problem making,problem solved removing this statement
    if(root==NULL){
            root=newnode;

                    }
    else{
        struct tnode*tree=root;
        struct tnode*ptree=NULL;
    while(tree!=NULL){
                    if(val<tree->info){
                                        ptree=tree;
                                        tree=tree->left;

                    }
                    else{
                        ptree=tree;
                        tree=tree->right;
                    }

        }
    if(val<ptree->info){

                ptree->left=newnode;
                tree=ptree->left;

        }
else{
ptree->right=newnode;
tree=ptree->right;

    }
    }

    }

A: Your first main mistake is that you allocate a space only for an address for newnode in add(). You should convert it into:
struct tnode * newnode=(struct tnode * )malloc(sizeof(struct tnode));

In this case you allocate an entire space for the required node.
PS. Please also resign from the 'goto' instruction as it is a bad practice to use it.

A: Your problem is in this line:
struct tnode * newnode = (struct tnode *) malloc(sizeof(struct tnode *))

From the C reference for malloc

Allocates size bytes of uninitialized storage
If allocation succeeds, returns a pointer to the lowest (first) byte in the allocated memory block

So malloc allocates a memory block and returns a pointer to the start of this block.
The argument to malloc is the size of the memory block you want to allocate.
In your case you are passing sizeof(struct tnode *).
So you are allocating enough memory for a pointer to a value of type struct tnode.
If you want to allocate the memory for the struct tnode itself, change the sizeof to sizeof(struct tnode).
Then the fixed line should look like
struct tnode * newnode = (struct tnode *) malloc(sizeof(struct tnode))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Solve $xy(1+xy^2)\frac {dy}{dx}=1$
Solve $xy(1+xy^2)\frac {dy}{dx}=1$

Tried to solve it as an exact ODE, but it didnt work.

A: Hint: First solve $\frac{dx}{dy} = xy(1+xy^2)$ for $x(y)$ instead. To solve this, let $v(y) = 1/x(y)$. Also, don't forget to pick up both branches of the solution by noting that if $y(x)$ is a solution, so too is $-y(x)$.
Update: Alright, here's how to do it: Let $v(y) = 1/x(y)$. Then
$$
\frac{dx}{dy} = -\frac{1}{v(y)^{2}}\frac{dv}{dy}
$$
giving
\begin{align}
\frac{dv}{dy} +yv(y) + y^{3} = 0
\end{align}
which has solution $v(y) = 2 -y^2 + C\exp(-y^2/2)$.
Hence
\begin{align}
x = \frac{1}{2-y^2 + C\exp(-y^2/2)} =: f(y)
\end{align}
and your solution is $y = \pm f^{-1}(x)$.


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text:
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J Res Med Sci 2020, 25:73
Beliefs about binge eating: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the eating beliefs questionnaire
Esmaeil Mousavi Asl1, Behzad Mahaki2, Banafsheh Gharraee3, Ali Asghar Asgharnejad Farid3, Atefeh Shahverdi-Shahraki4
1 Student Research Committee , School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health(Tehran Institute of Psychiatry); Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Date of Submission 17-Sep-2019
Date of Decision 26-Nov-2019
Date of Acceptance 23-Mar-2020
Date of Web Publication 27-Jul-2020
Dr. Ali Asghar Asgharnejad Farid
Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_623_19
Background: Metacognitive beliefs play an essential role in the maintenance of binge eating behavior. Examining the psychometric properties of tools in societies with different cultures than western societies can help with examining the external validity of those tools. This research aimed at standardization and validation of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) in Iran. Materials and Methods: Persian version of the EBQ-18 was produced through forward translation, reconciliation, and back translation. A total of 302 non-WEIRD nonclinical students were selected through convenience sampling method and completed a set of questionnaires, including the EBQ-18, Eating Attitude Test-16 (EAT-16), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16), Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire-Short Form (SF), self-esteem scale, and self-compassion scale (SCS) short-form. The construct validity of the EBQ-18 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and divergent and convergent validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability (2 weeks' interval) were used to evaluate the reliability. Data analysis was performed using LISREL (version 8.8) and SSPS (version 22) softwares. Results: EBQ-18 and subscales were found to be valid and reliable measures, with high test-retest reliability and good internal consistency in the nonclinical sample. Cronbrash's Alpha coefficient, for the whole of scale, negative beliefs scale, Permissive Beliefs scale, and Positive Beliefs scale were gained. 96.,89.,90, and. 94 respectively. Intraclass correlations coefficient, for the whole of scale, negative beliefs scale, Permissive Beliefs scale, and Positive Beliefs scale were gained. 84.,78.,75, and. 87, respectively. In terms of convergent validity, EBQ-18 and subscales showed a significant positive correlation with selfreport measures of EAT-16 and DERS-16 (P < 0.01). EBQ-18 and subscales showed a negative correlation with self-compassion, self-esteem, and eating self-efficacy, thus demonstrated divergent validity with these constructs (P < 0.01). The results showed that three factors of negative beliefs, positive beliefs, and permissive beliefs had the goodness of fit indices (root mean square error of approximation = 0.08, normed fit index = 0.97, nonnormed fit index = 0.98, comparative fit index = 0.98, and standardized root mean square residual = 0.04). The results of this study support the EBQ-18 three-factor model. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the EBQ-18 is a reliable measure of eating beliefs in the Iranian population. In addition, the study supplements the literature on the cross-cultural validity of this measure.
Keywords: Eating, factor analysis, psychometric, self-report
Mousavi Asl E, Mahaki B, Gharraee B, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Shahverdi-Shahraki A. Beliefs about binge eating: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the eating beliefs questionnaire. J Res Med Sci 2020;25:73
Mousavi Asl E, Mahaki B, Gharraee B, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Shahverdi-Shahraki A. Beliefs about binge eating: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the eating beliefs questionnaire. J Res Med Sci [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 19];25:73. Available from: https://www.jmsjournal.net/text.asp?2020/25/1/73/291015
Eating disorders characterized by perturbation in eating and food-related behaviors as well as a disturbance in experiencing weight and body shape. These disorders comorbid considerable physical and psychological disorders,[1] and accompanied with an increased risk of mortality[2] and suicide,[3] while imposing immense financial burdens on health-care system.[4]
The lifelong prevalence of 0.5%–1% for Anorexia Nervosa, 1%–3% percent for Bulimia Nervosa, and 2%–2.5% for binge eating disorder[5] has been reported. The prevalence of recurrent binge eating in the general population ranges between 7.2% and 13%, and as reports entail, its outbreaks are increasing over time.[6] Binge eating is of outmost importance as it is closely linked to obesity,[7] eating disorders,[8] and other social, physical, and mental health issues.[9]
The known disorders that comorbid binge eating are anxiety, chronic pain, depression, substance abuse, diabetes, and obesity.[10] Recurrent binge eating accompanies low quality of life and damages to social dynamics.[11] This disorder is a destructive act, which is the main characteristic of binge eating and most eating disorders.[5] In binge eating disorder and most eating disorders, courses of eating binge are accompanied by feelings of disgust, guilt, marked distress, and low mood.[5]
In order to clarify the symptoms of eating disorder including binge eating, a number of psychological models have been presented. These models underscore the role of low self-esteem, low distress tolerance, over-evaluation of weight and body shape, and specific ineffective and unhelpful beliefs about binge eating. In order to examine each of factors, several reliable and valid measuring tools have been proposed.[12]
With regard to the importance of binge eating and its major role in most eating disorders, and due to its destructive mental, physical, social, and financial consequences, an expanded effort in the area of pathological and treatment research to construct valid and reliable instruments seems necessary.[13] Three instruments on beliefs about eating binge have been introduced which predict the maintenance of binge eating in those afflicted with eating disorders: Eating Disorders Thought Questionnaire (EDTQ), Eating Disorders Core Belief Questionnaire, and Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ).[13] Contrary to the importance of metacognitive clarifications on binge eating, neither EDTQ nor EBQ is suitable to investigate the three metacognitive beliefs (positive, negative, and permissive) which maintain binge eating.[14] EBQ includes the positive and negative metacognitive aspects. However, according to the metacognitive theory[15] and the cognitive model of Bulimia Nervosa,[16] the third metacognitive aspect, namely the permissive aspect, is not included.[14] The 18-item self-report questionnaire on eating beliefs (EBQ-18) entails three subscales (negative beliefs, positive beliefs, and permissive beliefs), where each subscale measures a specific belief about eating that encourages binge eating in those suffering from eating disorders.[17] EBQ-18 can be implemented to investigate the presence and severity of eating binge, which is linked to cognition in both clinical and nonclinical populations. In order to expand more effective treatments, it is significant to first have a well understanding of the maintaining factors that underlie binge eating behavior.[14]
A major proportion of studies on the relation between eating and vulnerability to psychological problems has been carried out in societies with individualistic culture, where the understanding of eating beliefs are presumably different from other communities. The psychometric characteristics and three-factor structure of EBQ-18 have been investigated and confirmed in several studies.[14],[17] Still, investigating the psychometric characteristics of this scale in other societies which comprise different cultural norms and values not only helps with improving the external validity of the instrument[18] but also facilitate the execution of more studies in those societies. Thus, with regard to the prevalence and consequences of binge eating and the absence of a valid and reliable Persian scale, the present research aimed to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Persian version of EBQ-18.
Subjects and methods Sample
The current research design was descriptive cross-sectional (factor analysis). In this study, we included the undergraduate students of the University of Tehran that were studying in the academic year of 2018–2019. The recommended sample size for the confirmatory factor analysis is about 200 samples.[19] Thus, we recruited 340 nonclinical students through convenience sampling. Thirty-eight students who did not fully complete the questionnaires were excluded. Inclusion criteria: being a student and consenting to research. Exclusion criteria: severe medical illness and substance abuse. To participate in the study, participants must had enough knowledge of the Persian language and accept to complete the self-report measures. They were assured that they could leave the research at any time. Participating in the study was completely anonymous. All individuals were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire and a set of self-report questionnaires.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Iran University of Medical Sciences (IR. IUMS. REC 1396.9421521003).
The Persian version of the eating beliefs questionnaire
The EBQ-18 is an 18-item questionnaire that measures three dimensions of negative, positive, and permissive beliefs about eating and urges to eat in the lack of hunger. Participants rate their agreement based on a five-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). EBQ-18 showed psychometric properties. This questionnaire has been used in both clinical and nonclinical samples.[14],[17]
The comparability of EBQ-18 and the original EBQ-18 has been validated by accurate translation and back-translation procedures. The EBQ-18 was first translated into Persian independently by five PhD in clinical psychology. Afterward, the Persian EBQ-18 was back-translated by an individual bilingual in Persian and English to validate the translation, and the back-translated version was reviewed by another bilingual individual. The final version of Persian EBQ-18 was also compared to the original version by two bilingual clinical psychologists.
Self-compassion scale short form
This scale includes 12 items. Participants need to rate their agreement based on a five-point Likert scale from 1 (nearly never) to 5 (nearly always). This scale measures three bipolar components in 6 subscales, including self-compassion versus self-judgment, mindfulness versus over-identification, and common humanity versus isolation. The short form (SF) self-compassion scale was correlated with its long form (r = 0.97), and test-retest reliability was reported as 0.92.[20] In Iran, the results support the three-factor structure of self-compassion in a nonclinical sample, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.78.[21]
Self-esteem scale
The Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES) is a 10-item questionnaire that assesses global self-worth by measuring both negative and positive feelings about the self. Factor analysis indicated a single common factor. Participants rate their agreement based on a four-point scale, from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." The scoring of this scale is done directly and reverses. The Rosenberg SES has shown good psychometric properties.[22],[23]
Weight efficacy lifestyle questionnaire-short form
This questionnaire was measure an individual's perceived ability to control weight by resisting eating when confronted with negative emotions, availability of food, social pressure to eat, physical discomfort, and/or positive activities. Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire-SF (WEL-SF) is an 8-item self-report scale. Items are graded from 0 (not confident) to 10 (very confident). Therefore, the total score is in the range of 0–80. Higher score indicates higher self-efficacy to control eating behaviors. WEL-SF has good psychometric properties for assessing eating self-efficacy.[24] The Iranian version of WEL-SF had good psychometric properties.[25]
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16
The DERS-16 contains 16 items, and the scale is originally designed to be a brief measure of global difficulties in emotion regulation. Respondents rated their agreement based on a five-point Likert scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always), indicating how much each statement applied to them. The DERS-16 has been shown to have a good internal consistency (α = 0.92–0.94), good test–retest reliability (ρI = 0.85), and good convergent and discriminant validity. The total score is in the range of 16–80, with higher scores reflecting greater levels of emotion dysregulation.[26] The Persian version of DERS-16 had excellent psychometric properties.[27]
Eating attitude test-16
EAT-16 is a shortened version form of the EAT-26. The EAT-16 assesses eating thoughts and behaviors with simple statements. The 16-item EAT contains four factors: self-perception of body shape, dieting, food preoccupation, and awareness of food contents. Respondents rated their agreement based on a six-point Likert scale from "Never" (10) to "Always" (6).[28] This scoring scheme was used in other research in nonclinical samples.[28],[29] EAT-16 has good psychometric properties.[28],[29]
Missing data were <5% of the data set; thus, list-wise deletion with no imputation of data was used in the present analyses. Removing or retaining the outliers was determined by the comparison of the original mean with the 5% trimmed mean. The assumptions of normality were checked, and skewness was not evident in the subscales and total scale score in the normative group.
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics v. 22.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, Chicago, USA, 2013). Internal consistency, convergent validity, divergent validity, and testretest reliability of the Persian version of the EBQ-18 were analyzed. Internal consistency was estimated using Cronbach's alpha. An alpha value between 0.70 and 0.95 indicates good internal consistency.[30] Test-retest reliability was assessed with Pearson correlations and intraclass correlations coefficient (ICC). An intraclass correlation (ICC) ≥0.70 identifies acceptable reproducibility of a measure.[30] Divergent validity and convergent validity were assessed with Pearson correlations. All reported significance values were two-tailed. In all tests, P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The construct validity of the Eating Beliefs scale was evaluated using structural equation modeling. The three-factor structure of the Eating Beliefs scale, as suggested in the original version, was tested with LISREL software (version 8.8, Jöreskog K, Sörbon D. Lisrel for Windows 8.80. 2006. Scientific Software International: Lincolnwood, IL). The model parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood. Confirmatory factor analysis indicators are more accurate when the sample is larger than 250.[31] The evaluation of a model is based on a number of fit indices, which are briefly discussed here. The normal Chi-square should be <3 for an acceptable model.[32] The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) should be <0.08 for acceptable fit, with 0.05 or lower indicating a very good fitting model.[31] The comparative fit index (CFI) ranges from 0 to 1 with the values of 0.90 or greater indicative of good fitting models.[19],[31]
Normed fit index (NFI) ≥0.90 indicative of good fitting models.[19] Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) or TLI ≥ 0.95 indicative of good fitting models.[19] The standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) ranges from 0 to 1 and the values of 0.08 or less are desired.[19],[31] Incremental Fit Index ≥0.95 indicative of good fitting models.[19] The goodness of fit index (GFI) and adjusted GFI, which adjust for the number of parameters, were estimated, ranging from 0 to 1 with the values of 0.90 or greater indicating a good fitting model.[33]
Description of the sample
The present study was conducted on a total of 302 university students, including 169 (56%) male participants with the age range of 19–46 years. Demographical features include marital status: 216 single individual (71.52%) and 86 married individual (28.47%). Educational status: 188 B. Sc. individual (62.25%), 96 MA individual (31.88%), and 18 Ph. D. individual (5.96%). The mean and standard deviation of EBQ-18 and the subscale are shown in [Table 1].
Table 1: Mean and standard deviation of eating beliefs questionnaire-18 and the subscale in female and male
Psychometric properties Eating Beliefs Questionnaire-18
Across all 302 individuals, scores on the EBQ-18 total ranged from the minimum score of 18 and maximum score of 87. With regard to the minimum and maximum, only 1.7% of individuals achieved the bottommost possible score, and 0% of individuals achieved the highest possible score of 90. Scores on the EBQ-18 subscales ranged from the bottommost feasible score of 6 (negative scale, 9.6%; permissive scale 6.3%; and positive scale 10.3%) to the highest score of 30 (negative scale, 0.3%; positive scale 2.%; and permissive scale 0.7%).
Internal consistency
Cronbach's alphas were calculated with the full sample [n = 302; [Table 2]. EBQ-18 subscales were found to have a good internal consistency. Thus, it meets the Terwee criteria for adequacy for internal consistency.[30]
Table 2: Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficients) for the eating beliefs questionnaire-18 score and 3 subscales
Test–retest reliability was calculated for the EBQ-18 and subscales while using a sample of 31 university students who completed the EBQ-18 a second time after an interval of 2 weeks. An intraclass correlation (ICC) ≥0.70 identifies acceptable reproducibility of a measure.[30] Results demonstrate high test-retest reliability across the EBQ-18 and all three subscales with significant Pearson's r and ICC between Time 1 and Time 2 scores (EBQ-18 Total: R =0.75, ICC = 0.84, P < 0.01; negative beliefs scale: R =0.67, ICC = 0.78, P < 0.01; Permissive Beliefs scale, r = 0.71, ICC = 0.75, P < 0.01; EBQ-18 Positive Beliefs scale, r = 0.78, ICC = 0.87, P < 0.001) [Table 3].
Table 3: Means (standard deviations) and test-retest reliability of the eating beliefs questionnaire-18 and its subscales
Convergent and divergent validity of Eating Beliefs Questionnaire-18
The convergent validity of the EBQ-18 was investigated by examining the relationship between EBQ-18 total scores and subscales with scores on selfreport measures of EAT-16 and DERS-16. The results demonstrated the expected relationship between the EBQ-18, EAT-16, and DERS-16. Positive and significant correlations were found between the EBQ-18 and its subscales with EAT-16 and DERS-16 (P < 0.01) [Table 4].
Table 4: Convergent and divergent validity of the eating beliefs questionnaire-18
To evaluate the divergent validity of the EBQ-18, we examined the association between the EBQ-18 and three theoretically less related constructs, including self-compassion and self-esteem and self-efficacy. As expected, we found negative and significant correlations between the EBQ-18 and these three scales (P < 0.01) [Table 4].
To assess the construct validity of the EBQ-18 and determine the fit of the factor and subscales structure obtained by Burton et al.,[14],[17] CFA was performed. Based on the results of Eating Beliefs scale, the three-factor model was tested [Table 5]. The results of the fit indices for this model are summarized in [Figure 1]. As it can be observed, the three factor models fitted the data well. The results indicated a reasonable good fit.
Table 5: Goodness of fit indices for three-factor model of eating beliefs questionnaire
Figure 1: Construct validity of Persian Version of Eating Beliefs Questionnaire-18
People with binge eating disorder have a high prevalence of psychiatric and physical comorbidities. Moreover to psychiatric concerns, binge eating disorder is independently linked with increased risk of physical comorbidities including hypertension, back/neck pain, chronic diabetes, chronic headaches, and other types of chronic pain. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the EBQ-18 in a nonclinical population of students. The results showed that three factors of negative beliefs, positive beliefs, and permissive beliefs had the goodness of fit indices. These results are also consistent with the examination of the factor structure EBQ-18 with a nonclinical sample.[14],[17] Further, these results are in line with the results of the previous study that found an earlier, two subscale version of the EBQ with nonclinical samples.[13],[34] The normal Chi-square should be <3 for an acceptable model.[32] However, in our study, Chi-square/df was greater than 3 (3.79), which show a poor fit of the data to the original model as this test is very sensitive to sample size and could overestimate the lack of model fit. With increase sample size and a fixed number of degree of freedom, the Chi-square value increases. This indicate to the problem that acceptable models might be rejected.[35] The assessment of multiple aspects of model fit using fit statistics not biased by the high sample size. We judged that the literature-based four-factor model had an acceptable fit to our data in the CFA based on robust-variance versions of NNFI, SRMR, CFI, and RMSEA, not Chi-square tests.
The EBQ-18 demonstrated high internal consistency, and it is comparable with Burton and Abbott[14] and Burton et al.[17] Test–retest reliability over 2 weeks with a sample of 31 university students yielded significant ICC for the EBQ-18 and subscales.
The EAT-16 and DERS-16 were used to evaluate convergent validities of EBQ-18. According to the results, it was revealed that the EBQ-18 and subscales had a positive and significant correlation with EAT-16. These results are in consistent with other studies.[14],[17],[36],[37],[38] The EBQ-18 and subscales had a positive and significant correlation with DERS-16 which have been found in other studies, too.[39],[40],[41] To explaining the result, individual with eating disorders may have some personal vulnerability such as emotional- sensitive reactivity and experience of invalid response, which cause them to apply dysfunctional emotional strategy like rumination and thought suppression in response to negative affect. The results showed that EBQ-18 and subscales had a negative and significant correlation with self-compassion,[42],[43] self-esteem,[44],[45] and eating self-efficacy.[46],[47] To explaining the result, self-efficacy is a significant factor which enable the individual to manage emotions and stressful situation successfully. It also helps to feel more effective and having more positive self-evaluation. Self-compassion can be seen as an emotional strategy in which negative feelings are viewed consciously and creates a sense of shared human experience in the individual.
The results of the CFA supported the application of the three-factor structure in nonclinical college samples. The EBQ-18 and subscales provides a scale for clinicians and researchers to assess the presence of positive, permissive, and negative beliefs about binge eating which can be used to help guide treatment or assess the change in these beliefs over the course of treatment. However, we would like to note that this research has some limitations. First, all scales included in this study were self-report questionnaires. Therefore, correlations may have been inflated by common method variance. Second, eating beliefs were measured by self-report and not verified by an assessment from a mental health professional. Third, the study sample was limited to individuals with certain demographic characteristics: They were all university students and were mostly single, young, well-educated, and male. This may lead to a problem of generalizing the results to the general population. The sample is not sufficiently diverse to be considered as a normative reference in clinical decision-making. In the present study, a short period and small sample size were used for test–retest reliability. Thus, the psychometric properties of the EBQ-18 should be assessed in other communities and related sample groups (such as people with eating disorders). Subsequent research with greater sample sizes and longer period for test–retest reliability can broaden our knowledge of the concept. Future research is required to affirm the validity of EBQ-18 across different populations.
The Persian version of EBQ-18 showed a good and reliable validity to measure eating beliefs in Iranian population. In addition, the study supplements the literature on the cross-cultural validity of this measure and therefore, provides more support for the generalizability of the relation of eating beliefs and some previously studied psychopathologies. The results of this paper add to the existing literature on the relevance of eating beliefs that were measured by this questionnaire. It is recommended to use the EBQ-18 in other studies.
We appreciate students at Tehran University, who participated in this study. We wish them all the best in their future career in our beloved country.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
Mousavi Asl E
Mahaki B
Gharraee B
Asgharnejad Farid AA
Shahverdi-Shahraki A
© Journal of Research in Medical Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Online since 9th February, 2015


text:
Artist Spotlight: Klingande
Courtney Longhurst - February 18, 2019
Cédric Steinmyller is a French DJ and producer who goes by the stage name of Klingande (which is Swedish for "chiming"). The 27-year-old originally formed his project as a duo with fellow Frenchman Edgar Catry back in 2012. Their debut single, "Punga" was released shortly after, which gained attention and made it to No. 86 on the French Singles chart, and charted in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland as well. They released their follow-up single, "Jubel," in 2013, which achieved international chart success, peaking at No. 5 in France and making it all the way to No. 1 across several countries.
Catry left the group in 2014, and encouraged Steinmyller to continue under the alias as a solo project, which he did. In 2015, he released his first solo act, "RIVA (Restart the Game)" ft. French singer Broken Back, who he collaborated with again recently. Klingande has been highly successful as a solo artist and maintains the duo's original melodic house sound.
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