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Publication #828
@article{reference_tag,
author = "Aristide Athanassiadis, Vincent Augiseau, Fritz Kleemann, André Stephan, Sabine Barles",
title = "Comparing the material stock of seven cities",
year = 2017,url = "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325381212_Comparing_the_material_stock_of_seven_cities",
abstract = "During the last century, global population increased by a factor of 4 while the global extraction of construction minerals rose by a factor of 34 (Krausmann et al., 2009). This considerable intensification in construction materials use illustrates an urbanisation of the global population leading to the creation and expansion of cities. Today, more than 50% of global population lives in urban areas and this share is likely to increase to 70 % by 2050 (United Nations-Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014). More specifically, 90 % of the people to be added to the world's urban population by 2050 (around 2.5 billion people), are expected to be concentrated in Asia and Africa where new cities will appear. As such, it is safe to expect that if current trends of urban material use are maintained, the future use of construction materials will follow a similar steep curve. Nevertheless, current levels of material use are unsustainable as they alter a number of ecosystems, put a significant pressure to their local and global environment, and lead to resource depletion. In anticipation of the future needs of construction materials for the creation and expansion of cities, it becomes necessary to better understand of what their material stock consists of. In fact, urban material stock analysis enables to inform about past, present and potentially future needs for construction materials (but also of construction and demolition waste). To gain insights about the quantity and the composition of materials present in urban material stock, this study proposed to briefly analyse and compare seven urban areas, namely Brussels, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, Beijing, Geneva and Orleans. The methodology used, the materials as well as the built environment components considered will be discussed (Beijing, Geneva and Orléans' building stocks were not calculated by the authors but originate from (Emmenegger et al., 2003; Rouvreau et al., 2012; Serrand et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2010). Furthermore, this research will investigate the link between the quantity of materials with some urban and built environment characteristics such as population, density, number of buildings, average height, average dwelling area, etc. Finally, the results from this research will provide preliminary figures about average material requirements per capita in order to very roughly estimate future needs of construction materials. As a conclusion, this comparative research wishes to explore the urgent issue of construction materials use and waste generation through the lens of urban material stocks.",
TY  - JOUR
T1 - Comparing the material stock of seven cities
AU - Aristide Athanassiadis, Vincent Augiseau, Fritz Kleemann, André Stephan, Sabine Barles
UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325381212_Comparing_the_material_stock_of_seven_cities
N2 - During the last century, global population increased by a factor of 4 while the global extraction of construction minerals rose by a factor of 34 (Krausmann et al., 2009). This considerable intensification in construction materials use illustrates an urbanisation of the global population leading to the creation and expansion of cities. Today, more than 50% of global population lives in urban areas and this share is likely to increase to 70 % by 2050 (United Nations-Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014). More specifically, 90 % of the people to be added to the world's urban population by 2050 (around 2.5 billion people), are expected to be concentrated in Asia and Africa where new cities will appear. As such, it is safe to expect that if current trends of urban material use are maintained, the future use of construction materials will follow a similar steep curve. Nevertheless, current levels of material use are unsustainable as they alter a number of ecosystems, put a significant pressure to their local and global environment, and lead to resource depletion. In anticipation of the future needs of construction materials for the creation and expansion of cities, it becomes necessary to better understand of what their material stock consists of. In fact, urban material stock analysis enables to inform about past, present and potentially future needs for construction materials (but also of construction and demolition waste). To gain insights about the quantity and the composition of materials present in urban material stock, this study proposed to briefly analyse and compare seven urban areas, namely Brussels, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, Beijing, Geneva and Orleans. The methodology used, the materials as well as the built environment components considered will be discussed (Beijing, Geneva and Orléans' building stocks were not calculated by the authors but originate from (Emmenegger et al., 2003; Rouvreau et al., 2012; Serrand et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2010). Furthermore, this research will investigate the link between the quantity of materials with some urban and built environment characteristics such as population, density, number of buildings, average height, average dwelling area, etc. Finally, the results from this research will provide preliminary figures about average material requirements per capita in order to very roughly estimate future needs of construction materials. As a conclusion, this comparative research wishes to explore the urgent issue of construction materials use and waste generation through the lens of urban material stocks.
André Stephan
Aristide Athanassiadis
Fritz Kleemann
Sabine Barles
Vincent Augiseau
Add a publication
Comparing the material stock of seven cities
During the last century, global population increased by a factor of 4 while the global extraction of construction minerals rose by a factor of 34 (Krausmann et al., 2009). This considerable intensification in construction materials use illustrates an urbanisation of the global population leading to the creation and expansion of cities. Today, more than 50% of global population lives in urban areas and this share is likely to increase to 70 % by 2050 (United Nations-Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014). More specifically, 90 % of the people to be added to the world's urban population by 2050 (around 2.5 billion people), are expected to be concentrated in Asia and Africa where new cities will appear. As such, it is safe to expect that if current trends of urban material use are maintained, the future use of construction materials will follow a similar steep curve. Nevertheless, current levels of material use are unsustainable as they alter a number of ecosystems, put a significant pressure to their local and global environment, and lead to resource depletion. In anticipation of the future needs of construction materials for the creation and expansion of cities, it becomes necessary to better understand of what their material stock consists of. In fact, urban material stock analysis enables to inform about past, present and potentially future needs for construction materials (but also of construction and demolition waste). To gain insights about the quantity and the composition of materials present in urban material stock, this study proposed to briefly analyse and compare seven urban areas, namely Brussels, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, Beijing, Geneva and Orleans. The methodology used, the materials as well as the built environment components considered will be discussed (Beijing, Geneva and Orléans' building stocks were not calculated by the authors but originate from (Emmenegger et al., 2003; Rouvreau et al., 2012; Serrand et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2010). Furthermore, this research will investigate the link between the quantity of materials with some urban and built environment characteristics such as population, density, number of buildings, average height, average dwelling area, etc. Finally, the results from this research will provide preliminary figures about average material requirements per capita in order to very roughly estimate future needs of construction materials. As a conclusion, this comparative research wishes to explore the urgent issue of construction materials use and waste generation through the lens of urban material stocks.
Material Stock Analysis (MSA)
Reflections on the first Actionable Science for Urban Sustainability (un)conference (AScUS) 2020
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Variety reports that Sicario: Day of the Soldado director Stefano Sollima is "in talks" to get behind the camera for Without Remorse, starring Michael B. Jordan.
Based on the 1993 book written by Tom Clancy, Without Remorse is the origin story of John Clark, played by Jordan, as he attempts to combat a growing drug ring following his return from the Vietnam War. Clark ends up coming into contact with Baltimore detective Emmet Ryan, father of Jack, who is serving as lead investigator on the recent string of deaths of the city's drug dealers.
The role of Clark has previously appeared in Clear and Present Danger and The Sum of All Fears where he was played by Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber, respectively. Paramount is now reportedly eyeing a possible franchise revolving around Clark, but Jordan has only signed on for Without Remorse and Rainbow Six. A number of actors have been rumored to star in the latter film, including Ryan Reynolds. Sollima is rumored to be currently only attached to Remorse.
Sollima made his English language debut last year with Sicario: Day of the Soldado after directing a number of episodes for the Italian crime drama series Gomorrah, and 2015's Suburra. It is believed that Jordan, who will also produce Remorse, is next on the actor's agenda.


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Owned and operated by Bob Ropp since 1972, Sunshine Sales is a full-service distributor dedicated to providing our customers with great products and unmatched service. We strive everyday to better ourselves through employee and customer satisfaction.
Our News page provides information about Sunshine Sales use by media, clients, partners and more. View recent or archived press releases and news coverage of Sunshine Sales. For questions regarding Sunshine Sales, to schedule an interview with a member of our team, or to share news, please contact Bob Ropp at (800) 789-6412.
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Chain length, 16" or 18"
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All sales on By Chari are final. We do not accept returns as all of our jewelry is made to order. Please see specific defect and repair information below.
Should you require a repair or would like to issue a claim for a defect, please email us at info@bychari.com within 3 days of purchase. Submit the name of your item and a description of your repair. Your repair will be authorized within 48 hrs.
We will replace, free of charge*, any diamond or precious stone that is lost from its original setting during normal wear within 28 days of purchase. For all other diamond replacement inquiries, please email us at info@bychari.com for pricing.
We will repair, free of charge, any nameplates that have been damaged within 28 days of purchase due to defect. If the damage is due to customer negligence, the customer will be asked to cover the costs of repair.
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Determining the value of a business should be the first and foremost step in buying or selling a business.
The value of a business is related to the risks involved in operating it and the future ability of the business to generate cash flow to the owner (cash flow is calculated from an economic viewpoint, rather than from a tax or an accounting perspective). The value of the underlying hard, tangible assets as well as intangible assets must also be considered.The valuation process involves extensive research, financial analysis, and consideration of the elements that drive the value of the business.
Value of the hard, tangible assets.
The Cost/Asset Approach is based upon the value of the assets net of related liabilities. It takes into consideration the Book Value of the assets. Using this approach in isolation rarely yields a true indication of market value.
The Income/Earnings Approach values the business based on an expected stream of earnings or cash flow capitalized by a risk-adjusted rate of return. It is used primarily to value businesses when it appears that a company's current operations can reasonably be considered indicative of its future operations.
The Market Approach emphasizes the principle of substitution, which means that given alternative investments, a buyer would be expected to gravitate toward the investment with the lowest price if all other attributes (risks, return on investment, etc.) are the same.
Within each of these three major approaches are several modified methods. A professional valuation takes into account multiple methodologies to arrive at the final valuation. Valuation of a business is both science and art. If there are several similar companies available in the marketplace, it is likely that some pricing comparisons may be drawn; though comparisons are often difficult to make because there are so many characteristics of a business which can add to or detract from its value. Unless a buyer is able to definitively study several very similar companies, the buyer may draw incorrect assumptions about their price comparisons.
Will cash flow cover the debt service of the buyout financing?
Will cash flow provide a reasonable salary to the new buyer?
Will cash flow provide for future replacement of equipment and for a cushion of safety during the fluctuations of the business cycle?
Will cash flow provide a return on investment that is at least commensurate with alternative investment opportunities?
In the end, a company's price is the price a seller is willing to sell the company for and a buyer is willing to pay for the company. Market forces and timing are crucial determinants of price.
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MEPs on Tuesday (15 April) overwhelmingly approved the creation of a new authority and fund for failing banks – a missing element to the so-called banking union aimed at minimising the public cost of future financial crises.
The final vote on the creation of a €55 billion fund financed by the banks themselves passed with 570 MEPs in favour, 88 against and 13 abstentions, while new rules in cases where public money needs to be used for winding down banks also gathered a similar majority: 584 votes in favour, 80 against and 10 abstentions.
One key concession won by MEPs from governments during final negotiations was a speedier mutualisation of the fund, which will comprise of domestic bank levies paid into "national compartments". Forty percent of the fund is to be mutualised in the first year, 20 per cent in the second year, the rest equally over a further six years.
There will also be an obligation for EU countries to guarantee up to €100,000 in any savings account, but there is no common backstop in case they fall short.
Commenting on the vote, EU financial markets commissioner Michel Barnier said: "We now have in place a true European system to supervise the eurozone banks and deal with any future failures."
A first element of the 'banking union' – single supervision of the 130 largest eurozone banks – is to become operational in November within the European Central Bank.
The resolution mechanism will be independent, but take advice from the ECB as to when to step in to help or to close down a troubled bank.
The size of the fund and its gradual formation have raised concerns among critics that it is insufficient to deal with big banks if ever they get into trouble.
Last week, the International Monetary Fund said EU leaders should accelerate work on the banking union and fill the gaps that are likely to be discovered by a comprehensive audit of the biggest banks' balance sheets.
Meanwhile, Willem Buiter, chief economist at US Citibank, said during the IMF spring meeting in Washington that €1 trillion would be a more appropriate sum for eurozone's bank rescue fund, rather than the planned €55 billion.
Green politicians are also sceptical about the use of these measures as long as banks are "too big to fail".
"The banking union is not yet completed. The EU now needs to move forward as soon as possible with a view to completing the financial transaction tax and the separation of bank activities in order to deal with the problem of too-big-to-fail banks," said German Green MEP Sven Giegold.
MEPs have also approved a separate scheme ensuring that banks offer affordable current accounts for everyone, as millions of people in Europe are denied access to a bank account because of their legal or social status.
"Guaranteeing access to basic accounts to all consumers, including to migrants and mobile citizens, will stimulate economic modernisation, facilitate free movement and help the most disadvantaged in our societies", said German leftist MEP Juergen Klute, who was leading the negotiations on this file.
Member states now have two years to transpose this bill into national law.
The EU's banking union may turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy, instilling the idea that more banks will fail in the future, but without the necessary firepower to prevent it.
A controversial decision to force investors to take losses on a provincial turned state-owned bank has prompted fears about Austria's financial reputation.
Financial services commissioner Hill has named three pieces of legislation that he believes ought to be scrapped, but his choice sparked criticism from MEPs.
Italy's social democrats have bagged the European Parliament's influential economic affairs committee, as the assembly's political groups reached a deal on Thursday.


The cases listed below will help you learn what you and your school administrators can and cannot do in a school setting. Some of cases will defend your rights while others will take them away. Use the former ones when you fight back against government school tyranny. Each case includes quotes from the court and a link to the entire decision.
Tinker V. Des Moines School Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969): "Petitioners, three public school pupils in Des Moines, Iowa, were suspended from school for wearing black armbands to protest the Government's policy in Vietnam. They sought nominal damages and an injunction against a regulation that the respondents had promulgated banning the wearing of armbands.


It began, as it always began, at the docks. From there, it climbed inexorably, week after week, a rising tide visiting the judgment of God on His people. Though Procopius could not, of course, know this, the plague was borne not by miasmic air (or by the supernatural creatures that he reported some victims saw before becoming ill) but by the rats that carried their fleas into every neighborhood. The geography of the city conspired with them; one reason that the Emperor Constantine was inspired to name his capital New Rome was that, like the original model, it had seven hills. The base of each one was stricken by the demon first, giving those who lived on the hilltops the same useless warning as the occupants of the top deck of a sinking ship.
In retrospect, the demon's targets had all the evidence required to identify its carriers. They knew, as modern zoologists know, that rats are never found more than a few hundred yards from a human habitation. And they knew that the plague, like the rats, always spread outward from the harbors and the granaries.
The best evidence is that the peak of the first wave of the epidemic lasted only four months, after which both rat and human populations had crashed so fast that Y. pestis could no longer spread. But for one hundred days, Constantinople was a window onto Hell. Every day, one, two, sometimes five thousand of the city's residents – one in one hundred of the pre-Plague population – would become infected. A day's moderate fever would be followed by a week of delirium. Buboes would appear under the arms, in the groin, behind the ears, and grow to the size of melons. Edemas – of blood – infiltrated the nerve endings of the swollen lymphatic glands, causing massive pain. Sometimes the buboes would burst in a shower of the foul-smelling leukocytes called pus. Sometimes the plague would become what a modern epidemiologist would describe as "septicemic" ; those victims would die vomiting blood from internal hemorrhages that formed even more rapidly than the buboes. Those who contracted septicemic plague might have been the fortunate ones; though they all died (bubonic plague kills "only" four to seven out of ten victims, septicemic plague is virtually 100% deadly) they at least died fast. They weren't tortured with pain for a week or more, nor did they go insane, as thousands of citizens of Constantinople did, leaping into the sea in the hope of ending their suffering.
As a dying body becomes incapable of replacing deoxygenated with oxygenated blood, the muscles surrounding the human voice box become more acid. They go into spasm, and make a characteristic dry, shaking sound. The normal hum of life in Constantine's city had been overtaken by the sound of a thousand death rattles a day.
If the first line of defense for a single organism facing attack from the bacterium was the Innate immune system, society's first responders, then and now, were the city's doctors.
By Justinian's day, the profession of medicine was as stratified as the Catholic Church. At the very highest rank were the empire's court physicians, themselves almost always aristocrats – comites, or counts. Below them on the ladder were the empire's public doctors, those who were paid by their respective cities for their services, among whom the highest ranking, dating from the early 5th century, were the public physicians of Rome (commanded by law to "honestly attend the poor, rather than basely …serve the rich." ). Lowest in both status and income were the private practitioners of medicine.
Almost as important as a physician's position was his educational credential. What Berytus/Beirut was for lawyers, Alexandria was for physicians. There, a four-year course of study was offered by professional teachers of medicine – the iastrophists, who were not merely scholars but indispensable consultants for any complicated case. That the same city should be the port of embarkation for both disease and doctor has an element of irony.
Cold water, saint's relics, and magic amulets offered only the relief found in placebos, but – like placebos – they were also generally harmless. The same cannot be said of drugs that were known to the physicians of late antiquity, who spent much of their training in their use … though the training was not without its magical components. Galen's drug categories were based on a mild sort of sympathetic magic; the 7th century physician Isidore of Seville described the theory behind it so: "every cure is brought about either by the use of contraries or by the use of similars. By contraries, [we mean that] a chilling disease is treated with heat or a dry one with moisture…" . But the contraries and similars were frequently powerful alkaloids like the atropine found in mandrake and belladonna, purgatives like copper oxyacetate (verdigris) or the "juice of the opium poppy" all of which were in wide use in 6th century Constantinople. The 7th century Alexandrian physician Paul of Aegina, in contrast, did far less damage, and probably an equal amount of good, with his belief that a homely substance like butter was useful for reducing the swelling caused by the plague's distinctive buboes.
Clearly, the 6th century pharmacopoeia was of negligible use in treating plague (or in fact, most any infectious disease) though a modern reader must guard against a smugness about primitive medical practices. Physician and author Lewis Thomas, remembering his own medical education in the first half of the 20th century (Dr. Thomas graduated medical school in 1933, and practiced almost until his death sixty years later) writes movingly of the limited therapeutic lessons of the medicine of the day: A doctor's job, in 1933, was to "diagnose, enlist the best possible nursing care, explain things to the patient and family, and stand by." In this, he was far closer to the practice of medicine described by Alexander in his 12-volume Therapeutika than to that employed by the time of the Second World War. A modern physician appalled by the use of charms and folk remedies would nonetheless find Alexander's approach to medicine familiar, particularly his respect for peira, the experience of a clinician willing to try anything that might alleviate the discomfort of his patients…even if sometimes that means using magic charms to treat pain for a patient unwilling to take medicine orally or rectally.
The limitations of the physicians of late antiquity would be shared by their successors well into the twentieth century, for until the discovery of broad-spectrum antibiotics the only weapons available to combat deadly infections were those of the body's own immune system*. One in three victims – those with a combination of good fortune, strong underlying health, and an uncompromised immune system – survived an infection of bubonic plague during those horrific months. One of them was the emperor himself.
Justinian's exposure and survival is evidence of both the egalitarian character of the disease's vector, and the vigorous nature of his body's defenses. The specific progress of Justinian's illness is undocumented, but he seems to have escaped the worst of the uncontrollable inflammatory response caused by the disease's endotoxins. As a result, though he spent weeks on the brink of death (during which time Theodora was effectively ruling the entire empire) and his demise was regularly rumored, he survived, both the disease, and the problematic ministrations of his physicians.
The tools available to those physicians attempting to treat the disease clinically were only slightly less effective than their ability to control its spread. Attempts to treat infectious disease by traditional public health tactics, including quarantine, were in wide use by the 6th century, though problematic in effect; When Bishop Nicholas of Sion banned farmers from entering his town on market days in order to limit the poorly-understood spread of the disease, he was nearly arrested by the municipal authorities who believed he was manufacturing a famine in order to drive up prices. More effective, because more widely available, was the one great medical innovation of late antiquity: the hospital, which evolved from the Christian xenodochia, combinations of treatment centers, hospices, and poorhouses, which spread from their original locations in Judaea during the late 4th Century; to Rome, Ephesus, and (largest of all) the hospitals built and staffed by St. John Chrysostom during his tenure as Bishop of Constantinople.
Justinian himself terminated the state subsidy paid directly to physicians and transferred them to the hospitals, which were by then functioning very like modern medical centers. The largest of them, St. Pantalaimon, had been built on the site of the house occupied by Theodora upon her return to Constantinople and modesty – the place where she spent her last days before meeting Justinian, famously, if legendarily, spinning wool,. But large as Constantinople's hospitals were, they were overwhelmed within weeks by victims of the demon, for whom they could do little except house them until they were ready for burial.
This was nothing compared to the problem facing Justinian. In very short order, the existing burial grounds were filled, then every square foot of new ground; gigantic new cemeteries were built across the Golden Horn at Sycae. At the same time, the population that was filling up the graves rapidly overtook the population that could dig them – those who were still healthy, and not spending every waking hour caring for victims. Though burial had always been a family responsibility, Justinian could not ignore the problem, and detailed a minister named Theodorus to find a solution. A Christian city could not contemplate cremation. Instead, Theodorus looked to the walls.
The internment of the dead was practically the only occupation that drew the city's population out into the streets, which were otherwise desolate; as a consequence, the ovens of the city's bakeries remained unlit. Justinian had constructed dozens of granaries and cisterns as insurance against another Nika Riot, but without bakers to turn wheat and water into bread, his prudence went unrewarded. "Indeed, in a city which was simply abounding in all good things, starvation almost absolute was running riot…" In an epidemic with a direct path of contagion, the lack of human-to-human contact might have exhausted the demon in days. Human starvation, however, did nothing for the rats and fleas except provide them with a huge new source of food.
As with so many of the events of Justinian's reign, the most vivid chronicle of the plague's arrival is that of Procopius, whose greatest talent as a historian may have been the good fortune to be present at the most significant events of his time. This is not to diminish his other abilities, including devotion to accuracy and a clear prose style, consciously modeled on that of Thucydides (despite a pronounced taste for Homeric excess). Nor is it to grant him any sort of consistent impartiality, which is one virtue he failed to exhibit in either his sycophantic record of Justinian's architectural achievements – On Buildings – or his extraordinarily splenetic catalog of the moral failings of emperor, empress and everyone else, the Anekdota, or The Secret History, which remains the source of most of the stories of Theodora's salacious past, Antonina's scandalous lovers, and Justinian's supernatural wickedness.
"Onset is sudden with chills and rigors and rise of temperature to 102o or 103o …severe, splitting headache and often pain in the limbs, the back and the abdomen. He may curl away from the light, or, as the painful bubo develops, take up some attitude in bed that relieves the pressure on the painful swelling. He becomes confused, restless, irritable, or apathetic, his speech slurred as if drunken [Procopius: "the tongue did not remain unaffected…lisping or speaking incoherently and with difficulty"] he is unable to sleep, sometimes wild or maniacal. He may bleed into his skin, or internally into his stomach or intestine or from his kidney… Within a day or two he is prostrate with all the symptoms of shock. His temperature may come down and he appears better on the third day or so, but this is deceiving; he is worse the next day and dead soon after. Most patients died between the third and sixth day."
Given the widespread devastation that he reports, to say nothing of the personal injury he suffered at the demon's hands, one can only call Evagrius' account remarkably sedate. Though orthodox in his Christianity, his faith's taste for the apocalyptic perspective was still tempered by the restraint of its Hellenic forebears.


The first step of the much buzzed-about sale of Valentino has finally occurred, with private equity firm Permira taking the first chunk (29.6% of its shares), making it the (new) largest shareholder in the company. Permira, which recently acquired English chain New Looks (home of Lily Allen's "Lily Loves" line) bought their shares from the Marzotto family, who took control of Valentino back in 2002. Not to be the Debbie Downers of fashion, but if we were the Marzotttos, we'd be checking our beds for dead horses' heads left by rival families.


Whether you're from Alpharetta, or you're simply visiting this Halloween Season, there are plenty of festive fun to enjoy this Halloween Season. If you're looking for a day of family fun in a pumpkin patch, or spending the evening Haunt hunting with friends is more your speed, Alpharetta has plenty of exciting Autumn activities to enjoy this October. Halloween comes around but once a year, so if you're passing through Alpharetta this Fall, make sure to not miss out on the thrills, chills, and scares this year!
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UFC 157 preview: How can Liz Carmouche beat heavy favorite Ronda Rousey?
By Steven Marrocco February 22, 2013 10:15 pm Follow	@MMAjunkieSteven
By Steven Marrocco | February 22, 2013 10:15 pm	Follow @MMAjunkieSteven
So Ronda Rousey (6-0 MMA, 0-0 UFC) and Liz Carmouche (7-2 MMA, 0-0 UFC) are making history on Saturday night at UFC 157 at Honda Center in Anaheim, Calif.
They're the first women ever to headline a pay-per-view event for the promotion (10 p.m. ET following prelims on FX and Facebook). They've broken barriers, garnered fabulous media attention, and are poised to do good business, if the UFC's predictions are accurate.
Great. Let's talk about the fight a little bit.
It's a foregone conclusion to most that Rousey will win on Saturday night. As of today, she is as big as a 14-to-1 favorite to beat Carmouche, an 8-to-1 underdog. That's deep into puncher's chance territory, and against a savvy submission specialist like Rousey, punches lose steam.
Unless, however, they are delivered from top position on the mat. Lost in the gushing over Rousey's takedowns, which indeed are explosive and generally fabulous, is the threat she faces if she winds up on the wrong end of a scramble to the mat. That's where Carmouche repeatedly has excelled as a fighter. What she lacks in striking offense and defense, she makes up in ability to drag down opponents and punish them. And we haven't yet seen Rousey take a solid punch, or a series of them.
Indeed, that's because no one has had the chance. Perhaps the best candidate to test Rousey's chin and grind out a win was Sarah Kaufman. The ex-Strikeforce champ previously had outmuscled Carmouche in the clinch and went on to best Alexis Davis in a brutal slugfest. Rousey, though, tripped her to the mat and made her tap in 54 seconds.
By MMA math, that means Carmouche is merely chum in Rousey's shark tank. The bell should ring, and it should be mere minutes before the UFC belt is being Velcroed to Rousey's waist.
But consider the admittedly slim possibility that Carmouche can resist being judo-tossed to the mat. While Rousey is generally a master at initiating throws from the clinch to set up armbars, she's also been aided by opponents who are completely reactive to her. All of her opponents have made it more of a priority to stop her from doing what she wants to do rather than imposing what they want to do. It starts from the first moment of the first round: Rousey charges, and immediately, opponents are on the defensive. Of course, that's very little time to fire back. Of course, Rousey is an Olympic medal-winning judo player with tremendously refined technique. She wins because it's extraordinarily hard to damage her before she initiates the clinch. But it just takes one well-placed punch or knee to change that.
Could Carmouche come out swinging? Should she attempt to steal Rousey's initiative by powering into a takedown and doing what wrestlers have done since Mark Coleman in dishing out ground and pound? Is her power stronger than Rousey's technique?
We'll see on Saturday.
OTHER MAIN-CARD BOUTS
Dan Henderson (29-8 MMA, 6-2 UFC) vs. Lyoto Machida (18-3 MMA, 10-3 UFC): Recently confirmed as a light-heavyweight title eliminator, this fight features two big-show ex-champs with strikingly different styles. Henderson, 42, is a heavy-handed striker who's an expert at damaging opponents in the clinch; 34-year-old Machida is a technical striker who likes to pick apart opponents from distance. The big unknown coming into the fight is the effect a bad knee injury could have on Henderson, who withdrew from a fight with champ Jon Jones due to an MCL tear this past year. As recently as this past month, the former PRIDE champ admitted his knee was less than 100 percent, and against a fighter such as Machida, that could present big problems in closing the distance to do damage (or get out of the way of kicks and punches). Most fighters don't fare well when they stay on the outside and spar with "The Dragon," which means Henderson is going to have to rush in at one point and tire out the karate black belt against the cage. Whether he's fit to do so is a big question mark. The hard-headed Henderson has never been knocked out, but Machida's pinpoint striking is just the kind of weapon that could change that. On the other hand, Machida has never been smothered against the mat, and Henderson has the skills to make that a reality.
Urijah Faber (26-6 MMA, 2-2 UFC) vs. Ivan Menjivar (25-9 MMA, 4-1 UFC): These bantamweights met seven years ago in an ice skating rink in Canada, and haven't changed one bit since then. But seriously, they can't even be compared to their earlier incarnations, which for Faber was the wrestler/boxer and Menjivar the free-wheeling striker/jiu-jitsu guy. They're both highly evolved combatants now and fighting in the correct weight division, though they sit at different points in their career after so long apart. Faber has spent the better part of a half-decade as the face of lighter-weight fighters while Menjivar has been retired. The veteran returned from a long layoff due to injuries and lack of full-time fighting opportunities, and he immediately made his presence known in the UFC. He's 4-1 in the octagon fighting mostly lower-tier fighters. Faber, meanwhile, has fought nothing but top-tier competition, and he's gone 2-2 in the UFC. Both have served extended careers in MMA and are probably closer than most to hanging up their gloves. But Faber may need a win even more than Menjivar. Like the recently released Jon Fitch, he's a fairly big line item to be promoted on an event's preliminary card, and as UFC President Dana White noted, expenses are being trimmed to keep spending in line. Menjivar doesn't have the same stature and is well at home on FX or a Facebook-streamed fight card. While Faber believes he's still in the running for a title shot, another loss could be fatal to his octagon career. That means he could play it safe against Menjivar, who's a great scrambler but not as good a wrestler on the mat.
Court McGee (13-3 MMA, 3-2 UFC) vs. Josh Neer (33-12-1 MMA, 6-8 UFC): This is another high-stakes bout for these welterweights, who both hope to rebound from recent losses. For McGee, who won "The Ultimate Fighter 11" as a middleweight, it's a second chance to start a title run after back-to-back losses at 185 pounds. For Neer, it's a final chance to avoid costly mistakes after his aggressive style put two additional losses on his resume. Given the circumstances, it's all but certain McGee will attempt to exploit Neer's longstanding weakness on the mat, where previous opponents have smothered him. Neer's task will be to give McGee enough pause in the cinch to back him off, where his brawling style frequently wears opponents down.
Josh Koscheck (17-6 MMA, 15-6 UFC) vs. Robbie Lawler (19-9 MMA, 4-3 UFC): The veteran fighters promise a brisk start to UFC 157's main card, though given their respective strengths, it's a toss-up whether the fight will be a barnburner or snoozer. Onetime welterweight title challenger Koscheck has padded his record by knocking out middle-of-the-road strikers. But against Lawler, whose devastating power is well-documented, he could return to the game plan that served him well against a similar threat in Paul Daley. Rather than take a left hand that could remove him from consciousness, Koscheck took the fight to the ground and kept it there. And while Lawler's sprawl is far better than Daley's, it's a big question mark whether he'll be able to contend with Koscheck's world-class takedowns and wrestling. Lawler, as well, is a hot-and-cold fighter whose motivation seems to wane from minute to minute in a fight. This is his big chance to reinvent himself in the UFC, which he left nine years ago. But we won't know until the first few minutes where his head is.
The full UFC 157 lineup includes:
MAIN CARD (Pay-per-view, 10 p.m. ET)
Champ Ronda Rousey vs. Liz Carmouche – for women's bantamweight title
Dan Henderson vs. Lyoto Machida
Urijah Faber vs. Ivan Menjivar
Court McGee vs. Josh Neer
Josh Koscheck vs. Robbie Lawler
PRELIMINARY CARD (FX, 8 p.m. ET)
Lavar Johnson vs. Brendan Schaub
Mike Chiesa vs. Anton Kuivanen
Dennis Bermudez vs. Matt Grice
Caros Fodor vs. Sam Stout
PRELIMINARY CARD (Facebook, 6:35 p.m. ET)
Brock Jardine vs. Kenny Robertson
Neil Magny vs. Jon Manley
Nah-Shon Burrell vs. Yuri Villefort
For more on UFC 157, stay tuned to the UFC Rumors section of the site.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I move files from one user account to another on the same computer? I went into file system/home and tried to move files from one user account to another. it refused to move anything because it said I do not have permission. I am the administrator and both accounts are set that way.

A: Or use sudo
sudo cp source destination
sudo chown user:user file
sudo chmod permissions file

You may need to use that second command(s) to set permissions depending on what you moved where and what access you need.
See also
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FilePermissions

A: Run these commands in terminal:
sudo apt-get install gksu

gksu nautilus

A file manager will open. Do not close the terminal in the background, as the terminal is giving you admin permissions. Now you have a file manager as an admin, and you may copy/move/delete whatever you like.

A: A chown command example for this might be:
chown -R user:usergroup *

*

*The -R is for recursive change of ownership through subdirectories.

*user is the name of the user account to which you wish to assign ownership of the files.

*usergroup is the user's primary group (usually the same as the user)

*The * is an expression indicating all files.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Joanne Otto
The You-Song
Daughter of Jerusalem
23 August 2014 / Meghan W / 1 Comment
You may remember I blogged recently about Taking the Plunge when I submitted my books to Kirkus Reviews. It was a big step for a first-time independent author to take. In fact, Kirkus has only recently begun reviewing indie books at all. So picture rookie author Joanne discovering the links to her reviews on her iPhone and being unable to access them because she has no idea what her Kirkus user name and password might be!
Nearly a half hour and a helpful email later, the suspense was relieved and she got to read her reviews. They are posted below in case you'd like to read them, too. In case you're wondering, her initial response was a rather out-of-control cheer, which probably sounded rather startling coming from a grandmother.
Daughter of Jerusalem Kirkus Review
In this YA debut, a plucky Bible-era heroine finds contentment by following her heart.
Mara lives in ancient Jerusalem with her demanding mother and compassionate father. Even though she's a girl, the Jewish Mara studies the Torah and yearns for a different life than the one expected of her: marriage, children and housework. One day, her friend Nathan tells her of a new teacher named Yeshua who claims to be the son of God and preaches a new sort of religion that involves finding God within one's own heart. When she discovers that Yeshua's life may be at risk, she embarks on a mission to protect the mysterious, wonderful man from harm, and finds enlightenment and danger along the way. In luminous, rich prose, Mara's tale delves into the daily life of a Jewish woman in biblical times. Mara is a relatable teenager, chafing at the rules of the adult world; she's unable to identify the source of her discontent until she realizes that it comes from her own search for identity. Although Yeshua (also known as Jesus) makes only scattered appearances throughout the book, his presence and teachings profoundly affect those around him, and readers witness this in Mara's response to him. Several characters refer to him with the lovely phrase, "His pure shining." The middle of this smoothly plotted novel hinges on an intimate conversation between Yeshua and Mara, a satisfying encounter for characters and readers alike. Mara understands that he sees her "as a ray of unselfish love," which "made her feel worthy and blessed." The ending presents a rather sophisticated message for modern young adults, as Mara finds acceptance and builds a new relationship with her parents by using the peace of her newfound faith. She reaches a conclusion that many people never do: Finding one's place in the world brings enough joy and satisfaction to fill a lifetime.
A moving, exquisitely written tale of a young woman's search for meaning.
The You-Song Kirkus Review
A simple, encouraging picture book with a religious message.
Otto's (Daughter of Jerusalem, 2013) latest book is best suited to pre-readers or early readers. It emphasizes the importance of being true to oneself, and encourages children to sing their own "You-Song." Each person, the story says, has a You-Song, provided by God, which can be heard whispering or booming in an individual's actions. When the song doesn't sound pretty, "[i]t's just the world's jangle trying to muffle it." When this happens, the book urges children to find a happy place or event to tune back in to their You-Songs. The narrator then notes that although no one can have the song of another person, multiple You-Songs can join together to become a We-Song; that is, children may befriend others and work together with them as a team. By singing You-Songs and We-Songs, the narrator says, children are doing the work of God and sharing his blessing. Otto includes vibrant, full-color photographs of a variety of children engaged in different activities, such as painting or playing outside. The book's simple, repetitious text may make it useful for parents or teachers as a read-aloud, or for beginning readers. Each page has two short sentences or fewer, and the most complicated passage ("Jangle-free, / the You-Song can blend / with lots of songs around you— / one-of-a-kind songs / that God sings in others") is still relatively simple, with many repeated words. The large, easy-to-read, bold type helps emphasize this easy style, while the bright, clean photos will draw listeners and readers in. Educators may use the photos as a way to expand upon the book's message by asking listeners about the different actions depicted. The religious message is nondenominational, mentioning God but no specific religious faiths or texts.
Attractive photos and easy-to-understand prose make a winning combination in this positive picture book.
Daughter of JerusalemKirkusThe You-Song
An Opportunity to Share
History's Tracks
Meghan W
23 August 2014 at 5:00 pm
Soooooo proud of you!!!
Memorable Experiences (12)
Joanne Otto's books on Goodreads
Purchase (all versions)
Purchase Paperback / Kindle
© 2023 Joanne Otto


Simon Willoughby: What is behind the boom in platform offshore bond sales?
The relationship between platforms and offshore life companies has always been a little strange.
When platforms first emerged in a meaningful way in the UK over 10 years ago, it is fair to say that the offshore life sector treated this development with much suspicion. It was viewed as an 'antipodean intrusion', largely because back then portfolio bonds were the only way to hold a wide range of assets within a single wrapper structure.
Over the years, this attitude has changed as shown by recent research carried out for us by The Platforum.
In the 12 months to the end of September 2013, new offshore portfolio bonds by premium sold in the UK and written on-platform nearly doubled from 18.2 per cent to 35.6 per cent.
The research period covered the introduction of RDR in January 2013 which led, not surprisingly, to a spike in platform usage for portfolio bonds. However, even if the 'RDR effect' is removed from these figures, the adjusted full year growth figure following the introduction of RDR is still something like 25 per cent.
If this trend continues, platforms are likely to exceed 50 per cent of UK portfolio bond sales before the end of 2015.
Despite this increase, off-platform sales remain an integral part of the offshore life sector, especially where more complex personal tax planning is involved, and off-platform is where most of the bigger ticket business is still written.
However, the rise and rise of portfolio bonds on-platform cannot be denied, driven largely by the operational and cost efficiencies of platforms, especially in relation to straightforward tax wrapper business.
One of the other key messages emerging from the research is the renewed level of interest of platforms in portfolio bonds. Measured by assets under management on the major platforms, portfolio bonds account for between 0.1 per cent and 8.3 per cent of platform assets, suggesting this remains an underdeveloped aspect of the platform market.
With the recent reduction to the annual limit for pension contributions, and further cuts anticipated, there is a realisation that portfolio bonds have an increasingly important part to play in providing tax-efficient solutions for clients when conventional onshore tax breaks are exhausted.
The relationship between platforms and portfolio bond providers has changed immeasurably over the past 10 years. From this new research it is clear that platforms are likely to become a more important channel for offshore life companies, but perhaps more significantly, portfolio bonds themselves are set to become a more relevant product offering for platform clients.


text:
Mitchell Krueger era il detentore del titolo ma è stato eliminato al primo turno.

In finale Michael Mmoh ha sconfitto Dominik Koepfer con il punteggio di 7-5, 6-3.

Teste di serie

  Denis Kudla (semifinale)
  Jordan Thompson (semifinale)
  Stefan Kozlov (secondo turno, ritirato)
  Juan Pablo Ficovich (secondo turno)

  Facundo Mena (quarti di finale)
  Aleksandar Vukic (primo turno)
  Michael Mmoh (campione)
  Dominik Koepfer (finale)

Qualificati

  Henry Patten (primo turno)
  Ryan Harrison (secondo turno)
  Donald Young (primo turno)

  Cannon Kingsley (primo turno)
  Garrett Johns (primo turno)
  Daniil Glinka (primo turno)

Wildcard

  Martin Damm (primo turno)
  Ryan Seggerman (primo turno)

  Braden Shick (primo turno)

Tabellone

Parte finale

Parte alta

Parte bassa

Collegamenti esterni

Cary Challenger 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home / Software / Malware distribution rates have doubled over the past year
Malware distribution rates have doubled over the past year
Mary Smith March 5, 2015	Software
2014 was the year of cyber-attacks and malware distribution, which is evident in major incidents involving Sony Entertainment, Lenovo, Microsoft, PlayStation, iCloud, the White House and other seemingly secure platforms. These enormous hacks have gone as far as to target bank records and databases and stealing information as well as money through credit card data extraction. Even Apple's Apple Pay was the target of fraudulent transactions this year, demonstrating that security in the online environment is largely impossible at the moment. A new report from CYREN details how much malware distribution has impacted companies and the rates at which it has grown over the past year.
The report from the CYREN Security Lab details various major cyber attacks and what they had to do with malware distribution and sheds light on how cyber-criminals managed to infiltrate into systems that were thought to be as secure as possible, such as the White House databases. Hacking incidents of the past year have seen millions of credentials, emails, conversations, photos and data overall leaked into the hands of cyber-criminals, who then distributed them further on to the highest bidder of posted them online for everybody to gain access to sensitive information.
The Sony Entertainment hack was the most mediatized cyber-crime incident last year, as millions of employee details, e-mails and credentials were leaked online. From these e-mails, people could find out addresses, names, salary information, work information, family information and conversations about secret projects or undisclosed products. One of the more popular leaked gadgets that have surfaced due to the leaked emails was the Xperia Z4 and its placement in the upcoming James Bond movie called Spectre. At least that wasn't as sensitive of an information as employees' personal details, which led to death threats against persons and families.
CYREN Security Lab monitors more than 17 billion transactions on a daily basis and identifies cyber-attacks as well as malware distribution attempts. The company released a comprehensive report today, detailing that malware distribution attempts have increased by 159 % since the last report published at the beginning of 2014. At the same time, emails containing malware also increased by 50 %, which means that each day, email users would receive 50 % malware emails in their inbox. An interesting bit of information CYREN revealed was that 42.43 % of spam was pharmacy-related, which explains why everybody was getting all that Viagra information in their Spam folder in the past year. Still, there is some good news in the report: although malware has reached an all-time high, spam has decreased. According to the report, a 30 % decline in the daily amount of spam has been observed. That means we are getting less spam emails in our inbox.
According to CYREN CTO Lior Kohavi: "In December, CYREN observed its largest email attached malware outbreak of the year, with 10.7 billion emails sent on the 18th of the month, followed by another 10.7 billion malware-embedded emails on the 23rd. Malware URLs tracked by CYREN in the GlobalView Cloud increased by 159 % to 1.06 million in 2014." Further in the report, analysts explain that the number of Trojan malware attacks has also increased, focusing on the Trojan families of Zbot and Dridex. At the same time, the company noticed that malware distributors are engineering their malware so that they can adapt to security measures put in place to deter them from a users' personal information. Moreover, the report demonstrates that even though security measures are being updated each day and users are learning more and more about threats malware presents, they are forgetting older techniques of infiltration. Distributors and authors are taking advantage of the trend and creating malware that disguises itself as things one would never think would be harmful to one's computer.
If you are interested in what kind of methods and techniques hackers and malware authors use to distribute malicious software to users, you can check out the full CYREN report here. You will have to fill out a form and then wait to receive the document in your email inbox. It is a comprehensive report that will benefit everybody who uses the internet nowadays. One will find out how attackers target their victims and how one can set up barriers against them. At the same time, one can learn how to identify malware injection attempts. It would be beneficial to learn about these things, as the number of successful cyber-attacks has increased by 144 % over the past year.
Tags Cyber-crime CYREN Malware
About Mary Smith
Hi fellow tech enthusiasts! I'm Mary. I enjoy writing about tech, but I love tinkering with gadgets more. If it can take a screwdriver, leave it to me to fix it (or brick it). I'm passionate about Android and I'm all in for Google, but I don't stray from Apple nor Windows, so I'll keep you up to date on everything mobile (or stationary).
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text:
Gareth Williams timeline: how the mystery of the 'spy in the bag' unfolded
How the mysterious case of Gareth Williams, the MI6 worker found dead in a sports bag, unfolded.
MI6 spy Gareth Williams's body was found in a similar North Face bag
By Daily Telegraph reporters
12:37PM BST 02 May 2012
2001 Gareth Williams, a maths prodigy from Anglesey, joins GCHQ, the British national security agency responsible for intercepting and decoding signals intelligence.
2007 His landlord and landlady have to rescue him in the middle of the night after he apparently ties his wrists to the headboard of his bed to see if he can "get free".
2008 - 2009 Store receipts suggest Mr Williams acquires a collection of women's clothing and footwear worth £20,000 during the period.
2009 He is seconded from GCHQ to the Secret Intelligence Service.
11 August 2010 Mr Williams returns to Britain from a conference and holiday on the west coast of the US. CCTV footage shows he goes shopping alone in London's West End the same day, visiting Selfridges department store.
Police investigating new lines of inquiry
MI6 spy death: the case reviewed
Animation of bathroom in MI6 spy death
Family of Gareth Williams call for police review of case
12 August 2010 He goes shopping alone in west London, this time at Harvey Nichols and Harrods department stores and a Waitrose supermarket in the Knightsbridge area. According to witnesses, he also pops into his London office but it is thought he goes only to drop off some documents.
13 August 2010 He goes to work and attends a show on his own by drag queen Jonny Woo at the Bistrotheque club in Bethnal Green, east London.
14 August 2010 Mr Williams goes shopping again, visiting the Holland Park area of west London and luxury department store Fortnum & Mason.
15 August 2010 He does yet more shopping in Knightsbridge, buying some cakes in Harrods and some peppered grilled steaks in Waitrose. The final CCTV image of him is captured at 3.05pm entering Alderney Street in Pimlico, where he lives in a top-floor flat half a mile from MI6's London headquarters.
16 August 2010 The last computer evidence of him being alive is Mr Williams looking at a cycling time trial website.
25 August 2010: A GCHQ worker in his 30s is found dead in a large sports bag in his bath, the Daily Telegraph reports. He was on secondment to MI6, police believe. His mobile telephone and sim cards had been carefully laid out on a table. He had been there sometime and his body had decomposed.
26 August 2010: The dead man is named as Gareth Williams. Police believe he may have been killed by a "jealous lover" but they do not rule out the possibility his death was linked to his intelligence work. There were no signs of forced entry and a post mortem is inconclusive. Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg is given updates on the probe as part of scheduled intelligence briefings. His parents, Ellen and Ian, return from holiday to identify their son.
27 August 2010: Friends tell the Daily Telegraph Williams was "one of life's innocents" who could have fallen in with "unsafe" company as details emerge about his brilliant mathematical abilities. Geraint Williams, a maths teachers at Bodedern Secondary School, said the "exceptional" pupil had "the best brain I have ever seen". Friends disclosed that Mr Williams travelled to the United States at least three times a year for up to a month at a time, throughout his time working for GCHQ. It is believed he was working with the National Security Agency, the national listening station near Baltimore, as well as possibly the CIA and FBI in Washington. Philip Johnston profiles GCHQ, the British evesdropping agency.
28 August 2010 Williams' family attacks "completely false" smears about his private life. It is reported that the spy was gay or even a transvestite, and that bondage equipment had been found in his flat.
29 August 2010 Williams was recruited by GCHQ scouts while studying at Cambridge University, this newspaper learns. He worked at the Super Computer Centre, developing techniques to speed up data encryption, before taking postings at RAF Menwith Hill in North Yorkshire and the US NSA's Fort Meade base. He was due to start work at GCHQ's Cyber Security Operations Centre after his posting at MI6 came to an end.
30 August 2010 Murder detectives tell the Daily Telegraph Williams may have been killed by a foreign intelligence agency seeking to stop his code-breaking work. They say Williams returned from a foreign trip on August 11 and was last seen alive on August 15 - eight days before his body was discovered. Sources close to the inquiry said they are looking at the possibility that his body was manhandled into the bag in order to remove it from the premises. A pathologist remains unsure how Williams died. His family pay tribute to a "generous, loving, son, brother and friend".
2 September 2010 A coroner reveals Mr Williams was padlocked into the sportsbag when he was found dead.
6 September 2010 Police suspect Mr Williams was poisoned - and launch a hunt for a Mediterranean-looking couple who visited the Pimlico safehouse before he died. CCTV footage shows the spy shopping in the West End wearing a red t-shirt and beige trousers.
Mr Williams seen in CCTV footage, and the 'Mediterrean' couple hunted by police
12 September 2010 Mr Williams was working on systems to defend the banks of the City of London from foreign attack at the time of his death, the Sunday Telegraph learns. One theory being examined is that Mr Williams may have had an approach from a rival agency, and either rebuffed it without informing his superiors or initially agreed to cooperate then got cold feet. If such an approach had been exposed there would have been severe political and diplomatic repercussions, making it expedient for Mr Williams to be killed.
20 September 2010 Police now believe Mr Williams' death was linked to an unusual sex game. Officers have ruled out almost every other possibility. They have come to the view that Gareth Williams probably died after climbing into the bag which was then locked by another person. Detectives believe he was probably indulging in a sadomasochistic game in which he got a thrill from being helpless. It is likely that once locked and left in the bag, he died from a combination of causes including suffocation and dehydration, which sources said can be hard to identify in a post-mortem inquiry.
24 September 2010 Mr Williams is buried at Holyhead, Anglesey. Sir John Sawers, the head of the Secret Intelligence Service, tells mourners: "Gareth was a hugely talented person and very modest as well. He did really valuable work with us in the cause of national security." Other MI6 and GCHQ staff enter the church through a back door to protect their identities.
Sir John Sawers, the head of MI6
29 October 2010 Tests on Mr Williams' body found no trace of drugs, alcohol or poison - reinforcing the sex game theory.
22 December The keys to the padlock were found inside Mr Williams' North Face holdall, under his naked body, it emerges.
23 December 2010 Mr Williams had visited bondage websites, gay bars and drag clubs in the weeks before his death, police reveal. He also maintained a £15,000 collection of women's clothes by designers including Stella McCartney and Christian Louboutin. They were in sizes that would have fitted the 5ft 8ins spy. Unknown to his family and colleagues, Mr Williams had attended two short courses in fashion design at the Central St Martin's College of Art and Design in London during evenings and weekends, one in 2010 and one in 2009.
27 December 2010 Mr Williams had intended to give the clothes away as gifts, Sian Lloyd-Jones, a childhood friend says. "I truly believe that Ceri and I were going to receive the clothing. He was so generous you wouldn't believe," she said. She reveals Mr Williams was training to take on a new identity and had a second passport.
Mr Williams pictured as a Cambridge University student
16 December 2010 The inquest into Mr Williams death is adjourned again to allow more tests. Dr Paul Knapman says the case has made little progress, the 'Mediterrean' couple have not been traced and a break-through looks unlikely.
31 March 2012 An interim hearing before a full inquest takes place. A lawyer representing Mr Williams' family says he could have been killed by someone who specialised in the "dark arts of the secret services". The MI6 worker had recently qualified for "operational deployment". Finger prints and DNA evidence was wiped from the scene of the crime in a cover-up, the family believe. It emerges that DNA found on Mr Williams' hand, which officers believed could lead them to his killer, belonged to one of the police forensics worker. The code for the sample had been incorrectly logged by LGC, the forensics company.
The house in Pimlico where Mr Williams was found dead
3 April 2012 Scotland Yard apologises for "administrative errors'' during its probe. The force said it was responsible for giving a coroner three names for the same witness. Elizabeth Guthrie is expected to be questioned about her contact with Mr Williams in the months before his death. The coroner, Dr Fiona Wilcox, told a pre–inquest review last week that ''there has been some confusion'' over her identity.
21 April 2012 Ahead of the inquest, Mr Williams' family says their emotions remain "very raw". His aunt, Judith Thomas, says: "We could fill newspapers with words to describe Gareth. You couldn't find enough paper in this world to say how we feel about him."
22 April 2012 Sir John Sawers, the head of MI6, met Sir Paul Stephenson, the commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, hours after Gareth Williams' body was discovered. MI6 feared detectives would extend their probe into sensitive areas, including the nature of Mr Williams' work.
23 April 2012 The inquest continues. Mr Williams' sister, Ceri Subbe, tells Dr Fiona Wilcox that her brother did not enjoy the "flash car competition and post-war drinking culture" of MI6, and had applied to return to Cheltenham but MI6 were slow in approving his request.
24 April 2012 Fragments of another person's DNA were discovered on the outside of the bag in which Gareth Williams was found, the inquest heard. The traces were discovered on the toggle attached to the zip and the padlock used to lock the bag, it was revealed. Detective Chief Inspector Jackie Sebire, who led the police investigation into Mr Williams' death, told the inquest: "My thought or opinion since I went into the scene is that a third party had been involved in the death or in putting the bag in the bath."
The inquest also heard that MI6 held an internal investigation into Mr Williams' death. Andrew O'Connor, the lawyer for the Secret Intelligence Service, told coroner Fiona Wilcox that MI6 had carried out its own internal review. He said: "The fruits of that internal investigation were shared with the police at the time." Dr Wilcox replied that she had not seen the results of the inquiries and asked for any report that had been produced to be submitted to the inquest.
25 April 2012 Mr Williams was once discovered tied to his bed posts wearing only boxer shorts. The maths prodigy was living alone in Cheltenham at the time and had to call for help in the middle of the night to be set free. His landlady and landlord, who lived below him heard his yells and were met with the "shocking" scene, Westminster Coroners' Court heard. Searches of his home computers seized after his death revealed that he had been visited "websites of claustrophillia, and he also had access to bondage and sado masochism websites, the inquest has heard earlier in the day.
But a friend told the inquest Mr Williams was straight and not a transvestite. Elizabeth Guthrie, who had only known Mr Williams since 2009, said he may have had women's clothing in his flat as "support strategy" for female friends. She said he would not have let anyone in to his flat unless he had a "very strong relationship" with them.
26 April 2012 MI6 officer SIS F tells the inquest that Mr Williams' interest in women's clothing and sadomasochism would not have prevented him becoming a spy. The inquest also heard that Mr Williams had conducted unauthorised searches on the MI6 database that could have put him at risk to "hostile and malign" parties.
Denise Stanworth, a toxicologist, told the inquest that traces of the date rape drug GHB were found in the body of Gareth Williams. They possibly occurred naturally. A panel of forensics experts which reviewed the post mortem findings was unable to rule out the use of certain poisons, such as cyanide and chloroform.
27 April 2012 Williams may have been able to get in the bag himself, the inquest hears. Despite experts failing to complete the bizarre task more than 100 times, a specialist said it could not rule out that someone with training could achieve it.
But a second expert, Peter Faulding, said he tried and failed to get into the bag 300 times. "My conclusion is he was placed in the bag unconscious or was dead when he was put in the bag. I cannot say it is impossible but I think even Houdini would struggle with this one."
30 April 2012 A pathologist says Mr Williams probably died from poisoning, suffocation or strangulation. But Dr Richard Shepherd, a second pathologist, said he believed Mr Williams died inside the bag - probably from the build up of carbon dioxide.
1 May 2012 MI6 and a senior police officer are accused of undermining the investigation. The coroner told Det Supt Michael Broster, a counter-terrorism officer acting as liaison between MI6 and police investigating the death, that he was biased towards the intelligence services. Nine memory sticks that may have belonged to Mr Williams were never passed to Metropolitan Police investigators, and MI6 officers examined "electronic media" belonging to the spy without telling them, the inquest heard. A full inventory of his work belongings, drawn up by MI6 a year after his death, was never handed over.
2 May 2012 Coroner Dr Fiona Wilcox delivers her narrative verdict.
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Home/Tattoo/African Tattoos: Tattooing Tradition, Designs, and Meanings
African Tattoos: Tattooing Tradition, Designs, and Meanings
Known as the 'cradle of humankind', the African continent has kept the world fascinated for hundreds of years. The wildlife, the tradition, the interesting and unique approach to life and the neverending bond with nature and animals is what makes the continent so unique and so close to our origins and what we are as humans.
Unfortunately, the African continent is also the one constantly facing poverty and exploitation, which has been a huge setback for almost every African country for decades. It is truly bothering that so many people are fascinated by African countries and their cultures, but do so little to help them out and ensure they continue blooming.
But, we're not here today to talk about these unfortunate topics. We're here to celebrate the fact that Africa is the origin of tattoos. To do that, we're going to explore everything we know about African tattoos, the tattoo traditions, the meanings of the designs, and much more. This is our way of showing appreciation to this ancestral form of body art, and hopefully, inspire some of you out there to continue this exploration on your own. So, without further ado, let's get started!
The Origin Of African Tattoos
The First African Tattoo
It is believed that the oldest evidence of purposeful and symbolic tattooing in humans originates in ancient Egypt. Upon the discovery of several tattooed mummies, scientists have established that 5000 years ago, African people have utilized body art and tattoos to either express their social status or adorn their bodies.
It is also believed that tattoos were considered a cure for illnesses or as a form of protection against evil spirits. Tattoos were also used to showcase one's belonging to a certain tribe and one's loyalty to that community.
Because the discovered mummies of Deir el-Medina were believed to be female, scientists have also concluded that these tattooed women were key religious practitioners in their communities. Their tattoos were also those of healing and protection.
The Spread of Tattooing in Historic Africa
Credit: @marcaltab
It is well known that Northern African people were the ones more embracing tattooing as a part of their religious and ritual practices than the Southern Africans, or the sub-Saharan people and regions. The Nothern tribes and, what we know nowadays as individual countries, used tattoos to show their identity, their belonging to a specific tribe or community, or self-expression.
Interestingly, upper-class African women were to ones who also spread the tattooing practice across ancient Egypt and Northern Africa. This is because it was believed that tattoos, or permanent body markings, symbolized the woman's fertility, status, and worship.
With the arrival of monotheistic religions, specifically Islam, to the Northern African countries, the practice of tattooing among African people diminished. This is because in Islam, tattooing is considered to be a sin and a form of self-mutilation. As a God-given being, it is believed that by getting tattooed, you're ruining something God created. Therefore, the practice of tattoos was abolished.
However, the tradition of tattooing remains among non-Islamic tribes, who have spread it across future generations. Nowadays, traditional African tattooing is present and serves as an inspiration for people around the world.
The Spread of Scarification in Sub-Saharan Historic Africa
As we mentioned, tattooing in Africa started as an ancient Egyptian practice, that spread quickly among Northern Africa. However, people of Central and Southern Africa had a different practice of self-expression; scarification.
Instead of using the ancient form of ink, these people would carve symbols and patterns into the skin, thereby forming permanent scars. Just like tattoos, these scars were believed to be a form of protection from evil spirits or a cure for illness.
Scarification was generally spread among ancient African women, especially younger girls. The scars were believed to be a sign of beauty, but also a sign of womanhood (symbolizing puberty, fertility, menstrual cycle, and childbirth).
Nowadays, scarification is a popular practice in African countries. It is believed to be a practice of strength and courage or is used to mark a significant moment in one's life.
African Tattoos – Designs and Meanings
To fully understand the origin and tradition of African tattoos, we have to take a look at some popular symbols used in African tattoo designs.
Adinkra Tattoo Symbols
Adinkra tattoo symbols are believed to be a creation of Gyaaman tribes who used to live in West Africa, or the present-day Côte d'Ivoire region. These tattoo symbols were only used by the key religious and spiritual leaders, as well as people who belonged to the royalty. The Adinkra tattoo symbols are numerous, and each has a specific meaning. Here are some of them;
Dwennimmen Adinkra Symbol – symbolizing strength and humility, the Dwennimmen symbol is based on the design of two rams crossing or butting horns against each other. The image is designed to have the bird's eye view, from above. This symbol usually referred to the need to stay humble and close to the ground even when in possession of great power or status.
Credit: @sanzalalab
Sankofa Adinkra Symbol – originating in West Africa as well, the Sankofa symbol represents a bird with an egg in her mouth, turning backward. It symbolizes one's need to understand the mistakes and lessons learned in the past, and the need to use them in the present day. This is powerful symbolism that can serve as a life-long reminder of one's positive progress and constant improvement.
Credit: @elleafrikan.ink
Duafe Andikra Symbol – Duafe is a 'wooden comb' and the tattoo symbolizes womanhood, beauty, and femininity. This tattoo design is unique to the Ashanti tribes of Africa and is popular among African women abroad since it serves as a reminder of their African roots.
Credit: @leticiaconca
African Tribal Tattoos
African tribal tattoos are some of the most famous tattoos in the world. With unique designs and symbols of hardships, courage, landscape, and wildlife, these tattoos are often large and intense in design/outline. Each African tribe has their own tattooing practices and symbols. Here are some of the most popular and meaningful African tribal tattoo symbols;
Ankh Cross – this is an African and ancient Egyptian symbol of eternity. It is one of the symbols used by Pharaohs, as it was believed they would need the Ankh cross for the afterlife.
Credit: @tometattoo
Akoben Vuvuzela (The Horn's siren) – this design symbolizes a specific horn used to summon people for urgent meetings. It symbolizes foresight and being able to recognize what comes next. It shows that you're always ready for what life brings.
Twiga (Giraffe) – one of the most recognizable African animals in the world is the giraffe. This tattoo is used as a reminder to act like a giraffe through life; be peaceful and assured, not too proud or aggressive. But, when you're confronted, one should not be afraid to attack back (in the form of a violent swing, like a giraffe would attack). It also symbolizes one's need to keep the head high, above the crowd.
Credit: @shopify
Funtu (Siamese Crocodiles) – this tattoo symbolizes Siamese crocodiles. The meaning behind the tattoos is that of unity despite facing different directions or wanting different things. The tattoo emphasized the importance of individual identity, and how it should not be sacrificed, as well as how one should respect the other's identity too.
Ngwena (Menacing Crocodile) – this tattoo symbolizes the 'menacing crocodile'. This is not a particularly positive tattoo since it carries the meaning of being power-grabbing, manipulating, and mischievous. That is because in Africa, people refer to politicians as Ngwena, to emphasize their fakeness or their 'crocodile tears'.
Aya (Fern) – a fern plant carries a lot of meaning and symbolization in African culture. It usually symbolizes resourcefulness, endurance, and the ability to go against the odds and challenges, since the plant has to grow in such conditions. Therefore, the Aya tattoo stands for understanding oneself, one's abilities, and purpose.
Credit: @lauren__tattoo
African Warrior Tattoos
African warrior tattoos are usually tattoos done by different tribes and people across the continent to express to show off love for the tribe, one's faith, and belief, belonging to a community, leadership, etc. Let's look at some popular African warrior tattoos and the meaning behind each of the designs;
Shaka Zulu Emblem Tattoo – Shaka is the traditional leader of the Zulu tribe. Known for their rich culture, warrior history, and the Assegai Zulu spear, the Shaka Zulu tattoo si the perfect embodiment of the African warrior symbolism.
Credit: @zecadiogo
African Goddess Oya Tattoo – African warriors believed in numerous gods and goddesses to give them the power to fight and win. Oya is an African goddess known for her protectiveness and ferocious nature, worshipped by the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria. Oya is a powerful goddess with the ability to creates hurricanes and thunderstorms.
Credit: @heric_san
Other African Tattoo Designs
African Elephant Tattoo
Credit: @samantha.petz
Credit: @idle_hands_tattoo_parlour
Credit: @tatucreature
Elephants are some of the most important and most recognizable animals on the African continent. For African people, the elephant carries a strong spiritual meaning, as is viewed as the source of wisdom, according to African mythology.
The elephant is also viewed as a powerful animal, and as such serves as an inspiration and a source of great respect among African people. That is why elephant tattoos are so popular; they look spectacular and have a deep meaning which comes from the very African roots.
African Lion/Lioness Tattoo
Credit: @south_african_tattoo_society
Credit: @lalutattoo
Credit: @luis_vieira_tattooer
The king of the jungle and the kind of Africa; the lion is one of the most prominent African animals thanks to its role in the animal kingdom and the meaning its existence carries in African history.
African people see lions as a source of power, courage, protection, and wisdom. That is why the African lion is the perfect tattoo to honor this incredible animal. African lioness is also seen as a symbolic animal, source of feminine power and motherhood.
African Mask Tattoo
Credit: @inkynas
Credit: @endrydharma
Credit: @pressurefingaz_
One of the most essential features of African cultures and traditions is the mask. African masks carry deep meaning and symbolize a form of transformation or acquiring a new entity. Because of the masks, African people believed they can influence spirits or appeal to them.
Masks are also essential during religious or dance rituals, as well as ceremonies. These masks look incredible, and the artistic creativity of the makers is beyond this world. So, what better design to go for than an African mask for those who want an Afrocentric tattoo.
African Continent Tattoo
Credit: @lyss4ink
Credit: @craigmac_thetattooist
Now, this is one of the most common design choices for people who want to honor and reconnect with their African roots. A lot of African people, from different countries, live abroad. Also, historically, many of the families were disconnected from their African roots thanks to slavery. So, people nowadays feel the need to reconnect with their roots, and they find that tattoo designs depicting the African continent work the best.
South African Flag Tattoo
Credit: @immaculatechaos
South Africa or a country in the southernmost part of the African continent. It is one of the most beautiful countries in the world, and a country with one of the most riveting histories. Because of its beauty and diversity, many visit this country.
However, a lot of South Africans are leaving it due to political issues and issues with segregation and apartheid. But, to honor their roots and the love of their country, a lot of people get the South African flag tattoo. This kind of tattoo can be done with any other African country flag.
African Landscape/Nature Tattoo
Credit: @penrose.ink
Credit: @donnarosatattoohandpoke
Credit: @sidtattoo
Another wonderful way to pay homage to one's roots is to get a tattoo depicting the incredible and breathtaking African landscape. Most commonly, such tattoos depict the typical African nature, like the Acacia tree, the incredible sunset, colors like yellow, red, and green, African animals, etc. These tattoos look best when done in watercolor tattoo style; the colors just come to life and resemble African nature to the fullest.
We hope this article was insightful when it comes to African tattooing history, culture, and tradition. We tried to stay as informative and as concise as possible. However, we do have to emphasize that by getting African tattoos without actually having an African origin or ancestry, you might be committing cultural appropriation.
Surely enough, African people aren't offended by that, but just to remain respectful to these peoples' countries, traditions, origins, and cultures, one should avoid getting an Afrocentric tattoo if one has no connection or origin history.
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Audio & Video | Series: Art + Ideas
Reflections: Laura Gavilán Lewis on Jacques-Louis David
Understanding the difficulty of living far from loved ones through a portrait painting
February 9, 2021 | 3:49
Getty · Reflections: Laura Gavilán Lewis on Jacques-Louis David
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We've asked members of the Getty community to share short, personal reflections on works of art they're thinking about right now. These recordings feature stories related to our daily lives.
This week, educator Laura Gavilán Lewis considers what it means to be separated from her loved ones as she looks at a portrait of Zénaïde and Charlotte Bonaparte. To learn more about this work, visit: https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/802/.
Portrait of the Sisters Zénaïde and Charlotte Bonaparte, 1821, Jacques-Louis David. Oil on canvas, 51 × 39 5/8 in. The J. Paul Getty Museum, 86.PA.740. Digital image courtesy of Getty's Open Content Program
Se podrá encontrar la versión en español de este episodio aquí.
Listen to the full series of short reflections here.
JAMES CUNO: Hi, I'm Jim Cuno, president of the J. Paul Getty Trust. We've asked members of the Getty community to share short, personal reflections on works of art they're thinking about right now. This week Laura Gavilan Lewis discusses a portrait by Jacques-Louis David.
LAURA GAVILÁN LEWIS: For some of us being far away from loved ones, during adverse times is one of the hardest things.
My name is Laura Gavilan Lewis. I am a gallery educator at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles.
The pandemic has added more distance between family members for everyone, but in particular for families of immigrants living far away from each other, relying on travel to visit their loved ones.
I am originally from Mexico, but I have lived in the United States many years now. And in all these years, I always felt a short flight away, so to speak, from my family in Mexico City. Having the assurance of the next trip was of great comfort and helped bridge the distance, until I visited again.
But as the pandemic continues and plans for travel are uncertain, I relate to this beautiful portrait of two sisters separated from their father by circumstances beyond their control.
They are they are Zenaide and Charlotte Bonaparte, nieces of Napoleon, the emperor of France.
After Napoleon's defeat the sisters and their mother went into exile in Brussels, while their father's Josef came to the United States, seeking support to reinstate his brother Napoleon back to power the portrait was painted by Jacques-Louis David in 1821. He was a friend of the family, also in exile.
The young women sit close together embracing. The older one, Zenaide, sits in front, holding a letter with her arm extended, giving the impression that she is keeping her younger sister in a protected space. While Charlotte peeks behind her in a curious, but shy gesture. Both look directly at the viewer, as if something just distracted them from reading the letter.
At the top of the letter, only one word is legible: Philadelphia. I think it is a clever and personal detail on the part of the artist to show that the letter is from their father, far away, emphasizing the great distance that separates them.
They wear elegant dresses made of black velvet, delicate lace, and shiny blue satin. Their hair is adorned with fancy jeweled tiaras, hinting at their noble status, a testament that even when forced out of their homeland, they continue to live a life of luxury and comfort.
Their comfort makes me reflect on my own privilege. To freely travel back and forth to my country without restrictions was a gift. I never could have imagined that a worldwide pandemic would put a stop to it.
I sense, an air of melancholy and vulnerability in their expressions, a longing to reunite with their father. But I also see fortitude strength and bravery. And those are the feelings that I try to draw upon. As I patiently wait to safely plan my next trip to visit my family and friends in Mexico, and be able to embrace them.
CUNO: To view Jacques-Louis David's Portrait of the Sisters Zénaïde and Charlotte Bonaparte from 1821, click the link in this episode's description or look for it on getty.edu/art/collection.
LAURA GAVIL�...
This post is part of Art + Ideas, a podcast in which Getty president Jim Cuno talks with artists, writers, curators, and scholars about their work.
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My family rescued a dog from New Leash on Life, named Jazz. Jazz was abused and had a rough life like me. It's like he knows exactly what I've gone through even though he hasn't been here all of my life, only for a little over a year. I feel a connection with Jazz like we had the same life. When I get mad I look at him and smile. Jazz brightens up my day like the sun in the sky. He helps me as much as anybody else in the family or elsewhere. Even though he's a dog, he''s my role model in a lot of ways. He's my hero and he saves me from danger.
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Bureau Veritas Completes World's 1st Full Remote In-Water Hull Survey
The first full in-water ship's hull survey with a mini ROV on Brittany Ferries' ship "BRETAGNE"
Published Aug 6, 2021 8:48 AM by The Maritime Executive
[By: Bureau Veritas]
Bureau Veritas (BV), a world leader in testing, inspection, and certification (TIC), and service provider MaDfly – Marine Drone Services – have successfully completed the first full in-water ship's hull survey with a mini ROV on Brittany Ferries' ship "BRETAGNE".
The survey, which was supervised by Bureau Veritas on behalf of the French Flag, provided an opportunity to validate the integrity of the entire ship's hull's bottom. Efficient underwater inspections of shipping vessels are playing an increasingly important role for the industry as a substitute for docking surveys at agreed intervals or occasional surveys of hull damage.
This inspection was the first of its kind, with the test survey performed twice. A remotely operated drone performed an in-water survey with a BV surveyor onboard the vessel. In parallel, Bureau Veritas also tested the capability with its own remote inspection solutions using full HD live video footage from MaDfly. This enabled BV to carry out the survey remotely without any attended surveyor onboard with live streaming, as well as video and audio recording and photo options.
Bureau Veritas has noted the following benefits of using this system:
Safer operations as divers do not have to be in the water
Reduction in preparation time - with a single operator and limited equipment
High-quality pictures from the drones
Reduced risk of disturbance to ship operations
MaDfly CEO, Thierry Guillot, commented: "MaDfly's team is delighted to be the first company in the world to achieve a vessel survey with a mini ROV for Bureau Veritas. Even more for a Brittany Ferries' vessel as they supported us from the very first day. New technologies are improving daily to achieve more and more maintenance services in a safer and more cost-effective way."
Arnaud Le Poulichet, Technical Director for Brittany Ferries, said: "Brittany Ferries has always invested in research and development and this partnership is a success. This underwater inspection with a mini ROV demonstrated the technical relevance of this method and reduced the inspection time."
Laurent Leblanc, Senior Vice President Technical & Operations for Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, said: "Underwater remote surveys improve safety and reduce risk, time and costs to produce high-quality results. Maintaining the integrity and safety of a ship is a crucial task. Today, technology brings digital classification to another level, providing new opportunities and options to our clients."
Bureau Veritas is a trusted partner to ensure safety and environmental compliance for a wide range of ship types. BV's experience, leading research programs, and participation in industry and regulatory bodies ensure the team understand the challenges faced by owners and yards. Bureau Veritas' dedicated rules and tools are constantly evolving, supporting its clients' efforts to improve the performance of their vessels.
The products and services herein described in this press release are not endorsed by The Maritime Executive.